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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: PURPOSE : Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked with subependymal hemorrhage and the formation of cysts that are detectable on cranial sonography in neonates born at term .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : Prenatal <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> exposure has been linked with subependymal hemorrhage and the formation of cysts that are detectable on cranial sonography in neonates born at term . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We sought to determine if prenatal cocaine exposure increases the incidence of subependymal cysts in preterm infants .
### Output Text: | We sought to determine if prenatal <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> exposure increases the incidence of subependymal cysts in preterm infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and cranial sonograms obtained during a 1 - year period on 122 premature ( < 36 weeks of gestation ) infants .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and cranial sonograms obtained during a 1 - year period on 122 premature ( < 36 weeks of gestation ) infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Infants were categorized into 1 of 2 groups : those exposed to cocaine and those not exposed to cocaine .
### Output Text: | Infants were categorized into 1 of 2 groups : those exposed to <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and those not exposed to <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Infants were assigned to the cocaine - exposed group if there was a maternal history of cocaine abuse during pregnancy or if maternal or neonatal urine toxicology results were positive at the time of delivery .
### Output Text: | Infants were assigned to the <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - exposed group if there was a maternal history of cocaine abuse during pregnancy or if maternal or neonatal urine toxicology results were positive at the time of delivery . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : Five of the 122 infants were excluded from the study because of insufficient medical and drug histories .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Five of the 122 infants were excluded from the study because of insufficient medical and drug histories . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The incidence of subependymal cysts in the 117 remaining infants was 14 % ( 16 of 117 ) .
### Output Text: | The incidence of subependymal cysts in the 117 remaining infants was 14 % ( 16 of 117 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The incidence of subependymal cysts in infants exposed to cocaine prenatally was 44 % ( 8 of 18 ) compared with 8 % ( 8 of 99 ) in the unexposed group ( p < 0 . 01 ) .
### Output Text: | The incidence of subependymal cysts in infants exposed to <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> prenatally was 44 % ( 8 of 18 ) compared with 8 % ( 8 of 99 ) in the unexposed group ( p < 0 . 01 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : We found an increased incidence of subependymal cyst formation in preterm infants who were exposed to cocaine prenatally .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : We found an increased incidence of subependymal cyst formation in preterm infants who were exposed to <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> prenatally . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This result is consistent with results of similar studies in term infants .
### Output Text: | This result is consistent with results of similar studies in term infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thalidomide neuropathy in patients treated for metastatic prostate cancer .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Thalidomide</span> neuropathy in patients treated for metastatic prostate cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We prospectively evaluated thalidomide - induced neuropathy using electrodiagnostic studies .
### Output Text: | We prospectively evaluated <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> - induced neuropathy using electrodiagnostic studies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Sixty - seven men with metastatic androgen - independent prostate cancer in an open - label trial of oral thalidomide underwent neurologic examinations and nerve conduction studies ( NCS ) prior to and at 3 - month intervals during treatment .
### Output Text: | Sixty - seven men with metastatic <span class="chemical">androgen</span> - independent prostate cancer in an open - label trial of oral <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> underwent neurologic examinations and nerve conduction studies ( NCS ) prior to and at 3 - month intervals during treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: NCS included recording of sensory nerve action potentials ( SNAPs ) from median , radial , ulnar , and sural nerves .
### Output Text: | NCS included recording of sensory nerve action potentials ( SNAPs ) from median , radial , ulnar , and sural nerves . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: SNAP amplitudes for each nerve were expressed as the percentage of its baseline , and the mean of the four was termed the SNAP index .
### Output Text: | SNAP amplitudes for each nerve were expressed as the percentage of its baseline , and the mean of the four was termed the SNAP index . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A 40 % decline in the SNAP index was considered clinically significant .
### Output Text: | A 40 % decline in the SNAP index was considered clinically significant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thalidomide was discontinued in 55 patients for lack of therapeutic response .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Thalidomide</span> was discontinued in 55 patients for lack of therapeutic response . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Of 67 patients initially enrolled , 24 remained on thalidomide for 3 months , 8 remained at 6 months , and 3 remained at 9 months .
### Output Text: | Of 67 patients initially enrolled , 24 remained on <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> for 3 months , 8 remained at 6 months , and 3 remained at 9 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Six patients developed neuropathy .
### Output Text: | Six patients developed neuropathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Clinical symptoms and a decline in the SNAP index occurred concurrently .
