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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by massive intestinal bleeding in a patient with chronic renal failure .
### Output Text: | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by massive intestinal bleeding in a patient with chronic renal failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A patient with chronic renal failure ( CRF ) developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( NMS ) after administration of risperidone and levomepromazine .
### Output Text: | A patient with chronic renal failure ( CRF ) developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( NMS ) after administration of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> and <span class="chemical">levomepromazine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition to the typical symptoms of NMS , massive intestinal bleeding was observed during the episode .
### Output Text: | In addition to the typical symptoms of NMS , massive intestinal bleeding was observed during the episode . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This report suggests that NMS in a patient with CRF may be complicated by intestinal bleeding and needs special caution for this complication .
### Output Text: | This report suggests that NMS in a patient with CRF may be complicated by intestinal bleeding and needs special caution for this complication . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Blood brain barrier in right - and left - pawed female rats assessed by a new staining method .
### Output Text: | Blood brain barrier in right - and left - pawed female rats assessed by a new staining method . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The asymmetrical breakdown of the blood - brain barrier ( BBB ) was studied in female rats .
### Output Text: | The asymmetrical breakdown of the blood - brain barrier ( BBB ) was studied in female rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Paw preference was assessed by a food reaching test .
### Output Text: | Paw preference was assessed by a food reaching test . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Adrenaline - induced hypertension was used to destroy the BBB , which was evaluated using triphenyltetrazolium ( TTC ) staining of the brain slices just after giving adrenaline for 30 s .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Adrenaline</span> - induced hypertension was used to destroy the BBB , which was evaluated using <span class="chemical">triphenyltetrazolium</span> ( <span class="chemical">TTC</span> ) staining of the brain slices just after giving <span class="chemical">adrenaline</span> for 30 s . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In normal rats , the whole brain sections exhibited complete staining with TTC .
### Output Text: | In normal rats , the whole brain sections exhibited complete staining with <span class="chemical">TTC</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After adrenaline infusion for 30 s , there were large unstained areas in the left brain in right - pawed animals , and vice versa in left - pawed animals .
### Output Text: | After <span class="chemical">adrenaline</span> infusion for 30 s , there were large unstained areas in the left brain in right - pawed animals , and vice versa in left - pawed animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Similar results were obtained in seizure - induced breakdown of BBB .
### Output Text: | Similar results were obtained in seizure - induced breakdown of BBB . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results were explained by an asymmetric cerebral blood flow depending upon the paw preference in rats .
### Output Text: | These results were explained by an asymmetric cerebral blood flow depending upon the paw preference in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It was suggested that this new method and the results are consistent with contralateral motor control that may be important in determining the dominant cerebral hemisphere in animals .
### Output Text: | It was suggested that this new method and the results are consistent with contralateral motor control that may be important in determining the dominant cerebral hemisphere in animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carvedilol protects against doxorubicin - induced mitochondrial cardiomyopathy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carvedilol</span> protects against <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced mitochondrial cardiomyopathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Several cytopathic mechanisms have been suggested to mediate the dose - limiting cumulative and irreversible cardiomyopathy caused by doxorubicin .
### Output Text: | Several cytopathic mechanisms have been suggested to mediate the dose - limiting cumulative and irreversible cardiomyopathy caused by <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recent evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key factors in the pathogenic process .
### Output Text: | Recent evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key factors in the pathogenic process . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that carvedilol , a nonselective beta - adrenergic receptor antagonist with potent antioxidant properties , protects against the cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction associated with subchronic doxorubicin toxicity .
### Output Text: | The objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that <span class="chemical">carvedilol</span> , a nonselective beta - adrenergic receptor antagonist with potent antioxidant properties , protects against the cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction associated with subchronic <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Heart and liver mitochondria were isolated from rats treated for 7 weeks with doxorubicin ( 2 mg / kg sc / week ) , carvedilol ( 1 mg / kg ip / week ) , or the combination of the two drugs .
### Output Text: | Heart and liver mitochondria were isolated from rats treated for 7 weeks with <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( 2 mg / kg sc / week ) , <span class="chemical">carvedilol</span> ( 1 mg / kg ip / week ) , or the combination of the two drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Heart mitochondria isolated from doxorubicin - treated rats exhibited depressed rates for state 3 respiration ( 336 + / - 26 versus 425 + / - 53 natom O / min / mg protein ) and a lower respiratory control ratio ( RCR ) ( 4 . 3 + / - 0 . 6 versus 5 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 ) compared with cardiac mitochondria isolated from saline - treated rats .
