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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A patient who developed paraplegia following the intrathecal instillation of methotrexate is discribed .
### Output Text: | A patient who developed paraplegia following the intrathecal instillation of <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> is discribed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The ten previously reported cases of this unusual complication are reviewed .
### Output Text: | The ten previously reported cases of this unusual complication are reviewed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The following factors appear to predispose to the development of this complication : abnormal cerebrospinal dynamics related to the presence of central nervous system leukemia , and epidural cerebrospinal leakage ; elevated cerebrospinal fluid methothexate concentration related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and to inappropriately high methotrexate doses based on body surface area calculations in older children and adults ; the presence of neurotoxic preservatives in commercially available methotrexate preparations and diluents ; and the use of methotrexate diluents of unphysiologic pH , ionic content and osmolarity .
### Output Text: | The following factors appear to predispose to the development of this complication : abnormal cerebrospinal dynamics related to the presence of central nervous system leukemia , and epidural cerebrospinal leakage ; elevated cerebrospinal fluid <span class="chemical">methothexate</span> concentration related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and to inappropriately high <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> doses based on body surface area calculations in older children and adults ; the presence of neurotoxic preservatives in commercially available <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> preparations and diluents ; and the use of <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> diluents of unphysiologic pH , ionic content and osmolarity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The role of methotrexate contaminants , local folate deficiency , and cranial irradiation in the pathogenesis of intrathecal methotrexate toxicity is unclear .
### Output Text: | The role of <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> contaminants , local folate deficiency , and cranial irradiation in the pathogenesis of intrathecal <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> toxicity is unclear . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The incidence of neurotoxicity may be reduced by employing lower doses of methotrexate in the presence of central nervous system leukemia , in older children and adults , and in the presence of epidural leakage .
### Output Text: | The incidence of neurotoxicity may be reduced by employing lower doses of <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> in the presence of central nervous system leukemia , in older children and adults , and in the presence of epidural leakage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Only preservative - free methotrexate in Elliott ' s B Solution at a concentration of not more than 1 mg / ml should be used for intrathecal administration .
### Output Text: | Only preservative - free <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> in Elliott ' s B Solution at a concentration of not more than 1 mg / ml should be used for intrathecal administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Periodic monitoring of cerebruspinal fluid methotrexate levels may be predictive of the development of serious neurotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Periodic monitoring of cerebruspinal fluid <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> levels may be predictive of the development of serious neurotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by lithium - induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus .
### Output Text: | Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by <span class="chemical">lithium</span> - induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 45 - year - old man , with a 10 - year history of manic depression treated with lithium , was admitted with hyperosmolar , nonketotic coma .
### Output Text: | A 45 - year - old man , with a 10 - year history of manic depression treated with <span class="chemical">lithium</span> , was admitted with hyperosmolar , nonketotic coma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: He gave a five - year history of polyuria and polydipsia , during which time urinalysis had been negative for glucose .
### Output Text: | He gave a five - year history of polyuria and polydipsia , during which time urinalysis had been negative for <span class="chemical">glucose</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After recovery from hyperglycaemia , he remained polyuric despite normal blood glucose concentrations ; water deprivation testing indicated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus , likely to be lithium - induced .
### Output Text: | After recovery from hyperglycaemia , he remained polyuric despite normal blood <span class="chemical">glucose</span> concentrations ; water deprivation testing indicated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus , likely to be <span class="chemical">lithium</span> - induced . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We hypothesize that when this man developed type 2 diabetes , chronic polyuria due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was sufficient to precipitate hyperosmolar dehydration .
### Output Text: | We hypothesize that when this man developed type 2 diabetes , chronic polyuria due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was sufficient to precipitate hyperosmolar dehydration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effects of the intracoronary infusion of cocaine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in humans .
