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[ { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Due to its high viscosity, motor oil is not always the preferred oil for certain applications. Some applications make use of lighter products such as WD-40, when a lighter oil is desired, or honing oil if the desired viscosity needs to be mid-range. ", "precise_score": -9.628813743591309, "rough_score": -10.6583833694458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker petroleum hydrocarbon base stock derived from crude oil, with additives to improve certain properties. The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of hydrocarbons with between 18 and 34 carbon atoms per molecule. One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its \"thickness\" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index.", "precise_score": -10.682991027832031, "rough_score": -10.693071365356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. SAE viscosity gradings include the following, from low to high viscosity: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 60. The numbers 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 are suffixed with the letter W, designating they are \"winter\" (not \"weight\") or cold-start viscosity, at lower temperature. The number 20 comes with or without a W, depending on whether it is being used to denote a cold or hot viscosity grade. The document SAE J300 defines the viscometrics related to these grades.", "precise_score": -4.122222900390625, "rough_score": -6.705207347869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil viscosity", "passage": "The SAE has a separate viscosity rating system for gear, axle, and manual transmission oils, SAE J306, which should not be confused with engine oil viscosity. The higher numbers of a gear oil (e.g., 75W-140) do not mean that it has higher viscosity than an engine oil.", "precise_score": -9.743532180786133, "rough_score": -9.766140937805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil viscosity", "passage": "Regarding the change Michael Covitch of Lubrizol, Chair of the SAE International Engine Oil Viscosity Classification (EOVC) task force was quoted stating \"If we continued to count down from SAE 20 to 15 to 10, etc., we would be facing continuing customer confusion problems with popular low-temperature viscosity grades such as SAE 10W, SAE 5W, and SAE 0W,\" he noted. \"By choosing to call the new viscosity grade SAE 16, we established a precedent for future grades, counting down by fours instead of fives: SAE 12, SAE 8, SAE 4.\" ", "precise_score": -4.905121326446533, "rough_score": -8.173967361450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "A single-grade engine oil, as defined by SAE J300, cannot use a polymeric Viscosity Index Improver (also referred to as Viscosity Modifier) additive. SAE J300 has established eleven viscosity grades, of which six are considered Winter-grades and given a W designation. The 11 viscosity grades are 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. These numbers are often referred to as the \"weight\" of a motor oil, and single-grade motor oils are often called \"straight-weight\" oils.", "precise_score": -1.2574684619903564, "rough_score": -3.350574016571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "10W-30", "passage": "The SAE designation for multi-grade oils includes two viscosity grades; for example, 10W-30 designates a common multi-grade oil. The first number '10W' is the viscosity of the oil at cold temperature and the second number is the viscosity at 100 °C (212 °F). The two numbers used are individually defined by SAE J300 for single-grade oils. Therefore, an oil labeled as 10W-30 must pass the SAE J300 viscosity grade requirement for both 10W and 30, and all limitations placed on the viscosity grades (for example, a 10W-30 oil must fail the J300 requirements at 5W). Also, if an oil does not contain any VIIs, and can pass as a multi-grade, that oil can be labelled with either of the two SAE viscosity grades. For example, a very simple multi-grade oil that can be easily made with modern base oils without any VII is a 20W-20. This oil can be labeled as 20W-20, 20W, or 20. Note, if any VIIs are used however, then that oil cannot be labeled as a single grade.", "precise_score": 2.690296173095703, "rough_score": -0.9485751986503601, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "All the current gasoline categories (including the obsolete SH) have placed limitations on the phosphorus content for certain SAE viscosity grades (the xW-20, xW-30) due to the chemical poisoning that phosphorus has on catalytic converters. Phosphorus is a key anti-wear component in motor oil and is usually found in motor oil in the form of zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP). Each new API category has placed successively lower phosphorus and zinc limits, and thus has created a controversial issue of obsolescent oils needed for older engines, especially engines with sliding (flat/cleave) tappets. API and ILSAC, which represents most of the world's major automobile/engine manufacturers, state API SM/ILSAC GF-4 is fully backwards compatible, and it is noted that one of the engine tests required for API SM, the Sequence IVA, is a sliding tappet design to test specifically for cam wear protection. Not everyone is in agreement with backwards compatibility, and in addition, there are special situations, such as \"performance\" engines or fully race built engines, where the engine protection requirements are above and beyond API/ILSAC requirements. Because of this, there are specialty oils out in the market place with higher than API allowed phosphorus levels. Most engines built before 1985 have the flat/cleave bearing style systems of construction, which is sensitive to reducing zinc and phosphorus. For example, in API SG rated oils, this was at the 1200-1300 ppm level for zinc and phosphorus, where the current SM is under 600 ppm. This reduction in anti-wear chemicals in oil has caused premature failures of camshafts and other high pressure bearings in many older automobiles and has been blamed for premature failure of the oil pump drive/cam position sensor gear that is meshed with camshaft gear in some modern engines.", "precise_score": -5.505280494689941, "rough_score": -8.400803565979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) also has standards for motor oil. Introduced in 2004, GF-4 applies to SAE 0W-20, 5W-20, 0W-30, 5W-30, and 10W-30 viscosity grade oils. In general, ILSAC works with API in creating the newest gasoline oil specification, with ILSAC adding an extra requirement of fuel economy testing to their specification. For GF-4, a Sequence VIB Fuel Economy Test (ASTM D6837) is required that is not required in API service category SM.", "precise_score": -0.1723303645849228, "rough_score": -5.0144548416137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Engine oil", "passage": "* Some molybdenum disulfide containing additives to lubricating oils are claimed to reduce friction, bond to metal, or have anti-wear properties. MoS2 particles can be shear-welded on steel surface and some engine components were even treated with MoS2 layer during manufacture, namely liners in engines. (Trabant for example). They were used in World War II in flight engines and became commercial after World War II until the 1990s. They were commercialized in the 1970s (ELF ANTAR Molygraphite) and are today still available (Liqui Moly MoS2 10 W-40, www.liqui-moly.de). Main disadvantage of molybdenum disulfide is anthracite black color, so oil treated with it is hard to distinguish from a soot filled engine oil with metal shavings from spun crankshaft bearing.", "precise_score": -9.862544059753418, "rough_score": -10.746964454650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "10W-30", "passage": "By the mid-1980s, recommended viscosities had moved down to 10W-30, primarily to improve fuel efficiency. A modern typical application would be Honda motor's use of 5W-20 (and on their newest vehicles, 0W-20) viscosity oil for 12,000 km (7,500 mi). Engine designs are evolving to allow the use of low-viscosity oils without the risk of excessive metal-to-metal abrasion, principally in the cam and valve mechanism.", "precise_score": -0.7827468514442444, "rough_score": -4.196521759033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Biodegradable Motor Oils based on esters or hydrocarbon-ester blends appeared in the 1990s followed by formulations beginning in 2000 which respond to the bio-no-tox-criteria of the European preparations directive (EC/1999/45). This means, that they not only are biodegradable according to OECD 301x test methods, but also the aquatic toxicities (fish, algae, daphnie) are each above 100 mg/L.", "precise_score": -10.942831993103027, "rough_score": -10.749841690063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oil, engine oil, or engine lubricant is any of various substances (comprising oil enhanced with additives, for example, in many cases, extreme pressure additives) that are used for lubrication of internal combustion engines. The main function of motor oil is to reduce wear on moving parts; it also cleans, inhibits corrosion, improves sealing, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3844633102417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oils are derived from petroleum-based and non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds. Motor oils today are mainly blended by using base oils composed of hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO), and polyinternal olefins (PIO), thus organic compounds consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The base oils of some high-performance motor oils contain up to 20% by weight of esters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986598014831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oil is a lubricant used in internal combustion engines, which power cars, motorcycles, lawnmowers, engine-generators, and many other machines. In engines, there are parts which move against each other, and the friction wastes otherwise useful power by converting the kinetic energy to heat. It also wears away those parts, which could lead to lower efficiency and degradation of the engine. This increases fuel consumption, decreases power output, and can lead to engine failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421908378601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to minimize direct contact between them, decreasing heat caused by friction and reducing wear, thus protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through convection as it flows through the engine by means of air flow over the surface of the oil pan, an oil cooler and through the buildup of oil gases evacuated by the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491596221923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "In petrol (gasoline) engines, the top piston ring can expose the motor oil to temperatures of 160 °C (320 °F). In diesel engines the top ring can expose the oil to temperatures over 315 °C (600 °F). Motor oils with higher viscosity indices thin less at these higher temperatures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296161651611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from being exposed to oxygen, inhibiting oxidation at elevated operating temperatures preventing rust or corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have detergents and dispersants added to help keep the engine clean and minimize oil sludge build-up. The oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it deposited on the internal surfaces. It is a combination of this, and some singeing that turns used oil black after some running.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408199310302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the crankshaft journal bearings (main bearings and big-end bearings), and rods connecting the pistons to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an oil pan, or sump, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside. In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft. From these holes in the main journals, the oil moves through passageways inside the crankshaft to exit holes in the rod journals to lubricate the rod bearings and connecting rods. Some simpler designs relied on these rapidly moving parts to splash and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders. However, in modern designs, there are also passageways through the rods which carry oil from the rod bearings to the rod-piston connections and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders. This oil film also serves as a seal between the piston rings and cylinder walls to separate the combustion chamber in the cylinder head from the crankcase. The oil then drips back down into the oil pan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117541313171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oil may also serve as a cooling agent. In some constructions oil is sprayed through a nozzle inside the crankcase onto the piston to provide cooling of specific parts that undergo high temperature strain. On the other hand, the thermal capacity of the oil pool has to be filled, i.e. the oil has to reach its designed temperature range before it can protect the engine under high load. This typically takes longer than heating the main cooling agent — water or mixtures thereof — up to its operating temperature. In order to inform the driver about the oil temperature, some older and most high performance or racing engines feature an oil thermometer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495314598083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Non-vehicle motor oils", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485239028930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oil must be able to flow adequately at the lowest temperature it is expected to experience in order to minimize metal to metal contact between moving parts upon starting up the engine. The pour point defined first this property of motor oil, as defined by ASTM D97 as \"... an index of the lowest temperature of its utility ...\" for a given application, but the \"cold cranking simulator\" (CCS, see ASTM D5293-08) and \"Mini-Rotary Viscometer\" (MRV, see ASTM D3829-02(2007), ASTM D4684-08) are today the properties required in motor oil specs and define the SAE classifications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365022659301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited. Still another important property of motor oil is its flash point, the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapors which can ignite. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. At a petroleum refinery, fractional distillation separates a motor oil fraction from other crude oil fractions, removing the more volatile components, and therefore increasing the oil's flash point (reducing its tendency to burn).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44964599609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Another manipulated property of motor oil is its Total base number (TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve alkalinity of an oil, meaning its ability to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant). Analogously, Total acid number (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118980407714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil viscosity", "passage": "In anticipation of new lower engine oil viscosity grades, to avoid confusion with the \"winter\" grades of oil the SAE adopted SAE 16 as a standard to follow SAE 20 instead of SAE 15. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969727516174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The temperature range the oil is exposed to in most vehicles can be wide, ranging from cold temperatures in the winter before the vehicle is started up, to hot operating temperatures when the vehicle is fully warmed up in hot summer weather. A specific oil will have high viscosity when cold and a lower viscosity at the engine's operating temperature. The difference in viscosities for most single-grade oil is too large between the extremes of temperature. To bring the difference in viscosities closer together, special polymer additives called viscosity index improvers, or VIIs are added to the oil. These additives are used to make the oil a multi-grade motor oil, though it is possible to have a multi-grade oil without the use of VIIs. The idea is to cause the multi-grade oil to have the viscosity of the base grade when cold and the viscosity of the second grade when hot. This enables one type of oil to be used all year. In fact, when multi-grades were initially developed, they were frequently described as all-season oil. The viscosity of a multi-grade oil still varies logarithmically with temperature, but the slope representing the change is lessened. This slope representing the change with temperature depends on the nature and amount of the additives to the base oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357316970825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The API sets minimum for performance standards for lubricants. Motor oil is used for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal combustion engines. Motor oil may be composed of a lubricant base stock only in the case of non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43204116821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Engine oil", "passage": "The API service classes have two general classifications: S for \"service/spark ignition\" (typical passenger cars and light trucks using gasoline engines), and C for \"commercial/compression ignition\" (typical diesel equipment). Engine oil which has been tested and meets the API standards may display the API Service Symbol (also known as the \"Donut\") with the service designation on containers sold to oil users.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422226905822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motorcycle oil", "passage": "The latest API service standard designation is SN for gasoline automobile and light-truck engines. The SN standard refers to a group of laboratory and engine tests, including the latest series for control of high-temperature deposits. Current API service categories include SN, SM, SL and SJ for gasoline engines. All previous service designations are obsolete, although motorcycle oils commonly still use the SF/SG standard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427544593811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Engine oil", "passage": "It is possible for an oil to conform to both the gasoline and diesel standards. In fact, it is the norm for all diesel rated engine oils to carry the \"corresponding\" gasoline specification. For example, API CJ-4 will almost always list either SL or SM, API CI-4 with SL, API CH-4 with SJ, and so on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358363151550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motorcycle oil", "passage": "Motorcycle oil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50059986114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motorcycle oil", "passage": "The API oil classification structure has eliminated specific support for wet-clutch motorcycle applications in their descriptors, and API SJ and newer oils are referred to be specific to automobile and light truck use. Accordingly, motorcycle oils are subject to their own unique standards. See JASO below. As discussed above, motorcycle oils commonly still use the obsolescent SF/SG standard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439538955688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Engine oil", "passage": "The IIIG test is about 50% more difficult than the previous IIIF test, used in GF-3 and API SL oils. Engine oils bearing the API starburst symbol since 2005 are ILSAC GF-4 compliant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141051292419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Lubrizol, a supplier of additives to nearly all motor oil companies, hosts a Relative Performance Tool which directly compares the manufacturer and industry specs. Differences in their performance is apparent in the form of interactive spider graphs, which both expert and novice can appreciate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434968948364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil viscosity", "passage": "The rapid growth of non-Newtonian multigraded oils has rendered kinematic viscosity as a nearly useless parameter for characterising \"real\" viscosity in critical zones of an engine... There are those who are disappointed that the twelve-year effort has not resulted in a redefinition of the SAE J300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification document so as to express high-temperature viscosity of the various grades ... In the view of this writer, this redefinition did not occur because the automotive lubricant market knows of no field failures unambiguously attributable to insufficient HTHS oil viscosity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352341651916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "In addition to the viscosity index improvers, motor oil manufacturers often include other additives such as detergents and dispersants to help keep the engine clean by minimizing sludge buildup, corrosion inhibitors, and alkaline additives to neutralize acidic oxidation products of the oil. Most commercial oils have a minimal amount of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate as an anti-wear additive to protect contacting metal surfaces with zinc and other compounds in case of metal to metal contact. The quantity of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is limited to minimize adverse effect on catalytic converters. Another aspect for after-treatment devices is the deposition of oil ash, which increases the exhaust back pressure and reduces fuel economy over time. The so-called \"chemical box\" limits today the concentrations of sulfur, ash and phosphorus (SAP).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189117431640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "* EP additives, like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additives and sulfonates, preferably calcium sulfonates, are available to consumers for additional protection under extreme-pressure conditions or in heavy duty performance situations. Calcium sulfonates additives are also added to protect motor oil from oxidative breakdown and to prevent the formation of sludge and varnish deposits. Both were the main basis of additive packages used by lubricant manufacturers up until the 1990s when the need for ashless additives arose. Main advantage was very low price and wide availability (sulfonates were originally waste byproducts). Currently there are ashless oil lubricants without these additives, which can only fulfill the qualities of the previous generation with more expensive basestock and more expensive organic or organometallic additive compounds. Some new oils are not formulated to provide the level of protection of previous generations to save manufacturing costs. Lately API specifications reflect that", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165671348571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "* In the 1980s and 1990s, additives with suspended PTFE particles were available, e.g., \"Slick50\", to consumers to increase motor oil's ability to coat and protect metal surfaces. There is controversy as to the actual effectiveness of these products, as they can coagulate and clog the oil filter and tiny oil passages in the engine. It is supposed to work under boundary lubricating conditions, which good engine designs tend to avoid anyway. Also, Teflon alone has little to no ability to firmly stick on a sheared surface, unlike molybdenum disulfide, for example.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332114219665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Due to its chemical composition, world-wide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered a serious environmental problem. Most current motor oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Over 40% of the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. Used oil is considered the largest source of oil pollution in the U.S. harbor and waterways, at 385 million gallons per year, mostly from improper disposal. By far, the greatest cause of motor oil pollution in our oceans comes from drains and urban street runoff, much of which is from improper disposal of engine oil. One gallon of used oil can create an eight-acre slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. Toxic effects of used oil on freshwater and marine organisms vary, but significant long-term effects have been found at concentrations of 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species and as low as 1 ppm in marine life forms. Motor oil can have an incredibly detrimental effect on the environment, particularly to plants that depend on healthy soil to grow. There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants: contaminating water supplies, contaminating soil, and poisoning plants. Used motor oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Improperly disposed used oil ends up in landfills, sewers, backyards, or storm drains where soil, groundwater and drinking water may be contaminated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195295333862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Synthetic lubricants were first synthesized, or man-made, in significant quantities as replacements for mineral lubricants (and fuels) by German scientists in the late 1930s and early 1940s because of their lack of sufficient quantities of crude for their (primarily military) needs. A significant factor in its gain in popularity was the ability of synthetic-based lubricants to remain fluid in the sub-zero temperatures of the Eastern front in wintertime, temperatures which caused petroleum-based lubricants to solidify owing to their higher wax content. The use of synthetic lubricants widened through the 1950s and 1960s owing to a property at the other end of the temperature spectrum, the ability to lubricate aviation engines at temperatures that caused mineral-based lubricants to break down. In the mid-1970s, synthetic motor oils were formulated and commercially applied for the first time in automotive applications. The same SAE system for designating motor oil viscosity also applies to synthetic oils. A common problem encountered when people began switching to synthetic oils was leakage. Owners of cars, especially older and vintage automobiles, found that their cars, that did not leak using conventional oils, suddenly had leaks all over with the synthetic oils. This remains a problem, although it has encouraged many vintage car owners to investigate newer technology oil seals for their engines so that they can take advantage of the properties of synthetic oils. Synthetic oil makers have not addressed the leakage problem in a forthright manner, and this has caused suspicion by many consumers that synthetic oils are merely another overpriced oil scam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166264533996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Synthetic oils are derived from either Group III, Group IV, or some Group V bases. Synthetics include classes of lubricants like synthetic esters as well as \"others\" like GTL (Methane Gas-to-Liquid) (Group V) and polyalpha-olefins (Group IV). Higher purity and therefore better property control theoretically means synthetic oil has better mechanical properties at extremes of high and low temperatures. The molecules are made large and \"soft\" enough to retain good viscosity at higher temperatures, yet branched molecular structures interfere with solidification and therefore allow flow at lower temperatures. Thus, although the viscosity still decreases as temperature increases, these synthetic motor oils have a higher viscosity index over the traditional petroleum base. Their specially designed properties allow a wider temperature range at higher and lower temperatures and often include a lower pour point. With their improved viscosity index, synthetic oils need lower levels of viscosity index improvers, which are the oil components most vulnerable to thermal and mechanical degradation as the oil ages, and thus they do not degrade as quickly as traditional motor oils. However, they still fill up with particulate matter, although the matter better suspends within the oil, and the oil filter still fills and clogs up over time. So, periodic oil and filter changes should still be done with synthetic oil; but some synthetic oil suppliers suggest that the intervals between oil changes can be longer, sometimes as long as 16,000-24,000 km (10,000–15,000 mi) primarily due to reduced degradation by oxidation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873976707458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Bio-based oils existed prior to the development of petroleum-based oils in the 19th century. They have become the subject of renewed interest with the advent of bio-fuels and the push for green products. The development of canola-based motor oils began in 1996 in order to pursue environmentally friendly products. Purdue University has funded a project to develop and test such oils. Test results indicate satisfactory performance from the oils tested. A review on the status of bio-based motor oils and base oils globally, as well as in the U.S, shows how bio-based lubricants show promise in augmenting the current petroleum-based supply of lubricating materials, as well as replacing it in many cases. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447355270385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The USDA National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research developed an Estolide lubricant technology made from vegetable and animal oils. Estolides have shown great promise in a wide range of applications, including engine lubricants. Working with the USDA, a California-based company Biosynthetic Technologies has developed a high performance “drop-in” biosynthetic oil using Estolide technology for use in motor oils and industrial lubricants. This biosynthetic oil American Petroleum Institute (API) has the potential to greatly reduce environmental challenges associated with petroleum. Independent testing not only shows biosynthetic oils to be among the highest-rated products for protecting engines and machinery; they are also bio-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms. Also, motor oils and lubricants formulated with biosynthetic base oils can be recycled and re-refined with petroleum-based oils. The U.S.-based company Green Earth Technologies manufactures a bio-based motor oil, called G-Oil, made from animal oils. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268702507019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil change", "passage": "The oil and the oil filter need to be periodically replaced. While there is a full industry surrounding regular oil changes and maintenance, an oil change is a fairly simple operation that most car owners can do themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5545072555542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The motor oil and especially the additives also undergo thermal and mechanical degradation, which reduce the viscosity and reserve alkalinity of the oil. At reduced viscosity, the oil is not as capable of lubricating the engine, thus increasing wear and the chance of overheating. Reserve alkalinity is the ability of the oil to resist formation of acids. Should the reserve alkalinity decline to zero, those acids form and corrode the engine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396458625793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Some engine manufacturers specify which SAE viscosity grade of oil should be used, but different viscosity motor oil may perform better based on the operating environment. Many manufacturers have varying requirements and have designations for motor oil they require to be used. In general, unless specified by the manufacturer, heavier weight oils are not necessarily better than lighter weight oils; heavy oils tend to stick longer to parts between two moving surfaces, and this degrades the oil faster than a lighter weight oil that flows better, allowing fresh oil in its place sooner. Cold weather has a thickening effect on conventional oil, and this is one reason lighter weight oils are manufacturer recommended in places with cold winters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190902709960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oil changes are usually scheduled based on the time in service or the distance that the vehicle has traveled.These are rough indications of the real factors that control when an oil change is appropriate, which include how long the oil has been run at elevated temperatures, how many heating cycles the engine has been through, and how hard the engine has worked. The vehicle distance is intended to estimate the time at high temperature, while the time in service is supposed to correlate with the number of vehicle trips and capture the number of heating cycles. Oil does not degrade significantly just sitting in a cold engine. On the other hand, if a car is driven just for very short distances, the oil is not allowed to fully heat-up, and contaminants such as water accumulates in the oil, due to lack of sufficient heat to boil off the water. Oil of this nature, just sitting in an engine, can cause problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475152015686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Time-based intervals account for the short-trip drivers who drive short distances, which build up more contaminants. Manufacturers advise to not exceed their time or distance-driven interval for a motor oil change. Many modern cars now list somewhat higher intervals for changing oil and filter, with the constraint of \"severe\" service requiring more frequent changes with less-than ideal driving. This applies to short trips of under 15 km (10 mi), where the oil does not get to full operating temperature long enough to burn off condensation, excess fuel, and other contamination that leads to \"sludge\", \"varnish\", \"acids\", or other deposits. Many manufacturers have engine computer calculations to estimate the oil's condition based on the factors which degrade it, such as RPM, temperatures, and trip length; one system adds an optical sensor for determining the clarity of the oil in the engine. These systems are commonly known as Oil Life Monitors or OLMs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025552749633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil change", "passage": "Some quick oil change shops recommended intervals of 5,000 km (3,000 mi) or every three months, which is not necessary, according to many automobile manufacturers. This has led to a campaign by the California EPA against the 3,000 mile myth, promoting vehicle manufacturer's recommendations for oil change intervals over those of the oil change industry. This is still an active debate within the industry however and service technicians still recommend 3000 or 5000 miles service intervals in the conservative North American market, as it suits the customer to have their vehicle inspected regularly in order to prevent larger problems from developing (for example slight coolant leaks left unnoticed could lead to an overheat condition). Also, in many vehicles engine \"sludge\" from longer oil change intervals has become a problem and led to very costly repairs sometimes including complete engine overhauls. Oil consumption is also a problem when using longer intervals and vehicle owners need to be aware of this and check their oil levels regularly. the average percentage of loss in the oil is around 12% to 14% according to many automobile manufactures .Severe engine damage will result from running the oil level too low. On top of that many manufactures are now using turbochargers and lack of proper lubrication is the primary cause of premature turbo failure. This lack of lubrication can be caused by sludge build up in the oil lines causing restriction of flow and/or simply low oil levels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079761505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Engine oil", "passage": "Another class of base oils suited for engine oil are the polyalkylene glycols. They offer zero-ash, bio-no-tox properties and lean burn characteristics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466975212097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Re-refined motor oil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365077018737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "The oil in a motor oil product does break down and burns as it is used in an engine — it also gets contaminated with particles and chemicals that make it a less effective lubricant. Re-refining cleans the contaminants and used additives out of the dirty oil. From there, this clean \"base stock\" is blended with some virgin base stock and a new additives package to make a finished lubricant product that can be just as effective as lubricants made with all-virgin oil. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines re-refined products as containing at least 25% re-refined base stock, but other standards are significantly higher. The California State public contract code defines a re-refined motor oil as one that contains at least 70% re-refined base stock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170395851135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Motor oils were sold at retail in glass bottles, metal cans and metal/cardboard cans, before the advent of the current polyethylene plastic bottle, which began to appear in the early 1980s. Reusable spouts were made separately from the cans; with a piercing point like that of a can opener, these spouts could be used to puncture the top of the can and to provide an easy way to pour the oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541642189025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "Today, motor oil is generally sold in bottles of either 1 U.S. quart (946mL) or 1L as well as in larger plastic containers ranging from approximately due to most small to mid-size engines requiring around of engine oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231184959411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Motor Oil", "passage": "There is a growing trend to sell motor oil in flexible packaging, for instance stand-up pouches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493051528930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" }, { "answer": "Oil change", "passage": "Distribution to larger users (such as drive-through oil change shops) is often in bulk, by tanker truck or in 1 oilbbl drums.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468085289001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motor oil" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fallout Boy", "passage": "Bart and Milhouse are thrilled to hear that a film version of their favorite comic book series, Radioactive Man, is in production. Rainier Wolfcastle, the star of the McBain films, is chosen to play Radioactive Man, and even more excitingly for the Springfield Elementary School children, the production moves to their town. A search is launched for a young actor to play Radioactive Man's sidekick Fallout Boy, and Bart auditions. Bart does well, but is rejected because he is an inch too short. Milhouse gets the part, albeit reluctantly, under pressure from his greedy parents.", "precise_score": 4.012468338012695, "rough_score": 4.2918829917907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)" }, { "answer": "Fallout Boy", "passage": "\"Radioactive Man\" is the second episode of The Simpsons seventh season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 24, 1995. The episode sees the film version of the comic book series Radioactive Man set up production in Springfield. Much to Bart's disappointment, the part of the hero's sidekick, Fallout Boy, goes not to him, but to Milhouse. Milhouse, however, hates acting, so he quits the role and leaves the set, forcing the producers of the film to shut down production and go back to Hollywood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.209728240966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)" }, { "answer": "Fallout Boy", "passage": "A despondent Bart is told by Lisa that he is still needed as Milhouse's friend and confidant, and Bart eagerly accepts this new role. However, Milhouse finds his own job intolerable and disappears, right during the filming of the most expensive scene in the movie. The film is suspended while the townspeople search for Milhouse. Eventually Bart finds him in the tree house, and despite encouragement from former child star Mickey Rooney, Milhouse gives up on his acting career. Mickey Rooney tried to take over as Fallout Boy; however, all production on the film is aborted, with the project bankrupt, thanks to price gouging and other unscrupulous conduct by the people of Springfield. Despite Rooney's stern lecture about their greed, Mayor Quimby insists the townspeople can not give any of the directors' money back to them, so with their film cancelled, the directors return to Hollywood — \"where people treat each other right\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.952288627624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)" }, { "answer": "Fallout Boy", "passage": "The Radioactive Man character is based on Batman, and several scenes in the episode reference the Batman television series from the 1960s. The antagonist of the Radioactive Man films, The Scoutmaster, is based on actor/comedian, Paul Lynde. The scene in the new Radioactive Man film where Radioactive Man and Fallout Boy are captured in Aquaworld is a reference to the 1995 film Waterworld. The director of the Radioactive Man film says: \"That Milhouse is going to be big, Gabby Hayes big!\", in reference to the American actor Gabby Hayes. Moe Szyslak, the bartender of Moe's Tavern, says that he, as a kid, played the part of Smelly on The Little Rascals, until he killed Alfalfa for stealing his joke. Bill Withers's song \"Lean on Me\" from 1972 is played at the end of the episode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2888896465301514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)" }, { "answer": "Fallout Boy", "passage": "Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from fans and television critics. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, called the episode a \"wonderful pastiche\" on the Tim Burton Batman films, and added that Milhouse is an obvious candidate for Fallout Boy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517678737640381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radioactive Man (The Simpsons episode)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "* 28 September — Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland after their invasion.", "precise_score": 4.281947612762451, "rough_score": 0.043085481971502304, "source": "wiki", "title": "1939 in Germany" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact or German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact (officially: Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by their respective foreign ministers, Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop.", "precise_score": 6.69839334487915, "rough_score": 5.710207462310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The pact remained in force until the German government broke it by launching an attack on the Soviet positions in Eastern Poland on 22 June 1941 contrary to the supplementary protocol of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty dictating the new European spheres of interest. ", "precise_score": 3.623500347137451, "rough_score": -0.4396582245826721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis. ", "precise_score": 6.790937900543213, "rough_score": 5.227435111999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On August 19, the 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.", "precise_score": 7.72442102432251, "rough_score": 6.330830097198486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi–Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group \"which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other\".", "precise_score": 2.4649367332458496, "rough_score": 0.7995033860206604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American chargé d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted \"spheres of influence\", without revealing the annexation rights for \"territorial and political rearrangement\". ", "precise_score": 2.5236358642578125, "rough_score": 0.41832202672958374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them \"[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation.\" That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.", "precise_score": 3.2619471549987793, "rough_score": 0.9131733775138855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In the opinion of Robert Service, Stalin did not move instantly; he was waiting to see whether the Germans would halt within the agreed area, and also the Soviet Union needed to secure the frontier in the Far East. On 17 September the Red Army invaded Poland, violating the 1932 Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. This was followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.", "precise_score": 3.510035276412964, "rough_score": 2.483690023422241, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation, ) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the \"Lithuanian Strip\") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:", "precise_score": 3.5028398036956787, "rough_score": 0.2558008134365082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the \"Secret Additional Protocols\" of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka river and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues. It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories, and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and \"White Russian\" \"nationals\" in German-held territories.", "precise_score": 0.9550472497940063, "rough_score": -0.17587539553642273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria. These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.", "precise_score": 3.3913705348968506, "rough_score": 4.040372848510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.", "precise_score": 2.144591808319092, "rough_score": 1.301748514175415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power. ", "precise_score": 1.697295904159546, "rough_score": 0.5572904348373413, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941. ", "precise_score": 4.219505786895752, "rough_score": 1.742659568786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, or the 1939 Defensive War in Poland ( or Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and alternatively the Poland Campaign () or Fall Weiss in Germany (Case White), was a joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Free City of Danzig, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent, that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September following the Molotov-Tōgō agreement that terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities in the east on 16 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty.", "precise_score": 5.775620460510254, "rough_score": 4.45641565322876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. The Weimar Republic had long sought the return of ethnic German-majority territory in Western Poland, and as early as the autumn of 1933 Hitler envisioned annexing this and similarly ethnic German territories as Bohemia and Austria to Germany, as well as the creation of satellite or puppet states economically subordinate to Germany. As part of this long-term policy, Hitler at first pursued a policy of rapprochement with Poland, trying to improve opinion in Germany, culminating in the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934. Earlier, Hitler's foreign policy worked to weaken ties between Poland and France, and attempted to manoeuvre Poland into the Anti-Comintern Pact, forming a cooperative front against the Soviet Union. Poland would be granted territory to its northeast in Ukraine and Belarus if it agreed to wage war against the Soviet Union, but the concessions the Poles were expected to make meant that their homeland would become largely dependent on Germany, functioning as little more than a client state. The Poles feared that their independence would eventually be threatened altogether. ", "precise_score": 3.6017203330993652, "rough_score": 3.2785816192626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "With tensions mounting, Germany turned to aggressive diplomacy. On 28 April 1939, Hitler unilaterally withdrew from both the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 and the London Naval Agreement of 1935. Talks over Danzig and the Corridor broke down and months passed without diplomatic interaction between Germany and Poland. During this interim period, the Germans learned that France and Britain had failed to secure an alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany, and that the Soviet Union was interested in an alliance with Germany against Poland. Hitler had already issued orders to prepare for a possible \"solution of the Polish problem by military means\" through the Case White scenario.", "precise_score": 6.3903069496154785, "rough_score": 5.133143424987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "However, with the surprise signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August, the result of secret Nazi-Soviet talks held in Moscow, Germany neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and war became imminent. In fact, the Soviets agreed not to aid France or the UK in the event of their going to war with Germany over Poland and, in a secret protocol of the pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into two spheres of influence; the western ⅓ of the country was to go to Germany and the eastern ⅔ to the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 6.828361511230469, "rough_score": 2.5220766067504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of a period during which the government of the Soviet Union increasingly tried to convince itself that the actions of Germany were reasonable, and were not developments to be worried about, despite evidence to the contrary. On 7 September 1939, just a few days after France and Britain joined the war against Germany, Stalin explained to a colleague that the war was to the advantage of the Soviet Union, as follows: ", "precise_score": 3.384645462036133, "rough_score": 0.2829624116420746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "* 23 August — Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin agree to divide Europe between themselves (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Basarabia (today Moldavia), north-east province of Romania to the USSR; Lithuania and western Poland to Germany).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.615522623062134, "source": "wiki", "title": "1939 in Germany" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.971442222595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The existence of the secret protocol was denied by Soviet leadership until 1989, when it was acknowledged and denounced. Some time later the new Russian revisionist historiography attempted to describe the pact as a necessary measure, including Russian amateur negationist Alexander Dyukov, and N.A. Narochnitskaya, whose book carried an approving foreword by the Russian foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. Vladimir Putin has defended the pact as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.965754508972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.943354606628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 16 April 1922, Germany and the Soviet Union entered the Treaty of Rapallo, pursuant to which they renounced territorial and financial claims against each other. The parties further pledged neutrality in the event of an attack against one another with the 1926 Treaty of Berlin. While trade between the two countries fell sharply after World War I, trade agreements signed in the mid-1920s helped to increase trade to 433 million Reichsmarks per year by 1927.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6429052352905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered \"Untermenschen\" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by \"Jewish Bolshevik\" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to \"permanent mastery of the world\", though he stated that they would \"walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us.\" The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German–Soviet trade to dramatically decline. Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post–World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.092084884643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "In 1936, Germany and Fascist Italy supported Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, while the Soviets supported the partially socialist-led Second Spanish Republic under the leadership of president Manuel Azaña. Thus, in a sense, the Spanish Civil War became also the scene of a proxy war between Germany and the USSR. In 1936, Germany and Japan entered the Anti-Comintern Pact, and were joined a year later by Italy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.005346775054932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7252120971679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment. German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.017806529998779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Starting in mid-March 1939, in attempts to contain Hitler's expansionism, the Soviet Union, Britain and France traded a flurry of suggestions and counterplans regarding a potential political and military agreement. Although informal consultations commenced in April, the main negotiations began only in May. At the same time, throughout early 1939, Germany had secretly hinted to Soviet diplomats that it could offer better terms for a political agreement than Britain and France.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.75948429107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of \"capitalist encirclements\", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.131256103515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9812309741973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Beginning of Soviet–German secret talks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.975605010986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.20317268371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In late July and early August 1939, Soviet and German officials agreed on most of the details for a planned economic agreement, and specifically addressed a potential political agreement, which the Soviets stated could only come after an economic agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.353294372558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In early August, Germany and the Soviet Union worked out the last details of their economic deal, and started to discuss a political alliance. They explained to each other the reasons for their foreign policy hostility in the 1930s, finding common ground in the anti-capitalism of both countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.56106424331665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; as Polish foreign minister Józef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.943513870239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its \"political rearrangement\"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.817877769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "At the signing, Ribbentrop and Stalin enjoyed warm conversations, exchanged toasts and further addressed the prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They characterized Britain as always attempting to disrupt Soviet–German relations, stated that the Anti-Comintern pact was not aimed at the Soviet Union, but actually aimed at Western democracies and \"frightened principally the City of London [i.e., the British financiers] and the English shopkeepers\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.184804916381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that \"fascism is a matter of taste\". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as \"inevitable\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.207674264907837, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Concerns over the possible existence of a secret protocol were first expressed by the intelligence organizations of the Baltic states scant days after the pact was signed. Speculation grew stronger when Soviet negotiators referred to its content during negotiations for military bases in those countries (see occupation of the Baltic States).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.745656490325928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly \"for urgent aeronautical experiments\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.715610027313232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Polish troops already fighting much stronger German forces on its western side desperately tried to delay the capture of Warsaw. Consequently, Polish forces were not able to mount significant resistance against the Soviets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.787644863128662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the \"purging\" of saboteurs. A joint German–Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the \"Polish region\". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6619715690612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 3 October, Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, German ambassador in Moscow, informed Joachim Ribbentrop that the Soviet government was willing to cede the city of Vilnius and its environs. On 8 October 1939, a new Nazi–Soviet agreement was reached by an exchange of letters between Vyacheslav Molotov and the German Ambassador. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5081892013549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were given no choice but to sign a so-called Pact of defence and mutual assistance which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3660736083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviet war with Finland and Katyn Massacre", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73818302154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic. The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled \"Suite on Finnish Themes\" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.568265438079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "At around this time, after several Gestapo–NKVD Conferences, Soviet NKVD officers also conducted lengthy interrogations of 300,000 Polish POWs in camps that were, in effect, a selection process to determine who would be killed. On March 5, 1940, in what would later be known as the Katyn massacre, orders were signed to execute 25,700 Polish POWs, labeled \"nationalists and counterrevolutionaries\", kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.288899898529053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviet Union occupies the Baltic Republics and part of Romania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174293518066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.818235397338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.012516975402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Romania and Soviet republics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76123046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In the summer of 1940, fear of the Soviet Union, in conjunction with German support for the territorial demands of Romania's neighbors and the Romanian government's own miscalculations, resulted in more territorial losses for Romania. Between 28 June and 4 July, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertza region of Romania. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.79396915435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviet-occupied territories were converted into republics of the Soviet Union. During the two years following the annexation, the Soviets arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 250,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians. Forced re-settlements into Gulag labour camps and exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union occurred. According to Norman Davies, almost half of them were dead by July 1940. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.620326995849609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Soviet–German relations during the Pact's operation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.930482387542725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as \"Fascist propaganda\". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that \"there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce.\" Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.071545362472534, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing \"the most reactionary force in the world\" ) and argued: \"The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.441556930541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Despite a warning by the Comintern, German tensions were raised when the Soviets stated in September that they must enter Poland to \"protect\" their ethnic Ukrainian and Belorussian brethren therein from Germany; Molotov later admitted to German officials that this excuse was necessary because the Kremlin could find no other pretext for the Soviet invasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.265015125274658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "While active collaboration between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union caused great shock in western Europe and amongst communists opposed to Germany, on 1 October 1939, Winston Churchill declared that the Russian armies acted for the safety of Russia against \"the Nazi menace.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6329329013824463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "When a joint German–Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.870940685272217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Molotov declared in his report entitled \"On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union\" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western \"ruling circles\" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring \"their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.159143447875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.758038520812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff \"to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.21760892868042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "German–Soviet Axis talks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428775787353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8759145736694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: \"The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.690579414367676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Despite publication of the recovered copy in western media, for decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol. The secret protocol's existence was officially denied until 1989. Vyacheslav Molotov, one of the signatories, went to his grave categorically rejecting its existence. The French Communist Party did not acknowledge the existence of the secret protocol until 1968, as the party de-Stalinized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08575439453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.25925874710083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The book also claimed that the Munich agreement was a \"secret agreement\" between Germany and \"the west\" and a \"highly important phase in their policy aimed at goading the Hitlerite aggressors against the Soviet Union.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.599567413330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3369855880737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviet copy of the original document was declassified in 1992 and published in a scientific journal in early 1993.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186775207519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "In spite of such statements the present Russian government and media have to some extent moved back to the Soviet position, again using the term “falsifiers of history”. They assert that the invasions of Poland were unconnected to the pact, that the Nazi–Soviet pact was concluded only after fruitless negotiations with Britain and France, and that, by the Munich agreement, Britain and France were at least as culpable for the outbreak of war as the USSR. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5956027507781982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Some scholars believe that, from the very beginning of the Tripartite negotiations between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France, it was clear that the Soviet position required the other parties to agree to a Soviet occupation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as for Finland to be included in the Soviet sphere of influence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.505547523498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to \"purge the ministry of Jews.\" Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany. Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's \"modus operandi\" was \"more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan.\" Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.63690185546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: \"In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack.\" According to Carr, the \"bastion\" created by means of the Pact, \"was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack.\" According to Carr, an important advantage was that \"if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved.\" However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that \"the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, \"neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective of success,\" and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.588836193084717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe. This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks. Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them. The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.579559087753296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Soviet sources have claimed that soon after the pact was signed, both the UK and US showed understanding that the buffer zone was necessary to keep Hitler from advancing for some time, accepting the ostensible strategic reasoning; however, soon after World War II ended, those countries changed their view. Many Polish newspapers published numerous articles claiming that Russia must apologize to Poland for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.110447406768799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Two weeks after Soviet armies had entered the Baltic states, Berlin requested Finland to permit the transit of German troops, followed five weeks thereafter by Hitler's issuance of a secret directive \"to take up the Russian problem, to think about war preparations,\" a war whose objective would include establishment of a Baltic confederation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.011539459228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The Soviet Red Army's invasion of Eastern Poland on 17 September, in accordance with a secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania. On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7760356664657593, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government. The Soviet Union incorporated its newly acquired areas into its constituent Belarusian and Ukrainian republics, and immediately started a campaign of sovietization. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground resistance organizations formed the Polish Underground State within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles that managed to escape Poland subsequently joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West, an armed force loyal to the Polish government in exile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.001986980438232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Experiences in the Polish-Soviet War shaped Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine. Unlike the trench warfare of World War I, the Polish-Soviet War was a conflict in which the cavalry's mobility played a decisive role. Poland acknowledged the benefits of mobility but was unable to invest heavily in many of the expensive, unproven inventions since then. In spite of this, Polish cavalry brigades were used as a mobile mounted infantry and had some successes against both German infantry and cavalry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.338249206542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Phase 2: after Soviet Union invasion from the east", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.205288887023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "USSR", "passage": "From the beginning, the German government repeatedly asked Vyacheslav Molotov whether the Soviet Union would keep to its side of the partition bargain. The Soviet forces were holding fast along their designated invasion points pending finalization of the five-month-long undeclared war with Japan in the Far East. On 15 September 1939 the Ambassadors Molotov and Shigenori Tōgō completed their agreement ending the conflict, and the Nomonhan cease-fire went into effect on 16 September 1939. Now cleared of any \"second front\" threat from the Japanese, Soviet premier Joseph Stalin ordered his forces into Poland on 17 September. It was agreed that the USSR would relinquish its interest in the territories between the new border and Warsaw in exchange for inclusion of Lithuania in the Soviet \"zone of interest\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7242056131362915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "By 17 September, the Polish defence was already broken and the only hope was to retreat and reorganize along the Romanian Bridgehead. However, these plans were rendered obsolete nearly overnight, when the over 800,000-strong Soviet Red Army entered and created the Belarusian and Ukrainian fronts after invading the eastern regions of Poland in violation of the Riga Peace Treaty, the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact, and other international treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Soviet diplomacy had lied that they were \"protecting the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities of eastern Poland since the Polish government had abandoned the country and the Polish state ceased to exist\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.923195242881775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Polish border defence forces in the east—known as the Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza—consisted of about 25 battalions. Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered them to fall back and not engage the Soviets. This, however, did not prevent some clashes and small battles, such as the Battle of Grodno, as soldiers and local population attempted to defend the city. The Soviets executed numerous Polish officers, including prisoners of war like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organized local revolts, robbing and killing civilians. Those movements were quickly disciplined by the NKVD. The Soviet invasion was one of the decisive factors that convinced the Polish government that the war in Poland was lost. Before the Soviet attack from the east, the Polish military's fall-back plan had called for long-term defence against Germany in the south-eastern part of Poland, while awaiting relief from a Western Allies attack on Germany's western border. However, the Polish government refused to surrender or negotiate a peace with Germany. Instead, it ordered all units to evacuate Poland and reorganize in France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.180552959442139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Meanwhile, Polish forces tried to move towards the Romanian Bridgehead area, still actively resisting the German invasion. From 17–20 September, Polish armies Kraków and Lublin were crippled at the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, the second-largest battle of the campaign. The city of Lwów capitulated on 22 September because of Soviet intervention; the city had been attacked by the Germans over a week earlier, and in the middle of the siege, the German troops handed operations over to their Soviet allies. Despite a series of intensifying German attacks, Warsaw—defended by quickly reorganized retreating units, civilian volunteers and militia—held out until 28 September. The Modlin Fortress north of Warsaw capitulated on 29 September after an intense 16-day battle. Some isolated Polish garrisons managed to hold their positions long after being surrounded by German forces. Westerplatte enclave's tiny garrison capitulated on 7 September and the Oksywie garrison held until 19 September; Hel Fortified Area was defended until 2 October. In the last week of September, Hitler made a speech in the city of Danzig in which he said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4332661628723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Despite a Polish victory at the Battle of Szack, after which the Soviets executed all the officers and NCOs they had captured, the Red Army reached the line of rivers Narew, Bug River, Vistula and San by 28 September, in many cases meeting German units advancing from the other direction. Polish defenders on the Hel peninsula on the shore of the Baltic Sea held out until 2 October. The last operational unit of the Polish Army, General Franciszek Kleeberg's Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna \"Polesie\", surrendered after the four-day Battle of Kock near Lublin on 6 October marking the end of the September Campaign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.507333755493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians were killed during the September invasion of Poland and millions more were killed in the following years of German and Soviet occupation. The Polish Campaign was the first action by Adolf Hitler in his attempt to create Lebensraum (living space) for Germans. Nazi propaganda was one of the factors behind the German brutality directed at civilians which had worked relentlessly to convince the German people into believing that the Jews and Slavs were Untermenschen (subhumans). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.845761775970459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union. Slovakia gained back those territories taken by Poland in autumn 1938. Lithuania received the city of Vilnius and its environs on 28 October 1939 from the Soviet Union. On 8 and 13 September 1939, the German military districts of \"Posen\" (Poznan)—commanded by General Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg—and \"Westpreußen\" (West Prussia)—commanded by General Walter Heitz—were established in conquered Greater Poland and Pomerelia, respectively. Based on laws of 21 May 1935 and 1 June 1938, the German Wehrmacht delegated civil administrative powers to \"Chiefs of Civil Administration\" (Chefs der Zivilverwaltung, CdZ). German dictator Adolf Hitler appointed Arthur Greiser to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and Danzig's Gauleiter Albert Forster to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district. On 3 October, the military districts \"Lodz\" and \"Krakau\" (Cracow) were set up under command of Generalobersten (Colonel-Generals) Gerd von Rundstedt and Wilhelm List, and Hitler appointed Hans Frank and Arthur Seyss-Inquart as civil heads, respectively. At the same time, Frank was appointed \"supreme chief administrator\" for all occupied territories. On 28 September, another secret German-Soviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. On 8 October, Germany formally annexed the western parts of Poland with Greiser and Forster as Reichsstatthalter, while the south-central parts were administered as the General Government led by Frank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.409538745880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest, the Soviet and German troops met on numerous occasions. The most remarkable event of this kind occurred at Brest-Litovsk on 22 September. The German 19th Panzer Corps—commanded by General Heinz Guderian—had occupied the city, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade—commander by S. M. Krivoshein—approached, the commanders negotiated that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops would enter the city saluting each other. At Brest-Litovsk, Soviet and German commanders held a joint victory parade before German forces withdrew westward behind a new demarcation line. Just three days earlier, however, the parties had a more hostile encounter near Lwow (Lviv, Lemberg), when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter (mountain infantry regiment) attacked a reconnaissance detachment of the Soviet 24th Tank Brigade; after a few casualties on both sides, the parties turned to negotiations. The German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered Lviv on 22 September.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.23119592666626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "About 65,000 Polish troops were killed in the fighting, with 420,000 others being captured by the Germans and 240,000 more by the Soviets (for a total of 660,000 prisoners). Up to 120,000 Polish troops escaped to neutral Romania (through the Romanian Bridgehead and Hungary), and another 20,000 to Latvia and Lithuania, with the majority eventually making their way to France or Britain. Most of the Polish Navy succeeded in evacuating to Britain as well. German personnel losses were less than their enemies (~16,000 KIA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.827609062194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "None of the parties to the conflict—Germany, the Western Allies or the Soviet Union—expected that the German invasion of Poland would lead to a war that would surpass World War I in its scale and cost. It would be months before Hitler would see the futility of his peace negotiation attempts with the United Kingdom and France, but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a \"world war\". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941, formed the cataclysm known as World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9952735304832458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. No declaration of war was issued by Britain and France against the Soviet Union. This lack of direct help led many Poles to believe that they had been betrayed by their Western allies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3128457069396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "According to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, Soviet occupation between 1939 and 1941 resulted in the death of 150,000 and deportation of 320,000 of Polish citizens, when all who were deemed dangerous to the Soviet regime were subject to sovietization, forced resettlement, imprisonment in labor camps (the Gulags) or murdered, like the Polish officers in the Katyn massacre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.213703155517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "Since October 1939, the Polish army that could escape imprisonment from the Soviets or Nazis were mainly heading for British and French territories. These places were considered safe, because of the pre-war alliance between Great-Britain, France and Poland. Not only did the government escape, but also the national gold supply was evacuated via Romania and brought to the West, notably London and Ottawa. The amount of approximately 75,000 kilos of gold was considered sufficient to field an army for the duration of the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8078718185424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In 1939, only 10% of the Polish army was made up of cavalry units. Polish cavalry never charged German tanks or entrenched infantry or artillery, but usually acted as mobile infantry (like dragoons) and reconnaissance units and executed cavalry charges only in rare situations against foot soldiers. Other armies (including German and Soviet) also fielded and extensively used elite horse cavalry units at that time. Polish cavalry consisted of eleven brigades, as emphasized by its military doctrine, equipped with anti tank rifles \"UR\" and light artillery such as the highly effective Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun. The myth originated from war correspondents' reports similar to that of the Battle of Krojanty, where a Polish cavalry brigade was fired upon in ambush by hidden armored vehicles, after it had mounted a sabre-charge against German infantry. There have also been cases when Polish cavalry dashing between tanks trying to break out of encirclement gave an impression of an attack.Snidner takes issue here with this contention on at least one occasion. Seidner,Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the defence of Poland ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.053386688232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "In the first few days, Germany sustained very heavy losses: Poland cost the Germans an entire armored division, thousands of soldiers, and 25% of its air strength. As for duration, the September Campaign lasted only about one week less than the Battle of France in 1940, even though the Anglo-French forces were much closer to parity with the Germans in numerical strength and equipment.Polish to Germany forces in the September Campaign: 1,000,000 soldiers 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 435 aircraft (Poland) to 1,800,000 soldiers, 10,000 guns, 2,800 tanks, 3,000 aircraft (Germany). French and participating Allies to German forces in the Battle of France: 2,862,000 soldiers, 13,974 guns, 3,384 tanks, 3,099 aircraft 2 (Allies) to 3,350,000 soldiers, 7,378 guns, 2,445 tanks, 5,446 aircraft (Germany). Furthermore, the Polish Army was preparing the Romanian Bridgehead, which would have prolonged Polish defence, but this plan was cancelled due to the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. Poland also never officially surrendered to the Germans. Under German occupation, the Polish army continued to fight underground, as Armia Krajowa and forest partisans—Leśni. The Polish resistance movement in World War II in German-occupied Poland was the largest resistance movement in all of occupied Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.133220672607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Soviet", "passage": "It is often assumed that blitzkrieg is the strategy that Germany first used in Poland. The ideas of blitzkrieg and mobile warfare had already been used in Spain, China and Siberia. Many early post-war histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in The Second World War (BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to \"enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940\", citing that \"Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action … called the result Blitzkrieg.\" This idea has been repudiated by some authors. Matthew Cooper writes: \"Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanized units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry. ... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the … German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign.\" Vernichtungsgedanke was a strategy dating back to Frederick the Great, and was applied in the Polish Campaign little changed from the French campaigns in 1870 or 1914. The use of tanks \"left much to be desired. ... Fear of enemy action against the flanks of the advance, fear which was to prove so disastrous to German prospects in the west in 1940 and in the Soviet Union in 1941, was present from the beginning of the war.\"\" John Ellis, writing in Brute Force, asserted that \"… there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic (emphasis in original) mission that was to characterize authentic armoured blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies.\" Zaloga and Madej, in The Polish Campaign 1939, also address the subject of mythical interpretations of Blitzkrieg and the importance of other arms in the campaign. \"Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzers and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery (emphasis added) on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.841348171234131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Sauerkraut (;) is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. ", "precise_score": -8.92644214630127, "rough_score": -7.226053237915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Fermented foods have a long history in many cultures, with sauerkraut being one of the most well-known instances of traditional fermented moist cabbage side dishes. The Roman writers Cato (in his De Agri Cultura) and Columella (in his De re Rustica) mentioned preserving cabbages and turnips with salt.", "precise_score": -9.442328453063965, "rough_score": -8.17712688446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Sauerkraut took root mostly in Eastern European and Germanic cuisines, but also in other countries including the Netherlands, where it is known as zuurkool, and France, where the name became choucroute. The English name is borrowed from German where it means literally \"sour herb\" or \"sour cabbage\". The names in Slavic and other East European languages are not cognate with German sauerkraut, but have similar meanings: \"fermented cabbage\" (, , or kwaszona kapusta, , , ) or \"sour cabbage\" (, , , , , , , ). ", "precise_score": -8.716469764709473, "rough_score": -7.766141891479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "During World War I, due to concerns the American public would reject a product with a German name, American sauerkraut makers relabeled their product as \"Liberty cabbage\" for the duration of the war. ", "precise_score": 7.129914283752441, "rough_score": 5.4349188804626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Fermentation by lactobacilli is introduced naturally, as these air-borne bacteria culture on raw cabbage leaves where they grow. Yeasts also are present, and may yield soft sauerkraut of poor flavor when the fermentation temperature is too high. The fermentation process has three phases, collectively sometimes referred to as population dynamics. In the first phase, anaerobic bacteria such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter lead the fermentation, and begin producing an acidic environment that favors later bacteria. The second phase starts as the acid levels become too high for many bacteria, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides and other Leuconostoc spp. take dominance. In the third phase, various Lactobacillus species, including L. brevis and L. plantarum, ferment any remaining sugars, further lowering the pH. Properly cured sauerkraut is sufficiently acidic to prevent a favorable environment for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the toxins of which cause botulism.", "precise_score": -10.148591041564941, "rough_score": -8.010660171508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* It is a source of vitamins C, B, and K; the fermentation process increases the bioavailability of nutrients rendering sauerkraut even more nutritious than the original cabbage. It is also low in calories and high in calcium and magnesium, and it is a very good source of dietary fiber, folate, iron, potassium, copper and manganese.", "precise_score": -10.265032768249512, "rough_score": -8.020919799804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Before frozen foods, refrigeration, and cheap transport from warmer areas became readily available in northern, central and eastern Europe, sauerkraut, like other preserved foods, provided a source of nutrients during the winter. James Cook always took a store of sauerkraut on his sea voyages, since experience had taught him it prevented scurvy.see http://www.mariner.org/exploration/index.php?typewebpage&id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695279121398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Sauerkraut is made by a process of pickling called lactic acid fermentation that is analogous to how traditional (not heat-treated) pickled cucumbers and kimchi are made. The cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt, and left to ferment. Fully cured sauerkraut keeps for several months in an airtight container stored at 15 °C (60 °F) or below. Neither refrigeration nor pasteurization is required, although these treatments prolong storage life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.205984115600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "A 2004 genomic study found an unexpectedly large diversity of lactic acid bacteria in sauerkraut, and that previous studies had oversimplified this diversity. Weissella was found to be a major organism in the initial, heterofermentative stage, up to day 7. It was also found that Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus had smaller population numbers in the first 14 days than previous studies had reported. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928311347961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "The Dutch sauerkraut industry found that inoculating a new batch of sauerkraut with an old batch resulted in an excessively sour product. This sourdough process is known as \"backslopping\" or \"inoculum enrichment\"; when used in making sauerkraut, first- and second-stage population dynamics, important to developing flavor, are bypassed. This is due primarily to the greater initial activity of species L. plantarum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.478450775146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "In Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian cuisine, chopped cabbage is usually pickled together with shredded carrots. Other ingredients may include whole or quartered apples for additional flavor or cranberry for flavor and better keeping (the benzoic acid in cranberries is a common preservative). Bell peppers also known to be added as they improve the looks of the completed dish. The resulting sauerkraut salad is typically served cold, as a zakuski or a side dish. There is also a home made type of very mild sauerkraut where white cabbage is pickled with salt in a refrigerator for only between three and seven days. This results in very little lactic acid being produced. Typically wider strips of 1 to 2 centimeters (1\") are used rather than the shredded cabbage used for traditional sauerkraut. This type is popular when eaten with zakuski.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512243270874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Sauerkraut is used as a filling for Polish pierogi, Ukrainian varenyky, Russian pirogi and pirozhki. Sauerkraut is also the most important ingredient in traditional soups, such as shchi (a national dish of Russia), kapusniak (Poland and Ukraine), kwaśnica (Poland), kapustnica (Slovakia), and zelňačka (Czech Republic). It is a common ingredient of Polish bigos (a hunter's stew).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46512222290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "In Germany, cooked sauerkraut is often flavored with juniper berries or cumin seeds; apples and white wine are added in popular variations. Traditionally it is served warm, with pork (e.g. eisbein, schweinshaxe, Kassler) or sausages (smoked or fried sausages, Frankfurter Würstchen, Vienna sausages, black pudding), accompanied typically by roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings (knödel or schupfnudel). Similar recipes are common in other Central European cuisines. The Czech national dish vepřo knedlo zelo consists of roast pork with knedliky and sauerkraut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375068664550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "In France, sauerkraut is the main ingredient of the Alsatian meal choucroute garnie (French for \"dressed sauerkraut\"), sauerkraut with sausages (Strasbourg sausages, smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages), charcuterie (bacon, ham, etc.), and often potatoes. Usually it is cooked with Alsatian white wines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697319030761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Sauerkraut, along with pork, is eaten traditionally in Pennsylvania on New Year's Day. The tradition, started by the Pennsylvania Dutch, is thought to bring good luck for the upcoming year. Sauerkraut is also used in American cuisine as a condiment upon various foods, such as sandwiches and hot dogs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050423622131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:Sauerkraut 2.jpg|Cooked sauerkraut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410134315490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:Zuurkool in pan.jpg|Dutch stamppot includes sauerkraut (zuurkool) mashed with potatoes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088878631591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:08023 dumplings stuffed with sauerkraut.JPG|Pierogi with sauerkraut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245545387268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:Cabbage Soup Kapuśniak 01.JPG|Kapuśniak made with sauerkraut ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.411450386047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:Czech sausages and sauerkraut at restaurant Poseidon, Helsinki (bright).jpg|Central European-style sauerkraut and sausages is a popular snack dish in pubs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320516586303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "File:Eisbein-2.jpg|Pickled Eisbein served with sauerkraut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212234497070312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Many health benefits have been claimed for sauerkraut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244027137756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* If unpasteurized and uncooked, sauerkraut also contains live lactobacilli and beneficial microbes and is rich in enzymes. The fiber and supply of probiotics improve digestion and promote the growth of healthy bowel flora, protecting against many diseases of the digestive tract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81396484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* Sauerkraut has been used in Europe for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, and its effectiveness for soothing the digestive tract has been well established by numerous studies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659053802490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* Raw sauerkraut is distinctly different from store-bought, canned sauerkraut. While many food manufacturers can or jar their kraut using heat in order to extend shelf life, raw sauerkraut is lacto-fermented and is alive with good bacteria and probiotics. Raw sauerkraut is fermented over days or weeks at room temperature, packaged into jars with its own brine solution, then refrigerated to preserve the vitamins, enzymes, and beneficial bacteria without any heat. The lactic acid creates beneficial intestinal flora, balances stomach pH both directions, and helps break down proteins.http://www.eatprobiotics.com/raw-sauerkraut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428569793701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* During the American Civil War, the physician John Jay Terrell (1829–1922) was able to successfully reduce the death rate from disease among prisoners of war; he attributed this to the practice of feeding his patients raw sauerkraut. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411413192749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* Sauerkraut is a time-honored folk remedy for canker sores. It is used by rinsing the mouth with sauerkraut juice for about 30 seconds several times a day, or by placing a wad of sauerkraut against the affected area for a minute or so before chewing and swallowing the kraut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.845964431762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* The October 23, 2002 issue of the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry reported that Finnish researchers found the isothiocyanates produced in sauerkraut fermentation inhibit the growth of cancer cells in test tube and animal studies. A Polish study in 2010 concluded that \"... induction of the key detoxifying enzymes by cabbage juices, particularly sauerkraut, may be responsible for their chemopreventive activity demonstrated by epidemiological studies and in animal models\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.444234848022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "* Sauerkraut is high in the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, both associated with preserving ocular health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288619041442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Sauerkraut", "passage": "Excessive consumption of sauerkraut may lead to bloating and flatulence due to the trisaccharide raffinose, which the human small intestine cannot break down. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8997220993042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Vincenzo Peruggia (October 8, 1881 – October 8, 1925) was an Italian thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911. Born in Dumenza, Varese, Italy, he died in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France. ", "precise_score": 5.888736248016357, "rough_score": 6.109042644500732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 1911 Vincenzo Peruggia perpetrated what has been described as the greatest art theft of the 20th century. It was a police theory that the former Louvre worker hid inside the museum on Sunday, August 20, knowing that the museum would be closed the following day. But according to Peruggia's interrogation in Florence after his arrest, he entered the museum on Monday, August 21 around 7 am through the door where the other Louvre workers were entering. He said he wore one of the white worker's smocks that museum employees customarily wore and was indistinguishable from the other workers. When the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa hung was empty, he lifted off the painting off the four iron pegs that secured it to the wall and took it to a nearby service staircase. There he removed the protective case and frame. Some people report that he concealed the painting (which Leonardo painted on wood) under his smock. But Peruggia was only 5'3\" and the Mona Lisa measures approx, 21 x 30 so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone like Peruggia. Instead, he said that he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting, tucked it under his arm and left the Louvre through the same door he entered. ", "precise_score": 6.509831428527832, "rough_score": 6.12408971786499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "* In an April 1956 episode of the TV-show You Are There, called \"The Recovery of the Mona Lisa (December 10, 1913)\", Peruggia is played by Vito Scotti, who reprised the role in yet another TV-reconstruction of the famous theft, this time for the TV-show G.E. True. The episode was called The Tenth Mona Lisa and aired in March 1963. ", "precise_score": -1.7015531063079834, "rough_score": -3.517922878265381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "During World War II the museum removed most of the art and hid valuable pieces. When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord. When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well. Select sculptures such as Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo were sent to the Château de Valençay. On 27 August 1939, after two days of packing, truck convoys began to leave Paris. By 28 December, the museum was cleared of most works, except those that were too heavy and \"unimportant paintings [that] were left in the basement\". In early 1945, after the liberation of France, art began returning to the Louvre. ", "precise_score": -5.27631950378418, "rough_score": -5.247603893280029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Italian holdings are notable, particularly the Renaissance collection. The works include Andrea Mantegna and Giovanni Bellini's Calvarys, which reflect realism and detail \"meant to depict the significant events of a greater spiritual world\". The High Renaissance collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, Virgin and Child with St. Anne, St. John the Baptist, and Madonna of the Rocks. Caravaggio is represented by The Fortune Teller and Death of the Virgin. From 16th century Venice, the Louvre displays Titian's Le Concert Champetre, The Entombment and The Crowning with Thorns. ", "precise_score": -6.999807357788086, "rough_score": -3.74430251121521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "*The Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre Museum while the museum was closed for cleaning. Witnesses reported that a tall stout individual had been carrying what appeared to be a large panel covered with a horse blanket, then caught the Paris to Bordeaux express at 7:47 am as it was pulling out of the Quai d'Orsay station. Two years later, Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian patriot who claimed that he stole the painting to return it to the homeland of Leonardo da Vinci, was arrested in Florence and the world's most famous painting was recovered. ", "precise_score": 5.201263904571533, "rough_score": 5.9490203857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "August 1911" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. Although the Louvre states that it was \"doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506\", the art historian Martin Kemp says there is some difficulty in confirming the actual dates with certainty. According to Leonardo's contemporary, Giorgio Vasari, \"after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished\". Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted \"never having completed a single work\". ", "precise_score": -5.813229084014893, "rough_score": -0.1570737659931183, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre. The next day, painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation.", "precise_score": 3.458707809448242, "rough_score": 4.293331623077393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who had once called for the Louvre to be \"burnt down\", came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned. Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso, who was brought in for questioning. Both were later exonerated. Two years later the thief was found. Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet, and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed. Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed da Vinci's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum. Peruggia may have also been motivated by a friend whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting's theft. A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear.[https://books.google.com/books?idkSdYINRtkWEC& The Lost Mona Lisa] by R. A. Scotti (Random House, 2010) However, the original painting remained in Europe. After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914. Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy. Before its theft, the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world. It was not until the 1860s that some critics, a thin slice of the French intelligentsia, began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. ", "precise_score": 5.311726093292236, "rough_score": 5.2729058265686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince (English: Leonardo da Vinci’s handy woman) held in Madrid's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work of da Vinci himself. However, since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to be a work by one of Leonardo's pupils, painted in da Vinci's studio while the other (Louvre version) was being painted. Their conclusion, based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration, that the painting is probably by Salaí (1480-1524) or by Melzi (1493-1572). This has been called into question by others. ", "precise_score": -7.788883209228516, "rough_score": -4.993452548980713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "There are currently two predominant theories regarding the theft of the Mona Lisa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651604652404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "* In Season 2, Episode 7 of the American produced television series Leverage, the theft of the Mona Lisa was quoted and the duplicates of the painting that were created are referenced as a story telling device.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.500481605529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "* Art Historian Noah Charney's 2011 monograph, \"The Theft of the Mona Lisa: On Stealing the Worlds Most Famous Painting\" (ARCA Publications) is an account of the theft and its ramifications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.997128486633301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "*In 2012, the full-length documentary Mona Lisa Is Missing (formerly The Missing Piece) was released. Directed by filmmaker Joe Medeiros, it tells the complete story of Vincenzo Peruggia's theft of the Mona Lisa, using original source documents from the French and Italian archives as well as interviews with Celestina Peruggia, the daughter of the thief ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.125030040740967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "* In April 2013, Larry A. Thompson Entertainment optioned \"Missing Mona Lisa,\" a screenplay by Mark Hudelson based on the Mona Lisa's theft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629749298095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Louvre Palace was altered frequently throughout the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis I renovated the site in French Renaissance style. Francis acquired what would become the nucleus of the Louvre's holdings, his acquisitions including Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. After Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1682, constructions slowed; however, the move permitted the Louvre to be used as a residence for artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0235595703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa (; or La Gioconda, ) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as \"the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.169854164123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The title of the painting, which is known in English as Mona Lisa, comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote \"Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.\" Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma’am, Madam, or my lady in English. This became madonna, and its contraction mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled \"Mona\" (as used by Vasari), is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa (\"mona\" being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects) but this is rare in English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.103507995605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1525, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.49698543548584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "La Joconde", "passage": "was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea. The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means \"jocund\" (\"happy\" or \"jovial\") or, literally, \"the jocund one\", a pun on the feminine form of Lisa's married name, \"Giocondo\". In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620978832244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Before that discovery, scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting. Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait, identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100237846374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king's castle in Amboise. It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France. Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that da Vinci probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57275676727295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In December 2015, it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology. The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side. Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004, Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting. According to Cotte, the underlying image is Leonardo's original Mona Lisa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.118618965148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks. In April 1974, a woman, upset by the museum's policy for disabled people, sprayed red paint at it while it was being displayed at the Tokyo National Museum. On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure. In both cases, the painting was undamaged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.787479877471924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795425415039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly. In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning. Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times, with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa's face and the direction of her gaze. He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338922500610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist-photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisas landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro, Urbino and Rimini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578603744506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that \"the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation.\" This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had \"acted with a great deal of restraint.\" Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators \"some worry\", the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.549560070037842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "At some point, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack developed near the top of the panel, extending down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid-18th century to early 19th century, two butterfly-shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about 1/3 the thickness of the panel. This intervention was skillfully executed, and successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. The flexible oak frame (added 1951) and cross braces (1970) help to keep the panel from warping further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.032942771911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Because the Mona Lisas poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects. In 2004–05, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.442580223083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame, a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.429407119750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisas left elbow with watercolour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.611100196838379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world, but until the 20th century, Mona Lisa was one among many and not the \"most famous painting\" as it is now termed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.203281402587891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Once part of the king's collection, the Mona Lisa was among the very first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre, which became a national museum after the French Revolution. From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting's popularity grew from the middle of the 19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that the painting was somehow mysterious and a representation of the femme fatal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.532373905181885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington, D.C. It was shipped on the new liner SS France. In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued \"in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so.\" In 1974, the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293495178222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 2014, 9.3 million people visited the Louvre, Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that \"80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.778848648071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt, although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law, which states that \"Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and cannot be otherwise.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.073543548583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting. Raphael, who had been to Leonardo's workshop several times, promptly used elements of the portrait's composition and format in several of his works, such as Young Woman with Unicorn (c. 1506 ), and Portrait of Maddalena Doni (c. 1506). Celebrated later paintings by Raphael, La velata (1515–16) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–15), continued to borrow from Leonardo's painting. Zollner states that \"None of Leonardo's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa. It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not jut as the likeness of a real person, but also as the embodiment of an ideal.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.50630521774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism, but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance. In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a \"sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously\" and that \"Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague, infinite, inexpressible. One is moved, troubled ... repressed desires, hopes that drive one to despair, stir painfully.\" Walter Pater's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as \"older than the rocks among which she sits; like the vampire, she has been dead many times, and learned the secrets of the grave; and has been a diver in the deep seas, and keeps their fallen day about her.\" By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories, and upon the paintings theft in 1911, Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had \"simply become an incubus, and I was glad to be rid of her.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.973950386047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Already in 1883, Le rire, an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and a goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9855828285217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954. In 1963 following the painting's visit to the United States, Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One, like his works of Marilyn Monroe (Twenty-five Coloured Marilyns, 1962), Elvis Presley (1964) and Campbell's soup (1961–62). The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world. A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style. A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube. A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an [http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/daily-cartoon-141003-monalisasmall.gif animation] showing progressively maniacal smiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.546592712402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic image pair. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19375991821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Isleworth Mona Lisa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369721412658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. The owners claim that Leonardo contributed to the painting, a theory that Leonardo experts such as Zöllner and Kemp deny has any substance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.246541500091553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Mona Lisa (copy, Thalwil, Switzerland).JPG| Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34339714050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Isleworthml.JPG |The Isleworth Mona Lisa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415796279907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Mona Lisa (copy, Hermitage).jpg|16th century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91513442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" } ]

[ { "answer": "Betty Ford", "passage": "Although the first modern settlements date back to the 1920s and 1930s, Rancho Mirage got its claim to fame after World War II. The Annenberg Estate or Sunnylands, owned by philanthropists Walter and Leonore Annenberg, had long been popular with the wealthy and powerful, including Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Queen Elizabeth II, Patrick Macnee and Mary Martin. Several United States Presidents have vacationed at the Annenberg estate, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Gerald Ford. Ford later bought a house in Rancho Mirage and was living there at the time of his death in 2006. The Betty Ford Center, a world-renowned addiction rehabilitation center, is located in Rancho Mirage at the Eisenhower Medical Center. President Barack Obama has also used Sunnylands for summit meetings with world leaders during his administration. ", "precise_score": -4.056458473205566, "rough_score": -3.1058735847473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rancho Mirage, California" }, { "answer": "Betty Ford", "passage": "Over the course of the 20th century it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support these activities. Lady Bird Johnson pioneered environmental protection and beautification. Pat Nixon encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad; Betty Ford supported women's rights; Rosalynn Carter aided those with mental disabilities; Nancy Reagan founded the Just Say No drug awareness campaign; Barbara Bush promoted literacy; Hillary Clinton sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.; and Laura Bush supported women's rights groups and encouraged childhood literacy. Michelle Obama has become identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.323652267456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "First Lady of the United States" }, { "answer": "Betty Ford", "passage": "The late President Gerald Ford (served 1974–77) and First Lady Betty Ford were the most prominent residents of Rancho Mirage. Other celebrities, businessmen and politicians include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.497758865356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rancho Mirage, California" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Pompeii was an ancient Roman town-city near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly destroyed and buried under 4 to of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.", "precise_score": 3.440767288208008, "rough_score": 4.912815570831299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "By the 1st century AD, Pompeii was one of a number of towns near the base of the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The area had a substantial population, which had grown prosperous from the region's renowned agricultural fertility. Many of Pompeii's neighboring communities, most famously Herculaneum, also suffered damage or destruction during the 79 eruption. The eruption occurred on August 24 AD 79, just one day after Vulcanalia, the festival of the Roman god of fire, including that from volcanoes. ", "precise_score": 4.730258464813232, "rough_score": 3.617863893508911, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is famous as one of the few ancient cities that can now be seen in much of its original splendour, as well as for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae, Oplontis and Boscoreale, in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried it. Unlike Pompeii, the deep pyroclastic material which covered it preserved wooden and other organic-based objects such as roofs, beds, doors, food and even some 300 skeletons which were surprisingly discovered in recent years along the seashore as it was thought until then that the town had been evacuated by the inhabitants.", "precise_score": -0.22350886464118958, "rough_score": 2.584352493286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20 metres (50–60 feet) of ash. It lay hidden and largely intact until discoveries from wells and underground tunnels became gradually more widely known, and notably following the Prince d'Elbeuf's explorations in the early 1700s. Excavations continued sporadically up to the present and today many streets and buildings are visible, although over 75% of the town remains buried. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969 the town of Ercolano was called Resina. It changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancient name in honour of the old city.", "precise_score": 2.545159101486206, "rough_score": 3.0581178665161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "At around 1pm on 24 August, Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky. When it reached the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere), the top of the cloud flattened, prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree. The prevailing winds at the time blew toward the southeast, causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area. Since Herculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius, it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption. While roofs in Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris, only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum, causing little damage but nonetheless prompting most inhabitants to flee.", "precise_score": 3.9179537296295166, "rough_score": -0.6612300276756287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects of the pyroclastic surges in the Vesuvius area showed that in the vicinity of Pompeii and Herculaneum, heat was the main cause of the death of people who had previously been thought to have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to the surges, measuring at least 250°C even at a distance of 10 kilometres from the vent, was sufficient to cause the instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered within buildings. ", "precise_score": -0.05033573880791664, "rough_score": -2.8003833293914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "It is difficult to distinguish an extinct volcano from a dormant (inactive) one. Volcanoes are often considered to be extinct if there are no written records of its activity. Nevertheless, volcanoes may remain dormant for a long period of time. For example, Yellowstone has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and Toba of around 380,000 years. Vesuvius was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its eruption of AD 79, which destroyed the towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Before its catastrophic eruption of 1991, Pinatubo was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in the surrounding areas. Two other examples are the long-dormant Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat, thought to be extinct before activity resumed in 1995 and Fourpeaked Mountain in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BC and had long been thought to be extinct.", "precise_score": -0.9662797451019287, "rough_score": -3.3860936164855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and several other settlements. That eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ash, and fumes to a height of , spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima bombing. At least 1,000 people died in the eruption. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.", "precise_score": 6.461124420166016, "rough_score": 6.069726943969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Today it is some distance inland, but in ancient times was nearer to the coast. Pompeii is about 8 km away from Mount Vesuvius. It covered a total of 64 to 67 ha and was home to approximately 11,000 to 11,500 people on the basis of household counts. It was a major city in the region of Campania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.189994812011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Details of everyday life are preserved. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Sirico's), a famous inscription Salve, lucru (\"Welcome, profit\") indicates a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since nummus means \"coin; money\"). Other houses provide details concerning professions and categories, such as for the \"laundry\" workers (Fullones). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world's earliest known marketing pun (technically a blend), Vesuvinum (combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine, vinum).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25506591796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples in Pompeii’s economy prior to 79 A.D. Pompeii was fortunate to have a fruitful, fertile region of soil for harvesting a variety of crops. The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius even preceding its eruption have been revealed to have good water-holding capabilities, implying access to productive agriculture. The Tyrrhenian Sea’s airflow provided hydration to the soil despite the hot, dry climate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.632213592529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in Forum Boarium, covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius. It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy. Water depressions have also been found in close proximity to the wineries and served as water wells for the produce and livestock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294849395751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Carbonized food plant remains via roots, seeds and pollens of certain items revealed commodities and agricultural goods that were likely exchanged prior to 79 AD. These remains from gardens in Pompeii, Herculaneum and Roman villa at Torre Annunziata revealed several alternatives for the obvious wine and grains, mainly involving fruits and nuts. Walnuts, figs, pears, onions, garlic, beans, peaches, carob, chestnuts and grapes were some primary produce items that were consumed and recorded by researchers at the sites in proximity to Vesuvius. The date was the only food that was solely imported from global regions rather than produced, namely to the Ancient Romans from the \"Land of the Date\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4728827476501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Eruption of Vesuvius ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.632177352905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "A multidisciplinary volcanological and bio-anthropological study of the eruption products and victims, merged with numerical simulations and experiments, indicates that at Vesuvius and surrounding towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash suffocation. The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 250 C hot surges (known as pyroclastic flows) at a distance of 10 km from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.056607246398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of tephra, in total 25 meters deep, which rained down for about six hours. Pliny the Younger provided a first-hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum, in a version he wrote 25 years after the event. His uncle, Pliny the Elder, with whom he had a close relationship, died while attempting to rescue stranded victims. As admiral of the fleet, Pliny the Elder had ordered the ships of the Imperial Navy stationed at Misenum to cross the bay to assist evacuation attempts. Volcanologists have recognised the importance of Pliny the Younger's account of the eruption by calling similar events \"Plinian\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.910846710205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863. During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. It was Fiorelli who realized these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plaster into them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius's victims. This technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714125633239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour. By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy. It is part of a larger Vesuvius National Park and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. To combat problems associated with tourism, the governing body for Pompeii, the Soprintendenza Archaeological di Pompei have begun issuing new tickets that allow for tourists to also visit cities such as Herculaneum and Stabiae as well as the Villa Poppaea, to encourage visitors to see these sites and reduce pressure on Pompeii.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.815185070037842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvian", "passage": "Pompeii is also a driving force behind the economy of the nearby town of Pompei. Many residents are employed in the tourism and hospitality business, serving as taxi or bus drivers, waiters or hotel operators. The ruins can be easily reached on foot from the Circumvesuviana train stop called Pompei Scavi, directly at the ancient site. There are also car parks nearby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.767019271850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Pompeii is a song by the British band Bastille, released 24 February 2013. The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.879170894622803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pompeii" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Located in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, Herculaneum (Italian: Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows in 79 AD. Its ruins are located in the commune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8202579021453857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and Mount Vesuvius. Other important deities worshipped include Venus and Apollo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217330932617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The catastrophic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon of 24 August 79 AD. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for approximately 800 years, it was no longer even recognized as a volcano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4330782890319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "During the following night, the eruptive column which had risen into the stratosphere collapsed onto Vesuvius and its flanks. The first pyroclastic surge, formed by a mixture of ash and hot gases, billowed through the mostly evacuated town of Herculaneum at 160 km/h. A succession of six flows and surges buried the city's buildings, causing little damage and preserving structures, objects and victims almost intact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.89505672454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "* A 1987 National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius explored the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, interviewed archaeologists, and examined the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.352858543395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herculaneum" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that gives rise to the name. Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions. Strato/composite volcanoes are made of cinders, ash, and lava. Cinders and ash pile on top of each other, lava flows on top of the ash, where it cools and hardens, and then the process repeats. Classic examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28279972076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Many ancient accounts ascribe volcanic eruptions to supernatural causes, such as the actions of gods or demigods. To the ancient Greeks, volcanoes' capricious power could only be explained as acts of the gods, while 16th/17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler believed they were ducts for the Earth's tears. One early idea counter to this was proposed by Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680), who witnessed eruptions of Mount Etna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulfur, bitumen and coal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.232901573181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volcano" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Mount Vesuvius (; , ; also Vesevus or Vesaevus in Roman sources ) is a stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy, about 9 km east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334563255310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Today, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive (Plinian) eruptions. It is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.301082611083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the Genius type at the time of the eruption of 79 AD: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative frescos of many lararia, or household shrines, surviving from Pompeii. An inscription from Capua to IOVI VESVVIO indicates that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter; that is, Jupiter Vesuvius. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.58862829208374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The historian Diodorus Siculus relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby Cumae on his way to Sicily and found there a place called \"the Phlegraean Plain\" (phlegraion pedion, \"plain of fire\"), \"from a hill which anciently vomited out fire ... now called Vesuvius.\" It was inhabited by bandits, \"the sons of the Earth,\" who were giants. With the assistance of the gods he pacified the region and went on. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether Herculaneum was named after it. An epigram by the poet Martial in 88 AD suggests that both Venus, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79. Mount Vesuvius was regarded by the Romans as being devoted to the hero and demigod Hercules. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.382530689239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Vesuvius was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. Its collateral forms were Vesaevus, Vesevus, Vesbius and Vesvius. Writers in ancient Greek used Οὐεσούιον or Οὐεσούιος. Many scholars since then have offered an etymology. As peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied Campania in the Roman Iron Age, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name Nea-polis, \"New City\", testifies. The Oscans, a native Italic people, lived in the countryside. The Latins also competed for the occupation of Campania. Etruscan settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059060096740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "* From an Indo-European root, *eus- The Gran Cono was produced during the eruption of AD 79. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or Somma-Vesuvio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.179201126098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The height of the main cone has been constantly changed by eruptions but is 1281 m at present. Monte Somma is 1149 m high, separated from the main cone by the valley of Atrio di Cavallo, which is some 5 km long. The slopes of the mountain are scarred by lava flows but are heavily vegetated, with scrub and forest at higher altitudes and vineyards lower down. Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano, although its current activity produces little more than steam from vents at the bottom of the crater. Vesuvius is a stratovolcano at the convergent boundary where the African Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate. Layers of lava, scoria, volcanic ash, and pumice make up the mountain. Their mineralogy is variable, but generally silica-undersaturated and rich in potassium, with phonolite produced in the more explosive eruptions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.240300178527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "Vesuvius was formed as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian. The former was subducted beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the oceanic African plate were pushed to hotter depths in the earth, the water boiled off and caused the melting point of the upper mantle to drop enough to create partial melting of the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak place at the Earth's surface it broke through, producing the volcano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840600967407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" }, { "answer": "Vesuvius", "passage": "The volcano is one of several which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Others include Campi Flegrei, a large caldera a few kilometres to the north west, Mount Epomeo, 20 km}} to the west on the island of Ischia, and several undersea volcanoes to the south. The arc forms the southern end of a larger chain of volcanoes produced by the subduction process described above, which extends northwest along the length of Italy as far as Monte Amiata in Southern Tuscany. Vesuvius is the only one to have erupted within recent history, although some of the others have erupted within the last few hundred years. Many are either extinct or have not erupted for tens of thousands of years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.216012001037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Vesuvius" } ]

[ { "answer": "Green Goddess", "passage": "Green goddess is a salad dressing, typically containing mayonnaise, sour cream, chervil, chives, anchovy, tarragon, lemon juice, and pepper.", "precise_score": 3.4776418209075928, "rough_score": 6.653766632080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green goddess dressing" }, { "answer": "Green Goddess", "passage": "The dressing is named for its tint. The most accepted theory regarding its origins points to the Palace Hotel in San Francisco in 1923, when the hotel's executive chef Philip Roemer wanted something to pay tribute to actor George Arliss and his hit play, The Green Goddess. He then concocted this dressing, which, like the play, became a hit. This dressing, which contained anchovies, scallions, parsley, tarragon, mayonnaise, tarragon vinegar, and chives, is a variation of a dressing originated in France by a chef to Louis XIII who made a sauce au vert (green sauce) which was traditionally served with \"green eel\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.252891540527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green goddess dressing" }, { "answer": "Green Goddess", "passage": "Trader Joe's makes a version called simply Goddess Dressing, which is made with tahini and is beige rather than green. Annie's Homegrown, a maker of natural salad dressings and sauces, makes two similar versions, an ovo-lacto-vegetarian variant called Organic Green Goddess Dressing, as well as a vegan version similar to the original called Goddess Dressing. Like the Trader Joe's product, the Annie's Naturals Goddess Dressing is also made with tahini. Drew's makes an all natural dressing called Lemon Goddess, made with tahini, soy sauce, lemon, garlic, and chives. Panera Bread offers a version of Green Goddess dressing made with mayonnaise, parsley, watercress, tarragon, chives, garlic, lemon juice, oil, and vinegar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.534618854522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green goddess dressing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications.", "precise_score": -1.6847537755966187, "rough_score": -6.999075889587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments for producing a melody. Until this time in the evolutions of musical instruments, melody was common only in singing. Similar to the process of reduplication in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizes—one tube would produce a \"clear\" sound and the other would answer with a \"darker\" sound. Such instrument pairs also included bullroarers, slit drums, shell trumpets, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrument pairs associated genders with them; the \"father\" was the bigger or more energetic instrument, while the \"mother\" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in this form for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form of the earliest xylophone. Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of Southeast Asia, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Along with xylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three \"leg bars\" to carefully tuned sets of parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as the ground harp, ground zither, musical bow, and jaw harp.", "precise_score": -8.004989624023438, "rough_score": -8.8129301071167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "In pre-Islamic times, idiophones such hand bells, cymbals, and peculiar instruments resembling gongs came into wide use in Hindu music. The gong-like instrument was a bronze disk that was struck with a hammer instead of a mallet. Tubular drums, stick zithers (veena), short fiddles, double and triple flutes, coiled trumpets, and curved India horns emerged in this time period. Islamic influences brought new types of drums, perfectly circular or octagonal as opposed to the irregular pre-Islamic drums. Persian influence brought oboes and sitars, although Persian sitars had three strings and Indian version had from four to seven.", "precise_score": -9.086393356323242, "rough_score": -8.208735466003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "The areas of Mesopotamia and the Arabian Peninsula experiences rapid growth and sharing of musical instruments once they were united by Islamic culture in the seventh century. Frame drums and cylindrical drums of various depths were immensely important in all genres of music. Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied wedding and circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures provide information on the development of kettle drums in Mesopotamia that spread as far as Java. Various lutes, zithers, dulcimers, and harps spread as far as Madagascar to the south and modern-day Sulawesi to the east.", "precise_score": -7.917922019958496, "rough_score": -6.461230278015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Scholars agree that there are no completely reliable methods of determining the exact chronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments based on their complexity is misleading, since advancements in musical instruments have sometimes reduced complexity. For example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later slit drums were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.830854415893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments are rattles, stampers, and various drums. These earliest instruments evolved due to the human motor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing. Eventually, some cultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting and various ceremonies. Those cultures developed more complex percussion instruments and other instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry far different connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than any resemblance to modern instruments. Among early cultures for whom drums developed ritual, even sacred importance are the Chukchi people of the Russian Far East, the indigenous people of Melanesia, and many cultures of Africa. In fact, drums were pervasive throughout every African culture. One East African tribe, the Wahinda, believed it was so holy that seeing a drum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.648115158081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Musical instruments used by the Egyptian culture before 2700 BC bore striking similarity to those of Mesopotamia, leading historians to conclude that the civilizations must have been in contact with one another. Sachs notes that Egypt did not possess any instruments that the Sumerian culture did not also possess. However, by 2700 BC the cultural contacts seem to have dissipated; the lyre, a prominent ceremonial instrument in Sumer, did not appear in Egypt for another 800 years. Clappers and concussion sticks appear on Egyptian vases as early as 3000 BC. The civilization also made use of sistra, vertical flutes, double clarinets, arched and angular harps, and various drums. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.137627601623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "In contrast with Mesopotamia and Egypt, professional musicians did not exist in Israel between 2000 and 1000 BC. While the history of musical instruments in Mesopotamia and Egypt relies on artistic representations, the culture in Israel produced few such representations. Scholars must therefore rely on information gleaned from the Bible and the Talmud. The Hebrew texts mention two prominent instruments associated with Jubal: the ugab (pipes) and kinnor (lyre). Other instruments of the period included the tof (frame drum), pa'amon (small bells or jingles), shofar, and the trumpet-like hasosra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.176379203796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of India is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the Munda and Dravidian language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musical instruments in the area begins with the Indus Valley Civilization that emerged around 3000 BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physical evidence of musical instruments. A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, and examination of the Indus script has also revealed representations of vertical arched harps identical in design to those depicted in Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact. Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred with the Rigveda, or hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes. Other prominent instruments in use during the early centuries AD were the snake charmer's double clarinet, bagpipes, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musical instruments until the Middle Ages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931562423706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Idiophones were extremely important in Chinese music, hence the majority of early instruments were idiophones. Poetry of the Shang dynasty mentions bells, chimes, drums, and globular flutes carved from bone, the latter of which has been excavated and preserved by archaeologists. The Zhou dynasty saw percussion instruments such as clappers, troughs, wooden fish, and yǔ (wooden tiger). Wind instruments such as flute, pan-pipes, pitch-pipes, and mouth organs also appeared in this time period. The xiao (an end-blown flute) and various other instruments that spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after the Han dynasty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06423282623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "Although civilizations in Central America attained a relatively high level of sophistication by the eleventh century AD, they lagged behind other civilizations in the development of musical instruments. For example, they had no stringed instruments; all of their instruments were idiophones, drums, and wind instruments such as flutes and trumpets. Of these, only the flute was capable of producing a melody. In contrast, pre-Columbian South American civilizations in areas such as modern-day Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile were less advanced culturally but more advanced musically. South American cultures of the time used pan-pipes as well as varieties of flutes, idiophones, drums, and shell or wood trumpets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619885444641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "During the period of time loosely referred to as the Middle Ages, China developed a tradition of integrating musical influence from other regions. The first record of this type of influence is in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in Turkestan. Influences from Middle East, Persia, India, Mongolia, and other countries followed. In fact, Chinese tradition attributes many musical instruments from this period to those regions and countries. Cymbals gained popularity, along with more advanced trumpets, clarinets, oboes, flutes, drums, and lutes. Some of the first bowed zithers appeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.392818450927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "India experienced similar development to China in the Middle Ages; however, stringed instruments developed differently as they accommodated different styles of music. While stringed instruments of China were designed to produce precise tones capable of matching the tones of chimes, stringed instruments of India were considerably more flexible. This flexibility suited the slides and tremolos of Hindu music. Rhythm was of paramount importance in Indian music of the time, as evidenced by the frequent depiction of drums in reliefs dating to the Middle Ages. The emphasis on rhythm is an aspect native to Indian music. Historians divide the development of musical instruments in medieval India between pre-Islamic and Islamic periods due to the different influence each period provided.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.466559410095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "* Idiophones, which produce sound by vibrating the primary body of the instrument itself; they are sorted into concussion, percussion, shaken, scraped, split, and plucked idiophones, such as claves, xylophone, guiro, slit drum, mbira, and rattle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.658727645874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "* Membranophones, which produce sound by a vibrating a stretched membrane; they may be drums (further sorted by the shape of the shell), which are struck by hand, with a stick, or rubbed, but kazoos and other instruments that use a stretched membrane for the primary sound (not simply to modify sound produced in another way) are also considered membranophones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.261659622192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "*Tenor instruments: trombone, tenor saxophone, guitar, tenor drum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765412330627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "*Bass instruments: double bass, bass guitar, bass saxophone, tuba, bass drum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815272331237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Drum", "passage": "The materials used in making musical instruments vary greatly by culture and application. Many of the materials have special significance owing to their source or rarity. Some cultures worked substances from the human body into their instruments. In ancient Mexico, for example, the material drums were made from might contain actual human body parts obtained from sacrificial offerings. In New Guinea, drum makers would mix human blood into the adhesive used to attach the membrane. Mulberry trees are held in high regard in China owing to their mythological significance—instrument makers would hence use them to make zithers. The Yakuts believe that making drums from trees struck by lightning gives them a special connection to nature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128677368164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" } ]

[ { "answer": "Schroeder", "passage": "The initial cast of Peanuts was small, featuring only Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty (not to be confused with Peppermint Patty) and (two days after the release of the first strip) a beagle, Snoopy. The first addition, Violet, was made on February 7, 1951. Other character introductions that soon followed were Schroeder, on May 30, 1951, as a baby; Lucy, on March 3, 1952; Lucy's baby brother Linus, on September 19, 1952 (after his existence was first mentioned back on July 14); and Pig-Pen, on July 13, 1954.", "precise_score": -5.0082292556762695, "rough_score": -4.428622722625732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Schroeder", "passage": "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe. It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.900231838226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Schroeder", "passage": "As the years went by, Shermy, Patty and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus debuted as very young children—with Schroeder and Linus both in diapers and pre-verbal. Snoopy also started to verbalize his thoughts via thought bubbles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.561074256896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Schroeder", "passage": "One recurring theme in the strip is Charlie Brown's neighborhood baseball team. Charlie Brown is the player-manager of the team and, usually, its pitcher, and Schroeder is the catcher. The other characters of the strip comprise the rest of the team, including Linus playing as second baseman and Lucy as right fielder. Charlie Brown is a terrible pitcher, often giving up tremendous hits which either knock him off the mound or leave him with only his shorts on. The team itself is also poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, being particularly competent. Because of this, the team consistently loses. However, while the team is often referred to as \"win-less,\" it does win at least ten games over the course of the strip's run, most of these when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact that Charlie Brown finds highly dispiriting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.904230117797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Schroeder", "passage": "In 1992 RCA Victor released an album of classical piano music ostensibly performed by Schroeder himself. Titled Schroeder's Greatest Hits, the album contains solo piano works by Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, and others, performed by John Miller, Ronnie Zito, Ken Bichel, and Nelly Kokinos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.005732536315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jungle Cruise", "passage": "Adventureland represents the mystery of exploring foreign lands. It is themed to resemble the remote jungles in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America and the South Pacific, with an extension resembling a Caribbean town square. It contains classic attractions such as Pirates of the Caribbean, the Jungle Cruise, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, the Swiss Family Treehouse, and The Magic Carpets of Aladdin.", "precise_score": -11.106194496154785, "rough_score": -9.902379989624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic Kingdom" } ]

[ { "answer": "Denmark", "passage": "From the start of the war, a British blockade on shipments to Germany affected the Reich economy. The Germans were particularly dependent on foreign supplies of oil, coal, and grain. To safeguard Swedish iron ore shipments to Germany, Hitler ordered an attack on Norway, which took place on 9 April 1940. Much of the country was occupied by German troops by the end of April. Also on 9 April, the Germans invaded and occupied Denmark.", "precise_score": -0.2089708149433136, "rough_score": 3.266103506088257, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Denmark", "passage": "The Germans reaffirmed their alliance with Italy and signed non-aggression pacts with Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia. Trade links were formalised with Romania, Norway, and Sweden. Hitler's foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, arranged in negotiations with the Soviet Union a non-aggression pact, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which was signed in August 1939. The treaty also contained secret protocols dividing Poland and the Baltic states into German and Soviet spheres of influence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3260416984558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Denmark", "passage": "The governments of Denmark, Norway (Reichskommissariat Norwegen), and the Netherlands (Reichskommissariat Niederlande) were placed under civilian administrations staffed largely by natives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033255577087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Denmark", "passage": "In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden, which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters. Denmark capitulated after a few hours, and despite Allied support, during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans, Norway was conquered within two months. British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.611135721206665, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Denmark", "passage": "In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks (27.8 billion US Dollars) by the end of the war, this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871742248535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" } ]