### Output Text: | Heart mitochondria isolated from <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - treated rats exhibited depressed rates for state 3 respiration ( 336 + / - 26 versus 425 + / - 53 natom O / min / mg protein ) and a lower respiratory control ratio ( RCR ) ( 4 . 3 + / - 0 . 6 versus 5 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 ) compared with cardiac mitochondria isolated from saline - treated rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mitochondrial calcium - loading capacity and the activity of NADH - dehydrogenase were also suppressed in cardiac mitochondria from doxorubicin - treated rats .
### Output Text: | Mitochondrial <span class="chemical">calcium</span> - loading capacity and the activity of NADH - dehydrogenase were also suppressed in cardiac mitochondria from <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - treated rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Doxorubicin treatment also caused a decrease in RCR for liver mitochondria ( 3 . 9 + / - 0 . 9 versus 5 . 6 + / - 0 . 7 for control rats ) and inhibition of hepatic cytochrome oxidase activity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Doxorubicin</span> treatment also caused a decrease in RCR for liver mitochondria ( 3 . 9 + / - 0 . 9 versus 5 . 6 + / - 0 . 7 for control rats ) and inhibition of hepatic cytochrome oxidase activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Coadministration of carvedilol decreased the extent of cellular vacuolization in cardiac myocytes and prevented the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin on mitochondrial respiration in both heart and liver .
### Output Text: | Coadministration of <span class="chemical">carvedilol</span> decreased the extent of cellular vacuolization in cardiac myocytes and prevented the inhibitory effect of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> on mitochondrial respiration in both heart and liver . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carvedilol also prevented the decrease in mitochondrial Ca ( 2 + ) loading capacity and the inhibition of the respiratory complexes of heart mitochondria caused by doxorubicin .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carvedilol</span> also prevented the decrease in mitochondrial <span class="chemical">Ca</span> ( 2 + ) loading capacity and the inhibition of the respiratory complexes of heart mitochondria caused by <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carvedilol by itself did not affect any of the parameters measured for heart or liver mitochondria .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carvedilol</span> by itself did not affect any of the parameters measured for heart or liver mitochondria . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is concluded that this protection by carvedilol against both the structural and functional cardiac tissue damage may afford significant clinical advantage in minimizing the dose - limiting mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy that accompanies long - term doxorubicin therapy in cancer patients .
### Output Text: | It is concluded that this protection by <span class="chemical">carvedilol</span> against both the structural and functional cardiac tissue damage may afford significant clinical advantage in minimizing the dose - limiting mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy that accompanies long - term <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> therapy in cancer patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cocaine - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by adenosine receptor agonists than amphetamine - induced hyperactivity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists than <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> - induced hyperactivity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The influence of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on cocaine - and amphetamine - induced hyperactivity was examined in mice .
### Output Text: | The influence of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists and antagonists on <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - and <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> - induced hyperactivity was examined in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All adenosine receptor agonists significantly decreased the locomotor activity in mice , and the effects were dose - dependent .
### Output Text: | All <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists significantly decreased the locomotor activity in mice , and the effects were dose - dependent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It seems that adenosine A1 and A2 receptors might be involved in this reaction .
### Output Text: | It seems that <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> A1 and A2 receptors might be involved in this reaction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , all adenosine receptor agonists : 2 - p - ( 2 - carboxyethyl ) phenethylamino - 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ( CGS 21680 ) , A2A receptor agonist , N6 - cyclopentyladenosine ( CPA ) , A1 receptor agonist , and 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine ( NECA ) , A2 / A1 receptor agonist significantly and dose - dependently decreased cocaine - induced locomotor activity .
### Output Text: | Moreover , all <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists : <span class="chemical">2 - p - ( 2 - carboxyethyl ) phenethylamino - 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</span> ( <span class="chemical">CGS 21680</span> ) , A2A receptor agonist , <span class="chemical">N6 - cyclopentyladenosine</span> ( <span class="chemical">CPA</span> ) , A1 receptor agonist , and <span class="chemical">5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</span> ( <span class="chemical">NECA</span> ) , A2 / A1 receptor agonist significantly and dose - dependently decreased <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced locomotor activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CPA reduced cocaine action at the doses which , given alone , did not influence motility , while CGS 21680 and NECA decreased the action of cocaine at the doses which , given alone , decreased locomotor activity in animals .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">CPA</span> reduced <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> action at the doses which , given alone , did not influence motility , while <span class="chemical">CGS 21680</span> and <span class="chemical">NECA</span> decreased the action of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> at the doses which , given alone , decreased locomotor activity in animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results suggest the involvement of both adenosine receptors in the action of cocaine although agonists of A1 receptors seem to have stronger influence on it .