### Output Text: | Clinical symptoms and a decline in the SNAP index occurred concurrently . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Older age and cumulative dose were possible contributing factors .
### Output Text: | Older age and cumulative dose were possible contributing factors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Neuropathy may thus be a common complication of thalidomide in older patients .
### Output Text: | Neuropathy may thus be a common complication of <span class="chemical">thalidomide</span> in older patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The SNAP index can be used to monitor peripheral neuropathy , but not for early detection .
### Output Text: | The SNAP index can be used to monitor peripheral neuropathy , but not for early detection . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Overexpression of copper / zinc - superoxide dismutase protects from kanamycin - induced hearing loss .
### Output Text: | Overexpression of <span class="chemical">copper</span> / <span class="chemical">zinc</span> - <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> dismutase protects from <span class="chemical">kanamycin</span> - induced hearing loss . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The participation of reactive oxygen species in aminoglycoside - induced ototoxicity has been deduced from observations that aminoglycoside - iron complexes catalyze the formation of superoxide radicals in vitro and that antioxidants attenuate ototoxicity in vivo .
### Output Text: | The participation of reactive <span class="chemical">oxygen</span> species in <span class="chemical">aminoglycoside</span> - induced ototoxicity has been deduced from observations that <span class="chemical">aminoglycoside</span> - <span class="chemical">iron</span> complexes catalyze the formation of <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> radicals in vitro and that antioxidants attenuate ototoxicity in vivo . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We therefore hypothesized that overexpression of Cu / Zn - superoxide dismutase ( h - SOD1 ) should protect transgenic mice from ototoxicity .
### Output Text: | We therefore hypothesized that overexpression of <span class="chemical">Cu</span> / <span class="chemical">Zn</span> - <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> dismutase ( h - SOD1 ) should protect transgenic mice from ototoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Immunocytochemistry confirmed expression of h - SOD1 in inner ear tissues of transgenic C57BL / 6 - TgN [ SOD1 ] 3Cje mice .
### Output Text: | Immunocytochemistry confirmed expression of h - SOD1 in inner ear tissues of transgenic C57BL / 6 - TgN [ SOD1 ] 3Cje mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Transgenic and nontransgenic littermates received kanamycin ( 400 mg / kg body weight / day ) for 10 days beginning on day 10 after birth .
### Output Text: | Transgenic and nontransgenic littermates received <span class="chemical">kanamycin</span> ( 400 mg / kg body weight / day ) for 10 days beginning on day 10 after birth . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Auditory thresholds were tested by evoked auditory brain stem responses at 1 month after birth .
### Output Text: | Auditory thresholds were tested by evoked auditory brain stem responses at 1 month after birth . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In nontransgenic animals , the threshold in the kanamycin - treated group was 45 - 50 dB higher than in saline - injected controls .
### Output Text: | In nontransgenic animals , the threshold in the <span class="chemical">kanamycin</span> - treated group was 45 - 50 dB higher than in saline - injected controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the transgenic group , kanamycin increased the threshold by only 15 dB over the respective controls .
### Output Text: | In the transgenic group , <span class="chemical">kanamycin</span> increased the threshold by only 15 dB over the respective controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The effects were similar at 12 and 24 kHz .
### Output Text: | The effects were similar at 12 and 24 kHz . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The protection by overexpression of superoxide dismutase supports the hypothesis that oxidant stress plays a significant role in aminoglycoside - induced ototoxicity .
### Output Text: | The protection by overexpression of <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> dismutase supports the hypothesis that oxidant stress plays a significant role in <span class="chemical">aminoglycoside</span> - induced ototoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The results also suggest transgenic animals as suitable models to investigate the underlying mechanisms and possible strategies for prevention .
### Output Text: | The results also suggest transgenic animals as suitable models to investigate the underlying mechanisms and possible strategies for prevention . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Fatty liver induced by tetracycline in the rat .
### Output Text: | Fatty liver induced by <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Dose - response relationships and effect of sex .
### Output Text: | Dose - response relationships and effect of sex . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Dose - response relationships , biochemical mechanisms , and sex differences in the experimental fatty liver induced by tetracycline were studied in the intact rat and with the isolated perfused rat liver in vitro .