[ { "answer": "False", "passage": "A common urban legend claims that duck quacks do not echo; however, this has been shown to be false. This myth was first debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 as part of the British Association's Festival of Science. It was also debunked in one of the earlier episodes of the popular Discovery Channel television show MythBusters. ", "precise_score": 9.467220306396484, "rough_score": 5.473752498626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duck" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Dense forest around the mountain provided bases for Korean armed resistance against the Japanese occupation, and later communist guerrillas during the Korean War. Kim Il-sung organized his resistance against the Japanese forces there, and North Korea claims that Kim Jong-il was born there, although records outside of North Korea suggest that he was actually born in the Soviet Union. ", "precise_score": -10.23337459564209, "rough_score": -9.68960952758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paektu Mountain" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "There are a number of monuments on the North Korean side of the mountain. Baekdu Spa is a natural spring and is used for bottled water. Pegae Hill is a camp site of the Korean People's Revolutionary Army () allegedly led by Kim Il-sung during their struggle against Japanese colonial rule. There are also a number of secret camps which are now open to the public. There are several waterfalls, including the Hyongje Falls which splits into two separate falls about a third of the way from the top. In 1992, on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Kim Il-sung, a gigantic sign consisting of metal letters reading \"Holy mountain of the revolution\" was erected on the side of the mountain. North Koreans claim that steps that lead to the top of the mountain contain 216 steps — symbolizing Kim Jong-il's date of birth, 16 February — but in reality there are more steps. ", "precise_score": -2.564439296722412, "rough_score": -1.2208071947097778, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paektu Mountain" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Kim Jong-il (; 16 February 1941/1942 – 17 December 2011) was the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly referred to as North Korea, from 1994 to 2011. By the early 1980s Kim had become the heir apparent for the leadership of the country and assumed important posts in the party and army organs. He succeeded his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung, following the elder Kim's death in 1994. Kim Jong-il was the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), Chairman of the National Defence Commission (NDC) of North Korea, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army (KPA), the fourth-largest standing army in the world. Kim's leadership is thought to have been even more dictatorial than his father's.", "precise_score": -10.980792045593262, "rough_score": -9.022818565368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Soviet records show that Kim was born Yuri Irsenovich Kim (; Jurij Irsenovič Kim)http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0607/05/i_ins.01.html in the village of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk, in 1941, where his father, Kim Il-sung, commanded the 1st Battalion of the Soviet 88th Brigade, made up of Chinese and Korean exiles. Kim Jong-il's mother, Kim Jong-suk, was Kim Il-sung's first wife. Inside his family, he was nicknamed Yura, while his younger brother Kim Man-il (born Alexander Irsenovich Kim) was nicknamed Shura.", "precise_score": -11.120999336242676, "rough_score": -9.687006950378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "However, Kim Jong-il's official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Paektu Mountain (; Baekdusan Miryeong Gohyang jip) in Japanese-occupied Korea on 16 February 1942. According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year. ", "precise_score": -5.956376075744629, "rough_score": -3.49771785736084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Kim Jong-il was the focus of an elaborate personality cult inherited from his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung. Kim Jong-il was often the centre of attention throughout ordinary life in the DPRK. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date of birth), mass celebrations occurred throughout the country on the occasion of his Hwangab. In 2010, the North Korean media reported that Kim's distinctive clothing had set worldwide fashion trends. ", "precise_score": -10.904375076293945, "rough_score": -8.725558280944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "It was reported that Kim Jong-il had died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 8:30a.m. while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang. It was reported in December 2012, however, that he had died \"in a fit of rage\" over construction faults at a crucial power plant project at Huichon in Jagang Province. He was succeeded by his youngest son Kim Jong-un, who was hailed by the Korean Central News Agency as the \"Great Successor\". According to the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), during his death a fierce snowstorm paused and the sky glowed red above the sacred Mount Paektu. The ice on a famous lake also cracked so loud that it seemed to shake the Heavens and the Earth. ", "precise_score": -10.942178726196289, "rough_score": -9.21373176574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Kim Jong-il's funeral took place on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period lasting until the following day. South Korea's military was immediately put on alert after the announcement and its National Security Council convened for an emergency meeting, out of concern that political jockeying in North Korea could destabilise the region. Asian stock markets fell soon after the announcement, due to similar concerns.", "precise_score": -10.699490547180176, "rough_score": -7.6189751625061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "The Dear Leader", "passage": "In April 2009, North Korea's constitution was amended to officially refer to him (and his later successors) as the \"supreme leader of the DPRK\". The most common colloquial title given to him during his reign was \"The Dear Leader\" to distinguish him from his father Kim Il-sung, \"The Great Leader\". Following Kim's failure to appear at important public events in 2008, foreign observers assumed that Kim had either fallen seriously ill or died. On 19 December 2011, the North Korean government announced that he had died two days earlier, whereupon his third son, Kim Jong-un, was promoted to a senior position in the ruling WPK and succeeded him. After his death, he was designated as the \"Eternal General Secretary\" of the WPK and the \"Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission\", in keeping with the tradition of establishing eternal posts for the dead members of the Kim dynasty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.722684860229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In 1945, Kim was four years old when World War II ended and Korea regained independence from Japan. His father returned to Pyongyang that September, and in late November Kim returned to Korea via a Soviet ship, landing at Sonbong. The family moved into a former Japanese officer's mansion in Pyongyang, with a garden and pool. Kim Jong-il's brother drowned there in 1948.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352770805358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "By the time of the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980, Kim Jong-il's control of the Party operation was complete. He was given senior posts in the Politburo, the Military Commission and the party Secretariat. According to his official biography, the WPK Central Committee had already anointed him successor to Kim Il-sung in February 1974. When he was made a member of the Seventh Supreme People's Assembly in February 1982, international observers deemed him the heir apparent of North Korea. Prior to 1980, he had no public profile and was referred to only as the \"Party Centre\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031156539916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "At this time Kim assumed the title \"Dear Leader\" () the government began building a personality cult around him patterned after that of his father, the \"Great Leader\". Kim Jong-il was regularly hailed by the media as the \"fearless leader\" and \"the great successor to the revolutionary cause\". He emerged as the most powerful figure behind his father in North Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.737176895141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "On 24 December 1991, Kim was also named Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. Since the Army is the real foundation of power in North Korea, this was a vital step. Defence Minister Oh Jin-wu, one of Kim Il-sung's most loyal subordinates, engineered Kim Jong-il's acceptance by the Army as the next leader of North Korea, despite his lack of military service. The only other possible leadership candidate, Prime Minister Kim Il (no relation), was removed from his posts in 1976. In 1992, Kim Il-sung publicly stated that his son was in charge of all internal affairs in the Democratic People's Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.491799354553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "According to defector Hwang Jang-yop, the North Korean government system became even more centralized and autocratic during the 1980s and 1990s under Kim Jong-il than it had been under his father. In one example explained by Hwang, although Kim Il-sung required his ministers to be loyal to him, he nonetheless and frequently sought their advice during decision-making. In contrast, Kim Jong-il demanded absolute obedience and agreement from his ministers and party officials with no advice or compromise, and he viewed any slight deviation from his thinking as a sign of disloyalty. According to Hwang, Kim Jong-il personally directed even minor details of state affairs, such as the size of houses for party secretaries and the delivery of gifts to his subordinates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79491138458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "South Korea accused Kim of ordering the 1983 bombing in Rangoon, Burma which killed 17 visiting South Korean officials, including four cabinet members, and another in 1987 which killed all 115 on board Korean Air Flight 858. A North Korean agent, Kim Hyon Hui, confessed to planting a bomb in the case of the second, saying the operation was ordered by Kim Jong-il personally. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839799880981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In 1992, Kim Jong-il made his first public speech during a military parade for the KPA's 60th anniversary and said: \"Glory to the officers and soldiers of the heroic Korean People's Army!\" These words were followed by a loud applause by the crowd at Pyongyang's Kim Il-sung Square were the parade was held.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.477361679077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "On 8 July 1994, Kim il-sung died at the age of 82 from a heart attack. Although Kim Jong-il had been his father's designated successor as early as 1974 and was the undisputed heir apparent since 1991, it took him more than three years to consolidate his power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850643157958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "He officially took over his father's old post as General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea on 8 October 1997. In 1998, he was reelected as chairman of the National Defence Commission, and a constitutional amendment declared that post to be \"the highest post of the state\"; most sources outside North Korea reckoned Kim as North Korea's head of state from that date. Also in 1998, the Supreme People's Assembly wrote the president's post out of the constitution and designated Kim Il-sung as the country's \"Eternal President\" in order to honor his memory forever. It can be argued, though, that Kim Jong-il became the country's undisputed leader when he became leader of the Workers' Party; in most Communist countries the party leader is the most powerful person in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.296393394470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Officially, Kim was part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Choe Yong-rim and parliament chairman Kim Yong-nam (no relation). Each nominally held powers equivalent to a third of a president's powers in most other presidential systems. Kim Jong-il commanded the armed forces, Choe Yong-rim headed the government and handled domestic affairs and Kim Yong-nam handled foreign relations. In practice, however, Kim Jong-il exercised absolute control over the government and the country. Although not required to stand for popular election to his key offices, he was unanimously elected to the Supreme People's Assembly every five years, representing a military constituency, due to his concurrent capacities as supreme commander of the KPA and chairman of the NDC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56527328491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In 2002, Kim Jong-il declared that \"money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities.\" These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059505462646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung implemented the \"Sunshine Policy\" to improve North-South relations and to allow South Korean companies to start projects in the North. Kim Jong-il announced plans to import and develop new technologies to develop North Korea's fledgling software industry. As a result of the new policy, the Kaesong Industrial Park was constructed in 2003 just north of the de-militarized zone, with the planned participation of 250 South Korean companies, employing 100,000 North Koreans, by 2007. However, by March 2007, the Park contained only 21 companiesemploying 12,000 North Korean workers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652092933654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In 1994, North Korea and the United States signed an Agreed Framework which was designed to freeze and eventually dismantle the North's nuclear weapons program in exchange for aid in producing two power-generating nuclear reactors. In 2002, Kim Jong-il's government admitted to having produced nuclear weapons since the 1994 agreement. Kim's regime argued the secret production was necessary for security purposesciting the presence of United States-owned nuclear weapons in South Korea and the new tensions with the United States under President George W. Bush. On 9 October 2006, North Korea's Korean Central News Agency announced that it had successfully conducted an underground nuclear test.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629493713378906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "The prevailing point of view is that the people's adherence to Kim Jong-il's cult of personality was solely out of respect for Kim Il-sung or out of fear of punishment for failure to pay homage. Media and government sources from outside North Korea generally support this view, while North Korean government sources aver that it was genuine hero worship. The song \"No Motherland Without You\", sung by the KPA State Merited Choir, was created especially for Kim in 1992 and is frequently broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389688491821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly Shūkan Gendai, Waseda University professor Toshimitsu Shigemura, an authority on the Korean Peninsula, claimed that Kim Jong-il died of diabetes in late 2003 and had been replaced in public appearances by one or more stand-ins previously employed to protect him from assassination attempts. In a subsequent best-selling book, The True Character of Kim Jong-il, Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close to Kim's family along with Japanese and South Korean intelligence sources, claiming they confirmed Kim's diabetes took a turn for the worse early in 2000 and from then until his supposed death three and a half years later he was using a wheelchair. Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking in 2004 did not match a known earlier recording. It was also noted that Kim Jong-il did not appear in public for the Olympic torch relay in Pyongyang on 28 April 2008. The question had reportedly \"baffled foreign intelligence agencies for years.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.249874114990234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "A former CIA official said earlier reports of a health crisis were likely accurate. North Korean media remained silent on the issue. An Associated Press report said analysts believed Kim had been supporting moderates in the foreign ministry, while North Korea's powerful military was against so-called \"Six-Party\" negotiations with China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States aimed towards ridding North Korea of nuclear weapons. Some United States officials noted that soon after rumours about Kim's health were publicized a month before, North Korea had taken a \"tougher line in nuclear negotiations.\" In late August North Korea's official news agency reported the government would \"consider soon a step to restore the nuclear facilities in Nyongbyon to their original state as strongly requested by its relevant institutions.\" Analysts said this meant \"the military may have taken the upper hand and that Kim might no longer be wielding absolute authority.\" By 10 September, there were conflicting reports. Unidentified South Korean government officials said Kim had undergone surgery after suffering a minor stroke and had apparently \"intended to attend 9 September event in the afternoon but decided not to because of the aftermath of the surgery.\" High-ranking North Korean official Kim Yong-nam said, \"While we wanted to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the country with general secretary Kim Jong-Il, we celebrated on our own.\" Song Il-Ho, North Korea's ambassador said, \"We see such reports as not only worthless, but rather as a conspiracy plot.\" Seoul's Chosun Ilbo newspaper reported that \"the South Korean embassy in Beijing had received an intelligence report that Kim collapsed on 22 August.\" The New York Times reported on 9 September that Kim was \"very ill and most likely suffered a stroke a few weeks ago, but United States intelligence authorities do not think his death is imminent.\" The BBC noted that the North Korean government denied these reports, stating that Kim's health problems were \"not serious enough to threaten his life\", although they did confirm that he had suffered a stroke on 15 August. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48158073425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "On 2 June 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-il's youngest son, Kim Jong-un, was to be North Korea's next leader. Like his father and grandfather, he has also been given an official sobriquet, The Brilliant Comrade. Prior to his death, it had been reported that Kim Jong-il was expected to officially designate the son as his successor in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.459548950195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "There were speculations that the visits of Kim Jong-il abroad in 2010 and 2011 were a sign of his improving health, and a possible slowdown in succession might follow. After the visit to Russia, Kim Jong-il appeared in a military parade in Pyongyang on 9 September, accompanied by Kim Jong-un. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80561351776123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "There is no official information available about Kim Jong-il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married once and to have had three mistresses. He had three known sons: Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-chul, Kim Jong-un. His two known daughters are Kim Sul-song and Kim Yo-jong. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898320198059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "Kim's first mistress, Song Hye-rim, was a star of North Korean films. She was already married to another man and with a child when they met; Kim is reported to have forced her husband to divorce her. This relationship, started in 1970, was not officially recognized. They had one son, Kim Jong-nam (born 1971) who is Kim Jong-il's eldest son. Kim kept both the relationship and the child a secret (even from his father Kim Il-sung) until Kim ascended to power in 1994. However, after years of estrangement, Song is believed to have died in Moscow in the Central Clinical Hospital in 2002. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090845108032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "After Ko's death, Kim lived with Kim Ok, his third mistress, who had served as his personal secretary since the 1980s. She \"virtually acts as North Korea's first lady\" and frequently accompanied Kim on his visits to military bases and in meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries. She traveled with Kim Jong-il on a secretive trip to China in January 2006, where she was received by Chinese officials as Kim's wife. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639967918395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong il", "passage": "According to Michael Breen, author of the book \"Kim Jong Il: North Korea's Dear Leader,\" the women intimately linked to Kim never acquired any power or influence of consequence. As he explains, their roles were limited to that of romance and domesticity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624184608459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In a 2011 news story, The Sun reported \"Kim Jong-il was obsessed with Elvis Presley. His mansion was crammed with his idol's records and his collection of 20,000 Hollywood movies included Presley's titlesalong with Rambo and Godzilla. He even copied the King's Vegas-era look of giant shades, jumpsuits and bouffant hairstyle. It was reported in 2003 that Kim Jong-il had a huge porn film collection.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857233047485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "United States Special Envoy for the Korean Peace Talks, Charles Kartman, who was involved in the 2000 Madeleine Albright summit with Kim, characterised Kim as a reasonable man in negotiations, to the point, but with a sense of humor and personally attentive to the people he was hosting. However, psychological evaluations conclude that Kim Jong-il's antisocial features, such as his fearlessness in the face of sanctions and punishment, served to make negotiations extraordinarily difficult. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.922314643859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "The field of psychology has long been fascinated with the personality assessment of dictators, a notion that resulted in an extensive personality evaluation of Kim Jong-il. The report, compiled by Frederick L. Coolidge and Daniel L. Segal (with the assistance of a South Korean psychiatrist considered an expert on Kim Jong-il's behavior), concluded that the \"big six\" group of personality disorders shared by dictators Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein (sadistic, paranoid, antisocial, narcissistic, schizoid and schizotypal) were also shared by Kim Jong-ilcoinciding primarily with the profile of Saddam Hussein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830581665039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "The evaluation found Kim Jong-il appeared to pride himself on North Korea's independence, despite the extreme hardships it appears to place on the North Korean peoplean attribute appearing to emanate from his antisocial personality pattern. This notion also encourages other cognitive issues, such as self-deception, as subsidiary components to Kim Jong-il's personality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771467208862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "On 12 January 2012, North Korea called Kim Jong-il the \"eternal leader\" and announced that his body will be preserved and displayed at Pyongyang's Kumsusan Memorial Palace. Officials will also install statues, portraits, and \"towers to his immortality\" across the country. His birthday of 16 February has been declared \"the greatest auspicious holiday of the nation\", and has been named the Day of the Shining Star. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796961784362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" }, { "answer": "Kim Jong-Il", "passage": "In February 2012, on what would have been his 71st birthday, Kim Jong-il was posthumously made Dae Wonsu (usually translated as Generalissimo, literally Grand Marshal), the nation's top military rank. He had been named Wonsu (Marshal) in 1992 when North Korean founder Kim Il-sung was promoted to Dae Wonsu. Also in February 2012, the North Korean government created the Order of Kim Jong-il in his honor and awarded it to 132 individuals for services in building a \"thriving socialist nation\" and for increasing defense capabilities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.538385391235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Jong-il" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pipeye, Pupeye, Poopeye, Peepeye", "passage": "* Pipeye, Pupeye, Poopeye, Peepeye (Popeye's identical nephews)", "precise_score": 7.305795669555664, "rough_score": 7.420828819274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Popeye" } ]

[ { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Appaloosa is an American horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex.", "precise_score": -0.4469590187072754, "rough_score": -2.468494415283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Nez Perce lost most of their horses after the Nez Perce War in 1877, and the breed fell into decline for several decades. A small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the foundation bloodstock of the registry; its partially open stud book allows the addition of some Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood.", "precise_score": -2.311406373977661, "rough_score": -2.7814114093780518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States; it was named the official state horse of Idaho in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have been used in many movies; an Appaloosa is the mascot for the Florida State Seminoles. Appaloosa bloodlines have influenced other horse breeds, including the Pony of the Americas, the Nez Perce Horse, and several gaited horse breeds.", "precise_score": 0.18050557374954224, "rough_score": -3.325951337814331, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, preferred leopard complex-spotted coat. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive, \"core\" characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and eyes with a white sclera. Skin mottling is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus, and genitalia. Striped hooves are a common trait, quite noticeable on Appaloosas, but not unique to the breed. The sclera is the part of the eye surrounding the iris; although all horses show white around the eye if the eye is rolled back, to have a readily visible white sclera with the eye in a normal position is a distinctive characteristic seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Because the occasional individual is born with little or no visible spotting pattern, the ApHC allows \"regular\" registration of horses with mottled skin plus at least one of the other core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no \"identifiable Appaloosa characteristics\" are registered as \"non-characteristic,\" a limited special registration status.", "precise_score": -3.823570966720581, "rough_score": -3.7873032093048096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "There is a wide range of body types in the Appaloosa, in part because the leopard complex characteristics are its primary identifying factors, and also because several different horse breeds influenced its development. The weight range varies from 950 to, and heights from . However, the ApHC does not allow pony or draft breeding.", "precise_score": -2.103602409362793, "rough_score": -3.947970390319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The original \"old time\" or \"old type\" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse. The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the \"pied\" horses popular in that period and shipped en masse to the Americas once the color had become unfashionable in Europe. These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain. The original Appaloosa tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of Charles V. The old-type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy forced the Indians to become farmers and provided them with draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions. The original Appaloosas frequently had a sparse mane and tail, but that was not a primary characteristic as many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails. There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, although the precise relationship is unknown.", "precise_score": -2.485532760620117, "rough_score": -5.601214408874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "After the formation of the Appaloosa Horse Club in 1938, a more modern type developed after the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle. An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses more suited for racing. Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, \"rat tail\" trait, and therefore modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.", "precise_score": -0.2366984635591507, "rough_score": 2.8459372520446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with an overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino, buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the \"leopard complex\", that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin, and are often surrounded by a \"halo\", where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.", "precise_score": -2.840949773788452, "rough_score": -4.602975845336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair. In addition, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little color pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they get older.", "precise_score": -7.592973232269287, "rough_score": -4.929971694946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-colored horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings, but because pinto genes may cover-up or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to horses with excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all be present in the same horse. The Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other. ", "precise_score": -4.478498935699463, "rough_score": -5.918065547943115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "A significant crossbreeding influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early registration lists that show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the ApHC. For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by W.K. Kellogg from horses imported from the Crabbet Arabian Stud of England. Ferras sired Red Eagle, a prominent Appaloosa stallion added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse lines were added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including Morgans and Standardbreds. In 1983 the ApHC reduced the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian horse, the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred.", "precise_score": -2.3501625061035156, "rough_score": -1.6563613414764404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Located in Moscow, Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an international organization. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in many South American and European countries, as well as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel. The Appaloosa Horse Club has 33,000 members as of 2010, circulation of the Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types of membership, was at 32,;00 in 2008. The American Appaloosa Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the registration of plain-colored horses, as a result of the color rule controversy. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of more than 2,000 as of 2008. Other \"Appaloosa\" registries have been founded for horses with leopard complex genetics that are not affiliated with the ApHC. These registries tend to have different foundation breeding and histories than the North American Appaloosa. The ApHC is by far the largest Appaloosa horse registry, and it hosts one of the world's largest breed shows.", "precise_score": -4.022599220275879, "rough_score": -5.022842884063721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Appaloosa is \"a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern\". In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a \"color preference\". Appaloosas are not strictly a \"color breed\". All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of Appaloosa-colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for \"hardship registration\" for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least . If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration.", "precise_score": -1.4591094255447388, "rough_score": -2.386566400527954, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives \"regular\" registration: striped hooves, white sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic \"...is a very basic and decisive indication of an Appaloosa.\" Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic, are registered with \"regular\" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern and characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a \"non-characteristic\" Appaloosa. These solid-colored, \"non-characteristic\" Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays a supplementary fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP). Solid-colored Appaloosas are restricted in breeding.", "precise_score": -5.668629169464111, "rough_score": -6.2017621994018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Appaloosas are used extensively for both Western and English riding. Western competitions include cutting, reining, roping and O-Mok-See sports such as barrel racing (known as the Camas Prairie Stump Race in Appaloosa-only competition) and pole bending (called the Nez Percé Stake Race at breed shows). English disciplines they are used in include eventing, show jumping, and fox hunting. They are common in endurance riding competitions, as well as in casual trail riding. Appaloosas are also bred for horse racing, with an active breed racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards and ; an Appaloosa holds the all-breed record for the distance, set in 1989. ", "precise_score": -1.2954362630844116, "rough_score": -2.108388662338257, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Appaloosas are often used in Western movies and television series. Examples include \"Cojo Rojo\" in the Marlon Brando film The Appaloosa, \"Zip Cochise\" ridden by John Wayne in the 1966 film El Dorado and \"Cowboy\", the mount of Matt Damon in True Grit. An Appaloosa horse is part of the controversial mascot team for the Florida State Seminoles, Chief Osceola and Renegade, even though the Seminole people were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses. ", "precise_score": -2.94916033744812, "rough_score": -4.78191614151001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "There are several American horse breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry. These include the Pony of the Americas and the Colorado Ranger. Appaloosas are crossbred with gaited horse breeds in an attempt to create a leopard-spotted ambling horse. Because such crossbred offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, their owners have formed breed registries for horses with leopard complex patterns and gaited ability. In 1995 the Nez Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the Nez Perce Horse, based on crossbreeding the Appaloosa with the Akhal-Teke breed from Central Asia. Appaloosa stallions have been exported to Denmark, to add new blood to the Knabstrup breed. ", "precise_score": -3.776749610900879, "rough_score": -5.786948204040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25 percent of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Eighty percent of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas with physical characteristics including roan or light-colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting the most at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease. ", "precise_score": -4.890223503112793, "rough_score": -5.46112585067749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "*State horse – Tennessee Walking Horse", "precise_score": -2.9881913661956787, "rough_score": -6.39871072769165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "The Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding, and compete today in many other fields of equestrian sport. They are one of the top ten most popular horse breeds in the world. They are now found worldwide, including the United States and Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South America (especially Brazil), and their land of origin, the Middle East.", "precise_score": -3.793710947036743, "rough_score": -5.619466304779053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "For centuries, Arabian horses lived in the desert in close association with humans. For shelter and protection from theft, prized war mares were sometimes kept in their owner's tent, close to children and everyday family life. Only horses with a naturally good disposition were allowed to reproduce, with the result that Arabians today have a good temperament that, among other examples, makes them one of the few breeds where the United States Equestrian Federation rules allow children to exhibit stallions in nearly all show ring classes, including those limited to riders under 18.Stallions may be shown in most youth classes, except for 8 and under walk-trot: [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/05-AR.pdf 2008 USEF Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo-Arabian Division Rule Book, Rule AR-112]Breeds not allowing stallions in youth classes include, but are not limited to, [http://www.aqha.com/Resources/Handbook.aspx Rule 404(c) American Quarter Horse]; [http://www.appaloosa.com/pdfs/rulebook12.pdf Rule 607 Appaloosa]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/26-SB.pdf SB-126 Saddlebreds]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/23-PF.pdf PF-106 Paso Finos - no children under 13]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/20-MO.pdf MO-104 Morgans]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/19-JH.pdfJH 101 Children's and Junior Hunters]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/17-HP.pdf HP-101 Hunter Pony]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/14-HK.pdf HK-101 Hackney]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/13-FR.pdf FR-101 Friesians]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/11-EQ.pdf EQ-102 Equitation - stallions prohibited except if limited only to breeds that allow stallions]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/07-CP.pdf CP-108 Carriage and Pleasure Driving]; [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/30-WS.pdf WS 101 Western division]. Other breeds allowing stallions in youth classes include [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/04-AL.pdf AL-101, Andalusians], [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/06-CO.pdf CO-103 Connemaras] and [http://www.usef.org/documents/ruleBook/2008/30-WS.pdf (WL 115 and WL 139 Welch pony and cob]", "precise_score": -7.506402015686035, "rough_score": -4.8846845626831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Purebred Arabians never carry dilution genes.Beaver, Horse color, p. 98 Therefore, purebreds cannot be colors such as dun, cremello, palomino or buckskin.Gower, Horse Color Explained, p. 30 However, there is pictorial evidence from pottery and tombs in Ancient Egypt suggesting that spotting patterns may have existed on ancestral Arabian-type horses in antiquity.Edwards, The Arabian, p. 5 Nonetheless, purebred Arabians today do not carry genes for pinto or Leopard complex (\"Appaloosa\") spotting patterns, except for sabino.", "precise_score": -4.076109409332275, "rough_score": -2.3238043785095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "There are six known genetic disorders in Arabian horses. Two are inevitably fatal, two are not inherently fatal but are disabling and usually result in euthanasia of the affected animal; the remaining conditions can usually be treated. Three are thought to be autosomal recessive conditions, which means that the flawed gene is not sex-linked and has to come from both parents for an affected foal to be born; the others currently lack sufficient research data to determine the precise mode of inheritance. Arabians are not the only breed of horse to have problems with inherited diseases; fatal or disabling genetic conditions also exist in many other breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, American Saddlebred, Appaloosa, Miniature horse, and Belgian.", "precise_score": -4.207716464996338, "rough_score": -5.55256986618042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabian horses today are found all over the world. They are no longer classified by Bedouin strain, but are informally classified by the nation of origin of famed horses in a given pedigree. Popular types of Arabians are labeled \"Polish\", \"Spanish\", \"Crabbet\", \"Russian\", \"Egyptian\", and \"Domestic\" (describing horses whose ancestors were imported to the United States prior to 1944, including those from programs such as Kellogg, Davenport, Maynesboro, Babson, Dickenson and Selby). In the USA, a specific mixture of Crabbet, Maynesboro and Kellogg bloodlines has acquired the copyrighted designation \"CMK.\"", "precise_score": -3.543748378753662, "rough_score": -5.501989364624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Because of the genetic strength of the desert-bred Arabian horse, Arabian bloodlines have played a part in the development of nearly every modern light horse breed, including the Thoroughbred, Orlov Trotter,Archer, Arabian Horse, pp.113–114 Morgan,Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 115 American Saddlebred, American Quarter Horse, and Warmblood breeds such as the Trakehner.Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 114 Arabian bloodlines have also influenced the development of the Welsh Pony, the Australian Stock Horse, Percheron draft horse, Appaloosa, and the Colorado Ranger Horse.", "precise_score": -3.607356548309326, "rough_score": -3.892857789993286, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabians are versatile horses that compete in many equestrian fields, including horse racing, the horse show disciplines of saddle seat, Western pleasure, and hunt seat, as well as dressage, cutting, reining, endurance riding, show jumping, eventing, youth events such as equitation, and others. They are used as pleasure riding, trail riding, and working ranch horses for those who are not interested in competition.", "precise_score": -3.9272379875183105, "rough_score": -5.856460094451904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Artwork depicting prehistoric horses with leopard spotting exists in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe. Images of domesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns appeared in artwork from Ancient Greece and Han dynasty China through the early modern period; the Nez Perce people of what today is the United States Pacific Northwest developed the original American breed. Appaloosas were once referred to by settlers as the \"Palouse horse\", possibly after the Palouse River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into \"Appaloosa\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6331048011779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The ApHC also recognizes the concept of a \"solid\" horse, which has a base color \"but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern\". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopard complex characteristic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0076212882995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of the dominant \"leopard complex\" (LP) gene. The use of the word \"complex\" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present. LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than homozygous horses, but this is not consistent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.592811584472656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.421798706054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Recent research has suggested that Eurasian prehistoric cave paintings depicting leopard-spotted horses may have accurately reflected a phenotype of ancient wild horse. Domesticated horses with leopard complex spotting patterns have been depicted in art dating as far back as Ancient Greece, Ancient Persia, and the Han Dynasty in China; later depictions appeared in 11th-century France and 12th-century England. French paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries show horses with spotted coats being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of Louis XIV of France. In mid-18th-century Europe, there was a great demand for horses with the leopard complex spotting pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship, for parade use, and other forms of display. Modern horse breeds in Europe today that have leopard complex spotting include the Knabstrupper and the Pinzgau, or Noriker horse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893604278564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist. The Conquistadors and Spanish settlers then brought some vividly marked horses to the Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century. One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez, and additional spotted horses were mentioned by Spanish writers by 1604. Others arrived in the western hemisphere when spotted horses went out of style in late 18th-century Europe, and were shipped to Mexico, California and Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331355094909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington, Oregon, and western Idaho, where they engaged in agriculture as well as horse breeding. The Nez Perce first obtained horses from the Shoshone around 1730. They took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes that actively used the practice of gelding inferior male horses and trading away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool, and thus were notable as horse breeders by the early 19th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348771095275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition wrote in his February 15, 1806, journal entry: \"Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers and would make a figure in any country.\" Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, \"... some of these horses are pided [pied] with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey or some other dark colour\". By \"pied\", Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa, though Lewis also noted that \"much the larger portion are of a uniform colour\". The Appaloosa Horse Club estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, by the late 19th century they had many spotted horses. As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as \"elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince.\" At a time when ordinary horses could be purchased for $15, non-Indians who had purchased Appaloosa horses from the Nez Perce turned down offers of as much as $600.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.300763130187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark, but the encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce. Although a treaty of 1855 originally allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land allotted to them by 90 percent. The Nez Perce who refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as Chief Joseph. Tensions rose, and in May 1877, General Oliver Howard called a council and ordered the non-treaty bands to move to the reservation. Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877, had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho. But on that day a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers, which led to the Nez Perce War. After several small battles in Idaho, more than 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, took 2000 head of various livestock including horses and fled into Montana, then traveled southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park. A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana. They then moved northeast and attempted to seek refuge with the Crow Nation; rebuffed, they headed for safety in Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336505889892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Throughout this journey of about 1400 mi the Nez Perce relied heavily on their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses. The journey came to an end when they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains in Montana, 40 mi from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Colonel Nelson A. Miles had led an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. On October 5, 1877, after a five-day fight, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over. With most of the war chiefs dead, and the noncombatants cold and starving, Joseph declared that he would \"fight no more forever\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.738197326660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took more than 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could and shot many of the rest. But a significant population of horses had been left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat, and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservation lands in north central Idaho, were allowed few horses, and were required by the Army to crossbreed to draft horses in an attempt to create farm horses. The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosas. In the late 20th century, they began a program to develop a new horse breed, the Nez Perce horse, with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.177499771118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct breed for almost 60 years. A few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by settlers and used as working ranch horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment, such as Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The horses were originally called \"Palouse horses\" by settlers, a reference to the Palouse River that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into \"Apalouse\", and then \"Appaloosa\". Other early variations of the name included \"Appalucy\", \"Apalousey\" and \"Appaloosie\". In one 1948 book, the breed was called the \"Opelousa horse\", described as a \"hardy tough breed of Indian and Spanish horse\" used by backwoodsmen of the late 18th century to transport goods to New Orleans for sale. By the 1950s, \"Appaloosa\" was regarded as the correct spelling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.984951972961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "The Appaloosa came to the attention of the general public in January 1937 in Western Horseman magazine when Francis D. Haines, a history professor from Lewiston, Idaho, published an article describing the breed's history and urging its preservation. Haines had performed extensive research, traveling with a friend and Appaloosa aficionado named George Hatley, visiting numerous Nez Perce villages, collecting history, and taking photographs. The article generated strong interest in the horse breed, and led to the founding of the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938. The registry was originally housed in Moro, Oregon; but in 1947 the organization moved to Moscow, Idaho, under the leadership of George Hatley. The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of the Appaloosa horse. The Western Horseman magazine, and particularly its longtime publisher, Dick Spencer, continued to support and promote the breed through many subsequent articles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.475934982299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "By 1978 the ApHC was the third largest horse registry for light horse breeds. From 1938 to 2007 more than 670,000 Appaloosas were registered by the ApHC. The state of Idaho adopted the Appaloosa as its official state horse on March 25, 1975, when Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed the enabling legislation. Idaho also offers a custom license plate featuring an Appaloosa, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.27780818939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) and the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) were in their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs. At the same time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse parents would sometimes produce what Quarter Horse aficionados call a \"cropout\", a foal with white coloration similar to that of an Appaloosa or Pinto. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. The ApHC did accept cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the American Paint Horse Association. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.890859603881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC's decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or \"non-characteristic\" Appaloosas to be registered resulted in substantial debate within the Appaloosa breeding community. Until then, a foal of Appaloosa parents that had insufficient color was often denied registration, although non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry. But breeder experience had shown that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa. In addition, many horses with a solid coat exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera, and striped hooves. The controversy stirred by the ApHC's decision was intense. In 1983 a number of Appaloosa breeders opposed to the registration of solid-colored horses formed the American Appaloosa Association, a breakaway organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.136715888977051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In 2007 the ApHC implemented new drug rules allowing Appaloosas to show with the drugs furosemide, known by the trade name of Lasix, and acetazolamide. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing. Acetazolamide (\"Acet\") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), and prevents affected animals from having seizures. Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place HYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January 1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their registration papers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7453031539917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Both drugs are controversial, in part because they are considered drug maskers and diuretics that can make it difficult to detect the presence of other drugs in the horse's system. On one side, it is argued that the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different horse breeds, Note: Specifically lists Furosemide. and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), which governs international and Olympic equestrian competition, ban the use of furosemide. On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association, American Paint Horse Association, and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America, The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses. allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used within 24 hours of showing under certain circumstances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230990409851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Appaloosa" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Tennessee is also home to Bristol Motor Speedway which features NASCAR Sprint Cup racing two weekends a year, routinely selling out more than 160,000 seats on each date; it also was the home of the Nashville Superspeedway, which held Nationwide and Indy Racing League races until it was shut down in 2012. Tennessee's only graded stakes horse race, the Iroquois Steeplechase, is also held in Nashville each May.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.263090133666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennessee" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Arabian or Arab horse ( , DMG ḥiṣān ʿarabī) is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive head shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with archaeological evidence of horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to improve other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance, and strong bone. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every modern breed of riding horse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.604183197021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Arabian developed in a desert climate and was prized by the nomadic Bedouin people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter and protection from theft. Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form a cooperative relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn, and willing to please. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a horse used for raiding and war. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence and respect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.526468276977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a broad forehead, large eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles. Most display a distinctive concave, or \"dished\" profile. Many Arabians also have a slight forehead bulge between their eyes, called the jibbah by the Bedouin, that adds additional sinus capacity, believed to have helped the Arabian horse in its native dry desert climate. Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 89–92 Another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean throatlatch. This structure of the poll and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin. In the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.587484359741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Other distinctive features are a relatively long, level croup, or top of the hindquarters, and naturally high tail carriage. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct equine conformation. Well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder.Edwards, Gladys Brown (January 1989). \"How I Would 'Build' an Arabian Stallion\". Arabian Horse World. p. 542. Reprinted in Parkinson, pp. 157–158. Within the breed, there are variations. Some individuals have wider, more powerfully muscled hindquarters suitable for intense bursts of activity in events such as reining, while others have longer, leaner muscling better suited for long stretches of flat work such as endurance riding or horse racing. Most have a compact body with a short back. Arabians usually have dense, strong bone, and good hoof walls. They are especially noted for their endurance,Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 245–246 and the superiority of the breed in Endurance riding competition demonstrates that well-bred Arabians are strong, sound horses with superior stamina. At international FEI-sponsored endurance events, Arabians and half-Arabians are the dominant performers in distance competition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.081195831298828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Some Arabians, though not all, have 5 lumbar vertebrae instead of the usual 6, and 17 pairs of ribs rather than 18.Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27–28 A quality Arabian has both a relatively horizontal croup and a properly angled pelvis as well as good croup length and depth to the hip (determined by the length of the pelvis), that allows agility and impulsion. A misconception confuses the topline of the croup with the angle of the \"hip\" (the pelvis or ilium), leading some to assert that Arabians have a flat pelvis angle and cannot use their hindquarters properly. However, the croup is formed by the sacral vertebrae. The hip angle is determined by the attachment of the ilium to the spine, the structure and length of the femur, and other aspects of hindquarter anatomy, which is not correlated to the topline of the sacrum. Thus, the Arabian has conformation typical of other horse breeds built for speed and distance, such as the Thoroughbred, where the angle of the ilium is more oblique than that of the croup. Edwards, Gladys Brown. \"An Illustrated Guide to Arabian Horse Conformation.\" Arabian Horse World Quarterly, Spring, 1998, p. 86. Reprinted in Parkinson, p. 121 Thus, the hip angle is not necessarily correlated to the topline of the croup. Horses bred to gallop need a good length of croup and good length of hip for proper attachment of muscles, and so unlike angle, length of hip and croup do go together as a rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.794343948364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The breed standard stated by the United States Equestrian Federation, describes Arabians as standing between tall, \"with the occasional individual over or under.\" Thus, all Arabians, regardless of height, are classified as \"horses\", even though is the traditional cutoff height between a horse and a pony. A common myth is that Arabians are not strong because they are relatively small and refined. However, the Arabian horse is noted for a greater density of bone than other breeds, short cannons, sound feet, and a broad, short back, all of which give the breed physical strength comparable to many taller animals. Thus, even a smaller Arabian can carry a heavy rider. For tasks where the sheer weight of the horse matters, such as farm work done by a draft horse,Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 84 any lighter-weight horse is at a disadvantage. However, for most purposes, the Arabian is a strong and hardy light horse breed able to carry any type of rider in most equestrian pursuits.Ensminger, Horses and Horsemanship p. 96", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.864840984344482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "On the other hand, the Arabian is also classified as a \"hot-blooded\" breed, a category that includes other refined, spirited horses bred for speed, such as the Akhal-Teke, the Barb and the Thoroughbred. Like other hot-bloods, Arabians' sensitivity and intelligence enable quick learning and greater communication with their riders; however, their intelligence also allows them to learn bad habits as quickly as good ones, and they do not tolerate inept or abusive training practices.Rashid, A Good Horse Is Never a Bad Color, p. 50 Some sources claim that it is more difficult to train a \"hot-blooded\" horse. Though most Arabians have a natural tendency to cooperate with humans, when treated badly, like any horse, they can become excessively nervous or anxious, but seldom become vicious unless seriously spoiled or subjected to extreme abuse. At the other end of the spectrum, romantic myths are sometimes told about Arabian horses that give them near-divine characteristics.Edwards, The Arabian, p. 28", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.951662063598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Arabian Horse Association registers purebred horses with the coat colors bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan. Bay, gray and chestnut are the most common; black is less common. The classic roan gene does not appear to exist in Arabians;Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 69 rather, Arabians registered by breeders as \"roan\" are usually expressing rabicano or, sometimes, sabino patterns with roan features. All Arabians, no matter their coat color, have black skin, except under white markings. Black skin provided protection from the intense desert sun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.563586235046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "There are a very few Arabians registered as \"white\" having a white coat, pink skin and dark eyes from birth. These animals are believed to manifest a new form of dominant white, a result of a nonsense mutation in DNA tracing to a single stallion foaled in 1996. This horse was originally thought to be a sabino, but actually was found to have a new form of dominant white mutation, now labeled W3. It is possible that white mutations have occurred in Arabians in the past or that mutations other than W3 exist but have not been verified by genetic testing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.0237398147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The genetic mechanism that produces sabino patterning in Arabians is undetermined, and more than one gene may be involved. Studies at the University of California, Davis indicate that Arabians do not appear to carry the autosomal dominant gene \"SB1\" or sabino 1, that often produces bold spotting and some completely white horses in other breeds. The inheritance patterns observed in sabino-like Arabians also do not follow the same mode of inheritance as sabino 1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55579948425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "There are very few Arabians registered as roan, and according to researcher D. Phillip Sponenberg, roaning in purebred Arabians is actually the action of rabicano genetics. Unlike a genetic roan, rabicano is a partial roan-like pattern; the horse does not have intermingled white and solid hairs over the entire body, only on the midsection and flanks, the head and legs are solid-colored. Some people also confuse a young gray horse with a roan because of the intermixed hair colors common to both. However, a roan does not consistently lighten with age, while a gray does.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.364036560058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": " Spotting or excess white was believed by many breeders to be a mark of impurity until DNA testing for verification of parentage became standard. For a time, horses with belly spots and other white markings deemed excessive were discouraged from registration and excess white was sometimes penalized in the show ring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495209693908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "To produce horses with some Arabian characteristics but coat colors not found in purebreds, they have to be crossbred with other breeds. Though the purebred Arabian produces a limited range of potential colors, they do not appear to carry any color-based lethal disorders such as the frame overo gene (\"O\") that can produce lethal white syndrome (LWS). Because purebred Arabians cannot produce LWS foals, Arabian mares were used as a non-affected population in some of the studies seeking the gene that caused the condition in other breeds. Nonetheless, partbred Arabian offspring can, in some cases, carry these genes if the non-Arabian parent was a carrier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.654590606689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "* Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Recessive disorder, fatal when homozygous, carriers (heterozygotes) show no signs. Similar to the \"bubble boy\" condition in humans, an affected foal is born with a complete lack of an immune system, and thus generally dies of an opportunistic infection, usually before the age of three months. There is a DNA test that can detect healthy horses who are carriers of the gene causing SCID, thus testing and careful, planned matings can now eliminate the possibility of an affected foal ever being born.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443862915039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "* Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA or CCA). Recessive disorder, homozygous horses are affected, carriers show no signs. An affected foal is usually born without clinical signs, but at some stage, usually after six weeks of age, develops severe incoordination, a head tremor, wide-legged stance and other symptoms related to the death of the purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Such foals are frequently diagnosed only after they have crashed into a fence or fallen over backwards, and often are misdiagnosed as suffering from a head injury caused by an accident. Severity varies, with some foals having fast onset of severe coordination problems, others showing milder signs. Mildly affected horses can live a full lifespan, but most are euthanized before adulthood because they are so accident-prone as to be dangerous. As of 2008, there is a genetic test that uses DNA markers associated with CA to detect both carriers and affected animals. Clinical signs are distinguishable from other neurological conditions, and a diagnosis of CA can be verified by examining the brain after euthanasia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215005874633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "* Occipital Atlanto-Axial Malformation (OAAM). This is a condition where the occiput, atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck and at the base of the skull are fused or malformed. Symptoms range from mild incoordination to the paralysis of both front and rear legs. Some affected foals cannot stand to nurse, in others the symptoms may not be seen for several weeks. This is the only cervical spinal cord disease seen in horses less than 1 month of age, and a radiograph can diagnose the condition. There is no genetic test for OAAM, and the hereditary component of this condition is not well researched at present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203498840332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "* Equine juvenile epilepsy, or Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy, sometimes referred to as \"benign\" epilepsy, is not usually fatal. Foals appear normal between epileptic seizures, and seizures usually stop occurring between 12 and 18 months. Affected foals may show signs of epilepsy anywhere from two days to six months from birth. Seizures can be treated with traditional anti-seizure medications, which may reduce their severity. Though the condition has been studied since 1985 at the University of California, Davis, the genetic mode of inheritance is unclear, though the cases studied were all of one general bloodline group. Recent research updates suggest that a dominant mode of inheritance is involved in transmission of this trait. One researcher hypothesized that epilepsy may be linked in some fashion to Lavender Foal Syndrome due to the fact that it occurs in similar bloodlines and some horses have produced foals with both conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210653305053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "*Guttural Pouch Tympany (GPT) occurs in horses ranging from birth to 1 year of age and is more common in fillies than in colts. It is thought to be genetic in Arabians, possibly polygenic in inheritance, but more study is needed. Foals are born with a defect that causes the pharyngeal opening of the eustachian tube to act like a one-way valve – air can get in, but it cannot get out. The affected guttural pouch is distended with air and forms a characteristic nonpainful swelling. Breathing is noisy in severely affected animals. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and radiographic examination of the skull. Medical management with NSAID and antimicrobial therapy can treat upper respiratory tract inflammation. Surgical intervention is needed to correct the malformation of the guttural pouch opening, to provide a route for air in the abnormal guttural pouch to pass to the normal side and be expelled into the pharynx. Foals that are successfully treated may grow up to have fully useful lives. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868911743164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "The Arabian Horse Association in the United States has created a foundation that supports research efforts to uncover the roots of genetic diseases. The organization F.O.A.L. (Fight Off Arabian Lethals) is a clearinghouse for information on these conditions. Additional information is available from the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853809356689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how Muhammad chose his foundation mares by a test of their courage and loyalty. While there are several variants on the tale, a common version states that after a long journey through the desert, Muhammad turned his herd of horses loose to race to an oasis for a desperately needed drink of water. Before the herd reached the water, Muhammad called for the horses to return to him. Only five mares responded. Because they faithfully returned to their master, though desperate with thirst, these mares became his favorites and were called Al Khamsa, meaning, the five. These mares became the legendary founders of the five \"strains\" of the Arabian horse. Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 92–93 Although the Al Khamsa are generally considered fictional horses of legend, some breeders today claim the modern Bedouin Arabian actually descended from these mares. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49245834350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Yet another creation myth puts the origin of the Arabian in the time of Ishmael, the son of Abraham.Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 2 In this story, the Angel Jibril (also known as Gabriel) descended from Heaven and awakened Ishmael with a \"wind-spout\" that whirled toward him. The Angel then commanded the thundercloud to stop scattering dust and rain, and so it gathered itself into a prancing, handsome creature - a horse - that seemed to swallow up the ground. Hence, the Bedouins bestowed the title \"Drinker of the Wind\" to the first Arabian horse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130885124206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Finally, a Bedouin story states that Allah created the Arabian horse from the south wind and exclaimed, \"I create thee, Oh Arabian. To thy forelock, I bind Victory in battle. On thy back, I set a rich spoil and a Treasure in thy loins. I establish thee as one of the Glories of the Earth... I give thee flight without wings.\" Other versions of the story claim Allah said to the South Wind: \"I want to make a creature out of you. Condense.\" Then from the material condensed from the wind, he made a kamayt-colored animal (a bay or burnt chestnut) and said: \"I call you Horse; I make you Arabian and I give you the chestnut color of the ant; I have hung happiness from the forelock which hangs between your eyes; you shall be the Lord of the other animals. Men shall follow you wherever you go; you shall be as good for flight as for pursuit; you shall fly without wings; riches shall be on your back and fortune shall come through your meditation.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.3587064743042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. The progenitor stock, the Oriental subtype or \"Proto-Arabian\" was a horse with oriental characteristics similar to the modern Arabian. Horses with these features appeared in rock paintings and inscriptions in the Arabian Peninsula dating back 3500 years. In ancient history throughout the Ancient Near East, horses with refined heads and high-carried tails were depicted in artwork, particularly that of Ancient Egypt in the 16th century BC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.581947326660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Some scholars of the Arabian horse once theorized that the Arabian came from a separate subspecies of horse, known as equus caballus pumpelli. Other scholars, including Gladys Brown Edwards, a noted Arabian researcher, believe that the \"dry\" oriental horses of the desert, from which the modern Arabian developed, were more likely Equus ferus caballus with specific landrace characteristics based on the environments in which they lived, rather than being a separate subspecies. Horses with similar, though not identical, physical characteristics include the Marwari horse of India, the Barb of North Africa, the Akhal-Teke of western Asia and the now-extinct Turkoman Horse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.359602928161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": " This hypothesis has gained renewed attention following a 2010 discovery of artifacts dated between 6590 and 7250 BCE in Al-Magar, in southwestern Saudi Arabia, that appeared to portray horses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890913963317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The proto-Arabian horse may have been domesticated by the people of the Arabian peninsula known today as the Bedouin, some time after they learned to use the camel, approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago. One theory is that this development occurred in the Nejd plateau in central Arabia. Other scholars, noting that horses were common in the Fertile Crescent but rare in the Arabian peninsula prior to the rise of Islam, theorize that the breed as it is known today only developed in large numbers when the conversion of the Persians to Islam in the 7th century brought knowledge of horse breeding and horsemanship to the Bedouin. The oldest depictions in the Arabian Peninsula of horses that are clearly domesticated date no earlier than 1800-2000 BCE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.757503509521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Regardless of origin, climate and culture ultimately created the Arabian. The desert environment required a domesticated horse to cooperate with humans to survive; humans were the only providers of food and water in certain areas, and even hardy Arabian horses needed far more water than camels in order to survive (most horses can only live about 72 hours without water). Where there was no pasture or water, the Bedouin fed their horses dates and camel's milk. The desert horse needed the ability to thrive on very little food, and to have anatomical traits to compensate for life in a dry climate with wide temperature extremes from day to night. Weak individuals were weeded out of the breeding pool, and the animals that remained were also honed by centuries of human warfare.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 2–4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2095308303833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Bedouin way of life depended on camels and horses: Arabians were bred to be war horses with speed, endurance, soundness, and intelligence. Because many raids required stealth, mares were preferred over stallions as they were quieter, and therefore would not give away the position of the fighters. A good disposition was also critical; prized war mares were often brought inside family tents to prevent theft and for protection from weather and predators. Though appearance was not necessarily a survival factor, the Bedouin bred for refinement and beauty in their horses as well as for more practical features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.262557983398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "For centuries, the Bedouin tracked the ancestry of each horse through an oral tradition. Horses of the purest blood were known as Asil and crossbreeding with non-Asil horses was forbidden. Mares were the most valued, both for riding and breeding, and pedigree families were traced through the female line. The Bedouin did not believe in gelding male horses, and considered stallions too intractable to be good war horses, thus they kept very few colts, selling most, and culling those of poor quality. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33971881866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Over time, the Bedouin developed several sub-types or strains of Arabian horse, each with unique characteristics, and traced through the maternal line only.Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 104–105 According to the Arabian Horse Association, the five primary strains were known as the Keheilan, Seglawi, Abeyan, Hamdani and Hadban. Carl Raswan, a promoter and writer about Arabian horses from the middle of the 20th century, held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented body \"types\" of the breed, with the Kehilan being \"masculine\", the Seglawi being \"feminine\" and the Muniqi being \"speedy\". There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.Forbis Classic Arabian Horse pp. 274–289 Therefore, many Arabian horses were not only Asil, of pure blood, but also bred to be pure in strain, with crossbreeding between strains discouraged, though not forbidden, by some tribes. Purity of bloodline was very important to the Bedouin, and they also believed in telegony, believing if a mare was ever bred to a stallion of \"impure\" blood, the mare herself and all future offspring would be \"contaminated\" by the stallion and hence no longer Asil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.841663360595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "This complex web of bloodline and strain was an integral part of Bedouin culture; they not only knew the pedigrees and history of their best war mares in detail, but also carefully tracked the breeding of their camels, Saluki dogs, and their own family or tribal history. Eventually, written records began to be kept; the first written pedigrees in the Middle East that specifically used the term \"Arabian\" date to 1330 AD. As important as strain was to the Bedouin, modern studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that Arabian horses alive today with records stating descent from a given strain may not actually share a common maternal ancestry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.490738868713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Fiery war horses with dished faces and high-carried tails were popular artistic subjects in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, often depicted pulling chariots in war or for hunting. Horses with oriental characteristics appear in later artwork as far north as that of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. While this type of horse was not called an \"Arabian\" in the Ancient Near East until later, (the word \"Arabia\" or \"Arabaya\" first appeared in writing in Ancient Persia, c. 500 BC) these proto-Arabians shared many characteristics with the modern Arabian, including speed, endurance, and refinement. For example, a horse skeleton unearthed in the Sinai peninsula, dated to 1700 BC and probably brought by the Hyksos invaders, is considered the earliest physical evidence of the horse in Ancient Egypt. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye sockets and small muzzle, all characteristics of the Arabian horse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.027144432067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Following the Hijra in AD 622 (also sometimes spelled Hegira), the Arabian horse spread across the known world of the time, and became recognized as a distinct, named breed. It played a significant role in the History of the Middle East and of Islam. By 630, Muslim influence expanded across the Middle East and North Africa, by 711 Muslim warriors had reached Spain, and they controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula by 720. Their war horses were of various oriental types, including both Arabians and the Barb horse of North Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.904112815856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabian horses also spread to the rest of the world via the Ottoman Empire, which rose in 1299. Though it never fully dominated the heart of the Arabian Peninsula, this Turkish empire obtained many Arabian horses through trade, diplomacy and war. The Ottomans encouraged formation of private stud farms in order to ensure a supply of cavalry horses,Derry, Horse and Society, p. 106 and Ottoman nobles, such as Muhammad Ali of Egypt also collected pure, desert-bred Arabian horses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20901107788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "El Naseri, or Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt (1290–1342) imported and bred numerous Arabians in Egypt. A stud farm record was made of his purchases describing many of the horses as well as their abilities, and was deposited in his library, becoming a source for later study.Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 26–27Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 6 Through the Ottomans, Arabian horses were often sold, traded, or given as diplomatic gifts to Europeans and, later, to Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468798637390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the source of their foundation bloodstock. By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse racing, and some continued to return to the deserts to obtain pure-blooded Arabians. One of the most famous was Muhammad Ali of Egypt, also known as Muhammad Ali Pasha, who established an extensive stud farm in the 19th century. Greely Arabian Exodus pp. 27–33 After his death, some of his stock was bred on by Abbas I of Egypt, also known as Abbas Pasha. However, after Abbas Pasha was assassinated in 1854, his heir, El Hami Pasha, sold most of his horses, often for crossbreeding, and gave away many others as diplomatic gifts. A remnant of the herd was obtained by Ali Pasha Sherif, who then went back to the desert to bring in new bloodstock. At its peak, the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif had over 400 purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, an epidemic of African horse sickness in the 1870s that killed thousands of horses throughout Egypt decimated much of his herd, wiping out several irreplaceable bloodlines. Late in his life, he sold several horses to Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, who exported them to Crabbet Park Stud in England. After his death, Lady Anne was also able to gather many remaining horses at her Sheykh Obeyd stud.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 41", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773223876953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Meanwhile, the passion brought by the Blunts to saving the pure horse of the desert helped Egyptian horse breeders to convince their government of the need to preserve the best of their own remaining pure Arabian bloodstock that descended from the horses collected over the previous century by Muhammad Ali Pasha, Abbas Pasha and Ali Pasha Sherif. The government of Egypt formed the Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) in 1908,Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 137 which is known today as the Egyptian Agricultural Organization (EAO).Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 149", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83061695098877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "RAS representatives traveled to England during the 1920s and purchased eighteen descendants of the original Blunt exports from Lady Wentworth at Crabbet Park, and returned these bloodlines to Egypt in order to restore bloodlines had been lost. Other than several horses purchased by Henry Babson for importation to the United States in the 1930s,Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 139 and one other small group exported to the USA in 1947, relatively few Egyptian-bred Arabian horses were exported until the overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952.Derry Bred for Perfection p. 123 Many of the private stud farms of the princes were then confiscated and the animals taken over by the EAO. In the 1960s and 1970s, as oil development brought more foreign investors to Egypt, some of whom were horse fanciers, Arabians were exported to Germany and to the United States, as well as to the former Soviet Union.Carpenter Arabian Legends p. 102-111 Today, the designation \"Straight Egyptian\" or \"Egyptian Arabian\" is popular with some Arabian breeders, and the modern Egyptian-bred Arabian is an outcross used to add refinement in some breeding programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338452339172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Probably the earliest horses with Arabian bloodlines to enter Europe came indirectly, through Spain and France. Others would have arrived with returning Crusaders—beginning in 1095, European armies invaded Palestine and many knights returned home with Arabian horses as spoils of war. Later, as knights and the heavy, armored war horses who carried them became obsolete, Arabian horses and their descendants were used to develop faster, agile light cavalry horses that were used in warfare into the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41893482208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Another major infusion of Arabian horses into Europe occurred when the Ottoman Turks sent 300,000 horsemen into Hungary in 1522, many of whom were mounted on pure-blooded Arabians, captured during raids into Arabia. By 1529, the Ottomans reached Vienna, where they were stopped by the Polish and Hungarian armies, who captured these horses from the defeated Ottoman cavalry. Some of these animals provided foundation bloodstock for the major studs of eastern Europe. Derry Bred for Perfection p. 107", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.127927780151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "With the rise of light cavalry, the stamina and agility of horses with Arabian blood gave an enormous military advantage to any army who possessed them. As a result, many European monarchs began to support large breeding establishments that crossed Arabians on local stock, one example being Knyszyna, the royal stud of Polish king Zygmunt II August, and another the Imperial Russian Stud of Peter the Great.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139593124389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "European horse breeders also obtained Arabian stock directly from the desert or via trade with the Ottomans. In Russia, Count Alexey Orlov obtained many Arabians, including Smetanka, an Arabian stallion who became a foundation sire of the Orlov trotter. Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 178 Orlov then provided Arabian horses to Catherine the Great, who in 1772 owned 12 pure Arabian stallions and 10 mares. By 1889 two members of the Russian nobility, Count Stroganov and Prince Shcherbatov, established Arabian stud farms to meet the continued need to breed Arabians as a source of pure bloodstock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21540355682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "In Poland, notable imports from Arabia included those of Prince Hieronymous Sanguszko (1743–1812), who founded the Slawuta stud.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 172 Poland's first state-run Arabian stud farm, Janów Podlaski, was established by the decree of Alexander I of Russia in 1817, and by 1850, the great stud farms of Poland were well-established, including Antoniny, owned by the Polish Count Potocki (who had married into the Sanguszko family); later notable as the farm that produced the stallion Skowronek.Derry, Bred for Perfection, pp. 107–108Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 56–57", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222371101379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The 18th century marked the establishment of most of the great Arabian studs of Europe, dedicated to preserving \"pure\" Arabian bloodstock. The Prussians set up a royal stud in 1732, originally intended to provide horses for the royal stables, and other studs were established to breed animals for other uses, including mounts for the Prussian army. The foundation of these breeding programs was the crossing of Arabians on native horses; by 1873 some English observers felt that the Prussian calvalry mounts were superior in endurance to those of the British, and credited Arabian bloodlines for this superiority. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33487606048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Other state studs included the Babolna Stud of Hungary, set up in 1789,Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 162 and the Weil stud in Germany (now Weil-Marbach or the Marbach stud), founded in 1817 by King William I of Württemberg.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 155 King James I of England imported the first Arabian stallion, the Markham Arabian, to England in 1616.Derry, Horses in Society, p. 31 Arabians were also introduced into European race horse breeding, especially in England via the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk, and Godolphin Arabian, the three foundation stallions of the modern Thoroughbred breed, who were each brought to England during the 18th century.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 104–109 Other monarchs obtained Arabian horses, often as personal mounts. One of the most famous Arabian stallions in Europe was Marengo, the war horse ridden by Napoleon Bonaparte.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.459542274475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "During the mid-19th century, the need for Arabian blood to improve the breeding stock for light cavalry horses in Europe resulted in more excursions to the Middle East. Queen Isabel II of Spain sent representatives to the desert to purchase Arabian horses and by 1847 had established a stud book; her successor, King Alfonso XII imported additional bloodstock from other European nations. By 1893, the state military stud farm, Yeguada Militar was established in Córdoba, Spain for breeding both Arabian and Iberian horses. The military remained heavily involved in the importation and breeding of Arabians in Spain well into the early 20th century, and the Yeguada Militar is still in existence today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.372733116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "This period also marked a phase of considerable travel to the Middle East by European civilians and minor nobility, and in the process, some travelers noticed that the Arabian horse as a pure breed of horse was under threat due to modern forms of warfare, inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate. By the late 19th century, the most farsighted began in earnest to collect the finest Arabian horses they could find in order to preserve the blood of the pure desert horse for future generations. The most famous example was Lady Anne Blunt, the daughter of Ada Lovelace and granddaughter of Lord Byron. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.995683670043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Perhaps the most famous of all Arabian breeding operations founded in Europe was the Crabbet Park Stud of England, founded 1878.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 11–15. Starting in 1877, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt made repeated journeys to the Middle East, including visits to the stud of Ali Pasha Sherif in Egypt and to Bedouin tribes in the Nejd, bringing the best Arabians they could find to England. Lady Anne also purchased and maintained the Sheykh Obeyd stud farm in Egypt, near Cairo. Upon Lady Anne's death in 1917, the Blunts' daughter, Judith, Lady Wentworth, inherited the Wentworth title and Lady Anne's portion of the estate, and obtained the remainder of the Crabbet Stud following a protracted legal battle with her father. Greely Arabian Exodus p. 54 Lady Wentworth expanded the stud, added new bloodstock, and exported Arabian horses worldwide. Upon her death in 1957, the stud passed to her manager, Cecil Covey, who ran Crabbet until 1971, when a motorway was cut through the property, forcing the sale of the land and dispersal of the horses.Archer et al., The Crabbet Arabian Stud: Its History and Influence, pp. 201-202 Along with Crabbet, the Hanstead Stud of Lady Yule also produced horses of worldwide significance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.161578178405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In the early 20th century, the military was involved in the breeding of Arabian horses throughout Europe, particularly in Poland, Spain, Germany, and Russia; private breeders also developed a number of breeding programs. Significant among the private breeders in continental Europe was Spain's Cristóbal Colón de Aguilera, XV Duque de Veragua, a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus, who founded the Veragua Stud in the 1920s.Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 198–199", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533821105957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Between World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, many historic European stud farms were lost; in Poland, the Antoniny and Slawuta Studs were wiped out except for five mares.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 176 Notable among the survivors was the Janów Podlaski Stud. The Russian Revolution, combined with the effects of World War I, destroyed most of the breeding programs in Russia, but by 1921, the Soviet government reestablished an Arabian program, the Tersk Stud, on the site of the former Stroganov estate, which included Polish bloodstock as well as some importations from the Crabbet Stud in England.Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 182–184 The programs that survived the war re-established their breeding operations and some added to their studs with new imports of desert-bred Arabian horses from the Middle East. Not all European studs recovered. The Weil stud of Germany, founded by King Wilhelm I, went into considerable decline; by the time the Weil herd was transferred to the Marbach State Stud in 1932, only 17 purebred Arabians remained. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498050689697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The Spanish Civil War and World War II also had a devastating impact on horse breeding throughout Europe. The Veragua stud was destroyed, and its records lost, with the only survivors being the broodmares and the younger horses, who were rescued by Francisco Franco.Greely, Arabian Exodus, pp. 199–201 Crabbet Park, Tersk, and Janów Podlaski survived. Both the Soviet Union and the United States obtained valuable Arabian bloodlines as spoils of war, which they used to strengthen their breeding programs. The Soviets had taken steps to protect their breeding stock at Tersk Stud, and by utilizing horses captured in Poland they were able to re-establish their breeding program soon after the end of World War II. The Americans brought Arabian horses captured in Europe to the United States, mostly to the Pomona U.S. Army Remount station, the former W.K. Kellogg Ranch in California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353813171386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In the postwar era, Poland,Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 117–118 Spain,Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 143–144 and Germany developed or re-established many well-respected Arabian stud farms.Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 126–127 The studs of Poland in particular were decimated by both the Nazis and the Soviets, but were able to reclaim some of their breeding stock and became particularly world-renowned for their quality Arabian horses, tested rigorously by racing and other performance standards.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 58–61 During the 1950s, the Russians also obtained additional horses from Egypt to augment their breeding programs.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 185", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688610076904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "While only a few Arabians were exported from behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, those who did come to the west caught the eye of breeders worldwide. Improved international relations between eastern Europe and the west led to major imports of Polish and Russian-bred Arabian horses to western Europe and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s.Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 120–126 The collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, greater political stability in Egypt, and the rise of the European Union all increased international trade in Arabian horses. Organizations such as the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) created consistent standards for transferring the registration of Arabian horses between different nations. Today, Arabian horses are traded all over the world.Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.828246116638184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The first horses on the American mainland since the end of the Ice Age arrived with the Spanish Conquistadors. Hernán Cortés brought 16 horses of Andalusian, Barb, and Arabian ancestry to Mexico in 1519. Others followed, such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who brought 250 horses of similar breeding to America in 1540. More horses followed with each new arrival of Conquistadors, missionaries, and settlers. Many horses escaped or were stolen, becoming the foundation stock of the American Mustang.Forbis Classic Arabian Horse p. 15Patten Light Horse Breeds p. 24", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914612770080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Colonists from England also brought horses of Arabian breeding to the eastern seaboard. One example was Nathaniel Harrison, who imported a horse of Arabian, Barb and Turkish ancestry to America in 1747.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.229622840881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "One of George Washington's primary mounts during the American Revolutionary War was a gray half-Arabian horse named Blueskin, sired by the stallion \"Ranger\", also known as \"Lindsay's Arabian\", said to have been obtained from the Sultan of Morocco. Other Presidents are linked to ownership of Arabian horses; in 1840, President Martin Van Buren received two Arabians from the Sultan of Oman, and in 1877, President Ulysses S. Grant obtained an Arabian stallion, Leopard, and a Barb, Linden Tree, as gifts from Abdul Hamid II, the \"Sultan of Turkey.\"Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 71", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.270792961120605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "A. Keene Richard was the first American known to have specifically bred Arabian horses. He traveled to the desert in 1853 and 1856 to obtain breeding stock, which he crossed on Thoroughbreds, and also bred purebred Arabians. Unfortunately, his horses were lost during the Civil War and have no known purebred Arabian descendants today. Another major U.S. political figure, William H. Seward purchased four Arabians in Beirut in 1859, prior to becoming Secretary of State to Abraham Lincoln.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.056361198425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Leopard is the only stallion imported prior to 1888 who left known purebred descendants in America.Archer, Arabian Horse, p. 72 In 1888 Randolph Huntington imported the desert-bred Arabian mare *Naomi, and bred her to Leopard, producing Leopard's only purebred Arabian son, Anazeh, who sired eight purebred Arabian foals, four of whom still appear in pedigrees today. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62101936340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "In 1908, the Arabian Horse Registry of America was established, recording 71 animals, and by 1994, the number had reached half a million. Today there are more Arabians registered in North America than in the rest of the world put together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.931014060974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "The origins of the registry date to 1893, when the Hamidie Society sponsored an exhibit of Arabian horses from what today is Syria at the World Fair in Chicago. This exhibition raised considerable interest in Arabian horses. Records are unclear if 40 or 45 horses were imported for the exposition, but seven died in a fire shortly after arrival. The 28 horses that remained at the end of the exhibition stayed in America and were sold at auction when the Hamidie Society went bankrupt. These horses caught the interest of American breeders,Derry, Horses in Society, pp. 137–139 including Peter Bradley of the Hingham Stock Farm, who purchased some Hamidie horses at the auction, and Homer Davenport, another admirer of the Hamidie imports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.208427429199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Major Arabian importations to the United States included those of Davenport and Bradley, who teamed up to purchase several stallions and mares directly from the Bedouin in 1906. Spencer Borden of the Interlachen Stud made several importations between 1898 and 1911;Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 72–73 and W.R. Brown of the Maynesboro Stud, interested in the Arabian as a cavalry mount, imported many Arabians over a period of years, starting in 1918. Another wave of imports came in the 1920s and 30s when breeders such as W.K. Kellogg, Henry Babson, Roger Selby, James Draper, and others imported Arabian bloodstock from Crabbet Park Stud in England, as well as from Poland, Spain and Egypt.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 73–76 The breeding of Arabians was fostered by the U. S. Army Remount Service, which stood purebred stallions at public stud for a reduced rate.Derry, Horses in Society, p. 236", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.972734451293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Several Arabians, mostly of Polish breeding, were captured from Nazi Germany and imported to the U.S.A. following World War II. In 1957, two deaths in England led to more sales to the United States: first from Crabbet Stud on the demise of Lady Wentworth,Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 79 and then from Hanstead with the passing of Gladys Yule. As the tensions of the Cold War eased, more Arabians were imported to America from Poland and Egypt, and in the late 1970s, as political issues surrounding import regulations and the recognition of stud books were resolved, many Arabian horses were imported from Spain and Russia.Archer, Arabian Horse, pp. 78–80.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.455976486206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In the 1980s, Arabians became a popular status symbol and were marketed similarly to fine art. Some individuals also used horses as a tax shelter.Derry Bred for Perfection p. 129 Prices skyrocketed, especially in the United States, with a record-setting public auction price for a mare named NH Love Potion, who sold for $2.55 million in 1984, and the largest syndication in history for an Arabian stallion, Padron, at $11,000,000. The potential for profit led to over-breeding of the Arabian. When the Tax Reform Act of 1986 closed the tax-sheltering \"passive investment\" loophole, limiting the use of horse farms as tax shelters, Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 129–138 the Arabian market was particularly vulnerable due to over-saturation and artificially inflated prices, and it collapsed, forcing many breeders into bankruptcy and sending many purebred Arabians to slaughter. Prices recovered slowly, with many breeders moving away from producing \"living art\" and towards a horse more suitable for amateur owners and many riding disciplines. By 2003, a survey found that 67% of purebred Arabian horses in America are owned for recreational riding purposes. , there are more than 660,000 Arabians that have been registered in the United States, and the US has the largest number of Arabians of any nation in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96467399597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabian horses were introduced to Australia in the earliest days of European Settlement. Early imports included both purebred Arabians and light Spanish \"jennets\" from Andalusia, many Arabians also came from India. Based on records describing stallions \"of Arabic and Persian blood\", the first Arabian horses were probably imported to Australia in several groups between 1788 and 1802. About 1803, a merchant named Robert Campbell imported a bay Arabian stallion, Hector, from India; Hector was said to have been owned by Arthur Wellesley, who later became known as the Duke of Wellington.Barrie, The Australian Bloodhorse, p. 96 In 1804 two additional Arabians, also from India, arrived in Tasmania one of whom, White William, sired the first purebred Arabian foal born in Australia, a stallion named Derwent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.057753562927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Throughout the 19th century, many more Arabians came to Australia, though most were used to produce crossbred horses and left no recorded purebred descendants. The first significant imports to be permanently recorded with offspring still appearing in modern purebred Arabian pedigrees were those of James Boucaut, who in 1891 imported several Arabians from Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt's Crabbet Arabian Stud in England.Greely, Arabian Exodus, p. 121 Purebred Arabians were used to improve racehorses and some of them became quite famous as such; about 100 Arabian sires are included in the Australian Stud Book (for Thoroughbred racehorses). The military was also involved in the promotion of breeding calvalry horses, especially around World War I. They were part of the foundation of several breeds considered uniquely Australian, including the Australian Pony, the Waler and the Australian Stock Horse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.503118515014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "In the early 20th century, more Arabian horses, mostly of Crabbet bloodlines, arrived in Australia. The first Arabians of Polish breeding arrived in 1966, and Egyptian lines were first imported in 1970. Arabian horses from the rest of the world followed, and today the Australian Arabian horse registry is the second largest in the world, next to that of the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91720962524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Each set of bloodlines has its own devoted followers, with the virtues of each hotly debated. Most debates are between those who value the Arabian most for its refined beauty and those who value the horse for its stamina and athleticism; there are also a number of breeders who specialize in preservation breeding of various bloodlines. Controversies exist over the relative \"purity\" of certain animals; breeders argue about the genetic \"purity\" of various pedigrees, discussing whether some horses descend from \"impure\" animals that cannot be traced to the desert Bedouin.Derry Bred for Perfection pp. 139–155 The major factions are as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.008214950561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "*The Arabian Horse Association (AHA) states, \"The origin of the purebred Arabian horse was the Arabian desert, and all Arabians ultimately trace their lineage to this source.\" In essence, all horses accepted for registration in the United States are deemed to be \"purebred\" Arabians by AHA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.396001815795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "*The World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) has the broadest definition of a purebred Arabian. WAHO states, \"A Purebred Arabian horse is one which appears in any purebred Arabian Stud Book or Register listed by WAHO as acceptable.\" By this definition, over 95% of the known purebred Arabian horses in the world are registered in stud books acceptable to WAHO. WAHO also researched the purity question in general, and its findings are on its web site, describing both the research and the political issues surrounding Arabian horse bloodlines, particularly in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.181437492370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "*At the other end of the spectrum, organizations focused on bloodlines that are the most meticulously documented to desert sources have the most restrictive definitions. For example, The Asil Club in Europe only accepts \"a horse whose pedigree is exclusively based on Bedouin breeding of the Arabian peninsula, without any crossbreeding with non-Arabian horses at any time.\" Likewise, the Al Khamsa organization takes the position that \"The horse...which are called \"Al Khamsa Arabian Horses,\" are those horses in North America that can reasonably be assumed to descend entirely from bedouin Arabian horses bred by horse-breeding bedouin tribes of the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without admixture from sources unacceptable to Al Khamsa.\" Most restrictive of all are horses identified as \"straight Egyptian\" by the Pyramid Society, which must trace in all lines to the desert and also to horses owned or bred by specific Egyptian breeding programs. By this definition, straight Egyptian Arabians constitute only 2% of all Arabian horses in America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.32486343383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "*Ironically, some pure-blooded desert-bred Arabians in Syria had enormous difficulties being accepted as registrable purebred Arabians because many of the Bedouin who owned them saw no need to obtain a piece of paper to verify the purity of their horses. However, eventually the Syrians developed a stud book for their animals that was accepted by the World Arabian Horse Association (WAHO) in 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.049722671508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Influence on other horse breeds", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492440223693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Today, people cross Arabians with other breeds to add refinement, endurance, agility and beauty. In the USA, Half-Arabians have their own registry within the Arabian Horse Association, which includes a special section for Anglo-Arabians (Arabian-Thoroughbred crosses). Some crosses originally registered only as Half-Arabians became popular enough to have their own breed registry, including the National Show Horse (an Arabian-Saddlebred cross), the Quarab (Arabian-Quarter Horse), the Pintabian the Welara (Arabian-Welsh Pony), and the Morab (Arabian-Morgan). In addition, some Arabians and Half Arabians have been approved for breeding by some Warmblood registries, particularly the Trakehner registry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.051548957824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "There is intense debate over the role the Arabian played in the development of other light horse breeds. Before DNA-based research developed, one hypothesis, based on body types and conformation, suggested the light, \"dry\", oriental horse adapted to the desert climate had developed prior to domestication; DNA studies of multiple horse breeds now suggest that while domesticated horses arose from multiple mare lines, there is very little variability in the Y-chromosome between breeds. Following domestication of the horse, due to the location of the Middle East as a crossroads of the ancient world, and relatively near the earliest locations of domestication,Matossian Shaping World History p. 43 See also: oriental horses spread throughout Europe and Asia both in ancient and modern times. There is little doubt that humans crossed \"oriental\" blood on that of other types to create light riding horses; the only actual questions are at what point the \"oriental\" prototype could be called an \"Arabian\", how much Arabian blood was mixed with local animals, and at what point in history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.453763961791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "For some breeds, such as the Thoroughbred, Arabian influence of specific animals is documented in written stud books.Derry Bred for Perfection p. 155 For older breeds, dating the influx of Arabian ancestry is more difficult. For example, while outside cultures, and the horses they brought with them, influenced the predecessor to the Iberian horse in both the time of Ancient Rome and again with the Islamic invasions of the 8th century, it is difficult to trace precise details of the journeys taken by waves of conquerors and their horses as they traveled from the Middle East to North Africa and across Gibraltar to southern Europe. Mitochondrial DNA studies of modern Andalusian horses of the Iberian peninsula and Barb horses of North Africa present convincing evidence that both breeds crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and influenced one another. Though these studies did not compare Andalusian and Barb mtDNA to that of Arabian horses, there is evidence that horses resembling Arabians, whether before or after the breed was called an \"Arabian\", were part of this genetic mix. Arabians and Barbs, though probably related to one another, are quite different in appearance, and horses of both Arabian and Barb type were present in the Muslim armies that occupied Europe. There is also historical documentation that Islamic invaders raised Arabian horses in Spain prior to the Reconquista; the Spanish also documented imports of Arabian horses in 1847, 1884 and 1885 that were used to improve existing Spanish stock and revive declining equine populations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.754042625427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "There is an extensive series of horse shows in the United States and Canada for Arabian, Half-Arabian, and Anglo-Arabian horses, sanctioned by the USEF in conjunction with the Arabian Horse Association. Classes offered include Western pleasure, reining, hunter type and saddle seat English pleasure, and halter, plus the very popular \"Native\" costume class. \"Sport horse\" events for Arabian horses have become popular in North America, particularly after the Arabian Horse Association began hosting a separate Arabian and Half Arabian Sport Horse National Championship in 2003 that by 2004 grew to draw 2000 entries. This competition draws Arabian and part-Arabian horses that perform in hunter, jumper, sport horse under saddle, sport horse in hand, dressage, and combined driving competition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08416748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Other nations also sponsor major shows strictly for purebred and partbred Arabians, including Great Britain France,Mazzawi \"[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198602/the.arabian.horse-in.europe.htm The Arabian Horse In Europe]\" Saudi Aramco World Spain, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573698043823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Purebred Arabians have excelled in open events against other breeds. One of the most famous examples in the field of western riding competition was the Arabian mare Ronteza, who defeated 50 horses of all breeds to win the 1961 Reined Cow Horse championship at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.Edwards, The Arabian, p. 247 Another Arabian competitive against all breeds was the stallion Aaraf who won an all-breed cutting horse competition at the Quarter Horse Congress in the 1950s. In show jumping and show hunter competition, a number of Arabians have competed successfully against other breeds in open competition, including the purebred gelding Russian Roulette, who has won multiple jumping classes against horses of all breeds on the open circuit, and in eventing, a purebred Arabian competed on the Brazilian team at the 2004 Athens Olympics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5438642501831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Part-Arabians have also appeared at open sport horse events and even Olympic level competition. The Anglo-Arabian Linon was ridden to an Olympic silver medal for France in Dressage in 1928 and 1932, as well as a team gold in 1932, and another French Anglo-Arabian, Harpagon, was ridden to a team gold medal and an individual silver in dressage at the 1948 Olympics. At the 1952 Olympics, the French rider Pierre d'Oriola won the Gold individual medal in show jumping on the Anglo-Arabian Ali Baba. Another Anglo-Arabian, Tamarillo, ridden by William Fox-Pitt, represents the United Kingdom in FEI and Olympic competition, winning many awards, including first place at the 2004 Badminton Horse Trials. More recently a gelding named Theodore O'Connor, nicknamed \"Teddy\", a 14.1 (or 14.2, sources vary) hand pony of Thoroughbred, Arabian, and Shetland pony breeding, won two gold medals at the 2007 Pan American Games and was finished in the top six at the 2007 and 2008 Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.576797485351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabians are involved in a wide variety of activities, including fairs, movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are showcased. They have been popular in movies, dating back to the silent film era when Rudolph Valentino rode the Kellogg Arabian stallion Jadaan in 1926's Son of the Sheik, and have been seen in many other films, including The Black Stallion featuring the stallion Cass Ole, The Young Black Stallion, which used over 40 Arabians during filming, as well as Hidalgo and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.129414558410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horses", "passage": "Arabians are mascots for football teams, performing crowd-pleasing activities on the field and sidelines. One of the horses who serves as \"Traveler\", the mascot for the University of Southern California Trojans, has been a purebred Arabian. \"Thunder\", a stage name for the purebred Arabian stallion J B Kobask, was mascot for the Denver Broncos from 1993 until his retirement in 2004, when the Arabian gelding Winter Solstyce took over as \"Thunder II\". Cal Poly Pomona's W.K. Kellogg Arabian Horse Center Equestrian Unit has made Arabian horses a regular sight at the annual Tournament of Roses Parade held each New Year's Day in Pasadena, California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.644852638244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" }, { "answer": "Horse", "passage": "Arabians also are used on search and rescue teams and occasionally for police work. Some Arabians are used in polo in the USA and Europe, in the Turkish equestrian sport of Cirit, as well as in circuses, therapeutic horseback riding programs, and on guest ranches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.464273929595947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arabian horse" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The United States embargo against Cuba (in Cuba called el bloqueo, \"the blockade\") is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on Cuba on October 19, 1960 (almost two years after the Batista regime was deposed by the Cuban Revolution) when the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation. Cuba nationalized the refineries following Eisenhower's decision to cancel 700,000 tons of sugar imports from Cuba to the U.S. and refused to export oil to the island, leaving it reliant on Soviet crude oil. All American oil companies refused to refine Soviet oil, leading the Cuban government to nationalize the refineries. The refinery owners were never compensated for the Cuban nationalization of their property. Today the refineries are owned & operated by the state-run company, Unión CubaPetróleo. On February 7, 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports. ", "precise_score": 3.701307773590088, "rough_score": 6.655072212219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Currently, the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward \"democratization and greater respect for human rights\". The Helms–Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met. In 1999, President Bill Clinton expanded the trade embargo by also disallowing foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies to trade with Cuba. In 2000, Clinton authorized the sale of \"humanitarian\" U.S. products to Cuba.", "precise_score": 2.106048583984375, "rough_score": 5.721813678741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Despite the Spanish term bloqueo (blockade), there has been no physical, naval blockade of the country by the United States after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The United States does not block Cuba's trade with third parties: other countries are not under the jurisdiction of U.S. domestic laws, such as the Cuban Democracy Act (although, in theory, foreign countries that trade with Cuba could be penalised by the U.S., which has been condemned as an \"extraterritorial\" measure that contravenes \"the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention in their internal affairs and freedom of trade and navigation as paramount to the conduct of international affairs.\" ). Cuba can, and does, conduct international trade with many third-party countries; Cuba has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. ", "precise_score": 6.325933456420898, "rough_score": 4.09285831451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The United States imposed an arms embargo on Cuba on March 14, 1958 during the armed conflict between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Fulgencio Batista regime. The arms embargo had more of an impact on Batista than the rebels. After the Castro socialist government came to power on January 1, 1959, Castro made overtures to the United States, but was rebuffed by the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, which by March began making plans to help overthrow him.", "precise_score": 0.4383684992790222, "rough_score": 5.284522533416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In May 1960, the Cuban government began to openly purchase regular armaments from the Soviet Union, citing the US arms embargo. In July 1960, the United States reduced the Cuban import quota of brown sugar to 700,000 tons, under the Sugar Act of 1948; and the Soviet Union responded by agreeing to purchase the sugar instead.", "precise_score": -0.7626969218254089, "rough_score": 2.1718039512634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The second wave of nationalizations prompted the Eisenhower administration, in one of its last actions, to sever all diplomatic relations with Cuba, in January 1961. The U.S. partial trade embargo with Cuba was continued, under the Trading with the Enemy Act 1917.", "precise_score": 4.4485368728637695, "rough_score": 5.010838508605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "After the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been largely planned under the Eisenhower administration, but which Kennedy had been informed of and approved during the months preceding his presidency and in his first few months as president, the Cuban government declared that it now considered itself Marxist and socialist, and aligned with the Soviet Union. On September 4, 1961, partly in response, Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act, a Cold War Act (among many other measures) which prohibited aid to Cuba and authorized the President to impose a complete trade embargo against Cuba.", "precise_score": 0.5284894108772278, "rough_score": 0.34418657422065735, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive order, first widening the scope of the trade restrictions on February 8, 1962 (announced on February 3 and again on March 23, 1962). These measures expanded the embargo to include all imports of products containing Cuban goods, even if the final products had been made or assembled outside Cuba.", "precise_score": 4.997000694274902, "rough_score": 6.263705253601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On September 7, 1962 President Kennedy formally expanded the Cuban embargo to include all Cuban trade, except for non-subsidized sale of food and medicines.", "precise_score": 4.3206987380981445, "rough_score": 5.338780879974365, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by the Cuban Democracy Act (the \"Torricelli Law\") and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act (known as the Helms–Burton Act) which penalizes foreign companies that do business in Cuba by preventing them from doing business in the U.S. Justification provided for these restrictions was that these companies were trafficking in stolen U.S. properties, and should, thus, be excluded from the United States.", "precise_score": -1.1082572937011719, "rough_score": 1.5910855531692505, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "According to critics, one of the major problems with the embargo is that the United States is the only major country that has such an embargo against Cuba in place. Cuba still receives tourists and trade from other countries making the embargo appear both illegitimate and pointless. ", "precise_score": 3.790771007537842, "rough_score": 2.944394111633301, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Beyond criticisms of Human rights in Cuba, the United States holds $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government. The pro-embargo position is that the U.S. embargo is, in part, an appropriate response to these unaddressed claims. The Latin America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in Florida, have swayed many politicians to also adopt similar views. The Cuban-American views have been opposed by some business leaders who argue that trading freely would be good for Cuba and the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.065955877304077, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "At present, the embargo, which limits American businesses from conducting business with Cuban interests, is still in effect and is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history. Despite the existence of the embargo, the United States is the fifth largest exporter to Cuba (6.6% of Cuba's imports are from the US). Cuba must, however, pay cash for all imports, as credit is not allowed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.702882707118988, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In October 1960, a key incident occurred in which a private American oil refinery in Cuba refused to refine a shipment of Soviet crude oil, and the Cuban government responded by nationalizing all three Cuban refineries, which were all American-owned. This prompted the Eisenhower administration to launch the first trade embargo—a prohibition against selling all products to Cuba except food and medicine. The Cuban regime responded with nationalization of all American businesses and most American privately owned properties on the island. No compensation was given for the seizures, and a number of diplomats were expelled from Cuba.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6921124458312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuba's declaration of Marxism ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271296501159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On January 21, 1962, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States (OAS) by a vote of 14 in favor, one (Cuba) against with six abstentions. (See Cuban relations with the Organization of American States for details of the proceedings.) Mexico and Ecuador, two abstaining members, argued that the expulsion was not authorized in the OAS Charter. (Multilateral sanctions were imposed by the OAS on July 26, 1964, which were later rescinded on July 29, 1975. Cuban relations with the Organization of American States have since improved, and as of June 3, 2009, membership suspension was lifted.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.598767280578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On August 3, 1962 the Foreign Assistance Act was amended to prohibit aid to any country that provides assistance to Cuba.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.325376987457275, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The Cuban Missile Crisis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383840560913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Following the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962), Kennedy imposed travel restrictions on February 8, 1963, and the Cuban Assets Control Regulations were issued on July 8, 1963, again under the Trading with the Enemy Act in response to Cubans hosting Soviet nuclear weapons. Under these restrictions, Cuban assets in the U.S. were frozen and the existing restrictions were consolidated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.976993560791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The restrictions on U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba lapsed on March 19, 1977; the regulation was renewable every six months, but President Jimmy Carter did not renew it and the regulation on spending U.S. dollars in Cuba was lifted shortly afterwards. President Ronald Reagan reinstated the trade embargo on April 19, 1982. This has been modified subsequently with the present regulation, effective June 30, 2004, being the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, 31 C.F.R. part 515. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6278269290924072, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The current regulation does not prohibit travel by U.S. citizens to Cuba per se, but it makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a US government Office of Foreign Assets Control issued license. Since even paying unavoidable airfare ticket taxes into a Cuban airport would violate this transaction law, it is effectively impossible for ordinary tourists to visit Cuba without breaking the monetary transaction rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041607856750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "After Cuba shot down two unarmed Brothers to the Rescue planes in 1996, killing three Americans and a U.S. resident, a bi-partisan coalition in the United States Congress approved the Helms-Burton Act. The Title III of this law also states that any non-U.S. company that \"knowingly trafficks in property in Cuba confiscated without compensation from a U.S. person\" can be subjected to litigation and that company's leadership can be barred from entry into the United States. Sanctions may also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. This restriction also applies to maritime shipping, as ships docking at Cuban ports are not allowed to dock at U.S. ports for six months. It's important to note that this title includes waiver authority, so that the President might suspend its application. This waiver must be renewed every six months and traditionally it has been.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.138469696044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In response to pressure from some American farmers and agribusiness, the embargo was relaxed by the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act, which was passed by the Congress in October 2000 and signed by President Bill Clinton. The relaxation allowed the sale of agricultural goods and medicine to Cuba for humanitarian reasons. Although Cuba initially declined to engage in such trade (having even refused U.S. food aid in the past, seeing it as a half-measure serving U.S. interests), the Cuban government began to allow the purchase of food from the U.S. as a result of Hurricane Michelle in November 2001. These purchases have grown since then, even though all sales are made in cash. In 2007, the U.S. was the largest food supplier of Cuba, which nevertheless is largely self-sufficient, and its fifth largest trading partner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9603967666625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In some tourist spots across the island, American brands such as Coca-Cola can be purchased. Ford tankers refuel planes in airports and some computers use Microsoft software. The origin of the financing behind such goods is not always clear. The goods often come from third parties based in countries outside the U.S., even if the product being dealt originally has U.S. shareholders or investors. This can be seen, for example, with Nestle products (which have a 10% US ownership) that can be bought in Cuba with Cuban convertible pesos (CUCs). These CUC pesos are hard currency that are traded in foreign exchange against the US dollar, Euro and other currencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824457168579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In November 1991, the Cuban ambassador, Ricardo Alarcon, in a speech to the UN General Assembly, cited 27 recent cases of trade contracts interrupted by US pressure. The British journal Cuba Business claimed that British Petroleum was seemingly dissuaded by US authorities from investing in offshore oil exploration in Cuba despite being initially keenly interested. The Petroleum economist claimed, in September 1992, that the US State Department vigorously discouraged firms like Royal Dutch Shell and Clyde Petroleum from investing in Cuba. This pressure did not work in all cases. According to the Mexican Newspaper El Financiero, the US ambassador to Mexico, John Negroponte travelled to meet two Mexican business men who had signed a textile deal with Cuba on October 17, 1992. Despite the representation, the deal went ahead and was eventually worth $500 million in foreign capital. All of this happened before the signing of the Cuban Democracy Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.297439575195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Spurred by a burgeoning interest in the assumed untapped product demand in Cuba, a growing number of free-marketers in Congress, backed by Western and Great Plains lawmakers who represent agribusiness, have tried each year since 2000 to water down or lift regulations preventing Americans from traveling to Cuba. Four times over that time period the United States House of Representatives has adopted language lifting the travel ban, and in 2003 the U.S. Senate followed suit for the first time. Each time President George W. Bush threatened to veto the bill. Faced with a veto threat, each year Congress dropped its attempt to lift the travel ban before sending legislation to the president. Some United States nationals circumvent the ban by traveling to Cuba from a different country (such as Mexico, The Bahamas, Canada or Costa Rica), as Cuban immigration authorities do not routinely stamp passports, but instead stamp a Cuban visa page which is provided, and not permanently affixed to the passport. In doing so, however, U.S. citizens still risk prosecution and fines by the U.S. government if discovered. Until July 20, 2015 there was no U.S. Embassy or consulate in Cuba and United States representation was limited to a United States Interests Section.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.156547546386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The United States Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) considers any visit of more than one day to be prima facie proof of violation. OFAC also holds that U.S. citizens may not receive goods or services for free from any Cuban national, eliminating any attempts to circumvent the regulation based on that premise. On July 25, 2011, OFAC declared that the \"people to people\" relaxation of restrictions on travel conceded by the Obama administration should not be mistakenly interpreted as promoting tourism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.927593231201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On October 10, 2006, the United States announced the creation of a task force made up of officials from several U.S. agencies that will pursue more aggressively violators of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties. The regulations are still in force and are administered by the U.S. Treasury Department, Office of Foreign Assets Control. Criminal penalties for violating the embargo range up to ten years in prison, $1 million in corporate fines, and $250,000 in individual fines; civil penalties up to $55,000 per violation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.393113136291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Cuban-Americans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310342788696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On April 13, 2009, President Barack Obama eased the travel ban, allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to Cuba; and on January 14, 2011, he further eased the ban, by allowing students and religious missionaries to travel to Cuba if they meet certain restrictions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333178520202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On July 16, 2012, the Ana Cecilia became the first officially sanctioned direct ship to sail from Miami to Cuba. It carried food, medicine and personal hygiene goods sent by Cuban-Americans to family members. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379688262939453, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In 2014, the Obama administration announced its intention to re-establish relations with Cuba. In January 2015, the Administration lightened restrictions on U.S. citizen travel to Cuba. While restrictions on travel for missionary work and education have been loosened, visits for tourism remain banned. President Obama and President Raúl Castro of Cuba met on April 11, 2015, which was the first meeting between distinct leaders of the two countries in over fifty years. In May 2015, several American companies reported they had been granted licenses to establish ferry travel between Florida and Cuba, with a U.S Department of Treasury spokeswoman confirming they had begun issuing licenses. So far the general ban on travel to Cuba remains in effect for Americans, so the ferry service will not be accessible to Americans who have not received special approval for travel to Cuba. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938713073730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On September 21, 2015, the Commerce and Treasury Departments took additional coordinated actions in support of the President’s Cuba policy. These actions included a rule published by the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) that amended the terms of existing license exceptions that are available for Cuba, increased the number of license exception provisions that are available for Cuba, created a new Cuba licensing policy to help ensure the safety of civil aviation and the safe operation of commercial passenger aircraft, and made the deemed export and deemed reexport license requirements for Cuba consistent with other sanctioned destinations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195171356201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Investment in Cuba by Americans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127260208129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The U.S. Government allowed two American men from Alabama to build a factory that will assemble as many as 1,000 small tractors a year for sale to private farmers in Cuba. The $5 million to $10 million plant would be the first significant U.S. business investment on Cuban soil since 1959. They expect to start making deliveries in 2017. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.918356418609619, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The U.S. Chamber of Commerce estimates that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $1.2 billion per year in lost sales and exports, while the Cuban government estimates that the embargo costs the island itself $685 million annually. The United States has spent over $500 million broadcasting Radio Marti and TV Marti, even though the transmission signals of the latter are effectively blocked by the Cuban government. The self-proclaimed non-partisan Cuba Policy Foundation estimates that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $3.6 billion per year in economic output. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.568786382675171, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The 1998 U.S. State Department report Zenith and Eclipse: A Comparative Look at Socio-Economic Conditions in Pre-Castro and Present Day Cuba argued that the U.S. embargo has added, at most, relatively small increases in transportation costs. It claims that the main problem is not the embargo but the lack of foreign currency due to the unwillingness of Cuba to liberalize its economy and diversify its export base during the years of abundant Soviet aid. Cuba also amassed substantial debts owed to its Japanese, European, and Latin American trading partners during the years of abundant Soviet aid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5441303849220276, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The embargo has been criticized for its effects on food, clean water, medicine, and other economic needs of the Cuban population. Criticism has come from both Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro, citizens and groups from within Cuba, and international organizations and leaders. Some academic critics, outside Cuba, have also linked the embargo to shortages of medical supplies and soap which have resulted in a series of medical crises and heightened levels of infectious diseases. It has also been linked to epidemics of specific diseases, including neurological disorders and blindness caused by poor nutrition. Travel restrictions embedded in the embargo have also been shown to limit the amount of medical information that flows into Cuba from the United States. An article written in 1997 suggests malnutrition and disease resulting from increased food and medicine prices have affected men and the elderly, in particular, due to Cuba's rationing system which gives preferential treatment to women and children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.029171466827393, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On May 1, 2009, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, while speaking about his meeting U.S. President Barack Obama at a summit days earlier, stated \"if President Obama does not dismantle this savage blockade of the Cuban people, then it is all a lie, it will all be a great farce and the U.S. empire will be alive and well, threatening us.\" In June 2009, Moisés Naím wrote in Newsweek: \"The embargo is the perfect example used by anti-Americans everywhere to expose the hypocrisy of a superpower that punishes a small island while cozying to dictators elsewhere.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.846481800079346, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "The Helms-Burton Act has been the target of criticism from Canadian and European governments in particular, who object to what they say is the extraterritorial pretensions of a piece of legislation aimed at punishing non-U.S. corporations and non-U.S. investors who have economic interests in Cuba. In the Canadian House of Commons, Helms-Burton was mocked by the introduction of the Godfrey-Milliken Bill, which called for the return of property of United Empire Loyalists seized by the American government as a result of the American Revolution (the bill never became law). The European Council has stated that it: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.915154457092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Some critics say that the embargo actually helps the regime more than it hurts it, by providing it with a bogeyman for all of Cuba's misfortunes. Hillary Clinton publicly shared the view that the embargo helps the Castros, noting that \"It is my personal belief that the Castros do not want to see an end to the embargo and do no want to see normalization with the United States.\" Clinton said in the same interview that \"we're open to changing with them.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.463246822357178, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Some American business leaders openly call for an end to the embargo. They argue, as long as the embargo continues, non-U.S. foreign businesses in Cuba that violate the embargo, do not have to compete with U.S. businesses, and thus, will have a head start when and if the embargo is lifted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9196648597717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "José Azel, a Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami and the author of the recently published book, Mañana in Cuba (Tomorrow in Cuba) took a different view:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35525894165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Some religious leaders oppose the embargo for a variety of reasons, including humanitarian and economic hardships the embargo imposes on Cubans. Pope John Paul II called for the end to the embargo during his 1979 pastoral visit to Mexico. Patriarch Bartholomew I called the embargo a \"historic mistake\" while visiting the island on January 25, 2004. A joint letter in 1998 from the Disciples of Christ and the United Church of Christ to the U.S. Senate called for the easing of economic restrictions against Cuba. While also opposing the embargo, the General Secretary of the National Council of Churches stated, \"We did not understand the depth of the suffering of Christians under communism. And we failed to really cry out under the communist oppression.\" Rev. Jesse Jackson, Rev. Al Sharpton, and Minister Louis Farrakhan have also publicly opposed the embargo. On May 15, 2002 former President Jimmy Carter spoke in Havana, calling for an end to the embargo, saying \"Our two nations have been trapped in a destructive state of belligerence for 42 years, and it is time for us to change our relationship.\" The US bishops called for an end to the embargo on Cuba, after Pope Benedict XVI's 2012 visit to the island. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4366321563720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Cuban Foreign Minister Felipe Pérez Roque called the embargo \"an act of genocide\", quoting a classified State Department memo dated April 6, 1960. Cuba has also denounced as \"theft\" the use of frozen Cuban assets to pay for lawsuits filed in the US against the Republic of Cuba. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7991652488708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Film director Michael Moore challenged the embargo by bringing 9/11 rescue workers in need of health care to Cuba to obtain subsidized health care. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.746983528137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In June 2011, former Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern blamed \"embittered Cuban exiles in Miami\" for keeping the embargo alive. Before visiting Cuba, he said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.686417102813721, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On February 23, 2010, U.S. Congressman Rep. Collin Peterson of Minnesota introduced a bill that would bar the president from prohibiting travel to Cuba or preventing transactions required for such trips. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9435453414917, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "On June 10, 2010 seventy-four of Cuba's dissidents signed a letter to the United States Congress in support of a bill that would lift the U.S. travel ban for Americans wishing to visit Cuba. The signers included Yoani Sánchez, Guillermo Farinas, Elizardo Sánchez, and Damas de Blanco founder Miriam Levi. The letter supported a bill introduced by Democrat Minnesota Representative Collin Peterson, that would bar the president from prohibiting travel to Cuba and from blocking transactions required to make the trip. The bill also prohibited the president from stopping direct transfers between U.S. and Cuban banks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931386947631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In concert with a prisoner exchange with Cuba, Presidents Barack Obama and Raúl Castro announced moves on December 17, 2014 to reestablish diplomatic relations and to loosen travel and economic policies. Cuba released Alan Gross, an American prisoner, on humanitarian grounds and exchanged an unnamed American spy for the three remaining members of the Cuban Five. Obama also announced a review of Cuba's status as a terrorist state and an intention to ask Congress to remove the embargo entirely. Cuba agreed to release 53 political prisoners and to allow Red Cross and UN human-rights investigators access. On May 29, 2015, according to the U.S. State Department, \"Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism was rescinded\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.844998359680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Under the announced changes by the President, there will be an increased ability to transact with Cuban nationals and businesses, including Cuban financial institutions. Additionally, permitted U.S. banks will now be able to open accredited accounts in Cuban banks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215527534484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "A 2008 USA Today/Gallup Poll indicated that Americans believe that diplomatic relations \"should\" be re-established with Cuba. (61% in favor, 31% opposed.) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.016472816467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "In January 2012, an Angus Reid Public Opinion poll showed 57% of Americans called for ending the travel ban that prevents most Americans from visiting Cuba, with 27% disagreeing and 16% were not sure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438277244567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" }, { "answer": "Cuba", "passage": "Polls also show declining support for sanctions among Cuban Americans. A June 2014 poll showed 52% of Cuban Americans in Miami-Dade County, Florida, oppose the embargo and 48% support it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.968904495239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States embargo against Cuba" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Jeffrey Adam \"Duff\" Goldman (born December 17, 1974) is a pastry chef and television personality. He is the executive chef of the Baltimore-based Charm City Cakes shop which was featured in the Food Network reality television show Ace of Cakes, and his second Los Angeles-based shop Charm City Cakes West, which is featured in Food Network's Duff Till Dawn and \"Cake Masters\" series. His work has also been featured on the Food Network Challenge, Iron Chef America, Oprah, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Man v. Food.", "precise_score": 1.6222717761993408, "rough_score": -1.4030505418777466, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Valastro was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to Buddy Valastro, Sr., and Mary Pinto on March 3, 1977 and grew up in Hoboken and Little Ferry, New Jersey. Valastro began working at his family's business, Carlo's Bakery at age 11, alongside his father. Valastro's father died when he was 17 in 1994, and he succeeded him as the new \"Cake Boss.\"", "precise_score": -2.930203914642334, "rough_score": -4.68632698059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buddy Valastro" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Valastro is the owner and head baker of Carlo's Bakery—the bakery featured on Cake Boss. Carlo's has since opened 12 more bakeries due to the popularity of the show.", "precise_score": -2.949586868286133, "rough_score": -5.960280895233154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buddy Valastro" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Charm City Cakes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488798141479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "In 2000, Goldman opened his own business called Charm City Cakes. Initially, his cake sales began as he worked out of his house in Charles Village in Baltimore, Maryland with the help of two assistants he employed. As the requests for his unusual cakes increased, he hired more employees – many of whom did not have any culinary experience as pastry chefs, but were instead experienced painters, architects, and sculptors. Charm City Cakes frequently uses blow torches, as well as power tools such as grinders and drills to help create the underlying supports of cakes. With his crew, Goldman has created unusual cakes including the likenesses of Elvis in the form of a 3-foot butter cream sculpture, an anatomically correct ear, a smoking volcano, a three-dimensional German Shepherd, as well as a replica of a CAT scan machine, a Jeep, and an edible Wrigley Field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796091079711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Goldman has made cakes for a number of celebrities including Tom Clancy, the cast of Lost, the 30 Rock cast (along with a cake prop), Sir Roger Moore,. and for Katy Perry's \"Birthday\" video. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940145492553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "In October 2009, Goldman and his brother Willie released the book Ace of Cakes: Inside the World of Charm City Cakes from HarperCollins/William Morrow, providing an exhaustive look at both the bakery and the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.549983978271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "*Cake Masters, 2016-", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383407592773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "*Ace of Cakes, 2006-2011", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77346420288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Goldman currently lives in Los Angeles, California. He played bass guitar in an instrumental band called \"...soihadto...\". He claims his alternate dream job would be to perform as bass player with the band Clutch. Goldman has made a wedding cake for Clutch's lead singer, Neil Fallon. In addition, Fallon's younger sister and Goldman's friend from college, Mary Alice Fallon-Yeskey, works at Charm City Cakes as the office manager. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.670877456665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Goldman also officially entered the Guinness Book of World Records for baking the world's largest cupcake on March 30, 2008. The massive entirely edible cupcake weighed in at 61.4 pounds (27.9 kg) and was over a foot (305mm) tall. It was reportedly 150 times the size of a regular cupcake and required 16 pounds (7.2 kg) of butter, 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of sugar, and three ounces (85g) of food coloring. The record-breaking pastry was created to support the Great American Bake Sale, which raised $10,000 and awareness for the Share Our Strength charity. However, as reported in a 2009 episode of Ace of Cakes, Goldman was stripped of the record due to the cupcake having been made in two parts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.319719314575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Duff Goldman" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "He is perhaps best known as the star of the reality television series Cake Boss, which premiered in April 2009 and has just started a new season in the month of September 2015. He also has starred Kitchen Boss (2011), The Next Great Baker (2010) and Buddy's Bakery Rescue (2013).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.353839874267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buddy Valastro" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "Carlo's Bakery currently has 6 locations in New Jersey—Hoboken, Marlton, Morristown, Red Bank, Ridgewood, and Westfield. Outside of New Jersey, the bakery operates locations in Philadelphia, Las Vegas and New York The bakery also has locations on nine of the Norwegian Cruise Lines. The Lackawanna Factory in nearby Jersey City, serves as the corporate office for the business and is used as additional space to create wedding and specialty cakes, as well as bake their specialty baked goods for shipment across the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205082893371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buddy Valastro" }, { "answer": "Cake", "passage": "* Cake Boss (2009–)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.144370079040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buddy Valastro" } ]

[ { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called ices, such as water, ammonia and methane. All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.", "precise_score": -3.8795228004455566, "rough_score": -2.325073480606079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "The objects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock, the collective name for compounds with high melting points, such as silicates, iron or nickel, that remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases, the astronomical term for materials with extremely low melting points and high vapour pressure, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon, which were always in the gaseous phase in the nebula. Ices, like water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, have melting points up to a few hundred kelvins. They can be found as ices, liquids, or gases in various places in the Solar System, whereas in the nebula they were either in the solid or gaseous phase. Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets, as well as most of Uranus and Neptune (the so-called \"ice giants\") and the numerous small objects that lie beyond Neptune's orbit. Together, gases and ices are referred to as volatiles.", "precise_score": -6.812073230743408, "rough_score": -4.171414375305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "The four outer planets, or giant planets (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are together over 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less massive ( The rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles. Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites composed largely of ice. Two of these, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological activity. Titan, the second-largest moon in the Solar System, is larger than Mercury and the only satellite in the Solar System with a substantial atmosphere.", "precise_score": -3.345285415649414, "rough_score": -3.3941009044647217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law), but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.749317646026611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.617129325866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Sun h", "passage": "The Solar System will remain roughly as we know it today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At this time, the core of the Sun will collapse, and the energy output will be much greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant. Because of its vastly increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be considerably cooler (2,600 K at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and Venus and render Earth uninhabitable as the habitable zone moves out to the orbit of Mars. Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will move away into space, leaving a white dwarf, an extraordinarily dense object, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The ejected outer layers will form what is known as a planetary nebula, returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but now enriched with heavier elements like carbon—to the interstellar medium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.672246932983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "Uranus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281343460083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "Uranus (19.2 AU), at 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it orbits the Sun on its side; its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic. It has a much colder core than the other giant planets and radiates very little heat into space. Uranus has 27 known satellites, the largest ones being Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, and Miranda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.163639545440674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "Neptune (30.1 AU), though slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn. Neptune has 14 known satellites. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen. Triton is the only large satellite with a retrograde orbit. Neptune is accompanied in its orbit by several minor planets, termed Neptune trojans, that are in 1:1 resonance with it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.13731050491333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "The largest nearby star is Sirius, a bright main-sequence star roughly 8.6 light-years away and roughly twice the Sun's mass and that is orbited by a white dwarf, Sirius B. The nearest brown dwarfs are the binary Luhman 16 system at 6.6 light-years. Other systems within ten light-years are the binary red-dwarf system Luyten 726-8 (8.7 ly) and the solitary red dwarf Ross 154 (9.7 ly). The closest solitary Sun-like star to the Solar System is Tau Ceti at 11.9 light-years. It has roughly 80% of the Sun's mass but only 60% of its luminosity. The closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun orbits the red dwarf Gliese 674, 15 light years away. It has a mass similar to that of Uranus and an orbital period of just five days. The closest known free-floating planetary-mass object to the Sun is WISE 0855−0714, an object with a mass less than 10 Jupiter masses roughly 7 light-years away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.101102828979492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": "\"Myths of origin\" or \"creation myths\" represent an attempt to explain the beginnings of the universe in human language. The most widely accepted version at the time, although a philosophical account of the beginning of things, is reported by Hesiod, in his Theogony. He begins with Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaia (the Earth) and some other primary divine beings: Eros (Love), the Abyss (the Tartarus), and the Erebus. Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Uranus (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titans—six males: Coeus, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Oceanus; and six females: Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis, and Tethys. After Cronus was born, Gaia and Uranus decreed no more Titans were to be born. They were followed by the one-eyed Cyclopes and the Hecatonchires or Hundred-Handed Ones, who were both thrown into Tartarus by Uranus. This made Gaia furious. Cronus (\"the wily, youngest and most terrible of Gaia's children\"), was convinced by Gaia to castrate his father. He did this, and became the ruler of the Titans with his sister-wife Rhea as his consort, and the other Titans became his court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413811683654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Uranus", "passage": " Latin Jupiter = Old Norse Tyr\". The question of Greek mythology's place in Indo-European studies has generated much scholarship since Müller's time. For example, philologist Georges Dumézil draws a comparison between the Greek Uranus and the Sanskrit Varuna, although there is no hint that he believes them to be originally connected. In other cases, close parallels in character and function suggest a common heritage, yet lack of linguistic evidence makes it difficult to prove, as in the case of the Greek Moirai and the Norns of Norse mythology. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72389030456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" } ]