### Output Text: | Effects of the intracoronary infusion of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : In dogs , a large amount of intravenous cocaine causes a profound deterioration of left ventricular ( LV ) systolic function and an increase in LV end - diastolic pressure .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : In dogs , a large amount of intravenous <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> causes a profound deterioration of left ventricular ( LV ) systolic function and an increase in LV end - diastolic pressure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study was done to assess the influence of a high intracoronary cocaine concentration on LV systolic and diastolic function in humans .
### Output Text: | This study was done to assess the influence of a high intracoronary <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> concentration on LV systolic and diastolic function in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS AND RESULTS : In 20 patients ( 14 men and 6 women aged 39 to 72 years ) referred for cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain , we measured heart rate , systemic arterial pressure , LV pressure and its first derivative ( dP / dt ) , and LV volumes and ejection fraction before and during the final 2 to 3 minutes of a 15 - minute intracoronary infusion of saline ( n = 10 , control subjects ) or cocaine hydrochloride 1 mg / min ( n = 10 ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS AND RESULTS : In 20 patients ( 14 men and 6 women aged 39 to 72 years ) referred for cardiac catheterization for the evaluation of chest pain , we measured heart rate , systemic arterial pressure , LV pressure and its first derivative ( dP / dt ) , and LV volumes and ejection fraction before and during the final 2 to 3 minutes of a 15 - minute intracoronary infusion of saline ( n = 10 , control subjects ) or <span class="chemical">cocaine hydrochloride</span> 1 mg / min ( n = 10 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No variable changed with saline .
### Output Text: | No variable changed with saline . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: With cocaine , the drug concentration in blood obtained from the coronary sinus was 3 . 0 + / - 0 . 4 ( mean + / - SD ) mg / L , similar in magnitude to the blood cocaine concentration reported in abusers dying of cocaine intoxication .
### Output Text: | With <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> , the drug concentration in blood obtained from the coronary sinus was 3 . 0 + / - 0 . 4 ( mean + / - SD ) mg / L , similar in magnitude to the blood <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> concentration reported in abusers dying of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> intoxication . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cocaine induced no significant change in heart rate , LV dP / dt ( positive or negative ) , or LV end - diastolic volume , but it caused an increase in systolic and mean arterial pressures , LV end - diastolic pressure , and LV end - systolic volume , as well as a decrease in LV ejection fraction .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> induced no significant change in heart rate , LV dP / dt ( positive or negative ) , or LV end - diastolic volume , but it caused an increase in systolic and mean arterial pressures , LV end - diastolic pressure , and LV end - systolic volume , as well as a decrease in LV ejection fraction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : In humans , the intracoronary infusion of cocaine sufficient in amount to achieve a high drug concentration in coronary sinus blood causes a deterioration of LV systolic and diastolic performance .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : In humans , the intracoronary infusion of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> sufficient in amount to achieve a high drug concentration in coronary sinus blood causes a deterioration of LV systolic and diastolic performance . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ascending dose tolerance study of intramuscular carbetocin administered after normal vaginal birth .
### Output Text: | Ascending dose tolerance study of intramuscular <span class="chemical">carbetocin</span> administered after normal vaginal birth . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To determine the maximum tolerated dose ( MTD ) of carbetocin ( a long - acting synthetic analogue of oxytocin ) , when administered immediately after vaginal delivery at term .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To determine the maximum tolerated dose ( MTD ) of <span class="chemical">carbetocin</span> ( a long - acting synthetic analogue of <span class="chemical">oxytocin</span> ) , when administered immediately after vaginal delivery at term . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MATERIALS AND METHODS : Carbetocin was given as an intramuscular injection immediately after the birth of the infant in 45 healthy women with normal singleton pregnancies who delivered vaginally at term .
### Output Text: | MATERIALS AND METHODS : <span class="chemical">Carbetocin</span> was given as an intramuscular injection immediately after the birth of the infant in 45 healthy women with normal singleton pregnancies who delivered vaginally at term . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dosage groups of 15 , 30 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 125 , 150 , 175 or 200 microg carbetocin were assigned to blocks of three women according to the continual reassessment method ( CRM ) .