### Output Text: | Dose - response relationships , biochemical mechanisms , and sex differences in the experimental fatty liver induced by <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> were studied in the intact rat and with the isolated perfused rat liver in vitro . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the intact male and female rat , no direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and hepatic accumulation of triglyceride .
### Output Text: | In the intact male and female rat , no direct relationship was observed between dose of <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> and hepatic accumulation of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: With provision of adequate oleic acid as a substrate for the isolated perfused liver , a direct relationship was observed between dose of tetracycline and both accumulation of triglyceride in the liver and depression of output of triglyceride by livers from male and female rats .
### Output Text: | With provision of adequate <span class="chemical">oleic acid</span> as a substrate for the isolated perfused liver , a direct relationship was observed between dose of <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> and both accumulation of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> in the liver and depression of output of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> by livers from male and female rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Marked differences were observed between female and male rats with regard to base line ( control ) hepatic concentration of triglyceride and output of triglyceride .
### Output Text: | Marked differences were observed between female and male rats with regard to base line ( control ) hepatic concentration of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> and output of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Accumulation of hepatic triglyceride , as a per cent of control values , in response to graded doses of tetracycline , did not differ significantly between male , female and pregnant rat livers .
### Output Text: | Accumulation of hepatic <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> , as a per cent of control values , in response to graded doses of <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> , did not differ significantly between male , female and pregnant rat livers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , livers from female , and especially pregnant female rats , were strikingly resistant to the effects of tetracycline on depression of output of triglyceride under these experimental conditions .
### Output Text: | However , livers from female , and especially pregnant female rats , were strikingly resistant to the effects of <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> on depression of output of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> under these experimental conditions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These differences between the sexes could not be related to altered disposition of tetracycline or altered uptake of oleic acid .
### Output Text: | These differences between the sexes could not be related to altered disposition of <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> or altered uptake of <span class="chemical">oleic acid</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Depressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride accounted only for 30 to 50 % of accumulated hepatic triglyceride , indicating that additional mechanisms must be involved in the production of the triglyceride - rich fatty liver in response to tetracycline .
### Output Text: | Depressed hepatic secretion of <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> accounted only for 30 to 50 % of accumulated hepatic <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> , indicating that additional mechanisms must be involved in the production of the <span class="chemical">triglyceride</span> - rich fatty liver in response to <span class="chemical">tetracycline</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Prednisone induces anxiety and glial cerebral changes in rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Prednisone</span> induces anxiety and glial cerebral changes in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To assess whether prednisone ( PDN ) produces anxiety and / or cerebral glial changes in rats .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To assess whether <span class="chemical">prednisone</span> ( <span class="chemical">PDN</span> ) produces anxiety and / or cerebral glial changes in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : Male Wistar rats were studied and 3 groups were formed ( 8 rats per group ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Male Wistar rats were studied and 3 groups were formed ( 8 rats per group ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The moderate - dose group received 5 mg / kg / day PDN released from a subcutaneous implant .
### Output Text: | The moderate - dose group received 5 mg / kg / day <span class="chemical">PDN</span> released from a subcutaneous implant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the high - dose group , implants containing PDN equivalent to 60 mg / kg / day were applied .
### Output Text: | In the high - dose group , implants containing <span class="chemical">PDN</span> equivalent to 60 mg / kg / day were applied . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the control group implants contained no PDN .
### Output Text: | In the control group implants contained no <span class="chemical">PDN</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Anxiety was assessed using an open field and elevated plus - maze devices .
### Output Text: | Anxiety was assessed using an open field and elevated plus - maze devices . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The number of cells and cytoplasmic transformation of astrocytes and microglia cells were assessed by immunohistochemical analyses .
### Output Text: | The number of cells and cytoplasmic transformation of astrocytes and microglia cells were assessed by immunohistochemical analyses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : Anxiety was documented in both groups of PDN treated rats compared with controls .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Anxiety was documented in both groups of <span class="chemical">PDN</span> treated rats compared with controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The magnitude of transformation of the microglia assessed by the number of intersections was significantly higher in the PDN groups than in controls in the prefrontal cortex ( moderate - dose , 24 . 1 ; high - dose , 23 . 6 ; controls 18 . 7 ; p < 0 . 01 ) and striatum ( moderate - dose 25 . 6 ; high - dose 26 . 3 ; controls 18 . 9 ; p < 0 . 01 ) , but not in hippocampus .