### Output Text: | These results suggest the involvement of both <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptors in the action of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> although agonists of A1 receptors seem to have stronger influence on it . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The selective blockade of A2 adenosine receptor by DMPX ( 3 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 - propargylxanthine ) significantly enhanced cocaine - induced locomotor activity of animals .
### Output Text: | The selective blockade of A2 <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor by <span class="chemical">DMPX</span> ( <span class="chemical">3 , 7 - dimethyl - 1 - propargylxanthine</span> ) significantly enhanced <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced locomotor activity of animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Caffeine had similar action but the effect was not significant .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Caffeine</span> had similar action but the effect was not significant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CPT ( 8 - cyclopentyltheophylline ) - - A1 receptor antagonist , did not show any influence in this test .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">CPT</span> ( <span class="chemical">8 - cyclopentyltheophylline</span> ) - - A1 receptor antagonist , did not show any influence in this test . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Similarly , all adenosine receptor agonists decreased amphetamine - induced hyperactivity , but at the higher doses than those which were active in cocaine - induced hyperactivity .
### Output Text: | Similarly , all <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists decreased <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> - induced hyperactivity , but at the higher doses than those which were active in <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced hyperactivity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The selective blockade of A2 adenosine receptors ( DMPX ) and non - selective blockade of adenosine receptors ( caffeine ) significantly increased the action of amphetamine in the locomotor activity test .
### Output Text: | The selective blockade of A2 <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptors ( <span class="chemical">DMPX</span> ) and non - selective blockade of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptors ( <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> ) significantly increased the action of <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> in the locomotor activity test . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our results have shown that all adenosine receptor agonists ( A1 and A2 ) reduce cocaine - and amphetamine - induced locomotor activity and indicate that cocaine - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by adenosine receptor agonists ( particularly A1 receptors ) than amphetamine - induced hyperactivity .
### Output Text: | Our results have shown that all <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists ( A1 and A2 ) reduce <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - and <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> - induced locomotor activity and indicate that <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced hyperactivity is more influenced by <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> receptor agonists ( particularly A1 receptors ) than <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> - induced hyperactivity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Amiodarone and the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and prior myocardial infarction .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Amiodarone</span> and the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring permanent pacemaker in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation and prior myocardial infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of amiodarone in patients with atrial fibrillation ( AF ) increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> in patients with atrial fibrillation ( AF ) increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Reports of severe bradyarrhythmia during amiodarone therapy are infrequent and limited to studies assessing the therapy ' s use in the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Reports of severe bradyarrhythmia during <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> therapy are infrequent and limited to studies assessing the therapy ' s use in the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A study cohort of 8 , 770 patients age > or = 65 years with a new diagnosis of AF was identified from a provincewide database of Quebec residents with a myocardial infarction ( MI ) between 1991 and 1999 .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A study cohort of 8 , 770 patients age > or = 65 years with a new diagnosis of AF was identified from a provincewide database of Quebec residents with a myocardial infarction ( MI ) between 1991 and 1999 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Using a nested case - control design , 477 cases of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker were matched ( 1 : 4 ) to 1 , 908 controls .
### Output Text: | Using a nested case - control design , 477 cases of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker were matched ( 1 : 4 ) to 1 , 908 controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio ( OR ) of pacemaker insertion associated with amiodarone use , controlling for baseline risk factors and exposure to sotalol , Class I antiarrhythmic agents , beta - blockers , calcium channel blockers , and digoxin .
### Output Text: | Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio ( OR ) of pacemaker insertion associated with <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> use , controlling for baseline risk factors and exposure to <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> , Class I antiarrhythmic agents , beta - blockers , <span class="chemical">calcium</span> channel blockers , and <span class="chemical">digoxin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : amiodarone use was associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 2 . 14 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1 . 30 to 3 . 54 ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> use was associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 2 . 14 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1 . 30 to 3 . 54 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This effect was modified by gender , with a greater risk in women versus men ( OR : 3 . 86 , 95 % CI : 1 . 70 to 8 . 75 vs . OR : 1 . 52 , 95 % CI : 0 . 80 to 2 . 89 ) .