### Output Text: | Dosage groups of 15 , 30 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 125 , 150 , 175 or 200 microg <span class="chemical">carbetocin</span> were assigned to blocks of three women according to the continual reassessment method ( CRM ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : All dosage groups consisted of three women , except those with 100 microg ( n = 6 ) and 200 microg ( n = 18 ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : All dosage groups consisted of three women , except those with 100 microg ( n = 6 ) and 200 microg ( n = 18 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recorded were dose - limiting adverse events : hyper - or hypotension ( three ) , severe abdominal pain ( 0 ) , vomiting ( 0 ) and retained placenta ( four ) .
### Output Text: | Recorded were dose - limiting adverse events : hyper - or hypotension ( three ) , severe abdominal pain ( 0 ) , vomiting ( 0 ) and retained placenta ( four ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serious adverse events occurred in seven women : six cases with blood loss > or = 1000 ml , four cases of manual placenta removal , five cases of additional oxytocics administration and five cases of blood transfusion .
### Output Text: | Serious adverse events occurred in seven women : six cases with blood loss > or = 1000 ml , four cases of manual placenta removal , five cases of additional oxytocics administration and five cases of blood transfusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Maximum blood loss was greatest at the upper and lower dose levels , and lowest in the 70 - 125 microg dose range .
### Output Text: | Maximum blood loss was greatest at the upper and lower dose levels , and lowest in the 70 - 125 microg dose range . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Four out of six cases with blood loss > or = 1000 ml occurred in the 200 microg group .
### Output Text: | Four out of six cases with blood loss > or = 1000 ml occurred in the 200 microg group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The majority of additional administration of oxytocics ( 4 / 5 ) and blood transfusion ( 3 / 5 ) occurred in the dose groups of 200 microg .
### Output Text: | The majority of additional administration of oxytocics ( 4 / 5 ) and blood transfusion ( 3 / 5 ) occurred in the dose groups of 200 microg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All retained placentae were found in the group of 200 microg .
### Output Text: | All retained placentae were found in the group of 200 microg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : The MTD was calculated to be at 200 microg carbetocin .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : The MTD was calculated to be at 200 microg <span class="chemical">carbetocin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia , paradoxical thromboembolism , and other side effects of heparin therapy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia , paradoxical thromboembolism , and other side effects of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development , heparin remains the drug of choice for most anticoagulation needs .
### Output Text: | Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development , <span class="chemical">heparin</span> remains the drug of choice for most anticoagulation needs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The clinical effects of heparin are meritorious , but side effects do exist .
### Output Text: | The clinical effects of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> are meritorious , but side effects do exist . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Important untoward effects of heparin therapy including heparin - induced thrombocytopenia , heparin - associated osteoporosis , eosinophilia , skin reactions , allergic reactions other than thrombocytopenia and alopecia will be discussed in this article .
### Output Text: | Important untoward effects of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> therapy including <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia , <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - associated osteoporosis , eosinophilia , skin reactions , allergic reactions other than thrombocytopenia and alopecia will be discussed in this article . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nonopaque crystal deposition causing ureteric obstruction in patients with HIV undergoing indinavir therapy .
### Output Text: | Nonopaque crystal deposition causing ureteric obstruction in patients with HIV undergoing <span class="chemical">indinavir</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : We describe the unique CT features of ureteric calculi in six HIV - infected patients receiving indinavir , the most commonly used HIV protease inhibitor , which is associated with an increased incidence of urolithiasis .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : We describe the unique CT features of ureteric calculi in six HIV - infected patients receiving <span class="chemical">indinavir</span> , the most commonly used HIV protease inhibitor , which is associated with an increased incidence of urolithiasis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Ureteric obstruction caused by precipitated indinavir crystals may be difficult to diagnose with unenhanced CT .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Ureteric obstruction caused by precipitated <span class="chemical">indinavir</span> crystals may be difficult to diagnose with unenhanced CT . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The calculi are not opaque , and secondary signs of obstruction may be absent or minimal and should be sought carefully .