### Output Text: | The magnitude of transformation of the microglia assessed by the number of intersections was significantly higher in the <span class="chemical">PDN</span> groups than in controls in the prefrontal cortex ( moderate - dose , 24 . 1 ; high - dose , 23 . 6 ; controls 18 . 7 ; p < 0 . 01 ) and striatum ( moderate - dose 25 . 6 ; high - dose 26 . 3 ; controls 18 . 9 ; p < 0 . 01 ) , but not in hippocampus . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The number of stained microglia cells was significantly higher in the PDN treated groups in the prefrontal cortex than in controls ( moderate - dose , 29 . 1 ; high - dose , 28 . 4 ; control , 17 . 7 cells per field ; p < 0 . 01 ) .
### Output Text: | The number of stained microglia cells was significantly higher in the <span class="chemical">PDN</span> treated groups in the prefrontal cortex than in controls ( moderate - dose , 29 . 1 ; high - dose , 28 . 4 ; control , 17 . 7 cells per field ; p < 0 . 01 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Stained microglia cells were significantly more numerous striatum and hippocampus in the high - dose group compared to controls .
### Output Text: | Stained microglia cells were significantly more numerous striatum and hippocampus in the high - dose group compared to controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Subacute exposure to PDN induced anxiety and reactivity of microglia .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Subacute exposure to <span class="chemical">PDN</span> induced anxiety and reactivity of microglia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The relevance of these features for patients using PDN remains to be elucidated .
### Output Text: | The relevance of these features for patients using <span class="chemical">PDN</span> remains to be elucidated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Phase II study of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix .
### Output Text: | Phase II study of <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> and liposomal <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: BACKGROUND : The activity of the combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin was tested in a Phase II study of patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : The activity of the combination of <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> and liposomal <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> was tested in a Phase II study of patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : The combination of carboplatin ( area under the concentration curve [ AUC ] , 5 ) and liposomal doxorubicin ( Doxil ; starting dose , 40 mg / m ( 2 ) ) was administered intravenously every 28 days to 37 patients with recurrent squamous cell cervical carcinoma to determine antitumor activity and toxicity profile .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The combination of <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> ( area under the concentration curve [ AUC ] , 5 ) and liposomal <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">Doxil</span> ; starting dose , 40 mg / m ( 2 ) ) was administered intravenously every 28 days to 37 patients with recurrent squamous cell cervical carcinoma to determine antitumor activity and toxicity profile . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Twenty - nine patients were assessable for response , and 35 patients were assessable for toxicity .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Twenty - nine patients were assessable for response , and 35 patients were assessable for toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The overall response rate was 38 % , the median time to response was 10 weeks , the median duration of response was 26 weeks , and the median survival was 37 weeks .
### Output Text: | The overall response rate was 38 % , the median time to response was 10 weeks , the median duration of response was 26 weeks , and the median survival was 37 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The main toxic effect was myelosuppression , with Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia in 16 patients , anemia in 12 patients , thrombocytopenia in 11 patients , and neutropenic fever in 3 patients .
### Output Text: | The main toxic effect was myelosuppression , with Grade 3 and 4 neutropenia in 16 patients , anemia in 12 patients , thrombocytopenia in 11 patients , and neutropenic fever in 3 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Four patients had five infusion - related reactions during the infusion of liposomal doxorubicin , leading to treatment discontinuation in three patients .
### Output Text: | Four patients had five infusion - related reactions during the infusion of liposomal <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> , leading to treatment discontinuation in three patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Grade > or = 2 nonhematologic toxicity included nausea in 17 patients , emesis in 14 patients , fatigue in 9 patients , mucositis and / or stomatitis in 8 patients , constipation in 6 patients , weight loss in 5 patients , hand - foot syndrome in 2 patients , and skin reactions in 3 patients .
### Output Text: | Grade > or = 2 nonhematologic toxicity included nausea in 17 patients , emesis in 14 patients , fatigue in 9 patients , mucositis and / or stomatitis in 8 patients , constipation in 6 patients , weight loss in 5 patients , hand - foot syndrome in 2 patients , and skin reactions in 3 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The combination of carboplatin and liposomal doxorubicin has modest activity in patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : The combination of <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> and liposomal <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> has modest activity in patients with recurrent cervical carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Antimicrobial - induced mania ( antibiomania ) : a review of spontaneous reports .