### Output Text: | This effect was modified by gender , with a greater risk in women versus men ( OR : 3 . 86 , 95 % CI : 1 . 70 to 8 . 75 vs . OR : 1 . 52 , 95 % CI : 0 . 80 to 2 . 89 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Digoxin was the only other medication associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 1 . 78 , 95 % CI : 1 . 37 to 2 . 31 ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Digoxin</span> was the only other medication associated with an increased risk of pacemaker insertion ( OR : 1 . 78 , 95 % CI : 1 . 37 to 2 . 31 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests that the use of amiodarone in elderly patients with AF and a previous MI increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : This study suggests that the use of <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> in elderly patients with AF and a previous MI increases the risk of bradyarrhythmia requiring a permanent pacemaker . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The finding of an augmented risk of pacemaker insertion in elderly women receiving amiodarone requires further investigation .
### Output Text: | The finding of an augmented risk of pacemaker insertion in elderly women receiving <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> requires further investigation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Indomethacin - induced morphologic changes in the rat urinary bladder epithelium .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Indomethacin</span> - induced morphologic changes in the rat urinary bladder epithelium . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the morphologic changes in rat urothelium induced by indomethacin .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : To evaluate the morphologic changes in rat urothelium induced by <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - induced cystitis is a poorly recognized and under - reported condition .
### Output Text: | Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - induced cystitis is a poorly recognized and under - reported condition . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition to tiaprofenic acid , indomethacin has been reported to be associated with this condition .
### Output Text: | In addition to <span class="chemical">tiaprofenic acid</span> , <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> has been reported to be associated with this condition . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Three groups were established : a control group ( n = 10 ) , a high - dose group ( n = 10 ) , treated with one intraperitoneal injection of indomethacin 20 mg / kg , and a therapeutic dose group ( n = 10 ) in which oral indomethacin was administered 3 . 25 mg / kg body weight daily for 3 weeks .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Three groups were established : a control group ( n = 10 ) , a high - dose group ( n = 10 ) , treated with one intraperitoneal injection of <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> 20 mg / kg , and a therapeutic dose group ( n = 10 ) in which oral <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> was administered 3 . 25 mg / kg body weight daily for 3 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The animals were then killed and the bladders removed for light and electron microscopic studies .
### Output Text: | The animals were then killed and the bladders removed for light and electron microscopic studies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : The light microscopic findings showed some focal epithelial degeneration that was more prominent in the high - dose group .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : The light microscopic findings showed some focal epithelial degeneration that was more prominent in the high - dose group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When compared with the control group , both indomethacin groups revealed statistically increased numbers of mast cells in the mucosa ( P < 0 . 0001 ) and penetration of lanthanum nitrate through intercellular areas of the epithelium .
### Output Text: | When compared with the control group , both <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> groups revealed statistically increased numbers of mast cells in the mucosa ( P < 0 . 0001 ) and penetration of <span class="chemical">lanthanum nitrate</span> through intercellular areas of the epithelium . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , the difference in mast cell counts between the high and therapeutic dose groups was also statistically significant ( P < 0 . 0001 ) .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , the difference in mast cell counts between the high and therapeutic dose groups was also statistically significant ( P < 0 . 0001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Indomethacin resulted in histopathologic findings typical of interstitial cystitis , such as leaky bladder epithelium and mucosal mastocytosis .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Indomethacin</span> resulted in histopathologic findings typical of interstitial cystitis , such as leaky bladder epithelium and mucosal mastocytosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The true incidence of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - induced cystitis in humans must be clarified by prospective clinical trials .
### Output Text: | The true incidence of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug - induced cystitis in humans must be clarified by prospective clinical trials . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An open - label phase II study of low - dose thalidomide in androgen - independent prostate cancer .
### Output Text: | An open - label phase II study of low - dose <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> in <span class="chemical">androgen</span> - independent prostate cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The antiangiogenic effects of thalidomide have been assessed in clinical trials in patients with various solid and haematological malignancies .
### Output Text: | The antiangiogenic effects of <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> have been assessed in clinical trials in patients with various solid and haematological malignancies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thalidomide blocks the activity of angiogenic agents including bFGF , VEGF and IL - 6 .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Thalidomide</span> blocks the activity of angiogenic agents including bFGF , VEGF and IL - 6 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We undertook an open - label study using thalidomide 100 mg once daily for up to 6 months in 20 men with androgen - independent prostate cancer .