[ { "answer": "Foreigners", "passage": "Dictionary definitions of xenophobia include: \"deep-rooted fear towards foreigners\" (Oxford English Dictionary; OED), and \"fear of the unfamiliar\" (Webster's). The word comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning \"strange\", \"foreigner\", and φόβος (phobos), meaning \"fear\". ", "precise_score": 4.547679901123047, "rough_score": 2.8440208435058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Xenophobia" }, { "answer": "Foreigners", "passage": "In 2015, another widely documented series of xenophobic attacks occurred in South Africa, mostly against migrant Zimbabweans. This followed remarks by Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu stating that the migrants should \"pack their bags and leave\". As of 20 April 2015, 7 people had died and more than 2000 foreigners had been displaced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.307178497314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Xenophobia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Presley has been married four times. In 1988, she married musician Danny Keough, with whom she had a son and a daughter. She was then married to singer Michael Jackson and briefly to actor Nicolas Cage, before marrying music producer Michael Lockwood, father of her twin girls. She lives in San Francisco, California with her family.", "precise_score": -4.887072563171387, "rough_score": -0.9547486901283264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa Marie Presley" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Deborah Jeanne \"Debbie\" Rowe (born December 6, 1958) is an American nurse known for her marriage to Michael Jackson, with whom she had two children. She lives in Palmdale, California. ", "precise_score": 1.43464195728302, "rough_score": 4.376843452453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Rowe met Michael Jackson while working as a nurse in Dr. Arnold Klein's dermatology office, where Jackson was being treated for vitiligo. She recalled that after Jackson's divorce from Lisa Marie Presley in 1996, he was upset at the possibility that he might never become a father. Rowe, a longtime Jackson fan, proposed to bear his children. In an interview with Playboy, Lisa Marie stated that she knew at the time that she and Jackson were married, that Rowe wanted to have his children and that Rowe had \"a crush on him\".", "precise_score": -1.2946094274520874, "rough_score": -0.7254682779312134, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Presley appeared in Michael Jackson's 'You Are Not Alone' video in June 1995, directed by Wayne Isham.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.136033058166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa Marie Presley" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Keough is a bass guitar player in Presley's band, and also serves as her musical mentor. Lisa Marie Presley still regards Keough as a close friend. Keough lives in the guest house on Presley's property. Presley described her relationship with Keough after they separated: \"I don't know how, but we've managed to stay close ... There's others that I have pain or betrayal associated with that I won't have anything to do with. But he and I had a special thing. Unconditional.\" In a 2003 interview with The Commercial Appeal, Presley commented on reports that she and Keough were planning to remarry: \"Danny is my best friend, always has been, always will be. I love him unconditionally, but we are not together. It's not like that.\" Keough and Presley became closer after Presley divorced Michael Jackson. Keough's younger brother Thomas Keough had been an official witness at Presley's marriage to Michael Jackson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.201682090759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa Marie Presley" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Twenty days after her divorce from Keough, Presley married singer Michael Jackson. They had first met in 1975 when a seven-year-old Presley attended several of his concerts in Las Vegas. According to a friend of Presley's, \"their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A.\" They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Lisa for emotional support. She was concerned about his faltering health and his addiction to drugs. Lisa explained, \"I believed he didn't do anything wrong, and that he was wrongly accused and, yes, I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it.\" Shortly afterwards, she tried to persuade Jackson to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover. He subsequently did both. In January 1996, citing irreconcilable differences, Lisa Marie filed for divorce, according to legal papers. Michael Jackson had originally planned to file for divorce first. However, after Presley begged him not to file, Jackson caved in only to discover front page the next day that Presley had filed for divorce. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3628251552581787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa Marie Presley" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In an October 2010 interview with talk-show host Oprah Winfrey, Lisa Marie told Oprah that she and Michael Jackson spent the four years following their divorce together, on and off, in an attempt to reconcile and said that she had traveled to different parts of the world in order to be with him. Presley was engaged in 2000 to rocker John Oszajca. She broke off the engagement after meeting Nicolas Cage at a party. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4918222427368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa Marie Presley" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Relationship with Michael Jackson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960926055908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Joseph Jackson Jr.", "passage": "Three months after Rowe and Jackson's marriage she gave birth to a son, Michael Joseph Jackson Jr. (born February 13, 1997), who was subsequently known as Prince. The next year she gave birth to a daughter, Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson. (born April 3, 1998). Jackson took full responsibility for raising the children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0051918029785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "google Case Reopens Debate on Private Judges; Michael Jackson's clash with ex-wife heads for county court as officials seek to reform system.], Los Angeles Times (archive), September 6, 2006 Court documents indicated she had signed a prenuptial agreement and therefore could not obtain an equal division of community property under California law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.932695388793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In 2001, Rowe went to a private judge to have her parental rights for the two children terminated. In 2004, after Jackson was charged with 10 counts of child abuse, she went to court to have the decision reversed.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/5175408.stm Michael Jackson sued by ex-wife], BBC News, July 13, 2006 According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency Rowe, who is Jewish, sought the reversal in part because she feared the nanny and some of Jackson's siblings were exposing the children to teachings of the Nation of Islam. Court documents from 2005 noted that \"Because she is Jewish, Deborah feared the children might be mistreated if Michael continued the association.\" On the stand, in the 2005 People v. Jackson case, she explained that she had been allowed limited visits to her children, for eight hours every 45 days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.442505359649658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Following Jackson's death on June 25, 2009, Rowe made statements through her attorney to deny a series of gossip reports, including reports that she was not the children's biological mother [http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/entertainment/Debbie_Rowe__Dermatologist_Respond_To_Reports_Over_Michael_Jackson_s_Children.html Debbie Rowe, Dermatologist Respond To Reports Over Michael Jackson's Children], but NBC New York, 2009-06-30 and that she was attempting to bargain her parental rights for money. Several gossip outlets reported that Debbie Rowe was the surrogate mother for the children and not their biological mother. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.05204963684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Rowe was portrayed by April Telek in the 2004 film Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.763483047485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Debbie Rowe" } ]

[ { "answer": "Irene", "passage": "The passage of Hurricane Irene four weeks later contributed an additional six in (150 mm) of rain over the still-saturated area, causing further flooding.", "precise_score": -4.605339050292969, "rough_score": -7.594292640686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hurricane Floyd" } ]

[ { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "In 2013, 71.4 million metric tons of oranges were grown worldwide, production being highest in Brazil and the U.S. states of Florida and California. ", "precise_score": 4.094794750213623, "rough_score": -2.5847113132476807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Parson Brown: grown in Florida, Mexico, and Turkey, it once was a widely-grown Florida juice orange, its popularity has declined since new varieties with more juice, better yield, and higher acid and sugar content have been developed; it originated as a chance seedling in Florida in 1865; its fruits are round, medium large, have a thick, pebbly peel and contain 10 to 30 seeds; it still is grown because it is the earliest maturing fruit in the United States, usually maturing in early September in the Valley district of Texas, and from early October to January in Florida;Ferguson, James J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100203161504/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs123 Your Florida Dooryard Citrus Guide – Appendices, Definitions and Glossary]. edis.ifas.ufl.edu its peel and juice color are poor, as is the quality of its juice", "precise_score": -0.6942682266235352, "rough_score": -4.094112396240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "According to a 1917 study by Palemon Dorsett, Archibald Dixon Shamel and Wilson Popenoe of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a single mutation in a Selecta orange tree planted on the grounds of a monastery near Bahia, Brazil, probably yielded the first navel orange between 1810 and 1820. Nevertheless, a researcher at the University of California, Riverside, has suggested that the parent variety was more likely the Portuguese navel orange (Umbigo), described by Antoine Risso and Pierre Antoine Poiteau in their book Histoire naturelle des orangers (\"Natural History of Orange Trees\", 1818–1822). The mutation caused the orange to develop a second fruit at its base, opposite the stem, embedded within the peel of the primary orange. Navel oranges were introduced in Australia in 1824 and in Florida in 1835. In 1870, twelve cuttings of the original tree were transplanted to Riverside, California, where the fruit became known as \"Washington\". This cultivar was very successful, and rapidly spread to other countries. Because the mutation left the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only method to cultivate navel oranges was to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus trees. The California Citrus State Historic Park and the Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center preserve the history of navel oranges in Riverside.", "precise_score": -3.7407331466674805, "rough_score": -3.645805835723877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida. Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as \"degreening\", also called \"gassing\", \"sweating\", or \"curing\". Oranges are non-climacteric fruits and cannot post-harvest ripen internally in response to ethylene gas, though they will de-green externally. ", "precise_score": -1.2909599542617798, "rough_score": -0.45340532064437866, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "With approximately 16 million tons produced in 2013, the United States is the second largest producer. Groves are located especially in Florida, California, Texas, and Arizona. The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. Mid-south Florida produces about half as many oranges as Brazil, but the bulk of its orange juice is not exported. The Indian River area of Florida is known for the high quality of its juice, which often is sold fresh in the United States and frequently blended with juice produced in other regions because Indian River trees yield very sweet oranges, but in relatively small quantities. ", "precise_score": 1.7035555839538574, "rough_score": -3.1806626319885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458480834960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "This cultivar was discovered by A. G. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in 1879. The fruit is small, smooth, not highly colored, and juicy, with a pale yellow colored juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock. The fruit may be seedless, or may contain a number of small seeds. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October to December. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small for commercial use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.156502723693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on sour orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content. On sand, they are grafted on rough lemon rootstock. The Hamlin orange is one of the most popular juice oranges in Florida and replaces the Parson Brown variety as the principal early-season juice orange. This cultivar is now the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.930113792419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Gardner: grown in Florida, this mid-season orange ripens around the beginning of February, approximately the same time as the Midsweet variety; Gardner is about as hardy as Sunstar and Midsweet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677047729492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Homosassa: grown in Florida", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260767936706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Lue Gim Gong: grown in Florida, is an early scion developed by Lue Gim Gong, a Chinese immigrant known as the \"Citrus Genius\"; in 1888, Lue cross-pollinated two orange varieties – the Hart's late Valencia and the Mediterranean Sweet – and obtained a fruit both sweet and frost-tolerant; this variety was propagated at the Glen St. Mary Nursery, which in 1911 received the Silver Wilder Medal by the American Pomological Society; originally considered a hybrid, the Lue Gim Gong orange was later found to be a nucellar seedling of the Valencia type, which is properly called Lue Gim Gong; since 2006, the Lue Gim Gong variety is grown in Florida, although sold under the general name Valencia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8074212074279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Midsweet: grown in Florida, it is a newer scion similar to the Hamlin and Pineapple varieties, it is hardier than Pineapple and ripens later; the fruit production and quality are similar to those of the Hamlin, but the juice has a deeper color", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194021224975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Rhode Red: is a mutation of the Valencia orange, but the color of its flesh is more intense; it has more juice, and less acidity and vitamin C than the Valencia; it was discovered by Paul Rhode in 1955 in a grove near Sebring, Florida", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.617053031921387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Roble: it was first shipped from Spain in 1851 by Joseph Roble to his homestead in what is now Roble's Park in Tampa, Florida; it is known for its high sugar content", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505802154541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "* Sunstar: grown in Florida, this newer cultivar ripens in mid-season (December to March) and it is more resistant to cold and fruit-drop than the competing Pineapple variety; the color of its juice is darker than that of the competing Hamlin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185359954833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply to oranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No. 1 Bright, US No. 1, US No. 1 Golden, US No. 1 Bronze, US No. 1 Russet, US No. 2 Bright, US No. 2, US No. 2 Russet, and US No. 3.[http://web.archive.org/web/20110726100358/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.996751308441162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "STELPRDC5050382 United States Standards for Grades of Florida Oranges and Tangelos] (USDA; February, 1997) The general characteristics graded are color (both hue and uniformity), firmness, maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape. Fancy, the highest grade, requires the highest grade of color and an absence of blemishes, while the terms Bright, Golden, Bronze, and Russet concern solely discoloration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2996087074279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit in Hispaniola. Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769. An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804 and a commercial orchard was established in 1841 near present-day Los Angeles. In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.021191120147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Around 1872, Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans. Many orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9528889656066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.205162048339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "The citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticum, has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly-colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption. In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.Asian Citrus Psllids (Sternorryncha: Psyllidae) and Greening Disease of Citrus, by Susan E. Halbert and Keremane L. Manjunath, Florida Entomologist (Abstract. September 2004) p. 330 [http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe87p330.pdf FCLA.edu] As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008.[http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Commodity%20Report_CITRUS%20SEMI-ANNUAL_Sao%20Paulo%20ATO_Brazil_6-18-2009.pdf GAIN Report Number: BR9006], USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (June, 2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.581866264343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects. One of them is the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the Liberobacter asiaticum. Generalist predators such as the ladybird beetles Curinus coeruleus, Olla v-nigrum, Harmonia axyridis, and Cycloneda sanguinea, and the lacewings Ceraeochrysa spp. and Chrysoperla spp. make significant contribution to the mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, which results in 80–100% reduction in psyllid populations. In contrast, parasitism by Tamarixia radiata, a species-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable and generally low in southwest Florida: in 2006, it amounted to a reduction of less than 12% from May to September and 50% in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0630464553833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "Production of orange juice between the São Paulo and mid-south Florida areas makes up roughly 85% of the world market. Brazil exports 99% of its production, while 90% of Florida's production is consumed in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.257344245910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orange (fruit)" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "The grapefruit was brought to Florida by Count Odet Philippe in 1823 in what is now known as Safety Harbor. Further crosses have produced the tangelo (1905), the Minneola tangelo (1931), and the oroblanco (1984).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.415595054626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grapefruit" }, { "answer": "Florida", "passage": "The varieties of Texas and Florida grapefruit include: Oro Blanco, Ruby Red, Pink, Thompson, White Marsh, Flame, Star Ruby, Duncan, and Pummelo HB. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.05157995223999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grapefruit" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, and on the southeast by Nevada. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. It is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean, and the proximity to the ocean heavily influences the state's mild winter climate, despite the latitude.", "precise_score": -10.677990913391113, "rough_score": -10.696894645690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers, and settlers arrived. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843, the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles (255,000 km²), Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, 26th most populous U.S. state. The capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 160,614 residents (2013 estimate). With 609,456 residents (2013 estimate), Portland is the largest city in Oregon and ranks 29th in the U.S. Its metro population of 2,314,554 (2013 estimate) is 24th. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area, home to eight of the ten most populous cities.", "precise_score": 1.9587466716766357, "rough_score": -1.6168780326843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": " Humans have inhabited the area that is now Oregon for at least 15,000 years. In recorded history, mentions of the land date to as early as the 16th century. During the 18th and 19th centuries, European powers – and later the United States – quarreled over possession of the region until 1846, when the U.S. and Great Britain finalized division of the region. Oregon became a state in 1859 and is now home to over 3.97 million residents.", "precise_score": -8.553173065185547, "rough_score": -9.314079284667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "French Canadian and métis trappers and missionaries arrived in the eastern part of the state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many having travelled as members of Lewis and Clark and the 1811 Astor expeditions. Some stayed permanently, including Étienne Lussier, believed to be the first European farmer in the state of Oregon. The evidence of this French Canadian presence can be found in the numerous names of French origin in that part of the state, including Malheur Lake and the Malheur River, the Grande Ronde and Deschutes rivers, and the city of La Grande.", "precise_score": -10.718195915222168, "rough_score": -10.568816184997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system to probate his estate. A meeting followed Young's funeral at which a probate government was proposed. Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee's Methodist Mission was elected supreme judge. Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (half way between Lee's mission and Oregon City), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale. This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States.", "precise_score": -11.063607215881348, "rough_score": -10.537507057189941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Starting in 1842–1843, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to Oregon Country. For some time, it seemed that Britain and the United States would go to war for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel. The Oregon Territory was officially organized in 1848.", "precise_score": -10.520293235778809, "rough_score": -8.460322380065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859. Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a \"whites only\" clause in its original state Constitution. ", "precise_score": 1.9840013980865479, "rough_score": -3.378880262374878, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.", "precise_score": -10.52439022064209, "rough_score": -10.828158378601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state's citizens through initiatives and referenda, known as the Oregon System.", "precise_score": -8.956474304199219, "rough_score": -10.660058975219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "59797 This is the only fatal attack on the United States mainland committed by a foreign nation since the Mexican–American War, making Oregon the only U.S. state that has experienced fatal casualties by a foreign army since 1848, as Hawaii was not yet a state when Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. The bombing site is now called the Mitchell Recreation Area.", "precise_score": -11.058430671691895, "rough_score": -9.453583717346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is 295 mi north to south at longest distance, and 395 mi east to west at longest distance. In land and water area, Oregon is the ninth largest state, covering 98381 sqmi. The highest point in Oregon is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11249 ft, and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast. Oregon's mean elevation is 3300 ft. Crater Lake National Park is the state's only national park and the site of Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the U.S. at 1943 ft. Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world, though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River. Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland), the smallest park in the world at 452 sqin.", "precise_score": -10.871407508850098, "rough_score": -10.791327476501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem. Bend, near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States. In the southern part of the state, Medford is a rapidly growing metro area, which is home to The Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport, the third-busiest airport in the state. To the south, near the California-Oregon border, is the community of Ashland, home of the Tony Award-winning Oregon Shakespeare Festival.", "precise_score": -10.428232192993164, "rough_score": -9.021303176879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s; the Wallowa Valley herd now numbers about 60. Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; there are now two packs living in the south-central part of the state. Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed, reports of grizzly bears still turn up the state and it is probable that some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho. ", "precise_score": -11.102987289428711, "rough_score": -10.660703659057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government. The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was granted statehood. ", "precise_score": -5.664805889129639, "rough_score": -8.516185760498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The state maintains formal relationships with the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon:", "precise_score": -9.206537246704102, "rough_score": -10.1342134475708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "After Oregon was admitted to the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives (La Fayette Grover, who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month). Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980. A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available.", "precise_score": -7.810310363769531, "rough_score": -6.144221305847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state. The court has courthouses in Portland, Eugene, Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene. Oregon (among other western states and territories) is in the 9th Court of Appeals. One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built in 1869.", "precise_score": -11.019174575805664, "rough_score": -9.29847526550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "During Oregon's history it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U.S. states do so. ", "precise_score": -10.535386085510254, "rough_score": -10.616172790527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP. The state's per capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765. ", "precise_score": -10.644198417663574, "rough_score": -8.888703346252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries. The world headquarters of Nike are located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, which sells gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to the national headquarters of the Fortune 1000 company, Lithia Motors. Portland is home to one of the West's largest trade book publishing houses, Graphic Arts Center Publishing. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4,500 people worldwide.", "precise_score": -10.47469711303711, "rough_score": -10.451498031616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $10 a year, amounting to 5.6% of the General Fund in the 2005–7 biennium; data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public. As a result, the state relies on property and income taxes for its revenue. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.", "precise_score": -11.155853271484375, "rough_score": -10.757954597473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As of 2010, the state had 561,698 students in public primary and secondary schools.[http://bluebook.state.or.us/facts/almanac/almanac05.htm \"Oregon Blue Book: Oregon Almanac: Native Americans to shoes, oldest.\"] Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on January 5, 2012. There were 197 public school districts at that time, served by 20 education service districts. The five largest school districts as of 2007 were: Portland Public Schools (46,262 students); Salem-Keizer School District (40,106); Beaverton School District (37,821); Hillsboro School District (20,401); and Eugene School District (18,025). ", "precise_score": -10.694580078125, "rough_score": -9.953176498413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, 2007 legislation forced tuition increases to cap at 3% per year, and funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget. ", "precise_score": -11.17048168182373, "rough_score": -10.789148330688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac-12 Conference meet annually in the Civil War. Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007, and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in 2007 and 2008. ", "precise_score": -8.08736515045166, "rough_score": -8.586091041564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's landscape is diverse, with a windswept Pacific coastline; a volcano-studded Cascade Range; abundant bodies of water in and west of the Cascades; dense evergreen, mixed, and deciduous forests at lower elevations; and a high desert sprawling across much of its east all the way to the Great Basin. The tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregon's rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers. Stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11249 ft, Mount Hood is the state's highest point, and Crater Lake National Park is Oregon's only national park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271541595458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term \"orejón\" comes from the historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598) written by the new Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and made reference to the Columbia river when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the actual north american territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the southern part of the region. It is most probable that the American territory was named by the Spaniards as there are some populations in Spain such as \"Arroyo del Oregón\" which is situated in the province of Ciudad Real, also considering that the individualization in Spanish language \"El Orejón\" with the mutation of the letter \"g\" instead of \"j\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32683277130127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West (the Columbia River). By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon. In his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96249771118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Joaquin Miller explained in Sunset magazine, in 1904, how Oregon's name was derived:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381402015686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, from Aure il agua—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: 'Hear the waters.' You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds of Mount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the name Aure il agua, Oregon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338797569274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Another account, endorsed as the \"most plausible explanation\" in the book Oregon Geographic Names, was advanced by George R. Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink (Wisconsin) River was spelled \"Ouaricon-sint,\" broken on two lines with the -sint below, so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named \"Ouaricon.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346048355102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "According to the Oregon Tourism Commission (doing business as Travel Oregon), present-day Oregonians pronounce the state's name as \"or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407082557678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed \"Orygun\" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state. The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293909072875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Human habitation of the Pacific Northwest began at least 15,000 years ago, with the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon found at Fort Rock Cave and the Paisley Caves in Lake County. Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago. By 8000 BC there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249267578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Chasta, Chinook, Kalapuya, Klamath, Molalla, Nez Perce, Takelma, Tillamook and Umpqua. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113165855407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific Coast in 1543. Francis Drake made his way to Nehalem Bay in 1579 and spent 5 weeks in the middle of summer repairing his ship and claimed the land between 38-48 degrees N latitude as a Symbolic Sovereign Act for England. Exploration was retaken routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan José Pérez Hernández (see Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest), and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trading route to Asia. In 1778, British captain James Cook also explored the coast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245087623596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage. They built their winter fort in 1805–06 at Fort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251392364501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company; this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09593677520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069400787353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933–1937 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904007911682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083468437194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338266372680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As the nation expanded west, those making their way to the newly expanded territories often took their slaves with them, despite slavery being prohibited in the new territories. While slaves were present they were not recorded as slaves on documents, due to slavery's illegal status. Some territories took harsh and firm stances against blacks, and Oregon was among them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45382022857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In December 1844, Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law, which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery. Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across their bare back. If they still did not leave, this process could be repeated every six months. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041485786437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Although slavery was prohibited in Oregon, it persisted even into its statehood. In fact, in 1852 Robin Holmes was forced to file a lawsuit against his former owner, Nathaniel Ford. Ford held Holmes and his family as slaves in the Oregon territory and eventually freed Holmes, his wife, and infant child; but refused to release Holmes' three older children. The case made its way to the Oregon Supreme Court where Holmes won and Ford was required to release the children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036445617675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Slavery played a major part in Oregon's history and even influenced its path to statehood. The territory's request for statehood was delayed several times, as Congress argued among themselves whether it should be admitted as a \"free\" or \"slave\" state. Eventually politicians from the south agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a \"free\" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989336013793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's geography may be split roughly into eight areas:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50496768951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "* Oregon Coast—west of the Coast Range", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523823738098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The mountainous regions of western Oregon, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event that was visible from northern Oregon and affected some areas there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265273094177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The Columbia River, which forms much of the northern border of Oregon, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River in Southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely a result of those floods. Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years. In the 20th century, numerous hydroelectric dams were constructed along the Columbia, with major impacts on salmon, transportation and commerce, electric power, and flood control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242975234985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Today, Oregon's landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of a frontier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490531921386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's geographical center is farther west than that of any of the other 48 contiguous states (although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington). Its antipodes, diametrically opposite its geographical center on the Earth's surface, is at in the Indian Ocean northwest of Port-aux-Français in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Oregon lies in two time zones. Most of Malheur County is in the Mountain Time Zone while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003167152404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world, an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430395126342773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregroun", "passage": "File:Trilliumlake.jpg|Mount Hood, with Trillium Lake in the foreground", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46432113647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "File:Crater lake oregon.jpg|An aerial view of Crater Lake", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55007266998291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "File:Oregon High Desert.jpg|The High Desert region of Oregon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56203842163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "File:Oregon population map 2000.png|Map of Oregon's population density", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.594703674316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "File:Public-Lands-Western-US.png|Nearly half of Oregon's land is held by the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442861557006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which stretches from Eugene in the south (home of the University of Oregon) through Corvallis (home of Oregon State University) and Salem (the capital) to Portland (Oregon's largest city). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338117599487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's climate is generally mild. The state has an oceanic climate west of the Cascade mountain range. The climate varies with dense evergreen mixed forests spreading across much of the west, and a high desert sprawling to the east. The southwestern portion of the state, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32477855682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The northeastern portion of Oregon has a steppe climate, and the high terrain regions have a subarctic climate. Like Western Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, is considered warm for its latitude, and the state has far milder winters for the given elevation than the comparable latitude parts of North America, such as the Upper Midwest, Ontario, Quebec and New England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310441970825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Western Oregon's climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean. The western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter, moderately to very wet during the spring and fall, and dry during the summer. The relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days, which are semi-dry to semi-humid; Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year-round.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468815803527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The eastern two thirds of Oregon have cold, snowy winters and very dry summers; much of it is semiarid to arid like the rest of the Great Basin, though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47690486907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Most of the state does get significant snowfall, but 70 percent of Oregon's population lives in the Willamette Valley, which has exceptionally mild winters for its latitude and typically only sees a few light snows each year. This gives Oregon a reputation of being relatively \"snowless\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395268440246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 F at Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and the lowest recorded temperature is at Seneca on February 10, 1933. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202656745910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The table below lists the averages for selected areas of Oregon, including the largest cities and largest coastal city Astoria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50881290435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Typical of a western state, Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife. About 46% of the state is covered in forest, mostly west of the Cascades where up to 80% of the land is forest. Sixty percent of the forests in Oregon are within federal land. Oregon remains the top timber producer of the lower 48 states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027621269226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "There are some areas in Oregon where humans find themselves living in the same area as wildlife. This is bound to happen more as the human population grows. When wildlife resources dwindle (food, water and shelter) they will often look for food and shelter in homes and garages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49172592163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon has three national park sites: Crater Lake National Park in the southern part of the Cascades, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, and Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406658172607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": " Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government. It has three branches:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179692268371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "* a legislative branch (the bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly),", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398757934570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "* an executive branch which includes an \"administrative department\" and Oregon's governor serving as chief executive, and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422636985778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "* a judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431609153747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Governors in Oregon serve four-year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms, but an unlimited number of total terms. Oregon has no lieutenant governor; in the event that the office of governor is vacated, Article V, Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution specifies that the Secretary of State is first in line for succession. The other statewide officers are Treasurer, Attorney General, Superintendent, and Labor Commissioner. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-member Senate and a sixty-member House. The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation. They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice. The only court that may reverse or modify a decision of the Oregon Supreme Court is the Supreme Court of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921592712402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, having no sales tax, its revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over- or under-budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special session repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions. Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the Legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252229690551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregonians have voted for the Democratic Presidential candidate in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the state Senate and then the House. Since the late 1990s, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and one Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic Senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electing John Kitzhaber over Republican Dennis Richardson in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110272407531738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's politics are largely similar to those of neighboring Washington – for instance, in the contrast between urban and rural issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452312469482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In the 2002 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index (CPI). In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage, and restricting land use regulation. In the 2006 general election, voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state's discount prescription drug coverage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359251022338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The distribution, sales, and consumption of alcoholic beverages are regulated in the state by the Oregon Liquor Control Commission. Thus, Oregon is an Alcoholic beverage control state. While wine and beer are available in most grocery stores, few stores sell hard liquor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378824234008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Like all US states, Oregon is represented by two U.S. Senators. Since the 1980 census, Oregon has had five Congressional districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04946517944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The state has been thought of as politically split by the Cascade Range, with western Oregon being liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative. In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17170524597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials. More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law, called the Death with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court), legalization of medical cannabis, and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws. More recently, 2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws. However, a further ballot measure in 2007, Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05253791809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains the only state, with the exception of Washington, where voting by mail is the only method of voting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345508575439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46038818359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In the U.S. Electoral College, Oregon casts seven votes. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last seven elections. Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331798553466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's unemployment rate was 6.7% in December 2014, while the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.6% that month. Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation (21% of the population). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441027641296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries. Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259918212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In the Southern Oregon coast commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of US production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon's top 50 agricultural commodities. From 2006 to 2008, Oregon growers harvested between 40 and of berries every year. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27000 acre in southern Coos and northern Curry counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861459732055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown. Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs and poultry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144716262817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's major timber production and logging states, but forest fires (such as the Tillamook Burn), over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced. Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436037063598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production; in 2011, 4134 e6board feet was produced in Oregon, compared with 3685 e6board feet in Washington, 1914 e6board feet in Georgia, and 1708 e6board feet in Mississippi. The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039022445678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years. See also the List of freshwater fishes of Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542882919311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Oregon's mountains, forests, waterfalls, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park draw visitors year round. The Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is a tourist draw for Southern Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23283576965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is home to many breweries and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514912605285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon occasionally hosts film shoots. Movies filmed in Oregon include: Animal House, Free Willy, The General, The Goonies, Kindergarten Cop, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Stand By Me. Oregon native Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449542999267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s. Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s. Intel's creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started. Intel, the state's largest for-profit private employer, operates four large facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268945693969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to the establishment in that area of the so-called Silicon Forest. The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business. Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel. In 2010, biotechnology giant Genentech opened a $400-million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities. Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate in Central Oregon conducive to reducing cooling costs. Google has a large datacenter in The Dalles and Facebook has built a large datacenter in Prineville. In 2011, Amazon began operating a datacenter in northeastern Oregon near Boardman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442749977111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Intel Corporation employs 18,600 in Oregon with the majority of these employees located at the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432580947875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The U.S. Federal Government and Providence Health systems are respective contenders for top employers in Oregon with roughly 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031572341918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As of December 2014, the state's official unemployment rate was 6.7%. Oregon's largest for-profit employer is Intel, located in the Silicon Forest area on Portland's west side. Intel was the largest employer in Oregon until 2008. As of January 2009, the largest employer in Oregon is Providence Health & Services, a non-profit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07171630859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon's biennial state budget, $42.4 billion as of 2007, comprises General Funds, Federal Funds, Lottery Funds, and Other Funds. Personal income taxes account for 88% of the General Fund's projected funds. The Lottery Fund, which has grown steadily since the lottery was approved in 1984, exceeded expectations in the 2007 fiscal years, at $604 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382516860961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is one of only five states that have no sales tax. Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented. The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75–25% margin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42331314086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit. The \"kicker law\" stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists' estimates by 2% or more, any excess must be returned to taxpayers. Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia. In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the \"kicker\" law from statute to the Oregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299148559570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Oregon was 4,028,977 on July 1, 2015, a 5.17% increase over the 2010 United States Census.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178123474121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon was the U.S.'s \"Top Moving Destination\" in 2014 with two families moving into the state for every one moving out of state (66.4% to 33.6%). Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013, and second most popular destination in 2010 through 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038971900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As of the census of 2010, Oregon had a population of 3,831,074, which is an increase of 409,675, or 12%, since the year 2000. The population density was . There were 1,675,562 housing units, a 15.3% increase over 2000. Among them, 90.7% were occupied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322186470031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As of 2011, 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic white. Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284208297729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The center of population of Oregon is located in Linn County, in the city of Lyons. More than 46% of the state's population lives in the Oregon portion of the Portland metropolitan area. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39728832244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "As of 2004, Oregon's population included 309,700 foreign-born residents (accounting for 8.7% of the state population).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39918327331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The largest reported ancestry groups in Oregon are: German (22.5%), English (14.0%), Irish (13.2%), Scandinavian (8.4%) and American (5.0%). Approximately 62% of Oregon residents are wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish ancestry. Most Oregon counties are inhabited principally by residents of Northwestern-European ancestry. Concentrations of Mexican-Americans are highest in Malheur and Jefferson counties. But despite the fact that Russians account for only 1.4% of the population, Russian is the third most spoken language in Oregon after English and Spanish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347805976867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The majority of the diversity in Oregon is in the Portland metropolitan area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448131561279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000. The state's own projections forecast a total population of 5,425,408 in 2040. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104083061218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "In a 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian. Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as \"non-religious\", at 24 percent. Secular organizations include the Center for Inquiry (CFI), the Humanists of Greater Portland (HGP), and the United States Atheists (USA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193877220153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizens Alliance, and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent \"gay sensitivity training\" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450066566467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Old Believers to be found in the United States. The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland. There are an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland. The New Age film What the Bleep Do We Know!? was filmed and had its premiere in Portland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179737091064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon supports seven public universities and one affiliate in the state. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, both classified as research universities with very high research activity, and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity. UO is the state's most selective university by percentage of students admitted and highest nationally ranked university by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php USNews.com: America's Best Colleges 2008: National Universities: Best Schools] OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014, and is the state's highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Washington Monthly, and QS World University Rankings. OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined. The state's urban Portland State University has Oregon's second largest enrollment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981891632080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "The state has three regional universities: Western Oregon University in Monmouth, Southern Oregon University in Ashland, and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls. The quasi-public Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) includes medical, dental, and nursing schools, and graduate programs in biomedical sciences in Portland and a science and engineering school in Hillsboro. It rated 2nd among US best medical schools for primary care based on research by The Med School 100. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161760330200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges. The University of Portland and Marylhurst University are Catholic institutions in the Portland area. Reed College; Concordia University; Lewis & Clark College; Multnomah Bible College; Portland Bible College; Warner Pacific College; Cascade College; the National University of Natural Medicine; and Western Seminary, a theological graduate school; are also in Portland. Pacific University is in the Portland suburb of Forest Grove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423099517822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams: the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA, the Portland Thorns of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS.[http://portlandtimbers.com/newsroom/headlines/index.html?article_id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51468563079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win-loss record and attendance. In the early 21st century, the team's popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues, but revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy, LaMarcus Aldridge, and Damian Lillard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323691368103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" }, { "answer": "Oregon", "passage": "Oregon also has four teams in the fledgling International Basketball League: the Portland Chinooks, Central Oregon Hotshots, Salem Stampede, and the Eugene Chargers.[http://www.iblhoopsonline.com/ \"International Basketball League.\"] International Basketball League. Retrieved January 15, 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439414024353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In every area of the world there are major soft drink producers. However a few major North American companies are present in most of the countries of the world, such as Pepsi and Coca Cola. Major North American producers other than the two previously-named companies include Cott, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, and Jones Soda.", "precise_score": -4.14107084274292, "rough_score": -5.9206390380859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 2003, the Delhi non-profit Centre for Science and Environment published a disputed report finding pesticide levels in Coke and Pepsi soft drinks sold in India at levels 30 times that considered safe by the European Economic Commission. This was found in primarily 12 cold drink brands sold in and around New Delhi. The Indian Health Minister said the CSE tests were inaccurate, and said that the government's tests found pesticide levels within India's standards but above EU standards. ", "precise_score": -7.951455116271973, "rough_score": -8.529285430908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "A similar CSE report in August 2006 prompted many state governments to have issued a ban of the sale of soft drinks in schools. Kerala issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of soft drinks altogether. (These were later struck down in court.) In return, the soft drink companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the media regarding the safety of consumption of the drinks. ", "precise_score": -5.475180149078369, "rough_score": -7.514491081237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Pepsi (stylized in lowercase as pepsi, formerly stylized in uppercase as PEPSI) is a carbonated soft drink that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Created and developed in 1893 and introduced as Brad's Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola on August 28, 1898, then to Pepsi in 1961, and in select areas of North America, \"Pepsi-Cola Made with Real Sugar\" as of 2014.", "precise_score": 4.693045139312744, "rough_score": 4.8600335121154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "The drink Pepsi was first introduced as \"Brad's Drink\" in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his drugstore where the drink was sold. It was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898, named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe. The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla.. Soda Museum (archived April 15, 2001) Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy.[http://www.pepsistore.com/history.asp The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola]. Pepsistore.com. Retrieved on February 4, 2012.", "precise_score": 4.696226119995117, "rough_score": 6.5756988525390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as \"A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race.\" The advertising theme \"Delicious and Healthful\" was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again.", "precise_score": -3.0085906982421875, "rough_score": 0.7339589595794678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23, 1902 with registration approved on June 16, 1903. In the application's statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1, 1901. The Pepsi-Cola's description is a flavoring syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15, 1904.", "precise_score": -4.251944541931152, "rough_score": 3.5494401454925537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "A second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The application date submitted by Caleb Bradham for the second trademark is Saturday, April 15, 1905, with the successful registration date of April 15, 1906, over three years after the original date. Curiously, in this application, Caleb Bradham states that the trademark had been continuously used in his business \"and those from whom title is derived since in the 1905 application the description submitted to the USPTO was for a tonic beverage\". The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by PepsiCo of Purchase, New York.", "precise_score": -4.814803600311279, "rough_score": 0.5079824328422546, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle \"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you\", arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of 6.5 ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price. Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled. ", "precise_score": -7.39616584777832, "rough_score": -7.83513069152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Walter Mack was named the new President of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. Up until the 1940s, the full revenue potential of what was called \"the Negro market\" was largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the U.S. Mack realized African Americans were an untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them. To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive \"from the Negro newspaper field\" to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II.", "precise_score": -10.288653373718262, "rough_score": -8.727202415466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi Perfect", "passage": "Pepsi Perfect is a vitamin-enriched soft drink used in Back to the Future Part II when Marty orders it in the Cafe '80s.", "precise_score": -4.405032634735107, "rough_score": -6.685741424560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "The bottle itself is a 16.9 oz. container full of original Pepsi, under the name Pepsi Made with Real Sugar.", "precise_score": -7.368607997894287, "rough_score": -8.8250732421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Film actress Joan Crawford, after marrying then Pepsi-Cola President Alfred N. Steele became a spokesperson for Pepsi, appearing in commercials, television specials and televised beauty pageants on behalf of the company. Crawford also had images of the soft drink placed prominently in several of her later films. When Steele died in 1959, Crawford was appointed to the Board of Directors of Pepsi-Cola, a position she held until 1973, although she was not a board member of the larger PepsiCo, created in 1965. ", "precise_score": -8.197685241699219, "rough_score": -7.0421295166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1985, The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. The theory has been advanced that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly reintroducing the original formula as not Coke previous to 1985, but to Coca-Cola \"Classic\".", "precise_score": -7.516629695892334, "rough_score": -6.774984836578369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "According to Beverage Digests 2008 report on carbonated soft drinks, PepsiCo's U.S. market share is 30.8 percent, while The Coca-Cola Company's is 42.7 percent. Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in most parts of the U.S., notable exceptions being central Appalachia, North Dakota, and Utah. In the city of Buffalo, New York, Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by a two-to-one margin. ", "precise_score": -7.421784400939941, "rough_score": -8.478011131286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "As of 2012, Pepsi is the third most popular carbonated drink in India, with a 15% market share, behind Sprite and Thums Up. In comparison, Coca-Cola is the fourth most popular carbonated drink, occupying a mere 8.8% of the Indian market share. By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977, when it left India because of the new foreign exchange laws which mandated majority shareholding in companies to be held by Indian shareholders. The Coca-Cola Company was unwilling to dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), thus sharing its formula with an entity in which it did not have majority shareholding. In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy. ", "precise_score": -5.648460388183594, "rough_score": -6.702336311340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "* Caleb Bradham, inventor of Pepsi-Cola", "precise_score": -2.2347421646118164, "rough_score": -3.3375084400177, "source": "wiki", "title": "New Bern, North Carolina" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "* Caleb Bradham, inventor of Pepsi-Cola", "precise_score": -2.2347421646118164, "rough_score": -3.3375084400177, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pharmacist" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Caleb Davis Bradham (May 27, 1867 – February 19, 1934) was an American pharmacist and is best known for being the inventor of Pepsi.", "precise_score": -3.002194881439209, "rough_score": 0.8864157795906067, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caleb Bradham" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Circa 1890, he dropped out of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, owing to his father's business going bankrupt. After returning to North Carolina, he was a public school teacher for about a year, and soon thereafter opened a drug store in New Bern named the \"Bradham Drug Company\" that, like many other drug stores of the time, also housed a soda fountain. Middle Street and Pollock Street in downtown New Bern, is where Bradham, in 1893, invented the recipe—a blend of kola nut extract, vanilla, and \"rare oils\"—for what was initially known as \"Brad's Drink,\" but on August 28, 1898 was renamed Pepsi-Cola.[http://www.pepsistore.com/history.asp The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola]. Pepsistore.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-28. Bradham named his drink after a combination of the terms “pepsin” and “cola,” as he believed that his drink aided digestion much like the pepsin enzyme does, even though it was not used as an ingredient. His assistant James Henry King was the first to taste the new drink.", "precise_score": 4.420406818389893, "rough_score": 5.674222469329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caleb Bradham" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "On December 24, 1902, the Pepsi-Cola Company was incorporated in North Carolina, with Bradham as the president, and on June 16, 1903 the first Pepsi-Cola trademark was registered. Also in 1903, he moved his Pepsi-Cola production out of his drug store and into a rented building nearby. In 1905, Bradham began selling Pepsi-Cola in six-ounce bottles (up until this time he sold Pepsi-Cola as a syrup only), and awarded two franchises to North Carolina bottlers.", "precise_score": -2.8185606002807617, "rough_score": 1.9632773399353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caleb Bradham" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "At the peak of success, Bradham had authorized Pepsi-Cola franchises in over 24 states; however, on May 31, 1923, Bradham and his Pepsi-Cola Company declared bankruptcy. The major factor for Bradham’s business failure was the price of sugar immediately following World War I, when prices went up to 28 cents per pound (it was three cents per pound pre-war), and Bradham had purchased a large amount of sugar at that price but the price of sugar nosedived soon after he purchased it. The assets of his company were sold to the Craven Holding Company for $35,000. After declaring bankruptcy, Bradham returned to operating his drug store.", "precise_score": -5.212747573852539, "rough_score": -7.37138032913208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caleb Bradham" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "On May 3, 2006, the [http://www.healthiergeneration.org/ Alliance for a Healthier Generation], Cadbury Schweppes, The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new [http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108 School Beverage Guidelines] that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all U.S. schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.300153732299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy—in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on the wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsi's assets were purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft, Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.153353691101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "On three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.647062301635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Pepsi-Cola trademark", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13724422454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997467994689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1947, Walter Mack resumed his efforts, hiring Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of Commerce) reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled \"Leaders in Their Fields\", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844682693481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of blacks around the country to promote Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S.; Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result, from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by the Ku Klux Klan. On the other hand, it was able to use racism as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of Coke for segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge. As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coke's shot up dramatically in the 1950s with African American soft-drink consumers three times more likely to purchase Pepsi over Coke. After the sales team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351826667785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "The team members had a grueling schedule, working seven days a week, morning and night, for weeks on end. They visited bottlers, churches, \"ladies groups,\" schools, college campuses, YMCAs, community centers, insurance conventions, teacher and doctor conferences, and various civic organizations. They got famous jazzmen such as Duke Ellington and Lionel Hampton to give shout-outs for Pepsi from the stage. No group was too small or too large to target for a promotion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.683335304260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi advertisements avoided the stereotypical images common in the major media that depicted one-dimensional Aunt Jemimas and Uncle Bens whose role was to draw a smile from white customers. Instead it portrayed black customers as self-confident middle-class citizens who showed very good taste in their soft drinks. They were economical too, as Pepsi bottles were twice the size. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.885530471801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi Perfect", "passage": "Pepsi Perfect ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14665699005127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "To commemorate the trilogy's 30th anniversary, Pepsico decided to release a limited-edition run of 6,500, with each costing $20.15 which spells 2015, and are releasing it on October 21, 2015 online. At Comic-Con, around 1,500 bottles were given to the 1,500 people who were dressed as Marty McFly at the annual convention, in commemoration of the trilogy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528345108032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "From the 1930s through the late 1950s, \"Pepsi-Cola Hits The Spot\" was the most commonly used slogan in the days of old radio, classic motion pictures, and later television. Its jingle (conceived in the days when Pepsi cost only five cents) was used in many different forms with different lyrics. With the rise of radio, Pepsi utilized the services of a young, up-and-coming actress named Polly Bergen to promote products, oftentimes lending her singing talents to the classic \"...Hits The Spot\" jingle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.977386474609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "The Buffalo Bisons, an American Hockey League team, were sponsored by Pepsi-Cola in its later years; the team adopted the beverage's red, white and blue color scheme along with a modification of the Pepsi logo (with the word \"Buffalo\" in place of the Pepsi-Cola wordmark). The Bisons ceased operations in 1970 (making way for the Buffalo Sabres).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551981925964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Through the intervening decades, there have been many different Pepsi theme songs sung on television by a variety of artists, from Joanie Summers to the Jacksons to Britney Spears. (See Slogans.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904162406921387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "In 1975, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. During these blind taste tests, the majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. PepsiCo took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the results to the public. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.474127769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi has been featured in several films, including Back to the Future Part II (1989), Home Alone (1990), Wayne's World (1992), Fight Club (1999), and World War Z (2013). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031579971313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy. By 2002, the strategy was cited by Promo Magazine as one of 16 \"Ageless Wonders\" that \"helped redefine promotion marketing\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870386123657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 2007, PepsiCo redesigned its cans for the fourteenth time, and for the first time, included more than thirty different backgrounds on each can, introducing a new background every three weeks. One of its background designs includes a string of repetitive numbers, \"73774\". This is a numerical expression from a telephone keypad of the word \"Pepsi\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823812484741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In late 2008, Pepsi overhauled its entire brand, simultaneously introducing a new logo and a minimalist label design. The redesign was comparable to Coca-Cola's earlier simplification of and bottle designs. Pepsi also teamed up with YouTube to produce its first daily entertainment show called Poptub. This show deals with pop culture, internet viral videos, and celebrity gossip.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.218838691711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi has official sponsorship deals with four major North American professional sports leagues: the National Football League, National Hockey League, Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association. Up until December 2015 Pepsi had sponsored Major League Soccer before the MLS signed a four-year deal with Coca-Cola. Pepsi also has the naming rights to Pepsi Center, an indoor sports facility in Denver, Colorado. In 1997, after his sponsorship with Coca-Cola ended, retired NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver turned Fox NASCAR announcer Jeff Gordon signed a long-term contract with Pepsi, and he drives with the Pepsi logos on his car with various paint schemes for about 2 races each year, usually a darker paint scheme during nighttime races. Pepsi has remained as one of his sponsors ever since. Pepsi has also sponsored the NFL Rookie of the Year award since 2002. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73748779296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi also has sponsorship deals in international cricket teams. The Pakistan cricket team is one of the teams that the brand sponsors. The team wears the Pepsi logo on the front of their test and ODI test match clothing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380457878112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In July 2009, Pepsi started marketing itself as Pecsi in Argentina in response to its name being mispronounced by 25% of the population and as a way to connect more with all of the population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861933708190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would be redesigning its logo and re-branding many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max began using all lower-case fonts for name brands, and Diet Pepsi Max was re-branded as Pepsi Max. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of \"smiles\", with the central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product until 2010. Pepsi released this logo in U.S. in late 2008, and later it was released in 2009 in Canada (the first country outside of the United States for Pepsi's new logo), Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Australia. In the rest of the world, the new logo has been released in 2010. The old logo is still used in several markets internationally, and has been phased out most recently in France and Mexico. The UK started to use the new Pepsi logo on cans in an order different from the US can. Starting in mid-2010, all Pepsi variants, regular, diet, and Pepsi Max, have started using only the medium-sized \"smile\" Pepsi Globe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.401877403259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi and Pepsi Max cans and bottles in Australia now carry the localized version of the new Pepsi Logo. The word Pepsi and the logo are in the new style, while the word \"Max\" is still in the previous style. Pepsi Wild Cherry finally received the 2008 Pepsi design in March 2010 and Pepsi One got the redesign in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373022079467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 2011, for New York Fashion Week, Diet Pepsi introduced a \"skinny\" can that is taller and has been described as a \"sassier\" version of the traditional can that Pepsi says was made in \"celebration of beautiful, confident women\". The company's equating of \"skinny\" and \"beautiful\" and \"confident\" is drawing criticism from brand critics, consumers who do not back the \"skinny is better\" ethos, and the National Eating Disorders Association, which said that it takes offense to the can and the company's \"thoughtless and irresponsible\" comments. PepsiCo Inc. is a Fashion Week sponsor. This new can was made available to consumers nationwide in March. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.237608909606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In April 2011, Pepsi announced that customers will be able to buy a complete stranger a soda at a new \"social\" vending machine, and even record a video that the stranger would see when they pick up the gift. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041882514953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In March 2012, Pepsi introduced Pepsi Next, a cola with half the calories of regular Pepsi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109424591064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In March 2013, Pepsi for the first time in 17 years reshaped its 20-ounce bottle. However, some areas did not get the updated bottles until early 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.876075744628906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In November 2013, Pepsi issued an apology on their official Swedish Facebook page for using pictures of Cristiano Ronaldo as a voodoo doll in various scenes before the Sweden v Portugal 2014 FIFA World Cup playoff game. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15997314453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In July 2016, To celebrate 2015 Happy World Emoji Day on July 17, Pepsi released a #PepsiMoji Keyboard which is still available on Apple’s App Store and on Google Play. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047483444213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the \"Pepsi Challenge\". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, and less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the \"Challenge\" across the nation. This became known as the \"Cola Wars\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.346512794494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. However, exceptions include Oman; India; Saudi Arabia; Pakistan (Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s); the Dominican Republic; Guatemala; the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; and Northern Ontario. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033615112304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi had long been the drink of French-Canadians, and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La Petite Vie fame) to sell its product. PepsiCo introduced the Quebec slogan \"here, it's Pepsi\" (Ici, c'est Pepsi) in response to Coca-Cola ads proclaiming \"Around the world, it's Coke\" (Partout dans le monde, c'est Coke).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.715791702270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke, but it was undercut once the Cold War ended. In 1972, PepsiCo struck a barter agreement with the then government of the Soviet Union, in which PepsiCo was granted exportation and Western marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi-Cola. This exchange led to Pepsi-Cola being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the U.S.S.R. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675071716308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like \"coca colonization\", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term \"Pepsi-stroika\" began appearing as a pun on \"perestroika\", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. Critics viewed the policy as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy. This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book \"Generation P\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.424403190612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1989, Billy Joel mentioned the rivalry between the two companies in the song \"We Didn't Start The Fire\". The line \"Rock & Roller Cola Wars\" refers to Pepsi and Coke's usage of various musicians in advertising campaigns. Coke used Paula Abdul, while Pepsi used Michael Jackson. Both companies then competed to get other musicians to advertise its beverages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771238327026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market. As it came to be associated with the new system, and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.330389022827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsi did not sell soft drinks in Israel until 1991. Many Israelis and some American Jewish organizations attributed Pepsi's previous reluctance to do battle to the Arab boycott. Pepsi, which has a large and lucrative business in the Arab world, denied that, saying that economic, rather than political, reasons kept it out of Israel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311458587646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsiman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222318649291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "Pepsiman is an official Pepsi mascot from Pepsi's Japanese corporate branch. The design of the Pepsiman character is attributed to Canadian comic book artist Travis Charest, created sometime around the mid-1990s. Pepsiman took on three different outfits, each one representing the current style of the Pepsi can in distribution. Twelve commercials were created featuring the character. His role in the advertisements is to appear with Pepsi to thirsty people or people craving soda. Pepsiman happens to appear at just the right time with the product. After delivering the beverage, sometimes Pepsiman would encounter a difficult and action-oriented situation which would result in injury. Another more minor mascot, Pepsiwoman, also featured in a few of her own commercials for Pepsi Twist; her appearance is basically a female Pepsiman wearing a lemon-shaped balaclava. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4700345993042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 1996, Sega-AM2 released the Sega Saturn version of its arcade fighting game Fighting Vipers. In this game Pepsiman was included as a special character, with his specialty listed as being the ability to \"quench one's thirst\". He does not appear in any other version or sequel. In 1999, KID developed a video game for the PlayStation entitled Pepsiman. As the titular character, the player runs \"on rails\" (forced motion on a scrolling linear path), skateboards, rolls, and stumbles through various areas, avoiding dangers and collecting cans of Pepsi, all while trying to reach a thirsty person as in the commercials. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5059814453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In 2002, at Novosibirsk, Pepsi created a contest to win a car, where customers who bought a bottle of Pepsi could win a car by choosing the right key for the car. However, when a man was able to open a car, he was sued by Pepsi, as Pepsi had made the contest impossible by not having the key for the car as a selection. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140337944030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "In the United States, Pepsi is made with carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, sugar, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavors. A can of Pepsi (12 fl ounces) has 41 grams of carbohydrates (all from sugar), 30 mg of sodium, 0 grams of fat, 0 grams of protein, 38 mg of caffeine and 150 calories. The caffeine-free Pepsi-Cola contains the same ingredients but without the caffeine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.683935165405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In August 2010, PepsiCo entered into a 4-year agreement with Senomyx for the development of artificial high-potency sweeteners for PepsiCo beverages. Under the contract, PepsiCo is paying $30 million to Senomyx for the research and future royalties on PepsiCo products sold using Senomyx technology. According to PepsiCo, this collaboration will focus on the discovery, development and commercialization of sweet enhancers, with the purpose of providing lower-calorie PepsiCo beverages. PepsiCo will have exclusive rights to the Senomyx sweet flavor ingredients developed through the collaboration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819573402404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "In September 2012 Pepsi launched a new product called Pepsi Next which contains 30% less sugar and added Stevia as a zero calorie sweetener. The product was rolled out in Australia and was launched in the US on February 27, 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.902654647827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi cola", "passage": "* 1949: \"Pepsi Cola P-E-P-S-I (spelled out), that's your smartest cola buy.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769970893859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi cola", "passage": "* 1949–1950: \"Pepsi Cola hits the spot, two full glasses, that's a lot\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907439231872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1950–1957: \"Any Weather is Pepsi Weather\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422441482543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1957–1958: \"Say Pepsi, Please\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022418022155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1959-1960: \"The Sociables Prefer Pepsi\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01396369934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1961–1964: \"Now It's Pepsi for Those Who Think Young\" (jingle sung by Joanie Sommers)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872299194335938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1964–1967: \"Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation\" (jingle sung by Joanie Sommers)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60881519317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1967–1969: \"(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634532928466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1969–1973: \"You've Got a Lot to Live, and Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200240135192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1973–1977: \"Join the Pepsi People (Feeling Free)\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118145942687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1975-1978: \"Have a Pepsi Day\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004776954650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1979–1981: \"Catch That Pepsi Spirit\" (David Lucas, composer)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091068267822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1981–1983: \"Pepsi's got your taste for life\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14828872680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1983–1984: \"Pepsi Now! Take the Challenge!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197793006896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1984–1988 and 1990-1991: \"Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation\" (featuring Michael Jackson)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.459693908691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1989: \"Pepsi. A Generation Ahead\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955599784851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1992–1993: \"Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.942641258239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1993–1994: \"Right Now\" (Van Halen song for the Crystal Pepsi advertisement)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242883682250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1994–1995: \"Double Dutch Bus\" (Pepsi song sung by Brad Bentz)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315543174743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1995: \"Nothing Else is a Pepsi\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245906829833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1995–1996: \"Drink Pepsi. Get Stuff.\" (Pepsi Stuff campaign)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.135205268859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "* 1999–2000: \"For Those Who Think Young\"/\"The Joy of Pepsi-Cola\" (commercial with Britney Spears/commercial with Mary J. Blige)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035608291625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2003: \"It's the Cola\"/\"Dare for More\" (Pepsi Commercial)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85882568359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2008: \"Pepsi Stuff\" Super Bowl Commercial (Justin Timberlake)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270732879638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2008: \"Pepsi is #1\" ТV commercial (Luke Rosin)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942987442016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2010–present: \"Every Pepsi Refreshes The World\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219480514526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2011–present \"Summer Time is Pepsi Time\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34221363067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2012: \"Where there's Pepsi, there's music\" – used for the 2012 Super Bowl commercial featuring Melanie Amaro", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330644607543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi-Cola", "passage": "* 2015-present: \"The Joy of Pepsi-Cola\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01611042022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 1996–1997: \"Pepsi: There's nothing official about it\" (during the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022700309753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2000–present: \"Pepsi ye pyaas heh badi\" ((Hindi) meaning \"There is a lot of thirst\" (India))", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837894439697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2009–present: \"My Pepsi My Way\" (India)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997133255004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2010–2014: \"Pepsi. Sarap Magbago.\" (Philippines – meaning \"It's nice to change\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151849746704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2010–2011: \"Love!\" (Japan, for Pepsi Nex)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182659149169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2010–present: \"Pode ser bom, pode ser muito bom, pode ser Pepsi\" (\"It can be good, it can be very good, it can be Pepsi\") – Brazil and Portugal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319438934326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2011–present: \"Ici, c'est Pepsi\" (Québec - meaning \"Here, it's Pepsi\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18327522277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2011–present: \"Go Next!\" (Japan, for Pepsi Next)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154850959777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* 2015–present: \"Pepsi. Araw mo 'to.\" (Philippines - meaning \"It's your day\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172211647033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "*Pepsi MTV Indies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404682159423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi Perfect", "passage": "* Pepsi Perfect: A vitamin-enriched Pepsi variation shown in the movie Back to the Future Part II in scenes set in the year 2015. This was later released as a limited-edition drink.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.327933311462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi", "passage": "* Pepsi Nex: Pepsi variation shown in the 2011 Japanese anime series, Tiger & Bunny. Pepsi then released a Pepsi Nex variant in Japan in 2012, perhaps for promotional purposes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314041137695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pepsi" }, { "answer": "Pepsi cola", "passage": "It is located at the confluence of the Trent and the Neuse rivers, near the North Carolina coast. It lies 112 mi east of Raleigh, 87 mi northeast of Wilmington, and 162 mi south of Norfolk. New Bern is the birthplace of Pepsi Cola.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.198081970214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "New Bern, North Carolina" } ]

[ { "answer": "Caramel", "passage": "PayDay is a candy bar consisting of salted peanuts rolled in caramel surrounding a firm nougat-like center. It is currently produced by The Hershey Company.", "precise_score": 7.26325798034668, "rough_score": 6.772797107696533, "source": "wiki", "title": "PayDay (confection)" }, { "answer": "Caramel", "passage": "*Payday – peanuts, caramel, and nougat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.459873676300049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Candy bar" }, { "answer": "Caramel", "passage": "The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, white chocolate), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles. In the European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. In the United States, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8912763595581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Confectionery" }, { "answer": "Caramel", "passage": "*Caramels: Derived from a mixture of sucrose, glucose syrup, and milk products. The mixture does not crystallize, thus remains tacky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342041969299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Confectionery" } ]

[ { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College. This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress, generally on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election. In this capacity, only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush. At the beginning of 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy. In 2001, Al Gore announced the election of his opponent, George W. Bush. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent, Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session (January 6), Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. ", "precise_score": 4.110128879547119, "rough_score": 2.0694527626037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "Four vice presidents have been elected to the presidency immediately after serving as vice president: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren and George H. W. Bush. Richard Nixon, John C. Breckinridge, Hubert Humphrey and Al Gore were all nominated by their respective parties, but failed to succeed the presidents with whom they were elected, though Nixon was elected president eight years later.", "precise_score": 7.802545070648193, "rough_score": 8.41254997253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "Under the American system the president is both head of state and head of government, and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president is often assigned the ceremonial duties of representing the president and the government at state funerals or other functions in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president, and has occasionally been the subject of ridicule, such as during the vice presidency of George H. W. Bush. The vice president may meet with other heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries, at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1285018920898438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H.W.", "passage": "The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party's chances of getting elected. A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison can backfire, such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen, and in 2008 when Republican candidate John McCain picked dynamic Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. However, Palin also hurt McCain when her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency. In 1984, Walter Mondale picked Geraldine Ferraro whose nomination became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband's finances. Questions about Dan Quayle's experience and temperament were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H.W. Bush, but he still won. James Stockdale, the choice of third-party candidate Ross Perot in 1992, was seen as unqualified by many, but the Perot-Stockdale ticket still won about 19% of the vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.734713077545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "File:President George H. W.tif|George H. W. Bush43rd (1981–1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12934398651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "Richard Nixon unsuccessfully sought the governorship of California in 1962, nearly two years after leaving office as vice president and just over six years before becoming president. Walter Mondale ran unsuccessfully for president in 1984, served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996, and then sought unsuccessfully to return to the Senate in 2002. George H. W. Bush won the presidency, and his vice president, Dan Quayle, sought the Republican nomination in 2000. Al Gore also ran unsuccessfully for the presidency in 2000, turning to environmental advocacy afterward. Cheney had previously explored the possibility of running for president before serving as vice president, but chose not to run for president after his two terms as vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7090904712677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children. Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual national thanksgiving turkey presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of \"pardoning\" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806280136108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.275914192199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush", "passage": "File:President George H. W.tif|George H. W. Bush41st (1989–93)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463353157043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "George H.W.", "passage": "Since Herbert Hoover, each president has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois, the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by Texas A&M University and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the University of Texas at Austin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311107635498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "In 1986, the cartoon became the film The Transformers: The Movie, which is set in the year 2005. It introduced the Matrix as the \"Autobot Matrix of Leadership\", as a fatally wounded Prime gives it to Ultra Magnus; however, as Prime dies he drops the matrix, which is then caught by Hot Rod who subsequently becomes Rodimus Prime later on in the film. Unicron, a transformer who devours planets, fears its power and recreates a heavily damaged Megatron as Galvatron, as well as Bombshell or Skywarp becoming Cyclonus, Thundercracker becoming Scourge and two other Insecticons becoming Scourge's huntsmen, the Sweeps. Eventually, Rodimus Prime takes out the Matrix and destroys Unicron. In the United Kingdom, the weekly comic book interspliced original material to keep up with U.S. reprints, and The Movie provided much new material. Writer Simon Furman proceeded to expand the continuity with movie spin-offs involving the time travelling Galvatron. The Movie also featured guest voices from Leonard Nimoy as Galvatron, Scatman Crothers as Jazz, Casey Kasem as Cliffjumper, Orson Welles as Unicron and Eric Idle as the leader of the Junkions (Wreck-Gar, though unnamed in the movie). The Transformers theme tune for the film was performed by Lion with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic adding a song to the soundtrack.", "precise_score": -4.712437629699707, "rough_score": -3.685091972351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The third season followed up The Movie, with the revelation of the Quintessons having used Cybertron as a factory. Their robots rebel, and in time the workers become the Autobots and the soldiers become the Decepticons. (Note: This appears to contradict background presented in the first two seasons of the series.) It is the Autobots who develop transformation. Due to popular demand, Optimus Prime is resurrected at the conclusion of the third season, and the series ended with a three-episode story arc. However, the Japanese broadcast of the series was supplemented with a newly produced OVA, Scramble City, before creating entirely new series to continue the storyline, ignoring the 1987 end of the American series. The extended Japanese run consisted of The Headmasters, Super-God Masterforce, Victory and Zone, then in illustrated magazine form as Battlestars: Return of Convoy and Operation: Combination. Just as the TV series was wrapping up, Marvel continued to expand its continuity. It followed The Movies example by killing Prime and Megatron, albeit in the present day. Dinobot leader Grimlock takes over as Autobot leader. There was a G.I. Joe crossover and the limited series The Transformers: Headmasters, which further expanded the scope to the planet Nebulon. It led on to the main title resurrecting Prime as a Powermaster. ", "precise_score": -6.772136688232422, "rough_score": -4.540647983551025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "This story revealed that the Transformers originally breed asexually, though it is stopped by Primus as it produced the evil Swarm. A new empire, neither Autobot nor Decepticon, is bringing it back, however. Though the year-long arc wrapped itself up with an alliance between Optimus Prime and Megatron, the final panel introduced the Liege Maximo, ancestor of the Decepticons. This minor cliffhanger was not resolved until 2001 and 2002's Transforce convention when writer Simon Furman concluded his story in the exclusive novella Alignment. ", "precise_score": -5.021475315093994, "rough_score": -5.247690200805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The primary concept of Generation One is that the heroic Optimus Prime, the villainous Megatron, and their finest soldiers crash land on pre-historic Earth in the Ark and the Nemesis before awakening in 1985, Cybertron hurtling through the Neutral zone as an effect of the war. The Marvel comic was originally part of the main Marvel Universe, with appearances from Spider-Man and Nick Fury, plus some cameos, as well as a visit to the Savage Land. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.203878402709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The Transformers TV series began around the same time. Produced by Sunbow Productions and Marvel Productions, later Hasbro Productions, from the start it contradicted Budiansky's backstories. The TV series shows the Autobots looking for new energy sources, and crash landing as the Decepticons attack. Marvel interpreted the Autobots as destroying a rogue asteroid approaching Cybertron. Shockwave is loyal to Megatron in the TV series, keeping Cybertron in a stalemate during his absence, but in the comic book he attempts to take command of the Decepticons. The TV series would also differ wildly from the origins Budiansky had created for the Dinobots, the Decepticon turned Autobot Jetfire (known as Skyfire on TV ), the Constructicons (who combine to form Devastator), and Omega Supreme. The Marvel comic establishes early on that Prime wields the Creation Matrix, which gives life to machines. In the second season, the two-part episode The Key to Vector Sigma introduced the ancient Vector Sigma computer, which served the same original purpose as the Creation Matrix (giving life to Transformers), and its guardian Alpha Trion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.683858394622803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, the mythology continued to grow. Primus was introduced as the creator of the Transformers, to serve his material body that is planet Cybertron and fight his nemesis Unicron. Female Autobot Arcee also appeared, despite the comic book stating the Transformers had no concept of gender, with her backstory of being built by the Autobots to quell human accusations of sexism. Soundwave, Megatron's second-in-command, also broke the fourth wall in the letters page, criticising the cartoon continuity as an inaccurate representation of history. The UK also had a crossover in Action Force, the UK counterpart to G.I. Joe. The comic book featured a resurrected Megatron, whom Furman retconned to be a clone when he took over the U.S. comic book, which depicted Megatron as still dead. The U.S. comic would last for 80 issues until 1991, and the UK comic lasted 332 issues and several annuals, until it was replaced as Dreamwave Productions, later in the 20th-Century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.430051803588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The story focused on a small group of Maximals (the new Autobots), led by Optimus Primal, and Predacons, led by Megatron, 300 years after the \"Great War\". After a dangerous pursuit through transwarp space, both the Maximal and Predacon factions end up crash landing on a primitive, uncivilized planet similar to Earth, but with two moons and a dangerous level of Energon (which is later revealed to be prehistoric Earth with an artificial second moon, taking place sometime during the 4 million year period in which the Autobots and Decepticons were in suspended animation from the first episode of the original Transformers cartoon), which forces them to take organic beast forms in order to function without going into stasis lock. After writing this first episode, Bob Forward and Larry DiTillio learned of the G1 Transformers, and began to use elements of it as a historical backstory to their scripts, establishing Beast Wars as a part of the Generation 1 universe through numerous callbacks to both the cartoon and Marvel comic. By the end of the first season, the second moon and the Energon are revealed to have been constructed by a mysterious alien race known as the Vok.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4492340087890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The destruction of the second moon releases mysterious energies that make some of the characters \"transmetal\" and the planet is revealed to be prehistoric Earth, leading to the discovery of the Ark. Megatron attempts to kill the original Optimus Prime, but at the beginning of the third season, Primal manages to preserve his spark. In the two-season follow-up series, Beast Machines, Cybertron is revealed to have organic origins, which Megatron attempts to stamp out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07115650177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "In 2001, Dreamwave Productions began a new universe of annual comics adapted from Marvel, but also included elements of the animated. The Dreamwave stories followed the concept of the Autobots defeating the Decepticons on Earth, but their 1997 return journey to Cybertron on the Ark II is destroyed by Shockwave, now ruler of the planet. The story follows on from there, and was told in two six-issue limited series, then a ten-issue ongoing series. The series also added extra complexities such as not all Transformers believing in the existence of Primus, corruption in the Cybertronian government that first lead Megatron to begin his war and Earth having an unknown relevance to Cybertron. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.141124725341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "Three Transformers: The War Within limited series were also published. These are set at the beginning of the Great War, and identify Prime as once being a clerk named Optronix. Beast Wars was also retroactively stated as the future of this continuity, with the profile series More than Meets the Eye showing the Predacon Megatron looking at historical files detailing Dreamwave's characters and taking his name from the original Megatron. In 2004, this real life universe also inspired three novels and a Dorling Kindersley guide, which focused on Dreamwave as the \"true\" continuity when discussing in-universe elements of the characters. In a new twist, Primus and Unicron are siblings, formerly a being known as The One. Transformers: Micromasters, set after the Arks disappearance, was also published. The real life universe was disrupted when Dreamwave went bankrupt in 2005. This left the Generation One story hanging and the third volume of The War Within half finished. Plans for a comic book set between Beast Wars and Beast Machines were also left unrealized. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.836627006530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "In January 2006, the Hasbro Transformers Collectors' Club comic wrote a story based on the Transformers Classics toy line, set in the Marvel Comics universe, but excluding the Generation 2 comic. Fifteen years after Megatron crash lands in the Ark with Ratchet, the war continues with the characters in their Classics bodies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.615697860717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "First broadcast in Japan in 2000, Robots in Disguise was a single animated series consisting of thirty-nine episodes. It was exported to other countries in subsequent years. In this continuity, Megatron recreates the Decepticons as a subfaction of the Predacons on Earth, a potential reference to the return to the vehicle-based characters following the previous dominance of the animal-based characters of the Beast eras. It is a stand-alone universe with no ties to any other Transformers fiction, though some of the characters from Robots in Disguise did eventually make appearances in Transformers: Universe, including Optimus Prime, Ultra Magnus, Side Burn and Prowl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.747040748596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "In 2007, Michael Bay directed a live-action film based on Transformers, with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Josh Duhamel, Megan Fox, and Tyrese Gibson in the lead human cast while voice actors Peter Cullen and Hugo Weaving voice Optimus Prime and Megatron, respectively. Transformers received mixed to positive reviews and was a box office success. It is the forty-fifth highest-grossing film and the fifth highest-grossing film of 2007, grossing approximately $709 million worldwide. The film won four awards from the Visual Effects Society and was nominated for three Academy Awards, for Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects. The performance of Shia Labeouf was praised by Empire, and Peter Cullen's reprisal of Optimus Prime from the 1980s was well received by fans. A sequel, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, was released on June 24, 2009. Despite mostly negative reviews, it was a commercial success and grossed more than its predecessor. A third film, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, was released on June 29, 2011, in 3-D and went on to gross over $1 billion, despite receiving mixed reviews. A fourth film, Transformers: Age of Extinction, was released on June 27, 2014, which also grossed over $1 billion, though it got mixed to negative reviews. A fifth film, tentatively titled Transformers 5, is scheduled for a Summer 2017 release. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819220542907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" }, { "answer": "Megatron", "passage": "The Cartoon Network–produced Transformers Animated is a cartoon that aired in early 2008. Originally scheduled for late after 2007 under the title of Transformers: Heroes, Transformers Animated is set in 2050 Detroit (after crash landing 50 years earlier), when robots and humans live side-by-side. The Autobots come to Earth and assume superhero roles, battling evil humans with the Decepticons having a smaller role until Megatron resurfaces. Main characters include Autobots Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Bulkhead, Prowl, and Ratchet; Decepticons Megatron, Starscream, Blitzwing, Lugnut, and Blackarachnia; and humans Professor Sumdac and Sari Sumdac. Several characters that were in the original Transformers cartoon and 1986 animated movie, as well as characters only seen in comics and such, make special appearances and cameos throughout the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.561713695526123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transformers" } ]

[ { "answer": "White", "passage": "The player with the white pieces always moves first. After the first move, players alternately move one piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of en passant, all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies. A player may not make any move that would put or leave his or her king under attack. A player cannot \"pass\"; at each turn they have to make a legal move (this is the basis for the finesse called zugzwang).", "precise_score": 3.88665771484375, "rough_score": -6.00239896774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Most players and theoreticians consider that White, by virtue of the first move, begins the game with a small advantage. This initially gives White the initiative. Black usually strives to neutralize White's advantage and achieve equality, or to develop dynamic counterplay in an unbalanced position.", "precise_score": 1.5190445184707642, "rough_score": -6.391494274139404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* Zugzwang, a disadvantage because the player has to make a move, is often a factor in endgames but rarely in other stages of the game. For example, the diagram on the right is zugzwang for both sides, as with Black to move he must play 1...Kb7 and let White promote a pawn after 2.Kd7; and with White to move he must allow a draw, either by 1.Kc6 stalemate, or by losing his last pawn after any other legal move.", "precise_score": 1.7504647970199585, "rough_score": -5.033058166503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Pawns gained the option of advancing two squares on their first move, while bishops and queens acquired their modern abilities. The queen replaced the earlier vizier chess piece towards the end of the 10th century and by the 15th century had become the most powerful piece; consequently modern chess was referred to as \"Queen's Chess\" or \"Mad Queen Chess\". Castling, derived from the 'kings leap' usually in combination with a pawn or rook move to bring the king to safety, was introduced. These new rules quickly spread throughout western Europe. The rules concerning stalemate were finalized in the early 19th century. Also in the 19th century, the convention that White moves first was established (formerly either White or Black could move first). Finally the rules around castling were standardized – variations in the castling rules had persisted in Italy until the late 19th century. The resulting standard game is sometimes referred to as Western chess or international chess, particularly in Asia where other games of the chess family such as xiangqi are prevalent. Since the 19th century, the only rule changes have been technical in nature, for example establishing the correct procedure for claiming a draw by repetition.", "precise_score": 1.0798283815383911, "rough_score": 0.5245818495750427, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In 1913, Ernst Zermelo used chess as a basis for his theory of game strategies, which is considered as one of the predecessors of game theory. Zermelo's theorem states that it is possible to solve chess, i.e. to determine with certainty the outcome of a perfectly played game (either white can force a win, or black can force a win, or both sides can force at least a draw). However, according to Claude Shannon, there are 1043 legal positions in chess, so it will take an impossibly long time to compute a perfect strategy with any feasible technology. ", "precise_score": -3.3060054779052734, "rough_score": -6.844841480255127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The first-move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player (White) who makes the first move in chess. Chess players and theorists generally agree that White begins the game with some advantage. Since 1851, compiled statistics support this view; White consistently wins slightly more often than Black, usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent. White's winning percentage is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers. However, White's advantage is less significant in blitz games and games between novices.", "precise_score": 5.971738815307617, "rough_score": 5.363360404968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Chess players and theoreticians have long debated whether, given perfect play by both sides, the game should end in a win for White, or a draw. Since approximately 1889, when World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz addressed this issue, the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw. However, a few notable players have argued that White's advantage may be sufficient to force a win: Weaver Adams and Vsevolod Rauzer claimed that White is winning after the first move 1.e4, while Hans Berliner argued that 1.d4 may win for White.", "precise_score": 1.9582322835922241, "rough_score": 0.25410181283950806, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "New In Chess observed in its 2000 Yearbook that of the 731,740 games in its database, White scored 54.8% overall; with the two most popular opening moves, White scored 54.1% in 349,855 games beginning 1.e4, and 56.1% in 296,200 games beginning 1.d4. The main reason that 1.e4 was less effective than 1.d4 was the Sicilian Defence (1.e4 c5), which gave White only a 52.3% score in 145,996 games.A graph similar to that in the 2000 Yearbook can be found at The New in Chess statistics just give the number of games played and White's overall winning percentage without breaking it down into white wins, draws, and black wins.", "precise_score": -5.691629409790039, "rough_score": -4.3803839683532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Joseph Bertin wrote in his 1735 textbook The Noble Game of Chess, \"He that plays first, is understood to have the attack.\" This is consistent with the traditional view that White, by virtue of the first move, begins with the initiative and should try to extend it into the middlegame, while Black should strive to neutralize White's initiative and attain equality. Because White begins with the initiative, a minor mistake by White generally leads only to loss of the initiative, while a similar mistake by Black may have more serious consequences. Thus, Sveshnikov wrote in 1994, \"Black players cannot afford to make even the slightest mistake ... from a theoretical point of view, the tasks of White and Black in chess are different: White has to strive for a win, Black—for a draw!\" ", "precise_score": 1.2851201295852661, "rough_score": -2.09507417678833, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Chess theorists have long debated how enduring White's initiative is and whether, if both sides play perfectly, the game should end in a win for White or a draw. George Walker wrote in 1846 that, \"The first move is an advantage, ... but if properly answered, the first move is of little worth\". Steinitz, the first World Champion, who is widely considered the father of modern chess, wrote in 1889, \"It is now conceded by all experts that by proper play on both sides the legitimate issue of a game ought to be a draw.\" Lasker and Capablanca, the second and third World Champions, agreed. Reuben Fine, one of the world's leading players from 1936 to 1951, wrote that White's opening advantage is too intangible to be sufficient for a win without an error by Black. ", "precise_score": 4.756250381469727, "rough_score": 7.0788798332214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The view that a game of chess should end in a draw given best play prevails. Even if it cannot be proved, this assumption is considered \"safe\" by Rowson and \"logical\" by Adorján. Watson agrees that \"the proper result of a perfectly played chess game ... is a draw. ... Of course, I can't prove this, but I doubt that you can find a single strong player who would disagree. ... I remember Kasparov, after a last-round draw, explaining to the waiting reporters: 'Well, chess is a draw. World Champion Bobby Fischer thought that was almost definitely so. However, Pal Benko writes of Fischer:He believed—as have other players and theoreticians—that White's first-move advantage, properly exploited, should amount to virtually a forced win. (This idea may not be as exaggerated as it seems. Of the nineteen games I played against Fischer, I lost only one with White, missing a forced win, and seven with Black.).", "precise_score": -2.279020071029663, "rough_score": -6.827378749847412, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In 2004, GM Larry Kaufman expressed a more nuanced view than Adams and Berliner, arguing that the initiative stemming from the first move can always be transformed into some sort of enduring advantage, albeit not necessarily a decisive one. Kaufman writes, \"I don't believe that White has a forced win in Chess. I do however believe that with either 1.e4 or 1.d4, White should be able to obtain some sort of advantage that persists into the endgame. If chess were scored like boxing, with drawn games awarded by some point system to the player (if any) who came 'closer' to winning, then I believe White would indeed have a forced win in theory.\" ", "precise_score": -0.8761143684387207, "rough_score": -0.8992006778717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "According to Rowson, White's first advantage is that, \"The advantage of the first move has some similarities with the serve in tennis in that White can score an 'ace' (for instance with a powerful opening novelty), he has more control over the pace and direction of the game, and he has a 'second serve' in that when things go wrong his position is not usually losing.\" Second, White begins the game with some initiative, although Rowson regards this as a psychological rather than a positional advantage, \"and whether it leads to a positional advantage depends on the relative skill of the players.\" Third, some players are able to use the initiative to \"play a kind of powerful 'serve and volley' chess in which Black is flattened with a mixture of deep preparation and attacking prowess.\" Fourth, \"If White wants to draw, it is often not so easy for Black to prevent this. This advantage is particularly acute in cases where there is a possible threefold repetition, because White can begin the repetition without committing to a draw and Black has to decide whether to deviate before he knows whether White is bluffing.\" ", "precise_score": -0.7229663729667664, "rough_score": -6.578347206115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson argues that Black also has several advantages. First, \"White's alleged advantage is also a kind of obligation to play for a win, and Black can often use this to his advantage.\" Second, \"White's 'extra move' can be a burden, and sometimes White finds himself in a mild form of zugzwang ('Zugzwang Lite').\" Third, although White begins the game with the initiative, if \"Black retains a flexible position with good reactive possibilities, this initiative can be absorbed and often passes over to Black.\" Fourth, \"The fact that White moves before Black often gives Black useful information\". Suba likewise argues that White's advantage is actually less than a move, since White must tip his hand first, allowing Black to react to White's plans. Suba writes, \"In terms of the mathematical games theory, chess is a game of complete information, and Black's information is always greater—by one move!\" ", "precise_score": -3.711902141571045, "rough_score": -6.933116436004639, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "With chess it is possible, in principle, to play a perfect game or construct a machine to do so as follows: One considers in a given position all possible moves, then all moves for the opponent, etc., to the end of the game (in each variation). The end must occur, by the rules of the games after a finite number of moves (remembering the 50 move drawing rule). Each of these variations ends in win, loss or draw. By working backward from the end one can determine whether there is a forced win, the position is a draw or is lost. It is easy to show, however, even with the high computing speed available in electronic calculators this computation is impractical. In typical chess positions there will be of the order of 30 legal moves. The number holds fairly constant until the game is nearly finished as shown ... by De Groot, who averaged the number of legal moves in a large number of master games. Thus a move for White and then one for Black gives about 103 possibilities. A typical game lasts about 40 moves to resignation of one party. This is conservative for our calculation since the machine would calculate out to checkmate, not resignation. However, even at this figure there will be 10120 variations to be calculated from the initial position. A machine operating at the rate of one variation per microsecond would require over 1090 years to calculate the first move!", "precise_score": -0.2100624293088913, "rough_score": -3.316652774810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Chess Records was also known for its regular band of session musicians who played on most of the company's Chicago soul recordings, such as drummer Maurice White and bassist Louis Satterfield, both of whom would later shape the funk group Earth, Wind, & Fire; guitarists Pete Cosey, Gerald Sims and Phil Upchurch; pianist Leonard Caston, later a producer with Motown; and organist Sonny Thompson. In 1962, Chess Records was sued by Peacock Records for recording their artists Reverend Robert Ballinger and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24462604522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess Records" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "By convention, the game pieces are divided into white and black sets, and the players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\" respectively. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces of the specified color, which consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are set out as shown in the diagram and photo, with each queen on a square of its own color, the white queen on a light square and the black queen on a dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615469932556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "When a pawn advances two squares from its starting position and there is an opponent's pawn on an adjacent file next to its destination square, then the opponent's pawn can capture it en passant (in passing), and move to the square the pawn passed over. However, this can only be done on the very next move, otherwise the right to do so is forfeit. For example, if the black pawn has just advanced two squares from g7 (initial starting position) to g5, then the white pawn on f5 may take it via en passant on g6 (but only on white's next move).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.401407241821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move, for example e1Q or e1=Q. Castling is indicated by the special notations 0-0 for kingside castling and 0-0-0 for queenside castling. An en passant capture is sometimes marked with the notation \"e.p.\" A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation \"+\" added. (The notation \"++\" for a double check is considered obsolete). Checkmate can be indicated by \"#\". At the end of the game, \"1–0\" means \"White won\", \"0–1\" means \"Black won\", and \"½–½\" indicates a draw. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.644943237304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Until about 1980, the majority of English language chess literature used a form of descriptive notation, whereby files are named according to the piece which occupies the back rank at the start of the game, and each square has two different names depending on whether it is from White's or Black's point of view. For example, the square known as \"e3\" in algebraic notation is \"K3\" (King's 3rd) from White's point of view, and \"K6\" (King's 6th) from Black's point of view. The \"Scholar's mate\" is rendered thus in descriptive notation:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620335578918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought. FIDE, which has controlled the title since then (except for one interruption), ran a tournament of elite players. The winner of the 1948 tournament, Russian Mikhail Botvinnik, started an era of Soviet dominance in the chess world. Until the end of the Soviet Union, there was only one non-Soviet champion, American Bobby Fischer (champion 1972–75). Botvinnik revolutionized opening theory. Previously Black strove for equality, to neutralize White's first-move advantage. As Black, Botvinnik strove for the initiative from the beginning. In the previous informal system of World Championships, the current champion decided which challenger he would play for the title and the challenger was forced to seek sponsors for the match. FIDE set up a new system of qualifying tournaments and matches. The world's strongest players were seeded into Interzonal tournaments, where they were joined by players who had qualified from Zonal tournaments. The leading finishers in these Interzonals would go on the \"Candidates\" stage, which was initially a tournament, and later a series of knockout matches. The winner of the Candidates would then play the reigning champion for the title. A champion defeated in a match had a right to play a rematch a year later. This system operated on a three-year cycle. Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to Vasily Smyslov, but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the 23-year-old Latvian prodigy Mikhail Tal, an accomplished tactician and attacking player. Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.448034286499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* Directmates: white to move first and checkmate black within a specified number of moves against any defense. These are often referred to as \"mate in n\" – for example \"mate in three\" (a three-mover); two and three move problems are the most common. These usually involve positions which would be highly unlikely to occur in an actual game, and are intended to illustrate a particular \"theme\", usually requiring a surprising or counter-intuitive \"key move\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.979104042053223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* Studies: orthodox problems in which the stipulation is that white to play must win or draw. Almost all studies are endgame positions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417205810546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "This is one of the most famous chess studies; it was published by Richard Réti in 1921. It seems impossible to catch the advanced black pawn, while the black king can easily stop the white pawn. The solution is a diagonal advance, which brings the king to both pawns simultaneously:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41374683380127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Or 2...h3 3.Ke7 and the white king can support its pawn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002497673034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Now the white king comes just in time to support his pawn, or catch the black one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32245922088623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Chess has a very extensive literature. In 1913, the chess historian H. J. R. Murray estimated the total number of books, magazines, and chess columns in newspapers to be about 5,000. B.H. Wood estimated the number, as of 1949, to be about 20,000. David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld write that, \"Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed.\" There are two significant public chess libraries: the John G. White Chess and Checkers Collection at Cleveland Public Library, with over 32,000 chess books and over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals; and the Chess & Draughts collection at the National Library of the Netherlands, with about 30,000 books. Grandmaster Lothar Schmid owned the world's largest private collection of chess books and memorabilia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411101341247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Since 1988, chess theorists have challenged previously well-established views about White's advantage. Grandmaster (GM) András Adorján wrote a series of books on the theme that \"Black is OK!\", arguing that the general perception that White has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality. GM Mihai Suba and others contend that sometimes White's initiative disappears for no apparent reason as a game progresses. The prevalent style of play for Black today is to seek dynamic, unbalanced positions with active counterplay, rather than merely trying to equalize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.639653205871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Modern writers also argue that Black has certain countervailing advantages. The consensus that White should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player, who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win. Some symmetrical openings (i.e. those where both players make the same moves) can lead to situations where moving first is a disadvantage, either for psychological or objective reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462746620178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In 1946, W.F. Streeter examined the results of 5,598 games played in 45 international chess tournaments between 1851 and 1932. Streeter found that overall White scored 53.4% (W: 38.12; D: 30.56; L: 31.31). White scored 52.55% in 1851–78 (W:45.52; D: 14.07; L: 40.41), 52.77% in 1881–1914 (W: 36.89; D: 31.76; L: 31.35), and 55.47% in 1919–32 (W: 36.98; D: 36.98; L: 26.04). Streeter concluded, \"It thus appears that it is becoming increasingly difficult to win with Black, but somewhat easier to draw.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.557943344116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Two decades later, statistician Arthur M. Stevens concluded in The Blue Book of Charts to Winning Chess, based on a survey of 56,972 master games that he completed in 1967, that White scores 59.1%. However, Stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines, rather than complete collections of all the games played in particular events. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.813224792480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "More recent sources indicate that White scores approximately 54 to 56 percent. In 2005, GM Jonathan Rowson wrote that \"the conventional wisdom is that White begins the game with a small advantage and, holding all other factors constant, scores approximately 56% to Black's 44%\". International Master (IM) John Watson wrote in 1998 that White had scored 56% for most of the 20th century, but that this figure had recently slipped to 55%. The website Chessgames.com holds regularly updated statistics on its games database. As of January 12, 2015, White had won 37.50%, 34.90% were drawn, and Black had won 27.60% out of 739,769 games, resulting in a total White winning percentage of 54.95%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288776397705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Statistician Jeff Sonas, in examining data from 266,000 games played between 1994 and 2001, concluded that White scored 54.1767% plus 0.001164 times White's Elo rating advantage, treating White's rating advantage as +390 if it is better than +390, or −460 if it is worse than −460. He found that White's advantage is equivalent to 35 rating points, i.e. if White has a rating 35 points below Black's, each player will have an expected score of 50%. Sonas also found that White's advantage is smaller (53%) in rapid games than in games at a slower (\"classical\") time control. In the 462 games played at the 2009 World Blitz Chess Championship, White scored only 52.16% (W38.96 D26.41 L 34.63). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670120239257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players' ratings and White's score. According to GM Evgeny Sveshnikov, statistics show that White has no advantage over Black in games between beginners, but \"if the players are stronger, White has the lead\". An analysis of the results of games in ChessBase's Mega 2003 database between players with similar Elo ratings, commissioned by GM András Adorján, showed that as the players' ratings went up, the percentage of draws increased, the proportion of decisive games that White won increased, and White's overall winning percentage increased. For example, taking the highest and lowest of Adorján's rating categories of 1669 games played by the highest-rated players (Elo ratings 2700 and above), White scored 55.7% overall (W26.5 D58.4 L15.2), whereas of 34,924 games played by the lowest-rated players (Elo ratings below 2100), White scored 53.1% overall (W37.0 D32.1 L30.8). Adorján also analyzed the results of games played at the very highest level: World Championship matches. Of 755 games played in 34 matches between 1886 and 1990, White won 234 (31.0%), drew 397 (52.6%), and lost 124 (16.4%), for a total white winning percentage of 57.3%. In the last five matches in Adorjan's survey, all between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov, White won 31 (25.8%), drew 80 (66.7%), and lost 9 (7.5%), for a total white winning percentage of 59.2%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193197250366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Chess Engines Grand Tournament (CEGT) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other, with time controls of forty moves in one hundred and twenty minutes per player (40/120), and also 40/20 and 40/4, and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control. At the slowest time control (40/120), White has scored 55.4% (W34.7 D41.3 L24.0) in games played among 38 of the strongest chess engines (as of May 27, 2009). At 40/20, White has scored 54.6% (W37.0 D35.2 L27.8) in games played among 284 engines (as of May 24, 2009). At the fastest time control (40/4), White has scored 54.8% (W39.6 D30.5 L30.0), in games played among 128 programs (as of May 28, 2009). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.573431968688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Francisco Vallejo Pons–Kasparov, Moscow 2004: 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 a6 6. Bg5 e6 7. f4 Qb6 8. Qd2 Qxb2 9. Rb1 Qa3 10. f5 Nc6 11. fxe6 fxe6 12. Nxc6 bxc6 13. e5 dxe5 14. Bxf6 gxf6 15. Ne4 Qxa2 16. Rd1 Be7 17. Be2 0-0 18. 0-0 Ra7 19. Rf3 Kh8 20. Rg3 Rd7 21. Qh6 Rf7 22. Qh5 Rxd1+ 23. Bxd1 Qa5 24. Kf1 Qd8 25. Qxf7 Qxd1+ 26. Kf2 Qxc2+ 27. Kf3 Qd1+ 28. Kf2 Qc2+ 29. Ke3 Bc5+ 30. Nxc5 Qxc5+ 31. Kd2 Qf2+ 32. Kc3 Qd4+ 33. Kc2 Qf2+ 34. Kc3 1/2–1/2 (After 34...Qd4+, White cannot escape the checks.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305388450622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "However, Georgiev and Kolev's pessimistic assessment of 6.Bg5 has since been called into question, as White succeeded with 10.e5 (another critical line) in several later high-level games. GM Zaven Andriasyan wrote in 2013 that after 10.f5, \"a forced draw results\", but that after 10.e5, \"we reach a very sharp position, with mutual chances.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328879356384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "White wins", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355655670166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "White wins with 1.e4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378491401672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Although it is very much a minority view, three prominent twentieth-century masters claimed that White's advantage should or may be decisive with best play. Weaver Adams, then one of the leading American masters, was the best-known proponent of this view, which he introduced in his 1939 book White to Play and Win, and continued to expound in later books and articles until shortly before his death in 1963. Adams opined that 1.e4 was White's strongest move, and that if both sides played the best moves thereafter, \"White ought to win.\" Adams' claim was widely ridiculed, and he did not succeed in demonstrating the validity of his theory in tournament and match practice. The year after his book was published, at the finals of the 1940 U.S. Open tournament, he scored only one draw in his four games as White, but won all four of his games as Black. Adams also lost a match to IM I.A. Horowitz, who took the black pieces in every game. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51341438293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "According to Sveshnikov, Vsevolod Rauzer, a leading Soviet player and theoretician during the 1930s, likewise \"claimed in the [1930s]: '1.e4—and White wins!' and he managed to prove it quite often\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146678924560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "White wins with 1.d4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350048065185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "More recently, IM Hans Berliner, a former World Champion of Correspondence Chess, claimed in his 1999 book The System that 1.d4 gives White a large, and possibly decisive, advantage. Berliner asserted that with best play White wins against the Grünfeld Defense, the Modern Benoni, the Benko Gambit and other (unnamed) \"major defences\", and achieves at least a large advantage in many lines of the Queen's Gambit Declined. However, he allowed that, \"It is possible that the rules of chess are such that only some number of plausible-appearing defences to 1.d4 can be refuted.\" Berliner wrote that Adams' \"theories, though looked upon with scorn by most top chess players, made an immediate and lasting impression on me. Weaver W. Adams was the first person I met who actually had theories about how chess should be played.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.393792152404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "As explained below, chess theorists in recent decades have continued to debate the size and nature of White's advantage, if any. Apart from Berliner, they have rejected the idea that White has a forced win from the opening position. Many also reject the traditional paradigm that Black's objective should be to neutralize White's initiative and obtain equality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904640197753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "White has an enduring advantage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483442306518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Starting in 1988, Adorján has argued in a series of books and magazine articles that \"Black is OK!\" Alone amongst modern writers, Adorján claims that White starts the game with essentially no advantage. He writes, \"In my opinion, the only obvious advantage for White is that if he or she plays for a draw, and does so well, then Black can hardly avoid this without taking obvious risks.\" Adorján goes so far as to claim that, \"The tale of White's advantage is a delusion, belief in it is based on mass psychosis.\" Rowson writes that Adorján's \"contention is one of the most important chess ideas of the last two decades ... because it has shaken our assumption that White begins the game with some advantage, and revealed its ideological nature\". However, Rowson rejects Adorján's claim that White has essentially no advantage, reasoning that White is better' and 'Black is OK' need not be mutually exclusive claims\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893906593322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In one of Adorján's books, GM Lajos Portisch opined that \"at least two-thirds of all 'tested' openings give White an apparent advantage.\" According to Portisch, for Black, \"The root of the problem is that very few people know which are the openings where Black is really OK. Those who find these lines have nothing to fear, as Black is indeed OK, but only in those variations!\" Rowson considers this an important point, noting that \"1.d4 players struggle to get anywhere against main-line Slavs and 1.e4 players find the Najdorf and Sveshnikov Sicilians particularly tough.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318538665771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Modern writers often think of Black's role in more dynamic terms than merely trying to equalize. Rowson writes that \"the idea of Black trying to 'equalize' is questionable. I think it has limited application to a few openings, rather than being an opening prescription for Black in general.\" Evans wrote that after one of his games against Fischer, \"Fischer confided his 'secret' to me: unlike other masters, he sought to win with the Black pieces from the start. The revelation that Black has dynamic chances and need not be satisfied with mere equality was the turning point in his career, he said.\" Likewise, Watson surmised that Kasparov, when playing Black, bypasses the question of whether White has an opening advantage \"by thinking in terms of the concrete nature of the dynamic imbalance on the board, and seeking to seize the initiative whenever possible\". Watson observes that \"energetic opening play by Black may ... lead to a position so complex and unclear that to speak of equality is meaningless. Sometimes we say 'dynamically balanced' instead of 'equal' to express the view that either player is as likely as the other to emerge from complications with an advantage. This style of opening play has become prevalent in modern chess, with World Champions Fischer and Kasparov as its most visible practitioners.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89775562286377, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Modern writers also question the idea that White has an enduring advantage. Suba, in his influential 1991 book Dynamic Chess Strategy, rejects the notion that the initiative can always be transformed into an enduring advantage. He contends that sometimes the player with the initiative loses it with no logical explanation, and that, \"Sometimes you must lose it, just like that. If you try to cling to it, by forcing the issue, your dynamic potential will become exhausted and you won't be able to face a vigorous counter-attack.\" Rowson and Watson concur. Watson also observes, \"Because of the presumption of White being better, the juncture of the game at which Black frees his game or neutralizes White's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality, even though in dynamic openings, the exhaustion of White's initiative very often means that Black has seized it with advantage.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808100700378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson argues that both White and Black have certain advantages: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433420181274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "White's advantages", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365426063537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson cites as an example of the last phenomenon the well-regarded Zaitsev Variation of the Ruy Lopez. After 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d6 9.h3 Bb7 10.d4 Re8 (initiating the Zaitsev Variation), White can repeat moves once with 11.Ng5 Rf8 12.Nf3. This puts Black in an awkward situation, since he must either (a) insist on the Zaitsev with 12...Re8, which allows White to choose whether to draw by threefold repetition with 13.Ng5 Rf8 14.Nf3, or play on with a different move, or (b) play a different (and possibly inferior) variation by playing something other than 12...Re8. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150429725646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson also notes that Black's chances increase markedly by playing good openings, which tend to be those with flexibility and latent potential, \"rather than those that give White fixed targets or that try to take the initiative prematurely.\" He also emphasizes that \"White has 'the initiative', not 'the advantage'. Success with Black depends on seeing beyond the initiative and thinking of positions in terms of 'potential'.\" These ideas are exemplified by the Hedgehog, a dynamic modern system against the English Opening that can arise from various move orders. A typical position arises after 1.c4 c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.g3 b6 4.Bg2 Bb7 5.0-0 e6 6.Nc3 Be7 7.d4 cxd4 8.Qxd4 d6 9.e4 a6. White has a spatial advantage, while Black often maneuvers his pieces on the last two ranks of the board, but White \"has to keep a constant eye on the possible liberating pawn thrusts ...b5 and ...d5.\" Watson remarks, \"Black's goal is to remain elastic and flexible, with many options for his pieces, whereas White can become paralyzed at some point by the need to protect against various dynamic pawn breaks.\" He also observes that, \"White tends to be as much tied up by Black's latent activity as Black himself is tied up by White's space advantage.\" Moreover, attempts by White to overrun Black's position often rebound disastrously. An example of this is the following grandmaster game:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729710578918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Lev Polugaevsky–Ľubomír Ftáčnik, Lucerne Olympiad 1982: 1. Nf3 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. Nc3 e6 4. g3 b6 5. Bg2 Bb7 6. 0-0 Be7 7. d4 cxd4 8. Qxd4 d6 9. Rd1 a6 10. b3 Nbd7 11. e4 Qb8 12. Bb2 0-0 Suba wrote of a similar Hedgehog position, \"White's position looks ideal. That's the naked truth about it, but the 'ideal' has by definition one drawback—it cannot be improved.\" 13. Nd2 Rd8 14. a4 Qc7 15. Qe3 Rac8 16. Qe2 Ne5 17. h3? According to Ftáčnik, 17.f4 Neg4 18.Rf1 is better. h5! 18. f4 Ng6 19. Nf3 Now Black breaks open the position in typical Hedgehog fashion. d5! 20. cxd5?! Ftáčnik considers 20.e5 or 20.exd5 preferable. h4! 21. Nxh4 Nxh4 22. gxh4 Qxf4 23. dxe6 fxe6 24. e5? Ftáčnik recommends instead 24.Rxd8 Rxd8 25.Rd1. Bc5+ 25. Kh1 Nh5! 26. Qxh5 Qg3 27. Nd5 Other moves get mated immediately: 27.Bxb7 Qh3#; 27.Qe2 Qxh3#; 27.Qg4 Bxg2#. Rxd5 28. Rf1 Qxg2+! 29. Kxg2 Rd2+ If 30.Kg3 (the only legal response to the double check), Rg2+ 31.Kf4 Rf8+ forces mate. 0–1 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048332214355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "An examination of reversed and symmetrical openings illustrates White's and Black's respective advantages:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444828987121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In a \"reversed opening\", White plays an opening typically played by Black, but with colors reversed and thus an extra tempo. Evans writes of such openings, \"If a defense is considered good for Black, it must be even better for White with a move in hand.\" Former World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik reportedly expressed the same view. Watson questions this idea, citing Suba's thesis that Black, by moving second, has more complete information than White. He writes, \"everyone has such difficulties playing as White against a Sicilian Defence (1.e4 c5), but ... leading masters have no qualms about answering 1.c4 with 1...e5.\" To explain this paradox, Watson discusses several different reversed Sicilian lines, showing how Black can exploit the disadvantages of various \"extra\" moves for White. He concludes, \"The point is, Black's set-up in the Sicilian is fine as a reactive system, but not worth much when trying to claim the initiative as White. This is true because Black is able to react to the specific plan White chooses; in Suba's terms, his information is indeed a move greater! Furthermore, he is able to take advantage of dead equal positions which White (hoping to retain the advantage of the first move) would normally avoid.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.918548583984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Watson also observes, \"Similarly, the Dutch Defence looks particularly sterile when White achieves the reversed positions a tempo up (it turns out that he has nothing useful to do!); and indeed, many standard Black openings are not very inspiring when one gets them as White, tempo in hand.\" GM Alex Yermolinsky likewise notes that GM Vladimir Malaniuk, a successful exponent of the Leningrad Dutch (1.d4 f5 2.g3 g6) at the highest levels, \"once made a deep impression on me by casually dismissing someone's suggestion that he should try 1.f4 as White. He smiled and said, 'That extra move's gonna hurt me. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110809326171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Yermolinsky also agrees with Alekhine's criticism of 1.g3 e5 2.Nf3, a reversed Alekhine's Defense, in Réti–Alekhine, Baden-Baden 1925, writing that Alekhine \"understood the difference in opening philosophies for White and Black, and realized they just can't be the same! White is supposed to try for more than just obtaining a comfortable game in reversed colour opening set-ups, and, as the statistics show—surprisingly for a lot of people, but not for me—White doesn't even score as well as Black does in the same positions with his extra tempo and all.\" Howard Staunton, generally considered to have been the strongest player in the world from 1843 to 1851, made a similar point over 160 years ago, writing that Owen's Defense (1.e4 b6) is playable for Black, but that 1.b3 is inferior to \"the more customary [first] moves, from its being essentially defensive\". The current view is that Owen's Defense is slightly better for White, while 1.b3 is playable but less likely to yield an opening advantage than 1.e4 or 1.d4. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959467887878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Watson concludes that (a) \"most moves have disadvantages as well as advantages, so an extra move is not always an unqualified blessing\"; (b) \"with his extra information about what White is doing, Black can better react to the new situation\"; and (c) because a draw is likely to be more acceptable to Black than to White, White is apt to avoid lines that allow drawish simplifications, while Black may not object to such lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216263771057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson writes that \"in general one would assume that whatever advantage White has would be revealed most clearly in symmetrical positions.\" Accordingly, Watson, Suba, Evans, and the eminent player and theorist Aron Nimzowitsch (1886–1935) have all argued that it is in Black's interest to avoid symmetry. Nonetheless, even symmetrical opening lines sometimes illustrate the tenuous nature of White's advantage, in several respects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371999740600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "It is often difficult for White to prove an advantage in symmetrical opening lines. As GM Bent Larsen wrote, annotating a game that began 1.c4 c5 2.b3 b6, \"In symmetrical openings, White has a theoretical advantage, but in many of them it is only theoretical.\" GM Andrew Soltis wrote in 2008 that he hates playing against the symmetrical Petroff's Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6), and accordingly varies with 2.Nc3, the Vienna Game. However, there too he has been unable to find a way to an advantage after the symmetrical 2...Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7, or after 3.Nf3 Nf6 (transposing to the Four Knights Game) 4.Bb5 Bb4 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 d6 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Nd5 Nd4 9.Nxb4 Nxb5, or 7.Ne2 Ne7 8.c3 Ba5 9.Ng3 c6 10.Ba4 Ng6 11.d4 d5, when 12.exd5?! e4! may even favor Black.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129779815673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Moreover, symmetrical positions may be disadvantageous to White in that he has to commit himself first. Watson notes that it is even difficult for White to play noncommittally in a symmetrical position, since almost every move has certain drawbacks. Fischer once went so far as to claim that after 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.g3 g6 3.Bg2 Bg7 4.0-0 0-0 5.d3 d6 (Reinhard–Fischer, Western Open 1963), Believe it or not,' Black stands better! Now, whatever White does, Black will vary it and get an asymmetrical position and have the superior position due to his better pawn structure!\" However, GM Paul Keres responded in CHESS magazine, \"We just don't believe it!\" In symmetrical positions, as the Hodgson–Arkell and Portisch–Tal games discussed below illustrate, Black can continue to imitate White as long as he finds it feasible and desirable to do so, and deviate when that ceases to be the case.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.200234413146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Further, a particular extra move is sometimes more of a liability than an asset. For example, Soltis notes that the Exchange French position arising after 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Nf3 Nf6 \"is pretty equal.\" The same position, but with Black's knight moved to e4, arises in Petroff's Defense after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5. That position offers White better chances precisely because Black's extra move (...Ne4) allows the advanced knight to become a target for attack. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099478721618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Finally, symmetrical positions may be difficult for the white player for psychological reasons. Watson writes that anyone who tries the Exchange French, \"even if he thinks he is playing for a win, assume[s] a psychological burden. White has already ceded the advantage of the first move, and knows it, whereas Black is challenged to find ways to seize the initiative.\" Two famous examples of White losses in the Exchange French are M. Gurevich–Short and Tatai–Korchnoi. In M. Gurevich–Short, a game between two of the world's leading players, White needed only a draw to qualify for the Candidates Matches, while Black needed to win. Gurevich played passively and was outplayed by Short, who achieved the necessary win, qualified for the Candidates, and ultimately went on to challenge Kasparov for the World Championship. In Tatai–Korchnoi, the Italian IM fell victim to Korchnoi's whirlwind mating attack, losing in just 14 moves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.377053260803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Rowson gives the following example of Black outplaying White from the Symmetrical Variation of the English Opening. He remarks, \"there is something compelling about Black's strategy. He seems to be saying: 'I will copy all your good moves, and as soon as you make a bad move, I won't copy you any more!'\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042916297912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Hodgson–Arkell, Newcastle 2001: 1. c4 c5 2. g3 g6 3. Bg2 Bg7 4. Nc3 Nc6 5. a3 a6 6. Rb1 Rb8 7. b4 cxb4 8. axb4 b5 9. cxb5 axb5 Here Rowson remarks, \"Both sides want to push their d-pawn and play Bf4/...Bf5, but White has to go first so Black gets to play ...d5 before White can play d4. This doesn't matter much, but it already points to the challenge that White faces here; his most natural continuations allow Black to play the moves he wants to. I would therefore say that White is in 'Zugzwang Lite' and that he remains in this state for several moves.\" 10. Nf3 d5 10...Nf6 11.0-0 0-0 12.d3 d6 13.Bd2 Bd7 would transpose to the Portisch–Tal game below. 11. d4 Nf6 12. Bf4 Rb6 13. 0-0 Bf5 14. Rb3 0-0 15. Ne5 Ne4 16. h3 h5!? Finally breaking the symmetry. 17. Kh2 The position is still almost symmetrical, and White can find nothing useful to do with his extra move. Rowson whimsically suggests 17.h4!?, forcing Black to be the one to break the symmetry. 17... Re8! Rowson notes that this is a useful waiting move, covering e7, which needs protection in some lines, and possibly supporting an eventual ...e5 (see Black's twenty-second move). White cannot copy it, since after 18.Re1? Nxf2 Black would win a pawn. 18. Be3?! Nxe5! 19. dxe5 Rc6! Rowson notes that with his more active pieces, \"It looks like Black has some initiative.\" If now 20.Nxd5, Bxe5 \"is at least equal for Black\". 20. Nxb5 Bxe5! 20...Nxf2? 21.Qxd5! wins. 21. Nd4 Bxd4 22. Bxd4 e5 Rowson writes, \"Now both sides have their trumps, but I think Black has some advantage, due to his extra central control, imposing knight and prospects for a kingside attack.\" 23. b5 Rc8 24. Bb2 d4 Now White has a difficult game: Rowson analyzes 25.e3?! Nxg3 24.fxg3 Bc2 25.Qf3 Bxb3 26.exd4 Bc4!, winning; 25.g4 hxg4 26.hxg4 Nxf2! 27.Rxf2 Bc2, winning; 25.Qe1!? Rc2! with advantage; and 25.f4 (risky-looking, but perhaps best) Nc3! 26.Bxc3 dxc3 27.Qxd8 Rexd8, and Black is better. 25. b6? Overlooking Black's threat. 25... Nxf2! 26. Qe1 If 26.Rxf2, Bc2 forks White's queen and rook. 26... Ne4 27. b7 Rb8 28. g4 hxg4 29. hxg4 Be6 30. Rb5 Nf6! 31. Rxf6 Qxf6 32. Qg3 Bc4 33. g5 Qh8+ 0–1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.328146934509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Lajos Portisch–Mikhail Tal, Candidates Match 1965: 1. Nf3 c5 2. c4 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 Bg7 6. 0-0 0-0 7. d3 a6 8. a3 Rb8 9. Rb1 b5 10. cxb5 axb5 11. b4 cxb4 12. axb4 d6 13. Bd2 Bd7 Once again, White is on move in a symmetrical position, but it is not obvious what he can do with his first-move initiative. Soltis writes, \"It's ridiculous to think Black's position is better. But Mikhail Tal said it is easier to play. By moving second he gets to see White's move and then decide whether to match it.\" 14.Qc1 Here, Soltis writes that Black could maintain equality by keeping the symmetry: 14...Qc8 15.Bh6 Bh3. Instead, he plays to prove that White's queen is misplaced. 14...Rc8! 15.Bh6 Nd4! Threatening 16...Nxe2+. 16.Nxd4 Bxh6 17.Qxh6 Rxc3 18.Qd2 Qc7 19.Rfc1 Rc8 Although the pawn structure is still symmetrical, Black's control of the c-file gives him the advantage. Black ultimately reached an endgame two pawns up, but White managed to hold a draw in 83 moves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496946334838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Tal himself lost a famous game as White from a symmetrical position in Tal–Beliavsky, USSR Championship 1974. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015746116638184, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In chess tournaments and matches, the frequency with which each player receives white and black is an important consideration. In matches, the players' colors in the first game are determined by drawing lots, and alternated thereafter. In round robin tournaments with an odd number of players, each player receives an equal number of whites and blacks; with an even number of players, each receives one extra white or black. Where one or more players withdraws from the tournament, the tournament director may change the assigned colors in some games so that no player receives two more blacks than whites, or vice versa. The double-round robin tournament is considered to give the most reliable final standings, since each player receives the same number of whites and blacks, and plays both White and Black against each opponent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.711050033569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In Swiss system tournaments, the tournament director tries to ensure that each player receives, as nearly as possible, the same number of games as White and Black, and that the player's color alternates from round to round. After the first round, the director may deviate from the otherwise prescribed pairings in order to give as many players as possible their equalizing or due colors. More substantial deviations are permissible to avoid giving a player two more blacks than whites (for example, three blacks in four games) than vice versa, since extra whites \"cause far less player distress\" than extra blacks, which impose \"a significant handicap\" on the affected player. Tournaments with an even number of rounds cause the most problems, since if there is a disparity, it is greater (e.g., a player receiving two whites and four blacks). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03345775604248, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "It is thus theoretically possible to \"solve\" chess, determining with certainty whether a perfectly played game should end in a win for White, a draw, or even a win for Black. However, according to Shannon the time frame required puts this possibility beyond the limits of any feasible technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.494009017944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "First-move advantage in chess" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bo Jackson", "passage": "\"Bo Knows\" was an advertising campaign for Nike cross-training shoes that ran in 1989 and 1990 and featured professional baseball and American football player Bo Jackson.", "precise_score": 4.737712860107422, "rough_score": 1.663944959640503, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bo Knows" }, { "answer": "Bo Jackson", "passage": "In another, Bo Jackson grew frustrated with an over-the-top musical number and walked off the set. George Foreman, sensing an opportunity to seize the spotlight, took his place in the musical number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.852148056030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bo Knows" } ]

[ { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "Captain Hook is Peter Pan's arch-enemy, whose right (or left) hand was cut off in a duel. Hook's crew, including Smee and Starkey, also consider him a foe. Captain Hook's two principal fears are the sight of his own blood (which is supposedly an unnatural colour) and one crocodile. His name plays on the iron hook that replaced his hand cut off by Peter Pan and eaten by a saltwater crocodile, which continues to pursue Hook.", "precise_score": 4.528159141540527, "rough_score": 6.527310848236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Mr. Smee", "passage": "Mr. Smee is Captain Hook's boatswain (\"bo'sun\") and right-hand man in J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan and the novel Peter and Wendy. Mr. Smee is Captain Hook’s direct confidant. Unlike the other pirates, Smee is often clumsy and incapable of capturing any of the Lost Boys. Rather than engaging in Hook’s evil schemes, Smee finds excitement in bagging loot and treasures.", "precise_score": 4.24797248840332, "rough_score": 4.9189677238464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "Captain Hook is also featured prominently in the Wii game, \"Epic Mickey\", wherein he has been converted into an animatronic, cyborg version of himself (referred to in the game as a Beetleworx) and is waging an attack against the non-converted pirates. Smee requests that Mickey Mouse find a way to save Hook. Players can either fight Hook by themselves and earn a thinner upgrade (and a \"bad ending\"), or free the Sprite and have Peter Pan defeat him and earn a paint upgrade (and a \"good ending\" showing Peter Pan and Captain Hook in a duel). In Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, Hook has disappeared entirely, leaving his crew leaderless and having been run out of Tortooga by Blackbeard and Pete Pan having joined up with the Mad Doctor after losing his purpose. Some of Hook's clothes and items have been left behind in Ventureland, which the crew members seek to assert their authority to take over leadership of the other pirates and lead them to take back their home.", "precise_score": 1.5526087284088135, "rough_score": 3.2173852920532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Mr. Smee", "passage": "In the 1953 animated film, Hook seeks revenge on Peter Pan for having fed the crocodile his hand, and refuses to leave Neverland without satisfaction. Hook is supported by Mr. Smee. After promising Tinker Bell 'not to lay a finger (or a hook) on Peter Pan', he lays a bomb in Peter's hideout. At the conclusion of the film, Hook is chased by the crocodile into the distance. Walt Disney insisted on keeping Hook alive, as he said: \"The audience will get to liking Hook, and they don't want to see him killed.\"Thomas, Frank & Johnston, Ollie (1993) Disney Villain \"Chapter 4: Nine Old Men,\" section: \"Peter Pan\", pages 109-113. ISBN 978 1562827922 In the sequel Return to Never Land, Hook mistakes Wendy's daughter Jane for Wendy, and uses her as bait to lure Peter Pan to his death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.030959103256464005, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Mr. Smee", "passage": "Mr. Smee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310824394226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Mr. Smee", "passage": "Hook seeks revenge on Peter Pan for having fed the crocodile his left hand, and refuses to leave Neverland prior to this revenge. (citation address outdated) Throughout the film, Hook is supported by Mr. Smee. After promising Tinker Bell not to lay a finger (or a hook) on Peter Pan, he plants a bomb in Peter's hideout (instead of Barrie's vial of poison). At the conclusion of the film, Hook is chased by the crocodile into the distance, with the rest of the crew trying to save Hook. Walt Disney insisted on keeping Hook alive, as he said: \"The audience will get to liking Hook, and they don't want to see him killed.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.537034273147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "He takes Riku along with him, where Kairi is being held. Hook does not like Riku's bossiness and regrets taking him along; nonetheless, he follows his orders, as Riku now has control over the Heartless and would most likely unleash them on him should he disobey. When Sora, Donald, and Goofy arrive in Neverland, Riku throws them in the hold where they meet and escape with Peter Pan, who is searching for his friend Wendy. Captain Hook believed that Wendy was a \"Princess of Heart\" and that is why he captured her. However, Riku reports to him from Maleficent that Wendy is not a Princess of heart at all, irritating Hook (he hints that kidnapping Wendy was a very difficult task). After defeating the Heartless below deck, Sora fights a copy of himself summoned by Riku in Hook's office. After confronting Hook on the deck, learning that Riku took Kairi to Hollow Bastion, Sora and company are forced to surrender when Hook uses Tinker Bell as a hostage. When the crocodile appears, Hook flees to his office while telling Smee to have their prisoners walk the plank. However, Peter Pan returns to save Sora before imitating Smee to trick Hook out to the deck, resulting in the villain being thrown overboard and chased into the horizon by the crocodile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.793682098388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "He later reappears in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, finding a large amount of treasure maps all leading to boxes that are actually set to release Heartless once Hook opens the chest (unknown to Hook and Smee, however, is that these chests were set up to help build Pete's Heartless army). In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories he appears as a figment of Sora's memories and is absent in Kingdom Hearts II. Hook later appears in the game series prequel, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, where he tricks Terra into attempting to kill Peter Pan for him. He later kidnaps Tinker Bell and takes Mickey Mouse's star fragment, but is defeated by Ventus and thrown into the water, where the crocodile chases him off. His Japanese voice actor was Chikao Ōhtsuka up until Birth by Sleep, where Chikao Ōhtsuka was cast as Master Xehanort and Hook thus voiced by Naoya Uchida. His English voice actor is Corey Burton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.732708930969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "At Disney World's Dream-Along with Mickey show, Hook, along with Smee, is one of the villains that crashes Mickey's party. This happens when Peter and Wendy appear to make Goofy's dream for some adventure come true and play a game of \"Pretend to Be Pirates\" with Donald Duck, who pretends to be the captain until the real Hook appears and challenges Peter to a duel. At first, Hook's appearance seems to take place for no reason other than to add some action to the show, but is revealed to actually be working for Maleficent, who is insulted after not being invited to the party. He is defeated by Mickey Mouse, who leads the audience in a chant of \"Dreams come true!\", and scares off the villains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5304173231124878, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Mr. Smee", "passage": "In the film Hook, Captain James Hook is played by Dustin Hoffman. Hook kidnaps the children of the adult Peter to lure his arch-enemy back to Neverland and gives the middle-aged man three days to rekindle his spirit. Hook has been somewhat depressed since Peter Pan left Neverland to become Peter Banning (Robin Williams), and Hook worries he has nothing left to accomplish; he has long since killed the crocodile and made it into a quiet clock tower. Despite defeating the crocodile, he remains terrified of a clock's ticking. At Mr. Smee's suggestion, Hook attempts to persuade Peter's children that their father never loved them, in order to coerce them to stay in Neverland. He is successful with Jack, Peter's son, who soon sees Hook as the attentive father figure that Peter has never been. Peter's daughter, Maggie, mistrusts Hook immediately and refuses to be swayed. Hook decides to hold Maggie hostage until Peter's failure to rescue her ruins her faith in him. This backfires when Peter and the Lost Boys rescue her immediately. Jack sees Hook stab Rufio to death in duel, and realizes how much his father cares for the Lost Boys. Jack turns against Hook and embraces his real father. As Peter leaves the ship with his children and the Lost Boys, Hook orders him to come back. Maggie tells him off, stating Hook needs a mother to straighten his bad attitude. After Hook vows to kidnap future generations of children in Peter's family, Peter and Hook engage in a final duel amidst a circle of Lost Boys, wherein Hook is apparently \"eaten\" when the crocodile clock tower falls on him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3575059473514557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" }, { "answer": "Smee", "passage": "In this novel James has only a few friends including Roger Peter Davies, whom he nicknames \"Jolly Roger\" (the name of his ship in later life), and the spider 'Electra'. A seventeen-year-old Colleger, Arthur Darling (named after Arthur Llewelyn Davies) is his rival in studies, fencing, sports, and the attentions of the visiting Ottoman Sultana Ananova Ariadne. When James successfully woos Ananova, their affection sets off political outrage that affects the noble position of Lord B., who arranges for James to leave Eton on his trading ship, the Sea Witch. Upon leaving, James defeats Arthur in a final duel and burns his own school records to leave no traces of his behaviour. On the Sea Witch, he befriends boatswain Bartholomew Quigley Smeethington, generally called Smee, frees the slaves aboard ship, overthrows the ship's captain (killed by Electra), and murders the quartermaster with a metal hook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.299338340759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Hook" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Sirius is also known colloquially as the \"Dog Star\", reflecting its prominence in its constellation, Canis Major (Greater Dog). The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the \"dog days\" of summer for the ancient Greeks, while to the Polynesians in the Southern Hemisphere the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean.", "precise_score": 4.637129783630371, "rough_score": 7.456930160522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dogs", "passage": "Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius, particularly in relation to dogs. Indeed, it is often colloquially called the \"Dog Star\" as the brightest star of Canis Major, the \"Great Dog\" constellation.", "precise_score": 4.890592575073242, "rough_score": 6.597633361816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Canis Major is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. In the second century, it was included in Ptolemy's 48 constellations, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for \"greater dog\" in contrast to Canis Minor, the \"lesser dog\"; both figures are commonly represented as following the constellation of Orion the hunter through the sky. The Milky Way passes through Canis Major and several open clusters lie within its borders, most notably M41.", "precise_score": 3.8656327724456787, "rough_score": 3.686553955078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Canis Major contains Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, known as the \"dog star\". It is bright because of its proximity to the Solar System. In contrast, the other bright stars of the constellation are stars of great distance and high luminosity. At magnitude 1.5, Epsilon Canis Majoris (Adhara) is the second brightest star of the constellation and the brightest source of extreme ultraviolet radiation in the night sky. Next in brightness are the yellow-white supergiant Delta (Wezen) at 1.8, the blue-white giant Beta (Mirzam) at 2.0, blue-white supergiants Eta (Aludra) at 2.4 and Omicron1 at 3.0, and white spectroscopic binary Zeta (Furud), also at 3.0. The red hypergiant VY Canis Majoris is one of the largest stars known, while the neutron star RX J0720.4-3125 has a radius of a mere 5 km.", "precise_score": 3.6628992557525635, "rough_score": 6.188231468200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "A dog", "passage": "In ancient Mesopotamia, Sirius, named KAK.SI.DI by the Babylonians, was seen as an arrow aiming towards Orion, while the southern stars of Canis Major and a part of Puppis were viewed as a bow, named BAN in the Three Stars Each tablets, dating to around 1100 BC. In the later compendium of Babylonian astronomy and astrology titled MUL.APIN, the arrow, Sirius, was also linked with the warrior Ninurta, and the bow with Ishtar, daughter of Enlil. Ninurta was linked to the later deity Marduk, who was said to have slain the ocean goddess Tiamat with a great bow, and worshipped as the principal deity in Babylon. The Ancient Greeks replaced the bow and arrow depiction with that of a dog. ", "precise_score": 1.0212821960449219, "rough_score": 2.8866097927093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "A dog", "passage": "The ancient Greeks observed that the appearance of Sirius heralded the hot and dry summer, and feared that it caused plants to wilt, men to weaken, and women to become aroused. Due to its brightness, Sirius would have been noted to twinkle more in the unsettled weather conditions of early summer. To Greek observers, this signified certain emanations which caused its malignant influence. Anyone suffering its effects was said to be astroboletos (ἀστροβόλητος) or \"star-struck\". It was described as \"burning\" or \"flaming\" in literature. The season following the star's heliacal rising (i.e. rising with the Sun) came to be known as the Dog Days of summer. The inhabitants of the island of Ceos in the Aegean Sea would offer sacrifices to Sirius and Zeus to bring cooling breezes, and would await the reappearance of the star in summer. If it rose clear, it would portend good fortune; if it was misty or faint then it foretold (or emanated) pestilence. Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays, highlighting Sirius' importance. The Romans celebrated the heliacal setting of Sirius around April 25, sacrificing a dog, along with incense, wine, and a sheep, to the goddess Robigo so that the star's emanations would not cause wheat rust on wheat crops that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.754055976867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dogs", "passage": "It was classically depicted as Orion's dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius's emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the \"dog days,\" the hottest days of the summer. The Romans knew these days as dies caniculares, and the star Sirius was called Canicula, \"little dog.\" The excessive panting of dogs in hot weather was thought to place them at risk of desiccation and disease. In extreme cases, a foaming dog might have rabies, which could infect and kill humans whom they had bitten. Homer, in the Iliad, describes the approach of Achilles toward Troy in these words:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.232105255126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "A dog", "passage": "In Chinese astronomy the star is known as the star of the \"celestial wolf\" ( Chinese romanization: Tiānláng; Japanese romanization: Tenrō;) in the Mansion of Jǐng (井宿). Farther afield, many nations among the indigenous peoples of North America also associated Sirius with canines; the Seri and Tohono O'odham of the southwest note the star as a dog that follows mountain sheep, while the Blackfoot called it \"Dog-face\". The Cherokee paired Sirius with Antares as a dog-star guardian of either end of the \"Path of Souls\". The Pawnee of Nebraska had several associations; the Wolf (Skidi) tribe knew it as the \"Wolf Star\", while other branches knew it as the \"Coyote Star\". Further north, the Alaskan Inuit of the Bering Strait called it \"Moon Dog\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4776047468185425, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Dogon ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435362815856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "The Dogon people are an ethnic group in Mali, West Africa, reported by some researchers to have traditional astronomical knowledge about Sirius that would normally be considered impossible without the use of telescopes. According to Marcel Griaule's books Conversations with Ogotemmêli and The Pale Fox they knew about the fifty-year orbital period of Sirius and its companion prior to western astronomers. They also refer to a third star accompanying Sirius A and B. Robert Temple's 1976 book The Sirius Mystery, credits them with knowledge of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn. This has been the subject of controversy and speculation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.143836975097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlein's work. In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology anthropologist Walter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, \"Though they do speak about [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as . All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.606109142303467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Several pop songs reference Sirius directly or using the 'Dog Star' name:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.317736625671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "* The Grateful Dead mention the dog star in the song \"Lost Sailor\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297592163085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "* Sting references the 'dog star' in many of his songs, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256903648376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "** Why Should I Cry For You - \"Under the Dog Star sail, over the reefs of moonshine\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061110496520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "** Valpariso - \"Chase the dog star, over the sea\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896656036376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "** This Cowboy Song - \"You'll be my dog-star shining tonight\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34815502166748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "* Astronomer Noah Brosch has speculated that the name of the character Sirius Black from the Harry Potter stories, who owns a unique ability to transform into a black dog, might have been inspired by \"Sirius B\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.209540367126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sirius" }, { "answer": "Dogs", "passage": "In Greek Mythology, Canis Major represented the dog Laelaps, a gift from Zeus to Europa; or sometimes the hound of Procris, Diana's nymph; or the one given by Aurora to Cephalus, so famed for its speed that Zeus elevated it to the sky. It was also considered to represent one of Orion's hunting dogs, pursuing Lepus the Hare or helping Orion fight Taurus the Bull; and is referred to in this way by Aratos, Homer and Hesiod. The ancient Greeks refer only to one dog, but by Roman times, Canis Minor appears as Orion's second dog. Alternative names include Canis Sequens and Canis Alter. Canis Syrius was the name used in the 1521 Alfonsine tables.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2360522747039795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "The Roman myth refers to Canis Major as Custos Europae, the dog guarding Europa but failing to prevent her abduction by Jupiter in the form of a bull, and as Janitor Lethaeus, \"the watchdog\". In medieval Arab astronomy, the constellation became Al Kalb al Akbar, \"the Greater Dog\", transcribed as Alcheleb Alachbar by 17th century writer Edmund Chilmead. Islamic scholar Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī referred to Orion as Al Kalb al Jabbār, \"the Dog of the Giant\". Among the Merazig of Tunisia, shepherds note six constellations that mark the passage of the dry, hot season. One of them, called Merzem, includes the stars of Canis Major and Canis Minor and is the herald of two weeks of hot weather. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.32500162720680237, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky at apparent magnitude −1.46 and one of the closest stars to Earth at a distance of 8.6 light-years. Its name comes from the Greek word for \"scorching\" or \"searing\". Sirius is also a binary star; its companion Sirius B is a white dwarf with a magnitude of 8.4—10,000 times fainter than Sirius A to observers on Earth. The two orbit each other every 50 years. Their closest approach last occurred in 1993 and they will be at their greatest separation between 2020 and 2025. Sirius was the basis for the ancient Egyptian calendar. The star marked the Great Dog's mouth on Bayer's star atlas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.705512762069702, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" }, { "answer": "Dog", "passage": "Epsilon, Omicron2, Delta and Eta Canis Majoris were called Al Adzari \"the virgins\" in medieval Arabic tradition. Marking the dog's right thigh on Bayer's atlas is Epsilon Canis Majoris, also known as Adhara. At magnitude 1.5, it is the second-brightest star in Canis Major and the 23rd-brightest star in the sky. It is a blue-white supergiant of spectral type B2Iab, around 404 light-years from Earth. This star is one of the brightest known extreme ultraviolet sources in the sky. It is a binary star; the secondary is of magnitude 7.4. Its traditional name means \"the virgins\", having been transferred from the group of stars to Epsilon alone. Nearby is Delta Canis Majoris, also called Wezen. It is a yellow-white supergiant of spectral type F8Iab and magnitude 1.84, around 1605 light-years from Earth. With a traditional name meaning \"the weight\", Wezen is 17 times as massive and 50,000 times as luminous as the Sun. If located in the centre of the Solar System, it would extend out to Earth as its diameter is 200 times that of the Sun. Only around 10 million years old, Wezen has stopped fusing hydrogen in its core. Its outer envelope is beginning to expand and cool, and in the next 100,000 years it will become a red supergiant as its core fuses heavier and heavier elements. Once it has a core of iron, it will collapse and explode as a supernova. Nestled between Adhara and Wezen lies Sigma Canis Majoris, known as Unurgunite to the Boorong and Wotjobaluk people, a red supergiant of spectral type K7Ib that varies irregularly between magnitudes 3.43 and 3.51.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.10340919345617294, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canis Major" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tae Bo", "passage": "In the late 1980s, Blanks developed the Tae Bo workout, while running a karate studio in Quincy, Massachusetts. He used components of his martial arts and boxing training. The name is derived from tae kwon do and boxing. Blanks opened a fitness center in Los Angeles to teach his new workout. He later attracted some celebrity clients such as Paula Abdul, and the popularity of the workout quickly grew, becoming a pop culture phenomenon after Blanks began releasing mass-marketed videos.", "precise_score": -3.9740235805511475, "rough_score": 4.460095405578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Blanks" }, { "answer": "Tae Bo", "passage": "Billy Wayne Blanks (born September 1, 1955) is an American fitness guru, martial artist, actor, and the creator of the Tae Bo exercise program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8030405044555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Blanks" }, { "answer": "Tae Bo", "passage": "Blanks is a Christian and released a special line of Tae Bo workouts called the \"Believer's\" series that includes motivational prayers and other Christian components. He has appeared on the Christian television network TBN. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.804081916809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Blanks" }, { "answer": "Tae Bo", "passage": "Blanks married Gayle H. Godfrey, whom he met in karate class. Gayle's daughter, Shellie, born on October 13, 1973 was adopted shortly after they married. Shellie Blanks Cimarosti, a martial artist, is prominently featured in almost all of Blanks' Tae Bo videos and has recently produced her own video called Tae Bo Postnatal Power, as well as hosted her father's new infomercial Tae Bo T3 (Total Transformation Training). Gayle and Blanks also have a son, Billy Blanks, Jr., who works as a dancer, singer and fitness instructor, having produced several best-selling DVDs, including Cardioke and Fat Burning Hip Hop Mix. He has also starred in a touring production of the musical Fame, and has worked as a dancer in music videos with Madonna, Quincy Jones and Paula Abdul. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7146453857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy Blanks" }, { "answer": "Tae Bo", "passage": "* In the 1990s Billy Blanks's Tae Bo helped popularize cardio-boxing workouts that incorporated martial arts movements", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.201054573059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aerobic exercise" } ]

[ { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "Winfrey met Dr. Phil McGraw when he worked as a consultant for her legal team during her 1998 beef trial in Amarillo, Texas. Starting in April of that year, he became a fixture on the show and a viewer favorite. McGraw gave guests tough, tell-it-like-it-is advice and didn't allow excuses or rationalizations for their bad habits, bad marriages, or bad attitudes. His popular Tuesday appearances on the show led to his own talk show, Dr. Phil, in 2002. ", "precise_score": -3.527127981185913, "rough_score": -1.9208147525787354, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Oprah Winfrey Show" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "Phillip Calvin \"Phil\" McGraw (born September 1, 1950), known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality, author, psychologist, and the host of the television show Dr. Phil, which debuted in 2002. McGraw first gained celebrity status with appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show in the late 1990s. In 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $70 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 15th highest earning celebrity in the world. ", "precise_score": 6.542377471923828, "rough_score": 7.522728443145752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "As of September 2002, McGraw formed Peteski Productions and launched his own syndicated daily television show, Dr. Phil, produced by Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The format is an advice show, where he tackles a different topic on each show, offering advice for his guests' troubles.", "precise_score": -2.654911518096924, "rough_score": -0.6630740165710449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "The Making of Dr. Phil is a biography by Sophia Dembling, a reporter from the Dallas Morning News, and Lisa Gutierrez, a reporter from The Kansas City Star. The book probes McGraw's history, with interviews of his childhood friends and former classmates. The book reports that McGraw allegedly used unethical business practices in a gym business early in his career, that he was allegedly abusive to his first wife and to his staff, while noting that he overcame adversity through setting goals and was persistent in achieving success. The book received no promotional help from McGraw or his associates. ", "precise_score": -2.879051685333252, "rough_score": 0.9246636033058167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 2006, the Dr. Phil House (a clone of CBS's Big Brother) began airing as part of the Dr. Phil television show. Following a protest by neighbors, the house in Los Angeles was shut down, and production resumed on a sound stage on a studio back lot. McGraw reached the number 22 spot on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, with income of $45 million. ", "precise_score": -2.558612823486328, "rough_score": -4.17528772354126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "Another Stage 29 show, Decision House (a remix of the Dr. Phil House) aired from September through November 2007 but was canceled due to poor reviews and dismal ratings. Ratings for the Dr. Phil show in 2007 began to slide. In May, viewership was close to 7 million people. However, by year's end, viewership was about 5.5 million people (#10 for syndicated TV shows, and just under Everybody Loves Raymond, Family Guy and CSI: Miami). By August 2008, viewership slipped to just over 4 million people. Two weeks later, the show slipped beneath the Nielsen top 12 syndicated TV shows, and has since resurfaced. McGraw's income fell by 1/3 to $30 million, and he dropped to the number 30 spot on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list. ", "precise_score": -4.480109214782715, "rough_score": -2.971372365951538, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "Late in 2007, McGraw began promoting his 2008 Dr. Phil Show extension, The Doctors. The show is hosted by television personality and ER physician Travis Stork (The Bachelor). Other experts scheduled to appear include various personalities who have appeared on the Dr. Phil show over the years, such as Lisa Masterson, an obstetrician/gynecologist; Andrew Ordon, a plastic surgeon; and Jim Sears, a pediatrician. Masterson, Ordon, and Sears appeared on the Dr. Phil show during the 2007–08 season so that McGraw could instruct them on \"how to give articulate medical advice while being scrutinized by a studio audience in Los Angeles.\" McGraw's eldest son, Jay McGraw, is executive producer of the show. The Doctors debuted on September 8, 2008, and, as of November 10, 2008, had a 2.0 rating. ", "precise_score": -0.04888256639242172, "rough_score": 1.9350395202636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 1996, on a discussion of mad cow disease, Winfrey stated that the disease fears had \"stopped me cold from eating another burger!\" Texas cattle ranchers considered that quote tantamount to defamation, and promptly sued her for libel. The show was still producing new episodes at the time of the trial and could not go into reruns, so the production was forced to move to Amarillo, Texas for a period of approximately one month during the proceedings. A gag order meant Winfrey was not allowed to even mention the trial on her show. Winfrey was found not liable. The trial and move to Amarillo led to Winfrey meeting Phil McGraw; Winfrey made McGraw a regular guest on her show shortly thereafter, which eventually led to McGraw getting his own show, produced by Winfrey's Harpo Productions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.684021949768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Oprah Winfrey Show" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma, the son of Anne Geraldine \"Jerry\" (née Stevens) and Joseph J. \"Joe\" McGraw, Jr. He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister Brenda in the oilfields of North Texas where his father was an equipment supplier. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could pursue a lifelong goal of becoming a psychologist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.359554767608643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Overland Park, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa, where he played middle linebacker under Coach Glenn Dobbs. On November 23 of that year, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100–6, which is one of the most lopsided games in college football history. Coach Dobbs retired after that season and McGraw transferred to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.89599323272705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw graduated in 1975 from Midwestern State University with a B.A. in psychology. He went on to earn an M.A. in experimental psychology in 1976, and a Ph.D. degree in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas, where his dissertation was titled \"Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention\". McGraw was guided through the doctoral program by Frank Lawlis, who later became the primary contributing psychologist for the Dr. Phil television show. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.137345314025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "After obtaining his doctorate, McGraw joined his father, Joe McGraw, in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the elder McGraw had established his private psychology practice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025012969970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 1983, McGraw and his father joined Thelma Box, a successful Texas businesswoman, in presenting \"Pathways\" seminars, \"experience-based training which allows individuals to achieve and create their own results.\" Critics claim that many of the \"phrases and the terminology and the quaint sayings\" used by McGraw on the Oprah and Dr. Phil shows were coined by Box and presented by McGraw in this seminar. McGraw admits that some of the material from Life Strategies, his first best-seller, is taken directly from the Pathways seminar. However, he has never mentioned Box or her contributions to his success in any of his books or TV shows. Eight years after joining Box, McGraw signed an agreement for the sale of his Pathways seminar stock for $325,000 without notifying either his father or Box of the impending sale. Box founded her own seminars entitled \"Choices.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.503938674926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "On October 21, 1988, the Texas State Board of Examiners of Psychologists determined that McGraw had hired a former patient for \"part-time temporary employment\". Specifically, the board cited \"a possible failure to provide proper separation between termination of therapy and the initiation of employment,\" issued a letter of reprimand and imposed administrative penalties. The board also investigated claims made by the patient of inappropriate contact initiated by McGraw, but the \"Findings of Fact\" document issued by the board on October 21, 1988, at the end of its investigation includes no reference to any physical contact of any kind. It specifically identified \"the therapeutic and business relationships\" as constituting McGraw's sole issue with the board. McGraw fulfilled all terms of the board's requirements, and the board closed its complaint file in June 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633992195129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 1990, McGraw joined lawyer Gary Dobbs in co-founding Courtroom Sciences, Inc. (CSI), a trial consulting firm through which McGraw later came into contact with Oprah Winfrey. Eventually, CSI became a profitable enterprise, advising Fortune 500 companies and injured plaintiffs in achieving settlements. McGraw is no longer an officer or director of the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.297664165496826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "After starting CSI, McGraw ceased the practice of psychology. He kept his license current and in good standing until he elected to retire it 15 years later in 2006. Appearing on the Today Show in January 2008, McGraw said that he has made it \"very clear\" that his current work does not involve the practice of psychology. He also said that he had \"retired from psychology\". According to the Today Show, the California Board of Psychology determined in 2002 that he did not require a license because his show involves \"entertainment\" rather than psychology. McGraw's license is currently listed by the Texas State Board of Psychology as \"retired\" and he holds no other active licenses to practice in any other state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.750717163085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 1995, Oprah Winfrey hired McGraw's legal consulting firm CSI to prepare her for the Amarillo Texas beef trial. Winfrey was so impressed with McGraw that she thanked him for her victory in that case, which ended in 1998. Soon after, she invited him to appear on her show. His appearance proved so successful that he began appearing weekly as a relationship and life strategy expert on Tuesdays starting in April 1998.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.503110408782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "The next year, McGraw published his first best-selling book, Life Strategies. In the next four years, McGraw published three additional best-selling relationship books, along with workbooks to complement them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008487701416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 2003, McGraw entered the weight loss business, selling shakes, energy bars, and supplements. These products were promoted on his show with his sisters Deana and Brenda and nephew Tony among the featured testimonials on the show. These products' labels, which carried the brand name \"Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!\", stated: \"These products contain scientifically researched levels of ingredients that can help you change your behavior to take control of your weight.\" This met with swift criticism from various sources, accusing McGraw (a clinical psychologist, and not a physician) of lacking the expertise to recommend weight loss products. Facing a Federal Trade Commission investigation into Shape Up's claims, McGraw pulled his supplements off the market in March 2004, and the FTC dropped its probe. In October 2005, several people who used McGraw's products declared an intent to file a class action lawsuit against him, claiming that although the supplements cost $120 per month they did not stimulate weight loss. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.695266723632812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw settled the suit in September 2006 for $10.5 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32547378540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In 2005, McGraw published another best-selling book, Family First, along with a workbook. He also signed a five-year extension of his syndication deal with his show's distributors, King World Productions, Inc. The deal will pay McGraw $15 million a year and keep the show in production through the 2013–2014 television season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06917953491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "Also in 2005, McGraw's son Jay's television show Renovate My Family (a clone of ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition) was canceled at the start of its second season following a renovated family's lawsuit. Jay McGraw and Phil McGraw then formed Stage 29 Productions. A week later, McGraw and son announced a new show called Moochers (a clone of ABC's Kicked Out); however, the show was canceled before any episodes aired. McGraw also released another book, Love Smart, which did not achieve the success of his previous bestsellers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.522573471069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw was named a co-defendant, along with CBS Television, in a 2006 lawsuit filed in relation to the disappearance of Natalee Holloway. The lawsuit was filed by Deepak Kalpoe and his brother Satish Kalpoe, who claimed that an interview they did with McGraw, aired in September 2005, was \"manipulated and later broadcast as being accurate, and which portrays Deepak Kalpoe and Satish Kalpoe 'as engaging in criminal activity against Natalee Holloway and constitutes defamation.'\" The Kalpoe brothers claimed invasion of privacy, fraud, deceit, defamation, emotional distress, and civil conspiracy in the suit, which was filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270108222961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "In January 2008, McGraw visited pop star Britney Spears in her hospital room. The visit by McGraw drew criticism from the Spears family and from mental health professionals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858466148376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "The visit appeared to be part of an attempt at getting Spears and her parents to take part in an \"intervention\" on the Dr. Phil television show. Immediately after the visit, McGraw issued public statements about Spears' situation that Spears' family spokeswoman Lou Taylor said violated their family trust in McGraw. \"This is another example of a trust being betrayed\", Taylor told Today co-host Meredith Vieira. \"Rather than helping the family’s situation, the celebrity psychologist caused additional damage\", she said. Several mental health care professionals criticized McGraw for his actions; however, fellow TV psychologist Joyce Brothers defended McGraw. It was reported that a psychologist filed a complaint with the California Board of Psychology (BOP), alleging that McGraw had practiced psychology without a license and had violated doctor-patient privilege by discussing Spears' case with the media. A copy of the complaint appeared in the media, but there is no way to verify whether or not it was actually submitted to the BOP. The BOP does not disclose that information unless an investigation is opened. Martin Greenberg, a former BOP President, said on the Today Show that this incident was not a matter that the law covers or would be concerned about.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.319389343261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw was sued by Thomas Riccio, the memorabilia collector responsible for taping the Las Vegas robbery that led to OJ Simpson's being convicted. Riccio sued McGraw in Los Angeles Superior Court for defamation, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress and false light for what Riccio claims to have been deceitful editing of the Dr. Phil Show on which he appeared in early October 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28971004486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw's advice and methods have drawn criticism from some fellow psychotherapists as well as from some laymen. McGraw's critics regard advice given by him to be at best simplistic, and at worst, ineffective. The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill has called McGraw's conduct on his television show unethical and irresponsible. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46574878692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw said in a 2001 South Florida newspaper interview that he never liked traditional one-on-one counseling, and that \"I'm not the Hush-Puppies, pipe and 'Let's talk about your mother' kind of psychologist.\"Lavin, Cheryl. \"Dr. Tell it Like it Is.\" South Florida Sun Sentinel, July 3, 2001, Page 1E", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55742359161377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw announced the formation of the Dr. Phil Foundation, which raises funds to fight childhood obesity, on October 22, 2003. The Foundation also supports charitable organizations that help address the emotional, spiritual and monetary needs of many children and families.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.735282897949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw married his first wife, an ex-cheerleader and homecoming queen named Debbie Higgins McCall, in 1970, when he was 20 years old. According to her, McGraw was domineering and would not allow her to participate in the family business. She claimed that she was confined to domestic duties, which included lifting weights to improve her bustline. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.604753494262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "During the process of annulling the marriage in 1973, McGraw began dating Robin Jo Jameson (born December 28, 1953). The couple had two children, Jay, born in 1979, and Jordan, born 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.63855504989624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw's son, Jay McGraw, has partially followed in his father's footsteps, publishing books aimed at teenagers based on McGraw's books and working for Stage 29. Jay McGraw became engaged to Erica Dahm, one of the famous Playboy Playmate triplets. The elder McGraw, who has been an outspoken critic of pornography, was best man at his son's wedding, which was held at his home in Beverly Hills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165708541870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" }, { "answer": "McGraw", "passage": "McGraw is also a private pilot, with an instrument rating, flying single engine airplanes. McGraw has identified himself as a Christian. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944971084594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil McGraw" } ]

[ { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Beetle Bailey (begun on September 4, 1950) is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Mort Walker. Set in a fictional United States Army military post, it is among the oldest comic strips still being produced by the original creator. Over the years, Mort Walker has been assisted by (among others) Jerry Dumas, Bob Gustafson, Frank Johnson and Walker's sons Neal, Brian and Greg Walker. The latter is currently credited on the strip.", "precise_score": 7.78728723526001, "rough_score": 8.280084609985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "Most of the humor in Beetle Bailey revolves around the inept characters stationed at Camp Swampy (inspired by Camp Crowder, where Walker had once been stationed while in the Army), which is located near the town of Hurleyburg at \"Parris Island, S.C.\". Private Bailey is a lazy sort who usually naps and avoids work, and thus is often the subject of verbal and physical chastising from his supervisor, Sergeant Snorkel. The characters never seem to see combat themselves, with the exception of mock battles and combat drills. In fact, they seem to be in their own version of stereotypical comic strip purgatory (initially basic training, they now appear to be stuck in time in a regular infantry division). The uniforms of Beetle Bailey are still the uniforms of the late 1940s to early 1970s Army, with green fatigues and baseball caps as the basic uniform, and the open jeep as the basic military vehicle. Sergeant First Class Snorkel wears a green Class A Army dress uniform with heavily wrinkled garrison cap; the officers wear M1 helmet liners painted with their insignia. While Beetle Bailey's unit is Company A, one running gag is that the characters are variously seen in different branches of the Army, such as artillery, armor, infantry and paratroops.", "precise_score": 2.6484169960021973, "rough_score": 0.40500080585479736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Beetle Bailey is unusual in having one of the largest and most varied permanent casts of any comic strip. While many of the older characters are rarely seen, almost none have been completely retired.", "precise_score": -0.13313914835453033, "rough_score": 1.3717445135116577, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "*Private Beetle Bailey—the main character and strip's namesake; a feckless, shirking, perpetual goof-off and straggler known for his chronic laziness and generally insubordinate attitude. Slack, hapless, lanky and freckled, Beetle's eyes are always concealed, whether by headgear or, in the rare instance of not wearing any (e.g., in the shower), by his hair.Beetle's eyes are seen in the animated cartoon \"Son of a Gun of a Gun\" (1963) at 4 minutes 42 seconds. He's hiding from Sgt. Snorkel in a civil war cannon—and in a few seconds it's going to be fired off at a ceremony. Gen. Halftrack: Now, remember, Sergeant: fire the cannon when Gen. Gonzales extends his arms to greet me. Sgt. Snorkel: Yes, sir! (4:42) Beetle's wide-open eyes are seen in the dark mouth of the cannon blinking 5 times. Gen. Halftrack: Here he comes now! — Now, Sergeant! Beetle is fired up into the air with his duty cover still on his head and over his eyes—as usual. Source: beetle bailey ® The Complete Collection: 13 Episodes on 2 DVDs!, Disc One, episode 6, \"Son of a Gun of a Gun\" © Manufactured under license Hearst Entertainment for Exclusively [sic] distribution by Mill Creek Entertainment. The Mill Creek logo is a trademark of Mill Creek Entertainment ©2009. All Rights Reserved. 'Copyright information verbatim from DVD case' In early strips, it was revealed that he is the brother of Lois Flagston (from the Hi and Lois cartoon, which Mort Walker wrote, and Dik Browne drew). Beetle is a member of \"Kilo Company\" 3rd Battalion of the 9th Infantry Regiment (United States) 13th Division {fictional} Beetle's and Lois's grandmother came from Dublin, Ireland. ", "precise_score": 1.0265657901763916, "rough_score": -1.798559546470642, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "As with most other American comic strips, Beetle Bailey has been censored from time to time. In 1962, the comic strip was censored because it showed a belly button, and in 2006, the description of Rocky's criminal past was replaced with a non-criminal past.", "precise_score": 0.6177304983139038, "rough_score": 5.3425397872924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Sometimes Mort Walker creates strips with raunchy subject matter for his own amusement. This is done at the sketch stage, and those strips are never meant to be published in the USA. They \"end up in a black box in the bottom drawer\", according to Walker. These sketches are sometimes published in Scandinavia, however, with a translation underneath. In Norway, they've appeared in the Norwegian Beetle Bailey comic book, Billy, with the cover of the comic marked to show it contains censored strips. To offset any possible negative reaction, the publisher experimented with \"scrambling\" the strips in the mid-1990s. To see them, the reader had to view them through a \"de-scrambling\" plastic card. This was discontinued soon afterwards, and the strips today are printed without scrambling. In Sweden, some of these strips were collected in the \"Alfapocket\" series. ", "precise_score": -2.1195225715637207, "rough_score": -1.425968050956726, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "(Beetle Bailey!)", "precise_score": -0.38487812876701355, "rough_score": -3.6189792156219482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Over the years, Beetle Bailey characters have been licensed for dolls, T-shirts, salt and pepper shakers, toys, telephones, music boxes, handpuppets, coffee mugs, cookie jars, neckties, lunchboxes, paperback books, games, bobblehead nodders, banks, lapel pins and greeting cards. The Multiple Plastics Corporation manufactured a 1964 Camp Swampy playset, a tie-in with the cartoon TV show, with character figures accompanying the usual MPC toy GIs and military vehicles.", "precise_score": -0.9460753798484802, "rough_score": 1.3241649866104126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "*In 2000, Dark Horse Comics issued two collectible figures of Beetle and Sarge as part of their line of Classic Comic Characters—statues No. 11 and 12, respectively. In honor of the strip's 50th anniversary, DHC also produced a boxed, PVC figure set of seven Beetle Bailey characters; (Beetle, Sarge, Gen. Halftrack, Miss Buxley, Otto, Lt. Flap and Cookie.)", "precise_score": -0.6053581833839417, "rough_score": -2.514115571975708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Proof sheets were the means by which syndicates provided newspapers with black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips (which they arranged to have colored in the case of Sunday strips). Michigan State University Comic Art Collection librarian Randy Scott describes these as \"large sheets of paper on which newspaper comics have traditionally been distributed to subscribing newspapers. Typically each sheet will have either six daily strips of a given title or one Sunday strip. Thus, a week of Beetle Bailey would arrive at the Lansing State Journal in two sheets, printed much larger than the final version and ready to be cut apart and fitted into the local comics page.\" Comic strip historian Allan Holtz described how strips were provided as mats (the plastic or cardboard trays in which molten metal is poured to make plates) or even plates ready to be put directly on the printing press. He also notes that with electronic means of distribution becoming more prevalent printed sheets \"are definitely on their way out.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.642123699188232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic strip" }, { "answer": "Sergeant Snorkel", "passage": "One running gag has Sergeant Snorkel hanging helplessly from a small tree branch after having fallen off a cliff (first time August 16, 1956). While he is never shown falling off, or even walking close to the edge of a cliff, he always seems to hold on to that same branch, yelling for help. This gag may have spawned the segment of the children's show Between the Lions featuring a person named Cliff Hanger, who, like Sergeant Snorkel, is hanging from a cliff in each feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.129353523254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Brigadier General Amos T. Halftrack—the inept, frustrated, semi-alcoholic commander of Camp Swampy; introduced in 1951. Loves to golf, much to his wife Martha's dismay. He's 78 years old, from Kenner, Louisiana—though according to Capt. Scabbard he was born in China (April 28, 1971).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.593379974365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "General Halftrack", "passage": "*Miss Sheila Buxley—Halftrack's beautiful, blonde, buxom civilian secretary—and occasional soldier's date (as well as a constant distraction for Halftrack). She used to live in Amarillo, Texas. She appears in every Wednesday strip, with the exception of November 4, 2009; February 16, 2011; March 2, 2011; April 6, 2011; and February 12, 2014; why on Wednesdays is unknown. (However, a possible prototype for Miss Buxley, a very similar-looking \"new stenographer\" for General Halftrack, appeared on January 22, 1970—a Thursday.) Miss Buxley has an apparent interest in Beetle, later becomes his girlfriend, but is constantly pursued by Killer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.142611503601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Private Rocky—Camp Swampy's long-haired, disgruntled social dissident; a former biker gang member and rebel-without-a-clue, introduced 1958. Is the editor of the \"Camp Swampy\" Muckateer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.204452514648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Private Cosmo—Camp Swampy's sunglass-wearing, resident \"shady entrepreneur\" and huckster. Loosely based on William Holden's Sefton character from Stalag 17; almost forgotten in the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393759727478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "General Halftrack", "passage": "*Corporal Yo—the strip's first Asian character, introduced in 1990. Like Major Greenbrass's relationship to General Halftrack, Cpl. Yo is most often simply a conversation partner for Sarge or one of the lieutenants. He is rarely if ever shown to be goofing off like the rest of the enlisted men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.792285919189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Dr. Bonkus—Camp Swampy's loopy staff psychiatrist, whose own sanity is questionable. \"Bonkus\" likely refers to the Yiddish word for the cups used in traditional medicine - and to the saying translating to, \"It will do as much good as 'cupping' a corpse\", often abbreviated to the phrase \"Toten bonkus\", applied to a hopeless therapy or consulting an incompetent doctor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207435607910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Specialist Chip Gizmo— Camp Swampy's resident computer geek, was named by a write-in contest in 2002. The contest, sponsored by Dell Computer Corp., received more than 84,000 entries. It raised more than $100,000 for the Fisher House Foundation, a non-profit organization that provides housing for families of patients at military and veterans hospitals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935553550720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "Camp Swampy:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05492115020752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "And we know you'll laugh at Private Beetle Bailey—", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9578399658203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "A certain Private by the name of Beetle Bailey—", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.36523962020874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "(Beetle Bailey!)(BEETLE BAILEY!!!)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.897523403167725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "The repeat of the name of Beetle Bailey is heard by an angry Sgt. Snorkel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.67804217338562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Beetle was voiced by comic actor and director Howard Morris with Allan Melvin as the voice of Sarge. Other King Features properties, such as Snuffy Smith and Krazy Kat, also appeared in the syndicated series, under the collective title: Beetle Bailey and His Friends. June Foray did the voice of Bunny, plus all of the female characters involved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.658846378326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "Beetle Bailey episodes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.911259174346924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Psychological Testing from You're in the Army, Wow! and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527145385742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Et Tu, Otto? from You're in the Army, Wow! and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652373313903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Grab Your Socks from Sarge's Last Stand and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18454360961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Go Yeast, Young Man from You're in the Army, Wow! and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489073753356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Sergeant Snorkel", "passage": "*We Love You Sergeant Snorkel from Pranks in the Ranks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849761009216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Is This Drip Necessary? from Sarge's Last Stand and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285333633422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Camp Invisible from Sarge's Last Stand and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99488639831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Lucky Beetle from Sarge's Last Stand and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.827313423156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*The Diet from Sarge's Last Stand and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20291519165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*The Jinx from You're in the Army, Wow! and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.378405570983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Camp Swampy", "passage": "*Courage Encourager from You're in the Army, Wow! and Pride of Camp Swampy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534049034118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "*Dr. Jekyll and Beetle Bailey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.305724620819092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "General Halftrack", "passage": "A new animated special based off the strip was created in 1989, but did not air on TV for some reason; it has been released on DVD alongside the 1960's cartoon. Greg Whalen played Beetle, Bob Bergen portrayed Killer, Henry Corden was Sgt. Snorkel, Frank Welker was both Zero and Otto, Linda Gary voiced both Miss Buxley and Ms. Blips, and General Halftrack was Larry Storch. This special was one of a number of specials made in the same timeframe by King Features/Hearst for TV as potential series pilots; others included Blondie & Dagwood (co-produced with Marvel Productions, who had also collaborated with King Features for the Defenders of the Earth series a few years before) and Hägar the Horrible (co-produced with Hanna-Barbera Productions).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.051957607269287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "*BCI Eclipse has released 20 episodes of Beetle Bailey as part of Animated All Stars, a 2-DVD set (BCI 46952). Rhino Home Video also released a DVD containing 10 episodes, along with a couple of Hägar the Horrible and Betty Boop cartoons. In 2007, Beetle Bailey: The Complete Collection was released to DVD, containing all 50 shorts grouped randomly into 13 episodes, plus a previously un-aired 1989 TV special. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.628849983215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "*For Beetle Bailey's 50th anniversary in 2000, Gate offered a 1/18th Willys MB with figurines of Beetle, Sarge, and Otto. The figures were the same scale as the Jeep, and were molded in seated poses, so they could be placed in the seats of the model. The Jeep could also be ordered without the figures, with figurines of Laurel and Hardy, or figurines of Laurel and Hardy in sailor suits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.357376098632812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" }, { "answer": "Beetle bailey", "passage": "* 2012 Rolex and Bamford Watch Department created a Beetle Bailey Rolex watch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.014891624450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beetle Bailey" } ]

[ { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The drink gained its name from the effects of its bitter flavouring. The quinine was added to the drink as a prophylactic against malaria, since it was originally intended for consumption in tropical areas of South Asia and Africa, where the disease is endemic. Quinine powder was so bitter that British officials stationed in early 19th Century India and other tropical posts began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858. The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with gin. ", "precise_score": -0.8743864297866821, "rough_score": 2.70219087600708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of the cinchona tree. Extracts from the bark have been used to treat malaria since at least 1632. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. The wholesale price in the developing world is about US$1.70 to $3.40 per course of treatment. In the United States a course of treatment is more than $200.", "precise_score": 1.9793848991394043, "rough_score": 2.529740333557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s or earlier: Nicolás Monardes (1571) and Juan Fragoso (1572) both described a tree that was subsequently identified as the cinchona tree and whose bark was used to produce a drink to treat diarrhea. Quinine has been used in unextracted form by Europeans since at least the early 17th century. It was first used to treat malaria in Rome in 1631. During the 17th century, malaria was endemic to the swamps and marshes surrounding the city of Rome. Malaria was responsible for the deaths of several popes, many cardinals and countless common Roman citizens. Most of the priests trained in Rome had seen malaria victims and were familiar with the shivering brought on by the febrile phase of the disease. The Jesuit brother Agostino Salumbrino (1564–1642), an apothecary by training who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose. While its effect in treating malaria (and hence malaria-induced shivering) was unrelated to its effect in controlling shivering from rigors, it was still a successful medicine for malaria. At the first opportunity, Salumbrino sent a small quantity to Rome to test as a malaria treatment. In the years that followed, cinchona bark, known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark, became one of the most valuable commodities shipped from Peru to Europe. When King Charles II was cured of malaria at the end of the 17th Century with quinine, it became popular in London. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs took over. ", "precise_score": 1.6387436389923096, "rough_score": 3.165020704269409, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The form of quinine most effective in treating malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. Quinine was isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou. The name was derived from the original Quechua (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, quina or quina-quina, which means \"bark of bark\" or \"holy bark\". Prior to 1820, the bark was first dried, ground to a fine powder, and then mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) which was then drunk. Large-scale use of quinine as a prophylaxis started around 1850.", "precise_score": 0.8222022652626038, "rough_score": 3.580235004425049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "As a medicinal herb, cinchona bark is also known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark. The bark is stripped from the tree, dried, and powdered for medicinal uses. The bark is medicinally active, containing a variety of alkaloids including the antimalarial compound quinine and the antiarrhythmic quinidine. Although the use of the bark has been largely superseded by more effective modern medicines, cinchona is the only economically practical source of quinine, a drug that is still recommended for the treatment of Malaria. ", "precise_score": 2.2030651569366455, "rough_score": 4.086160182952881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Originally used as a prophylactic against malaria, tonic water usually now has a significantly lower quinine content and is consumed for its distinctive bitter flavour. It is often used in mixed drinks, particularly in gin and tonic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.014532428234815598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm (83 mg per liter if calculated by mass), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2100 mg daily for a 70 kg adult). Still, it is often recommended as a relief for leg cramps, but medical research suggests some care is needed in monitoring doses. Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using \"off-label\" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4207782745361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Quinine is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria and to treat babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While used for restless legs syndrome, it is not recommended for this purpose. It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously. Malaria that is resistant to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5708858966827393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble seeing, and sweating. More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat. Use can make one more prone to sunburn. While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, use to treat malaria during pregnancy is still recommended. How it works is not entirely clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851186752319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "As of 2006, it is no longer recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) as a first-line treatment for malaria, and it should be used only when artemisinins are not available. Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6216304302215576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "According to tradition, the bitter taste of anti-malarial quinine tonic led British colonials in India to mix it with gin, thus creating the iconic gin and tonic cocktail, which is still popular today in many parts of the world, especially the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In those countries and in Egypt and South Africa, quinine is an ingredient in both tonic water and bitter lemon. In the US, quinine is listed as an ingredient in some Diet Snapple flavors, including Cranberry-Raspberry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6885612607002258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Quinine can, in therapeutic doses, cause cinchonism; in rare cases, it may even cause death (usually by pulmonary edema). The development of mild cinchonism is not a reason for stopping or interrupting quinine therapy, and the patient should be reassured. Blood glucose levels and electrolyte concentrations must be monitored when quinine is given by injection. The patient should ideally be in cardiac monitoring when the first quinine injection is given (these precautions are often unavailable in developing countries where malaria is endemic).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8299622535705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved. The most widely accepted hypothesis of its action is based on the well-studied and closely related quinoline drug, chloroquine. This model involves the inhibition of hemozoin biocrystallization in Heme Detoxification pathway, which facilitates the aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing their deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.138628005981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "It was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs, such as chloroquine, that have fewer side effects replaced it. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions, due to its low cost. Quinine is also present (in minute quantities) in various beverages. It is a white crystalline alkaloid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.18898513913154602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "From 1969 to 1992, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 which had resulted in death. In 1994, the FDA banned the marketing of over-the-counter quinine as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals had been selling the brand name Legatrin for this purpose. Also sold as a Softgel (by SmithKlineBeecham) as Q-vel. Doctors may still prescribe quinine, but the FDA has ordered firms to stop marketing unapproved drug products containing quinine. The FDA is also cautioning consumers about off-label use of quinine to treat leg cramps. Quinine is approved for treatment of malaria, but is also commonly prescribed to treat leg cramps and similar conditions. Because malaria is life-threatening, the risks associated with quinine use are considered acceptable when used to treat that affliction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.239384651184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Though Legatrin was banned by the FDA for the treatment of leg cramps, the drug manufacturer URL Mutual has branded a quinine-containing drug named Qualaquin. It is marketed as a treatment for malaria and is sold in the United States only by prescription. In 2004, the CDC reported only 1,347 confirmed cases of malaria in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.145177364349365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Linnaeus named the genus in 1742 after the Second Countess of Chinchón, the wife of a viceroy of Peru. According to some accounts, she suffered from malaria and was cured by a botanical remedy made of the powdered bark of a native tree. The veracity of the story is uncertain, but the tree still carries her name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.43623161315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The medicinal properties of the cinchona tree were originally discovered by the Quechua peoples of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and long cultivated by them as a muscle relaxant to abate shivering due to low body temperatures, and symptoms of Malaria. The Countess of Chinchón contracted malaria and native people persuaded her to bathe in a small pond beneath a tree; the water was bitter (due to the quinine contents). After a few days the Countess was cured of malaria. When the scientific botanical classification was determined, the tree was named cinchona after the Countess of Chinchón [In Spanish \"chi\" is pronounced \"chee\"]. Later the Jesuit Brother Agostino Salumbrino (1561–1642), an apothecary by training who lived in Loja (Ecuador) and Lima, observed the Quechua using the quinine-containing bark of the cinchona tree to cure malaria. While its effect in treating malaria (and related malaria-induced shivering) was entirely unrelated to the plant's efficacy in controlling shivering from cold, it was nevertheless the correct medicine for malaria. The use of the “fever tree” bark was introduced into European medicine by Jesuit missionaries (Jesuit's bark). Jesuit Bernabé Cobo (1582–1657), who explored Mexico and Peru, is credited with taking cinchona bark to Europe. He took the bark from Lima to Spain, and afterwards to Rome and other parts of Italy, in 1632. To maintain their monopoly on cinchona bark, Peru and surrounding countries began outlawing the export of cinchona seeds and saplings beginning in the early 19th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2939388751983643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "English King Charles II called upon Robert Talbor, who had become famous for his miraculous malaria cure. Because at that time the bark was in religious controversy, Talbor gave the king the bitter bark decoction in great secrecy. The treatment gave the king complete relief from the malaria fever. In return, Talbor was offered membership of the prestigious Royal College of Physicians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701451301574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "In 1679, Talbor was called by the King of France, Louis XIV, whose son was suffering from malaria fever. After a successful treatment, Talbor was rewarded by the king with 3,000 gold crowns and a lifetime pension for this prescription. Talbor was asked to keep the entire episode secret.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846280097961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The birth of homeopathy was based on cinchona bark testing. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, when translating William Cullen's Materia medica, noticed Cullen had written that Peruvian bark was known to cure intermittent fevers. Hahnemann took daily a large, rather than homeopathic, dose of Peruvian bark. After two weeks, he said he felt malaria-like symptoms. This idea of \"like cures like\" was the starting point of his writings on homeopathy. Hahnemann's symptoms are believed to be the result of a hypersensitivity to cinchona bark on his part. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.939016342163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The bark of trees in this genus is the source of a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, an antipyretic (antifever) agent especially useful in treating malaria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11748060584068298, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinchona" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Some examples of work include helping to develop new treatments for diseases, such as ivermectin for onchocerciasis (river blindness); showing how packaging can improve use of artemesinin-combination treatment (ACT) for malaria; demonstrating the effectiveness of bednets to prevent mosquito bites and malaria; and documenting how community-based and community-led programmes increases distribution of multiple treatments. [http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/about/history TDR history]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.882943153381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tropical disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "* Malaria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301836967468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tropical disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "*: Caused by a Protozoan parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, as they are the blood-feeders. The disease is caused by species of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria infected an estimated 190-311 million people in 2008 and 708,000-1,003,000 died mostly in Sub-Sahara Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.731501579284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tropical disease" } ]

[ { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "The game begins with a horseshoe toss to decide who goes first. The winner of the toss throws both horseshoes—one at a time—at the opposite stake, and then the second player throws both of their horseshoes—again, one at a time—at their end. After scoring, the next round is done in reverse order, or by throwing back at the original stake. Play continues until one player has at least 15 points at the end of a round. NHPA sanctioned games are generally played to 40 points, or a shoe limit of 40 or 50 shoes. The horseshoes can be made of either plastic or metal.", "precise_score": -1.5097395181655884, "rough_score": -2.7842228412628174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "One player pitches both shoes in succession to one pit, followed by the other player. This is formally called an inning. Normally only one pitcher can score points per inning, however some leagues and tournaments play \"count all\", in which all points in each inning are counted. A live shoe that is not a ringer, but comes to rest six inches (6”) or closer to the stake, has a value of one (1) point. This includes a “leaner”. If both of one player's horseshoes are closer than the opponent's, two points are scored. A ringer scores three points. In the case of one ringer and a closer horseshoe, both horseshoes are scored for a total of four points. If a player throws two ringers, that player scores six points. If each player throws a ringer, the ringers cancel and no points are scored. If two ringers are thrown by one player and one ringer by the opponent, the player throwing two ringers scores three points. This is typically called \"two dead and three\" or \"three ringers three\" for score keeping purposes. Such occurrences are called \"dead ringers\" and are still used toward the pitcher/ringer average. Back-yard games can be played to any number of points that is agreed upon, but are usually to 21 points, win by 2. In most sanctioned tournaments the handicapped divisions pitch 50 shoe games, most points win. If there is a tie, the pitchers pitch an additional 2 innings (alternating pitch) until the tie is broken. Championship divisions, or non-handicapped divisions are pitched to 40 points, regardless of the number of shoes pitched. In Philadelphia when a player tops another players ringer the player is awarded 6 points.", "precise_score": 0.7584622502326965, "rough_score": 1.6100742816925049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "Horseshoes is an outdoor game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 ft apart. Modern games use a more stylized U-shaped bar, about twice the size of an actual horseshoe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.059332847595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "Official Rules of the Game of Horseshoes from the NHPA ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.919877529144287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoe pit", "passage": "The National Horseshoe Pitchers Association (NHPA), the recognized governing body of the sport of horseshoe pitching in the United States, maintains an up-to-date set of rules, guidelines and specifications for the game on their website. Widely accepted as being the official way to play the game, they outline the style of play, the two most common scoring methods (cancellation and count-all), acceptable equipment, and exact court specifications as well as additional methods of organizing tournament and league competitions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.940173387527466, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "In horseshoes, there are two ways to score: by throwing \"ringers\" or by throwing the horseshoe nearest to the stake. A ringer is a thrown horseshoe such that the horseshoe completely encircles the stake. Disputes are settled by using a straightedge to touch the two points at the ends of the horseshoe, called \"heel calks\". If the straightedge doesn't touch the stake, then the horseshoe is a ringer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.029850482940674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "This scoring system gives rise to the popular expression \"Close only counts in horseshoes\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028823852539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "The games of horseshoes and quoits are closely related. For information on the history of these games, see the entry on quoits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18725299835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "File:Horseshoe court.jpg|A horseshoes court", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408530235290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" }, { "answer": "Horseshoes", "passage": "File:Donnie at horseshoes.jpg|A player prepares to toss a horseshoe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002366065979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horseshoes" } ]

[ { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "# or was the popular nickname of Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August AD 12 – 24 January AD 41), Roman emperor (AD 37–41). Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (not to be confused with Julius Caesar), Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's biological father was Germanicus, and he was the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius. The young Gaius earned the nickname \"Caligula\" (meaning \"little soldier's boot\", the diminutive form of caliga, hob-nailed military boot) from his father's soldiers while accompanying him during his campaigns in Germania.", "precise_score": 7.467268466949463, "rough_score": 7.808771133422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "When Germanicus died at Antioch in AD 19, his wife Agrippina the Elder returned with her six children to Rome, where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius. The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. Untouched by the deadly intrigues, Caligula accepted the invitation to join the Emperor in AD 31 on the island of Capri, where Tiberius had withdrawn five years earlier. With the death of Tiberius in AD 37, Caligula succeeded his grand uncle and adoptive grandfather as emperor.", "precise_score": -0.3251451253890991, "rough_score": -0.6042784452438354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "As a boy of just two or three, Gaius accompanied his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in the north of Germania. The soldiers were amused that Gaius was dressed in a miniature soldier's outfit, including boots and armour. He was soon given his nickname Caligula, meaning \"little (soldier's) boot\" in Latin, after the small boots he wore. Gaius, though, reportedly grew to dislike this nickname. ", "precise_score": -3.0421833992004395, "rough_score": -6.221919059753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In 31 AD, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius. According to historians, Caligula was an excellent natural actor and, recognizing danger, hid all his resentment towards Tiberius. An observer said of Caligula, \"Never was there a better servant or a worse master!\"", "precise_score": -7.926400184631348, "rough_score": -5.610914707183838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In 33 AD, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a position he held until his rise to emperor. Meanwhile, both Caligula's mother and his brother Drusus died in prison. Caligula was briefly married to Junia Claudilla, in 33, though she died in childbirth the following year. Caligula spent time befriending the Praetorian prefect, Naevius Sutorius Macro, an important ally. Macro spoke well of Caligula to Tiberius, attempting to quell any ill will or suspicion the Emperor felt towards Caligula. ", "precise_score": -8.482597351074219, "rough_score": -6.099315166473389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In 35 AD, Caligula was named joint heir to Tiberius's estate along with Tiberius Gemellus. ", "precise_score": -6.741828441619873, "rough_score": -5.9236674308776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "When Tiberius died on 16 March 37 AD, his estate and the titles of the principate were left to Caligula and Tiberius's own grandson, Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. Although Tiberius was 78 and on his death bed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. Tacitus writes that the Praetorian Prefect, Macro, smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession, much to the joy of the Roman people, while Suetonius writes that Caligula may have carried out the killing, though this is not recorded by any other ancient historian. Seneca the elder and Philo, who both wrote during Tiberius's reign, as well as Josephus record Tiberius as dying a natural death. Backed by Macro, Caligula had Tiberius's will nullified with regard to Gemellus on grounds of insanity, but otherwise carried out Tiberius's wishes. ", "precise_score": -6.658020496368408, "rough_score": -3.5498552322387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula accepted the powers of the principate as conferred by the senate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as \"our baby\" and \"our star\", among other nicknames. Caligula is described as the first emperor who was admired by everyone in \"all the world, from the rising to the setting sun.\" Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus, and because he was not Tiberius. Suetonius said that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign. Philo describes the first seven months of Caligula's reign as completely blissful. ", "precise_score": -4.5427021980285645, "rough_score": -6.00084114074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In October 37 AD, Caligula fell seriously ill, or perhaps was poisoned. He soon recovered from his illness, but many believed that the illness turned the young emperor toward the diabolical: he started to kill off or exile those who were close to him or whom he saw as a serious threat. Perhaps his illness reminded him of his mortality and of the desire of others to advance into his place. He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed – an act that outraged Caligula's and Gemellus's mutual grandmother Antonia Minor. She is said to have committed suicide, although Suetonius hints that Caligula actually poisoned her. He had his father-in-law Marcus Junius Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus executed as well. His uncle Claudius was spared only because Caligula preferred to keep him as a laughing stock. His favorite sister Julia Drusilla died in 38 AD of a fever: his other two sisters, Livilla and Agrippina the Younger, were exiled. He hated being the grandson of Agrippa and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was actually conceived as the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder. ", "precise_score": -5.096417427062988, "rough_score": -3.1802635192871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In AD 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated. The subject of their disagreement is unknown. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in AD 26 and Caligula's accession. Additionally, Tiberius's treason trials had eliminated a number of pro-Julian senators such as Asinius Gallus.", "precise_score": -8.404766082763672, "rough_score": -6.431323051452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Mauretania was a client kingdom of Rome ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania. Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and then suddenly had him executed. Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and subsequently divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, separated by the river Malua. Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 AD an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, and the division only took place after this. This confusion might mean that Caligula decided to divide the province, but the division was postponed because of the rebellion. The first known equestrian governor of the two provinces was Marcus Fadius Celer Flavianus, in office in 44 AD.", "precise_score": -8.214324951171875, "rough_score": -5.396685600280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "On 22 January 41 (Suetonius gives the date as 24 January), Cassius Chaerea and other guardsmen accosted Caligula as he addressed an acting troupe of young men during a series of games and dramatics held for the Divine Augustus. Details recorded on the events vary somewhat from source to source, but they agree that Chaerea stabbed Caligula first, followed by a number of conspirators. Suetonius records that Caligula's death resembled that of Julius Caesar. He states that both the elder Gaius Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) and the younger Gaius Julius Caesar (Caligula) were stabbed 30 times by conspirators led by a man named Cassius (Cassius Longinus and Cassius Chaerea). By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guard responded, the Emperor was already dead. The Germanic guard, stricken with grief and rage, responded with a rampaging attack on the assassins, conspirators, innocent senators and bystanders alike. ", "precise_score": -4.417052745819092, "rough_score": -1.859119176864624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The Julio-Claudian dynasty was established by Augustus. The emperors of this dynasty were: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero. The dynasty is so-called due to the gens Julia, family of Augustus, and the gens Claudia, family of Tiberius. The Julio-Claudians started the destruction of republican values, but on the other hand, they boosted Rome's status as the central power in the world. ", "precise_score": -5.921733856201172, "rough_score": -6.44756555557251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Rome" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Tiberius died (or was killed) in 37 AD. The male line of the Julio-Claudians was limited to Tiberius' nephew Claudius, his grandson Tiberius Gemellus and his grand-nephew Caligula. As Gemellus was still a child, Caligula was chosen to rule the Empire. He was a popular leader in the first half of his reign, but became a crude and insane tyrant in his years controlling government. Suetonius states that he committed incest with his sisters, killed some men just for amusement and nominated a horse for a consulship. ", "precise_score": -5.583018779754639, "rough_score": -5.080211162567139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Rome" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "# 1 August 10 BC – 13 October 54 AD) was Roman emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul, the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship, shared with his nephew Caligula in 37.", "precise_score": 1.9187967777252197, "rough_score": 0.11910280585289001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "He was a descendant of the Octavii Rufi (through Gaius Octavius), Julii Caesares (through Julia Minor and Julia Antonia), and the Claudii Nerones (through Nero Claudius Drusus); he was a great-nephew of Augustus through his full sister Octavia Minor, a nephew of Tiberius through his father Drusus, Tiberius' brother, an uncle of Caligula and finally a great-uncle of Nero through Caligula's father and Nero's grandfather Germanicus, his brother.", "precise_score": -2.8510642051696777, "rough_score": -5.762418746948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "After the death of Tiberius the new emperor Caligula (the son of Claudius' brother Germanicus) recognized Claudius to be of some use. He appointed Claudius his co-consul in 37 in order to emphasize the memory of Caligula's deceased father Germanicus. Despite this, Caligula relentlessly tormented his uncle: playing practical jokes, charging him enormous sums of money, humiliating him before the Senate, and the like. According to Cassius Dio Claudius became very sickly and thin by the end of Caligula's reign, most likely due to stress. A possible surviving portrait of Claudius from this period may support this.", "precise_score": -3.6060707569122314, "rough_score": -1.9366589784622192, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Since Claudius was the first Emperor proclaimed on the initiative of the Praetorian Guard instead of the Senate, his repute suffered at the hands of commentators (such as Seneca). Moreover, he was the first Emperor who resorted to bribery as a means to secure army loyalty and rewarded the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard that had elevated him with 15,000 sesterces. Tiberius and Augustus had both left gifts to the army and guard in their wills, and upon Caligula's death the same would have been expected, even if no will existed. Claudius remained grateful to the guard, however, issuing coins with tributes to the Praetorians in the early part of his reign.", "precise_score": -7.891473293304443, "rough_score": -6.008601188659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Asiaticus had been a claimant to the throne in the chaos following Caligula's death and a co-consul with the Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus mentioned above. Most of these conspiracies took place before Claudius' term as Censor, and may have induced him to review the Senatorial rolls. The conspiracy of Gaius Silius in the year after his Censorship, 48, is detailed in the section discussing Claudius' third wife, Messalina. Suetonius states that a total of 35 senators and 300 knights were executed for offenses during Claudius' reign. Needless to say, the responses to these conspiracies could not have helped Senate-emperor relations.", "precise_score": -8.403820037841797, "rough_score": -6.341238021850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to a daughter Claudia Octavia. A son, first named Tiberius Claudius Germanicus, and later known as Britannicus, was born just after Claudius' accession.", "precise_score": -4.711550712585449, "rough_score": -3.2536745071411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus", "passage": "**** Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Major (died before AD 12) ", "precise_score": 1.2250269651412964, "rough_score": -3.152056932449341, "source": "wiki", "title": "Augustus" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "**** Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Minor (Caligula) (12–41)", "precise_score": 1.1346968412399292, "rough_score": -5.379245758056641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Augustus" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "CaligulaClassical Latin spelling and reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation of the names of Caligula:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494640350341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "There are few surviving sources about the reign of Emperor Caligula, although he is described as a noble and moderate ruler during the first six months of his reign. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversity, presenting him as an insane tyrant. While the reliability of these sources is questionable, it is known that during his brief reign, Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor, as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire annexed the Kingdom of Mauretania as a province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.537001609802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In early AD 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted: on the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorian Guard declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, the next Roman emperor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.10797119140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "After the death of his father, Caligula lived with his mother until her relations with Tiberius deteriorated. Tiberius would not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival. Agrippina and Caligula's brother, Nero, were banished in 29 AD on charges of treason. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.272563934326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The adolescent Caligula was then sent to live with his great-grandmother (and Tiberius's mother) Livia. After her death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia. In 30 AD, his brother, Drusus Caesar, was imprisoned on charges of treason and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. Suetonius writes that after the banishment of his mother and brothers, Caligula and his sisters were nothing more than prisoners of Tiberius under the close watch of soldiers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.254487991333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula claimed to have planned to kill Tiberius with a dagger in order to avenge his mother and brother: however, having brought the weapon into Tiberius's bedroom he did not kill the Emperor but instead threw the dagger down on the floor. Supposedly Tiberius knew of this but never dared to do anything about it. Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that, when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he \"... prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman people and a Phaethon for the world.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.847188949584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula's first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. To gain support, he granted bonuses to the military, including the Praetorian Guard, city troops and the army outside Italy. He destroyed Tiberius's treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, and recalled those who had been sent into exile. He helped those who had been harmed by the imperial tax system, banished certain sexual deviants, and put on lavish spectacles for the public, including gladiatorial games. Caligula collected and brought back the bones of his mother and of his brothers and deposited their remains in the tomb of Augustus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.691804885864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In AD 38, Caligula focused his attention on political and public reform. He published the accounts of public funds, which had not been made public during the reign of Tiberius. He aided those who lost property in fires, abolished certain taxes, and gave out prizes to the public at gymnastic events. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.556613922119141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "During the same year, though, Caligula was criticized for executing people without full trials and for forcing his supporter Macro to commit suicide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207160949707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in AD 39. Suetonius places the beginning of this crisis in 38. Caligula's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state's treasury. Ancient historians state that Caligula began falsely accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.408130645751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Historians describe a number of Caligula's other desperate measures. In order to gain funds, Caligula asked the public to lend the state money.Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Caligula [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#41 41]. He levied taxes on lawsuits, weddings and prostitution. Caligula began auctioning the lives of the gladiators at shows. Wills that left items to Tiberius were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula. Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.198530197143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The current and past highway commissioners were accused of incompetence and embezzlement and forced to repay money. According to Suetonius, in the first year of Caligula's reign he squandered 2.7 billion sesterces that Tiberius had amassed. His nephew Nero Caesar both envied and admired the fact that Gaius had run through the vast wealth Tiberius had left him in so short a time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.482048988342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "A brief famine of unknown extent occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but Suetonius claims it resulted from Caligula's seizure of public carriages; according to Seneca, grain imports were disturbed because Caligula repurposed grain boats for a pontoon bridge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267251014709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Despite financial difficulties, Caligula embarked on a number of construction projects during his reign. Some were for the public good, though others were for himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.834571838378906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Josephus describes Caligula's improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as his greatest contributions. These improvements may have been in response to the famine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.30270767211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula completed the temple of Augustus and the theatre of Pompey and began an amphitheatre beside the Saepta. He expanded the imperial palace. He began the aqueducts Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus, which Pliny the Elder considered engineering marvels. He built a large racetrack known as the circus of Gaius and Nero and had an Egyptian obelisk (now known as the \"Vatican Obelisk\") transported by sea and erected in the middle of Rome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.470970630645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli. It was said that the bridge was to rival that of the Persian king, Xerxes, crossing of the Hellespont. Caligula, who could not swim, then proceeded to ride his favorite horse, Incitatus, across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had \"no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.076651573181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself, which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini. The ships were among the largest vessels in the ancient world. The smaller ship was designed as a temple dedicated to Diana. The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace with marble floors and plumbing. Thirteen years after being raised, the ships were burned during an attack in the Second World War, and almost nothing remains of their hulls, though many archeological treasures remain intact in the museum at Lake Nemi and in the Museo Nazionale Romano (Palazzo Massimo) at Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798787117004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula reviewed Tiberius's records of treason trials and decided, based on their actions during these trials, that numerous senators were not trustworthy. He ordered a new set of investigations and trials. He replaced the consul and had several senators put to death. Suetonius reports that other senators were degraded by being forced to wait on him and run beside his chariot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582319259643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Soon after his break with the Senate, Caligula faced a number of additional conspiracies against him. A conspiracy involving his brother-in-law was foiled in late 39. Soon afterwards, the Governor of Germany, Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, was executed for connections to a conspiracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036998748779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In AD 40, Caligula expanded the Roman Empire into Mauretania and made a significant attempt at expanding into Britannia – even challenging Neptune in his campaign. The conquest of Britannia was fully realized by his successors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.903342247009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Details on the Mauretanian events of 39–44 are unclear. Cassius Dio wrote an entire chapter on the annexation of Mauretania by Caligula, but it is now lost. Caligula's move seemingly had a strictly personal political motive – fear and jealousy of his cousin Ptolemy – and thus the expansion may not have been prompted by pressing military or economic needs. However, the rebellion of Tacfarinas had shown how exposed Africa Proconsularis was to its west and how the Mauretanian client kings were unable to provide protection to the province, and it is thus possible that Caligula's expansion was a prudent response to potential future threats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.437548637390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "When several client kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he allegedly cried out the Homeric line: \"Let there be one lord, one king.\" In AD 40, Caligula began implementing very controversial policies that introduced religion into his political role. Caligula began appearing in public dressed as various gods and demigods such as Hercules, Mercury, Venus and Apollo. Reportedly, he began referring to himself as a god when meeting with politicians and he was referred to as \"Jupiter\" on occasion in public documents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.976731300354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "A sacred precinct was set apart for his worship at Miletus in the province of Asia and two temples were erected for worship of him in Rome. The Temple of Castor and Pollux on the forum was linked directly to the imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula. He would appear here on occasion and present himself as a god to the public. Caligula had the heads removed from various statues of gods and replaced with his own in some temples. It is said that he wished to be worshipped as \"Neos Helios,\" the \"New Sun.\" Indeed, he was represented as a sun god on Egyptian coins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2636137008667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula's religious policy was a departure from that of his predecessors. According to Cassius Dio, living emperors could be worshipped as divine in the east and dead emperors could be worshipped as divine in Rome. Augustus had the public worship his spirit on occasion, but Dio describes this as an extreme act that emperors generally shied away from. Caligula took things a step further and had those in Rome, including senators, worship him as a tangible, living god. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44515323638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula needed to quell several riots and conspiracies in the eastern territories during his reign. Aiding him in his actions was his good friend, Herod Agrippa, who became governor of the territories of Batanaea and Trachonitis after Caligula became emperor in AD 37. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.997803688049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, Aulus Avilius Flaccus. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. In AD 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus. According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews. Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish synagogues. As a result, riots broke out in the city. Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.939094543457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In AD 39, Agrippa accused Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.518129348754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Riots again erupted in Alexandria in AD 40 between Jews and Greeks.Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII.8.1. Jews were accused of not honoring the emperor. Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem, a demand in conflict with Jewish monotheism. In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula \"regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361043930053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The Governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year. Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251753807067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger describe Caligula as an insane emperor who was self-absorbed, angry, killed on a whim, and indulged in too much spending and sex. He is accused of sleeping with other men's wives and bragging about it, killing for mere amusement, deliberately wasting money on his bridge, causing starvation, and wanting a statue of himself erected in the Temple of Jerusalem for his worship. Once, at some games at which he was presiding, he ordered his guards to throw an entire section of the crowd into the arena during intermission to be eaten by animals because there were no criminals to be prosecuted and he was bored. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333223342895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "While repeating the earlier stories, the later sources of Suetonius and Cassius Dio provide additional tales of insanity. They accuse Caligula of incest with his sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Livilla, and say he prostituted them to other men. They state he sent troops on illogical military exercises, turned the palace into a brothel, and, most famously, planned or promised to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.440194129943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula's actions as emperor were described as being especially harsh to the senate, to the nobility and to the equestrian order. According to Josephus, these actions led to several failed conspiracies against Caligula. Eventually, officers within the Praetorian Guard led by Cassius Chaerea succeeded in murdering the emperor. The plot is described as having been planned by three men, but many in the senate, army and equestrian order were said to have been informed of it and involved in it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824607849121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The situation had escalated when, in 40 AD, Caligula announced to the senate that he planned to leave Rome permanently and to move to Alexandria in Egypt, where he hoped to be worshiped as a living god. The prospect of Rome losing its emperor and thus its political power was the final straw for many. Such a move would have left both the senate and the Praetorian Guard powerless to stop Caligula's repression and debauchery. With this in mind Chaerea convinced his fellow conspirators to put their plot into action quickly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.613877296447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "According to Josephus, Chaerea had political motivations for the assassination. Suetonius sees the motive in Caligula calling Chaerea derogatory names. Caligula considered Chaerea effeminate because of a weak voice and for not being firm with tax collection. Caligula would mock Chaerea with names like \"Priapus\" and \"Venus\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148589134216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The senate attempted to use Caligula's death as an opportunity to restore the republic. Chaerea tried to persuade the military to support the senate. The military, though, remained loyal to the idea of imperial monarchy. The grieving Roman people assembled and demanded that Caligula's murderers be brought to justice. Uncomfortable with lingering imperial support, the assassins sought out and stabbed Caligula's wife, Caesonia, and killed their young daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. They were unable to reach Caligula's uncle, Claudius; after a soldier, Gratus, found Claudius hiding behind a palace curtain he was spirited out of the city by a sympathetic faction of the Praetorian Guard to the nearby Praetorian camp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675053596496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Claudius became emperor after procuring the support of the Praetorian Guard. He ordered the execution of Chaerea and of any other known conspirators involved in the death of Caligula. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.176046371459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "According to Suetonius, Caligula's body was placed under turf until it was burned and entombed by his sisters. He was buried within the Mausoleum of Augustus; in 410, during the Sack of Rome ashes in the tomb were scattered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.252022743225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The history of Caligula's reign is extremely problematic as only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived — the works of Philo and Seneca. Philo's works, On the Embassy to Gaius and Flaccus, give some details on Caligula's early reign, but mostly focus on events surrounding the Jewish population in Judea and Egypt with whom he sympathizes. Seneca's various works give mostly scattered anecdotes on Caligula's personality. Seneca was almost put to death by Caligula in AD 39 likely due to his associations with conspirators. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.240960121154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "At one time, there were detailed contemporaneous histories on Caligula, but they are now lost. Additionally, the historians who wrote them are described as biased, either overly critical or praising of Caligula. Nonetheless, these lost primary sources, along with the works of Seneca and Philo, were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Caligula written by the next generations of historians. A few of the contemporaneous historians are known by name. Fabius Rusticus and Cluvius Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost. Fabius Rusticus was a friend of Seneca who was known for historical embellishment and misrepresentation. Cluvius Rufus was a senator involved in the assassination of Caligula. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.860931396484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography that certainly included a detailed explanation of Caligula's reign, but it too is lost. Agrippina was banished by Caligula for her connection to Marcus Lepidus, who conspired against Caligula. The inheritance of Nero, Agrippina's son and the future emperor, was seized by Caligula. Gaetulicus, a poet, produced a number of flattering writings about Caligula, but they too are lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001506805419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The bulk of what is known of Caligula comes from Suetonius and Cassius Dio. Suetonius wrote his history on Caligula 80 years after his death, while Cassius Dio wrote his history over 180 years after Caligula's death. Cassius Dio's work is invaluable because it alone gives a loose chronology of Caligula's reign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.505596160888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "A handful of other sources add a limited perspective on Caligula. Josephus gives a detailed description of Caligula's assassination. Tacitus provides some information on Caligula's life under Tiberius. In a now lost portion of his Annals, Tacitus gave a detailed history of Caligula. Pliny the Elder's Natural History has a few brief references to Caligula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4304838180542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "There are few surviving sources on Caligula and no surviving source paints Caligula in a favorable light. The paucity of sources has resulted in significant gaps in modern knowledge of the reign of Caligula. Little is written on the first two years of Caligula's reign. Additionally, there are only limited details on later significant events, such as the annexation of Mauretania, Caligula's military actions in Britannia, and his feud with the Roman Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483131408691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "All surviving sources, except Pliny the Elder, characterize Caligula as insane. However, it is not known whether they are speaking figuratively or literally. Additionally, given Caligula's unpopularity among the surviving sources, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. Recent sources are divided in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for his behavior, citing as possibilities encephalitis, epilepsy or meningitis. The question of whether or not Caligula was insane (especially after his illness early in his reign) remains unanswered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634794235229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Philo of Alexandria, Josephus and Seneca state that Caligula was insane, but describe this madness as a personality trait that came through experience. Seneca states that Caligula became arrogant, angry and insulting once becoming emperor and uses his personality flaws as examples his readers can learn from. According to Josephus, power made Caligula incredibly conceited and led him to think he was a god. Philo of Alexandria reports that Caligula became ruthless after nearly dying of an illness in the eighth month of his reign in AD 37. Juvenal reports he was given a magic potion that drove him insane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.348289489746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Suetonius said that Caligula suffered from \"falling sickness\", or epilepsy, when he was young. Modern historians have theorized that Caligula lived with a daily fear of seizures. Despite swimming being a part of imperial education, Caligula could not swim. Epileptics are discouraged from swimming in open waters because unexpected fits in such difficult rescue circumstances can be fatal. Additionally, Caligula reportedly talked to the full moon. Epilepsy was long associated with the moon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004072189331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Some modern historians think that Caligula suffered from hyperthyroidism. This diagnosis is mainly attributed to Caligula's irritability and his \"stare\" as described by Pliny the Elder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925413131713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "On 17 January 2011, police in Nemi, Italy, announced that they believed they had discovered the site of Caligula's burial, after arresting a thief caught smuggling a statue which they believed to be of the emperor. The claim has been met with scepticism by Cambridge historian Mary Beard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.209644317626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Ancestors of Caligula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104083061218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "File:RIC 0039.jpg|Quadrans celebrating the abolition of a tax in AD 38 by Caligula. The obverse of the coin contains a picture of a Pileus which symbolizes the liberation of the people from the tax burden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40389347076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Image:Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai India one coin of Caligula 31 41 and two coins of Nero 54 68.jpg|Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai, India, examples of Indo-Roman trade during the period. One coin of Caligula (AD 37–41), and two coins of Nero (AD 54–68). British Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.448914527893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Welsh actor Emlyn Williams was cast as Caligula in the never-completed 1937 film I, Claudius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787227630615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "American actor Jay Robinson famously portrayed a sinister and scene-stealing Caligula in two epic films of the 1950s, The Robe (1953) and its sequel Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639745712280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "A feature-length historical film Caligula was completed in 1979, in which Malcolm McDowell played the lead role. The film alienated audiences with explicit sex and violence. Although reviews were overwhelmingly negative (though McDowell's performance as the title character was praised), the film is considered to be a cult classic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.16372013092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "David Brandon portrayed Caligula in the 1982 Italian exploitation film Emperor Caligula, the Untold Story which was directed by Joe D'Amato. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528997421264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Courtney Love appeared as Caligula in a fake trailer for Gore Vidal's Caligula, ostensibly a remake of the 1979 film, but actually a parodic short film by conceptual artist Francesco Vezzoli.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182845115661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Szabolcs Hajdu portrayed Caligula in the 1996 film Caligula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033988952636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula, by French author Albert Camus, is a play in which Caligula returns after deserting the palace for three days and three nights following the death of his beloved sister, Drusilla. The young emperor then uses his unfettered power to \"bring the impossible into the realm of the likely\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.216142654418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In the 1934 novel I, Claudius by English writer Robert Graves, Caligula is presented as being a murderous sociopath from his childhood, who became clinically insane early in his reign. At the age of only seven, he drove his father Germanicus to despair and death by secretly terrorising him. Graves's Caligula commits incest with all three of his sisters and is implied to have murdered Drusilla.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.881659507751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In the BBC series based on Graves' novel (where the role is played by John Hurt), Caligula, although unhinged since early childhood, becomes dangerously psychotic after an apparent epileptic seizure and awakens believing that he has metamorphosed into the god Zeus. He kills Drusilla while trying to reenact the birth of Athena by cutting his child from her womb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826895713806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In 1941, Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote I Am a Barbarian. The story is pitched as a free translation of the memoirs of Britannicus (a fictional character created by Burroughs) who was the slave of Caligula from early childhood till Caligula's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.449142456054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The character Ellsworth Toohey in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead references Caligula in his climactic speech to Peter Keating stating, \"Remember the Roman Emperor who said he wished humanity had a single neck so he could cut it? People have laughed at him for centuries. But we'll have the last laugh. We've accomplished what he couldn't accomplish. We've taught men to unite. This makes one neck ready for one leash.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4927339553833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The play The Reckoning of Kit and Little Boots, by Nat Cassidy, examines the lives of the Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe and Caligula, with the fictional conceit that Marlowe was working on a play about Caligula around the time of his own murder. It emphasizes the similarities between the two characters—both stabbed to death at 29, both in part as a result of their controversial religious perspectives. The play focuses on Caligula's love for his sister Drusilla and his deep-rooted loathing for Tiberius. It received its world premiere in New York City in June 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857864379882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Eugene O'Neill's play Lazarus Laughed features the young Caligula as one of its pinnacle characters, where he is portrayed as a psychopath who believes he will only be happy once Tiberius is dead and he is the Caesar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.409684181213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Canadian death metal band Ex Deo released an album called Caligula, styled as Caligvla. The band's video, \"I Caligula\", features Caligula and other members of his court that were important in his rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354642868041992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The Dickies' 1989 album Second Coming includes the song \"Caligula,\" which relates his origins and reign of terror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097369194030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Caligula has been portrayed in a number of television series:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096761703491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caligula" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "While Caligula and Nero are usually remembered as dysfunctional emperors in popular culture, Augustus and Claudius are remembered as emperors who were successful in politics and the military. This dynasty instituted imperial tradition in Rome and frustrated any attempt to reestablish a Republic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.1593599319458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Rome" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The Praetorian Guard murdered Caligula four years after the death of Tiberius, and, with belated support from the senators, proclaimed his uncle Claudius as the new emperor. Claudius was not as authoritarian as Tiberius and Caligula. Claudius conquered Lycia and Thrace; his most important deed was the beginning of the conquest of Britain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.224892616271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Rome" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Throughout a career spanning over fifty years, McDowell has played varied film roles across different genres as a character actor. He is perhaps best known for the controversial roles of Alex DeLarge in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange (1971), the title character in Tinto Brass's Caligula (1979), and Mick Travis in Lindsay Anderson's trilogy of if...., O Lucky Man! and Britannia Hospital (1968–82). He is also known for his work in Cat People (1982), Tank Girl (1995), the 2007 remake of Halloween and its 2009 sequel, Easy A (2010) and The Artist (2011).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.708809852600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malcolm McDowell" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "He worked with Anderson again for O Lucky Man! (1973), which was inspired by McDowell's experience working as a coffee salesman, and Britannia Hospital (1982). McDowell regularly turned up on British television productions in the 1970s in adaptations of theatre classics, one example being with Laurence Olivier in The Collection (1976), as part of the series Laurence Olivier Presents. He starred in Aces High (1975) and co-starred in Voyage of the Damned (1976), and as Dornford Yates' gentleman hero Richard Chandos in She Fell Among Thieves (1977). He made his Hollywood debut as H. G. Wells in Time After Time (1979). He often portrayed antagonists in the late 1970s and 1980s, including the title character in Caligula (1979). He later remarked upon his career playing film villains: \"I suppose I'm primarily known for that but in fact, that would only be half of my career if I was to tot it all up.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.27873706817627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malcolm McDowell" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "*Caligula (1979)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983370780944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malcolm McDowell" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Claudius' infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius and Caligula's reigns; potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared Emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last man of his family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.179142951965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Despite his lack of experience, Claudius proved to be an able and efficient administrator. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing many new roads, aqueducts, and canals across the Empire. During his reign the Empire began the conquest of Britain (if the earlier invasions of Britain by Caesar and Caligula's aborted attempts are not counted). Having a personal interest in law, he presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day. He was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign, particularly by elements of the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position; this resulted in the deaths of many senators. These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this opinion. Many authors contend that he was murdered by his own wife. After his death in 54 AD (at age of 63), his grand-nephew and adopted son Nero succeeded him as Emperor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.81574821472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Assassination of Caligula (41 AD)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.828974723815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "On 24 January 41, Caligula was assassinated in a broad-based conspiracy involving the Praetorian commander Cassius Chaerea and several senators. There is no evidence that Claudius had a direct hand in the assassination, although it has been argued that he knew about the plot — particularly since he left the scene of the crime shortly before his nephew was murdered. However, after the deaths of Caligula's wife and daughter, it became apparent that Cassius intended to go beyond the terms of the conspiracy and wipe out the Imperial family. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.205301284790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Under Claudius, the Empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus. The provinces of Thrace, Noricum, Pamphylia, Lycia, and Judea were annexed (or put under direct rule) under various circumstances during his term. The annexation of Mauretania, begun under Caligula, was completed after the defeat of rebel forces, and the official division of the former client kingdom into two Imperial provinces. The most far-reaching conquest was the conquest of Britannia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.878911018371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Claudius embarked on many public works throughout his reign, both in the capital and in the provinces. He built two aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia, begun by Caligula, and the Anio Novus. These entered the city in 52 AD and met at the famous Porta Maggiore. He also restored a third, the Aqua Virgo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46217155456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "The port at Ostia was part of Claudius' solution to the constant grain shortages that occurred in winter, after the Roman shipping season. The other part of his solution was to insure the ships of grain merchants who were willing to risk travelling to Egypt in the off-season. He also granted their sailors special privileges, including citizenship and exemption from the Lex Papia-Poppaea, a law that regulated marriage. In addition, he repealed the taxes that Caligula had instituted on food, and further reduced taxes on communities suffering drought or famine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508610725402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Claudius, as the author of a treatise on Augustus' religious reforms, felt himself in a good position to institute some of his own. He had strong opinions about the proper form for state religion. He refused the request of Alexandrian Greeks to dedicate a temple to his divinity, saying that only gods may choose new gods. He restored lost days to festivals and got rid of many extraneous celebrations added by Caligula. He re-instituted old observances and archaic language.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.051383018493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Claudius did marry once more. The ancient sources tell that his freedmen pushed three candidates, Caligula's third wife Lollia Paulina, Claudius's divorced second wife Aelia Paetina and Claudius's niece Agrippina the Younger. According to Suetonius, Agrippina won out through her feminine wiles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.272172927856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "Tiberius named Caligula joint heir with his grandson Tiberius Gemellus. Adoption of adults or near adults was an old tradition in Rome, when a suitable natural adult heir was unavailable as was the case during Britannicus' minority. S.V. Oost suggests that Claudius had previously looked to adopt one of his sons-in-law to protect his own reign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.495951175689697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "A radio adaptation of the Graves novels by Robin Brooks and directed by Jonquil Panting, was broadcast in six one-hour episodes on BBC Radio 4 beginning 4 December 2010. The cast featured Tom Goodman-Hill as Claudius, Derek Jacobi as Augustus, Harriet Walter as Livia, Tim McInnerny as Tiberius and Samuel Barnett as Caligula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.244640350341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "In the 1979 motion picture Caligula, where the role was performed by Giancarlo Badessi, Claudius is depicted as an idiot, in contrast to Robert Graves' portrait of Claudius as a cunning and deeply intelligent man, who is perceived by others to be an idiot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83616828918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Claudius" }, { "answer": "Caligula", "passage": "**** Tiberius Julius Caesar (? – ?), either born before Nero Julius Caesar, between Drusus Caesar and Gaius Caesar Minor (Caligula) or between Gaius Caesar Minor (Caligula) and Julia Agrippina ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.543572425842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Augustus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "The Spirit of St. Louis (Registration: N-X-211) is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20–21, 1927, on the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris, France, for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. ", "precise_score": 1.6409472227096558, "rough_score": 1.922011375427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Officially known as the \"Ryan NYP\" (for New York to Paris), the single engine monoplane was designed by Donald A. Hall of Ryan Airlines and was named the \"Spirit of St. Louis\" in honor of Lindbergh's supporters from the St. Louis Raquette Club in his then hometown of St. Louis, Missouri. To save design time, the NYP was loosely based on the company's 1926 Ryan M-2 mailplane with the main difference being the 4,000 mile range of the NYP and, as a non-standard design, the government assigned it the registration number N-X-211 (for \"experimental\"). Hall documented his design in \"Engineering Data on the Spirit of St. Louis\" which he prepared for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and is included as an appendix to Lindbergh's 1953 Pulitzer Prize winning book, The Spirit of St. Louis.", "precise_score": 5.898515701293945, "rough_score": 6.181765079498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Ryan NYP", "passage": "Lindbergh believed that a flight made in a single-seat monoplane designed around the dependable Wright J-5C \"Whirlwind\" radial engine provided the best chance of success. The Ryan NYP had a total fuel capacity of 450 U.S.gal or 2710 lb of gasoline, which was necessary in order to have the range to make the anticipated flight non-stop. The fuel was stored in five fuel tanks, a forward tank (88 gallons), the main (209 gallons), and three wing tanks with a total of 153 gallons. ", "precise_score": 0.9961745738983154, "rough_score": 0.4850906729698181, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "A small, left-facing Indian-style swastika was painted on the inside of the original propeller spinner of the Spirit of St. Louis along with the names of all the Ryan Aircraft employees who designed and built it. It was meant as a message of good luck prior to Lindbergh's solo Atlantic crossing as the symbol was often used as a popular good luck charm with early aviators and others. The inside of the original propeller spinner can be viewed at the National Air and Space Museum. This propeller spinner was found to be cracked when Lindbergh arrived at New York prior to his transatlantic flight. The propeller spinner that is on the Spirit of St. Louis now was hastily made in New York to replace the cracked original and was on the aircraft during the transatlantic flight.", "precise_score": 3.2529709339141846, "rough_score": 5.702654838562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Lindbergh's New York-to-Paris flight made him an instant celebrity and media star. In winning the Orteig Prize, Lindbergh stirred the public's imagination. He wrote: \"I was astonished at the effect my successful landing in France had on the nations of the world. It was like a match lighting a bonfire.\" Lindbergh subsequently flew the Spirit of St. Louis to Belgium and England before President Calvin Coolidge sent the light cruiser to bring them back to the United States. Arriving on June 11, Lindbergh and the Spirit were escorted up the Potomac River to Washington, D.C., by a fleet of warships, multiple flights of military pursuit aircraft, bombers, and the rigid airship where President Coolidge presented the 25-year-old U.S. Army Reserve aviator with the Distinguished Flying Cross. ", "precise_score": -2.453348159790039, "rough_score": -2.0356760025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Although Ryan capitalized on the notoriety of the NYP special, further developments were only superficially comparable to the Spirit of St. Louis. An offshoot of the Ryan B-1 Brougham emerged as a five-seater with the same J-5 engine but modified with a conventional cockpit layout and a shorter wingspan. Under the newly restructured B.F. Mahoney Company, further development continued with the six-place Model B-7 utilizing a 420 hp engine and the Model C-1 with the basic 220 hp engine. In 1928, Mahoney built a B-1X as a gift for Charles Lindbergh. ", "precise_score": 1.4926378726959229, "rough_score": 0.39678964018821716, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Ryan NYP", "passage": "B.F. \"Frank\" Mahoney and Claude Ryan had co-founded the company as an airline in 1925 and the latter remained with the company after Mahoney bought out his interest in 1926; although, there is some dispute as to how involved Ryan may have been in its management after selling his share. It is known, however, that Hawley Bowlus was the factory manager who oversaw construction of the Ryan NYP, and that Mahoney was the sole owner at the time of Donald A. Hall's hiring. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1500391960144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Mahoney lived up to his commitment. Working exclusively on the aircraft and closely with Lindbergh, the staff completed the Spirit of St. Louis 60 days after Lindbergh arrived in San Diego. Powered by a Wright Whirlwind J-5C 223-hp radial engine, it had a 14 m (46-foot) wingspan, 3 m (10 ft) longer than the M-1, to accommodate the heavy load of 1,610 L (425 gal) of fuel. In his 1927 book We, Lindbergh acknowledged the achievement of the builders with a photograph captioned \"The Men Who Made the Plane\", identifying: \"B. Franklin Mahoney, president, Ryan Airlines\", Bowlus, Hall and Edwards standing with the aviator in front of the completed aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2525877952575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Lindbergh believed that multiple engines resulted in a greater risk of failure while a single engine design would give him greater range. To increase fuel efficiency, the Spirit of St. Louis was also one of the most advanced and aerodynamically streamlined designs of its era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.095819473266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Lindbergh sat in a cramped cockpit which was 94 cm wide, 81 cm long and 130 cm high (36 in × 32 in × 51 in). The cockpit was so small, Lindbergh could not stretch his legs. The Spirit of St. Louis was powered by a 223 hp, air-cooled, nine-cylinder Wright J-5C \"Whirlwind\" radial engine. The engine was rated for a maximum operating time of 9,000 hours (more than one year if operated continuously), and had a special mechanism that could keep it clean for the entire New York-to-Paris flight. It was also, for its day, very fuel-efficient, enabling longer flights carrying less fuel weight for given distances. Another key feature of the Whirlwind radial engine was that it was rated to self-lubricate the engine's valves for 40 hours continuously. Lubricating, or \"greasing,\" the moving external engine parts was a necessity most aeronautical engines of the day required, to be done manually by the pilot or ground crew prior to every flight and would have been otherwise required somehow to be done during the long flight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.167202949523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Over the next 10 months, Lindbergh flew the Spirit of St. Louis on promotional and goodwill tours across the United States and Latin America. Not long after his return to the U.S. Lindbergh met his old barnstorming pal, Bud Gurney (1906–1982). He allowed Gurney to fly the Spirit on a short hop. Gurney gave his opinion to Lindbergh of how it handled in comparison to their old Jennies from 1923. Gurney is the only other person besides Lindbergh to have flown The Spirit of St. Louis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.34724760055542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Just one year and two days after making their first flight at Dutch Flats in San Diego, California, on April 28, 1927, Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis flew together for the final time while making a hop from St. Louis to Bolling Field, in Washington, D.C., on April 30, 1928. There he presented his monoplane to the Smithsonian Institution where for more than eight decades it has been on display, hanging for 48 years (1928-76) in the Arts and Industries Building and today hanging, since 1976, in the atrium of the National Air and Space Museum alongside the Bell X-1 and SpaceShipOne. At the time of its retirement, the Spirit had made 174 flights for a total of 489:28 flying time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.224966526031494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "While in other respects the Spirit of St. Louis appears today much as it appeared on its accession into the Smithsonian collection in 1928, the gold color of the aircraft's aluminum nose panels is an artifact of well-intended early conservation efforts. Not long after the museum took possession of the Spirit, conservators applied a clear layer of varnish or shellac to the forward panels in an attempt to preserve the flags and other artwork painted on the engine cowling. This protective coating has yellowed with age, resulting in the golden hue seen today. Smithsonian officials have indicated that the varnish will be removed and the nose panels restored to their original silver appearance the next time the aircraft is taken down for conservation. (*2015 update: According to Air & Space magazine, the Spirit's golden hue on its engine cowling will remain, as, according to officials, it is part of the aircraft's natural state after acquisition and during its years on display. The effort to preserve artifacts is not to alter them but to maintain them as much as possible in the state in which the Smithsonian acquired them. Also, when the aircraft was recently lowered to the floor of the museum's Milestone's gallery, the tires were removed and replaced with 'forklift' style tires. This was done to preserve the Spirit's original tires which, due to age and lessening of vulcanization, are unable to sustain the aircraft's weight without disintegration. Also, conservation was likely undertaken on the wheel assembly itself.) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465770721435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "NYP-2, an exact duplicate of the Spirit of St. Louis, was built 45 days after the transatlantic flight, for the Japanese newspaper Mainichi. The NYP-2 carrying serial number 29 was registered as J-BACC and achieved a number of record-breaking flights early in 1928 before a crash ended its career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.975314140319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "The Mahoney Ryan B-1 \"Brougham\" was also used as the basis of a reproduction of the Spirit of St. Louis. The reproduction was used in the 1938 Paramount film Men with Wings starring Ray Milland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457609176635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of st louis", "passage": "All three reproductions from the Warner Bros. film The Spirit of St Louis (1956) have survived with B-153 on display at the Missouri History Museum, in St. Louis, B-156 is part of the collection at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, and B-159 belongs to the Cradle of Aviation Museum located in Garden City, Long Island, New York, not far from the site of Roosevelt Field from which the original departed in 1927. According to information at the Henry Ford Museum, their copy (B-156) was actually owned by James Stewart, who portrayed Lindbergh in the film. Stewart is credited as having donated the aircraft to the Henry Ford. Lindbergh was reputed to have flown one of the reproductions during the film's production; however, the connection to Lindbergh is now considered a myth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5749599933624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "Through the efforts of both staff and volunteers, the Experimental Aircraft Association in Oshkosh, Wisconsin produced two reproductions of the Spirit of St. Louis, powered by Continental R-670-4 radial engines, the first in 1977 (the first of which was to be based on a conversion from a B-1 Brougham; the aircraft proved to be too badly deteriorated to be used in that manner) to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic Ocean and subsequent tour of the United States. This example is now on display in the main museum gallery. A second reproduction, started from scratch in 1977 and first flown in November 1990, continues to fly at air shows and commemorative events. Both of the EAA reproductions were registered under the original's N-X-211. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.603649616241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "A 90% static reproduction built in 1956 for The Spirit of St Louis film by studio employees is now on display at the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Lindbergh Terminal. In 1999, the San Diego Air & Space Museum built a non-flying example which was fitted with an original Wright J-5 engine. A static reproduction of the Spirit of St. Louis was built in 2002 and is on display at the Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport. The Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum at Rantoul, Illinois also has a static reproduction built by museum volunteers. Two reproductions are also found in Germany, one at the Frankfurt International Airport with the second in a private collection. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.311045169830322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Ryan NYP", "passage": "Specifications (Ryan NYP)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.942235469818115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:BottomofSpiritofStLouis.JPG|The Spirit of St. Louis on display in the National Air and Space Museum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912436485290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:LeftofSpiritofStLouis.JPG|Left side of Spirit of St. Louis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160006523132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Spirit of St. Louis2.jpg|Nose of the Spirit of St. Louis, with the Wright Whirlwind Radial engine visible", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785078048706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Nasm_fg04.jpg|Spirit of St. Louis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09123706817627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Nasm_fg05.jpg|Spirit of St. Louis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104185104370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:UnderSpiritofStLouis.JPG|Under the tail of the Spirit of St. Louis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170350074768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Spirit of St. Louis Nose Cone 2.jpg|Spirit of St. Louis spinner", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978074073791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Spirit of St. Louis Model.jpg|Spirit of St. Louis model", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087518692016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" }, { "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis", "passage": "File:Spirit of St. Louis at San Diego Airport DSCN0022.JPG|Spirit of St. Louis model at San Diego International Airport", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249567985534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spirit of St. Louis" } ]

[ { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The United States Postal Service, also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, often abbreviated as USPS, is an independent agency of the United States government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution.", "precise_score": -3.7408504486083984, "rough_score": -4.503180503845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014. The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price and quality. The USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked \"U.S. Mail\" and personal letterboxes in the United States, but still competes against private package delivery services, such as the United Parcel Service (UPS) and has part use with FedEx Express. ", "precise_score": -6.209157943725586, "rough_score": -7.591166019439697, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS has not directly received taxpayer-dollars since the early 1980s with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters. Since the 2006 all-time peak mail volume, after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act, (which mandated $5.5 billion per year to be paid into an account to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits, a requirement exceeding that of other government and private organizations ), revenue dropped sharply due to recession-influenced declining mail volume, prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit. The USPS lost US$5.5 billion in fiscal 2014, and its revenue was US$67.8 billion. ", "precise_score": -9.26795768737793, "rough_score": -6.485709190368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services, making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages.", "precise_score": -8.508393287658691, "rough_score": -6.743015766143799, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In July 2011, the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices. Various representatives in Congress protested, and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices further than 10 miles from the next office. In May 2012, the service announced it had modified its plan. Instead, rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours (some as little as two hours per day) unless there was a community preference for a different option. In a survey of rural customers, 20% preferred the \"Village Post Office\" replacement (where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours), 15% preferred merger with another Post Office, and 11% preferred expanded rural delivery services. Approximately 40% of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart, Staples, Office Depot, Walgreens, Sam's Club, Costco, and grocery stores. The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have \"a generous package of health and retirement benefits\". ", "precise_score": -10.098685264587402, "rough_score": -7.165149688720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On Thursday, April 15, 2010, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled \"Continuing to Deliver: An Examination of the Postal Service's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability.\" At which, PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020, the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion, and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009. ", "precise_score": -9.238232612609863, "rough_score": -7.590520858764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In February 2013, the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year, Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages, mail-order medicines, Priority Mail, Express Mail, and mail delivered to Post Office boxes, beginning August 10, 2013. However the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, passed in March, reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery.", "precise_score": -8.211174964904785, "rough_score": -6.955342769622803, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The independent Postal Regulatory Commission (formerly the Postal Rate Commission) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate. It oversees postal rates and related concerns, having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals.", "precise_score": -7.64135217666626, "rough_score": -7.946250915527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services, making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages. Due to the postal monopoly, they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations. However both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination, including Post Office Box destinations. These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept. DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009, when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States.", "precise_score": -9.247132301330566, "rough_score": -7.521422863006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece:", "precise_score": -8.562131881713867, "rough_score": -7.740610122680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Electronic Verification System (eVS) is the Postal Service's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports. Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne!, eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard-copy manifests, postage statements and drop-shipment verification forms. Instead, mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online.", "precise_score": -8.216041564941406, "rough_score": -7.274495601654053, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright, but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted. The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6(C)(1) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that \"Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service... are not considered works of the U.S. Government\" and are therefore eligible for registration. Thus, the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code. Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images, although under USPS rules, permission is \"generally\" not required for \"educational use\", \"news reporting\" or \"philatelic advertising use,\" but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as \"© United States Postal Service. All rights reserved.\" ", "precise_score": -6.6774163246154785, "rough_score": -5.534932613372803, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Media Mail", "passage": "* Media Mail—formerly \"Book Rate\"", "precise_score": -0.8602503538131714, "rough_score": -7.683276653289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In May 2007, the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options. Formerly, USPS International services were categorized as Airmail (Letter Post), Economy (Surface) Parcel Post, Airmail Parcel Post, Global Priority, Global Express, and Global Express Guaranteed Mail. The former Airmail (Letter Post) is now First-Class Mail International, and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds (1.8 kg). Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service, while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International. Priority Mail International Flat-Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced, with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority. Global Express is now Express Mail International, while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged. The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express, Express Guaranteed, and Priority (except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes). ", "precise_score": -4.921716690063477, "rough_score": -6.222268581390381, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On May 14, 2007, the USPS canceled all outgoing international surface mail (sometimes known as \"sea mail\") from the United States, citing increased costs and reduced demand due to competition from airmail services such as FedEx and UPS.[http://www.usps.com/mailpro/2007/janfeb/page6.htm USPS International Mail – Frequently Asked Questions] . Retrieved October 10, 2007. The decision has been criticized by the Peace Corps and military personnel overseas, as well as independent booksellers and other small businesses who rely on international deliveries.", "precise_score": -6.219462871551514, "rough_score": -5.404723167419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS provides an service for international shipment of printed matter; previously surface M-bags existed, but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail, only airmail M-bags remain. The term \"M-bag\" is not expanded in USPS publications; M-bags are simply defined as \"direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address\"; however, the term is sometimes referred to informally as \"media bag\", as the bag can also contain \"discs, tapes, and cassettes\", in addition to books, for which the usual umbrella term is \"media\"; some also refer to them as \"mail bags\".", "precise_score": -0.8553038835525513, "rough_score": 0.6436396241188049, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS.", "precise_score": -6.5668487548828125, "rough_score": -6.125183582305908, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech, the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities, including the following:", "precise_score": -7.290812015533447, "rough_score": -7.69256067276001, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In the year 2004, the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers (APC). APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing, franking, and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps. Since its introduction, APCs do not take cash payments - they only accept credit or debit cards. Similarly, traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps, though these are being phased out in many areas. Due to increasing use of Internet services, as of June 2009, no retail post office windows are open 24 hours; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center. ", "precise_score": -8.545567512512207, "rough_score": -7.334381103515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In December 2012, the USPS began a limited one-year trial of same-day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area, a service it dubbed \"Metro Post\". The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1-800-FLOWERS. ", "precise_score": -6.775675296783447, "rough_score": -7.826098442077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Employment in the USPS", "precise_score": -6.7811479568481445, "rough_score": -7.025694847106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Labor unions representing USPS employees include: The American Postal Workers Union (APWU), which represents postal clerks and maintenance, motor vehicle, mail equipment shops, material distribution centers, and operating services and facilities services employees, postal nurses, and IT and accounting; the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC), which represents city letter carriers; the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association (NRLCA), which represents rural letter carriers; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union (NPMHU).", "precise_score": -8.44398307800293, "rough_score": -6.337334632873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Post", "passage": "The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin's operation, elevated to a cabinet-level department in 1872, and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an agency of the U.S. government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779809951782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "American postal service", "passage": "A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service. On February 17, 1691, a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns, William and Mary, empowered him:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875295639038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Post Office", "passage": "Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies. Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, the information hub of the new nation. News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states. Overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created new postal system. The United States Post Office (USPO) was created on July 26, 1775, by decree of the Second Continental Congress. Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40908432006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Mail", "passage": "In 1847, the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York, with stops in New Orleans and Havana, to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California. The same year, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California. In 1855, William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway, providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails, passengers and goods to California. This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869. Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862, and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947330474853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887. That same year, the U.S. Post Office (predecessor of the USPS) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel-post service between the two nations. A bilateral parcel-post treaty between the independent (at the time) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889. Parcel-post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties. While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty, it did not institute a domestic parcel-post service for another twenty-five years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.811129570007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Post Office", "passage": "In 1912, carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress. From January 1, 1911, until July 1, 1967, the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System. An Act of Congress of June 25, 1910, established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices, effective January 1, 1911. The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding, attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries, provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks, and furnish more convenient depositories for working people. The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks, where it earned 2.5 percent interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11549186706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "The United States Postal Service played a role during World War I, enacting the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts. Also monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413588523864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "During 1918, the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots. In its first year of operation, the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings. Of those, 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure. By 1920, the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters. Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975, and international air mail in 1995, when the USPS began transporting First-Class mail by air on a routine basis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.260738372802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Mail", "passage": "The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis. When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873, it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent, or which promoted abortion issues, birth control, or alcohol consumption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.936001777648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Post Office", "passage": "On March 18, 1970, postal workers in New York City — upset over low wages and poor working conditions, and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement —organized a strike against the United States government. The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City, but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation. While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government, it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted, as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970. The Act replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with a new federal agency, the United States Postal Service, and took effect on July 1, 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597850799560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers, making it the third-largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal-Mart. In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision, the Court noted: \"Each day, according to the Government's submissions here, the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points.\" As of 2014, the USPS operates 31,000 post offices and locations in the U.S., and delivers 155 billion pieces of mail annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.307535171508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world, with an estimated 211,264 vehicles, the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet/Grumman LLV (Long-Life Vehicle), and the newer Ford/Utilimaster FFV (Flex-Fuel Vehicle), originally also referred to as the \"CRV\" (Carrier Route Vehicle). It is by geography and volume the globe's largest postal system, delivering 40% of the world's mail. For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline, the USPS spends an extra $8 million per year to fuel its fleet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.29432487487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military; this is known as the Army Post Office (for Army and Air Force postal facilities) and the Fleet Post Office (for Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard postal facilities).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.431330680847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Priority mail", "passage": "In February 2013, the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages, mail-order medicines, Priority Mail, and Express Mail, effective August 10, 2013. However, this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013. They now deliver packages on Sunday for Amazon.com only. During the four weeks preceding Christmas in 2014 and 2015 packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729409217834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In 2011, numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business. The USPS's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4505033493042, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In 2012, the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss, in the amount of $15.7 billion, of which $11.1 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.698210716247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Post", "passage": "Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day, six days a week. According to an official report on November 15, 2012, the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.281327247619629, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In response, the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007, through increased automation, route re-optimization, and facility consolidation. Despite these efforts, the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010, and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82825756072998, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On December 5, 2011 the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers, eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First-Class Mail. This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers. (At peak mail volume in 2006, the USPS operated 673 facilities.) As of May 2012, the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012, pause from September to December, and begin a second round in February 2014; 80% of first class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013. New delivery standards were issued in January 2015, and the majority of single-piece (not presorted) first-class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one. Large commercial mailers can still have first-class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning, though as of 2014 this represented only 11% of first-class mail. Unsorted first-class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05497932434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On January 28, 2009, Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that, if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits, as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006, the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June, July, and August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.579130172729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On June 10, 2009, the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association (NRLCA) was contacted for its input on the USPS's current study of the effect of five-day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five-day service plan. A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study. The current concept examines the effect of five-day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday, with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573185920715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 (PAEA) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations (essentially past promises which have not yet come due) within a ten-year time span. In contrast, private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise-time rather than retirement-time, but about one quarter do. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.88016128540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "On September 30, 2014, the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt, the fourth such default. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33028793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "S.1486, also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe, would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law, from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21. This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year. (Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under (f).)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.655007362365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy, procedure, and postal rates for services rendered, and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors. Of the eleven members of the Board, nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate (see ). The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General, who serves as the board's tenth member, and who oversees the day-to-day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer (see ). The ten-member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General, who acts as Chief Operating Officer, to the eleventh and last remaining open seat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.918071746826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS is often mistaken for a government-owned corporation (e.g., Amtrak) because it operates much like a business. It is, however, an \"establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States\", () as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General. As a government agency, it has many special privileges, including sovereign immunity, eminent domain powers, powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations, and an exclusive legal right to deliver first-class and third-class mail. Indeed, in 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government-owned corporation, and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.706830024719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone, other than the employees and agents of the USPS, to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked \"U.S. Mail.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766403198242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Post Office", "passage": "Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications. This separates private communications from the ability of a private for-profit or non-profit organization to corrupt. Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity, as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying. It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office, as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.727066993713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors, USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of Priority and Express Priority Mail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.090042114257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "To improve accuracy and efficiency, the [https://www.usps.com/ Postal Service] introduced the [https://ribbs.usps.gov/onecode_solution/documents/getstrtd/USPSIMB_Getting_Started.pdf Intelligent Mail] program to complement the zip™ code system. This system, which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system, allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting. Additional features, called Enhanced, or Full-Service, Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.38578987121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Furthermore, some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization, they might have more of an incentive than profit-maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing, misstating costs, and creating barriers to entry. To resolve those issues, one economist proposes a cost-allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products. Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.549575805664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Mail", "passage": "Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail, the postal system or postal employees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95772933959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors. According to the American Enterprise Institute, a private conservative think tank, the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly \"extremely urgent.\" It was found that the mail was not, and Equifax was fined $30,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.731776237487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General (OIG) was authorized by law in 1996. Prior to the 1996 legislation, the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG. The Inspector General, who is independent of postal management, is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed, Senate–confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.459163665771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "All mailable articles (e.g., letters, flats, machinable parcels, irregular parcels, etc.) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual (DMM). Before addressing the mailpiece, one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as: minimum/maximum dimensions and weight, acceptable mailing containers, proper mailpiece sealing/closure, utilization of various markings, and restrictions relating to various hazardous (e.g., explosives, flammables, etc.) and restricted (e.g., cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, etc.) materials, as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.260570526123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "# Return Address (party sending mail): A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable. Usage of a return address is required for some postal services (including Priority Mail, Express Mail, Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers, Insured Mail, Registered Mail, and parcel services). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.067864418029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.02629280090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The format of a return address is similar. Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts, for optimal automatic character recognition, the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail. The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations, and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP+4 code. If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough, it will require hand-processing, delaying that particular item. The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014562606811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page, as well as on third-party sites. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.252603530883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* Stamps purchased online at usps.com, at a Post Office, from a stamp vending machine or \"Automated Postal Center\" which can also handle packages, or from a third party (such as a grocery store)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.436471939086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value. Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid, although the value depends upon the particular stamp. For some stamps issued without a printed value, the current value is the original value. But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier, including \"Forever Stamps\" that were issued beginning in April 2007, and all 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps beginning 2011-01-21, the value is the current value of a 1st class mail 1st ounce stamps. (The USPS calls these \"Forever Stamps\". The generic name is non-denominated postage.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.136187553405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use of postage meters. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.89750862121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Electronic stamp", "passage": "In addition to using standard stamps, postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp, or e-stamp, from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia. This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.080506324768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Priority mail", "passage": "* Priority Mail Express (Formerly Express Mail): Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237173080444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* [https://www.usps.com/ship/priority-mail.htm Priority Mail:] Day specific delivery service ranging from 1–3 days depending on origin of shipment (not guaranteed)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.219888687133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Priority mail", "passage": "** As of January 27, 2013, tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164823532104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "** Flat Rate envelopes and boxes (various sizes) are available free from the [http://www.store.usps.com/ Postal Store.] Otherwise, pricing varies by weight, size and distance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.762518882751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* USPS Retail Ground (formerly Parcel Post)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677163124084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Media Mail", "passage": "** Similar to Media Mail, but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions, public libraries, museums, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123761177062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* Ability for the USPS to process by machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.537054061889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* USPS-readable barcode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.003294944763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Media Mail", "passage": "** Bound Printed Matter – Cheaper than Media Mail, for advertising catalogs, phone books, etc. up to 15 lb ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985454559326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "*USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities, local post office and destination, but no signature is required.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.390666961669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS-supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use. These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe. The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service, FedEx. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.238492012023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.447561264038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68753719329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states, and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.268218040466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail, (as of November 19, 2007, after a 23-month period of being treated as international mail). Incoming mail does require customs declarations because, like some U.S. territories, the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351808547973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Processing and distribution center", "passage": "Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated, including reading of handwritten addresses. Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs, which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers (P&DC) across the United States. Each P&DC sort mails for a given region (typically with a radius of around 200 mi) and connects with the national network for interregional mail. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.557821273803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Priority mail", "passage": "FedEx provides the air transport service for Priority and Express Mail. Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the airport where they are handed off to FedEx. FedEx then flies them to the destination airport where they are handed off back to the postal service for final transport to the local post office and delivery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093888282775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.953981399536133, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Community Post Office", "passage": "* A community post office (or CPO) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130970001220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* A village post office (VPO) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS. First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices, village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a zip code. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.541560173034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Processing and distribution center", "passage": "* A processing and distribution center (P&DC, or processing and distribution facility, formerly known as a General Mail Facility) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area (251 nationwide). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.392967224121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "* An international service center (ISC) is an international mail processing facility. There are only five such USPS facilities in the United States, located in Chicago, New York, Miami, Los Angeles and San Francisco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.004595756530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as \"substations\", the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word. Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city's central business district. In those locations, often Courthouses and Federal Buildings, the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant. The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices, stations, and branches. Temporary stations are also set up for applying pictorial cancellations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636428833007812, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In February 2006, the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility-types with five processing facility-types: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.010627746582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "Air Mail Center", "passage": "Over a period of years, these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers, Customer Service Facilities, Bulk Mail Centers, Logistic and Distribution Centers, annexes, the Hub and Spoke Program, Air Mail Centers, and International Service Centers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044781684875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains, although both were formerly operated. The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement. The contracts change periodically. Depending on the contract, aircraft may be painted with the USPS paint scheme. Contract airlines have included: UPS, Emery Worldwide, Ryan International Airlines, FedEx Express, American Airlines, United Airlines, and Express One International. The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis – Saint Paul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83607292175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "U.S. Post", "passage": "The last air delivery route in the continental U.S., to residents in the Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness, was scheduled to be ended in June 2009. The weekly bush plane route, contracted out to an air taxi company, had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000, or $2400/year per residence, over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States. This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05165958404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "US mail", "passage": "Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper, relocation, Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05205249786377, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Today, U.S. Mail (with the exception of Express Mail)[http://www.usps.com/serviceperformance/dayofmailing.htm USPS – Express Mail Delivery Chart] . Retrieved October 10, 2007. is not delivered on Sunday, except in a few towns in which the local religion has had an effect on the policy, such as Loma Linda, California, which has a significant Seventh-day Adventist population and where U.S. Mail is delivered Sunday through Friday, with the exception of observed federal holidays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.535896301269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Today, mail is delivered once a day on-site to most private homes and businesses. The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery (where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches, or to commercial reception areas) and rural delivery (where carriers generally drive). With \"curbside delivery\", mailboxes are at the ends of driveways, on the nearest convenient road. \"Central point delivery\" is used in some locations, where several nearby residences share a \"cluster\" of individual mailboxes in a single housing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.324865341186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door-to-door delivery to their location or a nearby box. People with medical problems can request door-to-door delivery. Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster, or can use general delivery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.269871711730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In March 2013, the USPS faced new same-day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.576210021972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail, and are available in any amount up to $1000. Like a bank cheque, money orders are cashable only by the recipient. Unlike a personal bank check, they are prepaid and therefore cannot be returned because of insufficient funds. Money orders are a declining business for the USPS, as companies like PayPal, PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374420166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services, especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office, and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92774486541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "The Postal Service is the nation's second-largest civilian employer. , it employed 574,000 personnel, divided into offices, processing centers, and actual post offices. The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list, if considered a private company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569626808166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.341986656188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.351632118225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "Though the USPS employs many individuals, as more Americans send information via email, fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail. Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing, replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP (Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process) agreement. A major round of job cuts, early retirements, and a construction freeze were announced on March 20, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.073543548583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "In the early 1990s, widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts. Due to media coverage, postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill. The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that \"Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work.\" In the documentary Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal, it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.761059761047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "The series of massacres led the US Postal Service to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms (except for those issued to Postal Inspectors) in all designated USPS facilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.831130981445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "US Post", "passage": "In 2016, a video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) arresting a US Postal Service officer while he was in the middle of his deliveries. The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing. The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.151496887207031, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Post Office", "passage": "* In the film Miracle on 34th Street (1947), the identity of Kris Kringle (played by Edmund Gwenn) as the one and only \"Santa Claus\" was validated by a state court, based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail (famously carried into the courtroom) to the character in question. The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to \"Santa Claus\" to the character \"Kris Kringle\" unless he were, in fact, the one and only Santa Claus. Judge Henry X. Harper (played by Gene Lockhart) ruled that since the US Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus, the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889453887939453, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "United States Postal Service", "passage": "* David Brin's novel The Postman (1985) portrays the United States Postal Service and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world. It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.312065124511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "US Post", "passage": "* The Inspectors (1998) is a made for TV crime film about US Postal Inspectors and their exploits trying to catch a mailbomb suspect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85777759552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" }, { "answer": "USPS", "passage": "*In 2015, The Inspectors, which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes, debuts on CBS. The series uses the USPS logo and features messages and tips from the General Postal Inspector at the end of each episode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081830978393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Postal Service" } ]

[ { "answer": "Albert D. Rosellini", "passage": "The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, officially the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge, and commonly called the SR 520 Bridge or 520 Bridge, is a floating bridge in the U.S. state of Washington that carried State Route 520 across Lake Washington from the Montlake/Union Bay district of Seattle to Medina.", "precise_score": 7.6336493492126465, "rough_score": 9.816610336303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evergreen Point Floating Bridge" }, { "answer": "Albert D. Rosellini", "passage": "The bridge is named for Evergreen Point, the westernmost of the three small Eastside peninsulas that SR 520 crosses. (The other two are Hunts Point and Yarrow Point.) In 1988, it was renamed for the state's 15th governor, Albert D. Rosellini, who had advocated its construction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.167385101318359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evergreen Point Floating Bridge" } ]

[ { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The Cincinnati Zoo is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati. It was founded on in the middle of the city, and since then it has acquired some of the surrounding blocks and several reserves in Cincinnati's outer suburbs. The zoo conducts breeding programs, and was the first to successfully breed California sea lions. The zoo also has other breeding programs including South African cheetahs, Sumatran rhinoceros, Malayan tigers, western lowland gorillas, pottos, and Masai giraffes. The Cincinnati Zoo was the home of Martha, the last living passenger pigeon, which died there in 1914. It was also home to the last living Carolina parakeet in 1918.", "precise_score": -5.4141998291015625, "rough_score": -3.5291359424591064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. The male was 39 to in length, mainly gray on the upperparts, lighter on the underparts, with iridescent bronze feathers on the neck, and black spots on the wings. The female was , and was duller and browner than the male overall. The juvenile was similar to the female, but without iridescence. It mainly inhabited the deciduous forests of eastern North America and was also recorded elsewhere, but bred primarily around the Great Lakes. The pigeon migrated in enormous flocks, constantly searching for food, shelter, and breeding grounds, and was once the most abundant bird in North America, numbering around 3 to 5 billion at the height of its population. It was not always as abundant, and the population size fluctuated rapidly over time. A very fast flyer, it could reach 100 km/h (62 mph). The bird fed mainly on mast, as well as fruits and invertebrates. It practiced communal roosting and communal breeding, and its extreme gregariousness may be linked with searching for food and predator satiation.", "precise_score": -6.205289840698242, "rough_score": -5.9304423332214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Passenger pigeons were hunted by Native Americans, but hunting intensified after the arrival of Europeans, particularly in the 19th century. Pigeon meat was commercialized as cheap food, resulting in hunting on a massive scale for many decades. There were several other factors contributing to the decline and subsequent extinction of the species, including shrinking of the large breeding populations necessary for preservation of the species and widespread deforestation which destroyed its habitat. A slow decline between about 1800 and 1870 was followed by a rapid decline between 1870 and 1890. The last confirmed wild bird is thought to have been shot in 1900. The last captive birds were divided in three groups around the turn of the 20th century, some of which were photographed alive. Martha, thought to be the last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, at the Cincinnati Zoo. Eradication of the species has been described as one of the greatest and most senseless extinctions induced by humans.", "precise_score": 1.581606149673462, "rough_score": -1.3964680433273315, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon wintered from Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina south to Texas, the Gulf Coast, and northern Florida, though flocks occasionally wintered as far north as southern Pennsylvania and Connecticut. It preferred to winter in large swamps, particularly those with alder trees; if swamps were not available, forested areas, particularly with pine trees, were favored roosting sites. There were also sightings of passenger pigeons outside of its normal range, including in several Western states, Bermuda, Cuba, and Mexico, particularly during severe winters. It has been suggested that some of these extralimital records may be considered as such more on the basis of the paucity of observers in what was then unsettled country than on the actual extent of wandering passenger pigeons, and that the bird may have appeared anywhere on the continent except for the far west. There were also records of stragglers in Scotland, Ireland, and France, although these birds may have been escaped captives, or the records simply incorrect. ", "precise_score": -6.636383533477783, "rough_score": -5.774852275848389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "These flocks were frequently described as being so dense that they blackened the sky and as having no sign of subdivisions. The flocks ranged from only above the ground in windy conditions to as high as 400 m. These migrating flocks were typically in narrow columns that twisted and undulated, and they were reported as being in nearly every conceivable shape. A skilled flyer, the passenger pigeon is estimated to have averaged 100 km/h during migration. It flew with quick, repeated flaps that increased the bird's velocity the closer the wings got to the body. It was equally as adept and quick at flying through a forest as through open space. A flock was also adept at following the lead of the pigeon in front of it, and flocks swerved together to avoid a predator. When landing, the pigeon flapped its wings repeatedly before raising them at the moment of landing. The pigeon was awkward when on the ground, and moved around with jerky, alert steps. ", "precise_score": -3.7965316772460938, "rough_score": -3.828134298324585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was one of the most social of all land birds. Estimated to have numbered three to five billion at the height of its population, it may have been the most numerous bird on Earth; researcher Arlie W. Schorger believed that it accounted for between 25 and 40 percent of the total land bird population in the United States. The passenger pigeon's historic population is roughly the equivalent of the number of birds that overwinter in the United States every year in the early 21st century. One flock in 1866 in southern Ontario was described as being 1.5 km (1 mi) wide and 500 km (300 mi) long, took 14 hours to pass, and held in excess of 3.5 billion birds. Such a number would likely represent a large fraction of the entire population at the time, or perhaps all of it. Most estimations of numbers were based on single migrating colonies, and it is unknown how many of these existed at a given time. American writer Christopher Cokinos has suggested that if the birds flew single file, they would have stretched around the earth 22 times. A 2014 genetic study (based on coalescent theory) suggested that the passenger pigeon population fluctuated rapidly across the last million years, due to their dependence on availability of mast (which itself fluctuates). The study suggested the bird was not always abundant, mainly persisting at around 1/10,000 the amount of the several billions estimated in the 1800s. Some early accounts also suggest that the appearance of flocks in great numbers was an irregular occurrence.", "precise_score": -0.7979018688201904, "rough_score": -4.143606662750244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Other than finding roosting sites, the migrations of the passenger pigeon were connected with finding places appropriate for this communally breeding bird to nest and raise its young. It is not certain how many times a year the birds bred; once seems most likely, but some accounts suggest more. The nesting period lasted around four to six weeks. The flock arrived at a nesting ground around March in southern latitudes, and some time later in more northern areas. The pigeon had no site fidelity, often choosing to nest in a different location each year. The formation of a nesting colony did not necessarily take place until several months after the pigeons arrived on their breeding grounds, typically during late March, April, or May.", "precise_score": -8.543965339660645, "rough_score": -4.262895107269287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was featured in the writings of many significant early naturalists, as well as accompanying illustrations. Mark Catesby's 1731 illustration, the first published depiction of this bird, is somewhat crude, according to some later commentators. The original watercolor that the engraving is based on was bought by the British royal family in 1768, along with the rest of Catesby's watercolors. The naturalists Alexander Wilson and John James Audubon both witnessed large pigeon migrations first hand, and published detailed accounts wherein both attempted to deduce the total number of birds involved. The most famous and often reproduced depiction of the passenger pigeon is Audubon's illustration (handcolored aquatint) in his book The Birds of America, published between 1827 and 1838. Audubon's image has been praised for its artistic qualities, but criticized for its supposed scientific inaccuracies. As Wallace Craig and R. W. Shufeldt (among others) pointed out, the birds are shown perched and billing one above the other, whereas they would instead have done this side by side, the male would be the one passing food to the female, and the male's tail would not be spread. Craig and Shufeldt instead cited illustrations by American artist Louis Agassiz Fuertes and Japanese artist K. Hayashi as more accurate depictions of the bird. Illustrations of the passenger pigeon were often drawn after stuffed birds, and Charles R. Knight is the only \"serious\" artist known to have drawn the species from life. He did so on at least two occasions; in 1903 he drew a bird possibly in one of the three aviaries with surviving birds, and some time before 1914, he drew Martha, the last individual, in Cincinnati Zoo. The bird has been written about (including in poems, songs, and fiction) and illustrated by many notable writers and artists, and is depicted in art to this day, for example in Walton Ford's 2002 painting Falling Bough, and National Medal of Arts winner John A. Ruthven's 2014 mural in Cincinnati, which commemorates the 100th anniversary of Martha's death. The passenger pigeon mural on the wall of a six-story building in Cincinnati which can be seen in the 2014 documentary From Billions To None by David Mrazek and Joel Greenberg. ", "precise_score": -2.557370901107788, "rough_score": -6.014899730682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The last recorded nest and egg in the wild were collected in 1895 near Minneapolis. The last wild individual in Louisiana was discovered among a flock of mourning doves in 1896, and subsequently shot. Many late sightings are thought to be false or due to confusion with mourning doves. The last fully authenticated record of a wild passenger pigeon was near Sargents, Pike County, Ohio, on March 22 or 24, 1900, when a female bird was killed by a boy named Press Clay Southworth with a BB gun. The boy had not recognized the bird as a passenger pigeon, but his parents identified it, and sent it to a taxidermist. The specimen, nicknamed \"buttons\" due to the buttons used instead of glass eyes, was donated to the Ohio Historical Society by the family in 1915. Though this is the most often cited last wild specimen, in 2014, writer Joel Greenberg pointed out two later records, one of which involves a male shot in 1902 in Indiana, that was stuffed but later destroyed. The reliability of later accounts are in question. US President Theodore Roosevelt claimed to have seen a bird in Michigan in 1907. Ornithologist Alexander Wetmore claimed that he saw a pair flying near Independence, Kansas, in April 1905. In 1910, the American Ornithologists' Union offered a reward of $3,000 for discovering a nest – the equivalent of $76,990.05 in 2015. ", "precise_score": -3.096625328063965, "rough_score": -1.8239907026290894, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Most captive passenger pigeons were kept for exploitative purposes, but some were housed in zoos and aviaries. Audubon alone claimed to have brought 350 birds to England in 1830, distributing them among various noblemen, and the species is also known to have been kept at London Zoo. Being common birds, these attracted little interest, until the species became rare in the 1890s. By the turn of the 20th century, the last known captive passenger pigeons were divided in three groups; one in Milwaukee, one in Chicago, and one in Cincinnati. There are claims of a few further individuals having been kept in various places, but these accounts are not considered reliable today. The Milwaukee group was kept by David Whittaker, who began his collection in 1888, and possessed fifteen birds some years later, all descended from a single pair.", "precise_score": -4.183422088623047, "rough_score": -3.140455484390259, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The Cincinnati Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in the US, kept passenger pigeons from its beginning in 1875. The zoo kept more than twenty individuals, in a ten-by-twelve-foot cage. Passenger pigeons do not appear to have been kept at the zoo due to their rarity, but to enable guests to have a closer look at a native species. Recognizing the decline of the wild populations, Whitman and the Cincinnati Zoo consistently strove to breed the surviving birds, including attempts at making a rock dove foster passenger pigeon eggs. In 1902, Whitman gave a female passenger pigeon to the zoo; this was possibly the individual later known as Martha, which would become the last living member of the species. Other sources argue that Martha was hatched at the Cincinnati Zoo, had lived there for 25 years, and was the descendant of three pairs of passenger pigeons purchased by the zoo in 1877. It is thought this individual was named Martha because her last cage mate was named George, thereby honoring George Washington and his wife Martha, though it has also been claimed she was named after the mother of a zookeeper's friends.", "precise_score": -4.4911017417907715, "rough_score": -3.0126426219940186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "In 1909, Martha and her two male companions at the Cincinnati Zoo became the only known surviving passenger pigeons. One of these males died around April that year, followed by George, the remaining male, on July 10, 1910. It is unknown whether the remains of George were preserved. Martha soon became a celebrity due to her status as an endling, and offers of a $1,000 reward for finding a mate for her brought even more visitors to see her. During her last four years in solitude (her cage was 5.4 by 6 m (18 by 20 ft)), Martha became steadily slower and more immobile; visitors would throw sand at her to make her move, and her cage was roped off in response. Martha died of old age on September 1, 1914, and was found lifeless on the floor of her cage. It was claimed that she died at 1 p.m., but other sources suggest she died some hours later. Depending on the source, Martha was between 17 and 29 years old at the time of her death, although 29 is the generally accepted figure. At the time, it was suggested that Martha might have died from an apoplectic stroke, as she had suffered one a few weeks before dying. Her body was frozen into a block of ice and sent to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, where it was skinned, dissected, photographed, and mounted. As she was molting when she died, she proved difficult to stuff, and previously shed feathers were added to the skin. Martha was on display for many years, but after a period in the museum vaults, she was put back on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in 2015. A memorial statue of Martha stands on the grounds of the Cincinnati Zoo, in front of the \"Passenger Pigeon Memorial Hut,\" formerly the aviary wherein Martha lived, now a National Historic Landmark. Incidentally, the last specimen of the extinct Carolina parakeet, named \"Incus,\" died in Martha's cage in 1918; the stuffed remains of that bird are exhibited in the \"Memorial Hut.\" ", "precise_score": -4.048321723937988, "rough_score": -0.7321960926055908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "In 1987, parts of the zoo were designated as a National Historic Landmark, the Cincinnati Zoo Historic Structures, due to their significant architecture featured in the Elephant House, the Reptile House, and the Passenger Pigeon Memorial. The zoo's Reptile House is the oldest existing zoo building in the country, dating from 1875.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489171028137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The Cincinnati Zoo has been active in breeding animals to help save species, starting as early as 1880 with the first hatching of a trumpeter swan in a zoo, as well as four passenger pigeons. This was followed in 1882 with the first American bison born in captivity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7492265701293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America. Its common name is derived from the French word passager, meaning \"passing by\", due to the migratory habits of the species. The scientific name also refers to its migratory characteristics. The morphologically similar mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) was long thought to be its closest relative, and the two were at times confused, but genetic analysis has shown that the genus Patagioenas is more closely related to it than the Zenaida doves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.392322540283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus coined the binomial name Columba macroura for both the mourning dove and the passenger pigeon in the 1758 edition of his work Systema Naturae (the starting point of biological nomenclature), wherein he appears to have considered the two identical. This composite description cited accounts of these birds in two pre-Linnean books. One of these was Mark Catesby's description of the passenger pigeon, which was published in his 1731–1743 work Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, which referred to this bird as Palumbus migratorius, and was accompanied by the earliest published illustration of the species. Catesby's description was combined with the 1743 description of the mourning dove by George Edwards, who used the name C. macroura for that bird. There is nothing to suggest Linnaeus ever saw specimens of these birds himself, and his description is thought to be fully derivative of these earlier accounts and their illustrations. In his 1766 edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus dropped the name C. macroura, and instead used the name C. migratoria for the passenger pigeon, and C. carolinensis for the mourning dove. In the same edition, Linnaeus also named C. canadensis, based on Turtur canadensis, as used by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. Brisson's description was later shown to have been based on a female passenger pigeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.223482131958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "In 1827 William John Swainson moved the passenger pigeon from the genus Columba to the new monotypic genus Ectopistes, due in part to the length of the wings and the wedge shape of the tail. In 1906 Outram Bangs suggested that because Linnaeus had wholly copied Catesby's text when coining C. macroura, this name should apply to the passenger pigeon, as E. macroura. In 1918 Harry C. Oberholser suggested that C. canadensis should take precedence over C. migratoria (as E. canadensis), as it appeared on an earlier page in Linnaeus' book. In 1952 Francis Hemming proposed that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) secure the specific name macroura for the mourning dove, and the name migratorius for the passenger pigeon, since this was the intended use by the authors on whose work Linnaeus had based his description. This was accepted by the ICZN, which used its plenary powers to designate the species for the respective names in 1955. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.780561447143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was a member of the pigeon and dove family, Columbidae. Its closest living relatives were long thought to be the Zenaida doves, based on morphological grounds, particularly the physically similar mourning dove (now Z. macroura). It was even suggested that the mourning dove belonged to the genus Ectopistes and was listed as E. carolinensis by some authors, including Thomas Mayo Brewer. The passenger pigeon was supposedly descended from Zenaida pigeons that had adapted to the woodlands on the plains of central North America. The passenger pigeon differed from the species in the genus Zenaida in being larger, lacking a facial stripe, being sexually dimorphic, and having iridescent neck feathers and a smaller clutch. In a 2002 study by American geneticist Beth Shapiro et al., museum specimens of the passenger pigeon were included in an ancient DNA analysis for the first time (in a paper focusing mainly on the dodo), and it was found to be the sister taxon of the cuckoo-dove genus Macropygia. The Zenaida doves were instead shown to be related to the quail-doves of the genus Geotrygon and the Leptotila doves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58357048034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "A more extensive 2010 study instead showed that the passenger pigeon was most closely related to the New World Patagioenas pigeons, including the band-tailed pigeon (P. fasciata) of western North America, which are related to the Southeast Asian species in the genera Turacoena, Macropygia and Reinwardtoena. This clade is also related to the Columba and Streptopelia doves of the Old World (collectively termed the \"typical pigeons and doves\"). The authors of the study suggested that the ancestors of the passenger pigeon may have colonized the New World from South East Asia by flying across the Pacific Ocean, or perhaps across Beringia in the north. In a 2012 study, the nuclear DNA of the passenger pigeon was analyzed for the first time, and its relationship with the Patagioenas pigeons was confirmed. In contrast to the 2010 study, these authors suggested that their results could indicate that the ancestors of the passenger pigeon and its Old World relatives may have originated in the Neotropical region of the New World. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.28852367401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The cladogram below follows the 2012 DNA study showing the position of the passenger pigeon among its closest relatives:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27235221862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "DNA in old museum specimens is often degraded and fragmentary, and passenger pigeon specimens have been used in various studies to discover improved methods of analyzing and assembling genomes from such material. DNA samples are often taken from the toe pads of bird skins in museums, as this can be done without causing significant damage to valuable specimens. The passenger pigeon had no known subspecies. Hybridization occurred between the passenger pigeon and the Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria) in the aviary of Charles Otis Whitman (who owned many of the last captive birds around the turn of the 20th century, and kept them with other pigeon species) but the offspring were infertile. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.486725807189941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The genus name, Ectopistes, translates as \"moving about\" or \"wandering\", while the specific name, migratorius, indicates its migratory habits. The full binomial can thus be translated as \"migratory wanderer\". The English common name \"passenger pigeon\" derives from the French word passager, which means \"to pass by\" in a fleeting manner. While the pigeon was extant, the name passenger pigeon was used interchangeably with \"wild pigeon\". The bird also gained some less-frequently used names, including blue pigeon, merne rouck pigeon, wandering long-tailed dove, and wood pigeon. In the 18th century, the passenger pigeon was known as tourte in New France (in modern Canada), but to the French in Europe it was known as tourtre. In modern French, the bird is known as tourte voyageuse or pigeon migrateur, among other names. In the Native American Algonquian languages, the pigeon was called amimi by the Lenape, omiimii by the Ojibwe, and mimia by the Kaskaskia Illinois. Other names in indigenous American languages include ori'te in Mohawk, and putchee nashoba, or \"lost dove\", in Choctaw. The Seneca people called the pigeon jahgowa, meaning \"big bread\", as it was a source of food for their tribes. Chief Simon Pokagon of the Potawatomi stated that his people called the pigeon O-me-me-wog, and that the Europeans did not adopt native names for the bird, as it reminded them of their domesticated pigeons, instead calling them \"wild\" pigeons, as they called the native peoples \"wild\" men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.906270027160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. It weighed between 260 and 340 g (9 and 12 oz). The adult male was about in length. It had a bluish-gray head, nape, and hindneck. On the sides of the neck and the upper mantle were iridescent display feathers that have variously been described as being a bright bronze, violet or golden-green, depending on the angle of the light. The upper back and wings were a pale or slate gray tinged with olive brown, that turned into grayish-brown on the lower wings. The lower back and rump were a dark blue-gray that became grayish-brown on the upper tail-covert feathers. The greater and median wing-covert feathers were pale gray, with a small number of irregular black spots near the end. The primary and secondary feathers of the wing were a blackish-brown with a narrow white edge on the outer side of the secondaries. The two central tail feathers were brownish gray, and the rest were white. The tail pattern was distinctive as it had white outer edges with blackish spots that were prominently displayed in flight. The lower throat and breast were richly pinkish-rufous, grading into a paler pink further down, and into white on the abdomen and undertail covert feathers. The undertail coverts also had a few black spots. The bill was black, while the feet and legs were a bright coral red. It had a carmine-red iris surrounded by a narrow purplish-red eye-ring. The wing of the male measured 196 –, the tail , the bill , and the tarsus was .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.895795822143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The adult female passenger pigeon was slightly smaller than the male at in length. It was duller than the male overall, and was a grayish-brown on the forehead, crown, and nape down to the scapulars, and the feathers on the sides of the neck had less iridescence than those of the male. The lower throat and breast were a buff-gray that developed into white on the belly and undertail-coverts. It was browner on the upperparts and paler buff brown and less rufous on the underparts than the male. The wings, back, and tail were similar in appearance to those of the male except that the outer edges of the primary feathers were edged in buff or rufous buff. The wings had more spotting than those of the male. The tail was shorter than that of the male, and the legs and feet were a paler red. The iris was orange red, with a grayish blue, naked orbital ring. The wing of the female was , the tail , the bill , and the tarsus was .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.853316307067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The juvenile passenger pigeon was similar in plumage to the adult female, but lacked the spotting on the wings, and was a darker brownish-gray on the head, neck, and breast. The feathers on the wings had pale gray fringes (also described as white tips), giving it a scaled look. The secondaries were brownish-black with pale edges, and the tertial feathers had a rufous wash. The primaries were also edged with a rufous-brown color. The neck feathers had no iridescence. The legs and feet were dull red, and the iris was brownish, and surrounded by a narrow carmine ring. The plumage of the sexes was similar during their first year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358354568481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was physically adapted for speed, endurance, and maneuverability in flight, and has been described as having a streamlined version of the typical pigeon shape, such as that of the generalized rock dove (Columba livia). The wings were very long and pointed, and measured 220 mm from the wing-chord to the primary feathers, and 120 mm to the secondaries. The tail, which accounted for much of its overall length, was long and wedge-shaped (or graduated), with two central feathers longer than the rest. The body was slender and narrow, and the head and neck were small. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011815071105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The internal anatomy of the passenger pigeon has rarely been described. Robert W. Shufeldt found little to differentiate the bird's osteology from that of other pigeons when examining a male skeleton in 1914, but Julian P. Hume noted several distinct features in a more detailed 2015 description. The pigeon had particularly large breast muscles that indicate powerful flight (musculus pectoralis major for downstroke and the smaller musculus supracoracoideus for upstroke). The coracoid bone (which connects the scapula, furcula, and sternum) was large relative to the size of the bird, , with straighter shafts and more robust articular ends than in other pigeons. The furcula had a sharper V-shape and was more robust, with expanded articular ends. The scapula was long, straight, and robust, and its distal end was enlarged. The sternum was very large and robust compared to that of other pigeons; its keel was 25 mm deep. The overlapping uncinate processes, which stiffen the ribcage, were very well developed. The wing bones (humerus, radius, ulna, carpometacarpus) were short but robust compared to other pigeons. The leg bones were similar to those of other pigeons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.633804321289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The noise produced by flocks of passenger pigeons was described as deafening, audible for miles away, and the bird's voice as loud, harsh, and unmusical. It was also described by some as clucks, twittering and cooing, and as a series of low notes instead of actual song. The birds apparently made croaking noises when building nests, and bell-like sounds when mating. During feeding, some individuals would give alarm calls when facing a threat, and the rest of the flock would join the sound while taking off. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672210693359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "In 1911 American behavioral scientist Wallace Craig published an account of the gestures and sounds of this species as a series of descriptions and musical notations, based on observation of C. O. Whitman's captive passenger pigeons in 1903. Craig compiled these records to assist in identifying potential survivors in the wild (as the physically similar mourning doves could otherwise be mistaken for passenger pigeons), while noting this \"meager information\" was likely all that would be left on the subject. According to Craig, one call was a simple harsh \"keck\" that could be given twice in succession with a pause in between. This was said to be used to attract the attention of another pigeon. Another call was a more frequent and variable scolding. This sound was described as \"kee-kee-kee-kee\" or \"tete! tete! tete!\", and was used to call either to its mate or towards other creatures it considered to be enemies. One variant of this call, described as a long, drawn-out \"tweet\", could be used to call down a flock of passenger pigeons passing overhead, which would then land in a nearby tree. \"Keeho\" was a soft cooing that, while followed by louder \"keck\" notes or scolding, was directed at the bird's mate. A nesting passenger pigeon would also give off a stream of at least eight mixed notes that were both high and low in tone and ended with \"keeho\". Overall, female passenger pigeons were quieter and called infrequently. Craig suggested that the loud, strident voice and \"degenerated\" musicality was the result of living in populous colonies where only the loudest sounds could be heard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.472398281097412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was found across most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Great Plains to the Atlantic coast in the east, to the south of Canada in the north, and the north of Mississippi in the southern United States, coinciding with its primary habitat, the eastern deciduous forests. Within this range, it constantly migrated in search of food and shelter. It is unclear if the birds favored particular trees and terrain, but they were possibly not restricted to one type, as long as their numbers could be supported. It originally bred from the southern parts of eastern and central Canada south to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Georgia in the United States, but the primary breeding range was in southern Ontario and the Great Lakes states south through states north of the Appalachian Mountains. Though the western forests were ecologically similar to those in the east, these were occupied by band-tailed pigeons, which may have kept out the passenger pigeons through competitive exclusion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.136378288269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "More than 130 passenger pigeon fossils have been found scattered across 25 states and provinces of the United States, including in the La Brea Tar Pits of California. These records date as far back as 100,000 years ago in the Pleistocene era, during which the pigeon's range extended to several western states that were not a part of its modern range. The abundance of the species in these regions and during this time is unknown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156940460205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was nomadic, constantly migrating in search of food, shelter, or nesting grounds. In his 1831 Ornithological Biography, American naturalist and artist John James Audubon described a migration he observed in 1813 as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96290111541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "A communally roosting species, the passenger pigeon chose roosting sites that could provide shelter and enough food to sustain their large numbers for an indefinite period. The time spent at one roosting site may have depended on the extent of human persecution, weather conditions, or other, unknown factors. Roosts ranged in size and extent, from a few acres to 260 km2 (100 square miles) or greater. Some roosting areas would be reused for subsequent years, others would only be used once. The passenger pigeon roosted in such numbers that even thick branches on a tree would break under the strain. The birds frequently piled on top of each other's backs to roost. They rested in a slumped position that hid their feet. They slept with their bills concealed by the feathers in the middle of the breast while holding their tail at a 45-degree angle. Dung could accumulate under a roosting site to a depth of over .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.841548442840576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "If the pigeon became alert, it would often stretch out its head and neck in line with its body and tail, then nod its head in a circular pattern. When aggravated by another pigeon, it raised it wings threateningly, but passenger pigeons almost never actually fought. The pigeon bathed in shallow water, and afterwards lay on each side in turn and raised the opposite wing to dry it. The passenger pigeon drank at least once a day, typically at dawn, by fully inserting its bill into lakes, small ponds, and streams. Pigeons were seen perching on top of each other to access water, and if necessary, the species could alight on open water to drink. One of the primary causes of natural mortality was the weather, and every spring many individuals froze to death after migrating north too early. In captivity, a passenger pigeon was capable of living at least 15 years; Martha, the last known living passenger pigeon, was at least 17 and possibly as old as 29 when she died. It is undocumented how long a wild pigeon lived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.127983093261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The bird is believed to have played a significant ecological role in the composition of presettlement forests of eastern North America. For instance, while the passenger pigeon was extant, forests were dominated by white oaks. This species germinated in the fall, therefore producing acorns during the spring to be devoured and spread by the pigeons. The absence of the passenger pigeon's seed dispersal may have led to the modern dominance of red oaks. At roosting sites, few plants grew for years after the pigeons left. Also, the immense amount of dung present at these sites increased both the frequency and intensity of forest fires. With the large numbers in the flocks, the excrement they produced was enough to destroy surface-level vegetation, and along with the breaking of treelimbs under their collective weight, the passenger pigeons could do significant damage to forests. Due to these influences, some ecologists have considered the passenger pigeon a keystone species. The American chestnut trees that provided much of the mast on which the passenger pigeon fed was itself almost driven to extinction by an imported Asian fungus (chestnut blight) around 1905. As many as thirty billion trees are thought to have died as a result in the following decades, but this did not affect the passenger pigeon, which was already extinct in the wild at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.116883754730225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Beeches and oaks produced the mast needed to support nesting and roosting flocks. The passenger pigeon changed its diet depending on the season. In the fall, winter, and spring, it mainly ate beechnuts, acorns, and chestnuts. During the summer, berries and softer fruits, such as blueberries, grapes, cherries, mulberries, pokeberries, and bunchberry, became the main objects of its consumption. It also ate worms, caterpillars, snails, and other invertebrates, particularly while breeding. Additionally, the passenger pigeon took advantage of cultivated grains, particularly buckwheat, when it found them. The species was especially fond of salt, which it ingested either from brackish springs or salty soil. Mast occurs in large quantities in different places at different times, and rarely in consecutive years, which is one of the reasons why the large flocks were constantly on the move. As mast is produced during autumn, there would have to be a large amount of it left by the summer, when the young were reared. It is unknown how they located this fluctuating food source, but their eyesight and flight powers aided them in surveying large areas for places that could provide food enough for a temporary stay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.011988162994385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon foraged in flocks of tens or hundreds of thousands of individuals that overturned leaves, dirt, and snow with their bills in a frantic search for large quantities of food. One observer described the motion of such a flock in search of mast as having a rolling appearance, as birds in the back of the flock flew overhead to the front of the flock, dropping leaves and grass in flight. The flocks had wide leading edges to better scan the landscape for food sources. When nuts on a tree loosened from their caps, a pigeon would land on a branch and, while flapping vigorously to stay balanced, grab the nut, pull it loose from its cap, and swallow it whole. Collectively, a foraging flock was capable of removing nearly all fruits and nuts from their path. Birds in the back of the flock flew to the front in order to pick over unsearched ground; however, birds never ventured far from the flock and hurried back if they became isolated. It is believed that the pigeons used social cues in order to identify abundant sources of food, and a flock of pigeons that saw others feeding on the ground often joined them. During the day, the birds left the roosting forest to forage on more open land. They regularly flew 100 to away from their roost daily in search of food, and some pigeons reportedly traveled as far as 160 km, leaving the roosting area early and returning at night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.40302038192749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon had a very elastic mouth and throat, allowing for increased capacity, and a joint in the lower bill enabled it to swallow acorns whole. The bird was also able to store large quantities of food in its crop, which was capable of expanding to about the size of an orange, causing the neck to bulge. This allowed a bird to quickly grab any food it discovered in the highly competitive flock. The crop was described as being capable of holding at least 17 acorns or 28 beechnuts, 11 grains of corn, 100 maple seeds, plus other material; it was estimated that a passenger pigeon needed to eat about 61 cm3 of food a day in order to survive. If shot, a pigeon with a crop full of nuts would fall to the ground with a sound described as like the rattle of a bag of marbles. After feeding, the pigeons perched on branches and digested the food stored in their crop overnight. The pigeon could eat and digest of acorns per day. At the historic population of three billion passenger pigeons, this amounted to of food a day. The pigeon was also able to regurgitate food from its crop when more desirable food became available. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04709529876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Courtship took place at the nesting colony. Unlike other pigeons, courtship took place on a branch or perch. The male, with a flourish of the wings, made a \"keck\" call while near a female. The male then gripped tightly to the branch and vigorously flapped his wings up and down. When the male was close to the female, he then pressed against her on the perch with his head held high and pointing at her. If receptive, the female pressed back against the male. When ready to mate, the pair preened each other. This was followed by the birds billing, in which the female inserted its bill into and clasped the male's bill, shook for a second, and separated quickly while standing next to each other. The male then scrambled onto the female's back and copulated, which was then followed by soft clucking and occasionally more preening. John James Audubon described the courtship of the passenger pigeon as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.37320327758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Upon hatching, the nestling (or squab) was blind and sparsely covered with yellow, hairlike down. The nestling developed quickly and within 14 days weighed as much as its parents. During this brooding period both parents took care of the nestling, with the male attending in the middle of the day and the female at other times. The nestlings were fed crop milk (a substance similar to curd, produced in the crops of the parent birds) exclusively for the first days after hatching. Adult food was gradually introduced after three to six days. After 13 to 15 days, the parents fed the nestling for a last time and then abandoned it, leaving the nesting area en masse. The nestling begged in the nest for a day or two, before climbing from the nest and fluttering to the ground, whereafter it moved around, avoided obstacles, and begged for food from nearby adults. It was another three or four days before it fledged. The entire nesting cycle lasted about 30 days. It is unknown whether colonies re-nested after a successful nesting. The passenger pigeon sexually matured during its first year and bred the following spring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.983396530151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Nesting colonies attracted large numbers of predators, including American minks, American weasels, American martens, and raccoons that preyed on eggs and nestlings, birds of prey, such as owls, hawks, and eagles that preyed on nestlings and adults, and wolves, foxes, bobcats, bears, and mountain lions that preyed on injured adults and fallen nestlings. Hawks of the genus Accipiter and falcons pursued and preyed upon pigeons in flight, which in turn executed complex aerial maneuvers to avoid them; Cooper's hawk was known as the \"great pigeon hawk\" due to its successes, and these hawks allegedly followed migrating passenger pigeons. While many predators were drawn to the flocks, individual pigeons were largely protected due to the sheer size of the flock, and overall little damage could be inflicted on the flock by predation. Despite the number of predators, nesting colonies were so large that they were estimated to have a 90% success rate if not disturbed. After being abandoned and leaving the nest, the very fat juveniles were vulnerable to predators until they were able to fly. The sheer number of juveniles on the ground meant that only a small percentage of them were killed; predator satiation may therefore be one of the reasons for the extremely social habits and communal breeding of the species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.964282035827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Two parasites have been recorded on passenger pigeons. One species of phtilopterid louse, Columbicola extinctus, was originally thought to have lived on just passenger pigeons and to have become coextinct with them. This was proven inaccurate in 1999 when C. extinctus was rediscovered living on band-tailed pigeons. This, and the fact that the related louse C. angustus is mainly found on cuckoo-doves, further supports the relation between these pigeons, as the phylogeny of lice broadly mirrors that of their hosts. Another louse, Campanulotes defectus, was thought to have been unique to the passenger pigeon, but is now believed to have been a case of a contaminated specimen, as the species is considered to be the still-extant Campanulotes flavus of Australia. There is no record of a wild pigeon dying of either disease or parasites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.776329040527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon played a religious role for some northern Native American tribes. The Wyandot people (or Huron) believed that every twelve years during the Feast of the Dead, the souls of the deceased changed into passenger pigeons, which were then hunted and eaten. Before hunting the juvenile pigeons, the Seneca people made an offering of wampum and brooches to the old passenger pigeons, these were placed in a small kettle or other receptacle by a smoky fire. The Ho-Chunk people considered the passenger pigeon to be the bird of the chief, as they were served whenever the chieftain gave a feast. The Seneca people believed that a white pigeon was the chief of the passenger pigeon colony, and that a Council of Birds had decided that the pigeons had to give their bodies to the Seneca because they were the only birds that nested in colonies. The Seneca developed a pigeon dance as a way of showing their gratitude.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.734404563903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "French explorer Jacques Cartier was the first European to report on passenger pigeons, during his voyage in 1534. The bird was subsequently observed and noted by historical figures such as Samuel de Champlain and Cotton Mather. Most early accounts dwell on the vast number of pigeons, the resulting darkened skies, and the enormous amount of hunted birds (50,000 birds were reportedly sold at a Boston market in 1771). The early colonists thought that large flights of pigeons would be followed by ill fortune or sickness. When the pigeons wintered outside of their normal range, some believed that they would have \"a sickly summer and autumn.\" In the 18th and 19th centuries, various parts of the pigeon were thought to have medicinal properties. The blood was supposed to be good for eye disorders, the powdered stomach lining was used to treat dysentery, and the dung was used to treat a variety of ailments, including headaches, stomach pains, and lethargy. Though they did not last as long as the feathers of a goose, the feathers of the passenger pigeon were frequently used for bedding. Pigeon feather beds were so popular that for a time in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, every dowry included a bed and pillows made of pigeon feathers. In 1822, one family in Chautauqua County, New York, killed 4,000 pigeons in a day solely for this purpose. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.852869987487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The passenger pigeon was an important source of food for the people of North America. The indigenous peoples ate pigeons, and tribes near nesting colonies would sometimes move to live closer to them and eat the juveniles, killing them at night with long poles. Many Native Americans were careful not to disturb the adult pigeons, and instead ate only the juveniles as they were afraid that the adults might desert their nesting grounds; in some tribes, disturbing the adult pigeons was considered a crime. Away from the nests, large nets were used to capture adult pigeons, sometimes up to 800 at a time. Low-flying pigeons could be killed by throwing sticks or stones. At one site in Oklahoma, the pigeons leaving their roost every morning flew low enough that the Cherokee could throw clubs into their midst, which caused the lead pigeons to try to turn aside and in the process created a blockade that resulted in a large mass of flying, easily hit pigeons. Among the game birds, passenger pigeons were second only to the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in terms of importance for the Native Americans living in the southeastern United States. The bird's fat was stored, often in large quantities, and used as butter. Archaeological evidence supports the idea that Native Americans ate the pigeons frequently prior to colonization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.969160079956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "After European colonization, the passenger pigeon was hunted more intensely and with more sophisticated methods than the more sustainable methods practiced by the natives. Yet it has also been suggested that the species was rare prior to 1492, and that the subsequent increase in their numbers may be due to the decrease in the Native American population (who, as well as hunting the birds, competed with them for mast) caused by European immigration, and the supplementary food (agricultural crops) the immigrants provided. It was of particular value on the frontier, and some settlements counted on the pigeon to support their population. The flavor of the flesh of passenger pigeons varied depending on how they were prepared. In general, juveniles were thought to taste the best, followed by birds fattened in captivity and birds caught in September and October. It was common practice to fatten trapped pigeons before eating them or storing their bodies for winter. Dead pigeons were commonly stored by salting or pickling the bodies; other times, only the breasts of the pigeons were kept, in which case they were typically smoked. In the early 19th century, commercial hunters began netting and shooting the birds to sell as food in city markets, and even as pig fodder. Once pigeon meat became popular, commercial hunting started on a prodigious scale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.199700832366943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Passenger pigeons were shot with such ease that many did not consider them to be a game bird, as an amateur hunter could easily bring down six with one shotgun blast; a particularly good shot with both barrels of a shotgun at a roost could kill 61 birds. The birds were frequently shot either in flight during migration or immediately after, when they commonly perched in dead, exposed trees. Hunters only had to shoot toward the sky without aiming, and many pigeons would be brought down. The pigeons proved difficult to shoot head-on, so hunters typically waited for the flocks to pass overhead before shooting them. Trenches were sometimes dug and filled with grain so that a hunter could shoot the pigeons along this trench. Hunters largely outnumbered trappers, and hunting passenger pigeons was a popular sport for young boys. In 1871, a single seller of ammunition provided three tons of powder and 16 tons (32,000 lb) of shot during a nesting. In the latter half of the 19th century, thousands of passenger pigeons were captured for use in the sports shooting industry. The pigeons were used as living targets in shooting tournaments, such as \"trap-shooting\", the controlled release of birds from special traps. Competitions could also consist of people standing regularly spaced while trying to shoot down as many birds as possible in a passing flock. The pigeon was considered so numerous that 30,000 birds had to be killed to claim the prize in one competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.803594589233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "There were a wide variety of other methods used to capture and kill passenger pigeons. Nets were propped up to allow passenger pigeons entry, then closed by knocking loose the stick that supported the opening, trapping twenty or more pigeons inside. Tunnel nets were also used to great effect, and one particularly large net was capable of catching 3,500 pigeons at a time. These nets were used by many farmers on their own property as well as by professional trappers. Food would be placed on the ground near the nets to attract the pigeons. Decoy or \"Stool pigeons\" (sometimes blinded by having their eyelids sewn together) were tied to a stool. When a flock of pigeons passed by, a chord would be pulled that made the stool pigeon flutter to the ground, making it seem as if it had found food, and the flock would be lured into the trap. Salt was also frequently used as bait, and many trappers set up near salt springs. At least one trapper used alcohol-soaked grain as bait to intoxicate the birds and make them easier to kill. Another method of capture was to hunt at a nesting colony, particularly during the period of a few days after the adult pigeons abandoned their nestlings, but before the nestlings could fly. Some hunters used sticks to poke the nestlings out of the nest, while others shot the bottom of a nest with a blunt arrow to dislodge the pigeon. Others cut down a nesting tree in such a way that when it fell, it would also hit a second nesting tree and dislodge the pigeons within. In one case, 6 km2 (1,500 acres) of large trees were speedily cut down to get birds, and such methods were common. An extreme method, practiced only by particularly unscrupulous hunters, was to set fire to the base of a tree nested with pigeons; the adults would flee and the juveniles would fall to the ground. Sulfur was sometimes burned beneath the nesting tree to suffocate the birds, which fell out of the tree in a weakened state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.089055061340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "By the mid-1800s, railroads had opened new opportunities for pigeon hunters. While previously it had proved too difficult to ship masses of pigeons to eastern cities, the access provided by the railroad permitted pigeon hunting to become commercialized. An extensive telegraph system was introduced in the 1860s, which improved communication across the United States, making it easier to spread information about the whereabouts of pigeon flocks. After being opened up to the railroads, the town of Plattsburg, New York is estimated to have shipped 1.8 million pigeons to larger cities in 1851 alone at a price of 31 to 56 cents a dozen. By the late 1800s, the trade of passenger pigeons had become commercialized. Large commission houses employed trappers (known as \"pigeoners\") to follow the flocks of pigeons year-round. A single hunter is reported to have sent three million birds to eastern cities during his career. In 1874, at least 600 people were employed as pigeon trappers, a number which grew to 1,200 by 1881. Pigeons were caught in such numbers that by 1876, shipments of dead pigeons were unable to recoup the costs of the barrels and ice needed to ship them. The price of a barrel full of pigeons dropped to below fifty cents, due to overstocked markets. Passenger pigeons were instead kept alive so their meat would be fresh when the birds were killed, and sold once their market value had increased again. Thousands of birds were kept in large pens, though the bad conditions led many to die from lack of food and water, and by fretting (gnawing) themselves; many rotted away before they could be sold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4548773765563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Hunting of passenger pigeons was documented and depicted in contemporaneous newspapers, wherein various trapping methods and uses were featured. The most often reproduced of these illustrations was captioned \"Winter sports in northern Louisiana: shooting wild pigeons\", and published in 1875. Passenger pigeons were also seen as agricultural pests, since entire crops could be destroyed by feeding flocks. The bird was described as a \"perfect scourge\" by some farming communities, and hunters were employed to \"wage warfare\" on the birds to save grain, as shown in another newspaper illustration from 1867 captioned as \"Shooting wild pigeons in Iowa\". When comparing these \"pests\" to the bison of the Great Plains, it is possible to infer that the valuable resource needed was not the species of animals but the agriculture which was consumed by said animal. The crops that were eaten were seen as marketable calories, proteins, and nutrients all grown for the wrong species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.294818878173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The notion that the species could be driven to extinction was alien to the early colonists, both because the number of birds did not appear to diminish, but also because the concept of extinction itself was yet to be defined. The bird seems to have been slowly pushed westwards since the arrival of Europeans, becoming scarce or absent in the east, though there were still millions of birds in the 1850s. The population must have been decreasing in numbers for many years, though this went unnoticed due to the apparent vast number of birds, which clouded their decline. In 1856 Bénédict Henry Révoil may have been one of the first writers to voice concern about the fate of the passenger pigeon, after witnessing a hunt in 1847:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.607913017272949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "By the time of these last nestings, laws had already been enacted to protect the passenger pigeon, but these proved ineffective, as they were unclearly framed and hard to enforce. H. B. Roney, who had witnessed the Petoskey slaughter, led campaigns to protect the pigeon, but was met with resistance, and accusations that he was exaggerating the severity of the situation. Few offenders were prosecuted, mainly some poor trappers, but the large enterprises were not affected. In 1857, a bill was brought forth to the Ohio State Legislature seeking protection for the passenger pigeon, yet a Select Committee of the Senate filed a report stating that the bird did not need protection, being \"wonderfully prolific\", and dismissing the suggestion that the species could be destroyed. Public protests against trap-shooting erupted in the 1870s, as the birds were badly treated before and after such contests. Conservationists were ineffective in stopping the slaughter. A bill was passed in the Michigan legislature making it illegal to net pigeons within 3 km (2 miles) of a nesting area. In 1897, a bill was introduced in the Michigan legislature asking for a 10-year closed season on passenger pigeons. Similar legal measures were passed and then disregarded in Pennsylvania. The gestures proved futile, and by the mid-1890s, the passenger pigeon had almost completely disappeared, and was probably extinct as a breeding bird in the wild. Small flocks are known to have existed at this point, since large numbers of birds were still being sold at markets. Thereafter, only small groups or individual birds were reported, many of which were shot on sight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.332032203674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The Chicago group was kept by Professor Charles Otis Whitman, whose collection began with passenger pigeons bought from Whittaker beginning in 1896. He had an interest in studying pigeons, and kept his passenger pigeons with other pigeon species. Whitman brought his pigeons with him from Chicago to Massachusetts by railcar each summer. By 1897, Whitman had bought all of Whittaker's birds, and upon reaching a maximum of 19 individuals, he gave seven back to Whittaker in 1898. Around this time, a series of photographs were taken of these birds; 24 of the photos survive to this day. Some of these images have been reproduced in various media, copies of which are now kept at the Wisconsin Historical Society. It is unclear exactly where, when, and by whom these photos were taken, but some appear to have been taken in Chicago in 1896, others in Massachusetts in 1898, the latter by a J. G. Hubbard. By 1902, Whitman owned sixteen birds. Many eggs were laid by his pigeons, but few hatched, and many hatchlings died. A newspaper inquiry was published that requested \"fresh blood\" to the flock which had now ceased breeding. By 1907, he was down to two female passenger pigeons that died that winter, and was left with two infertile male hybrids, whose subsequent fate is unknown. By this time, only four (all males) of the birds Whitman had returned to Whittaker were alive, and these died between November 1908 and February 1909. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.496815204620361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The main reasons for the extinction of the passenger pigeon were the massive scale of hunting, the rapid loss of habitat, and the extremely social lifestyle of the bird, which made it highly vulnerable to the former factors. Deforestation was driven by the need to free land for agriculture and expanding towns, but also due to the demand for lumber and fuel. About 728.000 km2 (180 million acres) were cleared for farming between 1850 and 1910. Though there are still large woodland areas in eastern North America, which support a variety of wildlife, it was not enough to support the vast number of passenger pigeons needed to sustain the population. In contrast, very small populations of nearly extinct birds, such as the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) and the takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri), have been enough to keep those species alive to the present. The combined effects of intense hunting and deforestation has been referred to as a \"Blitzkrieg\" against the passenger pigeon, and it has been labeled one of the greatest and most senseless human-induced extinctions in history. As the flocks dwindled in size, the passenger pigeon population decreased below the threshold necessary to propagate the species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.245127201080322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The extinction of the passenger pigeon aroused public interest in the conservation movement, and resulted in new laws and practices which prevented many other species from becoming extinct. The rapid decline of the passenger pigeon has influenced later assessment methods of the extinction risk of endangered animal populations. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has used the passenger pigeon as an example in cases where a species was declared \"at risk\" for extinction even though population numbers are high.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11082649230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "Today, more than 1,532 passenger pigeon skins (along with 16 skeletons) are in existence, spread across many institutions all over the world. It has been suggested that the passenger pigeon should be revived when available technology allows it (a concept which has been termed \"de-extinction\"), using genetic material from such specimens. In 2003, the Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica, a subspecies of the Spanish ibex) was the first extinct animal to be cloned back to life; the clone lived for only seven minutes before dying of lung defects. A hindrance to cloning the passenger pigeon is the fact that the DNA of museum specimens has been contaminated and fragmented, due to exposure to heat and oxygen. American geneticist George M. Church has proposed that the passenger pigeon genome can be reconstructed by piecing together DNA fragments from different specimens. The next step would be to splice these genes into the stem cells of rock pigeons (or band-tailed pigeons), which would then be transformed into egg and sperm cells, and placed into the eggs of rock pigeons, resulting in rock pigeons bearing passenger pigeon sperm and eggs. The offspring of these would have passenger pigeon traits, and would be further bred to favor unique features of the extinct species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.277595520019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" }, { "answer": "Passenger Pigeon", "passage": "The general idea of re-creating extinct species has been criticized, since the large funds needed could be spent on conserving currently threatened species and habitats, and because conservation efforts might be viewed as less urgent. In the case of the passenger pigeon, since it was very social, it is unlikely that enough birds could be created for revival to be successful, and it is unclear whether there is enough appropriate habitat left for its reintroduction. Furthermore, the parent pigeons that would raise the cloned passenger pigeons would belong to a different species, with a different way of rearing young. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.037881851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Passenger pigeon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth, with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz bombing campaign, the Balkan Campaign as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history, which trapped the major part of the Axis' military forces into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific.", "precise_score": 7.6718645095825195, "rough_score": 5.228739261627197, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. ", "precise_score": 8.700254440307617, "rough_score": 6.770023345947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border. Two days later, on 3 September, after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored, Britain and France, followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth—Australia (3 September), Canada (10 September), New Zealand (3 September), and South Africa (6 September)—declared war on Germany. However, initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland, consisting of a cautious, half-hearted French probe into the Saarland.., observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, \"[f]ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so.\" The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic.", "precise_score": 7.266454219818115, "rough_score": 6.161077499389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 17 September 1939, after signing a cease-fire with Japan, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September, with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October. Poland's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union, with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares. After the defeat of Poland's armed forces, the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army. About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war. Poland's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France.", "precise_score": 3.3677115440368652, "rough_score": 1.3641000986099243, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. It seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World War II in Europe. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940 and threatened Great Britain. Reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, or shot. The regime's racial policies turned genocidal, culminating in the mass murder of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust.", "precise_score": 5.20149564743042, "rough_score": 3.89756441116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. World War II was under way. Poland fell quickly, as the Soviet Union attacked from the east on 17 September. Reinhard Heydrich, then head of the Gestapo, ordered on 21 September that Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links. Initially the intention was to deport the Jews to points further east, or possibly to Madagascar. Using lists prepared ahead of time, some 65,000 Polish intelligentsia, noblemen, clergy, and teachers were killed by the end of 1939 in an attempt to destroy Poland's identity as a nation. The Soviet forces continued to attack, advancing into Finland in the Winter War, and German forces were involved in action at sea. But little other activity occurred until May, so the period became known as the \"Phoney War\".", "precise_score": 7.076845645904541, "rough_score": 6.87875509262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Between 1939 and 1941, German forces invaded Poland, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the Soviet Union. Trieste, South Tyrol, and Istria were ceded to Germany by Mussolini in 1943. Two puppet districts were set up in the area, the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral and the Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills.", "precise_score": 2.0023322105407715, "rough_score": -0.5151315927505493, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "With the issuance of the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 and later creation of the Allied Control Council, the four Allied powers temporarily assumed governance of Germany. At the Potsdam Conference in August 1945, the Allies arranged for the Allied occupation and denazification of the country. Germany was split into four zones, each occupied by one of the Allied powers, who drew reparations from their zone. Since most of the industrial areas were in the western zones, the Soviet Union was transferred additional reparations. The Allied Control Council disestablished Prussia on 20 May 1947. Aid to Germany began arriving from the United States under the Marshall Plan in 1948. The occupation lasted until 1949, when the countries of East Germany and West Germany were created. Germany finalised her border with Poland by signing the Treaty of Warsaw (1970). Germany remained divided until 1990, when the Allies renounced all claims to German territory with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, under which Germany also renounced claims to territories lost during World War II.", "precise_score": -2.5475316047668457, "rough_score": -1.3708994388580322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, or the 1939 Defensive War in Poland ( or Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and alternatively the Poland Campaign () or Fall Weiss in Germany (Case White), was a joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Free City of Danzig, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent, that marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September following the Molotov-Tōgō agreement that terminated the Russian and Japanese hostilities in the east on 16 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty.", "precise_score": 8.529287338256836, "rough_score": 6.6616997718811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The invasion was referred to by Germany as the 1939 Defensive War since Hitler proclaimed that Poland had attacked Germany and that \"Germans in Poland are persecuted with a bloody terror and are driven from their homes. The series of border violations, which are unbearable to a great power, prove that the Poles no longer are willing to respect the German frontier.\" ", "precise_score": 2.2395033836364746, "rough_score": -1.3671386241912842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in the Central Industrial Region. Preparations for a defensive war with Germany were ongoing for many years, but most plans assumed fighting would not begin before 1942. To raise funds for industrial development, Poland sold much of the modern equipment it produced. In 1936, a National Defence Fund was set up to collect funds necessary for strengthening the Polish Armed forces. The Polish Army had approximately a million soldiers, but less than half were mobilized by 1 September. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the Luftwaffe. The Polish military had fewer armored forces than the Germans, and these units, dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the enemy. ", "precise_score": -1.815783977508545, "rough_score": -1.464988112449646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Following several German-staged incidents (like the Gleiwitz incident, a part of Operation Himmler), which German propaganda used as a pretext to claim that German forces were acting in self-defence, the first regular act of war took place on 1 September 1939, at 04:40, when the Luftwaffe attacked the Polish town of Wieluń, destroying 75% of the city and killing close to 1,200 people, most of them civilians. This invasion subsequently began World War II. Five minutes later, the old German pre-dreadnought battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea. At 08:00, German troops—still without a formal declaration of war issued—attacked near the Polish town of Mokra. The Battle of the Border had begun. Later that day, the Germans attacked on Poland's western, southern and northern borders, while German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. The main axis of attack led eastwards from Germany proper through the western Polish border. Supporting attacks came from East Prussia in the north, and a co-operative German-Slovak tertiary attack by units (Field Army \"Bernolák\") from German-allied Slovakia in the south. All three assaults converged on the Polish capital of Warsaw.", "precise_score": 6.735170364379883, "rough_score": 2.0310990810394287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Allied governments declared war on Germany on 3 September; however, they failed to provide any meaningful support. The German-French border saw only a few minor skirmishes, although the majority of German forces, including 85% of their armoured forces, were engaged in Poland. Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, German technical, operational and numerical superiority forced the Polish armies to retreat from the borders towards Warsaw and Lwów. The Luftwaffe gained air superiority early in the campaign. By destroying communications, the Luftwaffe increased the pace of the advance which overran Polish airstrips and early warning sites, causing logistical problems for the Poles. Many Polish Air Force units ran low on supplies, 98 of their number withdrew into then-neutral Romania. The Polish initial strength of 400 was reduced to just 54 by 14 September and air opposition virtually ceased.", "precise_score": -0.21586360037326813, "rough_score": -1.1755479574203491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "From the beginning, the German government repeatedly asked Vyacheslav Molotov whether the Soviet Union would keep to its side of the partition bargain. The Soviet forces were holding fast along their designated invasion points pending finalization of the five-month-long undeclared war with Japan in the Far East. On 15 September 1939 the Ambassadors Molotov and Shigenori Tōgō completed their agreement ending the conflict, and the Nomonhan cease-fire went into effect on 16 September 1939. Now cleared of any \"second front\" threat from the Japanese, Soviet premier Joseph Stalin ordered his forces into Poland on 17 September. It was agreed that the USSR would relinquish its interest in the territories between the new border and Warsaw in exchange for inclusion of Lithuania in the Soviet \"zone of interest\".", "precise_score": 3.308155059814453, "rough_score": -1.2429983615875244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "None of the parties to the conflict—Germany, the Western Allies or the Soviet Union—expected that the German invasion of Poland would lead to a war that would surpass World War I in its scale and cost. It would be months before Hitler would see the futility of his peace negotiation attempts with the United Kingdom and France, but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a \"world war\". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941, formed the cataclysm known as World War II.", "precise_score": 5.522219657897949, "rough_score": 2.2038533687591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. No declaration of war was issued by Britain and France against the Soviet Union. This lack of direct help led many Poles to believe that they had been betrayed by their Western allies.", "precise_score": 2.539602279663086, "rough_score": -1.9477598667144775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In the first few days, Germany sustained very heavy losses: Poland cost the Germans an entire armored division, thousands of soldiers, and 25% of its air strength. As for duration, the September Campaign lasted only about one week less than the Battle of France in 1940, even though the Anglo-French forces were much closer to parity with the Germans in numerical strength and equipment.Polish to Germany forces in the September Campaign: 1,000,000 soldiers 4,300 guns, 880 tanks, 435 aircraft (Poland) to 1,800,000 soldiers, 10,000 guns, 2,800 tanks, 3,000 aircraft (Germany). French and participating Allies to German forces in the Battle of France: 2,862,000 soldiers, 13,974 guns, 3,384 tanks, 3,099 aircraft 2 (Allies) to 3,350,000 soldiers, 7,378 guns, 2,445 tanks, 5,446 aircraft (Germany). Furthermore, the Polish Army was preparing the Romanian Bridgehead, which would have prolonged Polish defence, but this plan was cancelled due to the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939. Poland also never officially surrendered to the Germans. Under German occupation, the Polish army continued to fight underground, as Armia Krajowa and forest partisans—Leśni. The Polish resistance movement in World War II in German-occupied Poland was the largest resistance movement in all of occupied Europe. ", "precise_score": 1.8322604894638062, "rough_score": -2.0255308151245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.746322154998779, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig, Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece. Shortly after the Franco-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel. Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to \"encircle\" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.819159030914307, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol. The parties gave each other rights to \"spheres of influence\" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR). It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I, after it defeated Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.17575740814209, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister, Count Ciano, Hitler asserted that Poland was a \"doubtful neutral\" that needed to either yield to his demands or be \"liquidated\" to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future \"unavoidable\" war with the Western democracies. He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict. On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.577592849731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which only served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig, and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30–31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30671215057373, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 6 October Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France, but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October, saying \"Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government.\" After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.691831588745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus (\"Operation Bagration\") that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely. Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation. However, the largest of these in Warsaw where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians and a national uprising in Slovakia did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans. The Red Army's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.736404418945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes to split the Western Allies, encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement. By January, the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia. On 4 February, US, British, and Soviet leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.772752046585083, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia, Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR, followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces, as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany. By the 1950s, every fifth West German was a refugee from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line, from which 2 million Poles were expelled; north-east Romania, parts of eastern Finland, and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.415579319000244, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Germany had been de facto divided, and two independent states, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones, accordingly. The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Albania became Soviet satellite states. Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy, causing tension with the USSR. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.866008758544922, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD, in the Baltic states, and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023018836975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In addition to Nazi concentration camps, the Soviet gulags (labour camps) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German prisoners of war (POWs) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis. Sixty percent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war. Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs. Of those, 57 percent died or were killed, a total of 3.6 million. Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators, and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351286888122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5:1 advantage in population and nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan, but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.326092720031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. Many means of destroying tanks, including indirect artillery, anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled), mines, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were utilised. Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.564048767089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186203002929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In March 1939, Hitler demanded the return of the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, a strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. The British announced they would come to the aid of Poland if it was attacked. Hitler, believing the British would not actually take action, ordered an invasion plan should be readied for a target date of September 1939. On 23 May he described to his generals his overall plan of not only seizing the Polish Corridor but greatly expanding German territory eastward at the expense of Poland. He expected this time they would be met by force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.483397960662842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Germans reaffirmed their alliance with Italy and signed non-aggression pacts with Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia. Trade links were formalised with Romania, Norway, and Sweden. Hitler's foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, arranged in negotiations with the Soviet Union a non-aggression pact, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which was signed in August 1939. The treaty also contained secret protocols dividing Poland and the Baltic states into German and Soviet spheres of influence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.597689151763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Food was in short supply in the conquered areas of the Soviet Union and Poland, with rations inadequate to meet nutritional needs. The retreating armies had burned the crops, and much of the remainder was sent back to the Reich. In Germany itself, food rations had to be cut in 1942. In his role as Plenipotentiary of the Four Year Plan, Hermann Göring demanded increased shipments of grain from France and fish from Norway. The 1942 harvest was a good one, and food supplies remained adequate in Western Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.479801177978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "As a result of their defeat in World War I and the resulting Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine, Northern Schleswig, and Memel. The Saarland temporarily became a protectorate of France, under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join. Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany. Danzig was made a free city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.113260269165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Some of the conquered territories were immediately incorporated into Germany as part of Hitler's long-term goal of creating a Greater Germanic Reich. Several areas, such as Alsace-Lorraine, were placed under the authority of an adjacent Gau (regional district). Beyond the territories incorporated into Germany were the Reichskommissariate (Reich Commissariats), quasi-colonial regimes established in a number of occupied countries. Areas placed under German administration included the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Reichskommissariat Ostland (encompassing the Baltic states and Belarus), and Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Conquered areas of Belgium and France were placed under control of the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France. Belgian Eupen-Malmedy, which had been part of German until 1919, was annexed directly. Part of Poland was immediately incorporated into the Reich, and the General Government was established in occupied central Poland. Hitler intended to eventually incorporate many of these areas into the Reich.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.451367378234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The NSDAP was a far-right political party which came into its own during the social and financial upheavals that occurred with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. While in prison after the failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which laid out his plan for transforming German society into one based on race. The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, racial hygiene, and eugenics, and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum for the Germanic people. The regime attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there, who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan master race and part of a Jewish Bolshevik conspiracy. The Nazi regime believed that only Germany could defeat the forces of Bolshevism and save humanity from world domination by International Jewry. Others deemed life unworthy of life by the Nazis included the mentally and physically disabled, Romani people, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and social misfits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181286811828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "From 1935 forward the SS was heavily involved in the persecution of Jews, who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps. With the outbreak of World War II, SS units called Einsatzgruppen followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews. The SS-Totenkopfverbände (death's head units) were in charge of the concentration camps and extermination camps, where millions more were killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.890075206756592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Germany's war in the East was based on Hitler's long-standing view that Jews were the great enemy of the German people and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. Hitler focused his attention on Eastern Europe, aiming to defeat Poland, the Soviet Union and remove or kill the resident Jews and Slavs in the process. After the occupation of Poland, all Jews living in the General Government were confined to ghettos, and those who were physically fit were required to perform compulsory labour. In 1941 Hitler decided to destroy the Polish nation completely. He planned that within 10 to 20 years the section of Poland under German occupation would be cleared of ethnic Poles and resettled by German colonists. About 3.8 to 4 million Poles would remain as slaves, part of a slave labour force of 14 million the Nazis intended to create using citizens of conquered nations in the East.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.776161193847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered. To determine who should be killed, Himmler created the Volksliste, a system of classification of people deemed to be of German blood. He ordered that those of Germanic descent who refused to be classified as ethnic Germans should be deported to concentration camps, have their children taken away, or be assigned to forced labour. The plan also included the kidnapping of children deemed to have Aryan-Nordic traits, who were presumed to be of German descent. The goal was to implement Generalplan Ost after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when the invasion failed, Hitler had to consider other options. One suggestion was a mass forced deportation of Jews to Poland, Palestine, or Madagascar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500831604003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "During the German occupation of Poland, 2.7 million ethnic Poles were killed by the Axis powers. Polish civilians were subject to forced labour in German industry, internment, wholesale expulsions to make way for German colonists and mass executions. The German authorities engaged in a systematic effort to destroy Polish culture and national identity. During operation AB-Aktion, many university professors and members of the Polish intelligentsia were arrested and executed, or transported to concentration camps. During the war, Poland lost an estimated 39 to 45 percent of its physicians and dentists, 26 to 57 percent of its lawyers, 15 to 30 percent of its teachers, 30 to 40 percent of its scientists and university professors, and 18 to 28 percent of its clergy. Further, 43 percent of Poland's educational and research institutions and 14 percent of its museums had been destroyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195536613464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Pope Pius XI had the \"Mit brennender Sorge\" (\"With Burning Concern\") Encyclical smuggled into Germany for Passion Sunday 1937 and read from every pulpit. It denounced the systematic hostility of the regime toward the church. In response, Goebbels renewed the regime's crackdown and propaganda against Catholics. Enrolment in denominational schools dropped sharply, and by 1939 all such schools were disbanded or converted to public facilities. Later Catholic protests included the 22 March 1942 pastoral letter by the German bishops on \"The Struggle against Christianity and the Church\". About 30 percent of Catholic priests were disciplined by police during the Nazi era. A vast security network spied on the activities of clergy, and priests were frequently denounced, arrested, or sent to concentration camps – many to the dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau. In the areas of Poland annexed in 1940, the Nazis instigated a brutal suppression and systematic dismantling of the Catholic Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.403098106384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish–German border to more established lines of defence to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom. While those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September, in the end their aid to Poland was very limited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8272392749786377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Soviet Red Army's invasion of Eastern Poland on 17 September, in accordance with a secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania. On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.188210964202881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government. The Soviet Union incorporated its newly acquired areas into its constituent Belarusian and Ukrainian republics, and immediately started a campaign of sovietization. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground resistance organizations formed the Polish Underground State within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles that managed to escape Poland subsequently joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West, an armed force loyal to the Polish government in exile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.050753593444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party, under its leader Adolf Hitler, came to power in Germany. The Weimar Republic had long sought the return of ethnic German-majority territory in Western Poland, and as early as the autumn of 1933 Hitler envisioned annexing this and similarly ethnic German territories as Bohemia and Austria to Germany, as well as the creation of satellite or puppet states economically subordinate to Germany. As part of this long-term policy, Hitler at first pursued a policy of rapprochement with Poland, trying to improve opinion in Germany, culminating in the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934. Earlier, Hitler's foreign policy worked to weaken ties between Poland and France, and attempted to manoeuvre Poland into the Anti-Comintern Pact, forming a cooperative front against the Soviet Union. Poland would be granted territory to its northeast in Ukraine and Belarus if it agreed to wage war against the Soviet Union, but the concessions the Poles were expected to make meant that their homeland would become largely dependent on Germany, functioning as little more than a client state. The Poles feared that their independence would eventually be threatened altogether. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.06733512878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The population of the Free City of Danzig was strongly in favour of annexation by Germany, as were much of the ethnic German inhabitants of the Polish territory that separated the German exclave of East Prussia from the rest of the Reich. The so-called Polish Corridor constituted land long disputed by Poland and Germany, and inhabited by a Polish majority. The Corridor had become a part of Poland after the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans also wanted the city of Danzig and its environs (together the Free City of Danzig) to be reincorporated into Germany. Danzig was a port city with a German majority. It had been separated from Germany after Versailles and made into the nominally independent Free City of Danzig. Hitler sought to use this as a reason for war, reverse these territorial losses, and on many occasions made an appeal to German nationalism, promising to \"liberate\" the German minority still in the Corridor, as well as Danzig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.993517875671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland participated with Germany in the partition of Czechoslovakia that followed the Munich Agreement, although they were not part of the agreement. It coerced Czechoslovakia to surrender the region of Český Těšín by issuing an ultimatum to that effect on 30 September 1938, which was accepted by Czechoslovakia on 1 October. This region had a Polish majority and had been disputed between Czechoslovakia and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The Polish annexation of Slovak territory (several villages in the regions of Čadca, Orava and Spiš) later served as the justification for Slovak state to join the German invasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8773014545440674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "By 1937, Germany began to increase its demands for Danzig, while proposing that an extraterritorial roadway, part of the Reichsautobahn system, be built in order to connect East Prussia with Germany proper, running through the Polish Corridor. Poland rejected this proposal, fearing that after accepting these demands, it would become increasingly subject to the will of Germany and eventually lose its independence as the Czechs had. Polish leaders also distrusted Hitler. Furthermore, Germany's collaboration with anti-Polish Ukrainian nationalists from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, which was seen as an effort to isolate and weaken Poland, weakened Hitler's credibility from the Polish point of view. The British were also wary of Germany's increasing strength and assertiveness threatening its balance of power strategy. On 31 March 1939, Poland formed a military alliance with the United Kingdom and France, believing that Polish independence and territorial integrity would be defended with their support if it were to be threatened by Germany. On the other hand, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and his Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax, still hoped to strike a deal with Hitler regarding Danzig (and possibly the Polish Corridor). Chamberlain and his supporters believed war could be avoided and hoped Germany would agree to leave the rest of Poland alone. German hegemony over Central Europe was also at stake. In private, Hitler said in May that Danzig was not the important issue to him, but pursuit of Lebensraum for Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.580550670623779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "With tensions mounting, Germany turned to aggressive diplomacy. On 28 April 1939, Hitler unilaterally withdrew from both the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934 and the London Naval Agreement of 1935. Talks over Danzig and the Corridor broke down and months passed without diplomatic interaction between Germany and Poland. During this interim period, the Germans learned that France and Britain had failed to secure an alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany, and that the Soviet Union was interested in an alliance with Germany against Poland. Hitler had already issued orders to prepare for a possible \"solution of the Polish problem by military means\" through the Case White scenario.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.533876895904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In May 1939, in a statement to his generals while they were in the midst of planning the invasion of Poland, Hitler made it clear that the invasion would not come without resistance as it had in Czechoslovakia: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3892955780029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "However, with the surprise signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August, the result of secret Nazi-Soviet talks held in Moscow, Germany neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and war became imminent. In fact, the Soviets agreed not to aid France or the UK in the event of their going to war with Germany over Poland and, in a secret protocol of the pact, the Germans and the Soviets agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into two spheres of influence; the western ⅓ of the country was to go to Germany and the eastern ⅔ to the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.558000564575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The German assault was originally scheduled to begin at 04:00 on 26 August. However, on 25 August, the Polish-British Common Defense Pact was signed as an annex to the Franco-Polish Military Alliance. In this accord, Britain committed itself to the defence of Poland, guaranteeing to preserve Polish independence. At the same time, the British and the Poles were hinting to Berlin that they were willing to resume discussions—not at all how Hitler hoped to frame the conflict. Thus, he wavered and postponed his attack until 1 September, managing to in effect halt the entire invasion \"in mid-leap\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.240384578704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 26 August, Hitler tried to dissuade the British and the French from interfering in the upcoming conflict, even pledging that the Wehrmacht forces would be made available to Britain's empire in the future. The negotiations convinced Hitler that there was little chance the Western Allies would declare war on Germany, and even if they did, because of the lack of \"territorial guarantees\" to Poland, they would be willing to negotiate a compromise favourable to Germany after its conquest of Poland. Meanwhile, the increased number of overflights by high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft and cross-border troop movements signaled that war was imminent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.282641887664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 29 August, prompted by the British, Germany issued one last diplomatic offer, with Fall Weiss yet to be rescheduled. That evening, the German government responded in a communication that it aimed not only for the restoration of Danzig but also the Polish Corridor (which had not previously been part of Hitler’s demands) in addition to the safeguarding of the German minority in Poland. It said that they were willing to commence negotiations, but indicated that a Polish representative with the power to sign an agreement had to arrive in Berlin the next day while in the meantime it would draw up a set of proposals. The British Cabinet was pleased that negotiations had been agreed to but, mindful of how Emil Hácha had been forced to sign his country away under similar circumstances just months earlier, regarded the requirement for an immediate arrival of a Polish representative with full signing powers as an unacceptable ultimatum. On the night of 30/31 August, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop read a 16-point German proposal to the British ambassador. When the ambassador requested a copy of the proposals for transmission to the Polish government Ribbentrop refused on the grounds that the requested Polish representative had failed to arrive by midnight. When Polish Ambassador Lipski went to see Ribbentrop later on 31 August to indicate that Poland was favorably disposed to negotiations, he announced that he did not have the full power to sign, and Ribbentrop dismissed him. It was then broadcast that Poland had rejected Germany's offer, and negotiations with Poland came to an end. Hitler issued orders for the invasion to commence soon afterwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419246673583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 30 August, the Polish Navy sent its destroyer flotilla to Britain, executing Operation Peking. On the same day, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły announced the mobilization of Polish troops. However, he was pressured into revoking the order by the French, who apparently still hoped for a diplomatic settlement, failing to realize that the Germans were fully mobilized and concentrated at the Polish border. During the night of 31 August, the Gleiwitz incident, a false flag attack on the radio station, was staged near the border city of Gleiwitz in Upper Silesia by German units posing as Polish troops, as part of the wider Operation Himmler. On 31 August 1939, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. Because of the earlier stoppage, Poland managed to mobilize only 70% of its planned forces, and many units were still forming or moving to their designated frontline positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.719999313354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Germany had a substantial numeric advantage over Poland and had developed a significant military before the conflict. The Heer (army) had some 2,400 tanks organized into six panzer divisions, utilizing a new operational doctrine. It held that these divisions should act in coordination with other elements of the military, punching holes in the enemy line and isolating selected units, which would be encircled and destroyed. This would be followed up by less-mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The Luftwaffe (air force) provided both tactical and strategic air power, particularly dive bombers that disrupted lines of supply and communications. Together, the new methods were nicknamed \"Blitzkrieg\" (lightning war). Historian Basil Liddell Hart claimed \"Poland was a full demonstration of the Blitzkrieg theory.\" Some other historians, however, disagree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130125999450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186203002929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Experiences in the Polish-Soviet War shaped Polish Army organizational and operational doctrine. Unlike the trench warfare of World War I, the Polish-Soviet War was a conflict in which the cavalry's mobility played a decisive role. Poland acknowledged the benefits of mobility but was unable to invest heavily in many of the expensive, unproven inventions since then. In spite of this, Polish cavalry brigades were used as a mobile mounted infantry and had some successes against both German infantry and cavalry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4443941116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. Poland had only about 600 aircraft, of which only 37 P-37 Łoś bombers were modern and comparable to its German counterparts. The Polish Air Force had roughly 185 PZL P.11 and some 95 PZL P.7 fighters, 175 PZL.23 Karaś Bs, 35 Karaś As, and by September, over 100 PZL.37s were produced. However, for the September Campaign, only some 70% of those aircraft were mobilized. Only 36 PZL.37s were deployed. All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the bombers being more modern than fighters, according to the Ludomił Rayski air force expansion plan, which relied on a strong bomber force. The Polish Air Force consisted of a 'Bomber Brigade', 'Pursuit Brigade' and aircraft assigned to the various ground armies. The Polish fighters were a generation older than their German counterparts; the PZL P.11 fighter—produced in the early 1930s—had a top speed of only 365 km/h, far less than German bombers. To compensate, the pilots relied on its maneuverability and high diving speed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.760557174682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": " A standard tank of the Polish Army during the invasion of 1939 was the 7TP light tank. It was the first tank in the world to be equipped with a diesel engine and 360° Gundlach periscope. The 7TP was significantly better armed than its most common opponents, the German Panzer I and II, but only 140 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. Poland had also a few relatively modern imported designs, such as 50 Renault R35 tanks and 38 Vickers E tanks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.647867202758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The September Campaign was devised by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. It called for the start of hostilities before a declaration of war, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces. The infantry—far from completely mechanized but fitted with fast moving artillery and logistic support—was to be supported by Panzers and small numbers of truck-mounted infantry (the Schützen regiments, forerunners of the panzergrenadiers) to assist the rapid movement of troops and concentrate on localized parts of the enemy front, eventually isolating segments of the enemy, surrounding, and destroying them. The pre-war \"armored idea\" (which an American journalist in 1939 dubbed Blitzkrieg)—which was advocated by some generals, including Heinz Guderian—would have had the armor punching holes in the enemy's front and ranging deep into rear areas; in actuality, the campaign in Poland would be fought along more traditional lines. This stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German high command, who mainly restricted the role of armor and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.997374534606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland's terrain was well suited for mobile operations when the weather cooperated; the country had flat plains with long frontiers totalling almost 5600 km, Poland's long border with Germany on the west and north—facing East Prussia—extended 2000 km. Those had been lengthened by another 300 km on the southern side in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement of 1938. The German incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia and creation of the German puppet state of Slovakia meant that Poland's southern flank was exposed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.996566772460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months. They intended to fully exploit their long border with the great enveloping manoeuver of Fall Weiss. German units were to invade Poland from three directions:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.586636543273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "*A main attack over the western Polish border. This was to be carried out by Army Group South commanded by General Gerd von Rundstedt, attacking from German Silesia and from the Moravian and Slovak border: General Johannes Blaskowitz's 8th Army was to drive eastward against Łódź; General Wilhelm List's 14th Army was to push on toward Kraków and to turn the Poles' Carpathian flank; and General Walter von Reichenau's 10th Army, in the centre with Army Group South's armor, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northeastward thrust into the heart of Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51382827758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "*From within Poland, the German minority would assist by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations through Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz units prepared before the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72878360748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Polish political determination to deploy forces directly at the German-Polish border, based on the Polish-British Common Defense Pact, shaped the country's defence plan, \"Plan West\". Poland's most valuable natural resources, industry and population were located along the western border in Eastern Upper Silesia. Polish policy centred on their protection especially since many politicians feared that if Poland were to retreat from the regions disputed by Germany, Britain and France would sign a separate peace treaty with Germany similar to the Munich Agreement of 1938. The fact that none of Poland's allies had specifically guaranteed Polish borders or territorial integrity certainly did not help in easing Polish concerns. For these reasons, Poland disregarded French advice to deploy the bulk of their forces behind the natural barriers such as the Vistula and San rivers, even though some Polish generals supported it as a better strategy. The West Plan did permit the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but it was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions and was intended to give the armed forces time to complete its mobilization and execute a general counteroffensive with the support of the Western Allies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.173282623291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The British and French estimated that Poland should be able to defend itself for two to three months, while Poland estimated it could do so for at least six months. Poland drafted its estimates based upon the expectation that the Western Allies honor their treaty obligations and quickly start an offensive of their own. In addition, the French and British expected the war to develop into trench warfare much like World War I. The Polish government was not notified of this strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of quick relief by their Western allies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.280405044555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Polish forces were stretched thinly along the Polish-German border and lacked compact defence lines and good defence positions along disadvantageous terrain. This strategy also left supply lines poorly protected. One-third of Poland's forces were massed in or near the Polish Corridor, making them vulnerable to a double envelopment from East Prussia and the west. Another third were concentrated in the north-central part of the country, between the major cities of Łódź and Warsaw. The forward positioning of Polish forces vastly increased the difficulty of carrying out strategic maneuvers, compounded by inadequate mobility, as Polish units often lacked the ability to retreat from their defensive positions as they were being overrun by more mobile German mechanized formations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776644706726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Polish forces abandoned the regions of Pomerelia (the Polish Corridor), Greater Poland and Polish Upper Silesia in the first week. The Polish plan for border defence was proven a dismal failure. The German advance as a whole was not slowed. On 10 September, the Polish commander-in-chief—Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły—ordered a general retreat to the southeast, towards the so-called Romanian Bridgehead. Meanwhile, the Germans were tightening their encirclement of the Polish forces west of the Vistula (in the Łódź area and, still farther west, around Poznań) and also penetrating deeply into eastern Poland. Warsaw—under heavy aerial bombardment since the first hours of the war—was attacked on 9 September and was put under siege on 13 September. Around that time, advanced German forces also reached the city of Lwów, a major metropolis in eastern Poland. 1,150 German aircraft bombed Warsaw on 24 September.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.326817512512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The largest battle during this campaign—the Battle of Bzura—took place near the Bzura river west of Warsaw and lasted 9–19 September. Polish armies Poznań and Pomorze, retreating from the border area of the Polish Corridor, attacked the flank of the advancing German 8th Army, but the counterattack failed after initial success. After the defeat, Poland lost its ability to take the initiative and counterattack on a large scale. German air power was instrumental during the battle. The Luftwaffes offensive broke what remained of Polish resistance in an \"awesome demonstration of air power\". The Luftwaffe quickly destroyed the bridges across the Bzura River. Afterward, the Polish forces were trapped out in the open, and were attacked by wave after wave of Stukas, dropping 50 kg \"light bombs\" which caused huge numbers of casualties. The Polish anti-aircraft batteries ran out of ammunition and retreated to the forests, but were then \"smoked out\" by the Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17s dropping 100 kg incendiaries. The Luftwaffe left the army with the task of mopping up survivors. The Stukageschwaders alone dropped 388 t of bombs during this battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.718318939208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "By 17 September, the Polish defence was already broken and the only hope was to retreat and reorganize along the Romanian Bridgehead. However, these plans were rendered obsolete nearly overnight, when the over 800,000-strong Soviet Red Army entered and created the Belarusian and Ukrainian fronts after invading the eastern regions of Poland in violation of the Riga Peace Treaty, the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact, and other international treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Soviet diplomacy had lied that they were \"protecting the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities of eastern Poland since the Polish government had abandoned the country and the Polish state ceased to exist\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.677461624145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Polish border defence forces in the east—known as the Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza—consisted of about 25 battalions. Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered them to fall back and not engage the Soviets. This, however, did not prevent some clashes and small battles, such as the Battle of Grodno, as soldiers and local population attempted to defend the city. The Soviets executed numerous Polish officers, including prisoners of war like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organized local revolts, robbing and killing civilians. Those movements were quickly disciplined by the NKVD. The Soviet invasion was one of the decisive factors that convinced the Polish government that the war in Poland was lost. Before the Soviet attack from the east, the Polish military's fall-back plan had called for long-term defence against Germany in the south-eastern part of Poland, while awaiting relief from a Western Allies attack on Germany's western border. However, the Polish government refused to surrender or negotiate a peace with Germany. Instead, it ordered all units to evacuate Poland and reorganize in France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269736289978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians were killed during the September invasion of Poland and millions more were killed in the following years of German and Soviet occupation. The Polish Campaign was the first action by Adolf Hitler in his attempt to create Lebensraum (living space) for Germans. Nazi propaganda was one of the factors behind the German brutality directed at civilians which had worked relentlessly to convince the German people into believing that the Jews and Slavs were Untermenschen (subhumans). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.027840614318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union. Slovakia gained back those territories taken by Poland in autumn 1938. Lithuania received the city of Vilnius and its environs on 28 October 1939 from the Soviet Union. On 8 and 13 September 1939, the German military districts of \"Posen\" (Poznan)—commanded by General Alfred von Vollard-Bockelberg—and \"Westpreußen\" (West Prussia)—commanded by General Walter Heitz—were established in conquered Greater Poland and Pomerelia, respectively. Based on laws of 21 May 1935 and 1 June 1938, the German Wehrmacht delegated civil administrative powers to \"Chiefs of Civil Administration\" (Chefs der Zivilverwaltung, CdZ). German dictator Adolf Hitler appointed Arthur Greiser to become the CdZ of the Posen military district, and Danzig's Gauleiter Albert Forster to become the CdZ of the West Prussian military district. On 3 October, the military districts \"Lodz\" and \"Krakau\" (Cracow) were set up under command of Generalobersten (Colonel-Generals) Gerd von Rundstedt and Wilhelm List, and Hitler appointed Hans Frank and Arthur Seyss-Inquart as civil heads, respectively. At the same time, Frank was appointed \"supreme chief administrator\" for all occupied territories. On 28 September, another secret German-Soviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all of Lithuania was shifted to the Soviet sphere of influence; in exchange, the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favour, eastwards towards the Bug River. On 8 October, Germany formally annexed the western parts of Poland with Greiser and Forster as Reichsstatthalter, while the south-central parts were administered as the General Government led by Frank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.598125457763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of a period during which the government of the Soviet Union increasingly tried to convince itself that the actions of Germany were reasonable, and were not developments to be worried about, despite evidence to the contrary. On 7 September 1939, just a few days after France and Britain joined the war against Germany, Stalin explained to a colleague that the war was to the advantage of the Soviet Union, as follows: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.135028839111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Since October 1939, the Polish army that could escape imprisonment from the Soviets or Nazis were mainly heading for British and French territories. These places were considered safe, because of the pre-war alliance between Great-Britain, France and Poland. Not only did the government escape, but also the national gold supply was evacuated via Romania and brought to the West, notably London and Ottawa. The amount of approximately 75,000 kilos of gold was considered sufficient to field an army for the duration of the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.928882598876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In 1939, only 10% of the Polish army was made up of cavalry units. Polish cavalry never charged German tanks or entrenched infantry or artillery, but usually acted as mobile infantry (like dragoons) and reconnaissance units and executed cavalry charges only in rare situations against foot soldiers. Other armies (including German and Soviet) also fielded and extensively used elite horse cavalry units at that time. Polish cavalry consisted of eleven brigades, as emphasized by its military doctrine, equipped with anti tank rifles \"UR\" and light artillery such as the highly effective Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun. The myth originated from war correspondents' reports similar to that of the Battle of Krojanty, where a Polish cavalry brigade was fired upon in ambush by hidden armored vehicles, after it had mounted a sabre-charge against German infantry. There have also been cases when Polish cavalry dashing between tanks trying to break out of encirclement gave an impression of an attack.Snidner takes issue here with this contention on at least one occasion. Seidner,Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the defence of Poland ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.639069557189941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "* False: Poland offered little resistance and surrendered quickly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513700485229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "* False: Blitzkrieg was first used in Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233431816101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "It is often assumed that blitzkrieg is the strategy that Germany first used in Poland. The ideas of blitzkrieg and mobile warfare had already been used in Spain, China and Siberia. Many early post-war histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in The Second World War (BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to \"enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940\", citing that \"Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action … called the result Blitzkrieg.\" This idea has been repudiated by some authors. Matthew Cooper writes: \"Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanized units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry. ... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the … German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign.\" Vernichtungsgedanke was a strategy dating back to Frederick the Great, and was applied in the Polish Campaign little changed from the French campaigns in 1870 or 1914. The use of tanks \"left much to be desired. ... Fear of enemy action against the flanks of the advance, fear which was to prove so disastrous to German prospects in the west in 1940 and in the Soviet Union in 1941, was present from the beginning of the war.\"\" John Ellis, writing in Brute Force, asserted that \"… there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic (emphasis in original) mission that was to characterize authentic armoured blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies.\" Zaloga and Madej, in The Polish Campaign 1939, also address the subject of mythical interpretations of Blitzkrieg and the importance of other arms in the campaign. \"Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzers and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery (emphasis added) on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.312491416931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invasion of Poland" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bargaining", "passage": "The premise for this limited series was created by J. Michael Straczynski during a Marvel retreat in New York. (The book credits Straczynski with the initial concept.) He suggested the structure of five issues, each based on Elizabeth Kubler Ross' Five Stages of Grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Loeb lobbied hard to write the series, and succeeded, saying that he could draw upon his own experience of having lost his son Sam Loeb. In the Spring Preview issue of Wizard magazine, Loeb said:", "precise_score": 2.7596380710601807, "rough_score": -1.0743767023086548, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bargaining", "passage": "Issue #3 – Bargaining", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220748901367188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "*Wham-O Toys, a toy company and an inventor's workshop, home of the original frisbee, hacky sack and hula hoop", "precise_score": -5.528769016265869, "rough_score": -3.47369122505188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emeryville, California" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "The Slip’N Slide is a toy manufactured by Wham-O, first introduced in 1961 after being invented by Robert Carrier. ", "precise_score": 2.57839298248291, "rough_score": 2.129011631011963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slip 'N Slide" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "Wham-O Inc. is a toy company in Woodland Hills, California, USA. They are known for marketing many popular toys in the past 50 years, including the Hula Hoop, the Frisbee, the Slip 'N Slide, the Super Ball, the Trac-Ball, Silly String, the Hacky Sack and the Boogie Board. ", "precise_score": 1.2881003618240356, "rough_score": 5.141952991485596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1958, Hula Hoop first marketed by WHAM-O.", "precise_score": -0.6847134232521057, "rough_score": 0.8793407082557678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1961, Slip 'N' Slide first manufactured by WHAM-O.", "precise_score": 1.9572227001190186, "rough_score": -0.48858603835105896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "In 1957, Wham-O, still a fledgling company, took the idea of Australian bamboo \"exercise hoops\" and manufactured them with Marlex. The new Hula Hoop was born (the name \"hula hoop\" has been used since the 18th century). Knerr and Melin had created the biggest fad to date. Twenty-five million were sold in less than four months, and in two years sales reached more than 100 million units. By the end of 1959, after US$45 million in profits (US$346M adjusted for inflation to 2012), the fad slowly was dying out.", "precise_score": -2.417386531829834, "rough_score": -0.35394880175590515, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "The Frisbee and Hula Hoop created fads. Other products tried to take advantage of existing national trends. In the 1960s, Wham-O came out with a US$119 do-it-yourself bomb shelter cover. In 1962, they sold a limbo dance kit to take advantage of that fad, and in 1975 when the movie Jaws was released, they sold plastic shark teeth.", "precise_score": -2.1360366344451904, "rough_score": 2.6815762519836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Frisbees", "passage": "For many years, the company's strategy was to have eight to twelve simple and inexpensive products, such as Frisbees, Band-Aids, Super Balls, and Hula Hoops. New products would be developed and added to the line for a tryout period, and old ones retired (either for a few years or permanently) as their popularity waned. Since the toys were not expensive or complicated, they were sold by a wide variety of retailers, from large department stores to five and dime stores.", "precise_score": -3.4637908935546875, "rough_score": -2.039590358734131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "Wham-O and makers of similar competitive products later included various enhancements such as an inflatable pool at one end of the sliding surface and spray tubes on both sides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.156970024108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slip 'N Slide" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "After Stingley invented Polybutadiene synthetic rubber, he sought uses for it, as well as someone to manufacture it. He first offered his invention to the Bettis Rubber Company, for whom he worked at the time. Because the material was not very durable, they turned it down, so he took it to toy company Wham-O that worked on developing a more durable version. This version is still manufactured by Wham-O.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.061638832092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Ball" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "\"It took us nearly two years to iron the kinks out of Super Ball before we produced it,\" said Richard Knerr, President of Wham-O, in 1966. \"It always had that marvelous springiness ... But it had a tendency to fly apart. We've licked that with a very high-pressure technique for forming it. Now we're selling millions.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.961618423461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Ball" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "When Super Ball was introduced, it became a fad. Peak production reached over 170,000 Super Balls per day. By December 1965 over six million had been sold, and U.S. Presidential adviser McGeorge Bundy had five dozen Super Balls shipped to the White House for the amusement of the staff. Knowing that fads are often short-lived, Wham-O Executive Vice-president Richard P. Knerr said, \"Each Super Ball bounce is 92% as high as the last. If our sales don't come down any faster than that, we've got it made.\" Initially, the full-size Super Ball sold for 98¢ at retail; by the end of 1966 its colorful miniature versions sold for as little as 10¢ in vending machines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.413255214691162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Ball" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "In the late 1960s Wham-O made a \"giant\" Super Ball, roughly the size of a bowling ball, as a promotional stunt. It fell from the 23rd story window (some reports say the roof) of an Australian hotel and destroyed a parked convertible car on the second bounce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.242326259613037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Ball" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "Richard Knerr and Arthur \"Spud\" Melin, two University of Southern California college graduates unhappy with their employment, began the company in 1948 as \"WHAM-O Mfg. Co.\" in the Knerr family garage in South Pasadena. Their first product was the Wham-O slingshot, made of ash wood, which Knerr and Melin would promote by showing off their own skills at demonstrations. The powerful slingshot was used by clubs for competitive target shooting, as well as for small game hunting. The name \"Wham-O\" was based on the sound of the slingshot's shot hitting the target. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.799785614013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1948, WHAM-O founded - For about a year in the fifties, the company tries to brand their sporting goods under the name WAMO. The sporting goods buyers don't care for the switch, so it is soon dropped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.867461681365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1957, WHAM-O acquires the rights to the Flyin-Saucer / Frisbee from Fred Morrison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.545119285583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1965, Super Ball first manufactured by WHAM-O.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.077217102050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1982, Wham-O was purchased by Kransco Group Companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45189094543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1994, Mattel buys Wham-O from Kransco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642745971679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1995, Wham-O buys Aspectus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807573318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 1997, Wham-O becomes independent again when a group of investors purchases the company from Mattel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443881034851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* January 2006, Wham-O is sold for ~ US$80 million to Cornerstone Overseas Investment Limited, a Chinese company that owns or controls five factories in China. That same month Wham-O donates the office files, photographs and films of Dan \"Stork\" Roddick (Dir. Sports Promotion 1975–1994) to Western Historical Manuscript Collection (Midwest Disc Sports Collection accession 5828). WHMC is located on the University of Missouri, Columbia campus and is a joint collection with the State Historical Society of Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579568862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 2008, Wham-O introduces the EZ Spin Foam Frisbee Disc (a waterproof foam disc with plastic center for spinning of disc on top or bottom of disc).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.316849708557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 2009, Wham-O is sold to investment firm The Aguilar Group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982531547546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* 2010, Wham-O acquires Sprig Toys Inc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937508583068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "Shortly after, they got lucky again with the Frisbee. In 1955 Fred Morrison began marketing a plastic flying disc which he called the \"Pluto Platter Putt-Putt\". He sold the design to Wham-O in 1957 and the design was modified, the product renamed \"Frisbee\" and sales took off in 1959.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.835160255432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "In the early 1960s, Wham-O created the Super Ball. It was made of a relatively hard elastomer Polybutadiene alloy dubbed Zectron, exhibiting a remarkable 0.92 coefficient of restitution when bounced on hard surfaces. The company sold some 20 million of these during the 1960s, and the NFL named the Super Bowl games after it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0106000900268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Bubble Thing", "passage": "* \"Bubble Thing\" (1988), soap bubble toy, which is an extremely large bubble wand, usually dipped in a small plastic wading pool filled with bubble solution that claims to make bubbles \"as long as a bus,\" .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905801773071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* Wham-O also marketed very real crossbows, machetes, boomerangs, throwing knives ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.641408920288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* Magic Window (1971), was made from two 30 x oval plates of heavy clear plastic, with a narrow channel between them containing \"Adamantium\" (glass) crystal sands of varying colors. The concept behind the Magic Window toy came from inventor Roy L. Cloutier, who had a degree in Engineering Physics from Michigan Tech. In 2012, the current owners of the original patent made a slightly modified version of the Magic Window available, created and marketed without Wham-O's involvement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.147350311279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "Wham-O's initial success can be seen as a result of the insight of its founders. Knerr and Melin aimed their products directly at kids, going to playgrounds to reach them. They did extensive research to find new product ideas, including traveling around the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807196617126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "As of 2006, the portfolio of product lines includes several groups of related items which use licensed brand names. For example, Sea-Doo is a brand name by the manufacturer Bombardier of personal water craft; Wham-O makes a \"Sea-Doo\" product line of small inflatable rafts designed to be towed behind watercraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778911590576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "On January 31, 2011, Wham-O announced its arrangement with ICM, the company that represents Atari video games, to represent the Wham-O company in various media. The expected result will be movies, television, music, and online content based around the toy products of the Wham-O company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799173355102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* A fictionalized account of the invention of two Wham-O products, the Hula-Hoop and Frisbee, is depicted in the 1994 film The Hudsucker Proxy, though the company is mentioned only in the end credits of the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.730042934417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* A Wham-O Air Blaster was featured in the infamous 1964 film Santa Claus Conquers the Martians as a freeze ray gun used by one of the Martians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81501293182373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* In 2003, Wham-O sued to have the film Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star removed from theaters until the \"Slip 'N Slide\" scene was removed. They claimed it violated the product's safety instructions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74374771118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* The band Monster Magnet is named after a Wham-O toy from the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572339057922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" }, { "answer": "Wham-O", "passage": "* Wham-O is parodied as Blammo in Ren and Stimpy on Log advertisements, which was a parody of the slinky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892752647399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham-O" } ]

[ { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Image:Japanese surrender signatory correction.jpg|Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland, aboard USS Missouri, corrects a signatory error in the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. US Colonel Sidney Mashbir and Japanese Foreign Minister Okazaki look on.", "precise_score": 3.4409382343292236, "rough_score": 4.98835563659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam declaration of 27 July, but the Japanese government was internally divided on whether to make peace and did not respond. In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Like the Japanese cities previously bombed by American airmen, the US and its allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity, to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000–500,000 Allied troops and millions of Japanese troops and civilians. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, invaded Japanese-held Manchuria, and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, with the surrender documents finally signed aboard the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. ", "precise_score": 0.5706738829612732, "rough_score": 2.357179641723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "The formal surrender occurred on September 2, 1945 around 9 a.m. Tokyo time, when representatives from the Empire of Japan signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay aboard the USS Missouri. Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu signed for the Japanese government, while Gen. Umezu signed for the Japanese armed forces. ", "precise_score": 9.269335746765137, "rough_score": 9.16015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surrender of Japan" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "The deck of the Missouri was furnished with two American flags. A commonly heard story is that one of the flags had flown over the White House on the day Pearl Harbor was attacked. However, Captain Stuart Murray of USS Missouri explained:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800955772399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "Battleship Missouri", "passage": "A replica of this historic flag can be seen today on the Surrender Deck of the Battleship Missouri Memorial in Pearl Harbor. This replica is also placed in the same location on the bulkhead of the veranda deck where it had been initially mounted on the morning of September 2, 1945, by Chief Carpenter Fred Miletich. The original flag is still on display at the Naval Academy Museum, as is the table and tablecloth upon which the instrument of surrender was signed, and the original bronze plaque marking the location of the signing (which was replaced by two replicas in 1990).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.757065773010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "As witnesses, American general Jonathan Wainwright, who had surrendered the Philippines, and British lieutenant-general Arthur Percival, who had surrendered Singapore, received two of the six pens used by General MacArthur to sign the instrument. Another pen went to the West Point military academy, and one to MacArthur's aide. All of the pens used by MacArthur were black, except the last, which was plum-colored and went to his wife. A replica of it, along with copies of the instrument of surrender, is in a case on Missouri by the plaque marking the signing spot. The model of the USS Missouri in the National Museum of the United States Navy at the Washington Navy Yard, has a scale replica of the signing table in the correct location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.466585159301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Image:Allied battleships in Sagami Bay 28 Aug 1945.jpg|Ships of U.S. Third Fleet and British Pacific Fleet in Sagami Wan, 28 August 1945, preparing for the formal Japanese surrender. Nearest ship is USS Missouri. HMS Duke of York is just beyond, with HMS King George V further in. USS Colorado is in far center distance. Mount Fujiyama is in the background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9891678094863892, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Image:Surrender Plaque USS Missouri (BB-63).jpg|Plaque in the deck of the Missouri marking the location of the signing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.799323081970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Image:Missouri-flyover.jpg|Huge formation of American planes over USS Missouri and Tokyo Bay celebrating the signing, September 2, 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.970782279968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Image:USS Missouri Tokyo Bay.jpg|Photo taken from an airplane flying over USS Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479722023010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" }, { "answer": "USS Missouri", "passage": "Even during the Cold War, the psychological impact of a battleship was significant. In 1946, USS Missouri was dispatched to deliver the remains of the ambassador from Turkey, and her presence in Turkish and Greek waters staved off a possible Soviet thrust into the Balkan region. In September 1983, when Druze militia in Lebanon's Shouf Mountains fired upon U.S. Marine peacekeepers, the arrival of USS New Jersey stopped the firing. Gunfire from New Jersey later killed militia leaders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3241071701049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ocean", "passage": " And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d)", "precise_score": -9.878220558166504, "rough_score": -10.737981796264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sonnet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Germanization policies were targeted particularly against the significant Polish minority of the empire, gained by Prussia in the Partitions of Poland. Poles were treated as an ethnic minority even where they made up the majority, as in the Province of Posen, where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced. Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German-speaking population dropped from 42.8% in 1871 to 38.1% in 1905, despite all efforts. ", "precise_score": -10.760963439941406, "rough_score": -11.160613059997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "German Empire" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Clayton is named \"Tarzan\" (\"White Skin\" in the ape language) and raised in ignorance of his human heritage. ", "precise_score": -2.7437212467193604, "rough_score": -8.67522144317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "At about the age of 20 a new party is marooned on the coast, including Jane Porter, the first white woman Tarzan has ever seen. Tarzan's cousin, William Cecil Clayton, unwitting usurper of the ape man's ancestral English estate, is also among the party. Tarzan spies on the newcomers, aids them in secret, and saves Jane from the perils of the jungle. ", "precise_score": -8.6345853805542, "rough_score": -9.585433959960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Ultimately, Tarzan travels to find Jane in Wisconsin, USA. Tarzan learns the bitter news that she has become engaged to William Clayton. Meanwhile, clues from his parents' cabin have enabled D'Arnot to prove Tarzan's true identity as John Clayton the Earl of Greystoke. Instead of reclaiming his inheritance from William, Tarzan chooses rather to conceal and renounce his heritage for the sake of Jane's happiness. ", "precise_score": -0.7499569058418274, "rough_score": -6.115785598754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Lord Greystoke", "passage": "*John Clayton, Lord Greystoke", "precise_score": 3.6086792945861816, "rough_score": 3.1812145709991455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Burroughs' novel has been the basis of several movies. The first two were the silent films Tarzan of the Apes (1918) and The Romance of Tarzan (1918), both starring Elmo Lincoln as Tarzan, based on the first and second parts of the novel, respectively. The next and most famous adaptation was Tarzan the Ape Man (1932), starring Johnny Weissmuller, who went on to star in eleven other Tarzan films. Lincoln was replaced as Clayton by Harry Holt. It was remade twice, as Tarzan, the Ape Man (1959), featuring Denny Miller, and Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981), with Miles O'Keeffe as Tarzan and Bo Derek as Jane. ", "precise_score": -9.317276000976562, "rough_score": -9.704933166503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Four more movie adaptations have been made to date: Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984), a film starring Christopher Lambert that is more faithful to the book; Tarzan of the Apes (1999), a direct to video animated film; Tarzan (1999), a Disney animated film with Tony Goldwyn as the voice of Tarzan; and The Legend of Tarzan (2016), a more historically contextualized update starring Alexander Skarsgård and Margot Robbie, as well as Christoph Waltz and Samuel L. Jackson, portraying actual figures in the Congo at that time, the brutal Belgian Captain Léon Rom and American Civil War soldier George Washington Williams, respectively.", "precise_score": -10.002266883850098, "rough_score": -7.613286972045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "The book has been adapted into comic form on a number of occasions, both in the original Tarzan comic strip and comic books. The strip itself began with Hal Foster's adaptation of the story. Notable adaptations into comic book form include those of Gold Key Comics in Tarzan no. 155 (script by Gaylord DuBois, art by Russ Manning), dated September 1966 (reprinted in no. 178, dated October 1969), DC Comics in Tarzan nos. 207-210, dated April–July 1972, and Marvel in Tarzan Super Special no. 1 (reprinted in Tarzan of the Apes nos. 1-2, dated July–August 1984). Probably the most prestigious comic version, however, was illustrator and former Tarzan comic strip artist Burne Hogarth's 1972 adaptation of the first half of the book into his showcase graphic novel Tarzan of the Apes. (Hogarth subsequently followed up with another graphic novel Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1976), which adapted four stories from Burroughs' identically titled collection of Tarzan stories). Dynamite Entertainment adapted the story for the first 6 issues of Lord of the Jungle, albeit loosely; for example, the cannibal tribe was replaced by a village of literal apemen.", "precise_score": -11.126971244812012, "rough_score": -10.076120376586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan (John Clayton, Viscount Greystoke) is a fictional character, an archetypal feral child raised in the African jungles by the Mangani great apes; he later experiences civilization only to largely reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer. Created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan first appeared in the novel Tarzan of the Apes (magazine publication 1912, book publication 1914), and subsequently in twenty-five sequels, several authorized books by other authors, and innumerable works in other media, both authorized and unauthorized.", "precise_score": 0.4516086280345917, "rough_score": -0.6430906653404236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan is the son of a British lord and lady who were marooned on the Atlantic coast of Africa by mutineers. When Tarzan was only an infant, his mother died, and his father was killed by Kerchak, leader of the ape tribe by whom Tarzan was adopted. From then onwards, Tarzan became a feral child. Tarzan's tribe of apes is known as the Mangani, Great Apes of a species unknown to science. Kala is his ape mother. Burroughs added stories occurring during Tarzan's adolescence in his sixth Tarzan book, Jungle Tales of Tarzan. Tarzan is his ape name; his real English name is John Clayton, Viscount Greystoke (according to Burroughs in Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle; Earl of Greystoke in later, less canonical sources, notably the 1984 movie Greystoke). In fact, Burroughs's narrator in Tarzan of the Apes describes both Clayton and Greystoke as fictitious names – implying that, within the fictional world that Tarzan inhabits, he may have a different real name.", "precise_score": 0.9589663743972778, "rough_score": -0.43421879410743713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "As a young adult, Tarzan meets a young American woman, Jane Porter. She, her father, and others of their party are marooned on exactly the same coastal jungle area where Tarzan's biological parents were twenty years earlier. When Jane returns to the United States, Tarzan leaves the jungle in search of her, his one true love. In The Return of Tarzan, Tarzan and Jane marry. In later books he lives with her for a time in England. They have one son, Jack, who takes the ape name Korak (\"the Killer\"). Tarzan is contemptuous of what he sees as the hypocrisy of civilization, and he and Jane return to Africa, making their home on an extensive estate that becomes a base for Tarzan's later adventures.", "precise_score": -10.719392776489258, "rough_score": -9.93420696258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Burroughs created an elegant version of the wild man figure largely unalloyed with character flaws or faults. He is described as being white, extremely athletic, tall, handsome, and tanned, with grey eyes and long black hair. Emotionally, he is courageous, intelligent, loyal, and steadfast. He is presented as behaving ethically in most situations, except when seeking vengeance under the motivation of grief, as when his ape mother Kala is killed in Tarzan of the Apes, or when he believes Jane has been murdered in Tarzan the Untamed. He is deeply in love with his wife and totally devoted to her; in numerous situations where other women express their attraction to him, Tarzan politely but firmly declines their attentions. When presented with a situation where a weaker individual or party is being preyed upon by a stronger foe, Tarzan invariably takes the side of the weaker party. In dealing with other men, Tarzan is firm and forceful. With male friends, he is reserved but deeply loyal and generous. As a host, he is, likewise, generous and gracious. As a leader, he commands devoted loyalty.", "precise_score": -10.781978607177734, "rough_score": -9.773193359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "It should be noted that unlike depictions in black and white movies of the 1930s, after learning to speak a language in the novels Tarzan/John Clayton is very articulate, reserved (he prefers to listen and carefully observe before speaking) and does not speak in broken English as the classic movies depict him.", "precise_score": -2.6521568298339844, "rough_score": -5.198850631713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "While Burroughs is not a polished novelist, he is a vivid storyteller, and many of his novels are still in print. In 1963, author Gore Vidal wrote a piece on the Tarzan series that, while pointing out several of the deficiencies that the Tarzan books have as works of literature, praises Edgar Rice Burroughs for creating a compelling \"daydream figure\". Critical reception grew more positive with the 1981 study by Erling B. Holtsmark, Tarzan and Tradition: Classical Myth in Popular Literature. Holtsmark added a volume on Burroughs for Twayne's United States Author Series in 1986. In 2010, Stan Galloway provided a sustained study of the adolescent period of the fictional Tarzan's life in The Teenage Tarzan. ", "precise_score": -10.554159164428711, "rough_score": -9.549030303955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Burroughs' opinions, manifested through the narrative voice in the stories, reflect common attitudes in his time, which in a 21st-century context would be considered racist and sexist. However Thomas F. Bertonneau writes about Burroughs' \"conception of the feminine that elevates the woman to the same level as the man and that – in such characters as Dian of the Pellucidar novels or Dejah Thoris of the Barsoom novels – figures forth a female type who corresponds neither to desperate housewife, full-lipped prom-date, middle-level careerist office-manager, nor frowning ideological feminist-professor, but who exceeds all these by bounds in her realized humanity and in so doing suggests their insipidity.\" The author is not especially mean-spirited in his attitudes. His heroes do not engage in violence against women or in racially motivated violence. In Tarzan of the Apes, details of a background of suffering experienced at the hands of whites by Mbonga's \"once great\" people are repeatedly told with evident sympathy, and in explanation or even justification of their current animosity toward whites.", "precise_score": -10.70345401763916, "rough_score": -10.204739570617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Although the character of Tarzan does not directly engage in violence against women, feminist scholars have critiqued the presence of other sympathetic male characters who do with Tarzan's approval. In Tarzan and the Ant Men, the men of a fictional tribe of creatures called the Alali gain social dominance of their society by beating Alali women into submission with weapons that Tarzan willingly provides them. Following the battle, Burroughs states: \"To entertain Tarzan and to show him what great strides civilization had taken—the son of The First Woman seized a female by the hair and dragging her to him struck her heavily about the head and face with his clenched fist, and the woman fell upon her knees and fondled his legs, looking wistfully into his face, her own glowing with love and admiration. (178)\" While Burroughs depicts some female characters with humanistic equalizing elements, Torgovnick argues that violent scenes against women in the context of male political and social domination are condoned in his writing, reinforcing a notion of gendered hierarchy where patriarchy is portrayed as the natural pinnacle of society.", "precise_score": -10.981066703796387, "rough_score": -10.166093826293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Gail Bederman takes a different view in her Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. There she describes how various people of the time either challenged or upheld the idea that \"civilization\" is predicated on white masculinity. She closes with a chapter on 1912's Tarzan of the Apes because the story's protagonist is, according to her, the ultimate male by the standards of 1912 white America. Bederman does note that Tarzan, \"an instinctivily chivalrous Anglo-Saxon\", does not engage in sexual violence, renouncing his \"masculine impulse to rape.\" However, she also notes that not only does Tarzan kill black man Kulonga in revenge for killing his ape mother (a stand-in for his biological white mother) by hanging him, \"lyncher Tarzan\" actually enjoys killing black people, the cannibalistic Mbongans, for example. Bederman, in fact, reminds readers that when Tarzan first introduces himself to Jane, he does so as \"Tarzan, the killer of beasts and many black men.\" The novel climaxes with Tarzan saving Jane—who in the original novel is not British, but a white woman from Baltimore, Maryland—from a black ape rapist. When he leaves the jungle and sees \"civilized\" Africans farming, his first instinct is to kill them just for being black. \"Like the lynch victims reported in the Northern press, Tarzan's victims--cowards, cannibals, and despoilers of white womanhood--lack all manhood. Tarzan's lynchings thus prove himself the superior man.\"", "precise_score": -11.109373092651367, "rough_score": -10.083105087280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In 1972, science fiction author Philip José Farmer wrote Tarzan Alive, a biography of Tarzan utilizing the frame device that he was a real person. In Farmer's fictional universe, Tarzan, along with Doc Savage and Sherlock Holmes, are the cornerstones of the Wold Newton family. Farmer wrote two novels, Hadon of Ancient Opar and Flight to Opar, set in the distant past and giving the antecedents of the lost city of Opar, which plays an important role in the Tarzan books. In addition, Farmer's A Feast Unknown, and its two sequels Lord of the Trees and The Mad Goblin, are pastiches of the Tarzan and Doc Savage stories, with the premise that they tell the story of the real characters the fictional characters are based upon. A Feast Unknown is somewhat infamous among Tarzan and Doc Savage fans for its graphic violence and sexual content.", "precise_score": -10.188069343566895, "rough_score": -9.531898498535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "With the exception of the Burroughs co-produced The New Adventures of Tarzan, this \"me Tarzan, you Jane\" characterization of Tarzan persisted until the late 1950s, when producer Sy Weintraub, having bought the film rights from producer Sol Lesser, produced Tarzan's Greatest Adventure followed by eight other films and a television series. The Weintraub productions portray a Tarzan that is closer to Edgar Rice Burroughs' original concept in the novels: a jungle lord who speaks grammatical English and is well educated and familiar with civilization. Most Tarzan films made before the mid-fifties were black-and-white films shot on studio sets, with stock jungle footage edited in. The Weintraub productions from 1959 on were shot in foreign locations and were in color.", "precise_score": -11.052973747253418, "rough_score": -10.183343887329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan films from the 1930s on often featured Tarzan's chimpanzee companion Cheeta, his consort Jane (not usually given a last name), and an adopted son, usually known only as \"Boy.\" The Weintraub productions from 1959 on dropped the character of Jane and portrayed Tarzan as a lone adventurer. Later Tarzan films have been occasional and somewhat idiosyncratic. Recently, Tony Goldwyn portrayed Tarzan in Disney’s animated film of the same name (1999). This version marked a new beginning for the ape man, taking its inspiration equally from Burroughs and the 1984 live-action film Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes. Since Greystoke, two additional live-action Tarzan movies have been released, 1998's Tarzan and the Lost City and 2016's The Legend of Tarzan, both period pieces that drew inspiration from Edgar Rice Burroughs' writings.", "precise_score": -8.395109176635742, "rough_score": -7.1146674156188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Television later emerged as a primary vehicle bringing the character to the public. From the mid-1950s, all the extant sound Tarzan films became staples of Saturday morning television aimed at young and teenaged viewers. In 1958, movie Tarzan Gordon Scott filmed three episodes for a prospective television series. The program did not sell, but a different live action Tarzan series produced by Sy Weintraub and starring Ron Ely ran on NBC from 1966 to 1968. An animated series from Filmation, Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle, aired from 1976 to 1977, followed by the anthology programs Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour (1977–1978), Tarzan and the Super 7 (1978–1980), The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour (1980–1981), and The Tarzan/Lone Ranger/Zorro Adventure Hour) (1981–1982). Joe Lara starred in the title role in Tarzan in Manhattan (1989), an offbeat TV movie, and later returned in a completely different interpretation in Tarzan: The Epic Adventures (1996), a new live-action series. In between the two productions with Lara, Tarzán, a half-hour syndicated series ran from 1991 through 1994. In this version of the show, Tarzan was portrayed as a blond environmentalist, with Jane turned into a French ecologist. Disney’s animated series The Legend of Tarzan (2001–2003) was a spin-off from its animated film. The latest television series was the live-action Tarzan (2003), which starred male model Travis Fimmel and updated the setting to contemporary New York City, with Jane as a police detective, played by Sarah Wayne Callies. The series was cancelled after only eight episodes. A 1981 television special, The Muppets Go to the Movies, features a short sketch titled \"Tarzan and Jane\". Lily Tomlin plays Jane opposite The Great Gonzo as Tarzan. In addition, the Muppets have made reference to Tarzan on half a dozen occasions since the 1960s. Saturday Night Live featured recurring sketches with the speech-impaired trio of \"Frankenstein, Tonto, and Tarzan\".", "precise_score": -10.704988479614258, "rough_score": -10.126531600952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#The Son of Tarzan (1914) ([http://gutenberg.org/etext/90 Ebook]) ([http://librivox.org/son-of-tarzan-by-edgar-rice-burroughs/ Audiobook])", "precise_score": -8.497213363647461, "rough_score": -10.285210609436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**Tarzan Alive (1972) a fictional biography of Tarzan (here Lord Greystoke), which is one of the two foundational books (along with Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life) of the Wold Newton family.", "precise_score": -7.5344624519348145, "rough_score": -6.639312267303467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Farmer also wrote a novel based on his own fascination with Tarzan, entitled Lord Tyger, and translated the novel Tarzan of the Apes into Esperanto.", "precise_score": -9.857706069946289, "rough_score": -10.08899974822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Publisher Faber and Faber with the backing of the Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. have updated the series using Author Andy Briggs and in 2011 he published the first of the books Tarzan: The Greystoke Legacy. In 2012 he published the second book Tarzan: The Jungle Warrior In 2013, he has published the third book Tarzan: The Savage Lands.", "precise_score": -10.641013145446777, "rough_score": -9.26661205291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan of the Apes is a novel written by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first in a series of books about the title character Tarzan. It was first published in the pulp magazine All-Story Magazine in October, 1912. The character was so popular that Burroughs continued the series into the 1940s with two dozen sequels. For the novel's centennial anniversary, Library of America published a hardcover edition based on the original book in April 2012 with an introduction by Thomas Mallon (ISBN 978-1-59853-164-0).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49897289276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Upon his return from one visit to the cabin, he is attacked by a huge gorilla which he manages to kill with his father's knife, although he is terribly wounded in the struggle. As he grows up, Tarzan becomes a skilled hunter, exciting the jealousy of Kerchak, the ape leader, who finally attacks him. Tarzan kills Kerchak and takes his place as \"king\" of the apes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04004192352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Later, a tribe of black Africans settle in the area, and Tarzan's adopted mother, Kala, is killed by one of its hunters. Avenging himself on the killer, Tarzan begins an antagonistic relationship with the tribe, raiding its village for weapons and practicing cruel pranks on them. They, in turn, regard him as an evil spirit and attempt to placate him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01523494720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Among the party was French Naval Officer Paul D'Arnot. While rescuing D'Arnot from the natives, a rescue ship recovers the castaways. D'Arnot teaches Tarzan to speak French and offers to take Tarzan to the land of white men where he might connect with Jane again. On their journey, D'Arnot teaches him how to behave among white men. In the ensuing months, Tarzan eventually learns to speak English as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095752716064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*Tarzan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304862022399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "A number of Burroughs' other Tarzan novels have also been adapted for the screen. Numerous Tarzan films have been made with no connection to his writings other than the character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038808822631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan of the Apes" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In keeping with these noble characteristics, Tarzan's philosophy embraces an extreme form of \"return to nature\". Although he is able to pass within society as a civilized individual, he prefers to \"strip off the thin veneer of civilization\", as Burroughs often puts it. His preferred dress is a knife and a loincloth of animal hide, his preferred abode is any convenient tree branch when he desires to sleep, and his favored food is raw meat, killed by himself; even better if he is able to bury it a week so that putrefaction has had a chance to tenderize it a bit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991418838500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan's primitivist philosophy was absorbed by countless fans, amongst whom was Jane Goodall, who describes the Tarzan series as having a major influence on her childhood. She states that she felt she would be a much better spouse for Tarzan than his fictional wife, Jane, and that when she first began to live among and study the chimpanzees she was fulfilling her childhood dream of living among the great apes just as Tarzan did. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543599128723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli has been cited as a major influence on Edgar Rice Burroughs' creation of Tarzan. Mowgli was also an influence for a number of other \"wild boy\" characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176118850708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan's jungle upbringing gives him abilities far beyond those of ordinary humans. These include climbing, clinging, and leaping as well as any great ape, or better. He uses branches and hanging vines to swing at great speed, a skill acquired among the anthropoid apes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202513694763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "His strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes, senses, flexibility, durability, endurance, and swimming are extraordinary in comparison to normal men. He has wrestled full grown bull apes and gorillas, lions, rhinos, crocodiles, pythons, sharks, tigers, man-size seahorses (once) and even dinosaurs (when he visited Pellucidar). He is also a skilled tracker and uses his exceptional senses of hearing and smell to follow prey or avoid predators, and kills only for food, yet is a skilled thief when raiding African tribal villages or hunting parties that Tarzan has judged to be brutal and deserve no pity, taking their spears, shields, bows, knives, and most importantly, metal arrowheads. His sense of hearing also allows him to eavesdrop on conversations between other people near him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913637161254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "He is also able to communicate with animals, in particular tribes of Great Apes that live in his local region of Africa who possess a primitive language that is unknown to science. The language may not be complex, but it does have names for individuals, and Tarzan is his Great Ape name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045585632324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan is extremely intelligent, and was literate in English before being able to speak the language when he first encounters other English-speaking people such as his love interest, Jane Porter. His literacy is self-taught after several years in his early teens by visiting the log cabin of his dead parents and looking at and correctly deducing the function of children's primer/picture books. The books were brought to Africa by his dead mother who intended to teach her son herself. He eventually reads every book in his dead father's portable book collection, and is fully aware of geography, basic world history, and his family tree, yet is not able to speak English until after meeting human beings as he never heard what English is supposed to sound like when spoken aloud. He is \"found\" by a traveling Frenchman that teaches him the basics of human speech and returns him to England. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427947998046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In Tarzan's Quest (1935), he was one of the recipients of an immortality drug at the end of the book that functionally made him immortal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99242877960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan has been called one of the best-known literary characters in the world. In addition to more than two dozen books by Burroughs and a handful more by authors with the blessing of Burroughs' estate, the character has appeared in films, radio, television, comic strips, and comic books. Numerous parodies and pirated works have also appeared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494146347045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Burroughs considered other names for the character, including \"Zantar\" and \"Tublat Zan,\" before he settled on \"Tarzan.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210662841796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Even though the copyright on Tarzan of the Apes has expired in the United States of America and other countries, the name Tarzan is claimed as a trademark of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203514099121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "While Tarzan of the Apes met with some critical success, subsequent books in the series received a cooler reception and have been criticized for being derivative and formulaic. The characters are often said to be two-dimensional, the dialogue wooden, and the storytelling devices (such as excessive reliance on coincidence) strain credulity. According to author Rudyard Kipling (who himself wrote stories of a feral child, The Jungle Books Mowgli), Burroughs wrote Tarzan of the Apes just so that he could \"find out how bad a book he could write and get away with it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983226776123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Despite critical panning, the Tarzan stories have remained popular. Burroughs's melodramatic situations and the elaborate details he works into his fictional world, such as his construction of a partial language for his great apes, appeal to a worldwide fan base. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901389122009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "The Tarzan books and movies employ extensive stereotyping to a degree common in the times in which they were written. This has led to criticism in later years, with changing social views and customs, including charges of racism since the early 1970s. The early books give a pervasively negative and stereotypical portrayal of native Africans, including Arabs. In The Return of Tarzan, Arabs are \"surly looking\" and call Christians \"dogs\", while blacks are \"lithe, ebon warriors, gesticulating and jabbering\". One could make an equal argument that when it came to blacks that Burroughs was simply depicting unwholesome characters as unwholesome and the good ones in a better light as in Chapter 6 of Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar where Burroughs writes of Mugambi, \"...nor could a braver or more loyal guardian have been found in any clime or upon any soil.\" Other groups are stereotyped as well. A Swede has \"a long yellow moustache, an unwholesome complexion, and filthy nails\", and Russians cheat at cards. The aristocracy (except the House of Greystoke) and royalty are invariably effete. In later books, Africans are portrayed somewhat more realistically as people. For example, in Tarzan's Quest, while the depiction of Africans remains relatively primitive, they are portrayed more individualistically, with a greater variety of character traits (positive and negative), while the main villains are white people. Burroughs never loses his distaste for European royalty, though. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45596694946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In regards to race, a superior-inferior relationship with valuation is also accordingly implied, as it is unmistakable in virtually all interactions between whites and blacks in the Tarzan stories, and similar relationships and valuations can be seen in most other interactions between differing people, although one could argue that such interactions are the bedrock of the dramatic narrative and without such valuations there is no story. According to James Loewen's Sundown Towns, this may be a vestige of Burroughs' having been from Oak Park, Illinois, a former Sundown town (a town that forbids non-whites from living within it).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071734428405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan is a white European male who grows up with apes. According to \"Taking Tarzan Seriously\" by Marianna Torgovnick, Tarzan is confused with the social hierarchy that he is a part of. Unlike everyone else in his society, Tarzan is the only one who is not clearly part of any social group. All the other members of his world are not able to climb or decline socially because they are already part of a social hierarchy which is stagnant. Turgovnick writes that since Tarzan was raised as an ape, he thinks and acts like an ape. However, instinctively he is human and he resorts to being human when he is pushed to. The reason of his confusion is that he does not understand what the typical white male is supposed to act like. His instincts eventually kick in when he is in the midst of this confusion, and he ends up dominating the jungle. In Tarzan, the jungle is a microcosm for the world in general in 1912 to the early 1930s. His climbing of the social hierarchy proves that the European white male is the most dominant of all races/sexes, no matter what the circumstance. Furthermore, Turgovnick writes that when Tarzan first meets Jane, she is slightly repulsed but also fascinated by his animal-like actions. As the story progresses, Tarzan surrenders his knife to Jane in an oddly chivalrous gesture, which makes Jane fall for Tarzan despite his odd circumstances. Turgovnick believes that this displays an instinctual, civilized chivalry that Burrough believes is common in white men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484282493591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "After Burroughs' death a number of writers produced new Tarzan stories. In some instances, the estate managed to prevent publication of such works. The most notable example in the United States was a series of five novels by the pseudonymous \"Barton Werper\" that appeared 1964-65 by Gold Star Books (part of Charlton Comics). As a result of legal action by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., they were taken off the market. Similar series appeared in other countries, notably Argentina, Israel, and some Arab countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.510693550109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan in film and other non-print media", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38154125213623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "The Internet Movie Database lists 200 movies with Tarzan in the title between 1918 and 2014. The first Tarzan movies were silent pictures adapted from the original Tarzan novels, which appeared within a few years of the character's creation. The first actor to portray the adult Tarzan was Elmo Lincoln in 1918's Tarzan Of The Apes. With the advent of talking pictures, a popular Tarzan movie franchise was developed, which lasted from the 1930s through the 1960s. Starting with Tarzan the Ape Man in 1932 through twelve films until 1948, the franchise was anchored by former Olympic swimmer Johnny Weissmuller in the title role. Weissmuller and his immediate successors were enjoined to portray the ape-man as a noble savage speaking broken English, in marked contrast to the cultured aristocrat of Burroughs's novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.450237274169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "There were also several serials and features that competed with the main franchise, including Tarzan the Fearless (1933) starring Buster Crabbe and The New Adventures of Tarzan (1935) starring Herman Brix. The latter serial was unique for its period in that it was partially filmed on location (Guatemala) and portrayed Tarzan as educated. It was the only Tarzan film project for which Edgar Rice Burroughs was personally involved in the production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054813385009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan was the hero of two popular radio programs in the United States. The first aired from 1932–1936 with James Pierce in the role of Tarzan. The second ran from 1951–1953 with Lamont Johnson in the title role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993867874145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "A 1921 Broadway production of Tarzan of The Apes starred Ronald Adair as Tarzan and Ethel Dwyer as Jane Porter. In 1976, Richard O'Brien wrote a musical entitled T. Zee, loosely based on Tarzan but restyled in a rock idiom. Tarzan, a musical stage adaptation of the 1999 animated feature, opened at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway on May 10, 2006. The show, a Disney Theatrical production, was directed and designed by Bob Crowley. The same version of Tarzan that was played at the Richard Rodgers Theatre is being played throughout Europe and has been a huge success in the Netherlands. The Broadway show closed on July 8, 2007. Tarzan also appeared in the Tarzan Rocks! show at the Theatre in the Wild at Walt Disney World Resort's Disney's Animal Kingdom. The show closed in 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29326343536377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In the mid-1980s there was an arcade video game called Jungle King that featured a Tarzanesque character in a loin cloth. A game under the title Tarzan Goes Ape was released in the 1980s for the Commodore 64. A Tarzan computer game by Michael Archer was produced by Martech. Disney's Tarzan had seen video games released for the PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color. Followed by Disney's Tarzan Untamed for the PS2 and Gamecube. Tarzan also appeared in the PS2 game Kingdom Hearts, although this Tarzan was shown in the Disney context, not the original conceptional idea of Tarzan by Burroughs. In the first Rayman, a Tarzanesque version of Rayman named Tarayzan appears in the Dream Forest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72988224029541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "In the 1982 video game Pitfall! for the Atari VCS game console system, the main hero, called \"Pitfall Harry,\" sometimes has to traverse vines over dangerous lakes. When doing so, a sound effect is played imitating Tarzan's signature cry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334640502929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Throughout the 1970s Mego Corporation licensed the Tarzan character and produced 8\" action figures which they included in their \"World's Greatest Super Heroes\" line of characters. In 1975 they also produced a 3\" \"Bendy\" figure made of poseable, malleable plastic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25632095336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Several Tarzan-themed products have been manufactured, including View-Master reels and packets, numerous Tarzan coloring books, children's books, follow-the-dots, and activity books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2605562210083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan in comics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273469924926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan of the Apes was adapted in newspaper strip form, in early 1929, with illustrations by Hal Foster. A full page Sunday strip began March 15, 1931 by Rex Maxon. Over the years, many artists have drawn the Tarzan comic strip, notably Burne Hogarth, Russ Manning, and Mike Grell. The daily strip began to reprint old dailies after the last Russ Manning daily (#10,308, which ran on 29 July 1972). The Sunday strip also turned to reprints circa 2000. Both strips continue as reprints today in a few newspapers and in Comics Revue magazine. NBM Publishing did a high quality reprint series of the Foster and Hogarth work on Tarzan in a series of hardback and paperback reprints in the 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729686737060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan has appeared in many comic books from numerous publishers over the years. The character's earliest comic book appearances were in comic strip reprints published in several titles, such as Sparkler, Tip Top Comics and Single Series. Western Publishing published Tarzan in Dell Comics's Four Color Comics #134 & 161 in 1947, before giving him his own series, Tarzan, published through Dell Comics and later Gold Key Comics from January–February 1948 to February 1972). DC took over the series in 1972, publishing Tarzan #207-258 from April 1972 to February 1977, including work by Joe Kubert. In 1977 the series moved to Marvel Comics, which restarted the numbering rather than assuming that used by the previous publishers. Marvel issued Tarzan #1-29 (as well as three Annuals), from June 1977 to October 1979, mainly by John Buscema. Following the conclusion of the Marvel series the character had no regular comic book publisher for a number of years. During this period Blackthorne Comics published Tarzan in 1986, and Malibu Comics published Tarzan comics in 1992. Dark Horse Comics has published various Tarzan series from 1996 to the present, including reprints of works from previous publishers like Gold Key and DC, and joint projects with other publishers featuring crossovers with other characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.324064254760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "There have also been a number of different comic book projects from other publishers over the years, in addition to various minor appearances of Tarzan in other comic books. The Japanese manga series Jungle no Ouja Ta-chan (Jungle King Tar-chan) by Tokuhiro Masaya was based loosely on Tarzan. Also, manga \"god\" Osamu Tezuka created a Tarzan manga in 1948 entitled Tarzan no Himitsu Kichi (Tarzan's Secret Base).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820652961730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Works inspired by Tarzan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347766876220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Jerry Siegel named Tarzan and another Burroughs character, John Carter, as early inspiration for his creation of Superman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54873275756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan's popularity inspired numerous imitators in pulp magazines. A number of these, like Kwa and Ka-Zar were direct or loosely veiled copies; others, like Polaris of the Snows, were similar characters in different settings, or with different gimmicks. Of these characters the most popular was Ki-Gor, the subject of fifty-nine novels that appeared between winter 1939 to spring 1954 in the magazine Jungle Stories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039161682128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Tarzan is often used as a nickname to indicate a similarity between a person's characteristics and that of the fictional character. Individuals with an exceptional 'ape-like' ability to climb, cling and leap beyond that of ordinary humans may often receive the nickname 'Tarzan'. An example is retired American baseball player Joe Wallis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253291130065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "British politician Michael Heseltine is nicknamed Tarzan, and was often portrayed as such in the press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583086013793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "Comedian Carol Burnett was often prompted by her audiences to perform her trademark Tarzan yell. She explained that it originated in her youth when she and a friend watched a Tarzan movie. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872607231140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "\"Tarzan Boy\" is a song recorded by Italian-based act Baltimora. It was the group's debut single, released in April 1985, from its first album Living in the Background, on which it features as first track. The song was re-recorded in 1993 and has been covered by several artists throughout the years. The refrain uses Tarzan's cry as a melodic line. The song is rhythmical, with an electronic melody and simple lyrics.[2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303661346435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "A 2016 GEICO TV commercial depicts Tarzan and his wife Jane arguing over directions while they're swinging from tree to tree. 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([http://gutenberg.org/etext/2020 Ebook]) ([http://librivox.org/tarzan-the-terrible-by-edgar-rice-burroughs/ Audiobook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196882247924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1922, 1923) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100271.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126209259033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Ant Men (1924) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600651h.html Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113975524902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927, 1928) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600681.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340641021728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Lost Empire (1928) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600911.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113593101501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan at the Earth's Core (1929) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0601071h.html Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175119400024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan the Invincible (1930, 1931) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500191h.html Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0830717086792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan Triumphant (1931) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0601121.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17834758758545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the City of Gold (1932) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500241.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152831077575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Lion Man (1933, 1934) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600711.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06591796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Leopard Men (1935) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500201h.html Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12181568145752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan's Quest (1935, 1936) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0601011.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193588256835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Forbidden City (1938) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600671.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177386283874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan the Magnificent (1939) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500211h.html Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08303451538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#*\"Tarzan and the Magic Men\" (1936)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146774291992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#*\"Tarzan and the Elephant Men\" (1937–1938)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150842666625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Foreign Legion (1947) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600701.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133121490478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Madman (1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16246509552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Castaways (1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210339546203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#*\"Tarzan and the Castaways\" (1941) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600661.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190481185913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#*\"Tarzan and the Champion\" (1940)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318672180175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#*\"Tarzan and the Jungle Murders\" (1940)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351119995117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins (1963, for younger readers)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876363754272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**\"The Tarzan Twins\" (1927) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0601161.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18707275390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**\"Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins and Jad-Bal-Ja the Golden Lion\" (1936) ([http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks09/0900371.txt Ebook])", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059417724609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "#Tarzan: the Lost Adventure (with Joe R. Lansdale) (1995)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262153625488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*#Tarzan and the Silver Globe (1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085156440734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*#Tarzan and the Cave City (1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329484939575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*#Tarzan and the Snake People (1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229653358459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*#Tarzan and the Abominable Snowmen (1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035436630249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*#Tarzan and the Winged Invaders (1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298606872558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "*Fritz Leiber – the first novel authorized by the Burroughs estate, and numbered as the 25th book in the Tarzan series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010758399963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**Tarzan and the Valley of Gold (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250020980834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**The Adventure of the Peerless Peer (1974) Sherlock Holmes goes to Africa and meets Tarzan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133953094482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**The Dark Heart of Time (1999) this novel was specifically authorized by the Burroughs estate, and references Tarzan by name rather than just by inference. The story is set between Tarzan the Untamed and Tarzan the Terrible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021467208862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**Tarzan: The Epic Adventures (1996) an authorized novel based on the pilot episode of the series of the same name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164191246032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "**Tarzan Presley (2004) This novel combines aspects of Tarzan and Elvis Presley into a single character named Tarzan Presley, within New Zealand and American settings. Upon its release, it was subject to legal action in the United States, and has not been reprinted since its initial publication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032134056091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" }, { "answer": "Tarzan", "passage": "New Tarzan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347160339355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tarzan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "Ottawa ( or;) is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). The 2011 census reported a population of 883,391 within the city, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, and 1,236,324 within the CMA, making it the fourth-largest CMA in Canada. The City of Ottawa has since estimated it had a population of 951,727 in 2014. ", "precise_score": 7.865973949432373, "rough_score": 6.27333402633667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec, lies the city of Gatineau, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer together with Gatineau. Although formally and administratively separate cities in two separate provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with a number of nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the National Capital Region, which is considered a single metropolitan area. One federal crown corporation, the National Capital Commission, or NCC, has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, is an important contributor to both cities. Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt, administered by the NCC for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland. ", "precise_score": 4.984752178192139, "rough_score": 0.8836838006973267, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "Another major employer is the health sector, which employs over 18,000 people. There are four active general hospitals in the Ottawa area: Queensway-Carleton Hospital, The Ottawa Hospital, Montfort Hospital, and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. There are also a number of specialized hospital facilities, such as the University of Ottawa Heart Institute and the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre. Nordion, i-Stat as well as the National Research Council of Canada and OHRI are part of the growing life science sector. Business, finance, administration, and sales and service occupations rank high among types of occupations. Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance and real estate whereas employment is in goods-producing industries is only half the national average. The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer with over 15,000 employees. ", "precise_score": 0.4598045349121094, "rough_score": 2.497243642807007, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "Bytown, Ottawa's original name, was founded as a community in 1826 when hundreds of land speculators were attracted to the south side of the river when news spread that British authorities were immediately constructing the northerly end of the Rideau Canal military project at that location. The following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. The military purpose of the canal was to provide a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario, bypassing the stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering the state of New York that had left the British forces easily exposed to American enemy fire during the War of 1812. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of today's Parliament Hill. He also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named \"Upper Town\" west of the canal and \"Lower Town\" east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically 'Upper Town' was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas 'Lower Town' was predominantly French, Irish and Catholic. Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. Bytown encountered some impassioned and violent times in her early pioneer period that included Irish labour unrest that attributed to the Shiners' War from 1835 to 1845 and political dissension that was evident from the 1849 Stony Monday Riot. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.239307880401611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers: the Ottawa River, the Gatineau River and the Rideau River. The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military, commercial and, subsequently, recreational purposes. The Rideau Canal (Rideau Waterway) first opened in 1832 and is 202 kilometres in length. It connects the Saint Lawrence River on Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill. It was able to bypass the unnavigable sections of the Cataraqui and Rideau Rivers and various small lakes along the waterway due to flooding techniques and the construction of 47 water transport locks.The Rideau River got its name from early French explorers who thought that the water falls located at the point where the Rideau River empties into the Ottawa River resembled a 'curtain'. Hence they began naming the falls and river 'rideau' which is the French equivalent of the English word for curtain. During part of the winter season the Ottawa section of the canal forms the world's largest skating rink thereby providing both a recreational venue and a transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0753841400146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "In 2011, the populations of the City of Ottawa and the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) were 883,391 and 1,236,324 respectively. The city had a population density of 316.6 persons per km2 in 2006, while the CMA had a population density of 196.6 persons per km2. It is the second-largest city in Ontario, fourth-largest city in the country, and the fourth-largest CMA in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0243650674819946, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in 2007, it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition, there are 24 other National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa, including: the Central Chambers, the Central Experimental Farm, the Château Laurier, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College, Langevin Block, Laurier House and the Parliament Buildings. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having \"heritage elements\" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9314312934875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "The city is served by two freeway corridors. The primary corridor is east-west and consists of provincial Highway 417 (designated as The Queensway) and Ottawa-Carleton Regional Road 174 (formerly Provincial Highway 17); a north-south corridor, Highway 416 (designated as Veterans' Memorial Highway), connects Ottawa to the rest of the 400-Series Highway network in Ontario at the 401. Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the Trans-Canada Highway. The city also has several scenic parkways (promenades), such as Colonel By Drive, Queen Elizabeth Driveway, the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway, Rockcliffe Parkway and the Aviation Parkway and has a freeway connection to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50, in Gatineau. In 2006, the National Capital Commission completed aesthetic enhancements to Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route of existing roads linking key attractions on both sides of the Ottawa River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7850487232208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "There are numerous paved multi-use trails that wind their way through much of the city, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. These pathways are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because most streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a popular mode of transportation in the region throughout the year. There are over 220 km of paths located throughout the Ottawa-Gatineau region. A downtown street that is restricted to pedestrians only, Sparks Street was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966. On 10 July 2011 Ottawa saw its first dedicated, segregated bike lanes in the downtown core. The lane is separated from car traffic by a low concrete barrier with many gaps to allow for loading and unloading of people and goods. Ottawa's cycling advocacy group, Citizens for Safe Cycling, has been actively promoting safer cycling infrastructure in the community since 1984. The City was designated as a \"Gold\" Bicycle Friendly Community in 2013 by Share the Road Cycling Coalition, the first city in Ontario to receive this designation. On Sundays (since 1960) and selected holidays and events additional avenues and streets are reserved for pedestrian and/or bicycle uses only. In May 2011, The NCC introduced the Bixi Bike rental program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.696196556091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "*Carleton University was founded in 1942 to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontario's first private, non-denominational college. Over time, Carleton would make the transition to the public university that it is today. In recent years, Carleton has become ranked highly among comprehensive universities in Canada. The university's campus sits between Old Ottawa South and Dow's Lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2465972900390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" }, { "answer": "Ontario", "passage": "There are four main public school boards in Ottawa: English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The English-language Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools, followed by the English-Catholic Ottawa Catholic School Board with 85 schools. The two French-language boards are the French-Catholic Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est with 49 schools, and the French Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario with 37 schools. Ottawa also has numerous private schools which are not part of a board.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6402554512023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ottawa" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hubby Hubby", "passage": "\"Chubby Hubby\" consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. For the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed \"Chubby Hubby\" to \"Hubby Hubby,\" in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow.", "precise_score": 6.009999752044678, "rough_score": 4.83053731918335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ben & Jerry's" }, { "answer": "Taste the Lin-Sanity", "passage": "In February 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named \"Taste the Lin-Sanity,\" in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin, a Harvard alumnus. At inception, the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt, lychee honey swirls, and fortune cookie pieces, leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture. The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies, as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers. Ben & Jerry's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media: \"we obviously weren't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive.\" Ben & Jerry's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended. ", "precise_score": -2.093904495239258, "rough_score": -5.580988883972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ben & Jerry's" }, { "answer": "Hubby Hubby", "passage": "Chubby Hubby consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter, and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter. For the month of September 2009, Ben and Jerry's, in partnership with Freedom to Marry, renamed Chubby Hubby to Hubby Hubby, in celebration of the legalization of same-sex marriage in the company's home state of Vermont. The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow. In April 2013 Chubby Hubby changed its formula. They changed the fudge covered peanut butter filled pretzels to a chocolate covered pretzel.", "precise_score": 6.557234287261963, "rough_score": 5.442988395690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Vermonster", "passage": "The \"Vermonster\" is a large ice cream sundae served in a \"Vermonster Bucket\" in Ben & Jerry's \"scoop shops.\" Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of 4 toppings of your choice, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories, and 500 grams of fat. Starting in 2009, the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.441341876983643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ben & Jerry's" }, { "answer": "Yes Pecan", "passage": "The company renamed a flavor, \"Yes Pecan!\", in reference to Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976785659790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ben & Jerry's" }, { "answer": "Late Night Snack", "passage": "On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, \"Late Night Snack\", whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.465856552124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ben & Jerry's" }, { "answer": "Hubby Hubby", "passage": "Chubby Hubby", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.453241348266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Late Night Snack", "passage": "Late Night Snack", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439573287963867, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Late Night Snack", "passage": "On March 2, 2011, Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream, Late Night Snack, the carton of which features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it. The packaging describes the flavor as \"vanilla bean ice cream with a salty caramel swirl and fudge covered potato chip clusters.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96130657196045, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Taste the Lin-Sanity", "passage": "Taste the Lin-Sanity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459553718566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Taste the Lin-Sanity", "passage": "In 2012, a Ben & Jerry's franchise created a scoop-shop-only flavor made to order, named \"Taste the Lin-Sanity\" in honor of Asian-American basketball player Jeremy Lin. It contained lychee honey swirls and fortune cookie pieces, but after initial backlash, Ben & Jerry's replaced the fortune cookies with waffle cookies. The franchise said that the primary reason was because the fortune cookies got soggy. The operator of the scoop shop later apologized to anyone offended by their Lin-Sanity flavor. Ben & Jerry's corporation never intended to mass-produce or distribute the flavor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.553393363952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Vermonster", "passage": "Vermonster", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276902198791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Vermonster", "passage": "The Vermonster is a large ice cream sundae served in a \"Vermonster Bucket\" in Ben & Jerry's \"scoop shops.\" Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream, 4 bananas, 4 ladles of hot fudge, 3 chocolate chip cookies, 1 chocolate fudge brownie, 10 scoops of walnuts, 2 scoops each of 4 toppings of your choice, and whipped cream. It contains 14,000 calories, and 500 grams of fat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.62797737121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Yes Pecan", "passage": "Yes Pecan!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131436347961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" }, { "answer": "Yes Pecan", "passage": "The company renamed a flavor, Yes Pecan!, in reference to Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election. They later decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841496467590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Ben & Jerry's ice creams" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6. He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Maryland, following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps by studying mathematics, as well as computer science. After graduation, he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science. There he met Page, with whom he later became friends. They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin's data mining system to build a web search engine. The program became popular at Stanford and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage.", "precise_score": 2.165756940841675, "rough_score": 0.3097681999206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Brin began his graduate study in computer science at Stanford University on a graduate fellowship from the National Science Foundation. In 1993, he interned at Wolfram Research, who were the developers of Mathematica. As of 2008, he is on leave from his PhD studies at Stanford. ", "precise_score": -0.5403029322624207, "rough_score": 0.6416357755661011, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "During an orientation for new students at Stanford, he met Larry Page. They seemed to disagree on most subjects. But after spending time together, they \"became intellectual soul-mates and close friends\". Brin's focus was on developing data mining systems while Page's was in extending \"the concept of inferring the importance of a research paper from its citations in other papers\". Together, the pair authored a paper titled \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\". ", "precise_score": 2.3132331371307373, "rough_score": -1.3098483085632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Google's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string. When Google was a Stanford research project, it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site's importance. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human-generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 250 different indicators, the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.812666893005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google Search" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones. The new algorithm relied on a new kind of technology that analyzed the relevance of the backlinks that connected one Web page to another. Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.260225296020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google, still on the Stanford University website, was made available to Internet users.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6734981536865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Page attended the Okemos Montessori School (now called Montessori Radmoor) in Okemos, Michigan, from 1975 to 1979, and graduated from East Lansing High School in 1991. He attended Interlochen Center for the Arts as a saxophonist for two summers while in high school. Page holds a Bachelor of Science in computer engineering from the University of Michigan, with honors and a Master of Science in computer science from Stanford University. While at the University of Michigan, Page created an inkjet printer made of Lego bricks (literally a line plotter), after he thought it possible to print large posters cheaply with the use of inkjet cartridges—Page reverse-engineered the ink cartridge, and built all of the electronics and mechanics to drive it. Page served as the president of the Beta Epsilon chapter of the Eta Kappa Nu fraternity, and was a member of the 1993 \"Maize & Blue\" University of Michigan Solar Car team. As an undergrad at the University of Michigan, he proposed that the school replace its bus system with a PRT System which is essentially a driverless monorail with separate cars for every passenger. He also developed a business plan for a company that would use software to build a music synthesizer during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517326354980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "After enrolling in a computer science PhD program at Stanford University, Page was in search of a dissertation theme and considered exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph—his supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pursue the idea, and Page recalled in 2008 that it was the best advice he had ever received. He also considered doing research on telepresence and autonomous cars during this time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.922563552856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks as valuable information for that page—the role of citations in academic publishing would also become pertinent for the research. Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford PhD student, would soon join Page's research project, nicknamed \"BackRub.\" Together, the pair authored a research paper titled \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,\" which became one of the most downloaded scientific documents in the history of the Internet at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.158564567565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": " Combining their ideas, the pair began utilizing Page's dormitory room as a machine laboratory, and extracted spare parts from inexpensive computers to create a device that they used to connect the nascent search engine with Stanford's broadband campus network. After filling Page's room with equipment, they then converted Brin's dorm room into an office and programming center, where they tested their new search engine designs on the Web. The rapid growth of their project caused Stanford's computing infrastructure to experience problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.805196762084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google, still on the Stanford University website, was made available to Internet users.By early 1997, the BackRub page described the state as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5791921615600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Stanford", "passage": "On February 18, 2005, Page was granted the deed on a 9000-sq ft Spanish Colonial Revival architecture house in Palo Alto, California designed by American artistic polymath Pedro Joseph de Lemos, a former curator of the Stanford Art Museum and founder of the Carmel Art Institute, after the historic building had been on the market for years with an asking price of US$7.95 million. A two-story stucco archway spans the driveway and the home features intricate stucco work, as well as stone and tile in California Arts and Crafts movement style built to resemble de Lemos family's castle in Spain. The hacienda was constructed between 1931-41 by de Lemos. It is also on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2009 Page began purchasing properties and tearing down homes adjacent to his home in Palo Alto to make room for a large ecohouse, the existing buildings were \"deconstructed\" and the materials donated for reuse. The ecohouse was designed to \"minimize the impact on the environment,\". Page worked with an arborist to replace some trees that were in poor health with others that used less water to maintain. Page also applied for Green Point Certification, with points given for use of recycled and low or no-VOC (volatile organic compound) materials and for a roof garden with solar panels. The house's exterior features zinc cladding and plenty of windows, including a wall of sliding-glass doors in the rear, it also includes eco-friendly elements such as permeable paving in the parking court and a pervious path through the trees on the property. The 6,000-sq ft house also observes other green home design features such as organic architecture building materials and low volatile organic compound paint. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626093864440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series' popularity has made it a media franchise, as well as the highest rated series to ever air on Nickelodeon, and the most distributed property of MTV Networks. The media franchise has generated $8 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. ", "precise_score": -10.584413528442383, "rough_score": -11.025688171386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "The series revolves around its title character and his various friends. SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge (although his appearance more closely resembles a kitchen sponge) who lives in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He has a pet snail, Gary, who meows like a cat. Living two houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lives under a rock. Despite his \"mental setbacks\", Patrick still sees himself as intelligent. Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lives in an Easter Island moai and dislikes his neighbors (especially SpongeBob) for their childlike behavior. He enjoys playing the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier.", "precise_score": 4.016047954559326, "rough_score": 5.543602466583252, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Rusty Krab", "passage": "Another close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas. She is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lives in an underwater tree dome (a tree Sandy brought with her that is entrapped in a clear glass dome locked by a tight, hand-turned seal). When outside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-like suit because she cannot breathe underwater. Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed with money, is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBob's boss. His rival, Plankton, is a small green copepod who owns a low-rank fast-food restaurant called the Chum Bucket, located across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends most of his time planning to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs' popular Krabby Patty burgers, so as to gain the upper hand and put the Krusty Krab out of business. ", "precise_score": -8.536741256713867, "rough_score": -10.21412467956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Goo Lagoon", "passage": "Other recurring characters appear throughout the series, such as SpongeBob's ever-suffering driving teacher Mrs. Puff; Mr. Krabs' whiney teenage whale daughter Pearl; Plankton's intelligent yet sarcastic computer wife Karen; the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon, Larry the Lobster; a pirate specter known as The Flying Dutchman; and retired superheroes Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick.", "precise_score": -11.11744213104248, "rough_score": -10.608028411865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Bikini Bottom", "passage": "The series predominantly takes place in the benthic underwater city of Bikini Bottom which, according to some third-party sources, is located in the Pacific Ocean beneath the real-life coral reef known as Bikini Atoll. In 2015, Tom Kenny confirmed that the fictitious city was named after Bikini Atoll, but denied an Internet fan theory that connected the series' characters to actual nuclear testing that occurred in the atoll. ", "precise_score": -9.427265167236328, "rough_score": -10.69986629486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Mrs. Puff's Boating School", "passage": "The citizens live in mostly aquatic-themed buildings and use \"boatmobiles\", amalgamations of cars and boats, as a mode of transportation. Recurring establishments present in Bikini Bottom include two competing restaurants, the Krusty Krab and the Chum Bucket; Mrs. Puff's Boating School; and Shady Shoals Rest Home. Goo Lagoon, a popular beach hangout, is within the vicinity of the city, as is Jellyfish Fields. There are also a few episodes with businesses such as the grocery store, joke store, and mattress store. ", "precise_score": -10.702380180358887, "rough_score": -10.808879852294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Rusty Krab", "passage": "When the crew began production on the pilot, they were tasked with designing the stock locations where \"...the show would return to again and again, and in which most of the action would take place, such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house\". The idea for the series was \"to keep everything nautical\", so the crew used a great amount of rope, wooden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, boilerplates, and rivets in creating the show's setting. Bubbles filing up the screen is also a nautical technique used to transition from scene to scene.", "precise_score": -8.950156211853027, "rough_score": -8.538633346557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "While Hillenburg was there, he created a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants: a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which was used by the institute to teach visiting students about the animal life of tide pools. The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms, many of which would evolve into SpongeBob characters. Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies to which he sent it were interested.", "precise_score": -10.948933601379395, "rough_score": -10.848367691040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "The writing staff often used their individual life experiences for inspirations to come up with the storylines of the series' episodes. For example, the episode \"Sailor Mouth\", in which SpongeBob and Patrick learn profanity, was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon's experience of getting in trouble as a child for using the f-word in front of his mother. Drymon said, \"The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life\". The end of the episode, in which Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, was inspired \"by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself\". The idea for the episode \"The Secret Box\" also came from one of Drymon's childhood experiences. Hillenburg explained, \"Drymon had a secret box [as a kid] and started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him and use it.\"", "precise_score": -11.259648323059082, "rough_score": -11.083571434020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Kenny provides the voices of SpongeBob SquarePants, his pet snail Gary, the French Narrator, Harold SquarePants, Patchy the Pirate, and the Dirty Bubble. Kenny previously worked with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life and, when Hillenburg created SpongeBob SquarePants, he approached Kenny to voice the character. The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor background character in Rocko's Modern Life. Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique. They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker. ", "precise_score": -11.15477180480957, "rough_score": -10.912779808044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Karen, Mrs. Puff, Pearl, and the Flying Dutchman are voiced by Kenny's wife Jill Talley, Mary Jo Catlett, Lori Alan and Brian Doyle-Murray, respectively. Mr. Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode \"Sailor Mouth\", was voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt. However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode \"Enemy In-Law\" in 2005. Tom Kenny portrays Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot. After Hillenburg's departure as showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt was given the role in voicing Potty the Parrot. ", "precise_score": -11.139498710632324, "rough_score": -11.084537506103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "The theme song was composed by Mark Harrison and Blaise Smith, while the lyrics to the song were written by series creator Stephen Hillenburg and the series' original creative director Derek Drymon. The melody was inspired by the sea shanty \"Blow the Man Down\". An old oil painting of a pirate is used in the opening sequence. It has been dubbed \"Painty the Pirate\", and according to Tom Kenny, Hillenburg found it in a thrift shop \"years ago\". Patrick Pinney gives voice to Painty the Pirate, singing the theme song as the character. Hillenburg's lips were imposed onto the painting and move along with the lyrics. Kenny joked that this is \"about as close of a glimpse as most SpongeBob fans are ever going to get of Steve Hillenburg\", because of Hillenburg's private nature.", "precise_score": -11.026351928710938, "rough_score": -11.05932331085205, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants has received generally positive reviews from critics, and it has been noted for its appeal towards different age groups. James Poniewozik of Time magazine described the title character as \"the anti-Bart Simpson, temperamentally and physically: his head is as squared-off and neat as Bart's is unruly, and he has a personality to match—conscientious, optimistic and blind to the faults in the world and those around him\". According to Laura Fries of Variety magazine, the series is \"a thoughtful and inventive cartoon about a hopelessly optimistic and resilient sea sponge ... Devoid of the double entendres rife in today's animated TV shows, this is purely kid's stuff ... However, that's not to say that SpongeBob is simplistic or even juvenile. It's charming and whimsical, but clever enough to appeal to teens and college-aged kids, as well\". The New York Times critic Joyce Millman said SpongeBob \"is clever without being impenetrable to young viewers and goofy without boring grown-ups to tears. It's the most charming toon on television, and one of the weirdest. And it's also good, clean fun, which makes sense because it is, after all, about a sponge\". Millman wrote, \"His relentless good cheer would be irritating if he weren't so darned lovable and his world so excellently strange ... Like Pee-wee's Playhouse, SpongeBob joyfully dances on the fine line between childhood and adulthood, guilelessness and camp, the warped and the sweet\". ", "precise_score": -11.206384658813477, "rough_score": -10.957629203796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Jeffery P. Dennis, author of the journal article \"Queertoons\", argued that SpongeBob and Sandy are not romantically in love, while adding that he believed that SpongeBob and Patrick \"are paired with arguably erotic intensity\". Martin Goodman of Animation World Magazine described Dennis' comments regarding SpongeBob and Patrick as \"interesting\". Ukrainian website Family Under the Protection of the Holy Virgin, which has been described as a \"fringe Catholic\" group by The Wall Street Journal, levied criticism against SpongeBob SquarePants for its alleged \"promotion of homosexuality\". The group sought to have the series banned, along with several other popular children's properties. The National Expert Commission of Ukraine on the Protection of Public Morality took up the matter for review in August 2012.", "precise_score": -11.237475395202637, "rough_score": -11.088356971740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Kids' meal tie-ins have been released in snacks and fast food restaurants in many parts of the world, including Burger King in Europe and North America, as well as Wendy's in North America, and Hungry Jack's in Australia. A McDonald's Happy Meal tie-in with SpongeBob-themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007. In Australia, the advertisement for the McDonald's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads are entice young children to want its food because of the free toy. As a tie-in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, 7-Eleven released the limited edition \"Under-the-Sea Pineapple Slurpee\" in March 2004. Pirate's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate's Booty snacks in 2013. ", "precise_score": -3.9230916500091553, "rough_score": -9.156936645507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Many of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg created in 1989. He began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, and turned to Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on that series, to voice the title character. SpongeBob was originally going to be named SpongeBoy, and the series was to be called SpongeBoy Ahoy!, but these were both changed, as the name was already trademarked.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224398612976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and a sequel was released on February 6, 2015. On July 21, 2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode \"Extreme Spots\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421517372131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "The series has won a variety of awards, including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, two Emmy Awards, 12 Kids' Choice Awards, and two BAFTA Children's Awards. Despite its widespread popularity, the series has been involved in several public controversies, including one centered on speculation over SpongeBob's intended sexual orientation, and another focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show's content since the release of the first film. In 2011, a newly described species of mushroom, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was named after the cartoon's title character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460655212402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "To voice the central character of the series, Hillenburg turned to Tom Kenny, whose career in animation had started alongside Hillenburg's on Rocko's Modern Life. Elements of Kenny's own personality were employed in further developing the character. Initially, Hillenburg wanted to use the name SpongeBoy — the character would have had no last name, and the series would have been called SpongeBoy Ahoy! However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered — after voice acting had been completed for the original seven-minute pilot episode — that the name \"SpongeBoy\" was already in use for a mop product. Flaming Carrot Comics creator Bob Burden also owned the trademark to a character of the same name. In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt that he still had to use the word \"Sponge\", so that viewers would not mistake the character for a \"Cheese Man\". He settled on the name \"SpongeBob\". \"SquarePants\" was then chosen as a family name after Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, \"Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place.\" Hillenburg loved the phrase upon hearing Kenny say it and felt that it would reinforce the character's nerdiness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118380546569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, the current president of Nickelodeon, said, \"their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before\". Zarghami was one of four executives in the room when SpongeBob SquarePants was screened for the first time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440025329589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Series creator Stephen Hillenburg has served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history, and functioned as the showrunner from the series' debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on hiatus in 2002, after Hillenburg halted production to work on a feature film of the series, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Once the film was finalized and the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Although he no longer has a direct role in the production of the series, he still maintains an advisory role and reviews each episode. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398069381713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "For SpongeBob SquarePants a team of five outline and premise writers creates the initial storylines. Writer Luke Brookshier said, \"SpongeBob is written differently than many television shows\". Writing for an episode of the series starts with a two-page outline. A storyboard director then takes the outline and develops it into a full episode — jokes and dialogue are added during this stage. Another writer for the series, Merriwether Williams, described in an interview that she and Mr. Lawrence would write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4 o'clock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484212875366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Hillenburg decided early on, prior to starting the production of the series, that he wanted SpongeBob SquarePants to be storyboard-driven, rather than script-driven. This required an approach in which artists \"would take a skeletal story outline and flesh it out with sight gags, dialogue and a structure that would strike a balance between narrative and whimsy\". Hillenburg originally wanted \"a team of young and hungry people\" to work on the series. The primary figures, who had previously worked with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life, consisted of Alan Smart, Nick Jennings, and Derek Drymon. Head writer Steven Banks said, \"The writers come up with an idea and write premises and outlines describing the story, and the storyboarders (who are also writers) write the dialogue while they draw the storyboard panels. Most other shows are script-driven. We don't write scripts and that has made all the difference!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31824016571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants has six main cast members: Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Carolyn Lawrence, and Mr. Lawrence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42527961730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Rusty Krab", "passage": "Mr. Lawrence voices Plankton. Drymon said, \"We knew Doug [Lawrence] from Rocko, where he was a storyboard director and where he also did the voice of Filburt. We were showing Doug the storyboard, and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger/Gregory Peck voice. It was really funny, and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time\". Hillenburg loved the voice and decided to give Lawrence the part of series villain, Plankton. Aside from Plankton, Mr. Lawrence also voices recurring characters like Larry Lobster. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314451217651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In addition to the regular cast, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, and artists. Recurring guest voices include: Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his death in 2012; Tim Conway as the voice of Barnacle Boy; and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants. Notable guests who have provided vocal cameo appearances includes David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis, Johnny Depp as the voice of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode \"SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One\", and Victoria Beckham as the voice of Queen Amphitrite in the episode \"The Clash of Triton\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22558879852295, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as \"getting more unusual\". Kenny said, \"That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded\". Series writer Jay Lender said, \"The recording sessions were always fun ...\" For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio, and they directed the actors. In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director. Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999. Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, \"I loved Wednesdays\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456123352050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Approximately 50 people work together in animating and producing an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants. Throughout its run, production of the series has been handled domestically at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California, while the finished animation has been created overseas at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea. Storyboarding for each episode is done by the crew in California. The storyboards are then used as templates by the crew in Korea, who animate by hand, color cels on computers, and paint backgrounds. Episodes are finished in California, where they are edited and have music added. Every season, character designs are updated or modified to solve technical issues in the animation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433935165405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "During the first season, the series used cel animation. A shift was made the following year to digital ink and paint animation. In 2009, executive producer Paul Tibbitt said \"The first season of SpongeBob was done the old-fashioned way on cells, and every cell had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colours. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530981063842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "A stop-motion opening sequence for the series' 10th anniversary special was created by LA-based animation studio Screen Novelties. The group was re-enlisted a few years later to produce the eighth season episode \"It's a SpongeBob Christmas!\" This was the first full-length episode in the series to be produced in stop motion animation. Mark Caballero, Seamus Walsh, and Christopher Finnegan of Screen Novelties animated the episode, and Caballero and Walsh also served as its directors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486614227294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "A cover of the song by Avril Lavigne can be found on the SpongeBob SquarePants Movie soundtrack. Another cover by the Violent Femmes aired on Nickelodeon as a promotion for the series moving to prime time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50611400604248, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "The series' music editor and main composer is Nicolas Carr. After working with Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life, Carr struggled to find a new job in his field. He had been considering a career change when Hillenburg offered him the job. The first season's score primarily featured selections from the Associated Production Music Library, which Carr has said includes \"lots of great old corny Hawaiian music and big, full, dramatic orchestral scores.\" Rocko's Modern Life also used music from this library. It was Hillenburg's decision to adopt the approach. The selections for SpongeBob SquarePants have been described by Carr as being \"more over-the-top\" than those for Rocko's Modern Life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321791648864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Nickelodeon began celebrating the 10th anniversary of the series on January 18, 2009 with a live cast reading of the episode \"SpongeBob vs. The Big One\". The reading — a first for the series — was held at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The episode, which would not premiere on TV until April 17, featured Johnny Depp as a guest star. Other celebratory actions taken by the network included the launching of a new website for the series (spongebob.com) and the introduction of new merchandising. A \"SpongeBob and water conservation-themed element\" was also added to Nickelodeon's pro-social campaign The Big Green Help. In an interview, Tom Kenny said, \"What I'm most proud of is that kids still really like [SpongeBob SquarePants] and care about it ... They eagerly await new episodes. People who were young children when it started 10 years ago are still watching it and digging it and think it's funny. That's the loving cup for me\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218530654907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Three nights before the official anniversary date, an hour-long documentary of the series, Square Roots: The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants, premiered on VH1. Critically acclaimed duo Patrick Creadon and Christine O'Malley created the film as a followup to I.O.U.S.A. – a documentary on America's financial situation. Creadon remarked, \"After spending two years examining the financial health of the United States, Christine and I were ready to tackle something a little more upbeat. Telling the SpongeBob story feels like the perfect fit.\" On Friday July 17, Nickelodeon marked the official anniversary of the series, with a 50-hour television marathon titled \"The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash Weekend\". The marathon began with a new episode, \"To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants\". Saturday saw a countdown of the top ten episodes as picked by fans, as well as an airing of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. The marathon finished on Sunday, which saw a countdown of episodes as picked by celebrities, as well as the premiere of ten new episodes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277411460876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "SquarePants", "passage": "Nickelodeon continued celebrating the anniversary through the rest of the year. An eight-episode DVD set featuring \"To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants\" shortly followed the marathon, with a July 21 release. Next a 2,200 minute, 14-disc DVD set titled The First 100 Episodes was released on September 22. Finally, on November 6, an hour-long television film, titled Truth or Square, debuted on Nickelodeon. The film is narrated by Ricky Gervais and features live action cameo appearances by Rosario Dawson, Craig Ferguson, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, LeBron James, P!nk, Triumph the Insult Comic Dog, and Robin Williams. It was released as part of a five-episode DVD set on November 10. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3545503616333, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Within its first month on air, SpongeBob SquarePants overtook Pokémons position as the highest rated Saturday-morning children's series. It held an average national Nielsen rating of 4.9 among children aged two through eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers. Two years later, the series had firmly established itself as Nickelodeon's second highest rated children's program, after Rugrats. It had gained a significant adult audience by that point – nearly 40 percent of the series' 2.2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34. That year, 2001, Nickelodeon took the \"Saturday-morning ratings crown\" for the fourth straight season. In response to this weekend-found success, the studio gave SpongeBob SquarePants time slots at 6 PM and 8 PM, Monday through Thursday, to increase exposure of the series. By the end of that year SpongeBob SquarePants boasted the highest ratings for any children's series, not only on Nickelodeon, but on all of television. Weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million, at least five million of which were adults.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437631607055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In October 2002, another Nickelodeon series titled The Fairly OddParents ranked as the No. 2 program for children between 2 and 11 years old. Its ratings at that time were almost equal to SpongeBob SquarePants then-average of 2.2 million viewers per episode. The Fairly OddParents even briefly surpassed SpongeBob SquarePants, causing the latter series to drop into second place — at this time The Fairly OddParents had a 6.2 rating and nearly 2.5 million child viewers, while SpongeBob SquarePants had a 6.0 rating and 2.4 million kids 2–11. Nickelodeon \"recognized\" The Fairly OddParents for its climbing ratings and installed it into a new 8 P.M. time slot, previously occupied by SpongeBob SquarePants. In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, then-general manager and executive vice president of Nickelodeon, said, \"Are we banking on the fact that Fairly OddParents will be the next SpongeBob? ... We are hoping. But SpongeBob is so unique, it's hard to say if it will ever be repeated\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411478042602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "However, in 2012, it was reported that the series' ratings were declining. The average number of viewers aged 2 to 11 watching SpongeBob at any given time dropped 29% in the first quarter from a year earlier, according to Nielsen. Wall Street Journal business writer John Jannarone suggested that the age of the series and oversaturation of the series might be contributing to the decline of the series' ratings, and might also be directly responsible for the decline in Nickelodeon's overall ratings. Media analyst Todd Juenger directly attributes the decline in Nickelodeon's ratings to the availability of streaming video content on services like Netflix, a provider of on-demand Internet streaming media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50875186920166, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Philippe Dauman, the president and CEO of Viacom, contradicted the notion, saying he did not think \"the limited amount of Nick library content on Netflix ... has had a significant impact\". A Nickelodeon spokesman said SpongeBob is performing consistently well and remains the number one rated animated series in all of children's television. He added, \"There is nothing that we have seen that points to SpongeBob as a problem\". Dauman blamed the drop on \"some ratings systemic issues\" at Nielsen, citing extensive set-top-box data that \"does in no way reflect\" the Nielsen data.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417302131652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Juenger noted that SpongeBob could affect the ratings of other Nickelodeon programming because children often change channels to find their favorite programs, then stay tuned into that network. Nickelodeon recently reduced its exposure in television. In the first quarter of 2012, the network cut back on the number of episodes it aired by 16% compared with a year earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519189834594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "On April 22, 2013, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings announced their intentions not to renew their existing deal with Viacom. Since then, Viacom's deal with Netflix expired, and shows such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer were removed. On June 4, 2013, Viacom announced a multi-year licensing agreement which would move its programs, such as SpongeBob and Dora the Explorer, to Amazon.com, Netflix's top competitor. Amazon agreed to pay more than $200 million to Viacom for the license, its largest subscription streaming transaction ever. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489189147949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants is one of the longest-running series on Nickelodeon. It became the Nickelodeon series with the most episodes, during its eighth season, surpassing the 172 episodes of Rugrats with 178. In its ninth season, a total of 26 episodes pushed the series over the 200th episode mark, reaching 204 produced episodes. In a statement, Brown Johnson, animation president for Nickelodeon, said, \"SpongeBobs success in reaching over 200 episodes is a testament to creator Stephen Hillenburg's vision, comedic sensibility and his dynamic, lovable characters. The series now joins the club of contemporary classic Nicktoons that have hit this benchmark, so we're incredibly proud\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406217575073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Robert Thompson, a professor of communications and director of the Center for the Study of Popular Television at Syracuse University, told The New York Times, \"There is something kind of unique about [SpongeBob]. It seems to be a refreshing breath from the pre-irony era. There's no sense of the elbow-in-rib, tongue-in-cheek aesthetic that so permeates the rest of American culture–including kids' shows like the Rugrats. I think what's subversive about it is it's so incredibly naive–deliberately. Because there's nothing in it that's trying to be hip or cool or anything else, hipness can be grafted onto it\". In a 2007 interview, Barack Obama named SpongeBob his favorite TV character and admitted that SpongeBob SquarePants is \"the show I watch with my daughters\". British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also said he watches the series with his children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254891395568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants has received many awards and nominations; among these are two Emmy Awards (\"Outstanding Special Class Animated Program\" in 2010 and \"Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation\" in 2014); six Annie Awards; and two BAFTA Children's Awards. In 2006, IGN ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th on its list, \"Top 25 Animated Series of All Time\", and in 2013, it ranked the series 12th on its list, \"The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults\". Additionally, the website's UK division ran a \"Top 100 Animated Series\" list, and like its US counterpart, ranked SpongeBob SquarePants 15th.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44741439819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "The series is among the \"All-TIME 100 TV Shows\" as chosen by Time television critic James Poniewozik in 2007. He said, \"It's the most funny, surreal, inventive example of the explosion in creative kids' (and adult) entertainment that Nick, Cartoon Network and their ilk made possible\". Viewers of the UK television network Channel 4 voted SpongeBob SquarePants the 28th \"Greatest Cartoon\" in a 2004 poll. TV Guide listed the character of SpongeBob SquarePants at No. 9 for its \"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time\". In 2013, the publication ranked SpongeBob SquarePants the eighth \"Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time\". In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named SpongeBob one of the \"100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407493591308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "In July 2009, Madame Tussauds wax museum in New York launched a wax sculpture of SpongeBob in celebration of the series' 10th anniversary. This made SpongeBob the first animated character to ever receive a statue made entirely out of wax. In May 2011, a new species of mushroom, Spongiforma squarepantsii, was described, named after the series' title character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41546630859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "The character has also become a trend in Egypt at Cairo's Tahrir Square. After the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, SpongeBob became a fashion phenomenon, appearing on various items of merchandise from hijabs to boxer shorts. The phenomenon led to the creation of the Tumblr project called \"SpongeBob on the Nile\". The project was founded by American students Andrew Leber and Elisabeth Jaquette and attempts to document every appearance of SpongeBob in Egypt. Sherief Elkeshta cited the phenomenon in an essay about the incoherent state of politics in Egypt in an independent monthly paper titled Midan Masr. He wrote, \"Why isn't he [SpongeBob] at least holding a Molotov cocktail? Or raising a fist?\" The phenomenon has even spread to Libya, where a Libyan rebel in SpongeBob dress was photographed celebrating the revolution. Although The Guardian and Vice have asserted that the trend has little to no political significance, \"joke\" presidential campaigns have been undertaken for SpongeBob in Egypt and Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239325523376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "A clip was posted to YouTube in February 2013 that features soldiers in the Russian army and navy singing the SpongeBob SquarePants theme song as they march. According to the website that uploaded the video, this is one of the \"most popular marching songs\" in the Russian military. The video garnered nearly 50,000 views within its first week.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499188423156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "In 2005, a promotional video which showed SpongeBob and other characters from children's shows singing together to promote diversity and tolerance was attacked by an evangelical group in the United States because they saw SpongeBob as being used to \"advocate homosexuality\". James Dobson of Focus on the Family accused the video of promoting homosexuality, due to it being sponsored by a pro-tolerance group. The incident accentuated questions as to whether or not SpongeBob is gay. Although the character has enjoyed popularity with gay viewers, series creator Stephen Hillenburg had already denied the issue three years earlier, clarifying at the time that he considers the character to be \"somewhat asexual\". After Dobson's comments, Hillenburg reasserted his position, stating that sexual preference does not play a part in what they are \"trying to do\" with the series. Tom Kenny and other production members were distraught that such an issue had arisen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304323196411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Dobson later stated that his comments were taken out of context, and that his original complaints were not with SpongeBob, the video, or any of the characters in the video, but rather with the organization that sponsored the video, the We Are Family Foundation. Dobson indicated that the We Are Family Foundation posted pro-gay material on their website, but later removed it. After the controversy, John H. Thomas, the United Church of Christ's general minister and president, said they would welcome SpongeBob into their ministry. He said \"Jesus didn't turn people away. Neither do we\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421937942504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "On April 2009, Burger King released a SpongeBob-themed advertisement featuring a parody of Sir Mix-a-Lot's song \"Baby Got Back\". The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood protested the ad for being sexist and inappropriately sexual, especially contemplating that SpongeBob's fan base includes young children. In official statements released by Burger King and Nickelodeon, both companies claimed that the campaign was aimed at parents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41073989868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Critics' reviews of early SpongeBob episodes praised the show for its wit, clever humor, and \"uncanny brilliance\". However, in 2007, around the airing of season five, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some fans \"began to turn away from the show\", causing online fansites to \"[become] deserted\". They pointed to a shift from clever humor to what they perceived as \"boring, unfunny humor [...] geared too much towards children\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452147483825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Paul Tibbitt, showrunner from season four to the season 9 episode, \"Spongebob, You're Fired!\" has been the subject of criticism. While The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was generally well received by fans of the show, it is also considered a turning point in the show's history, as many fans believe the decline occurred after the film's release,Berr, Jonathan (May 4, 2012). [http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post942b02c6-e5b2-405d-bba8-277797fa7839 Viacom should pull the plug on SpongeBob]. MSN Money. Retrieved February 3, 2013. when Stephen Hillenburg resigned as showrunner and Tibbitt was appointed to replace him. Episodes produced since the movie have been variously categorized as \"kid-pandering attention-waster[s]\", \"tedious\", \"boring\" and \"dreck\", a \"depressing plateau of mediocrity\", and \"laugh-skimpy\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366930961608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In February 2011, creator Hillenburg first announced the release of the 32-page bimonthly comic book series, SpongeBob Comics, based on the show. The release marked the first time Hillenburg authored his own books. He said, \"I'm hoping that fans will enjoy finally having a SpongeBob comic book from me\". The comic book series is published by Hillenburg's production company, United Plankton Pictures, and distributed by Bongo Comics Group. Although the characters of the series had previously appeared in Nickelodeon Magazine and in Cine-Manga, the first issue of SpongeBob Comics marked the first time the characters have appeared in their own comic books in the United States. Hillenburg described the stories from the comic books as \"original and always true to the humor, characters, and universe of the SpongeBob SquarePants series\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368772506713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Chris Duffy, the former senior editor of Nickelodeon Magazine, serves as managing editor of SpongeBob Comics. Hillenburg and Duffy met with various comic book writers and artists—including James Kochalka, Hilary Barta, Graham Annable, Gregg Schigiel, and Jacob Chabot—to contribute to each issues. Retired horror comics writer and artist Stephen R. Bissette returned to write a special Halloween issue in 2012, with Tony Millionaire and Al Jaffee. In an interview with Tom Spurgeon, Bissette said, \"I've even broken my retirement to do one work-for-hire gig [for SpongeBob Comics] so I could share everything about that kind of current job\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31937313079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, Titan Magazines publishes comics based on SpongeBob SquarePants every four weeks. These comics were first published on February 3, 2005. Titan Magazines teamed-up with Lego to release a limited edition SpongeBob-themed comic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471823692321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies produced The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, an animated film adaptation of the series that was released on November 19, 2004. The film was directed by creator Stephen Hillenburg, and was written by long-time series writers comprising Hillenburg, Derek Drymon, Tim Hill, Kent Osborne, Aaron Springer, and Paul Tibbitt. Hillenburg and Julia Pistor produced the film, while the film score was composed by Gregor Narholz. The film is about Plankton's evil plan to steal King Neptune's crown and send it to Shell City. SpongeBob and Patrick must retrieve it and save Mr. Krabs' life from Neptune's raft and their home, Bikini Bottom, from Plankton's plan. The film features guest appearances by Jeffrey Tambor as King Neptune, Scarlett Johansson as the King's daughter Mindy, Alec Baldwin as Dennis, and David Hasselhoff as himself. It received positive critical reception, and grossed over $140 million worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143999099731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "Two television films were released. The two television films are SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis released in 2007 and SpongeBob's Truth or Square released in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534220695495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "A sequel to the 2004 film was released in theaters on February 6, 2015. The series' main cast members are reprise their roles, and the underwater parts are traditionally animated in the manner of the series and the live-action parts uses CGI animation with the SpongeBob characters. The film has a budget similar to the previous film and did not cost more than $100 million to produce. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335349082946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Collections of original music featured in the series have been released on the albums SpongeBob SquarePants: Original Theme Highlights (2001), SpongeBob's Greatest Hits (2009), and The Yellow Album (2005). The first two charted on the US Billboard 200, reaching number 171 and 122, respectively. Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release, and have not been featured on the show. For example, the song \"My Tidy Whities\" written by Tom Kenny and Andy Paley was released only for the album The Best Day Ever (2006). Kenny's inspiration for the song was \"underwear humor\". Kenny said, \"Underwear humor is always a surefire laugh-getter with kids ... Just seeing a character that odd wearing really prosaic, normal, Kmart, three-to-a-pack underwear is a funny drawing ... We thought it was funny to make a really lush, beautiful love song to his underwear\". The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie – Music from the Movie and More..., a soundtrack album featuring the score of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released along with the feature-length film in November 2004. Various artists including the Flaming Lips, Wilco, Ween, Motörhead, the Shins, and Avril Lavigne contributed to the soundtrack that reached number 76 on the US Billboard 200. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413711547851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D film and ride opened in various locations, including Six Flags Over Texas, Flamingo Land Resort, and the Shedd Aquarium. The ride features water squirts, real bubbles, and other sensory enhancements. In 2012, Nickelodeon teamed up again with SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment and Super 78 to produce SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D: The Great Jelly Rescue. The attraction opened in early 2013 at the Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration. The attraction was also released at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Orlando, Florida. The seven-minute film follows SpongeBob, Patrick and Sandy to their old hijinks while rescuing the jellyfish of Jellyfish Fields from Plankton's evil clutches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226881980895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "SpongeBob SquarePants appears at the Mall of America's Nickelodeon theme park re-branded from the Mall of America's Park at MOA, formerly Camp Snoopy, to Nickelodeon Universe in the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. The new theme park features a SpongeBob-themed Gerstlauer Euro-Fighter custom roller coaster, the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge, which has replaced the Mystery Mine Ride and Olde Time Photo store on the west end of the theme park, which opened March 15, 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354251861572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "On May 23, 2015, an interactive 3D show titled \"SpongeBob SubPants Adventure\" opened in Texas at Moody Gardens. According to Moody Gardens President and CEO John Zendt, \"Visitors will be able to interact with the Nickelodeon characters on a digital stage as they have never been able to do before.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423643112182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Numerous video games based on the series have been produced. Some of the early games include Legend of the Lost Spatula (2001) and SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom (2003). The 2003 video game was added to the Greatest Hits by Sony. It also served as the engine basis for a video game based on the The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Heavy Iron Studios, the game's developers, tweaked the graphics to give the game a sharper and more imaginative look than that of Battle for Bikini Bottom. They also increased the polygon count, added several racing levels, and incorporated many of the creatures seen in the film. In 2013, Nickelodeon published and distributed SpongeBob Moves In, a freemium city-building game app developed by Kung Fu Factory for iOS. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479567527770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "SpongeBob SquareShorts", "passage": "SpongeBob SquareShorts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537370681762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "Nickelodeon launched the first global SpongeBob SquarePants-themed short film competition, SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes, in 2013. The contest encourages fans and filmmakers around the world to create original short films inspired by SpongeBob for a chance to win a prize and a trip for four people to a screening event in Hollywood. The contest opened on May 6 and ran through June 28, 2013. On July 19, 2013, Nickelodeon announced the finalists for the competition, and, on August 13, 2013, the \"under 18 years of age\" category was won by David of the United States for his \"The Krabby Commercial\", while the \"Finally Home\" short by Nicole of South Africa won the \"18 and over\" category. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316542625427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "The popularity of SpongeBob SquarePants inspired merchandise from T-shirts to posters. It was reported that the franchise generated an estimated $8 billion merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon. It is also the most distributed property of MTV Networks. SpongeBob is viewed in 170 countries speaking 24 languages, and has also become \"a killer merchandising app\". The title character and his friends have been used as a theme for special editions of well-known family board games, including Monopoly, Life, and Operation, as well as a SpongeBob SquarePants edition of Ants in the Pants, and Yahtzee. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395973205566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In 2001, SpongeBob SquarePants signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King, expanding its merchandising. The popularity of SpongeBob has translated well into sales figures. In 2002, SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75,000 per week, which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time. SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan, specifically with Japanese women. Nickelodeon's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted marketing at women in the country. Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan, as the character's design is very different from already popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu. Ratings and merchandise sales showed SpongeBob SquarePants has caught on with parents and with college audiences. In a recent promotion, college-oriented website Music.com gave away 80,000 SpongeBob T-shirts, four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central's South Park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399421691894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Squarepants", "passage": "In 2007, high-end SpongeBob-themed electronics have been introduced by Imation Electronics Products under the Npower brand, including MP3 players, digital cameras, a DVD player, and a flatscreen television. Pictures of SpongeBob SquarePants also began to appear on the labels of 8 oz. cans of Green Giant cut green beans and frozen packages of Green Giant green beans and butter sauce, which featured free stickers in 2007 as part of an initiative to encourage kids to eat their vegetables. The Simmons Jewelry Co. released a $75,000 diamond pendant as part of a SpongeBob collection. In New Zealand, the UK-based Beechdean Group unveiled the SpongeBob SquarePants Vanilla Ice Cream character product as part of a licence deal with Nickelodeon. NZ Drinks launched the SpongeBob SquarePants bottled water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236624717712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob Sqaurepants", "passage": "Build-A-Bear Workshop introduced the new SpongeBob SqaurePants collection in stores and online in North America on May 17, 2013. Shoppers can dress their SpongeBob and Patrick plush in a variety of clothing and accessories. Sandy Cheeks and Gary the Snail are also available as pre-stuffed minis. Build-A-Bear Workshop stores nationwide celebrated the arrival of SpongeBob with a series of special events from May 17 through May 19. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392573356628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "Spongebob", "passage": "On July 13, 2013, Toyota, with Nickelodeon, unveiled a SpongeBob-inspired Toyota Highlander. The 2014 Toyota Highlander was launched on SpongeBob Day at the San Diego's Giants v. Padres game. The SpongeBob Toyota Highlander visited seven U.S. locations during its release, including the Nickelodeon Suites Resort Orlando in Florida. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428191184997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" } ]

[ { "answer": "A pumpkin", "passage": "As the sisters departed to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair. Her Fairy Godmother magically appeared and immediately began to transform Cinderella from house servant to the young lady she was by birth, all in the effort to get Cinderella to the ball. She turned a pumpkin into a golden carriage, mice into horses, a rat into a coachman, and lizards into footmen. She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful jeweled gown, complete with a delicate pair of glass slippers. The Godmother told her to enjoy the ball, but warned that she had to return before midnight, when the spells would be broken.", "precise_score": 2.9266233444213867, "rough_score": 3.494718074798584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinderella" }, { "answer": "Pumpkin", "passage": "One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written in French by Charles Perrault in 1697, under the name Cendrillon. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story, including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of \"glass\" (a translation error must have occurred when the story was translated from French into English, as it is argued that in the earliest printed French version it was a \"pantoufle de vair\", which is the old name for grey squirrel fur and not a \"pantoufle de verre\" which would be glass) slippers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.152707576751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinderella" }, { "answer": "A pumpkin", "passage": "* Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905. Phyllis Dare, aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter. In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene takes place in a forest with a hunt in progress; here Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his \"right-hand man\" Dandini, whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini's opera (La Cenerentola). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini. Her father, Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters, the Ugly sisters, and has a servant, Cinderella's friend Buttons. (Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent.) The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.68196439743042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cinderella" } ]

[ { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Of currently existing independent countries, New Zealand was the first to acknowledge women's right to vote in 1893 when it was a self-governing British colony. Unrestricted women's suffrage in terms of voting rights (women were not initially permitted to stand for election) was adopted in New Zealand in 1893. Following a successful movement led by Kate Sheppard, the women's suffrage bill was adopted weeks before the general election of that year. The women of the British protectorate of Cook Islands obtained the same right soon after and beat New Zealand's women to the polls in 1893. ", "precise_score": 7.339165210723877, "rough_score": 5.988483428955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Women in Rarotonga won the right to vote in 1893, shortly after New Zealand.Markoff, John, 'Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage' Signs the Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2003; 29 (1)", "precise_score": 3.8012678623199463, "rough_score": 5.639925956726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "New Zealand's Electoral Act of 19 September 1893 made this country the first in the world to grant women the right to vote in parliamentary elections.", "precise_score": 10.10207462310791, "rough_score": 8.411529541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "The short-lived Corsican Republic (1755–1769) was the first country to grant limited universal suffrage for all inhabitants over the age of 25. This was followed by other experiments in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the island republic of Franceville (1889). In 1893, New Zealand became the first major nation to practice universal suffrage, and the Freedom in the World index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893. In 1906, Finland became the second country in the world, and the first in Europe, to grant universal suffrage to its citizens. At this time, however, women in New Zealand did not have the right to run for office. In 1906, Finland became the first country in the world to grant women full political rights. ", "precise_score": 7.193402290344238, "rough_score": 3.1837480068206787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Limited voting rights were gained by some women in Sweden, Britain, and some western U.S. states in the 1860s. In 1893, the British colony of New Zealand became the first self-governing nation to extend the right to vote to all adult women. In 1894 the women of South Australia achieved the right to both vote and stand for Parliament. The autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire was the first nation to allow all women to both vote and run for parliament. ", "precise_score": 7.551589012145996, "rough_score": 6.882129192352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "In 1906 Finland became the first nation in the world to give all adult citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all adult citizens the right to vote (in 1893), but women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature until 1919.", "precise_score": 6.947207927703857, "rough_score": 8.440988540649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "* 1893 – Women won equal voting rights with men, making New Zealand the first nation in the world to allow adult women to vote.", "precise_score": 7.019491195678711, "rough_score": 6.642324924468994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Eighteen legislative councillors petitioned the new governor, Lord Glasgow, to withhold his consent in enacting the law, but on 18 September 1893 the governor consented and The Electoral Act 1893 gave all women in New Zealand the right to vote.", "precise_score": 6.5150065422058105, "rough_score": 5.549963474273682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "In 1881, the Isle of Man (a Crown dependency, not part of the UK) enacted the Manx Election Act, which gave women who owned property the right to vote in the country's Parliament, Tynwald. In 1893, New Zealand, then a self-governing British colony, granted adult women the right to vote. The self-governing colony of South Australia, now an Australian state, did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election, which was held in 1895. South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men. In 1901, the six British colonies of Australia federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia, and women acquired the right to vote and stand in federal elections from 1902, but discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal women (and men) voting in national elections were not completely removed until 1962. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.175783634185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "In addition, although women in Portugal obtained suffrage in 1931, this was with stronger restrictions than those of men; full gender equality in voting was only granted in 1976. And although women in Switzerland could vote at federal level since 1971, full gender equality at all local level (cantonal) elections was achieved only in 1991, when the last holdout canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden finally allowed women the right to vote. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5585148334503174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women's suffrage; they gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971 after a second referendum that year. In 1991 following a decision by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, Appenzell Innerrhoden became the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.503979206085205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "The status of women in Mexico became an issue during the Mexican Revolution, with Francisco I. Madero, the challenger to the continued presidency of Porfirio Diaz interested in the rights of Mexican women. Madero was part of a rich estate-owning family in the northern state of Coahuila, who had attended University of California, Berkeley briefly and traveled in Europe, absorbing liberal ideas and practices. Madero's wife as well as his female personal assistant, Soledad González, \"unquestionably enhanced his interest in women's rights.\" González was one of the orphans that the Maderos adopted; she learned typing and stenography, and traveled to Mexico City following Madero's election as president in 1911. Madero's brief presidential term was tumultuous, and with no previous political experience, Madero was unable to forward the cause of women's suffrage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.495967388153076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "Following his ouster by military coup led by Victoriano Huerta and Madero's assassination, those taking up Madero's cause and legacy, the Constitutionalists (named after the liberal Constitution of 1857) began to discuss women's rights. Venustiano Carranza, former governor of Coahuila, and following Madero's assassination, the \"first chief\" of the Constitutionalists. Carranza also had an influential female private secretary, Hermila Galindo, who was a champion of women's rights in Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.73059606552124, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "In asserting his Carranza promulgated political plan Plan de Guadalupe in 1914, enumerating in standard Mexican fashion, his aims as he sought supporters. In the \"Additions\" to the Plan de Guadalupe, Carranza made some important statements that had an impact on families and the status of women in regards to marriage. In December 1914, Carranza issued a decree that legalized divorce under certain circumstances. Although the decree did not lead to women's suffrage, it eased somewhat restrictions that still existed in the civil even after the nineteenth-century liberal Reforma established the State's right to regulate marriage as a civil rather than an ecclesiastical matter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5839619636535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "As women's suffrage made progress in Great Britain and the United States, in Mexico there was an echo. Carranza, who was elected president in 1916, called for a convention to draft a new Mexican Constitution that incorporated gains for particular groups, such as the industrial working class and the peasantry seeking land reform. It also incorporated increased restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, an extension of the anticlericalism in the Constitution of 1857. The Constitution of 1917 did not explicitly empower women's access to the ballot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.025861740112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "Edith Cowan was elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921, the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament. Dame Enid Lyons, in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney became the first women in the Federal Parliament in 1943. Lyons went on to be the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in the 1949 ministry of Robert Menzies. Rosemary Follett was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989, becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory. By 2010, the people of Australia's oldest city, Sydney had female leaders occupying every major political office above them, with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor, Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales, Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales, Julia Gillard as Prime Minister, Quentin Bryce as Governor-General of Australia and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.116511344909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "New Zealand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450326919555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Although the Liberal government which passed the bill generally advocated social and political reform, the electoral bill was only passed because of a combination of personality issues and political accident. The bill granted the vote to women of all races. New Zealand women were denied the right to stand for parliament, however, until 1920. In 2005 almost a third of the Members of Parliament elected were female. Women recently have also occupied powerful and symbolic offices such as those of Prime Minister (Jenny Shipley and Helen Clark), Governor-General (Catherine Tizard and Silvia Cartwright), Chief Justice (Sian Elias), Speaker of the House of Representatives (Margaret Wilson), and from 3 March 2005 to 23 August 2006, all four of these posts were held by women, along with Queen Elizabeth as Head of State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.090481281280518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "In New Zealand the Maori have been enfranchised effectively since 1865 at the conclusion of the Maori War. Maori still have the choice of voting in a general (all race) electorate or a solely Maori electorate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781645774841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "New Zealand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450326919555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "* 1853 – British government passes the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, granting limited self-rule, including a bicameral parliament, to the colony. The vote was limited to male British subjects aged 21 or over who owned or rented sufficient property and were not imprisoned for a serious offence. Communally owned land was excluded from the property qualification, thus disenfranchising most Māori (indigenous) men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.136536598205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "* 1867 – Māori seats established, giving Māori four reserved seats in the lower house. There was no property qualification; thus Māori men gained universal suffrage before other New Zealanders. The number of seats did not reflect the size of the Māori population, but Māori men who met the property requirement for general electorates were able to vote in them or in the Māori electorates but not both.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168094635009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "* 1975 – Franchise extended to permanent residents of New Zealand, regardless of whether they have citizenship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406269073486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suffrage" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand was an important political issue in the late nineteenth century. In early colonial New Zealand, as in other European societies, women were excluded from any involvement in politics. Public opinion began to change in the latter half of the nineteenth century, however, and after years of effort by suffrage campaigners, led by Kate Sheppard, New Zealand became the first self-governing colony in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2513809204101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Women's suffrage was granted after about two decades of campaigning by women throughout New Zealand, including Kate Sheppard and Mary Ann Müller. The New Zealand branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union led by Anne Ward was particularly instrumental in the campaign. Influenced by the American branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Movement and the philosophy of thinkers like Harriet Taylor Mill and John Stuart Mill, the movement argued that women could bring morality into democratic politics. Opponents argued instead that politics was outside women's 'natural sphere' of the home and family. Suffrage advocates countered that allowing women to vote would encourage policies which protected and nurtured families.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.455341339111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "WCTU campaigners and suffragettes organised and delivered a series of petitions to Parliament: over 9,000 signatures were delivered in 1891, followed by a petition of almost 20,000 signatures in 1892, and finally in 1893 nearly 32,000 signatures were presented – almost a quarter of the adult European female population of New Zealand. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.493037700653076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "From 1887, various attempts were made to pass bills enabling female suffrage, the first of which was authored by Julius Vogel, the 8th Premier of New Zealand. Each bill came close to passing. Several electoral bills that would have given adult women the right to vote were passed in the House of Representatives but defeated in the upper Legislative Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.104523181915283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "Women were not eligible to be appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council (the Upper House of Parliament) until 1941. The first two women (Mary Dreaver and Mary Anderson) were appointed in 1946 by the Labour Government. In 1950 the \"suicide squad\" appointed by the National Government to abolish the Legislative Council included three women: Cora Louisa Burrell of Christchurch, Ethel Marion Gould of Auckland and Agnes Louisa Weston of Wellington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.054156303405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "In 1989 Helen Clark became the first female Deputy Prime Minister. In 1997, the then-current Prime Minister Jim Bolger lost the support of the National Party and was replaced by Jenny Shipley, making her the first female Prime Minister of New Zealand. In 1999, Clark became the second female Prime Minister of New Zealand, and the first woman to gain the position at an election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9131951332092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "The New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993 was authorised by the Queen by Royal Warrant dated 1 July 1993, and was awarded to 546 selected persons in recognition of their contribution to the rights of women in New Zealand or to women's issues in New Zealand or both. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.47416877746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "File:Kate Sheppard.jpg|Kate Sheppard, New Zealand's leading suffrage campaigner, appears on the current New Zealand ten-dollar note. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284428596496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "Nz", "passage": "Mary Ann Müller.jpg|Mary Ann Müller, a pioneering campaigner for women's suffrage women's rights.[http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.732170104980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "1M59 \"Müller, Mary Ann\"], Dictionary of New Zealand Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44829273223877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "File:Elizabeth Yates, New Zealand.jpg|Elizabeth Yates, who in 1893 became the first female Mayor in the British Empire and second in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7627050876617432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "File:Mary Dreaver, 1934.jpg|Mary Dreaver, first woman to sit in the New Zealand Legislative Council, third female MP (1941). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.455771446228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "File:Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan.jpg|Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan, New Zealand's longest serving female MP, 38 years between 1967 and 1996. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11422348022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" }, { "answer": "New Zealand", "passage": "File:Catherine Tizard 1992.jpg|Catherine Tizard, the first woman to serve as Governor-General of New Zealand (1990-96). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.170583724975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Women's suffrage in New Zealand" } ]

[ { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which \"intoxicating liquors\" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g., for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. Its ratification was certified on January 16, 1919, with the amendment taking effect on January 16, 1920.", "precise_score": -3.8655991554260254, "rough_score": -0.08406573534011841, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment. ", "precise_score": -4.955099582672119, "rough_score": -4.653759479522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, but did not ban consumption of alcohol in most households.", "precise_score": -7.913403511047363, "rough_score": -6.9753193855285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "The 18th", "passage": "To define the language used in the Amendment, Congress enacted enabling legislation called the National Prohibition Act, better known as the Volstead Act, on October 28, 1919. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill, but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and the Senate voted similarly the next day. The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition for January 17, 1920, which was the earliest date allowed by the 18th Amendment.", "precise_score": -7.468851089477539, "rough_score": -1.8092033863067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "The Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. The amendment remains the only constitutional amendment to be repealed in its entirety; leaving only the power to regulate transportation solely to the federal government. ", "precise_score": 3.0611116886138916, "rough_score": 2.7207186222076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "In the House, the vote was 282 to 128, with the Democrats voting 141 in favor and 64 in opposition; and the Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition. Four Independents in the House voted in favor and two Independents cast votes against the amendment.David Pietrusza, 1920: The Year of Six Presidents (NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 160 It was officially proposed by the Congress to the states when the Senate passed the resolution, by a vote of 47 to 8, the next day, December 18. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.601920127868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Mississippi (January 7, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281632423400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Virginia (January 11, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313486099243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Kentucky (January 14, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353311538696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# North Dakota (January 25, 1918)Effective January 28, 1918, the date on which the North Dakota ratification was approved by the state Governor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069327354431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# South Carolina (January 29, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297197341918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Maryland (February 13, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083677291870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Montana (February 19, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266303062438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Texas (March 4, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298527717590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Delaware (March 18, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011910438537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# South Dakota (March 20, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244192123413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Massachusetts (April 2, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237509727478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Arizona (May 24, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276290893554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Georgia (June 26, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185118675231934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Louisiana (August 3, 1918)Effective August 9, 1918, the date on which the Louisiana ratification was approved by the state Governor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.040696144104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "18", "passage": "# Florida (November 27, 1918)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278553009033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "eighteen", "passage": "Just after the Eighteenth Amendment's adoption, there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low-income groups. Consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing \"rotgut\" alcohol. Likewise, there was a general reduction in overall crime, mainly in the types of crimes associated with the effects of alcohol consumption, though there were significant increases in crimes involved in the production and distribution of illegal alcohol. Those who continued to use alcohol tended to turn to organized criminal syndicates, who were able to take advantage of uneven enforcement, suddenly overwhelmed police forces, and corruptible public officials to establish powerful, murderous smuggling networks. Anti-prohibition groups arose and worked to have the amendment repealed once it became apparent that Prohibition was an unprecedented catastrophe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.744600296020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* Many video games, including Beavis and Butt-Head, Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity, Beavis and Butt-Head: Bunghole in One, Calling All Dorks, Little Thingies, Wiener Takes All, and Beavis and Butt-head Do U. ", "precise_score": -0.12237168848514557, "rough_score": 1.6385982036590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1995 – Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity (PC, PlayStation)", "precise_score": 0.03825722262263298, "rough_score": 1.1744067668914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1996 – Beavis and Butt-head in Calling All Dorks (PC)", "precise_score": 1.035195231437683, "rough_score": 1.374611496925354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1996 – Beavis and Butt-head in Wiener Takes All (PC)", "precise_score": 1.191853642463684, "rough_score": 1.0967164039611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1996 – Beavis and Butt-head in Little Thingies (PC)", "precise_score": 1.6767516136169434, "rough_score": 2.117631435394287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1996 - Beavis and Butt-head Atari (Arcade) cancelled ", "precise_score": 0.8204397559165955, "rough_score": 1.526421070098877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1997 – Beavis and Butt-head in Screen Wreckers (PC)", "precise_score": 1.3329989910125732, "rough_score": 1.799177646636963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1998 – Beavis and Butt-head: Bunghole in One (PC)", "precise_score": 2.27839732170105, "rough_score": 4.04270076751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1999 – Beavis and Butt-head Do U. (PC)", "precise_score": 1.8392788171768188, "rough_score": 2.810969114303589, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Beavis and Butt-Head is an American animated sitcom created and designed by Mike Judge. The series originated from Frog Baseball, a 1992 short film by Judge originally aired on Liquid Television. After seeing the short, MTV signed Judge to develop the concept. The series first ran from March 8, 1993 to November 28, 1997. In 1996, the series was adapted into the animated feature film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0753363370895386, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "It was revived in 2011 and new episodes began airing on MTV from October 27 to December 29, 2011. Mike Judge has stated that he wants to try to get Beavis and Butt-Head back on MTV or another network. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.408352375030518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "The show centers on two socially incompetent, heavy metal-loving teenage wannabe delinquents, Beavis and Butt-Head (both voiced by Judge), who go to High School at Highland High in Albuquerque, New Mexico (the same city where Judge went to high school). They have no apparent adult supervision at home, and are dim-witted, under-educated and barely literate, and both lack any empathy or moral scruples, even regarding each other. Their most common shared activity is watching music videos, which they tend to judge by deeming them \"cool,\" or by exclaiming, \"This sucks!\" (the latter is sometimes followed by the demand, \"Change it!\"). They also apply these judgments to other things that they encounter, and will usually deem something \"cool\" if it is associated with violence, sex, or the macabre. Despite having no experience with women, their other signature traits are a shared obsession with sex, and their tendency to chuckle and giggle whenever they hear words or phrases that can even remotely be interpreted as sexual or scatological.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.37681245803833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Beavis and Butt-Head are in ninth grade at Highland High School. Their stupidity leads to a demotion all the way down to kindergarten in the episode \"Held Back,\" but they soon prove to be such an annoyance that the elementary school principal quickly re-promotes them back to Highland High.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.043319225311279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Over its run, Beavis and Butt-Head drew a notable amount of both positive and negative reaction from the public with its combination of lewd humor and implied criticism of society. It became the focus of criticism from social conservatives, such as Michael Medved, while others, such as David Letterman, and the conservative magazine National Review, defended it as a cleverly subversive vehicle for social criticism and a particularly creative and intelligent comedy. Either way, the show captured the attention of many young television viewers in the United States and abroad and is often considered a classic piece of 1990s youth culture and Generation X. Trey Parker and Matt Stone, creators of South Park, cite the show as an influence and compared it to the blues. They met Mike Judge before the show aired. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.403915882110596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In 1997, Dan Tobin of The Boston Phoenix commented on the series' humor, stating that it transformed \"stupidity into a crusade, forcing us to acknowledge how little it really takes to make us laugh.\" In 1997, Ted Drozdowski of The Boston Phoenix described the 1997 Beavis and Butt-Head state as \"reduced to self-parody of their self-parody.\" In December 2005, TV Guide even ranked the duo's distinct laughing at #66 on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases. In 2012, TV Guide ranked Beavis and Butt-head as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.732800006866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "As a result, references to fire were removed from subsequent airings. The creators found a censorship loophole and took delight in sometimes making Beavis scream things that sounded very similar to his previous \"Fire! Fire!\" (such as \"Fryer! Fryer!\" when he and Butt-Head are working the late shift at Burger World) and also having him almost say the forbidden word (such as one time when he sang \"Liar, liar, pants on...\" and pausing before \"fire\" (\"Liar! Liar!\"). There was also a music video where a man runs on fire in slow motion (\"California\" by Wax). Beavis is hypnotized by it and can barely say \"fire\". However, MTV eventually removed the episode entirely. References to fire were cut from earlier episodes — even the original tapes were altered permanently. Other episodes MTV opted not to rerun included \"Stewart's House\" and \"Way Down Mexico Way\". Copies of early episodes with the controversial content intact are rare. The ones that exist are made from home video recordings of the original broadcasts. In an interview included with the Mike Judge Collection DVD set, Judge said he is uncertain whether some of the earlier episodes still exist in their uncensored form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.747292518615723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "When new episodes returned in 2011, MTV allowed Beavis to use the word \"fire\" once again uncensored. During the first video segment during \"Werewolves of Highland\", the first new episode of the revival, Beavis utters the word \"fire\" a total of 7 times within 28 seconds, with Butt-head saying it once as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.692096710205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "The show has also been blamed for animal cruelty and the death of a cat with fireworks. In the summer of 1993, Dick Zimmerman, a 44-year-old retired broadcasting executive from Larkspur, California, happened to see the episode in which Butt-head joked, \"Hey, Beavis, let's go over to Stewart's house and light [a firecracker] in his cat's butt.\" Five days later, a cat was found killed by a firecracker in nearby Santa Cruz. Zimmerman, winner of a $10 million state lottery in 1988, immediately put up a $5,000 reward for the perpetrators, told the press that Beavis and Butt-Head was responsible for the death, and started a letter-writing campaign against the show. By the fall, 4,000 people from around the country had joined his campaign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.331460952758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In February 1994, watchdog group Morality in Media claimed that the death of eight-month-old Natalia Rivera, struck by a bowling ball thrown from an overpass onto a Jersey City, New Jersey highway near the Holland Tunnel by 18-year-old Calvin J. Settle, was partially inspired by Beavis and Butt-Head. The group said that Settle was influenced by Ball Breakers, in which Beavis and Butt-Head loaded a bowling ball with explosives and dropped it from a rooftop. While Morality in Media claimed that the show inspired Settle's actions, the case's prosecutors did not. Later it was revealed by both prosecutors and the defendant that Settle did not have cable TV and did not watch the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.619918346405029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In Lightning Strikes, the show parodies blaming actions on youth culture. When asked by a reporter why they were flying a kite in a thunderstorm, the duo explained that they were inspired by a documentary about Benjamin Franklin, who Butt-head describes as \"some old dude with long hair and glasses\". The reporter asks if it was Howard Stern, and when Butt-head answers \"no\", she asks if he has ever listened to Stern's radio program. The reporter continues asking them leading questions until they mention that they had watched rock music videos earlier in the day. The reporter then concludes on the air that the music videos are to blame for the duo's actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.654449462890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Beavis and Butt-Head are not real. They are stupid cartoon people completely made up by this Texas guy whom we hardly even know. Beavis and Butt-Head are dumb, crude, thoughtless, ugly, sexist, self-destructive fools. But for some reason, the little wienerheads make us laugh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7707586288452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Beavis and Butt-Head are not role models. They're not even human. They're cartoons. Some of the things they do could cause a person to get hurt, expelled, arrested, possibly deported. To put it another way: Don't try this at home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6736955642700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "This disclaimer also appears before the opening of their Sega Genesis and Super NES game as well as their Windows game Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.568138599395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "They were famously lambasted by Democratic senator Fritz Hollings as \"Buffcoat and Beaver.\" This subsequently became a running gag on the show where adults mispronounced their names, Tom Anderson originally calling them \"Butthole\" and \"Joe\", and believing the two to be of Asian ethnicity (describing them to the police as \"Oriental\"). In later episodes, Tom Anderson uses the Hollings mispronunciation once, and on at least one occasion refers to them as \"Penis and Butt-Munch\". President Clinton called them \"Beavis and Bum-head\" in \"Citizen Butt-head\", as well as in the movie, where an old lady (voiced by Cloris Leachman) consistently calls them \"Travis\" and \"Bob-head\". In \"Incognito\", when another student threatens to kill them, the duo uses this to their advantage, pretending to be exchange students named \"Crevis and Bung-Head\". Also, in \"Right On!\", when the duo appear on the Gus Baker Show, host Gus Baker, who is an obvious caricature of Rush Limbaugh, introduces them as \"Beavis and Buffcoat\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2031424045562744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Beavis and Butt-head have been compared to idiot savants because of their creative and subversively intelligent observations of music videos. This part of the show was mostly improvised by Mike Judge. With regard to criticisms of the two as \"idiots\", Judge responded that a show about straight-A students would not be funny.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.595461845397949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In 1996, a full-length movie featuring the duo titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America was released in theaters. The movie features the voices of Bruce Willis, Demi Moore, Cloris Leachman, Robert Stack, Eric Bogosian, Richard Linklater, Greg Kinnear (in an uncredited role) and David Letterman (credited as Earl Hofert). It gained mostly positive reviews from film critics and a \"two thumbs up\" from Siskel and Ebert. The film earned over $60 million at the domestic box office, a strong return for a film that cost only $12 million to produce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8069714307785034, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "On July 14, 2010, a spokesperson for MTV Networks informed a New York Post reporter that Mike Judge was creating a new Beavis and Butt-Head series, that Judge would reprise his voice-acting roles for the show, and that the animation would be hand-drawn. According to TMZ, MTV had not asked Tracy Grandstaff to reprise her role as Daria Morgendorffer. Later, in a Rolling Stone interview, Judge was asked if Daria was coming back and he said, \"No. There's sort of a cameo in one episode. That'll be a surprise.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3704335689544678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "As in the old series, Beavis and Butt-head are high school students who, among other things, criticize contemporary music videos. In an interview with Rolling Stone, MTV president Van Toffler said that the duo will also watch Jersey Shore, Ultimate Fighting Championship matches, and amateur videos from YouTube, as well as give movie reviews. \"The biggest change is obviously the references are updated, it's set in modern day, and there's going to be a movie review segment,\" Linn said. \"Otherwise they're still true to their prior passions.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.230734825134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "John Altschuler, formerly a writer for King of the Hill, told a Rolling Stone reporter that he saw signs that Mike Judge was thinking of reviving Beavis and Butt-head. On more than one occasion, Judge told the writers that one of their ideas for an episode of King of the Hill would work well for Beavis and Butt-head; eventually he concluded, \"Maybe we should just actually make some good Beavis and Butt-head episodes.\" Later, a Lady Gaga video convinced Van Toffler of the tenability of a Beavis and Butt-head revival: \"I felt like there was a whole crop of new artists—and what the world sorely missed was the point-of-view that only Beavis and Butt-Head could bring.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7482216358184814, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "As part of a promotional campaign for the new series, cinemas screening Jackass 3D opened the feature film with a 3-D Beavis and Butt-head short subject. Months later, in a media presentation on February 2, 2010, MTV announced that the series would premiere in mid-2011. On July 21, 2011 Mike Judge spoke and fielded questions on a panel at Comic-Con International. A preview of the episode \"Holy Cornholio\" was also shown. Judge told Rolling Stone that at least 24 episodes (12 half-hour programs) will definitely air. It was initially rumored that Judge was working on 30 new episodes for the network. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.681333065032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "The new shows aired in mainland Europe in April 2011. The main title card displays the title as Mike Judge's Beavis and Butt-head with Judge's name replacing the MTV logo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7972285747528076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "On January 10, 2014, Mike Judge announced that, while he is busy working on Silicon Valley, there is a chance of him pitching Beavis and Butt-Head to another network and that he wouldn't mind making more episodes. While giving an interview to Howard Stern on May 6, 2014, Judge mentioned that MTV's demographics, rather than the show's ratings (which he said were second only to Jersey Shore), were the reason the revived series has not been brought back on MTV. He also said that MTV was close to selling it to another network, \"but it got wrapped up in deal stuff and eventually I stopped asking them about it,\" and that \"it may still come back\" on MTV or another network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.226079940795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In interviews, Judge has stated his interest in producing a live-action movie, and Johnny Depp has expressed interest in the role of Beavis. In May of 2008, Judge said that he previously hated the idea, but \"Now, I think maybe there's something there.\" During an interview for Collider on August 25, 2008, Judge said, \"I like to keep the door open on Beavis and Butt-Head, because it's my favorite thing that I've ever done. It's the thing I'm most proud of.\" However, he also added, \"Another movie... the problem is it takes a year and half, two years, two and a half years—maybe—to do that right. And that's a pretty strong level of commitment. I'm going to look at that again. That comes up every three years.\" One of his ideas is bringing back the characters as old men, instead of teenagers. \"I kind of think of them as being either 15 or in their 60s,\" he said. \"I wouldn't mind doing something with them as these two dirty old men sitting on the couch.\" Judge added that he would not completely ignore the time that has passed in between. \"At one point I thought Butt-Head might do okay on some really low-level sales job\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.66391134262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* A CD, The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience, was released featuring many hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Megadeth, Primus, Nirvana and White Zombie. Moreover, Beavis and Butt-head do a duet with Cher on \"I Got You Babe\" and a track by themselves called \"Come to Butt-Head\". The track with Cher also resulted in a music video directed by Tamra Davis and Yvette Kaplan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.07786309719085693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* In 1995, Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity, an adventure game based on the series, was released for the PC, with a PlayStation port being released in Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.147138833999634, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* In 2011, Beavis and Butt-Head apps for iOS were released by MTV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2814323902130127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "From 1994 to 1996, Marvel Comics published a monthly Beavis and Butt-Head comic under the Marvel Absurd imprint by a variety of writers, but with each issue drawn by artist Rick Parker. It was also reprinted by Marvel UK, which created new editorial material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3669199049472809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "The letters page was answered by Beavis and Butt-Head or one of their supporting characters. Instead of reviewing music videos, they reviewed (custom-made) pages from other Marvel Comics. In their review of a Ghost Rider comic, Beavis tries to avoid using the word \"fire\" to describe the character's fiery skull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3278779685497284, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "In 1997, a spin-off show based on their classmate Daria Morgendorffer, Daria, was created. Mike Judge was not credited as a producer of this series and has said he was not involved with it at all, except to give permission for the use of the character. The Daria character had been created for Beavis and Butt-Head by Glenn Eichler and originally designed by Bill Peckmann of J.J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. Eichler then became a producer for Daria. In the first episode of Daria, she and her family move from Beavis and Butt-Head's hometown of Highland to Lawndale—the only references to the original show is a single mention of Highland in the first episode, with Daria saying Lawndale can't be a second Highland \"unless there's uranium in the drinking water here too\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.472834587097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "The first official home video releases of Beavis and Butt-Head were two VHS tapes titled There Goes the Neighborhood and Work Sucks!, distributed by Sony Music Video and MTV Home Video in 1996 in the U.S., U.K. and Australia. Each tape contained approximately eight episodes, each selected from the first four seasons. Although most of the episodes were presented in complete form, minus the music video segments, a handful of episodes were edited for content. Eight more VHS compilations were released between 1996 and 1999 in the U.S., before the final volume, Butt-O-Ween, was issued in October 1999. However, the series continued in Australia and U.K., with a further ten volumes being issued between 1999 and 2001. When the series ended in the U.K., a further seven volumes were issued exclusively in Australia, meaning that over-all 28 volumes, all 200 original episodes were released on VHS except \"Heroes\", \"Incognito\", \"Cow Tipping\", \"Canoe\" and \"True Crime\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.956872463226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "Prior to the release of the VHS Volumes, a laserdisc titled Beavis and Butt-Head: The Essential Collection was issued in 1994, containing sixteen episodes from the second and third seasons. Beavis and Butt-head Do America was also issued on Laserdisc in 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.03499675914645195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "All of the U.S. VHS Volumes were later issued on DVD in five two-disc sets through the Time Life organisation. The DVD releases were titled The Best of Beavis and Butt-Head. A two-disc DVD set titled The History of Beavis and Butt-Head was scheduled for release in September 2002 in the United States. However, its release was cancelled at the last moment at the demand of Judge, who owned approval rights for video releases of the series. Many copies were mistakenly put on store shelves on the scheduled release date, only to be immediately recalled. The set started selling on eBay at very high prices, sometimes over $300 USD, as well as fetching over $1000 USD in new condition on websites such as \"Amazon.com\". According to Judge, the History set was made up of episodes that he had previously rejected for home video release and had been prepared without his knowledge or consent. In all, half of the 32 episodes on The History of Beavis and Butt-head weren't included on later releases of the series, including all but two episodes on the first disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0595340728759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "On November 8, 2005, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment released a three-disc DVD compilation titled Beavis and Butt-head: The Mike Judge Collection, Volume 1. The DVD set includes 40 episodes and 11 music video segments from the original shows. The set was followed by Volume 2 and Volume 3. On January 27, 2008, MTV and Apple made all three collections available on the iTunes Store.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.055499076843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "A Blu-ray and DVD release of Season 8, titled Beavis and Butt-head – Volume 4, was released on February 15, 2012 in the U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3252161145210266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "Butt-head", "passage": "* 1994 – Beavis and Butt-head (Game Gear, Sega Genesis, SNES, Game Boy)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6193186044692993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" } ]

[ { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins. Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.", "precise_score": 5.32668399810791, "rough_score": 7.886425495147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "*Twins, directed by Ivan Reitman, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito", "precise_score": 5.26959753036499, "rough_score": 8.060702323913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "1988 in film" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "A major film star, he is known for his roles in Tin Men, Throw Momma from the Train, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Ruthless People, Man on the Moon, Terms of Endearment, Romancing the Stone, Twins, Batman Returns, Other People's Money, Get Shorty and L.A. Confidential and for his voiceover in such films as Space Jam, Hercules and The Lorax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.087308883666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "DeVito's work during this time includes Other People's Money with Gregory Peck, director Barry Levinson's Tin Men as a competitive rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss' character, two co-starring vehicles with Arnold Schwarzenegger (the comedies Twins and Junior), and playing The Penguin as a deformed sociopath in director Tim Burton's Batman Returns (1992).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.328752517700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "In 1984, Schwarzenegger appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a combination of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\", one of his best-known movie roles) during his political career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1433364152908325, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "* Twins as Julius Benedict (1988)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.132579803466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arnold Schwarzenegger" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "***Twins", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198161125183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "1988 in film" }, { "answer": "Twin", "passage": "Reitman was born in Komárno, Czechoslovakia (now in Slovakia), the son of Klara and Ladislav \"Leslie\" Reitman. Reitman's parents were Jewish; his mother survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and his father was an underground resistance fighter.[http://www.forward.com/articles/12012/ \"Director Shows His 'Stripes'\"] Forward.com][http://www.filmreference.com/film/73/Ivan-Reitman.html Ivan Reitman Biography (1946–)] His family came to Canada as refugees in 1950. Reitman attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto and was a member of the Twintone Four singing group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.576260089874268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivan Reitman" }, { "answer": "Twins", "passage": "Reitman's first commercial film ventures were as producer of two films for director David Cronenberg, Shivers (1975) and Rabid (1976). His big break came when he produced National Lampoon's Animal House in 1978 and directed Meatballs in 1979. From there, he directed and produced a number of comedies including Stripes (1981), Ghostbusters (1984), Legal Eagles (1986), Twins (1988), Ghostbusters II (1989), Kindergarten Cop (1990), Dave (1993), Junior (1994), Six Days Seven Nights (1998), Evolution (2001), My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006), and No Strings Attached (2011).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9911130666732788, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ivan Reitman" } ]

[ { "answer": "Postage Stamp", "passage": "The Inverted Jenny (also known as an Upside Down Jenny, Jenny Invert) is a United States postage stamp first issued on May 10, 1918 in which the image of the Curtiss JN-4 airplane in the center of the design appears upside-down; it is probably the most famous error in American philately. Only one pane of 100 of the invert stamps was ever found, making this error one of the most prized in all philately. A single Inverted Jenny was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in November 2007 for $977,500. In December 2007 a mint never hinged example was sold for $825,000. The broker of the sale said the buyer was a Wall Street executive who had lost the auction the previous month. A block of four inverted Jennys was sold at a Robert A. Siegel auction in October 2005 for $2.7 million. In the wake of the 2008 financial meltdown, prices fetched by Inverted Jennys have receded. Between January and September 2014, five examples offered at auction sold for sums ranging from $126,000 through $575,100. Prices seem since to have recovered, for on May 31, 2016, a particularly well-centered Jenny invert, graded XF-superb 95 by Professional Stamp Experts, was sold for at a Siegel Auction for a hammer price of $1,175,000 The addition of a 15% buyer’s premium raised the total record high price paid for this copy to $1,351,250.", "precise_score": 6.646757125854492, "rough_score": 5.231481552124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Inverted Jenny" }, { "answer": "Post stamp", "passage": "During the 1910s, the United States Post Office had made a number of experimental trials of carrying mail by air. These were shown by the first stamp in the world to picture an airplane (captioned as \"aeroplane carrying mail\"), one of the U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912–13. The Post Office finally decided to inaugurate regular service on May 15, 1918, flying between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York City. The Post Office set a controversial rate of 24 cents for the service, much higher than the 3 cents for first-class mail of the time, and decided to issue a new stamp just for this rate, patriotically printed in red and blue, and depicting a Curtiss Jenny JN-4HM, the biplane especially modified for shuttling the mail. The stamp's designer, Clair Aubrey Houston, apparently troubled to procure a photograph of that modified model (produced by removing the second pilot seat from the JN-4HT to create space for mailbags, and by increasing the fuel capacity). As only six such aircraft existed, there was a 1-in-6 chance that the very plane engraved on the stamp by Marcus Baldwin—Jenny #38262—would be chosen to launch the inaugural three-city airmail run; the plane on the stamp was indeed the first to depart on May 15th, taking off from Washington at 11:47 A. M. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.863368034362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Inverted Jenny" }, { "answer": "Postage Stamp", "passage": "Aside from having the biplane printed upside down, the inverted Jenny has become famous for other reasons as well. Benjamin Kurtz Miller, one of the early buyers of these inverts, 10 in all, bought the stamp for $250. Miller's inverted Jenny, position 18 on the sheet, was stolen in 1977 but was recovered in the early 1980s though, unfortunately, the top perforations had been cut off to prevent it from being recognized as the stolen Miller stamp. This mutilation made the stamp appear as if it had come from the top row of the sheet, and Klein's numbering on the back was accordingly tampered with to disguise the stamp as position 9—an astute piece of misdirection founded in the knowledge that position 9 had never appeared on the market: in fact, the real position 9 emerged decades later as the locket copy. (A genuine straight-edged copy would have cost Miller only $175.) However, that stolen and missing stamp served to drive the value of the other 99 examples even higher. That inverted Jenny was the main attraction in the Smithsonian National Postal Museum's 'Rarity Revealed' exhibition, 2007–2009. The \"Inverted Jenny\" was the most requested postage stamp for viewing by visitors at the museum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.678060054779053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Inverted Jenny" } ]

[ { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock is Snoopy’s best friend and sidekick. He speaks in a chirping language that only Snoopy and his other bird friends can understand. In return, the birds somehow understand Snoopy's thoughts. In some strips, Snoopy tells a joke to Woodstock and both laugh so hard they end up falling off the doghouse. Woodstock sometimes sleeps on top of Snoopy's nose, such as in one strip where Snoopy says \"Never share your pad with a restless bird\".", "precise_score": 6.245165824890137, "rough_score": 6.493204116821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Other notable characters include Snoopy's friend Woodstock, a bird whose chirping is represented in print as hash marks but is nevertheless clearly understood by Snoopy; three of Woodstock's buddies who usually appeared when on a scouting trip with Snoopy as their scout leader; Pig-Pen, the perpetually dirty boy who could raise a cloud of dust on a clean sidewalk, in a snowstorm, or inside a building; and Frieda, a girl proud of her \"naturally curly hair,\" and who owned a cat named Faron, much to Snoopy's chagrin (the way Faron hung over Frieda's arms prompted Snoopy to comment that they had \"finally developed a boneless cat\"). Frieda eventually disappeared from the strip.", "precise_score": 6.786728858947754, "rough_score": 5.078742980957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "However, in the April 4, 1967, Peanuts daily comic strip, a single bird flew in after a long flight while Snoopy was lying on top of his dog house. He chose Snoopy's nose as a good place to rest, and Snoopy uncharacteristically accepted this intrusion. Over the next two days, Charles Schulz began to establish character traits for Snoopy's new friend by revealing that he could talk (more accurately that he could complain, in the form of repetitive sounds in word form—\"gripe, gripe, gripe, gripe\", \"complain, complain, ...\"), that, unlike normal birds, he didn't like to fly south every winter, and that his flying skills were not quite up to snuff. By the end of this four-strip sequence, Snoopy, in character as the World War I Flying Ace, learns that the bird is his new mechanic — Woodstock's first supporting role. ", "precise_score": 6.489980697631836, "rough_score": 7.91639518737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "After this introduction, the unnamed Woodstock is seen with Snoopy on occasion, and other birds continue to appear as they had for years. But Woodstock is singled out as the bird who befriended Snoopy, in part by continuing references to him as the Flying Ace's mechanic (July 12, 1967; June 12–14, 1968). Finally, on June 14, 1968, fourteen months after his first landing on Snoopy and after a second appearance as a supporting character for Snoopy (his wrist wrestling partner on April 25, 1968), the most important aspect of Woodstock's relationship with Snoopy is made clear—Snoopy first refers to this bird as his buddy. That identification was more than enough for readers to know, if they hadn't already figured it out, that this little bird, name or no name, had assumed the role of a regular character in the Peanuts cast. ", "precise_score": 5.565638542175293, "rough_score": 2.3548014163970947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock is a bird who quickly became Snoopy’s best friend. The only non-bird character who can understand Woodstock’s speech is Snoopy. When depicted in the comic strip, his speech is rendered almost entirely in \"chicken scratch\" marks, with Snoopy either directly translating or allowing the reader to deduce Woodstock's meaning in the context of Snoopy's replies. Woodstock does make nonverbal noises such as yawns (November 23, 1972), laughter, sighs (November 22, 1972) and \"Z\"s or snores to indicate sleep. He also uses punctuation marks like \"!\" or \"??\" to indicate emotions. In the movies and television specials, the chicken scratches are rendered audibly as a staccato series of high-pitched honks and squawks by Snoopy's voice actor, Bill Melendez. Woodstock often works as Snoopy's secretary (most notably when the latter was appointed \"Head Beagle\"), and caddies for him when he plays golf (usually with some difficulty). Woodstock also plays American football with Snoopy, usually attempting to catch the ball but, due to his size, he is simply hit by it; sometimes getting embedded into the ground a short distance. Woodstock also claims to have contact lenses (June 8, 1995).", "precise_score": 6.012053489685059, "rough_score": 5.003615856170654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Snoopy imagines himself to speak, but much like with real life animals, the human characters are unaware of this. His (very articulate) thoughts are shown in thought balloons. In the animated Peanuts films and television specials, Snoopy's thoughts are not verbalized; his moods are instead conveyed through growls, sobs, laughter, and monosyllabic utterances such as \"bleah\" or \"hey\" as well as through pantomime. The only exceptions are in the animated adaptions of the musicals You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Snoopy!!! The Musical in which Snoopy's thoughts are verbalized by Robert Towers and Cameron Clarke respectively. (His dialogue, however, is not \"heard\" by the other characters except Woodstock and other non-human characters.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.277752161026001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272024154663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Fifi is a major love interest of Snoopy and she appears in Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown and The Peanuts Movie. In Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown, Snoopy sees Fifi at a circus and starts to get attracted to her. He and Fifi do a trapeze act and after, he runs away, taking Fifi with him. Fifi decides to go back to the circus, however, leaving Snoopy heartbroken and forced to return to Charlie Brown. In The Peanuts Movie, Fifi (voiced by Kristin Chenoweth) is a pilot just like Snoopy, and together they have an interaction via Snoopy's typewriter against the Red Baron. He shows how much he cares for her when he cries at Schroeder's house after she is captured by the Red Baron. Snoopy, Woodstock, and the Beagle Scouts set out on a mission to rescue her. Eventually, they save her, and she shows her affection to Snoopy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1619441956281662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Schulz was a keen bridge player, and Peanuts occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to Alan Truscott, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL), awarded both Snoopy and Woodstock the honorary rank of Life Master, and Schulz was delighted. According to the ACBL, only Snoopy was awarded the honor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.382966041564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe. It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.881079912185669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In October 2012, it was announced that a 3D computer-animated feature film titled The Peanuts Movie was released on November 6, 2015, coinciding with the 65th anniversary of the debut of the comic strip and the 50th anniversary of the television special, A Charlie Brown Christmas. Written by Charles Schulz's son, Craig, his grandson, Bryan, and Cornelius Uliano—who are also producing the film alongside Paul Feig —it was animated by 20th Century Fox's Blue Sky Studios, and directed by Steve Martino, the director of Horton Hears a Who! and Ice Age: Continental Drift. A trailer for the film was released on March 18, 2014. The same day, it was also announced that archive recordings of Bill Melendez would be used to make up Snoopy and Woodstock's dialogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0770087242126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock is a fictional character in Charles M. Schulz's comic strip Peanuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.466475009918213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Snoopy began befriending birds in the early 1960s, when they started using his doghouse for various purposes: a rest stop during migrations, a nesting site, a community hall, or a place to play cards. None of these birds were ever given names, although they did, on occasion (e.g., July 10, 1962), use speech balloons, lettered in what would become the classic 'chicken scratch marks' of Woodstock's utterances. What set Woodstock apart from all these earlier birds was the fact that he attached himself to Snoopy and assumed the role of Snoopy's sidekick and assistant. There had been no recurring relationships between Snoopy and the earlier birds who visited the yard of the Brown family, and Snoopy was as often as not more hostile than friendly toward those birds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9951982498168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Schulz did not give him a name until June 22, 1970. Schulz acknowledged in several print and TV interviews in the mid-1970s that he took Woodstock’s name from the rock festival. (The festival’s logo shows a bird perched on a guitar.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.381491661071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock is a small but scrappy yellow bird. He resourcefully wins the river rafting race in Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown after all other contestants have been eliminated. He routinely takes Snoopy's gentle verbal digs and practical jokes in stride, though he does not hesitate to stand up to Snoopy if his friend goes too far. Once, he and Snoopy stopped speaking to each other because of Snoopy's practice of reading War and Peace one word per day. When told that Woodstock was being attacked by the cat next door, Snoopy immediately rushed to his aid, getting clobbered in the process (what the cat was attacking ended up being actually a yellow glove). He also hates being mistaken for the wrong species of bird (though we are never told what species he actually is), and he is reluctant to eat thrown bread crumbs because he doesn't want anyone to think he's on welfare, and when asked about his net income by Snoopy in his 'census-taker' persona, he replied \"four worms a day\". He's a whiz at playing \"trivia\" too, and almost always manages to stump Snoopy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5841435194015503, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock is also a skilled whistler. In the TV special, She's a Good Skate, Charlie Brown, when Peppermint Patty's music for a skating competition fails to play due to a malfunction that cannot be repaired expediently, Woodstock steps up to the microphone and whistles a flawless O Mio Babbino Caro, to which Peppermint Patty performs her routine. He also whistles his part in the song \"The Best of Buddies\" (via an instrumental version entitled \"Woodstock's Samba\") in the feature film Snoopy Come Home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672736167907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "For all of Woodstock's acumen and talent, he is physically a very poor flyer, which has been a character trait since he first appeared. He flutters around in erratic fashion, often upside down, and frequently crashes into things. He usually manages to get where he wants to go as long as he doesn't have to fly too high. He is prone to beak-bleeds if he goes over ten feet in the air. Despite his difficulty in flying as a bird, he is skilled in piloting Snoopy as a canine helicopter, or \"whirlydog.\" When asked where he learned to pilot, Woodstock replied (in his usual apostrophes, and translating as), \"Nam.\" This gag appeared in the strip several times, as well as in It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04691219329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "During the winter he relaxes by either skating or playing ice hockey on top of the birdbath, complete with his own Zamboni machine to keep the surface clean (except one year where Woodstock asks Snoopy to migrate with him, and the duo take the trip on foot). His one-goal throughout the comic is to track down his mother so he can send her a Mother's Day card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.17374324798584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In the TV special It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, Snoopy buys Woodstock a birdhouse to replace his nest after a cold early spring rain. At first Woodstock refused to use it, so Snoopy forced the issue. Checking up later on Woodstock, Snoopy peers into the birdhouse to find Woodstock has converted it into a 70s-style leisure room (complete with a quadraphonic stereo system) that appears much larger on the inside than from outside (much like Snoopy's own doghouse). Unfortunately, Snoopy gets his nose stuck in the door and demolishes the house, so he buys Woodstock a second birdhouse, which Woodstock accepts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.52575159072876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock and his fellow yellow birds (named Bill, Harriet, Olivier, Raymond, Fred, Roy and Conrad) often join Snoopy for group activities, with Snoopy as the de facto leader. Most frequently they embark on Beagle Scout expeditions with Snoopy as Scoutmaster - or as a patrol of the French Foreign Legion on their march for Fort Zinderneuf, led by Snoopy as their sergeant. They have also formed football and ice hockey teams (on one occasion a football team composed of Snoopy and the birds defeated a human football team led by Peppermint Patty). The birds and Snoopy are also occasionally shown playing bridge. Although all but Raymond (who is darker) look alike, Snoopy seems to be able to tell them apart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1000771522521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Both Snoopy and Woodstock were voiced by Bill Melendez from 1972 to 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.822138786315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "At one point Snoopy attempts to identify what type of bird Woodstock is with the aid of a field guide, asking Woodstock to attempt to imitate various birds: crow, American bittern, Carolina wren, rufous-sided towhee, yellow-billed cuckoo, Canada goose, warbler and mourning warbler. Snoopy finally gives up trying to figure it out, and says, \"For all I know, you're a duck\". Woodstock then cries and Snoopy hugs him and apologizes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.02269172668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Schulz was a keen bridge player, and Peanuts occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to Alan Truscott, the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL), awarded both Snoopy and Woodstock the honorary rank of Life Master, and Schulz was delighted. According to the ACBL, only Snoopy was awarded the honor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.382966041564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock (Peanuts)" } ]

[ { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "The sodium salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate (MSG), is a widely used additive in the food industry.", "precise_score": -6.851953983306885, "rough_score": -8.395312309265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" }, { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "Standard 1.2.4 of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code requires the presence of monosodium glutamate as a food additive to be labeled. The label must bear the food additive class name (e.g. flavor enhancer), followed by either the name of the food additive (e.g. MSG) or its International Numbering System (INS) number (e.g. 621)", "precise_score": -8.589313507080078, "rough_score": -9.994861602783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" }, { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "Although many people believe that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the cause of these symptoms, an association has never been demonstrated under rigorously controlled conditions, even in studies with people who were convinced that they were sensitive to the compound. Techniques used to adequately control for experimental bias include a placebo-controlled double-blinded experimental design and the use of capsules to deliver the compound to mask the strong and unique after-taste of glutamates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068602561950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" }, { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "Olney, a longtime campaigner for greater regulation of MSG, believes that primates are susceptible to excitotoxic damage, and other studies have shown that humans concentrate excitotoxins in the blood more than other animals. Based on these findings, Olney claims that humans are approximately 5–6 times more susceptible to the effects of excitotoxins than rodents are. While he agrees that typical use of monosodium glutamate does not spike glutamic acid to extremely high levels in adults, he is particularly concerned with potential effects in infants and young children and the potential long-term neurodegenerative effects of small-to-moderate spikes on plasma excitotoxin levels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.557234764099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" }, { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "In 1959, the Food and Drug Administration classified MSG as a \"generally recognized as safe\" (GRAS) food ingredient under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In 1986, FDA's Advisory Committee on Hypersensitivity to Food Constituents also found that MSG was generally safe, but that short-term reactions may occur in some people. To further investigate this matter, in 1992 the FDA contracted the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to produce a detailed report, which was published in 1995. The FASEB report reaffirmed the safety of MSG when it is consumed at usual levels by the general population, and found no evidence of any connection between MSG and any serious long-term reactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.201048851013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" }, { "answer": "MSG", "passage": "The Canada Food Inspection Agency considers claims of \"no MSG\" or \"MSG free\" to be misleading and deceptive when other sources of free glutamates are present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611103057861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glutamate flavoring" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The genoa was originally referred to as an 'overlapping jib' and later as a Genoa jib. It is a type of large jib or staysail that overlaps the main sail, sometimes eliminating it. It is used on single-masted sloops and twin-masted boats such as yawls and ketches. Its larger surface area increases the speed of the craft in light to moderate winds; in high wind conditions a smaller jib is usually substituted, and downwind a spinnaker may be used. The feature that distinguishes a genoa from a working jib is that the former extends past the mast, overlapping the mainsail when viewed from the side. ", "precise_score": 5.352996826171875, "rough_score": 5.93349027633667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The term Jib is the generic term for any of an assortment of headsails. The term genoa (or genny) refers to a type of jib that is larger than the 100% foretriangle, which is the triangular area formed by the point at which the stay intersects the mast, and deck or bowsprit, and the line where the mast intersects deck at the rail. Colloquially the term is sometimes used interchangeably with jib. A working jib is no larger than the 100% foretriangle. A genoa is larger, with the leech going past the mast and overlapping the mainsail. To maximize sail area, the foot of the sail is generally parallel and very close to the deck when close hauled. ", "precise_score": 4.435715198516846, "rough_score": 3.2874915599823, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Genoas are categorized by a percentage representing their area relative to the 100% foretriangle. Sail racing classes often specify a limit to genoa size. Genoas are classified by their size; a modern number 1 genoa would typically be approximately 155%, but historically number 1 genoas have been as large as 180%. Number 2 genoas are generally in the range of 125%-140%. Working jibs are also defined by the same measure, typically 100% or less of the foretriangle. Under Performance Handicap Racing Fleet rules, most boats are allowed 155% genoas without a penalty. ", "precise_score": -0.48436811566352844, "rough_score": -1.9358206987380981, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The gennaker has been around for several decades now, and as the name suggests, it is a hybrid between a genoa and an asymmetrical spinnaker. A brand name of North Sails, the gennaker started as a cruising sail based on the Code 0 spinnakers used on racing boats. Gennakers and similar code 0 variants offered by other makers are even larger than genoas (200% overlaps are not uncommon), and they have a much greater camber for generating larger amounts of lift when reaching. Flat-cut gennakers can be effective for angles as low as 60–70 degrees. Spinnakers perform much better when running because the main sail blocks the wind of gennaker above 135–150 degrees.", "precise_score": 1.1513121128082275, "rough_score": 4.723559856414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A spinnaker is a special type of sail that is designed specifically for sailing off the wind from a reaching course to a downwind, i.e. with the wind 90°–180° off bow. The spinnaker fills with wind and balloons out in front of the boat when it is deployed, called flying. It is constructed of lightweight fabric, usually nylon, and is often brightly coloured. It may be optimised for a particular range of wind angles, as either a reaching or a running spinnaker, by the shaping of the panels and seams. Some types of spinnaker can be carried by the side of the boat, but still in front of the mast. This is called \"flying a shy spinnaker\", and is used for reaching.", "precise_score": 0.3168008029460907, "rough_score": 0.9792822003364563, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The spinnaker is often called a kite, or a chute (as in cruising chute) because it somewhat resembles a parachute in both construction and appearance. This should not be confused with the spinnaker chute which is a hull fitting sometimes used for launching and recovering the spinnaker. A purported etymology has the first boat to carry this sail being a Cowes yacht named Sphinx, from which \"Sphinx's Acre\" and eventually \"Spinnaker\". ", "precise_score": -2.5100109577178955, "rough_score": -2.351287364959717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A spinnaker is used for sailing with the direction of the wind. Symmetrical spinnakers have large amounts of camber, making them nearly hemispherical. Both lift and drag propel the boat forward when moving with the wind. Reaching spinnakers have less camber as they operate within an airflow that generates lift.", "precise_score": -0.6316773295402527, "rough_score": -2.765465021133423, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "There are two main categories of spinnakers, symmetric and asymmetric depending on whether a plane of symmetry exists for that particular sail. Asymmetric spinnakers operate more like a jib, generating lift from the side, rather than the top like a symmetric spinnaker. This makes asymmetrics a better choice on reaching courses than symmetric spinnakers, which excel when running. While a fully equipped racing boat might have a number of spinnakers, both symmetric and asymmetric, to cover all courses and wind conditions, cruising boats almost always use an asymmetric, due to the broader application and easier handling afforded by the asymmetric.", "precise_score": 0.677450954914093, "rough_score": 1.706537127494812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The symmetric one is the most classic type, running symmetrical alongside the boat controlled by lines known as a sheet and a guy running from the lower two corners of the sail. The windward line, or guy, is attached to the corner called the tack of the sail, and is stabilized by a spinnaker pole. The leeward (downwind) line is called the sheet. It attaches to the clew of the spinnaker and is used to control the shape of the sail. The spinnaker pole must be moved in each gybe, and is quite difficult for beginners to use. However, it can be sailed in all downwind wind directions.", "precise_score": -5.189679145812988, "rough_score": -3.345834493637085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The concept has spread rapidly through the sailing world. The tack of the sail may be attached at the bow like a genoa but is frequently mounted on a bowsprit, often a retracting one. If the spinnaker is mounted to a special bowsprit, it is often possible to fly the spinnaker and the jib at the same time; if not, then the spinnaker will be shadowed by the jib, and the jib should be furled when the spinnaker is in use.", "precise_score": 1.7145932912826538, "rough_score": 4.795051097869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The asymmetric has two sheets, very much like a jib, but is not attached to the forestay along the length of the luff, but only at the corners. Unlike a symmetric spinnaker, the asymmetric does not require a spinnaker pole, since it is fixed to the bow or bowsprit. The asymmetric is very easy to gybe since it only requires releasing one sheet and pulling in the other one, passing the sail in front of the forestay. Asymmetrics are less suited to sailing directly downwind than spinnakers, and so instead the boat will often sail a zig-zag course downwind, gybing at the corners. An asymmetric spinnaker is particularly effective on fast planing dinghies as their speed generates an apparent wind on the bow allowing them to sail more directly downwind. It is also particularly useful in cruising yachts in the form of a cruising spinnaker or cruising chute, where the ease of handling is important. Various types of asymmetrics exist, and a common nomenclature classifies them by code from 0 to 6. Codes 1, 3, and 5 are reaching sails, and codes 2, 4, and 6 are running sails; the code 0 is a hybrid of genoa and spinnaker, designed to work like a genoa but classified under racing rules as a spinnaker.", "precise_score": 1.2543413639068604, "rough_score": 5.121837615966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Typically the symmetric spinnaker is packed in its own bag, called a turtle, with the three corners on top for ready access. The clews (lower corners) are controlled by lines called sheets. The sheets are run in front (outside) of the forestay and lead to the back of the boat. The head (top corner) is attached to the spinnaker halyard, which is used to raise the sail up the mast.", "precise_score": -4.849266529083252, "rough_score": -3.1907596588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Symmetric spinnakers have the windward clew secured to a spinnaker pole. The pole is attached to the mast and holds the windward edge of the sail in position. Lines that control the spinnaker pole are called guys. The spinnaker pole may be allowed to raise and lower with the force of the wind, or it may have lines attached to it to raise (the topping lift) and lower (the foreguy or downhaul) the angle of the pole. If these lines are used, they are generally set up before setting sail, and left in place even when the spinnaker is stowed.", "precise_score": -4.973911285400391, "rough_score": -3.840487480163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Like the symmetric, the Asymmetrical spinnaker is often stored in a turtle, with the corners on top for easy access. While a symmetric spinnaker is flown with a \"guy\" and a \"sheet\", an asymmetric spinnaker is flown with a tackline and a \"sheet.\" The tack attaches to the bow or (often retractable) bowsprit, and the two sheets attach to the clew. The head of the sail is attached to the spinnaker halyard, which is used to raise the sail. The sheets are passed to either side of the forestay, attached to the clew; they may be passed forward of the luff of the asymmetric, or aft of the luff of the asymmetric, between the tack line and the forestay. The sheet on the downwind (lee) side of the hull is used to trim the sail, and the opposite sheet is left slack. Often a tack line is used at leading edge to provide adjustable tension on the luff of the spinnaker. To keep the tack near the centerline of the boat, it may be attached to the forestay with a sliding collar (often riding over the furled jib on parrel beads, tacker or similar device) adjustable with a down haul, or tack line . This allows the tack to slide up and down the forestay to adjust the luff tension. On racing boats, the tack of the asymmetric is often rigged to a retractable bowsprit, which increases the foretriangle area and prevents interference with the jib. As this trend becomes more popular in racing boats, it may result in similar adaptations to cruising boats as well. ", "precise_score": -2.9673430919647217, "rough_score": -2.780164957046509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Jibing with the asymmetric is much less complex than the symmetric, due to the lack of the spinnaker pole. Much like a jib, all that is required is to change sheets. However, since the asymmetric still flies in front of the forestay, the operation is reversed. The loaded sheet is slackened, and the opposite (lazy)sheet is pulled in, which allows the sail to pass around in front of the forestay, and then be sheeted in on the new lee side of the boat.", "precise_score": -4.944178581237793, "rough_score": -2.2293355464935303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "It has been pointed out, however, that the skippers of Thames sailing barges also used the term spinnaker for their jib staysails. Unlike the other, tanned sails of these boats, the spinnakers were usually of white color. It has thus been suggested that the term could be \"connected with the obsolete word spoon, meaning to run before the wind (cf. spindrift).\" Early usage of the verb to spoon can be traced back to the 16th century; the change from spoon to spin in the term spindrift is attributed to a local Scottish pronunciation. According to Merriam Webster's dictionary, however, spindrift derives from a local Scottish pronunciation of speen (not spoon), meaning \"to drive before a strong wind.\" ", "precise_score": -2.208355665206909, "rough_score": -3.835958957672119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The jib is secured along its leading edge to a forestay (strong wire) strung from the top of the mast to the bowsprit on the bow (nose) of the boat. A genoa is also used on some boats. It is a type of jib that is large enough to overlap the mainsail, and cut so that it is fuller than an ordinary jib producing a greater driving force in lighter winds.", "precise_score": 3.9188804626464844, "rough_score": 3.005751848220825, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A spinnaker is also used on some boats to help move the sailboat faster downwind. The spinnaker is often a colourful sail and can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical.", "precise_score": -0.6793380975723267, "rough_score": -3.052905559539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Headsails are the main driving sails when going upwind (sailing towards the wind). There are many types of headsails with Genoa and Jib being the most commonly used. Both these types have different subtypes depending on their intended use. Headsails are usually classified according to their weight (that is, the relative weight of the sailcloth used) and size or total area of the sail. A common classification is numbering from 1 to 3 (larger to smaller) with a description of the use for example: #1 Heavy or #1 Medium/Light. Special types of headsails include the Gennaker (also named Code 0 by some sailmakers), the drifter (a type of Genoa that is used like an asymmetrical spinnaker), the screecher (essentially a large Genoa), the windseeker and storm jib. Certain Genoas and Jibs also have battens which assist in maintaining an optimal shape for the sail.", "precise_score": 5.278033256530762, "rough_score": 4.044930458068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Spinnakers are used for reaching and running (downwind sailing). They are very light and have a balloon-like shape. As with headsails, there are many types of spinnakers depending on the shape, area and cloth weight. Symmetrical spinnakers are most efficient on runs and dead runs (sailing with wind coming directly from behind) while asymmetric spinnakers are very efficient in reaching (the wind coming from the rear but at an angle to the boat or from the side).", "precise_score": 1.3757716417312622, "rough_score": -1.7211270332336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Maximizing the sail area can cause more difficult handling. It may be harder to tack a genoa than a jib, since the overlapping area can become tangled with the shrouds and/or mast unless carefully tended during the tack. Genoas are very popular in some racing classes, since they count only the foretriangle area when calculating foresail size; a genoa allows a significant increase in actual sail area within the calculated sail area. In boats where sail restrictions are not applicable, genoas of 180% overlap can be found, although those over 150% are not often seen, since the additional area is shadowed by the mainsail when close hauled and generates diminishing returns in terms of power per actual sail area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.391725540161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The famous Swedish sailor and shipowner Sven Salén (1890–1969) first used the genoa on his 6 m R-yacht \"May-Be\" by the 1926 in Coppa di Terreno in Genua, hence the name. He successfully used it during the Scandinavian Gold Cup's races of 1927 in Oyster Bay (US). Sven Salén also pioneered the parachute spinnacre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.490971565246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A similar type of jib was in use for centuries by the fishermen in the Netherlands with their Botter type ships. The fishermen relied on the combination of a large jib while fishing so the mainsail could remain unused. After fishing the fisherman's jib helped to get the fish to markets fast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.865654468536377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A correct explanation of the interaction between jib and mainsail was published by aerodynamicist and yachtsman Arvel Gentry in 1981, and \"is much more complicated than the old theories imply\". This states that the widely believed explanation of the slot effect is \"completely wrong\" and shows that this is not due to the venturi effect (or \"valve effect\" to use Curry's term) accelerating the air in the slot. Instead it is shown that the air in the slot is slowed down and its pressure increased reducing the tendency of the mainsail to stall, that the mainsail reduces the air pressure on the lee side of the jib accelerating that airflow, and that the mainsail increases the angle at which the air meets the luff of the jib, allowing the boat to point higher. Gentry points out that proper understanding of sail interaction allows better sail trimming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295032501220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Genoa (sail)" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A well designed spinnaker will have taut leading edges when filled; leading edges that curl in will both reduce the lift and risk a collapse of the spinnaker. A well designed spinnaker will also have a smooth curve when filled, with no bubbles or depressions caused by inconsistent stretching of the sail fabric. Any deviations from a smooth curve will cause the airflow over the leeward side of the sail to separate causing a reduction in lift and reduced performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.620838165283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "When running downwind in heavy weather or when hit by a gust, with or without a spinnaker, there may be a tendency for a roll of increasing amplitude to build up, known as the death roll. It has been shown that this is due to aerodynamic instability of bermuda rigs when running, which can be aggravated by gusts, waves, mainsail twist, daggerboard etc. too far down, hull form, and the sailing equivalent of pilot-induced oscillation. Excessive heel leads to loss of rudder effectiveness resulting in the boat slewing round uncontrollably in the direction opposite to the direction of heel. This is known as broaching. Aerodynamic instability when running can be countered by easing the pole forward slightly and over-sheeting the spinnaker somewhat to stop it swinging from side to side, by reducing mainsail twist using the boom vang, and by skillfully trimming the mainsheet. Luffing carefully onto a broad reach may help to retain control, as can moving everyone's weight as far aft as possible. Reducing sail should be considered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.707926750183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Symmetric spinnakers when sailing across the wind (reaching) develop most of their lift on the forward quarter, where the airflow remains attached. When correctly set for reaching, the leading edges of a symmetric spinnaker should be nearly parallel to the wind, so the flow of air over the leading edge remains attached. When reaching, the sail camber allows only some attached flow over the leeward side of the spinnaker. On running the spinnaker is angled for maximum drag, with the spinnaker pole at right angles to the apparent wind. The symmetric spinnaker also requires care when packing, since the three corners must be available on the top of the packing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.776808261871338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Since the 1960s many faster sailing craft, starting with catamaran classes, had discovered that it is faster to sail downwind on a series of broad reaches with efficient airflow across the sail rather than directly downwind with the sails stalled. This technique had developed to the extent that in bar conversation at the end of one season Andrew Buckland observed that the 18s had sailed all season without pulling the spinnaker pole back from the forestay and that all the systems could be simplified by eliminating the pole and setting the spinnaker from a fixed (but often retractable) bowsprit. The concept quickly evolved to a sail with a loose luff much more like a conventional spinnaker than the old jib style asymmetric sails. Julian Bethwaite was the first to rig and sail a boat with one the next season, followed shortly by Andrew Buckland. The first modern offshore sailboats to incorporate a retractable bow sprit and an asymmetric spinnaker were J/Boats [http://www.jboats.com]- specifically, the J/105. [http://www.jboats.com/j105/j105gallery.htm]. Today, J/Boats have built the world's largest fleets of asymmetric spinnaker sailboats- over 3,000 today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.457805156707764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 0 The code 0 asymmetric is a tight reaching sail, the most upwind capable of the asymmetrics. The luff is as straight as possible, and the sail is flatter than other spinnakers. Due to the flatness of the code 0, it is usually made with a wire luff for strength, and of a heavier, less stretchy fabric than normal for a spinnaker. Due to the tight luff and flat cut, the code 0 can be fitted for roller furling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4031291007995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 1 The code 1 is a light air reaching sail, where the apparent wind angles at low speeds has a significant effect to create angles of less than 90 degrees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51234245300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 2 The code 2 is a medium air running sail, used for apparent wind angles over 90 degrees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517128944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 3 The code 3 is a medium air reaching sail, used for apparent wind angles near 90 degrees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483504295349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 4 The code 4 is a heavy air running sail, used in the heaviest winds normally expected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525883674621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 5 The code 5 is a heavy air reaching sail, used in the heaviest winds normally expected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52245044708252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "* Code 6 The code 6 is a storm sail, for running in storm conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.585526466369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Spinnakers for cruising boats are starting to be patterned after the roller furling code 0 racing spinnakers, as they provide the easiest handling. North Sails, for example, offers three gennaker sails, based on the racing code 0 asymmetrics, with different sizes and cambers for varying angles and wind speeds. Other manufacturers offer similar cruising code 0 designs under different names, such as the screecher and reacher for upwind and downwind use respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.366139888763428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "A cruising chute is a form of asymmetric spinnaker used by cruising yachts and designed for easy use when short handed. Two sheets are used, with the tack line eased by a foot or so before gybing. Alternatively only one sheet is used, with the sail snuffed before a gybe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.754444599151611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Since they will only be used on certain points of sail, raising and lowering the spinnaker is a task that is often performed while under sail. Due to the size of spinnakers (the spinnaker is often double or more the size of the mainsail) this can be a difficult operation, since the sail will immediately catch the wind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.01345682144165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Since spinnakers are downwind sails, they are never tacked, they are only jibed. When jibing a symmetric, the pole is removed from one corner and attached to the opposite corner. This corner now becomes the windward corner. There are two ways this is done. Generally on smaller boats, an end-for-end jibe is accomplished by disconnecting the pole at the mast-end and connecting the mast end to the opposite side of the sail. The old sail end is disconnected and then attached to the mast. This prevents the pole from getting loose during the procedure and allows the use of only two control lines that alternate as sheet and guy (more on this below). End-for-end jibing requires a pole with identical fittings at either end. Larger boats do a dip-pole gybe (jibe) in which the pole remains attached to the mast and the outer end is lowered until it can clear the head-stay and is then raised back up on the other side of the boat to the proper height with the topping lift. The guys are adjusted as before to set the sail angle on the new course. Dip-pole jibing can use a pole with one mast end and one sail end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.494879245758057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Retrieving the spinnaker is a multi-step process, and the take-down depends on wind position. First, the windward corner is detached from the spinnaker pole and the guy is released. This step is referred to as blowing the guy. This allows the spinnaker to collapse into the shadow of the mainsail, where the foot is gathered by a crew member. The halyard is then lowered, and a crew member gathers the sail and stuffs it carefully into the turtle, corners out, and ready for the next deployment. There are, however many other ways to retrieve the spinnaker depending on the conditions and intent. It may or may not go into a turtle. It may be pulled back into the cockpit & then down below to be repacked for the next hoist or be pulled in a foredeck hatch & left free for the next hoist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0030107498168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Retrieving the asymmetric is similar to the process for the symmetric. The sheets are released, allowing the sail to collapse to the front of the boat. The foot of the sail is then gathered, and the halyard released and the head of the sail lowered, where it is packed into the turtle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402555465698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The spinnaker is raised as normal, but with the sock in place the spinnaker is unable to catch the wind. Once the spinnaker is raised and the guys are ready to set, the sock is raised, releasing the spinnaker. The sock remains bundled up at the head of the sail while the spinnaker is deployed. To retrieve the spinnaker, the sheet or the tack is released and the sock is pulled down, gathering the sail. The halyard is then dropped and the sail may be packed away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.269495487213135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Some dictionaries suggest that the origin of the word could be traced to the first boat to commonly fly a spinnaker, a yacht called the Sphinx, mispronounced as Spinx. The Sphinx first set her spinnaker in the Solent in 1865, and the first recorded use of the word was in 1866 in the August edition of Yachting Calendar and Review (p. 84). In addition, the term may have been influenced by the spanker, originally a gaff rigged fore-and-aft sail. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.188719272613525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Another suggestion is that the idea for the sail was conceived in 1865 by William Gordon, owner of the racing yacht Niobe. He wanted to name the sail after his yacht but a crewman's comment, 'Now there's a sail to make her spin' became 'spin maker' which developed into the commonly accepted term spinnaker. Gordon was widely known in the yachting world of the time as 'Spinnaker Gordon.' ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.059289932250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Furthermore, references to a mid-nineteenth-century origin are problematic. In the logbook of the USS Constitution, opening \"Remarks on Board Monday July 13th 1812\" is the comment \"From 12 to 4 AM moderate breezes and thick cloudy weather with rain at 1 AM hauled up the mainsail and set the spinnaker at ½ past 3 AM set the mainsail JTS [John T. Shubrick, Fifth Lieutenant].\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846988677978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spinnaker" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "A sail is means for redirecting the power of the wind to propel a craft on water, ice or land. In doing so, sails mobilize lifting properties as air passes along the surface and they mobilize drag properties to the degree that air is directed at the surface. When both lift and drag are present, they function similarly to a wing in a vertical orientation. In most cases sails are supported by a mast rigidly attached to the sailing craft, however some craft employ a flexible mount for a mast. Sails also employ spars and battens to determine shape in the axis perpendicular to the mast. As a result, sails come in a variety of shapes that include both triangular and quadrilateral configurations, usually with curved edges that promote curvature of the sail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084893226623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Kites that are used to propel certain sailing craft are differentiated from sails in that they are supported and controlled by lines that lead from the kite to the craft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239561080932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "History of sails", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536336898803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period (c. 6000 -4300 BC) in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437034606933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE,The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980 where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words for sail, lay(r), and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361133575439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Square sails mounted on yardarms perpendicular to the boat's hull are very good for downwind sailing; they dominated in the ancient Mediterranean and spread to Northern Europe, and were independently invented in China and Ecuador. Although fore-and-aft rigs have become more popular on modern yachts, square sails continue to power full-rigged ships through the Age of Sail and to the present day. Triangular fore-and-aft rigs were invented in the Mediterranean as single yarded lateen sails and independently in the Pacific as the more efficient bi sparred crab claw sail, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333332061767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Marchaj, Czeslaw A. Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 \"The Sail Power of Various Rigs\" and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.955264568328857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS Pelican, was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350970268249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560990333557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Use of sails", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529491424560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Sails are primarily used on the water by sailing ships and sail boats as a propulsion system. For purposes of commerce, sails have been greatly superseded by other forms of propulsion, such as the internal combustion engine. For recreation, however, sailing vessels remain popular. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329218864440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The most familiar type of sailboat, a small pleasure yacht, usually has a sail-plan called a sloop. This has two sails in a fore-and-aft arrangement: the mainsail and the jib.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.107157707214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The mainsail extends aftward (backwards) and is secured the whole length of its front edge to the mast and its aft corner (clew) to a boom, generally, also hung from the mast. The sails of tall ships are attached to wooden timbers or \"spars\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309929847717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Fore-and-aft sails can be switched from one side of the boat to the other in order to provide propulsion as the sailboat changes direction relative to the wind. When the boat's stern crosses the wind, this is called gybing; when the bow crosses the wind, it is called tacking. Tacking repeatedly from port to starboard and/or vice versa, called \"beating\", is done in order to allow the boat to follow a course into the wind. Modern boats can sail as close as 30 degrees to the wind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339479446411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "A primary feature of a properly designed sail is an amount of \"draft\", caused by curvature of the surface of the sail. When the leading edge of a sail is oriented into the wind, the correct curvature helps maximise lift while minimising turbulence and drag, much like the carefully designed curves of aircraft wings. Modern sails are manufactured with a combination of broadseaming and non-stretch fabric (ref New technology below). The former adds draft, while the latter allows the sail to keep a constant shape as the wind pressure increases. The draft of the sail can be reduced in stronger winds by use of a cunningham and outhaul, and also by bending the mast and increasing the downward pressure of the boom by use of a boom vang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188675880432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Other sail powered machines include ice yachts, windmills, kites, signs, hang gliders, electric generators, windsurfers, and land sailing vehicles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308831214904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Sail construction is governed by the science of aerodynamics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40304946899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Generally speaking, sailing vessels employ two main types of rig: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721226692199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The square rig, which reached its maximum development in the clipper ships and trading barques of the late 19th and early 20th century, relies on rectangular sails hung beneath yards, themselves suspended from the masts and set \"square\" (i.e., at a right angle to) the keel of the ship. This kind of rig requires an enormous amount of rigging (at least nine ropes per sail) and cannot sail closer than about 60° to the wind. Few vessels of this type are seen today, other than the spectacular ones used for sail training. Most square rigged vessels also carry at least some fore-and-aft sails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258035659790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The fore-and-aft rig is far more common: nearly every dinghy and yacht uses this type of rig, in which the sails are mounted parallel to the keel and are secured to the fore of the ship and to the aft rather than side to side. A large mainsail is often rigged abaft the mast(s) and usually a jib in front of it. The foot of the mainsail is usually extended by a boom. Each sail needs only two or three ropes for its basic control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689916610717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Sail aerodynamics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372696876525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Sails propel the boat in one of two ways. When the boat is going in the direction of the wind (i.e. downwind - see Points of sail), the sails may be set merely to trap the air as it flows by. Sails acting in this way are aerodynamically stalled. Drag, always parallel to the wind, contributes the predominant driving force.\"When the wind is from behind, it works on the sails simply by pushing them and the boat's hull follows along.\" Rousmaniere, John The Annapolis Book of Seamanship New Revised Edition Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-67447-1 page 20", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420316696166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The other way sails propel the boat occurs when the boat is traveling across or into the wind. The sails acting as airfoils propel the boat by redirecting the wind coming in from the side towards the rear. By the law of conservation of momentum, the wind moves the sail as the sail redirects downwash air backwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385986328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Air pressure differences across the sail area result in forces on sails including drag and lift. A component of the lift is the main driving force. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448986053466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Marchaj, Czeslaw A. Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 2 \"How and Why an Aerodynamic Force is Produced\", page 49 \"Pressure differences - the right way to explain sail forces\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443373680114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "The sails can also act as airfoils in some downwind situations, e.g. spinnakers and square-rigged sails can be trimmed so that their upper edges become leading edges and they operate as airfoils again, but with airflow directed more or less vertically downwards. This mode of trim also provides the boat with some actual lift and may reduce both wetted area and the risk of 'digging into' waves. In stronger winds, turbulence created behind stalled sails can lead to aerodynamic instability, which in turn can manifest as increased downwind rolling of the boat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649383544921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Sails are often equipped with lightweight tapes or strands (tell-tales) to indicate the airflow in their area. They may be on both sides near the leading edges of the sail, or at the trailing edge of the sail. Horizontal strips sewn into fore-and-aft sails and V-shaped markings on spinnakers assist with judging their shape from on deck. These may even glow in the dark, using luminous tapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.069184303283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "On a sailing boat, a keel or centreboard helps to prevent the boat from moving sideways. The shape of the keel has a much smaller cross section in the fore and aft axis and a much larger cross section on the athwart axis (across the beam of the boat). The resistance to motion along the smallest cross section is low while resistance to motion across the large cross section is high, so the boat moves forward rather than sideways. In other words, it is easier for the sail to push the boat forward rather than sideways. However, there is always a small amount of sideways motion, or leeway. The keel or centreboard acts as a secondary foil, symmetrically aligned under the vessel front to back, the sidewise forces induced by the sail create an asymmetrical water flow across the foil resulting in opposing lift.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25396728515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Forces across the boat are resolved by balancing the sideways force from the sail with the sideways resistance of the keel or centreboard. Also, if the boat heels, there are restoring forces due to the shape of the hull and the mass of the ballast in the keel being raised against gravity. Forward forces are balanced by velocity through the water and friction between the hull, keel and the water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302207946777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Parts of the sail", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39227294921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The lower edge of a triangular sail is called the \"foot\" of the sail, while the upper point is known as the \"head\". The lower two points of the sail, on either end of the foot, are called the \"tack\" (forward) and \"clew\" (aft). The forward edge of the sail is called the \"luff\" (from which derives the term \"luffing\", a rippling of the sail when the angle of the wind fails to maintain a good aerodynamic shape near the luff). The aft edge of a sail is called the \"leech\". The curved sail area beyond a straight line from the head to the clew is known as the \"roach\". Typically this is greater in a racing sail and may be absent in a cruising sail. The roach is held in shape by sail battens which maybe full length or short.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088531494140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Modern sails are designed so that either the warp or weft of the cloth is perpendicular to the leech. This places the most elastic axis of the cloth on the luff and foot, where bias stretch can be controlled with folded cloth tabling or rope. Varying tension on the luff and foot with winches, downhauls, or outhauls allows the sailor to adjust the draft to suit wind conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332674980163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Often tell-tales, small pieces of yarn, are attached to the sail. They are used as a guide when trimming the sail as they indicate the wind flow across the sail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44602108001709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "An alternative approach to sail design is that used in junks, originally an oriental design. It uses horizontal sail curving to produce an efficient and easily controlled sail-plan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447347640991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Sail types", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.384827613830566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Modern sails can be classified into three main categories: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165731430053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "*Mainsail,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336915016174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "*Headsail also known as the jib sail,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.499536514282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "* and Spinnaker or downwind sail (also termed Kite). Special-purpose sails are often a variation of the three main categories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.15903902053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "High-performance yachts, in particular some catamarans such as the International C-Class Catamaran, have used or use rigid wing sails, which are said to provide better performance than traditional soft sails. In particular, a rigid wing sail was used by Stars and Stripes, the defender who won the 1988 America's Cup, and by USA-17, the challenger who won the 2010 America's Cup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108819961547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Most modern yachts, including bermuda rig, ketch and yawl boats, have a sail \"inventory\" which usually includes more than one of these types of sails. Although the mainsail is “permanently” hoisted while sailing, headsails and spinnakers can be changed depending on the particular weather conditions to allow better handling and speed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.88725471496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Mainsails, as the name implies, are the main element of the sailplan. A \"motor\" as well as a rudder for the boat, mainsails can be as simple as a traditional triangle-shaped, cross-cut sail (see Sail Construction below). In most cases, the mainsail isn’t changed while sailing, although there are mechanisms to reduce its surface if the wind is very strong (a technique called reefing). In extreme weather, a mainsail can be folded and a trysail hoisted to allow steerage without endangering the boat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156181335449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Sail construction", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494606971740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "A sail might look flat when lying on the floor but once it is hoisted, it becomes a three-dimensional curved surface, in essence an airfoil. In order for a sail to be \"built\", it has to be designed in a number of elements (or panels) which are cut and sewn together to form the foil. In older days, this was rightfully considered an art which was later complemented (and arguably overshadowed) by technology. With the advent of computers, sail manufacturers were able to model their sails using special computer-aided design (CAD) programs and directly feed the data to very accurate laser plotters/cutters which cut the panels from rolls of sail cloth, replacing the traditional manual process (scissors).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218066215515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The key features that distinguish a \"fast\" from a \"slow\" sail are its shape related to the particular boat and rig and its ability to consistently maintain that shape. These two features rely mostly on the design of the sail (the way that the panels are placed with one another) and the sail cloth used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427947044372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "The traditional parallel-panel (cross-cut) gave way to more complex (radial) designs where the panels have different shapes for the top, mid, and lower sections of the sail depending on pressure of the air caused by its flow over the sail surface. Again aided by CAD and special modelling software the sailmakers use cloths of different weight, placing heavier cloth panels where there is more stress and lighter cloth where there is less to make savings in weight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279596328735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Older fabrics (especially cotton and low budget synthetic), have the tendency to stretch with wind pressure which results in distorted and consequently inefficient sail shapes. Moreover, the cloth itself is heavy which adds to the inefficiency. Synthetic materials such as Nylon and Dacron were followed by advanced sail cloths made from exotic material yarns such as Aramid (e.g. Twaron, Technora or kevlar), carbon fibre, HMPE (e.g. Spectra/Dyneema), Zylon (PBO) and Vectran (see also Sailcloth). These materials were a breakthrough in sail technology as they provided the raw material in the manufacture of low-stretch, low-weight and long-life sail cloths. Manufacturers were able to use different weights of yarn to weave cloths with exceptional properties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827190399169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Once the panels are sewn together (often by triple-stitch method), the sailmakers complete the sail by placing the finishing elements such as the leech and foot lines, protective patches in the areas where the sail will scrape against hardware (stanchions, spreaders), steel rings and straps at the tack and clew, cleats, batten pockets (if required) and sail numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397642135620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Woven cloth or ribbons of high tensile fabric inserts can be \"sandwiched\" between two layers of PET film and placed in special ovens under pressure to bond into a single body, a process called lamination. The inserts provide the strength and the PET film the continuity and wind resistance. An alternative method is to sandwich a sheet of PET film between two layers of woven cloth. The latter process is popular when using cloth with high strength and UV tolerance, but an open weave. In the latter process the cloth protects the more easily torn PET film. A more complex sail may combine the processes. See also sailcloth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332188606262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "A light-weather sail generally weighs around 100 gram/m² and a rough-weather sail/try-out weighs around 500 gram/m² although modern laminated sails can weigh considerably less than this depending on the fibres specified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504980087280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "Advances in sail materials and manufacture", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506742477416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "In addition to advances in the exotic materials and consequent cloths themselves, manufacturers have also progressed the manufacturing process with the creation of glued, molded and laminated sails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297489166259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sails", "passage": "Glued sails are regular paneled sails but instead of sewing the pieces together, the sail maker uses a special, ultra-strong polymer glue which bonds through the use of ultrasound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488468170166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" }, { "answer": "Sail", "passage": "In molding, a curved mold is designed and created in the optimum (three dimensional) shape of the sail that the sail maker wants to produce. A film of PET film is placed on the mold and a special gantry hovers over the film laying the yarns based on instructions of a computer that has the model of the sail. Once this is done, a second sheet of PET film is placed on top and the whole mold (with the sail) is placed in a vacuum oven which causes the materials to bond (curing). The result is a smooth sail which is lighter and has a wider effective wind range (the minimum and maximum wind speed that the sail can withstand and be effective).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241201400756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sail" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "After exhausting his legal options in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Assange failed to surrender for extradition. Instead, he sought and was granted asylum by the Republic of Ecuador in August 2012. Assange has since remained in the Embassy of Ecuador in London, and he is unable to leave without being arrested for breaching his bail conditions. The United Nation's Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found, by a majority, that he has been \"arbitrarily detained\" and that his detention should be brought to an end. ", "precise_score": 5.758736610412598, "rough_score": 5.126473426818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "On 19 June 2012, Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño announced that Assange had applied for political asylum, that his government was considering the request, and that Assange was at the Ecuadorian embassy in London. ", "precise_score": 4.539256572723389, "rough_score": 4.621575832366943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "Opinions of Assange at this time were divided. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard described his activities as \"illegal,\" but the police said that he had broken no Australian law. U.S. Vice President Joe Biden and others called him a \"terrorist.\" Some called for his assassination or execution. Amy Davidson, [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/08/michael-grunwald-and-the-assange-precedent-problem.html \"Michael Grunwald and the Assange precedent problem,\"] The New Yorker, 18 August 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2014. Time correspondent Michael Grunwald. Support came from people including the Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, Britain's Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, Spain's Podemos party leader Pablo Iglesias, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay, Argentina's ambassador to the UK Alicia Castro, and activists and celebrities including Tariq Ali, John Perry Barlow, Daniel Ellsberg, Mary Kostakidis, John Pilger, Ai Weiwei,\"[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/19/angry-julian-assange-starts-fifth-year-living-in-ecuadors-london-embassy 'Angry' Julian Assange starts fifth year living in Ecuador’s London embassy]\". The Guardian. 19 June 2016. Michael Moore, Noam Chomsky, Vaughan Smith, and Oliver Stone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9167104959487915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "Political asylum and life at the Ecuadorian embassy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.311915874481201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "On 16 August 2012, Foreign Minister Patiño announced that Ecuador was granting Assange political asylum because of the threat represented by the US secret investigation against him and several calls for assassination from many American politicians. In its formal statement, Ecuador reasoned that \"as a consequence of [Assange's] determined defense to freedom of expression and freedom of press… in any given moment, a situation may come where his life, safety or personal integrity will be in danger\". Latin American states expressed support for Ecuador. Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa confirmed on 18 August that Assange could stay at the embassy indefinitely, and the following day Assange gave his first speech from the balcony. Assange's supporters forfeited £293,500 in bail and sureties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5526130199432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "On 5 February 2016, the UN's Working Group on Arbitrary Detention decided that Assange had been subject to arbitrary detention by the UK and Swedish Governments since 7 December 2010, including his time in prison, on conditional bail and in the Ecuadorian embassy. According to the group, Assange should be allowed to walk free and be given compensation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4936830401420593, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" }, { "answer": "Ecuador", "passage": "The UK and Swedish governments rejected the ruling, as did the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Philip Hammond, and the UK and Swedish prosecutors. The UK maintained it would arrest Assange should he leave the Ecuadorian embassy. Mark Ellis, executive director of the International Bar Association, stated that the ruling is \"not binding on British law.\" United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad al Hussein has said that the ruling is based on binding international law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2232366800308228, "source": "wiki", "title": "Julian Assange" } ]

[ { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest point at 4979 m, lies in this region. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall, as well as tepuis, large table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the llanos, which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers.", "precise_score": 0.24709449708461761, "rough_score": 1.9553354978561401, "source": "wiki", "title": "Venezuela" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "Angel Falls (; Pemon language: Kerepakupai Vená, meaning \"waterfall of the deepest place\", or Parakupá Vená, meaning \"the fall from the highest point\") is a waterfall in Venezuela.", "precise_score": 4.845518112182617, "rough_score": 4.671972751617432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "Angel Falls is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for use by the Pemon guides. During the dry season (December to March) there is less water seen than in the other months.", "precise_score": 0.6501209735870361, "rough_score": -0.7388204336166382, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "The waterfall has been known as the \"Angel Falls\" since the Mid-20th century; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls. Angel's ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53077507019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Salto Ángel", "passage": "The common Spanish name Salto Ángel derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term (\"Kerepakupai Vená\", meaning \"waterfall of the deepest place\"), on the grounds that the nation's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name. Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, \"This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there ... this is indigenous property.\" However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.305601119995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "Sir Walter Raleigh described what was possibly a tepuy (table top mountain), and he is said to have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered far-fetched. Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío, a Spanish explorer and governor from the 16th and 17th centuries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.1932373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "Returning on 9 October 1937, Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyan-tepui, but the plane was damaged when the wheels sank into the marshy ground. Angel and his three companions, including his wife Marie, were forced to descend the tepui on foot. It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the gradually sloping back side, but news of their adventure spread and the waterfall was named Angel Falls in his honor. The name of the waterfall—\"Salto Angel\"—was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.385660171508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "Angel Falls also inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up (2009) although, in the film, the location was called Paradise Falls instead of Angel Falls. It also makes a small appearance in the Disney film Dinosaur, as well as the 1990 film Arachnophobia. Most recently, it makes an appearance in the 2015 film Point Break.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.123443603515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "File:Salto angel.jpg|Angel Falls during the dry season", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452837944030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Angel Falls", "passage": "File:Angel falls in Venezuela 001.JPG|Panoramic shot of Angel Falls", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2858710289001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" }, { "answer": "Salto Angel", "passage": "File:Salto Angel - Cañon del Diablo.JPG|Churún Canyon (also known as Devil's Canyon)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418210983276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angel Falls" } ]

[ { "answer": "five", "passage": "In Western musical notation, the staff, or stave, is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch—or, in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments. Appropriate music symbols, depending on the intended effect, are placed on the staff according to their corresponding pitch or function. Musical notes are placed by pitch, percussion notes are placed by instrument, and rests and other symbols are placed by convention.", "precise_score": 8.466418266296387, "rough_score": 7.212170600891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The treatise Musica enchiriadis (AD 900) uses Daseian notation for indicating specific pitches, but the modern use of staff lines is attributed to Guido d'Arezzo (AD 990-1050), whose four-line staff is still used (though without the red and yellow coloring he recommended) in Gregorian chant publications today. Five-line staves appeared in Italy in the 13th century, and staves with four, five, and six lines were used as late as 1600.", "precise_score": 4.630670070648193, "rough_score": 3.5567128658294678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Staff (music)" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "A staff (or stave, in British English) of written music generally begins with a clef, which indicates the position of one particular note on the staff. The treble clef or G clef was originally a letter G and it identifies the second line up on the five line staff as the note G above middle C. The bass clef or F clef shows the position of the note F below middle C. While the treble and bass clef are the most widely used clefs, other clefs are used, such as the alto clef (used for viola music) and the tenor clef (used for some cello and double bass music). Notes representing a pitch outside of the scope of the five line staff can be represented using ledger lines, which provide a single note with additional lines and spaces. Some instruments use mainly one clef, such as violin and flute, which use treble clef and double bass and tuba, which use bass clef. Some instruments regularly use both clefs, such as piano and pipe organ.", "precise_score": 4.051214218139648, "rough_score": 5.056082725524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Although many ancient cultures used symbols to represent melodies and rhythms, none of them were nearly as comprehensive as written languages such as English or Arabic, limiting our modern understanding of the surviving notation. Comprehensive music notation began to be developed in Europe in the Middle Ages, starting with the Catholic church's goal to unite its vast empire by notating Plainchant melodies so that the same chants could be used across the empire. Music notation developed in the Renaissance and Baroque music eras. The introduction of figured bass or (\"throughbass\") notation in the Baroque era was the beginning of composers writing pieces based around chord progressions (a key method for popular music songwriters in the 20th and 21st century). In the classical period (1750–1820) and the Romantic music era (1820–1900), notation continued to develop as new musical instrument technologies were developed. In contemporary classical music of the 20th and 21st century, music notation has continued to develop, with the introduction of graphical notation by some modern composers and the use, since the 1980s, of computer-based scorewriter programs for notating music. Music notation has been adapted to many kinds of music, including classical music, popular music and traditional music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690789222717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a cuneiform tablet that was created at Nippur, in Sumer (today's Iraq), in about 2000 BC. The tablet represents fragmentary instructions for performing music, that the music was composed in harmonies of thirds, and that it was written using a diatonic scale. A tablet from about 1250 BC shows a more developed form of notation. Although the interpretation of the notation system is still controversial, it is clear that the notation indicates the names of strings on a lyre, the tuning of which is described in other tablets. Although they are fragmentary, these tablets represent the earliest notated melodies found anywhere in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645051956176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "In 1252, Safi al-Din al-Urmawi developed a form of musical notation, where rhythms were represented by geometric representation. Many subsequent scholars of rhythm have sought to develop graphical geometrical notations. For example, a similar geometric system was published in 1987 by Kjell Gustafson, whose method represents a rhythm as a two-dimensional graph. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003841400146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Scholar and music theorist Isidore of Seville, writing in the early 7th century, considered that \"unless sounds are held by the memory of man, they perish, because they cannot be written down.\" By the middle of the 9th century, however, a form of neumatic notation began to develop in monasteries in Europe as a mnemonic device for Gregorian chant, using symbols known as neumes; the earliest surviving musical notation of this type is in the Musica disciplina of Aurelian of Réôme, from about 850. There are scattered survivals from the Iberian Peninsula before this time, of a type of notation known as Visigothic neumes, but its few surviving fragments have not yet been deciphered.Zapke 2007, The problem with this notation was that it only showed melodic contours and consequently the music could not be read by someone who did not know the music already.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.107876777648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "Modern music notation originated in European classical music and is now used by musicians of many different genres throughout the world, including professional session musicians in popular music genres. The system uses a five-line staff. The staff acts as a framework upon which pitches are indicated by placing round notes on the staff lines or between the lines. The pitch of the round musical notes can be modified by accidentals. The duration (note length) is shown with different note values, which can be indicated by the note being just a circle (a whole note) or using stems to indicate quarter notes and other subdivisions, and additional symbols such as dots and ties which lengthen the duration of a note. Notation is read from left to right, which makes setting music for right-to-left scripts difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1075873374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Following the key signature is the time signature. The time signature typically consists of two numbers, with one of the most common being \"4/4\". The top \"4\" indicates that there are four beats per measure (also called bar). The bottom \"4\" indicates that each of those beats are quarter notes. Measures divide the piece into groups of beats, and the time signatures specify those groupings. \"4/4\" is used so often that it is also called \"common time\", and it may be indicated with a \"C\" rather than numbers. Other common time signatures are \"3/4\" (three beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note); \"2/4\" (two beats per bar, with each beat being a quarter note); \"6/8\" (six beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note) and \"12/8\" (twelve beats per bar, with each beat being an eighth note; in practice, the eighth notes are typically put into four groups of three eighth notes. \"12/8\" is a compound time type of time signature). Many other time signatures exist, such as \"3/8\", \"5/8\", \"5/4\", \"7/4\", \"9/8\", and so on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583632469177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Many short classical music pieces from the classical era and songs from traditional music and popular music are in one time signature for much or all of the piece. Music from the Romantic music era and later, particularly contemporary classical music and rock music genres such as progressive rock and the hardcore punk subgenre mathcore are among the genres which use mixed meter; that is, songs or pieces change from one meter to another (e.g., a song could alternate between bars of \"5/4\" and \"7/8\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879387855529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "* Percussion notation conventions are varied because of the wide range of percussion instruments. Percussion instruments are generally grouped into two categories: pitched (e.g., glockenspiel or tubular bells) and non-pitched (e.g., bass drum and snare drum). The notation of non-pitched percussion instruments is less standardized. Pitched instruments use standard Western classical notation for the pitches and rhythms. In general, notation for unpitched percussion uses the five line staff, with different lines and spaces representing different drum kit instruments. Standard Western rhythmic notation is used to indicate the rhythm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.619479656219482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "Each of the other five notes, Re, Ga, Ma, Dha and Ni, can take a 'regular' (shuddha) pitch, which is equivalent to its pitch in a standard major scale (thus, shuddha Re, the second degree of the scale, is a whole-step higher than Sa), or an altered pitch, either a half-step above or half-step below the shuddha pitch. Re, Ga, Dha and Ni all have altered partners that are a half-step lower (Komal-\"flat\") (thus, komal Re is a half-step higher than Sa).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826567649841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The earliest known examples of text referring to music in China are inscriptions on musical instruments found in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (d. 433 B.C.). Sets of 41 chimestones and 65 bells bore lengthy inscriptions concerning pitches, scales, and transposition. The bells still sound the pitches that their inscriptions refer to. Although no notated musical compositions were found, the inscriptions indicate that the system was sufficiently advanced to allow for musical notation. Two systems of pitch nomenclature existed, one for relative pitch and one for absolute pitch. For relative pitch, a solmization system was used. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.627918243408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The term 'graphic notation' refers to the contemporary use of non-traditional symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. Practitioners include Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Anthony Braxton, John Cage, Morton Feldman, Krzysztof Penderecki, Cornelius Cardew, and Roger Reynolds. See Notations, edited by John Cage and Alison Knowles, ISBN 0-685-14864-5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.660076141357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical notation" } ]

[ { "answer": "Library materials", "passage": "The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study. Main divisions include philosophy, social sciences, science, technology, and history. The scheme is made up of ten classes, each divided into ten divisions, each having ten sections. The system's notation uses Arabic numbers, with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub-classes and decimals creating further divisions. The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy. Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right-most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification. For example:", "precise_score": 5.152482032775879, "rough_score": 5.382443428039551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dewey Decimal Classification" } ]