### Output Text: | The calculi are not opaque , and secondary signs of obstruction may be absent or minimal and should be sought carefully . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Images may need to be obtained using i . v . contrast material to enable diagnosis of ureteric stones or obstruction in patients with HIV infection who receive indinavir therapy .
### Output Text: | Images may need to be obtained using i . v . contrast material to enable diagnosis of ureteric stones or obstruction in patients with HIV infection who receive <span class="chemical">indinavir</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ischemic colitis and sumatriptan use .
### Output Text: | Ischemic colitis and <span class="chemical">sumatriptan</span> use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sumatriptan succinate , a serotonin - 1 ( 5 - hydroxytryptamine - 1 ) receptor agonist , is an antimigraine drug that is reported to act by selectively constricting intracranial arteries .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Sumatriptan succinate</span> , a <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> - 1 ( <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxytryptamine</span> - 1 ) receptor agonist , is an antimigraine drug that is reported to act by selectively constricting intracranial arteries . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recently , vasopressor responses that are distinct from the cranial circulation have been demonstrated to occur in the systemic , pulmonary , and coronary circulations .
### Output Text: | Recently , vasopressor responses that are distinct from the cranial circulation have been demonstrated to occur in the systemic , pulmonary , and coronary circulations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cases have been published of coronary vasospasm , myocardial ischemia , and myocardial infarction occurring after sumatriptan use .
### Output Text: | Cases have been published of coronary vasospasm , myocardial ischemia , and myocardial infarction occurring after <span class="chemical">sumatriptan</span> use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report on the development of 8 serious cases of ischemic colitis in patients with migraine treated with sumatriptan .
### Output Text: | We report on the development of 8 serious cases of ischemic colitis in patients with migraine treated with <span class="chemical">sumatriptan</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pallidotomy with the gamma knife : a positive experience .
### Output Text: | Pallidotomy with the gamma knife : a positive experience . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: 51 patients with medically refractory Parkinson ' s disease underwent stereotactic posteromedial pallidotomy between August 1993 and February 1997 for treatment of bradykinesia , rigidity , and L - DOPA - induced dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | 51 patients with medically refractory Parkinson ' s disease underwent stereotactic posteromedial pallidotomy between August 1993 and February 1997 for treatment of bradykinesia , rigidity , and <span class="chemical">L - DOPA</span> - induced dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In 29 patients , the pallidotomies were performed with the Leksell Gamma Knife and in 22 they were performed with the standard radiofrequency ( RF ) method .
### Output Text: | In 29 patients , the pallidotomies were performed with the Leksell Gamma Knife and in 22 they were performed with the standard radiofrequency ( RF ) method . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Clinical assessment as well as blinded ratings of Unified Parkinson ' s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) scores were carried out pre - and postoperatively .
### Output Text: | Clinical assessment as well as blinded ratings of Unified Parkinson ' s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) scores were carried out pre - and postoperatively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mean follow - up time is 20 . 6 months ( range 6 - 48 ) and all except 4 patients have been followed more than one year .
### Output Text: | Mean follow - up time is 20 . 6 months ( range 6 - 48 ) and all except 4 patients have been followed more than one year . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: 85 percent of patients with dyskinesias were relieved of symptoms , regardless of whether the pallidotomies were performed with the Gamma Knife or radiofrequency methods .
### Output Text: | 85 percent of patients with dyskinesias were relieved of symptoms , regardless of whether the pallidotomies were performed with the Gamma Knife or radiofrequency methods . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: About 2 / 3 of the patients in both Gamma Knife and radiofrequency groups showed improvements in bradykinesia and rigidity , although when considered as a group neither the Gamma Knife nor the radiofrequency group showed statistically significant improvements in UPDRS scores .
### Output Text: | About 2 / 3 of the patients in both Gamma Knife and radiofrequency groups showed improvements in bradykinesia and rigidity , although when considered as a group neither the Gamma Knife nor the radiofrequency group showed statistically significant improvements in UPDRS scores . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: One patient in the Gamma Knife group ( 3 . 4 % ) developed a homonymous hemianopsia 9 months following treatment and 5 patients ( 27 . 7 % ) in the radiofrequency group became transiently confused postoperatively .