### Output Text: | Antimicrobial - induced mania ( antibiomania ) : a review of spontaneous reports . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors reviewed reported cases of antibiotic - induced manic episodes by means of a MEDLINE and PsychLit search for reports of antibiotic - induced mania .
### Output Text: | The authors reviewed reported cases of antibiotic - induced manic episodes by means of a MEDLINE and PsychLit search for reports of antibiotic - induced mania . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Unpublished reports were requested from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) .
### Output Text: | Unpublished reports were requested from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Twenty - one reports of antimicrobial - induced mania were found in the literature .
### Output Text: | Twenty - one reports of antimicrobial - induced mania were found in the literature . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There were 6 cases implicating clarithromycin , 13 implicating isoniazid , and 1 case each implicating erythromycin and amoxicillin .
### Output Text: | There were 6 cases implicating <span class="chemical">clarithromycin</span> , 13 implicating <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> , and 1 case each implicating <span class="chemical">erythromycin</span> and <span class="chemical">amoxicillin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The WHO reported 82 cases .
### Output Text: | The WHO reported 82 cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of these , clarithromycin was implicated in 23 ( 27 . 6 % ) cases , ciprofloxacin in 12 ( 14 . 4 % ) cases , and ofloxacin in 10 ( 12 % ) cases .
### Output Text: | Of these , <span class="chemical">clarithromycin</span> was implicated in 23 ( 27 . 6 % ) cases , <span class="chemical">ciprofloxacin</span> in 12 ( 14 . 4 % ) cases , and <span class="chemical">ofloxacin</span> in 10 ( 12 % ) cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cotrimoxazole , metronidazole , and erythromycin were involved in 15 reported manic episodes .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cotrimoxazole</span> , <span class="chemical">metronidazole</span> , and <span class="chemical">erythromycin</span> were involved in 15 reported manic episodes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cases reported by the FDA showed clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin to be the most frequently associated with the development of mania .
### Output Text: | Cases reported by the FDA showed <span class="chemical">clarithromycin</span> and <span class="chemical">ciprofloxacin</span> to be the most frequently associated with the development of mania . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Statistical analysis of the data would not have demonstrated a significant statistical correlative risk and was therefore not undertaken .
### Output Text: | Statistical analysis of the data would not have demonstrated a significant statistical correlative risk and was therefore not undertaken . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients have an increased risk of developing mania while being treated with antimicrobials .
### Output Text: | Patients have an increased risk of developing mania while being treated with antimicrobials . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although this is not a statistically significant risk , physicians must be aware of the effect and reversibility .
### Output Text: | Although this is not a statistically significant risk , physicians must be aware of the effect and reversibility . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Further research clearly is required to determine the incidence of antimicrobial - induced mania , the relative risk factors of developing an antimicrobial - induced manic episode among various demographic populations , and the incidence of patients who continue to have persistent affective disorders once the initial episode , which occurs while the patient is taking antibiotics , subsides .
### Output Text: | Further research clearly is required to determine the incidence of antimicrobial - induced mania , the relative risk factors of developing an antimicrobial - induced manic episode among various demographic populations , and the incidence of patients who continue to have persistent affective disorders once the initial episode , which occurs while the patient is taking antibiotics , subsides . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors elected to name this syndrome " antibiomania . "
### Output Text: | The authors elected to name this syndrome " antibiomania . " |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Levodopa - induced ocular dyskinesias in Parkinson ' s disease .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Levodopa</span> - induced ocular dyskinesias in Parkinson ' s disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Levodopa - induced ocular dyskinesias are very uncommon .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Levodopa</span> - induced ocular dyskinesias are very uncommon . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Usually they occur simultaneously with limb peak - dose choreatic dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | Usually they occur simultaneously with limb peak - dose choreatic dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report on a patient with leftward and upward deviations of gaze during the peak effect of levodopa , and hypothesize that a severe dopaminergic denervation in the caudate nucleus is needed for the appearance of these levodopa - induce ocular dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | We report on a patient with leftward and upward deviations of gaze during the peak effect of <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> , and hypothesize that a severe dopaminergic denervation in the caudate nucleus is needed for the appearance of these <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - induce ocular dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A comparison of glyceryl trinitrate with diclofenac for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea : an open , randomized , cross - over trial .