### Output Text: | We undertook an open - label study using <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> 100 mg once daily for up to 6 months in 20 men with <span class="chemical">androgen</span> - independent prostate cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mean time of study was 109 days ( median 107 , range 4 - 184 days ) .
### Output Text: | The mean time of study was 109 days ( median 107 , range 4 - 184 days ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients underwent regular measurement of prostate - specific antigen ( PSA ) , urea and electrolytes , serum bFGF and VEGF .
### Output Text: | Patients underwent regular measurement of prostate - specific antigen ( PSA ) , <span class="chemical">urea</span> and electrolytes , serum bFGF and VEGF . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three men ( 15 % ) showed a decline in serum PSA of at least 50 % , sustained throughout treatment .
### Output Text: | Three men ( 15 % ) showed a decline in serum PSA of at least 50 % , sustained throughout treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of 16 men treated for at least 2 months , six ( 37 . 5 % ) showed a fall in absolute PSA by a median of 48 % .
### Output Text: | Of 16 men treated for at least 2 months , six ( 37 . 5 % ) showed a fall in absolute PSA by a median of 48 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Increasing levels of serum bFGF and VEGF were associated with progressive disease ; five of six men who demonstrated a fall in PSA also showed a decline in bFGF and VEGF levels , and three of four men with a rising PSA showed an increase in both growth factors .
### Output Text: | Increasing levels of serum bFGF and VEGF were associated with progressive disease ; five of six men who demonstrated a fall in PSA also showed a decline in bFGF and VEGF levels , and three of four men with a rising PSA showed an increase in both growth factors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adverse effects included constipation , morning drowsiness , dizziness and rash , and resulted in withdrawal from the study by three men .
### Output Text: | Adverse effects included constipation , morning drowsiness , dizziness and rash , and resulted in withdrawal from the study by three men . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Evidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy was found in nine of 13 men before treatment .
### Output Text: | Evidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy was found in nine of 13 men before treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the seven men who completed six months on thalidomide , subclinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found in four before treatment , but in all seven at repeat testing .
### Output Text: | In the seven men who completed six months on <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> , subclinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found in four before treatment , but in all seven at repeat testing . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The findings indicate that thalidomide may be an option for patients who have failed other forms of therapy , provided close follow - up is maintained for development of peripheral neuropathy .
### Output Text: | The findings indicate that <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> may be an option for patients who have failed other forms of therapy , provided close follow - up is maintained for development of peripheral neuropathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Central nervous system toxicity following the administration of levobupivacaine for lumbar plexus block : A report of two cases .
### Output Text: | Central nervous system toxicity following the administration of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> for lumbar plexus block : A report of two cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Central nervous system and cardiac toxicity following the administration of local anesthetics is a recognized complication of regional anesthesia .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES : Central nervous system and cardiac toxicity following the administration of local anesthetics is a recognized complication of regional anesthesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Levobupivacaine , the pure S ( - ) enantiomer of bupivacaine , was developed to improve the cardiac safety profile of bupivacaine .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Levobupivacaine</span> , the pure S ( - ) enantiomer of <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> , was developed to improve the cardiac safety profile of <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe 2 cases of grand mal seizures following accidental intravascular injection of levobupivacaine .
### Output Text: | We describe 2 cases of grand mal seizures following accidental intravascular injection of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CASE REPORT : Two patients presenting for elective orthopedic surgery of the lower limb underwent blockade of the lumbar plexus via the posterior approach .
### Output Text: | CASE REPORT : Two patients presenting for elective orthopedic surgery of the lower limb underwent blockade of the lumbar plexus via the posterior approach . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Immediately after the administration of levobupivacaine 0 . 5 % with epinephrine 2 . 5 microgram / mL , the patients developed grand mal seizures , despite negative aspiration for blood and no clinical signs of intravenous epinephrine administration .
### Output Text: | Immediately after the administration of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> 0 . 5 % with <span class="chemical">epinephrine</span> 2 . 5 microgram / mL , the patients developed grand mal seizures , despite negative aspiration for blood and no clinical signs of intravenous <span class="chemical">epinephrine</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The seizures were successfully treated with sodium thiopental in addition to succinylcholine in 1 patient .
### Output Text: | The seizures were successfully treated with <span class="chemical">sodium thiopental</span> in addition to <span class="chemical">succinylcholine</span> in 1 patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither patient developed signs of cardiovascular toxicity .