### Output Text: | One patient in the Gamma Knife group ( 3 . 4 % ) developed a homonymous hemianopsia 9 months following treatment and 5 patients ( 27 . 7 % ) in the radiofrequency group became transiently confused postoperatively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No other complications were seen .
### Output Text: | No other complications were seen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Gamma Knife pallidotomy is as effective as radiofrequency pallidotomy in controlling certain of the symptoms of Parkinson ' s disease .
### Output Text: | Gamma Knife pallidotomy is as effective as radiofrequency pallidotomy in controlling certain of the symptoms of Parkinson ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It may be the only practical technique available in certain patients , such as those who take anticoagulants , have bleeding diatheses or serious systemic medical illnesses .
### Output Text: | It may be the only practical technique available in certain patients , such as those who take anticoagulants , have bleeding diatheses or serious systemic medical illnesses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is a viable option for other patients as well .
### Output Text: | It is a viable option for other patients as well . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of intracisternal application of carbachol in anesthetized rats .
### Output Text: | Centrally mediated cardiovascular effects of intracisternal application of <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> in anesthetized rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The pressor response to the intracisternal ( i . c . ) injection of carbachol ( 1 mug ) in anesthetized rats was analyzed .
### Output Text: | The pressor response to the intracisternal ( i . c . ) injection of <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> ( 1 mug ) in anesthetized rats was analyzed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This response was significantly reduced by the intravenous ( i . v . ) injection of guanethidine ( 5 mg ) , hexamethonium ( 10 mg ) or phentolamine ( 5 mg ) , and conversely , potentiated by i . v . desmethylimipramine ( 0 . 3 mg ) , while propranolol ( 0 . 5 mg ) i . v . selectively inhibited the enlargement of pulse pressure and the tachycardia following i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) .
### Output Text: | This response was significantly reduced by the intravenous ( i . v . ) injection of <span class="chemical">guanethidine</span> ( 5 mg ) , <span class="chemical">hexamethonium</span> ( 10 mg ) or <span class="chemical">phentolamine</span> ( 5 mg ) , and conversely , potentiated by i . v . <span class="chemical">desmethylimipramine</span> ( 0 . 3 mg ) , while <span class="chemical">propranolol</span> ( 0 . 5 mg ) i . v . selectively inhibited the enlargement of pulse pressure and the tachycardia following i . c . <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> ( 1 mug ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: On the other hand , the pressor response to i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) was almost completely blocked by i . c . atropine ( 3 mug ) or hexamethonium ( 500 mug ) , and significantly reduced by i . c . chlorpromazine ( 50 mug ) but significantly potentiated by i . c . desmethylimipramine ( 30 mug ) .
### Output Text: | On the other hand , the pressor response to i . c . <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> ( 1 mug ) was almost completely blocked by i . c . <span class="chemical">atropine</span> ( 3 mug ) or <span class="chemical">hexamethonium</span> ( 500 mug ) , and significantly reduced by i . c . <span class="chemical">chlorpromazine</span> ( 50 mug ) but significantly potentiated by i . c . <span class="chemical">desmethylimipramine</span> ( 30 mug ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The pressor response to i . c . carbachol ( 1 mug ) remained unchanged after sectioning of the bilateral cervical vagal nerves but disappeared after sectioning of the spinal cord ( C7 - C8 ) .
### Output Text: | The pressor response to i . c . <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> ( 1 mug ) remained unchanged after sectioning of the bilateral cervical vagal nerves but disappeared after sectioning of the spinal cord ( C7 - C8 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: From the above result it is suggested that the pressor response to i . c . carbachol ortral and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms , and that the sympathetic trunk is the main pathway .
### Output Text: | From the above result it is suggested that the pressor response to i . c . <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> ortral and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms , and that the sympathetic trunk is the main pathway . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and methylphenidate .