### Output Text: | A comparison of <span class="chemical">glyceryl trinitrate</span> with <span class="chemical">diclofenac</span> for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea : an open , randomized , cross - over trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Primary dysmenorrhea is a syndrome characterized by painful uterine contractility caused by a hypersecretion of endometrial prostaglandins ; non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are the first choice for its treatment .
### Output Text: | Primary dysmenorrhea is a syndrome characterized by painful uterine contractility caused by a hypersecretion of endometrial <span class="chemical">prostaglandins</span> ; non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs are the first choice for its treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that myometrial cells are also targets of the relaxant effects of nitric oxide ( NO ) .
### Output Text: | However , in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that myometrial cells are also targets of the relaxant effects of <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> ( <span class="chemical">NO</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) , an NO donor , in the resolution of primary dysmenorrhea in comparison with diclofenac ( DCF ) .
### Output Text: | The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of <span class="chemical">glyceryl trinitrate</span> ( <span class="chemical">GTN</span> ) , an <span class="chemical">NO</span> donor , in the resolution of primary dysmenorrhea in comparison with <span class="chemical">diclofenac</span> ( <span class="chemical">DCF</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A total of 24 patients with the diagnosis of severe primary dysmenorrhea were studied during two consecutive menstrual cycles .
### Output Text: | A total of 24 patients with the diagnosis of severe primary dysmenorrhea were studied during two consecutive menstrual cycles . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In an open , cross - over , controlled design , patients were randomized to receive either DCF per os or GTN patches the first days of menses , when menstrual cramps became unendurable .
### Output Text: | In an open , cross - over , controlled design , patients were randomized to receive either <span class="chemical">DCF</span> per os or <span class="chemical">GTN</span> patches the first days of menses , when menstrual cramps became unendurable . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the subsequent cycle the other treatment was used .
### Output Text: | In the subsequent cycle the other treatment was used . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients received up to 3 doses / day of 50 mg DCF or 2 . 5 mg / 24 h transdermal GTN for the first 3 days of the cycle , according to their needs .
### Output Text: | Patients received up to 3 doses / day of 50 mg <span class="chemical">DCF</span> or 2 . 5 mg / 24 h transdermal <span class="chemical">GTN</span> for the first 3 days of the cycle , according to their needs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The participants recorded menstrual symptoms and possible side - effects at different times ( 0 , 30 , 60 , 120 minutes ) after the first dose of medication on the first day of the cycle , with both drugs .
### Output Text: | The participants recorded menstrual symptoms and possible side - effects at different times ( 0 , 30 , 60 , 120 minutes ) after the first dose of medication on the first day of the cycle , with both drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The difference in pain intensity score ( DPI ) was the main outcome variable .
### Output Text: | The difference in pain intensity score ( DPI ) was the main outcome variable . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both treatments significantly reduced DPI by the 30th minute ( GTN , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; DCF , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 ) .
### Output Text: | Both treatments significantly reduced DPI by the 30th minute ( <span class="chemical">GTN</span> , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; <span class="chemical">DCF</span> , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , DCF continued to be effective in reducing pelvic pain for two hours , whereas GTN scores remained more or less stable after 30 min and significantly higher than those for DFC ( after one hour : GTN , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; DFC , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 and after two hours : GTN , - 23 . 7 + / - 20 . 5 ; DFC , - 59 . 7 + / - 17 . 9 , p = 0 . 0001 ) .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">DCF</span> continued to be effective in reducing pelvic pain for two hours , whereas <span class="chemical">GTN</span> scores remained more or less stable after 30 min and significantly higher than those for DFC ( after one hour : <span class="chemical">GTN</span> , - 12 . 8 + / - 17 . 9 ; DFC , - 18 . 9 + / - 16 . 6 and after two hours : <span class="chemical">GTN</span> , - 23 . 7 + / - 20 . 5 ; DFC , - 59 . 7 + / - 17 . 9 , p = 0 . 0001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Low back pain was also relieved by both drugs .
### Output Text: | Low back pain was also relieved by both drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Headache was significantly increased by GTN but not by DCF .
### Output Text: | Headache was significantly increased by <span class="chemical">GTN</span> but not by <span class="chemical">DCF</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Eight patients stopped using GTN because headache - - attributed to its use - - became intolerable .
### Output Text: | Eight patients stopped using <span class="chemical">GTN</span> because headache - - attributed to its use - - became intolerable . |
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