### Output Text: | Neither patient developed signs of cardiovascular toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both patients were treated preoperatively with beta - adrenergic antagonist medications , which may have masked the cardiovascular signs of the unintentional intravascular administration of levobupivacaine with epinephrine .
### Output Text: | Both patients were treated preoperatively with beta - adrenergic antagonist medications , which may have masked the cardiovascular signs of the unintentional intravascular administration of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> with <span class="chemical">epinephrine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Although levobupivacaine may have a safer cardiac toxicity profile than racemic bupivacaine , if adequate amounts of levobupivacaine reach the circulation , it will result in convulsions .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Although <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> may have a safer cardiac toxicity profile than racemic <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> , if adequate amounts of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> reach the circulation , it will result in convulsions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Plasma concentrations sufficient to result in central nervous system toxicity did not produce manifestations of cardiac toxicity in these 2 patients .
### Output Text: | Plasma concentrations sufficient to result in central nervous system toxicity did not produce manifestations of cardiac toxicity in these 2 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Amiodarone - induced torsade de pointes during bladder irrigation : an unusual presentation - - a case report .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Amiodarone</span> - induced torsade de pointes during bladder irrigation : an unusual presentation - - a case report . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors present a case of early ( within 4 days ) development of torsade de pointes ( TdP ) associated with oral amiodarone therapy .
### Output Text: | The authors present a case of early ( within 4 days ) development of torsade de pointes ( TdP ) associated with oral <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Consistent with other reports this case of TdP occurred in the context of multiple exacerbating factors including hypokalemia and digoxin excess .
### Output Text: | Consistent with other reports this case of TdP occurred in the context of multiple exacerbating factors including hypokalemia and <span class="chemical">digoxin</span> excess . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Transient prolongation of the QT during bladder irrigation prompted the episode of TdP .
### Output Text: | Transient prolongation of the QT during bladder irrigation prompted the episode of TdP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is well known that bradycardia exacerbates acquired TdP .
### Output Text: | It is well known that bradycardia exacerbates acquired TdP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors speculate that the increased vagal tone during bladder irrigation , a vagal maneuver , in the context of amiodarone therapy resulted in amiodarone - induced proarrhythmia .
### Output Text: | The authors speculate that the increased vagal tone during bladder irrigation , a vagal maneuver , in the context of <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> therapy resulted in <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> - induced proarrhythmia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the absence of amiodarone therapy , a second bladder irrigation did not induce TdP despite hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia .
### Output Text: | In the absence of <span class="chemical">amiodarone</span> therapy , a second bladder irrigation did not induce TdP despite hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anaesthetic complications associated with myotonia congenita : case study and comparison with other myotonic disorders .
### Output Text: | Anaesthetic complications associated with myotonia congenita : case study and comparison with other myotonic disorders . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myotonia congenita ( MC ) is caused by a defect in the skeletal muscle chloride channel function , which may cause sustained membrane depolarisation .
### Output Text: | Myotonia congenita ( MC ) is caused by a defect in the skeletal muscle <span class="chemical">chloride</span> channel function , which may cause sustained membrane depolarisation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe a previously healthy 32 - year - old woman who developed a life - threatening muscle spasm and secondary ventilation difficulties following a preoperative injection of suxamethonium .
### Output Text: | We describe a previously healthy 32 - year - old woman who developed a life - threatening muscle spasm and secondary ventilation difficulties following a preoperative injection of <span class="chemical">suxamethonium</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The muscle spasms disappeared spontaneously and the surgery proceeded without further problems .
### Output Text: | The muscle spasms disappeared spontaneously and the surgery proceeded without further problems . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When subsequently questioned , she reported minor symptoms suggesting a myotonic condition .
### Output Text: | When subsequently questioned , she reported minor symptoms suggesting a myotonic condition . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myotonia was found on clinical examination and EMG .
### Output Text: | Myotonia was found on clinical examination and EMG . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The diagnosis MC was confirmed genetically .
### Output Text: | The diagnosis MC was confirmed genetically . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither the patient nor the anaesthetist were aware of the diagnosis before this potentially lethal complication occurred .
### Output Text: | Neither the patient nor the anaesthetist were aware of the diagnosis before this potentially lethal complication occurred . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We give a brief overview of ion channel disorders including malignant hyperthermia and their anaesthetic considerations .
### Output Text: | We give a brief overview of ion channel disorders including malignant hyperthermia and their anaesthetic considerations . |
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