### Output Text: | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and <span class="chemical">methylphenidate</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 1 - year - old female presented with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by methylphenidate .
### Output Text: | A 1 - year - old female presented with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by <span class="chemical">methylphenidate</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: She had defects in the supratentorial brain including the basal ganglia and the striatum ( multicystic encephalomalacia ) due to severe perinatal hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy , which was considered to be a possible predisposing factor causing neuroleptic malignant syndrome .
### Output Text: | She had defects in the supratentorial brain including the basal ganglia and the striatum ( multicystic encephalomalacia ) due to severe perinatal hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy , which was considered to be a possible predisposing factor causing neuroleptic malignant syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A dopaminergic blockade mechanism generally is accepted as the pathogenesis of this syndrome .
### Output Text: | A dopaminergic blockade mechanism generally is accepted as the pathogenesis of this syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , methylphenidate is a dopamine agonist via the inhibition of uptake of dopamine , and therefore dopaminergic systems in the brainstem ( mainly the midbrain ) and the spinal cord were unlikely to participate in the onset of this syndrome .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">methylphenidate</span> is a <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> agonist via the inhibition of uptake of <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> , and therefore dopaminergic systems in the brainstem ( mainly the midbrain ) and the spinal cord were unlikely to participate in the onset of this syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A relative gamma - aminobutyric acid - ergic deficiency might occur because diazepam , a gamma - aminobutyric acid - mimetic agent , was strikingly effective .
### Output Text: | A relative <span class="chemical">gamma - aminobutyric acid</span> - ergic deficiency might occur because <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> , a <span class="chemical">gamma - aminobutyric acid</span> - mimetic agent , was strikingly effective . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This is the first reported patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by methylphenidate .
### Output Text: | This is the first reported patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome probably caused by <span class="chemical">methylphenidate</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Differential effects of 17alpha - ethinylestradiol on the neutral and acidic pathways of bile salt synthesis in the rat .
### Output Text: | Differential effects of <span class="chemical">17alpha - ethinylestradiol</span> on the neutral and acidic pathways of <span class="chemical">bile salt</span> synthesis in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effects of 17alpha - ethinylestradiol ( EE ) on the neutral and acidic biosynthetic pathways of bile salt ( BS ) synthesis were evaluated in rats with an intact enterohepatic circulation and in rats with long - term bile diversion to induce BS synthesis .
### Output Text: | Effects of <span class="chemical">17alpha - ethinylestradiol</span> ( <span class="chemical">EE</span> ) on the neutral and acidic biosynthetic pathways of <span class="chemical">bile salt</span> ( <span class="chemical">BS</span> ) synthesis were evaluated in rats with an intact enterohepatic circulation and in rats with long - term bile diversion to induce <span class="chemical">BS</span> synthesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: For this purpose , bile salt pool composition , synthesis of individual BS in vivo , hepatic activities , and expression levels of cholesterol 7alpha - hydroxylase ( CYP7A ) , and sterol 27 - hydroxylase ( CYP27 ) , as well as of other enzymes involved in BS synthesis , were analyzed in rats treated with EE ( 5 mg / kg , 3 days ) or its vehicle .
### Output Text: | For this purpose , <span class="chemical">bile salt</span> pool composition , synthesis of individual <span class="chemical">BS</span> in vivo , hepatic activities , and expression levels of <span class="chemical">cholesterol</span> 7alpha - hydroxylase ( CYP7A ) , and <span class="chemical">sterol</span> 27 - hydroxylase ( CYP27 ) , as well as of other enzymes involved in <span class="chemical">BS</span> synthesis , were analyzed in rats treated with <span class="chemical">EE</span> ( 5 mg / kg , 3 days ) or its vehicle . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BS pool size was decreased by 27 % but total BS synthesis was not affected by EE in intact rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">BS</span> pool size was decreased by 27 % but total <span class="chemical">BS</span> synthesis was not affected by <span class="chemical">EE</span> in intact rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Synthesis of cholate was reduced by 68 % in EE - treated rats , while that of chenodeoxycholate was increased by 60 % .
### Output Text: | Synthesis of <span class="chemical">cholate</span> was reduced by 68 % in <span class="chemical">EE</span> - treated rats , while that of <span class="chemical">chenodeoxycholate</span> was increased by 60 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The recently identified Delta22 - isomer of beta - muricholate contributed for 5 . 4 % and 18 . 3 % ( P < 0 . 01 ) to the pool in control and EE - treated rats , respectively , but could not be detected in bile after exhaustion of the pool .
### Output Text: | The recently identified Delta22 - isomer of beta - muricholate contributed for 5 . 4 % and 18 . 3 % ( P < 0 . 01 ) to the pool in control and <span class="chemical">EE</span> - treated rats , respectively , but could not be detected in bile after exhaustion of the pool . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A clear reduction of BS synthesis was found in bile - diverted rats treated with EE , yet biliary BS composition was only minimally affected .
### Output Text: | A clear reduction of <span class="chemical">BS</span> synthesis was found in bile - diverted rats treated with <span class="chemical">EE</span> , yet biliary <span class="chemical">BS</span> composition was only minimally affected . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Activity of CYP7A was decreased by EE in both intact and bile - diverted rats , whereas the activity of the CYP27 was not affected .
### Output Text: | Activity of CYP7A was decreased by <span class="chemical">EE</span> in both intact and bile - diverted rats , whereas the activity of the CYP27 was not affected . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A were significantly reduced by EE in bile - diverted rats only ; CYP27 mRNA levels were not affected by EE .
### Output Text: | Hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A were significantly reduced by <span class="chemical">EE</span> in bile - diverted rats only ; CYP27 mRNA levels were not affected by <span class="chemical">EE</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , mRNA levels of sterol 12alpha - hydroxylase and lithocholate 6beta - hydroxylase were increased by bile diversion and suppressed by EE .
### Output Text: | In addition , mRNA levels of <span class="chemical">sterol</span> 12alpha - hydroxylase and lithocholate 6beta - hydroxylase were increased by bile diversion and suppressed by <span class="chemical">EE</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This study shows that 17alpha - ethinylestradiol ( EE ) - induced intrahepatic cholestasis in rats is associated with selective inhibition of the neutral pathway of bile salt ( BS ) synthesis .
### Output Text: | This study shows that <span class="chemical">17alpha - ethinylestradiol</span> ( <span class="chemical">EE</span> ) - induced intrahepatic cholestasis in rats is associated with selective inhibition of the neutral pathway of <span class="chemical">bile salt</span> ( <span class="chemical">BS</span> ) synthesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Simultaneous impairment of other enzymes in the BS biosynthetic pathways may contribute to overall effects of EE on BS synthesis .
### Output Text: | Simultaneous impairment of other enzymes in the <span class="chemical">BS</span> biosynthetic pathways may contribute to overall effects of <span class="chemical">EE</span> on <span class="chemical">BS</span> synthesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Glibenclamide - sensitive hypotension produced by helodermin assessed in the rat .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Glibenclamide</span> - sensitive hypotension produced by <span class="chemical">helodermin</span> assessed in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The effects of helodermin , a basic 35 - amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of a lizard salivary gland , on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were examined in the rat , focusing on the possibility that activation of ATP sensitive K + ( K ( ATP ) ) channels is involved in the responses .
### Output Text: | The effects of <span class="chemical">helodermin</span> , a basic 35 - <span class="chemical">amino acid</span> peptide isolated from the venom of a lizard salivary gland , on arterial blood pressure and heart rate were examined in the rat , focusing on the possibility that activation of <span class="chemical">ATP</span> sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> + ( <span class="chemical">K</span> ( <span class="chemical">ATP</span> ) ) channels is involved in the responses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results were also compared with those of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP ) .
### Output Text: | The results were also compared with those of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Helodermin produced hypotension in a dose - dependent manner with approximately similar potency and duration to VIP .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Helodermin</span> produced hypotension in a dose - dependent manner with approximately similar potency and duration to VIP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hypotension induced by both peptides was significantly attenuated by glibenclamide , which abolished a levcromakalim - produced decrease in arterial blood pressure .
### Output Text: | Hypotension induced by both peptides was significantly attenuated by <span class="chemical">glibenclamide</span> , which abolished a <span class="chemical">levcromakalim</span> - produced decrease in arterial blood pressure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Oxyhemoglobin did not affect helodermin - induced hypotension , whereas it shortened the duration of acetylcholine ( ACh ) - produced hypotension .
### Output Text: | Oxyhemoglobin did not affect <span class="chemical">helodermin</span> - induced hypotension , whereas it shortened the duration of <span class="chemical">acetylcholine</span> ( <span class="chemical">ACh</span> ) - produced hypotension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These findings suggest that helodermin - produced hypotension is partly attributable to the activation of glibenclamide - sensitive K + channels ( K ( ATP ) channels ) , which presumably exist on arterial smooth muscle cells .
### Output Text: | These findings suggest that <span class="chemical">helodermin</span> - produced hypotension is partly attributable to the activation of <span class="chemical">glibenclamide</span> - sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> + channels ( <span class="chemical">K</span> ( <span class="chemical">ATP</span> ) channels ) , which presumably exist on arterial smooth muscle cells . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: EDRF ( endothelium - derived relaxing factor ) / nitric oxide does not seem to play an important role in the peptide - produced hypotension .
### Output Text: | EDRF ( endothelium - derived relaxing factor ) / <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> does not seem to play an important role in the peptide - produced hypotension . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Long - term efficacy and adverse event of nifedipine sustained - release tablets for cyclosporin A - induced hypertension in patients with psoriasis .
### Output Text: | Long - term efficacy and adverse event of <span class="chemical">nifedipine</span> sustained - release tablets for <span class="chemical">cyclosporin A</span> - induced hypertension in patients with psoriasis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thirteen psoriatic patients with hypertension during the course of cyclosporin A therapy were treated for 25 months with a calcium channel blocker , sustained - release nifedipine , to study the clinical antihypertensive effects and adverse events during treatment with both drugs .
### Output Text: | Thirteen psoriatic patients with hypertension during the course of <span class="chemical">cyclosporin A</span> therapy were treated for 25 months with a <span class="chemical">calcium</span> channel blocker , sustained - release <span class="chemical">nifedipine</span> , to study the clinical antihypertensive effects and adverse events during treatment with both drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Seven of the 13 patients had exhibited a subclinical hypertensive state before cyclosporin A therapy .
### Output Text: | Seven of the 13 patients had exhibited a subclinical hypertensive state before <span class="chemical">cyclosporin A</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of these 13 patients were decreased significantly after 4 weeks of nifedipine therapy , and blood pressure was maintained within the normal range thereafter for 25 months .
### Output Text: | Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of these 13 patients were decreased significantly after 4 weeks of <span class="chemical">nifedipine</span> therapy , and blood pressure was maintained within the normal range thereafter for 25 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The adverse events during combined therapy with cyclosporin A and nifedipine included an increase in blood urea nitrogen levels in 9 of the 13 patients and development of gingival hyperplasia in 2 of the 13 patients .
### Output Text: | The adverse events during combined therapy with <span class="chemical">cyclosporin A</span> and <span class="chemical">nifedipine</span> included an increase in <span class="chemical">blood urea nitrogen</span> levels in 9 of the 13 patients and development of gingival hyperplasia in 2 of the 13 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our findings indicate that sustained - release nifedipine is useful for hypertensive psoriatic patients under long - term treatment with cyclosporin A , but that these patients should be monitored for gingival hyperplasia .
### Output Text: | Our findings indicate that sustained - release <span class="chemical">nifedipine</span> is useful for hypertensive psoriatic patients under long - term treatment with <span class="chemical">cyclosporin A</span> , but that these patients should be monitored for gingival hyperplasia . |
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