[ { "answer": "Charlotte, North Carolina", "passage": "The 2012 Democratic National Convention was a gathering, held from September 4 to September 6, 2012, in Charlotte, North Carolina, in which delegates of the Democratic Party chose the party's nominees for President and Vice President in the 2012 United States national election.", "precise_score": 6.1261796951293945, "rough_score": 4.407468795776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte, North Carolina", "passage": "First Lady Michelle Obama announced on February 1, 2011, in an email to supporters that Charlotte, North Carolina, had been chosen as the site for the 2012 Convention. The event was the first nominating convention of a major party ever held in North Carolina. Charlotte was one of four finalists announced by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) on June 30, 2010, the others being Cleveland, Minneapolis and St. Louis. It was expected that Charlotte's hosting of this event would generate more than $150 million for Charlotte and surrounding metropolitan areas and bring over 35,000 delegates and visitors.Mark Preston (February 1, 2011) [http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/01/charlotte-will-host-the-2012-democratic-national-convention-2/ Charlotte will host the 2012 Democratic National Convention] Retrieved April 23, 2011. North Carolina was a closely contested state in the 2008 presidential election, with Barack Obama winning the state's 15 electoral votes by just 13,692 votes (out of more than 4.2 million votes cast) and Democrats Kay Hagan and Bev Perdue winning close elections for U.S. Senate and Governor, respectively. ", "precise_score": 1.5718448162078857, "rough_score": -3.4384686946868896, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "After North Carolina voters passed Amendment 1, on May 8, 2012, banning same-sex marriage in the state, several groups called for the DNC to pull the convention out of Charlotte. Unions have also complained about North Carolina's labor laws. However, the DNC said that they would still proceed with their plans to hold it in the state. ", "precise_score": -5.319671154022217, "rough_score": -9.128205299377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "Choice of Charlotte for convention site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012245178222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "All three dates of the convention were held at the Time Warner Cable Arena. The last night, Thursday, September 6, was originally scheduled to be held at the 72,000-seat Bank of America Stadium, where presumptive presidential nominee Barack Obama was to deliver his acceptance speech. After Convention officials insisted that they would hold Thursday's activities at the stadium \"rain or shine\", the venue was moved to the 20,000 seat indoor arena \"... due to thunderstorm threat.\" Some in the media questioned the move, wondering whether it was motivated more by an inability to fill the 70,000 seat stadium and the possibility that empty seats would show a lack of enthusiasm. The risk of severe weather wasn't high; Charlotte NBC affiliate WCNC-TV chief meteorologist Brad Panovich tweeted that the \"[s]evere threat is almost zero Thursday night & chance of rain is 20%\", adding, \"It's a simple question...if you had a Panthers game, concert or soccer match with a 20% chance of storms would you cancel 24 hrs prior?\" The date of Obama's acceptance speech caused the National Football League to move the Kickoff game, normally on a Thursday, to Wednesday, September 5, to avoid a conflict. This in turn caused the DNC to move Joe Biden's vice presidential acceptance speech, normally held the day before the presidential acceptance speech, to Thursday, before Obama's speech, to avoid a conflict with the NFL game. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763222694396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte, North Carolina", "passage": "*Anthony Foxx, Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484434127807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte, North Carolina", "passage": "*Harvey Gantt, former Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489428520202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "Charlotte received a $50 million grant from the federal government for convention security. The city spent roughly $25 million on its police force. Some of the money has been allocated to police bicycles ($303,596), software ($61,000), and a 'command center upgrade' ($704,795). The city also spent $937,852 on officers from neighboring forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.731802940368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "City of Charlotte", "passage": "In anticipation of protest activity, the city of Charlotte passed a variety of new ordinances. These include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332054138183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "These ordinances are permanent and remained effective after the end of the convention. The camping prohibition was used to evict Occupy Charlotte from its encampment in January 2012. . A request by Occupy Charlotte to enjoin enforcement of the camping prohibition was rejected by a State Court judge in March 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582714080810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "Charlotte", "passage": "The DNC has been designated a National Special Security Event, and the Secret Service and Department of Homeland Security did some of the policing. The Charlotte Police Department was also responsible for the areas outside the convention venues. Police noted that it would be relatively easy to surround protestors in the city's downtown business district, which is enclosed by expressway. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38346004486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" }, { "answer": "City of Charlotte", "passage": "By contract the DNC required Charlotte to create a demonstration area for people to exercise their First Amendment rights. Eventually the city of Charlotte became an open Free Speech Zone with peaceful protests, pickets, and pamphlets throughout the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34805965423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "2012 Democratic National Convention" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan", "passage": "* The Spanish Magellan-Elcano expedition of August 1519 to 8 September 1522, started by Portuguese navigator Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan) and completed by Spanish Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan's death, was the first global circumnavigation (see Victoria (ship)).", "precise_score": 6.639339447021484, "rough_score": 6.347290992736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Circumnavigation" }, { "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan", "passage": "The most important explorers of this period include: Diogo Cão (c.1452 –c.1486) who discovered and ascended the Congo River and reached the coasts of the present-day Angola and Namibia; Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450–1500), who was the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope and other parts of the South African coast; Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), who led a Castilian (Spanish) expedition across the Atlantic, discovering America; Vasco da Gama (1460–1524), a navigator who made the first trip from Europe to India and back by the Cape of Good Hope, discovering the ocean route to the East; Pedro Alvares Cabral (c. 1467/68–c.1520) who, following the path of Gama, claimed Brazil and led the first expedition that linked Europe, Africa, America, and Asia; Diogo Dias, who discovered the eastern coast of Madagascar and rounded the corner of Africa; explorers such as Diogo Fernandes Pereira and Pedro Mascarenhas (1470–1555), among others, who discovered and mapped the Mascarene Islands and other archipelagos; António de Abreu (c.1480–c.1514) and Francisco Serrão (14?–1521), who led the first direct European fleet into the Pacific ocean (on its western edges), through the Sunda Islands, reaching the Moluccas; Juan Ponce de León (1474–1521), who discovered and mapped the coast of Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475–1519), who was the first European to view the Pacific ocean from American shores (after crossing the Isthmus of Panama) confirming that America was a separate continent from Asia; Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521), who was the first navigator to cross the Pacific Ocean, discovering the Strait of Magellan, the Tuamotus and Mariana Islands, achieving a nearly complete circumnavigation of the Earth, in multiple voyages, for the first time; Juan Sebastian Elcano (1476–1526), who completed the first global circumnavigation; Aleixo Garcia (14?–1527), who explored the territories of present-day southern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, crossing the Chaco and reaching the Andes (near Sucre); Jorge de Menezes (c. 1498–?), who discovered Papua New Guinea; García Jofre de Loaísa (1490–1526), who discovered the Marshall Islands; Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490–1558), who discovered the Mississippi River and was the first European to sail the Gulf of Mexico and cross Texas; Jacques Cartier (1491–1557), who drew the first maps of part of central and maritime Canada; Andres de Urdaneta (1498–1568), who discovered the maritime route from Asia to the Americas; Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1510–1554), who discovered the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River; Francisco de Orellana (1511–1546), who was the first European to navigate the length of the Amazon River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9341932535171509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exploration" }, { "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan", "passage": "The first single voyage of global circumnavigation was that of the ship Victoria, between 1519 and 1522, known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition. It was a Spanish voyage of discovery, led initially by Ferdinand Magellan between 1519 and 1521, and then by Juan Sebastián Elcano from 1521 to 1522. The voyage started in Seville, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America where the expedition discovered the Strait of Magellan, named after the fleet's captain. It then continued across the Pacific discovering a number of islands on its way, including Guam before arriving in the Philippines. After Magellan's death in the Philippines in 1521, Elcano took command of the expedition and continued the journey across the Indian Ocean, round the Cape of Good Hope, north along the Atlantic Ocean, and back to Spain in 1522. Elcano and a small group of 18 men were actually the only members of the expedition to make the full circumnavigation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.711415767669678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Circumnavigation" }, { "answer": "Fernão de Magalhães", "passage": "In 1525, after Fernão de Magalhães's expedition (1519–1522), Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the Moluccas islands, claiming that they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas, since there was not a set limit to the east. García Jofre de Loaísa expedition reached the Moluccas, docking at Tidore. The conflict with the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate was inevitable, starting nearly a decade of skirmishes. An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8991576433181763, "source": "wiki", "title": "Portuguese discoveries" }, { "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan", "passage": "*1519-1521—Fernão de Magalhães's expedition at the service of the King Charles I of Spain and German \"Holy Roman\" Emperor, in search of a westward route to the \"Spice Islands\" (Maluku Islands) became the first known expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named \"peaceful sea\" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. Besides Magellan, also participated in the trip Diogo and Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão, Álvaro de Mesquita (Magellan`s nephew), the pilots João Rodrigues de Carvalho and Estêvão Gomes, Henrique of Malacca, among others. Many of them cross almost all longitudes or all longitudes reaching the Philippines, Borneo and the Moluccas, because they had previously visited India, Mallacca, the Indonesian Archipelago or the Moluccas (1511-1512), like Ferdinand Magellan in the 7th Portuguese India Armada under the command of Francisco de Almeida and on the expeditions of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, Afonso de Albuquerque and his other voyages, sailing eastward from Lisbon (as Magellan in 1505), and then later, in 1521, sailing westward from Seville, reaching that longitude and region once again and then proceeding still further west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.513479232788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Portuguese discoveries" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Burning Man is an annual gathering that takes place at Black Rock City—a temporary community erected in the Black Rock Desert in Nevada. The event is described as an experiment in community and art, influenced by 10 main principles, including \"radical\" inclusion, self-reliance and self-expression, as well as community cooperation, civic responsibility, gifting, decommodification, participation, immediacy and leaving no trace. First held in 1986 on Baker Beach in San Francisco as a small function organized by Larry Harvey and a group of friends, it has since been held annually, spanning from the last Sunday in August to the first Monday in September (the U.S. Labor Day); for example, Burning Man 2015 took place August 30 – September 7, 2015.", "precise_score": 7.366447448730469, "rough_score": 7.644553184509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "In 1990, a separate event was planned by Kevin Evans and John Law on the remote and largely unknown dry lake known as Black Rock Desert, about 110 miles north of Reno, Nevada. Evans conceived it as a dadaist temporary autonomous zone with sculpture to be burned and situationist performance art. He asked John Law, who also had experience on the dry lake and was a defining founder of Cacophony Society, to take on central organizing functions. In the Cacophony Society's newsletter, it was announced as Zone #4, A Bad Day at Black Rock (inspired by the 1955 film of the same name).", "precise_score": -4.794753074645996, "rough_score": -4.940590858459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Before the event opened to the public in 1996, a festival worker named Michael Fury was killed in a motorcycle accident while riding from Gerlach, Nevada, to the Burning Man camp in the Black Rock Desert. Harvey insisted that the death had not occurred at Burning Man, since the gates were not yet open. Another couple was run over in their tent by an art car driving to \"rave camp,\" which was at that time distant from the main camp. After the 1996 event, co-founder and partner John Law broke with Burning Man and publicly said the event should not continue.", "precise_score": -0.6216672658920288, "rough_score": -4.235440254211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The Black Rock Desert is a semi-arid region (in the Great Basin shrub steppe eco-region), of lava beds and playa, or alkali flats, situated in the Black Rock Desert-High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area, a silt playa 100 mi north of Reno that encompasses more than 300000 acre of land and contains more than 120 mi of historic trails. It is in the northern Nevada section of the Great Basin with a lakebed that is a dry remnant of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. The average annual precipitation (years 1971-2000) at Gerlach (extreme south-west of the desert) is . The Great Basin, named for the geography in which water is unable to flow out and remains in the basin, is a rugged land serrated by hundreds of mountain ranges, dried by wind and sun, with spectacular skies and scenic landscapes. The region is notable for its paleogeologic features, as an area of 19th-century Emigrant Trails to California, as a venue for rocketry, and as an alternative to the Bonneville Salt Flats in northwestern Utah, for setting land speed records (Mach 1.02 in 1997). It is also the location for the annual Burning Man festival.", "precise_score": -8.050907135009766, "rough_score": 1.7619091272354126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "* Tickets for the shuttle bus to the nearest Nevada communities of Gerlach and Empire which is operated by a contractor not participating in the event: Green Tortoise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855144500732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "* 2011—The Temple of Transition The 2011 Temple was the first Temple built in Reno, Nevada. The International Arts Megacrew, helmed by Chris \"Kiwi\" Hankins, Diarmaid \"Irish\" Horkan and Ian \"Beave\" Beaverstock returned to a more traditional style. The Temple of Transition took the form of a 120-foot tiered, hexagonal central tower, surrounded by five 58-foot tiered, hexagonal towers. The towers were vaulted and lofty, cut with a profusion of gothic style arches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.286271095275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "In documents from February 2013 first made public on August 29, 2015, it was revealed that in August 2010, the FBI had sent a memo to its field offices in Nevada stating that it would patrol Burning Man to \"aid in the prevention of terrorist activities and intelligence collection.\" Although a threat assessment performed by the FBI in consort with Burning Man's contracted security determined that drug usage and crowd control were the only major threats to Burning Man, the Bureau still sent an unspecified number of undercover officers to the event, with \"no adverse threats or reactions.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.38630485534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The airport with regular commercial service closest to the event is the Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Reno, Nevada, over two hours' drive away. An airport spokesperson said in 2009 that 15,000 burners arrive to the event via the airport annually, making it the second-busiest time for them. In 2008 and 2009, an information desk for burners was organized in Reno airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506269454956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "In recent years, burners wishing to experience Burning Man more frequently than once per year, without the need for travel to Nevada, or otherwise free from the specific restrictions of the Black Rock City event, have banded together to create local regional events such as Burning Flipside in Texas; Apogaea in Colorado; Playa del Fuego in Delaware; Firefly in New England; Kiwiburn in New Zealand; Blazing Swan in Australia; Transformus in North Carolina; AfrikaBurn in South Africa; NoWhere near Zaragoza in Spain; Midburn in Israel; and many others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.962282657623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burning Man" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The Black Rock Desert is part of the National Conservation Area (NCA), a unit of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) National Landscape Conservation System (NLCS). The NCA is located in northwest Nevada, and was established by legislation in 2000. It is a unique combination of desert playa, narrow canyons, and mountainous areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.773760795593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The Black Rock Desert region is in northwestern Nevada and the northwestern Great Basin. The playa extends for approximately 100 mi northeast from the towns of Gerlach and Empire, between the Jackson Mountains to the east and the Calico Hills to the west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.970394134521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "There are several possible definitions of the extent of the Black Rock Desert. Often people refer just to the playa surface. Sometimes terrain which can be seen from the playa is included. The widest definition of the Black Rock Desert region is the watershed of the basin that drains into the playa. The intermittent Quinn River is the largest river in the region, starting in the Santa Rosa Range and ending in the Quinn River Sink on the playa south of the Black Rock Range. The watershed covers 11600 sqmi including the Upper and Lower Quinn River, Smoke Creek Desert, Massacre Lake, and Thousand Creek /Virgin Valley watersheds of northwestern Nevada as well as small parts across the borders of California and Oregon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.184885025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Humboldt, Pershing and Washoe Counties of Nevada intersect at the Black Rock Desert.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.960240364074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "The desert has numerous volcanic and geothermal features of the northwest Nevada volcanic region, including two Black Rock Points (west and east) at the southern end of the Black Rock Range and which have dark Permian volcanic rocks similar to another Permian black diabase dike formation in Nevada. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.629475593566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Allied Nevada Gold Corporation re-opened the Hycroft Gold Mine in 2008 after acquiring it from Vista Gold Corp. Hycroft is a strip-mining operation in the Kamma Mountains near Sulphur on the east side of the Black Rock Desert. An opal mine is in the base of the Calico Hills on the west side of the desert. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.032329559326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Bones of the mammoths that roamed the area around 20,000 BC have been recovered. In 1979 a fossilized Columbian Mammoth was found. Copies of the bones are now exhibited at the Nevada State Museum, Carson City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.191511154174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Nevada State Route 447 is the area's main highway and connects Gerlach to SR 427 at Wadsworth, Nevada, near Interstate 80. The desert's dirt roads are generally not usable in wet or snowy conditions. Old Highway 34 provides access to the playa on the west side and to the Hualapai Flat. Old Highway 48 (dirt) connects the playa to Lovelock, and Old Highway 49 (Jungo Road, dirt) provides access to the lakebed from the Sulphur and Jungo ghost towns. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799335479736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Black Rock Desert" }, { "answer": "Nevada", "passage": "Once established, most state borders have, with few exceptions, been generally stable. Only two states, Missouri (Platte Purchase) and Nevada, grew appreciably after statehood. Several of the original states ceded land, over a several year period, to the Federal government, which in turn became the Northwest Territory, Southwest Territory, and Mississippi Territory. In 1791 Maryland and Virginia ceded land to create the District of Columbia (Virginia's portion was returned in 1847). In 1850, Texas ceded a large swath of land to the federal government. Additionally, Massachusetts and Virginia (on two occasions), have lost land, in each instance to form a new state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.755447387695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "A hazard is an area of a golf course in the sport of golf which provides a difficult obstacle, which may be of two types: (1) water hazards such as lakes and rivers; and (2) man-made hazards such as bunkers. Special rules apply to playing balls that fall in a hazard. For example, a player may not touch the ground with his club before playing a ball, not even for a practice swing. A ball in any hazard may be played as it lies without penalty. If it cannot be played from the hazard, the ball may be hit from another location, generally with a penalty of one stroke. The Rules of Golf govern exactly from where the ball may be played outside a hazard. Bunkers (or sand traps) are shallow pits filled with sand and generally incorporating a raised lip or barrier, from which the ball is more difficult to play than from grass. ", "precise_score": 0.8849886655807495, "rough_score": 5.578230857849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hazard (golf)" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "A bunker is a depression near the green or fairway that is usually filled with sand. It is difficult to hit the ball out of the bunker and entering it is therefore considered punitive to a golfer who misses the target with the previous shot. A club called a \"sand wedge\" is designed for extracting the ball from a bunker, a process requiring well-developed skill. After a player is done using the bunker, it is the job of either the player or that player's caddy to rake the area of the sand disturbed during play. Specific rules of golf govern play from a bunker. For example, a player may not ground one's club in a bunker; that is, the club cannot touch the ground prior to the swing.", "precise_score": 3.922537326812744, "rough_score": 5.697246551513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hazard (golf)" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "There are three types of bunkers used in golf course architecture and all are designed to be impediments to the golfer's progress toward the green. Fairway bunkers are designed primarily to gather up wayward tee shots on par 4 and par 5 holes; they are located to the sides of the fairway or even in the middle of the fairway. Greenside bunkers are designed to collect wayward approach shots on long holes and tee shots on par 3 holes; they are located near and around the green. Waste bunkers are natural sandy areas, usually very large and often found on links courses; they are not considered hazards according to the rules of golf, and so, unlike in fairway or greenside bunkers, golfers are permitted to ground a club lightly in, or remove loose impediments from, the area around the ball. ", "precise_score": 4.950512409210205, "rough_score": 7.33228063583374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hazard (golf)" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "While golf courses often follow the original landscape, some modification is unavoidable. This is increasingly the case as new courses are more likely to be sited on less optimal land. Bunkers and sand traps are almost always artificial, although other hazards may be natural.", "precise_score": 1.237595796585083, "rough_score": 7.364451885223389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Early Scottish golf courses were primarily laid out on links land, soil-covered sand dunes directly inland from beaches. This gave rise to the term \"golf links\", particularly applied to seaside courses and those built on naturally sandy soil inland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.163600444793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Playing a hole on a golf course is initiated by putting a ball into play by striking it with a club on the teeing ground (also called the tee box, or simply the tee). For this first shot on each hole, it is allowed but not required for the golfer to place the ball on a tee prior to striking it. A tee is a small peg that can be used to elevate the ball slightly above the ground up to a few centimetres high. Tees are commonly made of wood but may be constructed of any material, including plastic. Traditionally, golfers used mounds of sand to elevate the ball, and containers of sand were provided for the purpose. A few courses still require sand to be used instead of peg tees, to reduce litter and reduce damage to the teeing ground. Tees help reduce the interference of the ground or grass on the movement of the club making the ball easier to hit, and also places the ball in the very centre of the striking face of the club (the \"sweet spot\") for better distance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.416257858276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "When the initial shot on a hole is intended to move the ball a long distance (typically more than 225 yd), the shot is commonly called a \"drive\" and is generally made with a long-shafted, large-headed wood club called a \"driver\". Shorter holes may be initiated with other clubs, such as higher-numbered woods or irons. Once the ball comes to rest, the golfer strikes it again as many times as necessary using shots that are variously known as a \"lay-up\", an \"approach\", a \"pitch\", or a \"chip\", until the ball reaches the green, where he or she then \"putts\" the ball into the hole (commonly called \"sinking the putt\" or \"holing out\"). The goal of getting the ball into the hole (\"holing\" the ball) in as few strokes as possible may be impeded by obstacles such as areas of longer grass called \"rough\" (usually found alongside fairways), which both slows any ball that contacts it and makes it harder to advance a ball that has stopped on it; \"doglegs\", which are changes in the direction of the fairway that often require shorter shots to play around them; bunkers (or sand traps); and water hazards such as ponds or streams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.523620128631592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Golf clubs have traditionally been arranged into three basic types. Woods are large-headed, long-shafted clubs meant to propel the ball a long distance from relatively \"open\" lies, such as the tee box and fairway. Of particular importance is the driver or \"1-wood\", which is the lowest lofted wood club, and in modern times has become highly specialized for making extremely long-distance tee shots, up to 300 yd or more in the hands of a professional golfer. Traditionally these clubs had heads made of a hardwood, hence the name, but virtually all modern woods are now made of metal such as titanium, or of composite materials. Irons are shorter-shafted clubs with a metal head primarily consisting of a flat, angled striking face. Traditionally the clubhead was forged from iron; modern iron clubheads are investment-cast from a steel alloy. Irons of varying loft are used for a variety of shots from virtually anywhere on the course, but most often for shorter-distance shots approaching the green, or to get the ball out of tricky lies such as sand traps. The third class is the putter, which evolved from the irons to create a low-lofted, balanced club designed to roll the ball along the green and into the hole. Putters are virtually always used on the green or in the surrounding rough/fringe. A fourth class, called hybrids, evolved as a cross between woods and irons, and are typically seen replacing the low-lofted irons with a club that provides similar distance, but a higher launch angle and a more forgiving nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6780805587768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Each tee box has two markers showing the bounds of the legal tee area. The teeing area spans the distance between the markers, and extends two-club lengths behind the markers. A golfer may play the ball standing outside the teeing area, but the ball itself must be placed and struck from within the area. A golfer may place his ball directly on the surface of the teeing ground (called hitting it \"off the deck\"), or the ball may be supported by a manufactured tee (limited to a height of four inches), or by any natural substance, such as a mound of sand placed on the teeing surface", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.374531745910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "The putting green, or simply the green, is an area of very closely trimmed grass on relatively even, smooth ground surrounding the hole, allowing players to make precision strokes on it. To \"putt\" is to play a stroke on this surface, usually with the eponymous \"putter\" club, which has very low loft so that the ball rolls smoothly along the ground, and hopefully into the cup. The shape and topology of the green can vary almost without limit, but for practical purposes the green is usually flatter than other areas of the course, though gentle slopes and undulations can add extra challenge to players who must account for these variations in their putting line. The green typically does not include any fully enclosed hazards such as sand or water; however, these hazards can be – and often are – placed adjacent to the green, and depending on the shape of the green and surrounding hazards, and the location of the hole (which often changes from day to day to promote even wear of the turf of the green), there may not be a direct putting line from a point on the green to the cup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.032753944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "The grass of the putting green (more commonly just \"green\") is cut very short so that a ball can roll for a long distance. The most common types of greens for cold winter, but warmer summer regions (i.e., not extremely warm, as in the Southern and Southwestern United States) are bent grass greens. A green may consist of a thin carpet so that bad weather is not allowed to become a serious factor in maintaining the course. These are considered the best greens because they may be cut to an extremely low height, and because they may be grown from seed. Bent grass does not have grain, which makes it superior as a putting surface. However, bent grass may become infested with poa annua, a costly and time-consuming weed. Augusta National is one of many golf courses to use this type of green. The original design of Augusta National did not include bent grass greens, but in the 1980s the controversial decision was made to convert the greens from Bermuda to bent grass. This has affected the speed and playing of Augusta National. Many other golf courses subsequently made the decision to change from Bermuda to bent grass when they observed increased business at courses that had already changed over. Another type of grass common for greens is TifDwarf Hybrid Bermuda (other variants exist, but TifDwarf is one of the most common), or simply Bermuda grass. Bermuda is more common in regions that have very warm summers and mild winters, such as the Southern and Southwestern United States. Red Bridge Golf Course was the first course in North Carolina to utilize a special Bermuda called Mini Verde. A green is generally established from sod which has had the soil washed off of it (to avoid soil compatibility problems) and which is then laid tightly over the green, then rolled and topdressed with fine sand. Another common and more economical approach for establishing a putting green is to introduce hybrid Bermuda spriggs (the stolon of the grass which are raked out at the sod farm), which are laid out on the green. The best greens are always established vegetatively and never from seed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.16372013092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Holes often include hazards, which are special areas that have additional rules for play, and are generally of two types: (1) water hazards, such as ponds, lakes, and rivers; and (2) bunkers, or sand traps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.507134914398193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Special rules apply to playing a ball that falls in a hazard. For example, a player may not touch the ground or water with his club before playing the ball, not even for a practice swing. A ball in any hazard may be played as it lies without penalty. If it cannot be played from the hazard, the ball may be hit from another location, generally with a penalty of one stroke. The Rules of Golf specify exactly the point from which the ball may be played outside a hazard. Bunkers are small to medium areas, usually lower than the fairway but of varying topology, that are filled with sand and generally incorporate a raised lip or barrier. It is more difficult to play the ball from sand than from grass, as the ball may embed itself into the sand, and the loose nature of the sand and more severe sloping of many bunkers make taking one's stance more difficult. As in any hazard, a ball in a bunker must be played without touching the sand with the club except during the stroke, and loose impediments (leaves, stones, twigs) must not be moved before making the stroke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.586463212966919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Courses may also have other design features which the skilled player will avoid; there are earth bunkers (pits or depressions in the ground that are not filled with sand but require a lofted shot to escape), high grass and other dense vegetation, trees or shrubs, ravines and other rocky areas, steep inclines, etc.; while disadvantageous to play from, these are typically not considered \"hazards\" unless specifically designated so by the course (a ravine or creekbed may be termed a \"water hazard\" even if completely dry)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0047037601470947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Links is a Scottish term, from the Old English word hlinc : \"rising ground, ridge\", describing coastal sand dunes and sometimes similar areas inland. It is on links land near the towns of central eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.261921882629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "The shallow top soil and sandy subsoil made links land unsuitable for the cultivation of crops or for urban development and was of low economic value. The links were often treated as common land by the residents of the nearby towns and were used by them for recreation, animal grazing and other activities such as laundering clothes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380142211914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "The closely grazed turf and naturally good drainage of the links was ideal for golf, and areas of longer grass, heather, low growing bushes and exposed sand provided the hazards that are familiar on modern courses. Although early links courses were often close to the sea it was rarely used as a hazard, perhaps due to the instability of the dunes closest to the water and the high cost of hand-made golf balls precluding anything that could result in their irrecoverable loss. The land is naturally treeless and this combined with their coastal location makes wind and weather an important factor in links golf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4081854820251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "Golf courses can be built on sandy areas along coasts, on abandoned farms, among strip mines and quarries, and in deserts and forests. Many Western countries have instituted environmental restrictions on where and how courses are allowed to be built. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5862321853637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" }, { "answer": "Sand", "passage": "In Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in arid regions, golf courses have been constructed on nothing more than oil-covered sand. Players may use a roller on the \"greens\" to smooth the intended path before putting. A course in Coober Pedy, Australia, consists of nine holes dug into mounds of sand, diesel fuel, and oil, with no grass appearing anywhere on the course. Players carry a small piece of astroturf from which they tee the ball. In New Zealand, it is not uncommon for rural courses to have greens fenced off and sheep grazing the fairways. At the 125-year-old Royal Colombo Golf Club in Sri Lanka, steam trains from the Kelani Valley railway run through the course at the 6th hole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.553764343261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf course" } ]

[ { "answer": "7", "passage": "The English term and concept of \"serial killer\" are commonly attributed to former FBI Special agent Robert Ressler in 1974. Author Ann Rule postulates in her book Kiss Me, Kill Me (2004) that the English-language credit for coining the term serial killer goes to LAPD detective Pierce Brooks, who created the ViCAP system in 1985. However, in his book Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters (2004), criminal justice historian Peter Vronsky argues that while Ressler might have coined the term serial homicide within law, at Bramshill Police Academy in Britain, the terms serial murder and serial murderer appear in John Brophy's book The Meaning of Murder (1966). In his more recent study, Vronsky states that the term \"serial killing\" first entered into American popular usage when published in the New York Times in the spring of 1981, to describe Atlanta serial killer Wayne Williams. Subsequently, throughout the 1980s, the term was used in the pages of the New York Times on 233 occasions, but by the end of the 1990s, in the publication's second decade, the use of the term escalated to 2,514 times in the nation's \"newspaper of record\". The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, who described Peter Kürten as a Serienmörder (literally \"serial murderer\") in his article \"Die Düsseldorfer Sexualverbrechen\" (1930). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the specific term \"serial killer\" first arose abroad in a 1960s German film article written by Siegfried Kracauer about the film M (1931), a German expressionist film about a pedophilic Serienmörder.", "precise_score": -6.251183032989502, "rough_score": -1.6044334173202515, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Female serial killers are rare compared to their male counterparts. Sources suggest that female serial killers represented less than one in every six known serial murderers in the U.S. between 1800 and 2004 (64 females from a total of 416 known offenders), or that around 15% of U.S. serial killers have been women, with a collective number of victims between 427 and 612. Lethal Ladies authors, Amanda L. Farrell, Robert D. Keppel, and Victoria B. Titterington state that \"the Justice Department indicated 36 female serial killers have been active over the course of the last century.\" According to The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, there is evidence that 16 % of all serial killers are women.", "precise_score": -9.59793758392334, "rough_score": -5.882900714874268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Peter Vronsky in Female Serial Killers (2007) maintains that female serial killers today often kill for the same reason males do: as a means of expressing rage and control. He suggests that sometimes the theft of the victims' property by the female \"black widow\" type serial killer appears to be for material gain, but really is akin to a male serial killer's collecting of totems (souvenirs) from the victim as a way of exerting continued control over the victim and reliving it. By contrast, Hickey states that although popular perception sees \"black widow\" female serial killers as something of the Victorian past, in his statistical study of female serial killer cases reported in the U.S. since 1826, approximately 75% occurred since 1950. ", "precise_score": -8.555793762207031, "rough_score": -5.635880947113037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "According to some sources, the percentage of serial killers who are African American is estimated to be between 13 and 22 percent. Another study has shown that 16 percent of serial killers are African American, what author Maurice Godwin describes as a \"sizeable portion\". A 2014 Radford/FGCU Serial Killer Database annual statistics report showed that for the decades 1900–2010, the percentage of White serial killers was 52.1% while the percentage of African American serial killers was 40.3%. Popular racial stereotypes about the lower intelligence of African-Americans, and the stereotype that serial killers are white males, may explain the media focus on serial killers that are white and the failure to adequately report on those that are black. Similarly, in a 2005 article Anthony Walsh, professor of criminal justice at Boise State University, argued a review of post-WWII serial killings in America finds that the prevalence of African-American serial killers has typically been drastically underestimated in both professional research literature and the mass media. As a paradigmatic case of this media double-standard, Walsh cites news reporting on white killer Gary Heidnik and African-American killer Harrison Graham. Both men were residents of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; both imprisoned, tortured and killed several women; and both were arrested only months apart in 1987. \"Heidnik received widespread national attention, became the subject of books and television shows, and served as a model for the fictitious Buffalo Bill in Silence of the Lambs\", writes Walsh, while \"Graham received virtually no media attention outside of Philadelphia, despite having been convicted of four more murders than Heidnik\". ", "precise_score": -9.503705978393555, "rough_score": -5.881638050079346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "According to the FBI, identifying one, or multiple, murders as being the work of a serial killer is the first challenge an investigation faces, especially if the victim(s) come from a marginalized or high risk population and is normally linked through forensic or behavioral evidence (FBI 2008). Should the cases cross multiple jurisdictions, the law enforcement system in the United States is fragmented and thus not configured to detect multiple similar murders across a large geographic area (Egger 1998). The FBI suggests utilizing databases and increasing interdepartmental communication. Keppel (1989) suggests holding multi-jurisdictional conferences regularly to compare cases giving departments a greater chance to detect linked cases and overcome linkage blindness. One such collaboration, the Radford/FGCU Serial Killer Database Project was proposed at the 2012 FDIAI Annual Conference. Utilizing Radford's Serial Killer Database as a starting point, the new collaboration, hosted by FGCU Justice Studies, has invited and is working in conjunction with other Universities to maintain and expand the scope of the database to also include spree and mass murders. Utilizing over 170 data points, multiple-murderer methodology and victimology; researchers and Law Enforcement Agencies can build case studies and statistical profiles to further research the Who, What, Why and How of these types of crimes.", "precise_score": -9.150535583496094, "rough_score": -5.7046403884887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "76% of all known serial killers in the 20th century were from the United States. ", "precise_score": -6.639412879943848, "rough_score": -6.013274669647217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "There is a huge market for \"true crime\" and mystery murder novels, some of the more successful authors being Truman Capote, Philip Carlo, Patricia Cornwell, James Patterson, Ann Rule, Harold Schechter, and Peter Vronsky. The novella titled Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, can be seen as a metaphor for the complex personality of the organized serial killer type that later disintegrates into the disorganized version. One of the greatest themes of this book, however, is the possibility that the dualistic conflict seen in Jekyll/Hyde could happen to anyone. Tod Robbins' 1912 novel Mysterious Martin is an early example of a horror novel focused on a serial killer. Dorothy B. Hughes' In a Lonely Place offers a striking, insightful portrait of a serial killer in 1947. Other notable literature with a serial killer theme includes Bret Easton Ellis' American Psycho, Davis Grubb's The Night of the Hunter, Jim Thompson's The Killer Inside Me and Thomas Harris' books Red Dragon, The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal and Hannibal Rising, all featuring Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist who is also a cannibalistic serial killer. In the book To Kill a Predator Adir Rondack combines technology with a serial killer by using a UAV to target his victims.", "precise_score": -6.303654670715332, "rough_score": -3.368426561355591, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Serial killers are featured as stock characters in many types of media, not only in films, but in including printed works, songs, television programs, and video games as well. Films featuring serial killers include The Terror (1928), M (1931), Psycho (1960), Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Peeping Tom, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, The Watcher, Mr. Brooks, Dirty Harry, Zodiac, Seven, The Beachcomber, Copycat, Halloween (1978), Scream, Frailty, Man Bites Dog, The Hitcher (1986), Monster (2003), Kalifornia, Felidae, The Killer Inside Me (2010), Child's Play, Plastic, and many others.", "precise_score": -3.988297462463379, "rough_score": -1.1455482244491577, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "* The ABC procedural drama television series Wicked City (October 27, 2015 to December 30, 2015) focuses on two LAPD detectives (Jeremy Sisto and Gabriel Luna) as they search for a pair of romantically-linked serial killers (Ed Westwick and Erika Christensen) terrorizing the Sunset Strip.", "precise_score": -3.283165454864502, "rough_score": -5.2206196784973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Paul Cadmus' The Seven Deadly Sins ", "precise_score": -3.69917368888855, "rough_score": -6.1126837730407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In the 1995 movie Se7en two detectives, a rookie (Brad Pitt) and a veteran (Morgan Freeman), hunt a serial killer who ironically uses the seven deadly sins as his modus operandi.", "precise_score": 8.103403091430664, "rough_score": 9.945671081542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Organized serial killers often plan their crimes methodically, usually abducting victims, killing them in one place and disposing of them in another. They often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy. Others specifically target prostitutes, who are likely to go voluntarily with a stranger. These killers maintain a high degree of control over the crime scene and usually have a solid knowledge of forensic science that enables them to cover their tracks, such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river. They follow their crimes in the news media carefully and often take pride in their actions, as if it were all a grand project. Often, organized killers have social and other interpersonal skills sufficient to enable them to develop both personal and romantic relationships, friends and lovers and sometimes even attract and maintain a spouse and sustain a family including children. Among serial killers, those of this type are in the event of their capture most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone. Bundy and John Wayne Gacy are examples of organized serial killers. In general, the IQs of organized serial killers tend to be near normal range, with a mean of 94.7. Organized nonsocial offenders tend to be on the higher end of the average, with a mean IQ of 99.2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.53358268737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Another medical profession serial killer is Genene Jones. It is believed she killed 11 to 46 infants and children while working at Bexar County Medical Center Hospital in San Antonio, Texas. She is currently serving a 99-year sentence for the murder of Chelsea McClellan and the attempted murder of Rolando Santos, and is eligible for parole in 2017 due to a law in Texas at the time of her sentencing to reduce prison overcrowding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.910464286804199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "One \"analysis of 86 female serial killers from the U.S. found that the victims tended to be spouses, children or the elderly\". Other studies indicate that since 1975, increasingly strangers are marginally the most preferred victim of female serial killers, or that only 26% of female serial killers kill for material gain only. Sources state that each killer will have her own proclivities, needs and triggers.\" A review of the published literature on female serial murder stated that \"sexual or sadistic motives are believed to be extremely rare in female serial murderers, and psychopathic traits and histories of childhood abuse have been consistently reported in these women.\" A study by Eric W. Hickey (2010) of 64 female serial killers in the U.S. indicated that sexual activity was one of several motives in 10% of the cases, enjoyment in 11% and control in 14%, and that 51% of all U.S. female serial killers murdered at least one woman and 31% murdered at least one child. In other cases, women have been involved as an accomplice with a male serial killer as a part of a serial killing team. A 2015 study published in The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology found that the most common motive for female serial killers was for financial gain and almost 40 percent of them had experienced some sort of mental illness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.334773540496826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The methods that female serial killers use for murder are frequently covert or low-profile, such as murder by poison (the preferred choice for killing). Other methods used by female serial killers include shootings (used by 20%), suffocation (16%), stabbing (11%), and drowning (5%). They commit killings in specific places, such as their home or a health-care facility, or at different locations within the same city or state. A notable exception to the typical characteristics of female serial killers is Aileen Wuornos, who killed outdoors instead of at home, used a gun instead of poison, killed strangers instead of friends or family, and killed for personal gratification. The most prolific female serial killer in all of history is allegedly Elizabeth Báthory. Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed (Báthory Erzsébet in Hungarian, August 7, 1560 – August 21, 1614) was a countess from the renowned Báthory family. After her husband's death, she and four collaborators were accused of torturing and killing hundreds of girls and young women, with one witness attributing to them over 600 victims, though the number for which they were convicted was 80. Elizabeth herself was neither tried nor convicted. In 1610, however, she was imprisoned in the Csejte Castle, where she remained bricked in a set of rooms until her death four years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.835810661315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Kenneth Bianchi, one of the \"Hillside Stranglers\", murdered women and girls of different ages, races and appearance because his sexual urges required different types of stimulation and increasing intensity. Jeffrey Dahmer, who was repeatedly diagnosed with borderline personality disorder,Real-Life Monsters: A Psychological Examination of the Serial Murderer, by Stephen J. Giannangelo. Praeger, 2012. ISBN 0313397848 searched for his perfect fantasy lover—beautiful, submissive and eternal. As his desire increased, he experimented with drugs, alcohol, and exotic sex. His increasing need for stimulation was demonstrated by the dismemberment of victims, whose heads and genitals he preserved, and by his attempts to create a \"living zombie\" under his control (by pouring acid into a hole drilled into the victim's skull). Dahmer once said, \"Lust played a big part of it. Control and lust. Once it happened the first time, it just seemed like it had control of my life from there on in. The killing was just a means to an end. That was the least satisfactory part. I didn't enjoy doing that. That's why I tried to create living zombies with … acid and the drill.\" He further elaborated on this, also saying, \"I wanted to see if it was possible to make—again, it sounds really gross—uh, zombies, people that would not have a will of their own, but would follow my instructions without resistance. So after that, I started using the drilling technique.\" He experimented with cannibalism to \"ensure his victims would always be a part of him\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.728333473205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The \"military theory\" has been proposed as an explanation for why serial murderers kill, as some serial murderers have served in the military or related fields. According to Castle and Hensley, 7% of the serial killers studied had military experience. This figure may be a proportional under-representation when compared to the number of military veterans in a nation's total population. For example, according to the United States census for the year 2000, military veterans comprised 12.7% of the U.S. population; in England, it was estimated in 2007 that military veterans comprised 9.1% of the population. Though by contrast, about 2.5% of the population of Canada in 2006 consisted of military veterans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.445295333862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "During the course of a serial murder investigation it may become necessary to call in additional resources; the FBI defines this as Resource Augmentation. Within the structure of a task force the addition of a resource should be thought of as either long term, or short term. If the task force's framework is expanded to include the new resource, then it should be permanent and not removed. For short term needs, such as setting up road blocks or canvassing a neighborhood, additional resources should be called in on a short term basis. The decision of whether resources are needed short or long term should be left to the lead investigator and facilitated by the administration (FBI 2008). The confusion and counter productiveness created by changing the structure of a task force mid investigation is illustrated by the way the Green River Task Force's staffing and structure was changed multiple times throughout the investigation. This made an already complicated situation more difficult, resulting in the delay or loss of information, which allowed Ridgeway to continue killing (Guillen 2007). The FBI model does not take into account that permanently expanding a task force, or investigative structure, may not be possible due to cost or personnel availability. Egger (1998) offers several alternative strategies including; using investigative consultants, or experienced staff to augment an investigative team. Not all departments have investigators experienced in serial murder and by temporarily bringing in consultants, they can educate a department to a level of competence then step out. This would reduce the initially established framework of the investigation team and save the department the cost of retaining the consultants until the conclusion of the investigation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320962905883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "A serial murder investigation generates staggering amounts of data, all of which needs to be reviewed and analyzed. A standardized method of documenting and distributing information must be established and investigators must be allowed time to complete reports while investigating leads and at the end of a shift (FBI 2008). When the mechanism for data management is insufficient, leads are not only lost or buried but the investigation can be hindered and new information can become difficult to obtain or become corrupted. During the Green River Killer investigation, reporters would often find and interview possible victims or witnesses ahead of investigators. The understaffed investigation was unable to keep up the information flow, which prevented them from promptly responding to leads. To make matters worse, investigators believed that the journalists, untrained in interviewing victims or witnesses of crimes, would corrupt the information and result in unreliable leads (Guillen 2007).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.755244255065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Members of the Thuggee cult in India may have murdered a million people between 1740 and 1840. Thug Behram, a member of the cult, may have murdered as many as 931 victims. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83846664428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In his 1886 book Psychopathia Sexualis, psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing noted a case of a serial murderer in the 1870s, a Frenchman named Eusebius Pieydagnelle who had a sexual obsession with blood and confessed to murdering six people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1326422691345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The Ripper murders also marked an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists. While not the first serial killer in history, Jack the Ripper's case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.Davenport-Hines, Richard (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744 \"Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)\"], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version.Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52 The dramatic murders of financially destitute women in the midst of the wealth of London, focused the media's attention on the plight of the urban poor and gained coverage worldwide. Jack the Ripper has also been called the most famous serial killer of all time, and his legend has spawned hundreds of theories on his real identity and multiple works of fiction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.746761322021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "H. H. Holmes was one of the first documented modern serial killers in America, responsible for the death of at least 27 victims at his hotel in Chicago in the early 1890s. Here as well, the case gained notoriety and wide publicity through William Randolph Hearst's newspapers. At the same time in France, Joseph Vacher became known as the \"The French Ripper\" after killing and mutilating 11 women and children. He was executed in 1898 after confessing to his crimes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.851968288421631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices. Behaviors or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are hubristic pride, greed, lust, malicious envy, gluttony, inordinate anger, and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one's desire to eat).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573001861572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "This classification originated with the desert fathers, especially Evagrius Ponticus, who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome. Evagrius' pupil John Cassian, with his book The Institutes, brought the classification to Europe, where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals, sermons like \"The Parson's Tale\" from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and artworks like Dante's Purgatory (where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed). The Church used the doctrine of the deadly sins in order to help people stop their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds occur; the leader-teachers especially focused on pride (which is thought to be the one that severs the soul from Grace, and one that is representative and the very essence of all evil) and greed, both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins (although greed, when viewed just by itself and discounting all the skns it might lead to, is generally thought be less serious than sloth). To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins, the vices are discussed in treatises, and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on churches. Peter Brueghel the Elder's prints of the Seven Deadly Sins and extremely numerous other works, both non-religious and religious, show the continuity of this practice in the culture and everyday life of the modern era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.394383430480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The seven deadly sins in their current form are not found in the Bible, however there are biblical antecedents. One such antecedent is found in the Book of Proverbs 6:16-19. Among the verses traditionally associated with King Solomon, it states that the Lord specifically regards \"six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him\", namely: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282752990722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Another list, given this time by the Epistle to the Galatians (Galatians 5:19-21), includes more of the traditional seven sins, although the list is substantially longer: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, \"and such like\". Since the apostle Paul goes on to say that the persons who practice these sins \"shall not inherit the Kingdom of God\", they are usually listed as (possible) mortal sins rather than capital vices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.754133224487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Still another list of things that God hates comes from Revelation 21:8. This list has eight items, however and are inclusive of the seven sins listed previously which states: \"But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.41709041595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans, there were ancient precedents for them. Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics lists several positive, healthy human qualities, excellences, or virtues. Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue. Courage, for example, is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk. Excessive courage makes one rash, while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly. This principle of virtue found in the middle or \"mean\" between excess and deficiency is Aristotle's notion of the golden mean. Aristotle lists virtues like courage, temperance or self-control, generosity, \"greatness of soul,\" proper response to anger, friendliness, and wit or charm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.80870532989502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Origin of the currently recognized Seven Deadly Sins ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.763619899749756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.242228507995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "* 7 (kenodoxia) boasting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.296545028686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "* 7 (vainglory)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16832160949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Most of the capital sins, with the sole exception of sloth, are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another: lust, gluttony, and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things; sloth is a deficiency of love; wrath, envy, and pride are perverted love directed toward other's harm. In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death. The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride, which has been labeled as the father of all sins, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.963642120361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Spirit (Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Knowledge, Piety, Fortitude, and Fear of the Lord); such disregard may lead to the slowing of one's spiritual progress towards eternal life, to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbor, and to animosity towards those who love God.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590557098388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Edmund Burke (1729-1797) wrote in Present Discontents (II. 78) \"No man, who is not inflamed by vain-glory into enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082694053649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The negative version of pride (Latin, ) is considered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins: the source of the others- thus it is able to father directly and/or indirectly all sin. Also known as hubris (from ancient Greek ),or futility, it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness, the putting of one's own desires, urges, wants, and whims before the welfare of people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491423606872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Catholic seven virtues ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45748519897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The Catholic Church also recognizes seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457328796386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The second book of Dante's epic poem The Divine Comedy is structured around the seven deadly sins. The most serious sins, found at the lowest level, are the abuses of the most divine faculty. For Dante and other thinkers, a human's rational faculty makes humans more like God. Abusing that faculty with pride or envy weighs down the soul the most. Abusing one's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one's rational faculty. Finally, abusing one's desires for to have one's physical needs met via greed, gluttony, or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals. This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul, but it does not weigh it down like other abuses. Thus, the top levels of the Mountain of Purgatory have the top listed sins, while the lowest levels have the more serious sins of wrath, envy, and pride.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.056941986083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The last tale of the Canterbury Tales, the \"Parson's Tale\" is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins. This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins. This tale and Dante's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify, repent of, and find forgiveness for one's sins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.1446533203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Peter Brueghel the Elder's Prints of the Seven Deadly Sins ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.391059875488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins. Each print features a central, labeled image that represents the sin. Around the figure are images that show the distortions, degenerations, and destructions caused by the sin. Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4778413772583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Spenser's work, which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice, includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride. Lucifera, the lady of the house, is accompanied by advisers who represent the other seven deadly sins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387913703918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht's The Seven Deadly Sins ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.259350776672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "This work satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character, the victim of a split personality, travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family. In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins, but those sins ironically reverse one's expectations. When the character goes to Los Angeles, for example, she is outraged by injustice, but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.600845336914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Between 1945 and 1949, the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid, powerful, and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271354675292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In The Simpsons Halloween special, \"Treehouse of Horror XVIII\" in the \"Heck House\" part, Ned Flanders, as the devil, takes Bart, Lisa, Milhouse, and Nelson on a tour of hell to warn them of the seven deadly sins on a magic globe such as Homer Simpson turning into a spaghetti after being a glutton, and Willie with his wrath kicking his tractor so hard, it turns into a Transformer-like robot and cuts Willie's head off. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.321560382843018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In the popular manga Fullmetal Alchemist, the seven deadly sins are personified as seven antagonists called Homunculi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.126588821411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In the Supernatural episode \"The Magnificent Seven\", the seven deadly sins are personified as seven demons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.979736804962158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In the popular the Manga Seven deadly sins the sins are personified as the main cast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8301544189453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seven deadly sins" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "The word \"skink\" comes from classical Greek skinkos, a name that referred to various specific lizards of the region.", "precise_score": 3.6950950622558594, "rough_score": 6.245340824127197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Raccoons, foxes, possums, snakes, coatis, crows, cats, dogs, herons, hawks, lizards, and other predators of small land vertebrates also prey on various skinks. This can be troublesome, given the long gestation period for some skinks, making them an easy target to predators like the mongoose which often threaten the species to at least near extinction, such as the Anguilla Bank Skink Lizard.", "precise_score": 4.791432857513428, "rough_score": 5.032495021820068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Skinks are lizards belonging to the family Scincidae and the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species, the Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.465428113937378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Skinks look roughly like true lizards, but most species have no pronounced neck and their legs are relatively small; several genera (e.g., Typhlosaurus) have no limbs at all. Other genera, such as Neoseps, have reduced limbs, lacking forelegs, and with fewer than five toes (digits) on each foot. In such species, their locomotion resembles that of snakes more than that of lizards with well-developed limbs. As a general rule, the longer the digits, the more arboreal the species is likely to be. A biological ratio can determine the ecological niche of a given skink species. The Scincidae ecological niche index is a ratio based on anterior foot length at the junction of the ulna/radius-carpal bones to the longest digit divided by the snout-to-vent length. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.853269100189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Skink-like lizards first appear in the fossil record about 140 million years ago, during the early Cretaceous, mostly jawbones that appear very skink-like. Definitively skink fossils appear later, during the Miocene period.[http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/skinks-skinks-skinks/ Scientific American — Skinks, Skinks, Skinks] Fossils show us that skinks as a whole are a fairly old group of lizards, the oldest specimens attributed to the group dating to the Lower Cretaceous. Alas, the vast majority of early fossil representatives of the group are jaw fragments alone (Estes 1983). These are certainly from skink-like lizards (from the major lizard group termed Scincomorpha, that is), but they might not all be from skinks proper, and some have been suggested to actually represent other groups (like the armadillo lizards or cordylids, a scincomorph group that also has a possible Cretaceous fossil record). Definite fossil members of modern groups – like blue-tongued skinks – are present in the Miocene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.935710906982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Skinks are generally carnivorous and in particular insectivorous. Typical prey includes flies, crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars. Various species also eat earthworms, millipedes, snails, slugs, isopods and Moths and other lizards, and small rodents. Some species, particularly those favored as home pets, have more varied diets and can be maintained on a regimen of roughly 60% vegetables/leaves/fruit and 40% meat (insects and rodents). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.339984893798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "It is clear that such vivipary repeatedly has developed independently in the evolutionary history of the Scincidae and that the different examples are not ancestral to the others. In particular, placental development of whatever degree in lizards is phylogenetically analogous, rather than homologous to functionally similar processes in mammals and the two have nothing to do with each other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.487759590148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" }, { "answer": "Lizard", "passage": "Skinks typically seek out sheltered environments out of the elements, such as thick foliage, underneath man-made structures, and ground-level buildings such as garages and first-floor apartments. When two or more skinks are seen in a small area, it is typical to find a nest nearby. Skinks are considered to be territorial and often are seen standing in front of or \"guarding\" their nest area. If a nest is nearby, one can expect to see 10-30 lizards within the period of a month. In parts of the southern United States, it is quite common to find nests within houses and apartments, especially along the coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.117390155792236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skink" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "A few months after Kasten lost to Democrat Russ Feingold in the November 1992 election, Ryan became a speechwriter for Empower America (now FreedomWorks), a conservative advocacy group founded by Jack Kemp, Jeane Kirkpatrick, and William Bennett. Ryan later worked as a speechwriter for Kemp, the Republican vice presidential candidate in the 1996 United States presidential election. Kemp became Ryan's mentor, and Ryan has said he had a \"huge influence\". In 1995, Ryan became the legislative director for then-U.S. Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas. In 1997 he returned to Wisconsin, where he worked for a year as a marketing consultant for the construction company Ryan Incorporated Central, owned by his relatives.", "precise_score": 0.5485177040100098, "rough_score": 1.645463466644287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Ryan faced Democratic nominee Rob Zerban in the 2012 House election. As of July 25, 2012, Ryan had over $5.4 million in his congressional campaign account, more than any other House member. Finance, insurance and real estate was the sector that contributed most to his campaign. Under Wisconsin election law, Ryan was allowed to run concurrently for vice president and for Congress and was not allowed to remove his name from the Congressional ballot after being nominated for the vice presidency. Ryan was reelected in 2012 with 55% of his district's vote and 44% of the vote in his hometown, Janesville. ", "precise_score": 1.5061074495315552, "rough_score": 2.172628879547119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the Presidential election of 2012, the Republican nominees were former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts for President, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin for Vice President. The Democrats nominated incumbents Barack Obama and Joe Biden. The campaign focused largely on the Affordable Care Act and President Obama's stewardship of the economy, with the country facing high unemployment numbers and a rising national debt four years after his first election. Romney and Ryan were defeated by Obama and Biden. In addition, in the November congressional elections, while Republicans lost 7 seats in the House, they retained control. However, Republicans were not able to gain control of the Senate, continuing their minority status with a net loss of 2 seats.", "precise_score": 5.427844524383545, "rough_score": 6.858366012573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "On October 29, 2015, Ryan was elected to replace John Boehner as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, and named John David Hoppe as his Chief of Staff. Ryan is the first person from Wisconsin to hold this position. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.708322525024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Paul Davis Ryan was born in Janesville, Wisconsin, the youngest of four children of Elizabeth A. \"Betty\" (née Hutter) and Paul Murray Ryan, a lawyer. A fifth-generation Wisconsinite, his father was of Irish ancestry and his mother is of German and English ancestry. One of Ryan's paternal ancestors settled in Wisconsin prior to the Civil War. His great-grandfather, Patrick William Ryan (1858–1917), founded an earthmoving company in 1884, which later became P. W. Ryan and Sons and is now known as Ryan Incorporated Central. Ryan's grandfather, Stanley M. Ryan (1898–1957), was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.022346019744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "When he was 16, Ryan found his 55-year-old father lying dead in bed of a heart attack. Following the death of his father, Ryan's grandmother moved in with the family, and because she had Alzheimer's, Ryan helped care for her while his mother commuted to college in Madison, Wisconsin. After his father's death, Ryan received Social Security survivors benefits until his 18th birthday, which were saved for his college education.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4036226272583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Ryan has a bachelor's degree in economics and political science from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he became interested in the writings of Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, and Milton Friedman. He often visited the office of libertarian professor Richard Hart to discuss the theories of these economists and of Ayn Rand. Hart introduced Ryan to National Review, and with Hart's recommendation Ryan began an internship in the D.C. office of Wisconsin Senator Bob Kasten where he worked with Kasten's foreign affairs adviser. Ryan also attended the Washington Semester program at American University. Ryan worked summers as a salesman for Oscar Mayer and once got to drive the Wienermobile. During college, Ryan was a member of the College Republicans, and volunteered for the congressional campaign of John Boehner. He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta social fraternity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.638708114624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Ryan's opponent in the 2016 Republican Primary election for Ryan's House seat is businessman Paul Nehlen. Sarah Palin has endorsed Nehlen, in retaliation against Ryan due to Ryan's reticence to endorse Donald Trump for president. Wisconsin's Partisan Primary election will be held on August 9, 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9803228378295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In fiscal year 2008, Ryan garnered $5.4 million in congressional earmarks for his constituency, including $3.28 million for bus service in Wisconsin, $1.38 million for the Ice Age Trail, and $735,000 for the Janesville transit system. In 2009, he successfully advocated with the Department of Energy for stimulus funds for energy initiatives in his district. Other home district projects he has supported include a runway extension at the Rock County Airport, an environmental study of the Kenosha Harbor, firefighting equipment for Janesville, road projects in Wisconsin, and commuter rail and streetcar projects in Kenosha. In 2008, Ryan pledged to stop seeking earmarks. Prior to that he had sought earmarks less often than other representatives. Taxpayers for Common Sense records show no earmarks supported by Ryan for fiscal years 2009 and 2010. In 2012, Ryan supported a request for $3.8 million from the Department of Transportation for a new transit center in Janesville, which city officials received in July.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.993799209594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Ryan was an active member of a task force established by Wisconsin governor Jim Doyle that tried unsuccessfully to persuade GM to keep its assembly plant in Janesville open. He made personal contact with GM executives to try to convince them to save or retool the plant, offering GM hundreds of millions of dollars of taxpayer-funded incentives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.006458282470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "On August 11, 2012, the Romney campaign officially announced Ryan as its choice for Vice President through its \"Mitt's VP\" mobile app as well as by the social networking service Twitter, about 90 minutes before Romney's in-person introduction. Before the official announcement in Norfolk, Virginia, it was reported that Romney made his decision, and offered the position to Ryan on August 1, 2012, the day after returning from a foreign policy trip through the United Kingdom, Poland and Israel. On August 11, 2012, Ryan formally accepted Romney's invitation to join his campaign as his running mate, in front of the USS Wisconsin in Norfolk. Ryan is the first individual from Wisconsin as well as the first member of Generation X to run on a major party's national ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.092280387878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Ryan married Janna Little, a tax attorney, in 2000. Little, a native of Oklahoma, is a graduate of Wellesley College, and George Washington University Law School. Her cousin is former Democratic Representative Dan Boren, also of Oklahoma. The Ryans live in the Courthouse Hill Historic District of Janesville, Wisconsin. They have three children: Liza, Charles, and Sam. A Catholic, Ryan is a member of St. John Vianney Catholic Church in Janesville, and was an altar boy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.094291687011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "* 2008 – Defending the American Dream Award, Americans for Prosperity, Wisconsin chapter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088109970092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Ryan" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general \"anti-Nebraska\" movement where the name \"Republican\" was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854 in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.750207901000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Since 1980, geographically the Republican \"base\" (\"red states\") is strongest in the South, the Midwest, and Mountain West. While it is weakest on the West Coast and Northeast, this has not always been the case; historically the northeast was a bastion of the Republican Party with Vermont and Maine being the only two states to vote against Franklin Roosevelt all four times. The Midwest has been roughly balanced since 1854, with Illinois becoming more Democratic and liberal because of the city of Chicago (see below) and Minnesota and Wisconsin more Republican since 1990. Ohio and Indiana both trend Republican. Since the 1930s, the Democrats have dominated most central cities, while the Republicans now dominate rural areas and the majority of suburbs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.965224266052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel: Mindfreak is an American reality TV show that aired on A&E from 2005 to 2010. It centers on stunts and street magic acts by magician Criss Angel. ", "precise_score": -1.1720716953277588, "rough_score": -2.3058652877807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel Mindfreak" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos (born December 19, 1967), better known by the stage name Criss Angel, is an American magician and illusionist. Angel began his career in New York City, before moving his base of operations to the Las Vegas Valley. He is known for starring in the television and stage show Criss Angel Mindfreak and his previous live performance illusion show Criss Angel Believe in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil at the Luxor casino in Las Vegas. The show generated $150 million in tourist revenue to Las Vegas in 2010, but has since been replaced by Mindfreak LIVE on 11 May 2016 (this new show is still part produced by Cirque, however the directive rights are entirely with Criss Angel). He also starred in the television series Believe on Spike TV, the television show Phenomenon, and the 2014 stage show Criss Angel Magicjam.", "precise_score": 6.966139793395996, "rough_score": 7.467037677764893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Mindfreak: Secret Revelations", "passage": "Angel has been on primetime television for more hours than any other magician in history, between his television series and various specials on cable and network television. He also holds multiple world-records made during his magic performances, and was named Magician of the Decade in 2009 and Magician of the Century in 2010 by the International Magicians Society. In addition to his career as an illusionist, Angel was the lead singer for his industrial band Angeldust, which released five albums between 1998 and 2003. He also authored the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations.", "precise_score": -3.3330307006835938, "rough_score": -4.190778732299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "The temporary replacement show for Believe was entitled Criss Angel Magicjam, which was performed in the same Luxor theatre. According to the Las Vegas Sun, the show included, \"Longtime Las Vegas comedy-illusionist Nathan Burton; Banachek, the world’s premiere mentalist; and new female magician Krystyn Lambert, who has been prominently featured in the Spike series ... joined by grandmaster manipulators Jason Byrne and Tony Clarke, supreme close-up artist Armando Vera and the magic comedy of Russ Merlin.\" The production was written and directed by Criss Angel. In January 2014, Angel announced that he planned on taking Criss Angel Magicjam on a North American tour during the summer of 2014. The show also featured Angel's own illusions, which he performed for about 40 minutes of the show. Robin Leach said of the show that, \"Magicjam is great fun and a high-energy show packed with mind-blowing magic.\" ", "precise_score": -2.8709716796875, "rough_score": -3.8000388145446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Angel is the author of the book Mindfreak: Secret Revelations, published by HarperEntertainment in 2007. Mindfreak: Secret Revelations appeared on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list that year. According to the Las Vegas Sun, \"The 295-page book details the early beginnings of his career, memorable demonstrations from his TV show and personal reflections. \"Secret Revelations\" also contains several pictures and provides step-by-step instructions for 40 of his basic Mindfreaks. Laura Morton helped the magician write the book.\" California Bookwatch wrote that it \"tells of Criss Angel's evolution as a performance artist, magician and musician, charting his rise to fame beginning at age 6 and adding details of his life and his artistic philosophy and influences ... His survey covers the 'Mindfreaks' which allow him to push for excellence in very different worlds\". ", "precise_score": -1.5697674751281738, "rough_score": -2.2762575149536133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito, David Devant, Harry Blackstone Sr., Harry Blackstone Jr., Howard Thurston, Theodore Annemann, Cardini, Joseph Dunninger, Dai Vernon, Fred Culpitt, Tommy Wonder, Siegfried & Roy, and Doug Henning. Popular 20th and 21st century magicians include David Copperfield, Lance Burton, James Randi, Penn and Teller, David Blaine, Criss Angel, Hans Klok, Derren Brown, and Dynamo. Well known women would include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich. Most TV magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.273241996765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic (illusion)" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel was born on December 19, 1967, at Hempstead General Hospital in Hempstead, on Long Island, New York. He is of Greek descent. Angel was raised in Elmont until fourth grade, when his family moved to East Meadow, New York. His father, John Sarantakos, owned a restaurant and doughnut shop. He developed an interest in magic at age seven and performed his first show at the age of twelve, for which he was paid $10. His main early influence was Harry Houdini. By fourteen, Angel was performing throughout high school at restaurants in East Meadow, including the Wine Gallery. Angel's first major illusion was making his mother float in their family den. Early in his career he was helped by animal breeder and reality-television host Marc Morrone, who helped Angel find and train a set of doves for his act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.264711856842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Angel has said that, \"I stayed away from magicians when I was younger because I didn't want to think like them and wanted to create my own style.\" His first television appearance was in 1994, where he performed as a part of a one-hour ABC primetime special entitled Secrets. One of the early supporters of Angel was horror director Clive Barker. In 1995, Barker asked Angel to work with him on his film Lord of Illusions. He also later recorded the intro to Angel's album World of Illusion: System One. Barker said of Angel in the mid-1990s that, \"Criss Angel is extraordinary, a spectacular mix of visionary magic. This is the future, and it can’t come quickly enough.\" In 1998, Angel performed a ten-minute show over the course of the \"World of Illusion\" conference in Madison Square Garden, performing sixty shows per day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207566261291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Angel also starred in the 1997 television movie The Science of Magic and its 2003 sequel The Science of Magic II. Criss Angel Mindfreak, which would later become Angel's first television series, was originally an off-Broadway show by Angel, which in 2001 was picked up by the World Underground Theatre. When not performing the show, Angel worked the streets promoting the show to pedestrians. Criss Angel Mindfreak ran for more than 600 performances between 2001 and 2003 at the World Underground Theater in Times Square. His twenty-four hours in a tank of water set a world record for the longest amount of time for a human to be completely submerged under water. This performance would also become a part of his first television special.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.088330268859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "On October 20, 2002, Angel performed in the ABC Family television special named Criss Angel Mindfreak: Postmodern illusionist, an hour-long performance and tribute to Harry Houdini. The special aired again on December 24, 2002 on Channel 4 in the UK. The Birmingham Evening Mail reviewed the show, writing, \"Criss Angel is currently making a name for himself as a more provocative, darker alternative to [other illusionists]. He walks the streets of New York, hypnotising passers-by, turning cups of take-away coffee into cockroaches and suspending himself from the ceiling by inserting hooks into his back. The piece de resistance of all these mind games is an update of the Houdini underwater trick - an attempt to stay in a (cell) tank of water for 24 hours, padlocked and restrained. All seems to be going well, until the filter system breaks down and the water begins to heat up.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.233158111572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel Mindfreak television series", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7942399978637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "In 2005, Criss Angel became the creator, director, and executive producer of the A&E Network show Criss Angel Mindfreak, and had entered production in January. Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas. Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions have included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space ), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.339557647705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "The first season of the show was released on DVD after it completed its on-screen run. The show also released its Halloween special, along with two special episodes, on an additional one-disc DVD offering. The show returned for a second season in May 2006, and was named one of the best shows of the summer by the Tulsa World newspaper. The show was renewed for a third season in July 2006; as of that third season the show was A&E's number one rated show, with more than 1.5 million viewers. That year he promoted the show with a performance where he was suspended within a cube encased in concrete above Times Square, escaping from the block before it was set to crash to the ground. Magic effects creator Sean Field stated of Angel this year that, \"Criss Angel is the biggest name in magic since Houdini ... No other magician has invaded pop culture to the degree that Criss Angel has. He has changed the image of magic and made it cool.\" The show became one of the most popular foreign television shows in parts of Asia, including China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813990592956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "The television show was noted as a part of the mid-2000s films, television, and books that drove a resurgence of the public popularity of magic. Criss Angel Mindfreak was the first weekly magic television show to air in forty years. Daily Variety reviewed the premiere writing, \"The stunts alone are impressive. But what makes the show fascinating are the down-home touches in which we see the kid from New York, who first honed his magic skills at the age of 6. Keenly aware of the camera at all times, Angel manages to offer some personality, especially where family is involved. Viewers follow the illusionist as he contemplates new and more dangerous stunts, while his crew, including his often-fretful brothers, offer insight as to what, other than ego, drives someone in this profession.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.416466236114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel Believe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.407276153564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "In 2006, Angel partnered with Cirque du Soleil to produce the stage show Criss Angel Believe (stylized as \"Criss Angel BeLIEve\"), premiering the show at the Luxor Las Vegas on September 26, 2008. It became the bestselling live magic show in the world. The name of the show was taken from Harry Houdini, for the mythology of Houdini choosing the word \"believe\" as the codeword for communicating with Houdini after his death. Luxor's parent company, MGM Mirage, financed the show with $100 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.692068099975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "The stage show celebrated its fifth anniversary of appearing on stage in October 2013. That month a cable television series based upon the show entitled Criss Angel BeLIEve was broadcast on Spike TV. The first season included eleven one-hour episodes, including 118 different illusions. Guests on the show include Ludacris, Ice-T, Randy Couture and Shaquille O’Neal. When asked about the three years between the last episode of Mindfreak and his return to television, Angel stated that, \"I didn’t take long at all to go back to television. It was my choice to work on the live Cirque show and to get that where I wanted it to be.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.948419570922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "On the October 31, 2007 episode of the reality show Phenomenon, Paranormalist Jim Callahan performed a summoning, purportedly of author Raymond Hill, to help discover the contents of a locked box. Although fellow judge Uri Geller praised the performance, Angel called it \"comical\" and subsequently challenged both Callahan and Geller to guess the contents of two envelopes he pulled out of his pocket, offering a million dollars of his own money to whoever could do so. This led to an argument between Callahan and Angel, during which Callahan walked toward Angel and called him an \"ideological bigot\", with the two pulled apart as the show promptly went to a commercial break. Angel has since revealed the contents of one envelope and at the unveiling he challenged Geller one more time. Geller responded, \"Although we were born one day apart - I was born on the 20th of December and you on the 19th - a lot of years between us - 40 years, you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending...\" Criss Angel cut him off at this point, saying, \"I guess this is a 'no,'\" and proceeded to open the envelope. The envelope contained an index card with the numbers \"911\" printed on it for September 11, 2001. Angel's explanation was this: \"If on 9-10 somebody could have predicted that 9-11 was going to happen, they could have saved thousands of lives\". The other envelope's contents were scheduled to be revealed on the first episode of Season 4 of Criss Angel: Mindfreak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923165321350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel Magicjam", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462109565734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "The Supernaturalists premiered in June 2015 at the Foxwoods Resort Casino's The Fox Theater, with Criss Angel serving as creator, director and executive producer. Performers for the show include illusionist Landon Swank, magician Krystyn Lambert, escape artist Spencer Horsman, mentalist Banachek, dog conjuror Johnny Dominguez, magician Stefan, and close up magician Adrian Vega. Robin Leach reviewed the show as having \"overwhelming positive reactions\" and wrote that it contained \"the most mind-blowing magic spectacle that’s playing anywhere\". Angel has stated that the show is a culmination of ten years of development, which he began in 2005, and is intended as a global touring show and as a premiering venue for several new illusions from each magician. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.708804130554199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "In May 2005, Angel introduced honoree Ozzy Osbourne at the VH1 Rock Honors awards, biting the head off a bat as a part of the introduction in homage to Osbourne's early career onstage antics. At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Criss Angel performed an illusion as a part of the musical performance by Britney Spears and helped to plan her stage show, which opened the television broadcast. He was also hired as the illusionist for the planned 2009 Michael Jackson O2 arena concerts before Jackson's death. In 2013, Angel had a cameo in the feature film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, and Jim Carrey's character in the movie \"Steve Gray\" has been said to be modeled after Angel. There is a wax statue of Angel in the Madame Tussauds wax museum in Las Vegas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.975614547729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "Criss Angel is the most watched magician in Internet history since the late 2000s. His clip, \"Walk on Water\", had received more than 39 million views by 2010, and more than 46 million by 2013. By early 2013, his videos had achieved more than 200 million views. Another highly watched clip is \"Rip Bodies Apart\" taken from the premiere episode of BeLIEve, which had more than twelve million views within a month. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.440555572509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "In 2010, Angel partnered with IdeaVillage to release the Criss Angel Magic Collection, which contained six Mindfreak Magic Tricks instructions, 250 tricks, and a magic kit for children. The product was backed by $50 million in marketing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.715107917785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" }, { "answer": "Criss Angel", "passage": "As of 2010, Big Bear Choppers had produced seven custom-made motorcycles for Angel, who featured the motorcycle designers on his show Criss Angel Mindfreak. He also had a Harley Davidson motorcycle built by Orange County Choppers, which he rode in the intro filmed for Criss Angel Mindfreak. As a philanthropist, Angel created the Believe Foundation 'Believe Anything is Possible', and was awarded the Make-A-Wish Foundation award for most supportive celebrity on May 19, 2010. He was also awarded the foundation's Chris Greicius Celebrity Award in 2007. As of 2016, Angel's business interests made about $70 million in revenues annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0230712890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Criss Angel" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American competition swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 22 medals in three Olympiads. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (18, double the second highest record holders), Olympic gold medals in individual events (11), and Olympic medals in individual events for a male (13). In winning eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, Phelps took the record away from fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz (7) for the most first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. Five of those victories were in individual events, tying the single Games record. In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won four golds and two silver medals, making him the most successful athlete of the Games for the third Olympics in a row. ", "precise_score": 7.43721866607666, "rough_score": 8.091978073120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "On August 17, Phelps won his eighth gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relay, breaking Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, which had stood since 1972. Phelps, along with teammates Brendan Hansen, Aaron Peirsol, and Jason Lezak, set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 29.34 seconds, 0.7 seconds ahead of second-place Australia and 1.34 seconds faster than the previous record set by the United States at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. When Phelps dived in to swim the 100-meter butterfly leg, the third leg of the 400-meter medley, the United States had been trailing Australia and Japan. Phelps completed his split in 50.1 seconds, the fastest butterfly split ever for the event, giving teammate Jason Lezak a more than half-second lead for the final leg, which he held onto to clinch the event in world record time. Said Phelps, upon completing the event that awarded him his eighth gold medal and eighth Olympic record in as many events, \"Records are always made to be broken no matter what they are ... Anybody can do anything that they set their mind to.\" ", "precise_score": 6.817661762237549, "rough_score": 7.438648223876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "In his first event, the 400-meter individual medley, Phelps won with a world record time of 4:08.26 to win his first Olympic gold medal. The following day, in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ian Crocker, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak, finished in third place with a time of 3:14.62. Crocker's lead-off time of 50.05 was the worst among the field and was blamed on sickness. In the event many were calling The Race of the Century, held the following day, Phelps finished in third place behind Ian Thorpe and Pieter van den Hoogenband in the 200-meter freestyle. Although this race ended the chance to match Spitz's record, Phelps had savored the challenge even though it was not his strongest event, saying \"How can I be disappointed? I swam in a field with the two fastest freestylers of all time\". In his fourth event, the 200-meter butterfly, held the following day, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:54.04, breaking Tom Malchow's Olympic record. About an hour later, in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, and Klete Keller, finished in first place with a time of 7:07.33. Two days later, in the 200-meter individual medley, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:57.14, an Olympic record. In the 100-meter butterfly final, held the following day, Phelps defeated American teammate Ian Crocker (who held the world record in the event at the time) by just 0.04 seconds with a time of 51.25. Traditionally, the American who places highest in an individual event will be automatically given the corresponding leg in the 4×100-meter medley relay final. This gave Phelps an automatic entry into the medley relay, but he deferred and Crocker swam instead. Phelps's gesture gave Crocker a chance to make amends as well getting his final shot at a gold medal. The American medley team went on to win the event in world-record time, and, since Phelps had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final. In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.657225608825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "For his third race, Phelps broke his previous world record in the 200-meter freestyle by nearly a second and won his third gold medal. He also set his third world record at the Olympics, 1:42.96, winning by nearly two seconds over silver medalist Park Tae-hwan. In this race, Phelps became the fifth Olympic athlete in modern history to win nine gold medals, joining Mark Spitz, Larisa Latynina, Paavo Nurmi, and Carl Lewis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.253389358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "Phelps's seventh gold medal of the Games tied Mark Spitz's record for gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, set in the 1972 Olympics. It was also his fifth individual gold medal in Beijing, tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Said Phelps upon setting his seventh-straight Olympic record of the Games in as many events, \"Dream as big as you can dream, and anything is possible ... I am sort of in a dream world. Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make sure it is real.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.075566291809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" }, { "answer": "Mark Spitz", "passage": "With 39 world records (29 individual, 10 relay), Phelps set more records than any other swimmer, surpassing Mark Spitz's previous record of 33 world records (26 individual, 7 relay).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4677329361438751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Phelps" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation in Hesiod's Works and Days. The \"box\" was actually a large jar (πίθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα, \"all-gifted\", \"all-giving\"), which contained all the evils of the world. Pandora opened the jar and all the evils flew out, leaving only \"Hope\" inside once she had closed it again.", "precise_score": 3.8504295349121094, "rough_score": 6.667794227600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora's box" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "According to Hesiod, when Prometheus stole fire from heaven, Zeus took vengeance by presenting Pandora to Prometheus' brother Epimetheus. Pandora opens a jar containing death and many other evils which were released into the world. She hastened to close the container, but the whole contents had escaped except for one thing that lay at the bottom – Elpis (usually translated \"Hope\", though it could also mean \"Expectation\"). ", "precise_score": 0.7808331251144409, "rough_score": 1.9037227630615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora's box" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as \"Pandora's box\" (see below), releasing all the evils of humanity—although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod—leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. ", "precise_score": 4.052495002746582, "rough_score": 4.655022621154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Pandora appears as a young teenager in the 2010 video game God of War III voiced by Natalie Lander. Just like Greek mythology, Hephaestus created Pandora and considered her his daughter. She is the \"key\" that protagonist Kratos must use to open Pandora's Box. Her sacrifice gives Kratos the gift of hope, which he then uses to defeat his father Zeus and end his quest for vengeance.", "precise_score": 1.3082596063613892, "rough_score": 4.0108256340026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "While the age of gods often has been of more interest to contemporary students of myth, the Greek authors of the archaic and classical eras had a clear preference for the age of heroes, establishing a chronology and record of human accomplishments after the questions of how the world came into being were explained. For example, the heroic Iliad and Odyssey dwarfed the divine-focused Theogony and Homeric Hymns in both size and popularity. Under the influence of Homer the \"hero cult\" leads to a restructuring in spiritual life, expressed in the separation of the realm of the gods from the realm of the dead (heroes), of the Chthonic from the Olympian. In the Works and Days, Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages of Man (or Races): Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Iron. These races or ages are separate creations of the gods, the Golden Age belonging to the reign of Cronos, the subsequent races the creation of Zeus. The presence of evil was explained by the myth of Pandora, when all of the best of human capabilities, save hope, had been spilled out of her overturned jar. In Metamorphoses, Ovid follows Hesiod's concept of the four ages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.877560138702393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Only Hope was left within her unbreakable house,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274538040161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Hesiod does not say why hope (elpis) remained in the jar. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.628373146057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Hope is the only good god remaining among mankind;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289271354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "Theognis seems to be hinting at a myth in which the jar contained blessings rather than evils. In this, he appears to follow a possibly pre-Hesiodic tradition, preserved by the second-century fabulist Babrius, that the gods sent a jar containing blessings to humans. A \"foolish man\" (not Pandora) opened the jar, and most of the blessings were lost forever. Only hope remained, \"to promise each of us the good things that fled.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6954637169837952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "In Hesiodic scholarship, the interpretive crux has endured: Is the imprisonment of hope inside a jar full of evils for humanity a benefit for humanity, or a further bane? A number of mythology textbooks echo the sentiments of M. L. West: \"[Hope's retention in the jar] is comforting, and we are to be thankful for this antidote to our present ills.\" Some scholars such as Mark Griffith, however, take the opposite view: \"[Hope] seems to be a blessing withheld from men so that their life should be the more dreary and depressing.\" One's interpretation hangs on two related questions: First, how are we to render elpis, the Greek word usually translated as \"hope\"? Second, does the jar preserve Elpis for men, or keep Elpis away from men?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.008697509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "How one answers the first question largely depends on the answer to the second question: should we interpret the jar to function as a prison, or a pantry? The jar certainly serves as a prison for the evils that Pandora released – they only affect humanity once outside the jar. Some have argued that logic dictates, therefore, that the jar acts as a prison for Elpis as well, withholding it from the human race. If one takes elpis to mean expectant hope, then the myth's tone is pessimistic: All the evils in the world were scattered from Pandora's jar, while the one potentially mitigating force, Hope, remains locked securely inside. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.575752258300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "This interpretation raises yet another question, complicating the debate: are we to take Hope in an absolute sense, or in a narrow sense where we understand Hope to mean hope only as it pertains to the evils released from the jar? If Hope is imprisoned in the jar, does this mean that human existence is utterly hopeless? This is the most pessimistic reading possible for the myth. A less pessimistic interpretation (still pessimistic, to be sure) understands the myth to say: countless evils fled Pandora's jar and plague human existence; the hope that we might be able to master these evils remains imprisoned inside the jar. Life is not hopeless, but each of us is hopelessly human. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.522863388061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "It is also argued that hope was simply one of the evils in the jar, the false kind of hope, and was no good for humanity, since, later in the poem, Hesiod writes that hope is empty (498) and no good (500) and makes humanity lazy by taking away their industriousness, making them prone to evil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88223934173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that \"Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903772354125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "An objection to the hope is good/the jar is a prison interpretation counters that, if the jar is full of evils, then what is expectant hope – a blessing – doing among them? This objection leads some to render elpis as the expectation of evil, which would make the myth's tone somewhat optimistic: although humankind is troubled by all the evils in the world, at least we are spared the continual expectation of evil, which would make life unbearable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.952810287475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" }, { "answer": "Hope", "passage": "The optimistic reading of the myth is expressed by M. L. West. Elpis takes the more common meaning of expectant hope. And while the jar served as a prison for the evils that escaped, it thereafter serves as a residence for Hope. West explains, \"It would be absurd to represent either the presence of ills by their confinement in a jar or the presence of hope by its escape from one.\" Hope is thus preserved as a benefit for humans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029732704162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pandora" } ]

[ { "answer": "Beetle Bailey", "passage": "Proof sheets were the means by which syndicates provided newspapers with black-and-white line art for the reproduction of strips (which they arranged to have colored in the case of Sunday strips). Michigan State University Comic Art Collection librarian Randy Scott describes these as \"large sheets of paper on which newspaper comics have traditionally been distributed to subscribing newspapers. Typically each sheet will have either six daily strips of a given title or one Sunday strip. Thus, a week of Beetle Bailey would arrive at the Lansing State Journal in two sheets, printed much larger than the final version and ready to be cut apart and fitted into the local comics page.\" Comic strip historian Allan Holtz described how strips were provided as mats (the plastic or cardboard trays in which molten metal is poured to make plates) or even plates ready to be put directly on the printing press. He also notes that with electronic means of distribution becoming more prevalent printed sheets \"are definitely on their way out.\" ", "precise_score": -7.81884765625, "rough_score": -9.301849365234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic strip" } ]

[ { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the septal cartilage (which separates the nostrils) and the upper and lower lateral cartilages. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.", "precise_score": 1.2263556718826294, "rough_score": -1.5917482376098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human nose" }, { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "The septal cartilage of the nose can be destroyed through repeated nasal inhalation of drugs such as cocaine. This in turn can lead to more widespread collapse of the nasal skeleton.", "precise_score": -1.2534641027450562, "rough_score": -4.3659257888793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human nose" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus. There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage. The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus.", "precise_score": -5.475621700286865, "rough_score": -2.3377509117126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "In amphibians, the atrium is divided into two chambers by a muscular septum but there is only one ventricle. The sinus venosus, which remains large, connects only to the right atrium and receives blood from the venae cavae, with the pulmonary vein by-passing it to enter the left atrium.", "precise_score": -4.65966796875, "rough_score": -4.516422271728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "Specific systemic diseases, infections or other conditions that may result in destruction of part of the nose (for example, the nasal bridge, or nasal septal perforation) are rhinophyma, skin cancer (for example, basal cell carcinoma), granulomatosis with polyangiitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy and exposure to cocaine, chromium or toxins. The nose may be stimulated to grow in acromegaly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371209144592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human nose" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "Some people choose to get rhinoplasty to change the aesthetic appearance of their nose. Nose piercings are also common, such as nostril, septum or bridge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.194990158081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human nose" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "Nose-picking is a common, mildly taboo habit. Medical risks include the spread of infections, nosebleeds and, rarely, self-induced perforation of the nasal septum. The wiping of the nose with the hand, commonly referred to as the \"allergic salute\", is also mildly taboo and can result in the spreading of infections as well. Habitual as well as fast or rough nose wiping may also result in a crease (known as a transverse nasal crease or groove) running across the nose, and can lead to permanent physical deformity observable in childhood and adulthood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.355602264404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human nose" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart. It forms the atrioventricular septum which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings which serve as bases for the four heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart's electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct electricity. The interatrial septum separates the atria and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles. The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.367952346801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve has three cusps, which connect to chordae tendinae and three papillary muscles named the anterior, posterior, and septal muscles, after their relative positions. The mitral valve lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two cusps, an anterior and a posterior cusp. These cusps are also attached via chordae tendinae to two papillary muscles projecting from the ventricular wall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8525614738464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "The right atrium is connected to the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve. The walls of the right ventricle are lined with trabeculae carneae, ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium. In addition to these muscular ridges, a band of cardiac muscle, also covered by endocardium, known as the moderator band reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction. It arises from the lower part of the interventricular septum and crosses the interior space of the right ventricle to connect with the inferior papillary muscle. The right ventricle tapers into the pulmonary trunk, into which it ejects blood when contracting. The pulmonary trunk branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry the blood to each lung. The pulmonary valve lies between the right lung and the pulmonary trunk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728799819946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "Heart tissue receives blood from two arteries which arise just above the aortic valve. These are the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery. The left main coronary artery splits shortly after leaving the aorta into two vessels, the left anterior descending and the left circumflex artery. The left anterior descending artery supplies heart tissue and the front, outer side, and the septum of the left ventricle. It does this by smaller branching arteries - diagonal and septal branches. The left circumflex supplies the back and underneath of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and lower posterior sections of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery also supplies blood to the atrioventricular node (in about 90% of people) and the sinoatrial node (in about 60% of people). The right coronary artery runs in a groove at the back of the heart and the left anterior descending artery runs in a groove at the front. There is significant variation between people in the anatomy of the arteries that supply the heart The arteries divide at their furtherst reaches into smaller branches that join together at the edges of each arterial distribution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.941517353057861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "Before the fifth week, there is an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the lungs. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. A depression in the surface of the right atrium remains where the foramen ovale once walls, called the fossa ovalis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067374229431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "The sinoatrial node is found in the upper part of the right atrium near to the junction with the superior vena cava. The electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium in a radial way that is not completely understood. It travels to the left atrium via Bachmann's bundle, such that both left and right atria contract together. The signal then travels to the atrioventricular node. This is found at the bottom of the right atrium in the atrioventricular septum—the boundary between the right atrium and the left ventricle. The septum is part of the cardiac skeleton, tissue within the heart that the electrical signal cannot pass through, which forces the signal to pass through the atrioventricular node only. The signal then travels along the bundle of His to left and right bundle branches through to the ventricles of the heart. In the ventricles the signal is carried by specialized tissue called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the electric charge to the cardiac muscle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.883502006530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign, and there are several kinds. There are normally two heart sounds, and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds, or \"murmurs\" related to the flow of blood between the sounds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1) the quietest, to 6) the loudest, and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds, position in the cardiac cycle, and additional features such as their radiation to other sites, changes with a person's position, the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the stethoscope by which they are heard, and site at which they are heard loudest.Phonocardiograms can record these sounds, and echocardiograms are generally required for their diagnosis. Murmurs can result from valvular heart diseases due to narrowing (stenosis), or regurgitation of any of the main heart valves, such as aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation or mitral valve prolapse. They can also result from a number of other disorders, including atrial and ventricular septal defects. Two common and infective causes of heart murmurs, are infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever, particularly in developing countries. Infective endocarditis involves colonisation of a heart valve, and rheumatic fever involves an initial bacterial infection by Group A streptococcus followed by a reaction against heart tissue that resembles the streptococcal antigen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840850830078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septal", "passage": "The heart can be affected by congenital diseases. These include failure of the developmental foramen ovale to close, present in up to 25% of people; ventricular or atrial septal defects, congenital diseases of the heart valves (e.g. congenital aortic stenosis) or disease relating to blood vessels or blood flow from the heart (such as a patent ductus arteriosus or aortic coarctation).; Harrisons 1458–1465 These may cause symptoms at a variety of ages. If unoxygenated blood travels directly from the right to the left side of the heart, it may be noticed at birth, as it may cause a baby to become blue (cyanotic) such as Tetralogy of Fallot. A heart problem may impact a child's ability to grow. Some causes rectify with time and are regarded as benign. Other causes may be incidentally detected on a cardiac examination. These disorders are often diagnosed on an echocardiogram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05408000946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "In the heart of lungfish, the septum extends part-way into the ventricle. This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body. The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin; thus, the blood returned to the heart through the venae cavae is already partially oxygenated. As a result, there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other tetrapods. Nonetheless, in at least some species of amphibian, the spongy nature of the ventricle does seem to maintain more of a separation between the bloodstreams. Also, the original valves of the conus arteriosus have been replaced by a spiral valve that divides it into two parallel parts, thereby helping to keep the two bloodstreams separate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545849800109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" }, { "answer": "Septum", "passage": "The heart of most reptiles is similar in structure to that of lungfish but the septum is generally much larger. This divides the ventricle into two halves but the septum does not reach the whole length of the heart and there is a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aorta openings. In most reptilian species, there appears to be little, if any, mixing between the bloodstreams, so the aorta receives, essentially, only oxygenated blood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.774670600891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heart" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while President. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation \"is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.\" ", "precise_score": 9.86505126953125, "rough_score": 8.286323547363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On September 16, shortly after he announced the Nixon pardon, Ford introduced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada, and for military deserters, in Presidential Proclamation 4313. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military. The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter Administration. ", "precise_score": 3.21054744720459, "rough_score": 4.035778522491455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "Many pardons have been controversial. Critics argue that pardons have been used more often for the sake of political expediency than to correct judicial error. One of the more famous recent pardons was granted by President Gerald Ford to former President Richard Nixon on September 8, 1974, for official misconduct which gave rise to the Watergate scandal. Polls showed a majority of Americans disapproved of the pardon, and Ford's public-approval ratings tumbled afterward. Other controversial uses of the pardon power include Andrew Johnson's sweeping pardons of thousands of former Confederate officials and military personnel after the American Civil War, Jimmy Carter's grant of amnesty to Vietnam-era draft dodgers, George H. W. Bush's pardons of 75 people, including six Reagan administration officials accused or convicted in connection with the Iran–Contra affair, and Bill Clinton's commutation of sentences for 16 members of FALN in 1999 and of 140 people on his last day in office, including billionaire fugitive Marc Rich. Most recently, George W. Bush's commutation of the prison term (but not the significant fine) of I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby was controversial. In commuting Libby's prison term, Bush stated: \"I am commuting the portion of Mr. Libby's sentence that required him to spend thirty months in prison ...leaving intact his remaining sentence and fine and leaving on his record his felony\". In 2007 Bush issued 29 pardons but did not include Libby among them.", "precise_score": 4.691502094268799, "rough_score": 5.75723934173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Justice Department requires that anyone requesting a pardon wait five years after conviction or release prior to receiving a pardon. A presidential pardon may be granted at any time, however, and as when Ford pardoned Nixon, the pardoned person need not yet have been convicted or even formally charged with a crime. Clemency may also be granted without the filing of a formal request and even if the intended recipient has no desire to be pardoned. In the overwhelming majority of cases, however, the Office of the Pardon Attorney will consider only petitions from persons who have completed their sentences and, in addition, have demonstrated their ability to lead a responsible and productive life for a significant period after conviction or release from confinement. ", "precise_score": -0.6368584036827087, "rough_score": 2.0251424312591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "On September 8, 1974, president of the United States Gerald Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation was \"a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.\" ", "precise_score": 10.219244956970215, "rough_score": 8.8818941116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition; Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a \"full, free, and absolute pardon\", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:", "precise_score": 4.560999393463135, "rough_score": 3.6785428524017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "With President Nixon's resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the federal and state level. Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford as President, who on September 8, 1974, issued a full and unconditional pardon of Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any federal crimes he had \"committed or may have committed or taken part in\" as president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country. He said that the Nixon family's situation \"is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.\"", "precise_score": 6.093845367431641, "rough_score": 5.663797855377197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Ford's loss of the presidential election of 1976. Allegations of a secret deal made with Ford, promising a pardon in return for Nixon's resignation, led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17, 1974. ", "precise_score": 0.6899481415748596, "rough_score": 1.8966883420944214, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, following the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew on October 10, 1973. Becoming president upon Richard Nixon's departure on August 9, 1974, he claimed the distinction as the first and to date the only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to either office. As he was appointed to fill a vacancy and then succeeded to the presidency, Ford also earned the distinction of being the only person in American history to neither begin nor finish either a presidential or vice presidential term on the date of a regularly-scheduled inauguration. Before ascending to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, the final 9 of them as the House Minority Leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7445836067199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In the GOP presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated then-former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, then-former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, on November 2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.04071569442749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "After President Nixon was elected in November 1968, Ford's role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act. Passed in 1972, the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments. Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.82374906539917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, Nixon \"sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement. The advice was unanimous. 'We gave Nixon no choice but Ford,' House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.177168846130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Ford became Vice President as the Watergate scandal was unfolding. On Thursday, August 1, Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted Ford to tell him that \"smoking gun\" evidence had been found. The evidence left little doubt that President Nixon had been a part of the Watergate cover-up. At the time, Ford and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly designated vice president's residence in Washington, D.C. However, \"Al Haig [asked] to come over and see me,\" Ford later said, \"to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64292049407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency, making him the only person to assume the presidency without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice presidential office. Immediately after taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech broadcast live to the nation. Ford noted the peculiarity of his position: \"I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers.\" He went on to state:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.69908332824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Pardon of Nixon ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.686791896820068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The Nixon pardon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and said a \"corrupt bargain\" had been struck between the men. They said that Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, which had elevated Ford to the presidency. Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared. Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976, an observation with which Ford agreed. In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a \"profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act\" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's \"credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence\". On October 17, 1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting President since Abraham Lincoln to testify before the House of Representatives . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4126373827457428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In the months following the pardon, Ford often declined to mention President Nixon by name, referring to him in public as \"my predecessor\" or \"the former president.\" When, on a 1974 trip to California, White House correspondent Fred Barnes pressed Ford on the matter, Ford replied in surprisingly frank manner: \"I just can’t bring myself to do it.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.15472674369812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After Ford left the White House in January 1977, the former President privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon of Nixon, but later decided that history had proved Ford to have made the correct decision. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9062928557395935, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During Ford's brief administration, all members were replaced except Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon. Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 has been referred to by political commentators as the \"Halloween Massacre\". One of Ford's appointees, William Coleman, as Secretary of Transportation, was the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert C. Weaver) and the first appointed in a Republican administration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3548583984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon Administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China was reinforced by Ford's December 1975 visit to that communist country. In 1975, the Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance that later evolved into Human Rights Watch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928279876708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The accords had been negotiated by United States National Security Advisor Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ. South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu's government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778891563415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam, funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration. Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin. Senator Jacob K. Javits offered \"...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid\". President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country. Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at Tulane University. In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over \"...as far as America is concerned\". The announcement was met with thunderous applause.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69479751586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon. During his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues. Nevertheless, in 2005 Ford praised Stevens. \"He has served his nation well,\" Ford said of Stevens, \"with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871640205383301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Democratic nominee and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter campaigned as an outsider and reformer, gaining support from voters dismayed by the Watergate scandal and Nixon pardon. After the Democratic National Convention, he held a huge 33-point lead over Ford in the polls. However, as the campaign continued, the race tightened, and, by election day, the polls showed the race as too close to call. There were three main events in the fall campaign. Most importantly, Carter repeated a promise of a \"blanket pardon\" for Christian and other religious refugees, and also all Vietnam War draft dodgers (Ford had only issued a conditional amnesty) in response to a question on the subject posed by a reporter during the presidential debates, an act which froze Ford's poll numbers in Ohio, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Mississippi. (Ford had needed to shift just 11,000 votes in Ohio plus one of the other three in order to win.) It was the first act signed by Carter, on January 20, 1977. Earlier, Playboy magazine had published a controversial interview with Carter; in the interview Carter admitted to having \"lusted in my heart\" for women other than his wife, which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians. Also, on September 24, Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960. Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner. Carter was also hurt by Ford's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader, and that Carter was vague on many issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8611249923706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd Amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980, because he had served more than two years of Nixon's remaining term.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.661635398864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided. Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President, saying, \"For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.758409023284912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "In April 1991, Ford joined former presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter, in supporting the Brady Bill. Three years later, he wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives, along with Carter and Reagan, in support of the assault weapons ban.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.606096267700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The trust the American people had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon. Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought. His subsequent loss to Carter in 1976 has come to be seen as an honorable sacrifice he made for the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.783915996551514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments, Ford acquired a reputation as a clumsy, likable, and simple-minded Everyman. An incident in 1975, when he tripped while exiting the presidential jet in Austria, was famously and repeatedly parodied by Chevy Chase, cementing Ford's image as a klutz. Pieces of Ford's common Everyman image have also been attributed to Ford's inevitable comparison to Nixon, as well as his perceived Midwestern stodginess and self-deprecation. Ridicule often extended to supposed intellectual limitations, with Lyndon B. Johnson once joking, \"He's a nice fellow but he spent too much time playing football without a helmet.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.297258377075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "Ford received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in May 1970, as well as the Silver Buffalo Award, from the Boy Scouts of America. In 1985 he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor. In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars. Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton. In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.017836093902588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The Nixon pardon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move, and claimed a \"corrupt bargain\" had been struck between the men: that Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, elevating Ford to the presidency. Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. Ford later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared. Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976, an observation with which Ford agreed. In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a \"profoundly unwise, divisive, and unjust act\" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's \"credibility as a man of judgment, candor, and competence\". On October 17, 1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting President to testify before the House of Representatives since Abraham Lincoln. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8339724540710449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After Ford left the White House in 1977, he privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Ted Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon of Nixon, but later stated that history had proved Ford to have made the correct decision. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.470832347869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard nixon", "passage": "Richard Nixon ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164191246032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, California. According to his biographer, Jonathan Aitken, after his resignation, \"Nixon was a soul in torment\". Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7 a.m. — with little to do. His former press secretary, Ron Ziegler, sat with him alone for hours each day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.914855003356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman—and The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the \"wrong foot\". Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9466447830200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In his autobiography A Time to Heal, Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon's Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig. Haig was explaining what he and Nixon's staff thought were Nixon's only options. He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way, or he could resign. His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process, to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress, or to pardon himself and then resign. Haig told Ford that some of Nixon's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.807912826538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pardon of Richard Nixon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, there is one widespread international ISO standard (including A4, B3, C4, etc.) and another standard used mainly in North America (including letter, legal, ledger, etc.). The paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The standards also have related sizes for envelopes.", "precise_score": -2.6298704147338867, "rough_score": -5.7809553146362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Legal papers", "passage": "In commercial and academic typesetting, the most common paper size is carta, equivalent to US Letter (8.5\" by 11\"). In legal papers oficio is used equivalent to 8.5\" by 13\" which is shorter than US Legal.", "precise_score": -5.1789021492004395, "rough_score": -3.5228211879730225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Letter paper", "passage": "By extension of the American standards, the halved Letter size, , meets the needs of many applications. It is variably known as Statement, Stationary, Memo, Half Letter, Half A (from ANSI sizes) or simply Half Size. Like the similar-sized ISO A5, it is used for everything from personal letter writing to official aeronautical maps. Organizers, notepads, and diaries also often use this size of paper; thus 3-ring binders are also available in this size. Booklets of this size are created using word processing tools with landscape printing in two columns on letter paper which are then cut or folded into the final size.", "precise_score": -10.18903923034668, "rough_score": -9.605335235595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "In 1996, the American National Standards Institute adopted ANSI/ASME Y14.1 which defined a regular series of paper sizes based upon the de facto standard Letter size which it assigned \"ANSI A\". This series also includes Ledger/Tabloid as \"ANSI B\". This series is somewhat similar to the ISO standard in that cutting a sheet in half would produce two sheets of the next smaller size. Unlike the ISO standard, however, the arbitrary aspect ratio forces this series to have two alternating aspect ratios. For example, ANSI A is less elongated than A4, while ANSI B is more elongated than A3.", "precise_score": -1.475881576538086, "rough_score": -1.9061199426651, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Steno pad", "passage": "\"Letter pads\" are , while the term \"legal pad\" is often used by laymen to refer to pads of various sizes including those of . There are \"steno pads\" (used by stenographers) of 6 by.", "precise_score": -6.4647088050842285, "rough_score": -8.068153381347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Demitab", "passage": "The demitab or demi-tab (from the French \"demi\" or half tabloid) is , equal to one quarter of a sheet of tabloid size paper. In actual circulation, the size 8 x is common for a demitab. Tabloid newspapers, which are \"generally half the size of a broadsheet\", also vary in size. To add to the lack of uniformity, broadsheets also vary in size.", "precise_score": -5.006657123565674, "rough_score": -5.258796215057373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper size", "passage": "PA4, sometimes dubbed L4, is also a useful compromise between A4 and North American Letter sizes. Hence it is used today by many international magazines, because it can be printed easily on equipment designed for either A4 or US Letter. That means it is not as much a paper size than a page format.", "precise_score": -10.619185447692871, "rough_score": -9.155951499938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper format", "passage": "* Tabloid (newspaper format)", "precise_score": -2.2671101093292236, "rough_score": -3.932149887084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "International paper sizes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379611015319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "The international paper size standard is ISO 216. It is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of square root of 2, or approximately 1:1.4142. There are different series, as well as several extensions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.728336334228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper size", "passage": "The base A0 size of paper is defined as having an area of 1 m. Rounded to the nearest millimetre, the A0 paper size is 841 x.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224306106567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Successive paper sizes in the series A1, A2, A3, and so forth, are defined by halving the preceding paper size across the larger dimension. This also effectively halves the area of each sheet. The most frequently used paper size is A4 measuring 210 x.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244182586669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of were first noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France on proposition of the mathematician Lazare Carnot and published for judiciary purpose in 1798 during the French Revolution. Early in the 20th century, Dr Walter Porstmann turned Lichtenberg's idea into a proper system of different paper sizes. Porstmann's system was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today, the paper sizes are called \"DIN A4\" in everyday use in Germany and Austria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195103645324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "In addition to the A series, there is a less common B series. The area of B series sheets is the geometric mean of successive A series sheets. So, B1 is between A0 and A1 in size, with an area of 0.707 m ( m). As a result, B0 is 1 metre wide, and other sizes in the B series are a half, a quarter or further fractions of a metre wide. While less common in office use, it is used for a variety of special situations. Many posters use B-series paper or a close approximation, such as 50 cm × 70 cm; B5 is a relatively common choice for books. The B series is also used for envelopes and passports. The B-series is widely used in the printing industry to describe both paper sizes and printing press sizes, including digital presses. B3 paper is used to print two US letter or A4 pages side by side using imposition; four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972323417663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Overview: ISO paper Sizes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345731735229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "SIS 014711", "passage": "The Swedish standard SS 014711 generalized the ISO system of A, B, and C formats by adding D, E, F, and G formats to it. Its D format sits between a B format and the next larger A format (just like C sits between A and the next larger B). The remaining formats fit in between all these formats, such that the sequence of formats A4, E4, C4, G4, B4, F4, D4, H4, A3 is a geometric progression, in which the dimensions grow by a factor from one size to the next. However, the SIS 014711 standard does not define any size between a D format and the next larger A format (called H in the previous example). Of these additional formats, G5 (169 × 239 mm) and E5 (155 × 220 mm) are popular in Sweden and the Netherlands for printing dissertations, but the other formats have not turned out to be particularly useful in practice and they have not been adopted internationally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215516090393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Japanese B-series variant", "passage": "Japanese B-series variant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529233932495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "The JIS defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series, but with slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor = 1.414... for the ISO B-series), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper is widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4 and B5 paper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190181732177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "There are also a number of traditional paper sizes, which are now used mostly by printers. The most common of these old series are the Shiroku-ban and the Kiku paper sizes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80416202545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "The most common paper sizes used for commercial and industrial printing in Colombia are close to the ISO B1, B2 and B3 and are referred to as pliego, pliego and pliego respectively. The \"Arch B\" size is known as extratabloide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139012336730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "North American paper sizes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335138320922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "The United States, Canada and Mexico use a different system of paper sizes compared to the rest of the world. The current standard sizes are unique to that continent, although due to the size of the North American market and proliferation of both software and printing hardware from the region, other parts of the world have become increasingly familiar with these sizes (though not necessarily the paper itself). The traditional North American inch-based sizes differ from those described below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29594898223877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper size", "passage": "Outside of North America, Letter size may also be known as \"American Quarto\". If one accepts some trimming, the size is indeed one quarter of the old Imperial paper size known as Demy, . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32931137084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "US paper sizes are currently standard in the United States, the Philippines and Chile. The latter two use US Letter, but their Legal size is . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.746596336364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "In Canada, US paper sizes are a de facto standard. The government, however, also uses ISO paper sizes. The Canadian standard CAN 2-9.60M \"Paper Sizes for Correspondence\" specifies P1 through P6 paper sizes, which are the ANSI paper sizes rounded to the nearest 5 mm. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72012710571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper size", "passage": "There is an additional paper size, 8 ×, to which the name Government-Letter was given by the IEEE Printer Working Group (PWG). It was prescribed by Herbert Hoover when he was Secretary of Commerce to be used for US government forms, apparently to enable discounts from the purchase of paper for schools, but more likely due to the standard use of trimming books (after binding) and paper from the standard letter size paper to produce consistency and allow \"bleed\" printing. In later years, as photocopy machines proliferated, citizens wanted to make photocopies of the forms, but the machines did not generally have this size paper in their bins. Ronald Reagan therefore had the US government switch to regular Letter size, which is both half an inch longer and wider. The former government size is still commonly used in spiral-bound notebooks, for children's writing and the like, a result of trimming from the current Letter dimensions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089582443237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Standardized American paper sizes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248895645141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper format", "passage": "Such huge sheets were at one time used for full-scale layouts of aircraft parts, automotive parts, wiring harnesses and the like, but are slowly being phased out, due to widespread use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Some visual arts fields also continue to use these paper formats for large-scale printouts, such as for displaying digitally painted character renderings at life-size as references for makeup artists and costume designers, or to provide an immersive landscape reference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147170066833496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "L size", "passage": "Architectural sizes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49238109588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "In addition to the ANSI system as listed above, there is a corresponding series of paper sizes used for architectural purposes. This series also shares the property that bisecting each size produces two of the size below, with alternating aspect ratios. It may be preferred by North American architects because the aspect ratios (4:3 and 3:2) are ratios of small integers, unlike their ANSI (or ISO) counterparts. Furthermore, the aspect ratio 4:3 matches the traditional aspect ratio for computer displays. The architectural series, usually abbreviated \"Arch\", is shown below:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2789306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Traditional inch-based paper sizes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348934173583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Traditionally, a number of different sizes were defined for large sheets of paper, and paper sizes were defined by the sheet name and the number of times it had been folded. Thus a full sheet of \"royal\" paper was 25 × 20 inches, and \"royal octavo\" was this size folded three times, so as to make eight sheets, and was thus 10 ×  inches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230052947998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "L size", "passage": "Imperial sizes were used in the United Kingdom and its territories. Some of the base sizes were as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41518783569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "L size", "passage": "Traditional sizes for paper in the United Kingdom", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406644821166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Demitab", "passage": "Demitab", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390617370605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Transitional paper sizes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41999626159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "L size", "passage": "A transitional size called PA4 (210 ×) was proposed for inclusion into the ISO 216 standard in 1975. It has the height of Canadian P4 paper (215 mm × 280 mm, about  in × 11 in) and the width of international A4 paper (210 ×), i.e. it uses the smaller value among the two for each side. The table below, shows how this format can be generalized into an entire format series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255533218383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper format", "passage": "The PA formats did not end up in ISO 216, because the committee decided that the set of standardized paper formats should be kept to the minimum necessary. However, PA4 remains of practical use today. In landscape orientation, it has the same 4:3 aspect ratio as the displays of traditional TV sets, some computer displays and data projectors. PA4, with appropriate margins, is therefore a good choice as the format of presentation slides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349475860595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Although the movement is towards the international standard metric paper sizes, on the way there from the traditional ones there has been at least one new size just a little larger than that used internationally. British architects and industrial designers once used a size called \"Antiquarian\" as listed above, but given in the New Metric Handbook (Tutt & Adler 1981) as 813 × for board size. This is a little larger than the A0 size. So for a short time, a size called A0a (1000 ×) was used in Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273004531860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" }, { "answer": "Paper sizes", "passage": "Newspaper sizes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697510719299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paper size" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cheech & Chong", "passage": "As a part of the highly successful comedy duo Cheech & Chong, Marin participated in a number of comedy albums and feature film comedies in the 1970s and 1980s. Tommy Chong directed four of their films, while co-writing and starring in all seven with Marin.", "precise_score": -0.15713296830654144, "rough_score": -0.4704461395740509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech & Chong", "passage": "After Cheech & Chong disbanded in 1985, Marin starred in a number of films as a solo actor, most notably Born in East L.A., The Shrimp on the Barbie, Tin Cup, and Once Upon a Time in Mexico. He made a cameo appearance as a dockworker in Ghostbusters II.", "precise_score": -8.987198829650879, "rough_score": -8.236244201660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech & Chong", "passage": "Richard Anthony \"Cheech\" Marin (born July 13, 1946) is an American comedian, actor, voice actor and writer who gained recognition as part of the comedy act Cheech & Chong during the 1970s and early 1980s with Tommy Chong, and as Don Johnson's partner, Insp. Joe Dominguez, on Nash Bridges. He has also voiced characters in several Disney productions, including Oliver & Company, The Lion King, It's Tough to Be a Bug!, Cars, Cars 2 and Beverly Hills Chihuahua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.885697364807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech and chong", "passage": "Marin's nickname \"Cheech\" is short for \"chicharron\", a fried pork skin that is a popular snack in Mexican cuisine and a favorite of marijuana smokers afflicted with \"the munchies\", and the nickname's alliteration with Chong's surname made \"Cheech and Chong\" an obvious choice for the name of the duo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208780288696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech & Chong", "passage": "Marin was married in 1975 to Darlene Morley, who co-produced Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers and also played minor roles in earlier Cheech & Chong films under the name Rikki Marin. The couple had one child and divorced in 1984.[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0547499/ Rikki Marin] Marin married artist Patti Heid in 1986; they had two children and have since divorced. Patti is responsible for his interest in Chicano Art.[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001507/bio Cheech Marin – Biography] Marin married his longtime girlfriend, Russian pianist Natasha Rubin, on August 8, 2009, in a sunset ceremony at their home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.75246524810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech and chong", "passage": "Cheech and Chong comedy albums", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.161612510681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech and chong", "passage": "* Cheech and Chong (1971)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10595417022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" }, { "answer": "Cheech & Chong", "passage": "* Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album (1974)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023938179016113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheech Marin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Schnauzer and a poodle", "passage": "A schnoodle is a domestic dog. It is a cross between a schnauzer and a poodle. Schnoodle is a portmanteau combining the two breed names.", "precise_score": 6.385363578796387, "rough_score": 7.430660247802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Schnoodle" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland.", "precise_score": -1.9912313222885132, "rough_score": -6.815435886383057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas with its 213,000 km2 is the 15th most extensive and with its about 2.9 million people the 34th most populous of the 50 United States. Residents of Kansas are called \"Kansans\", officially, and Jayhawkers as a nickname, alluding to the Kansas Jayhawker anti-slavery fighters of the American Civil War. The Kansas Jayhawks team nickname is based on the Jayhawkers name. Mount Sunflower is Kansas's highest point at 1232 m.", "precise_score": -4.831031799316406, "rough_score": -5.1100897789001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "For millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who explored the area in 1541. In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico and the Republic of Texas until the conclusion of the Mexican–American War in 1848. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today.", "precise_score": -10.918798446655273, "rough_score": -10.309877395629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state. The Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854, establishing the U.S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo.", "precise_score": -9.99569320678711, "rough_score": -10.005077362060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29, 1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. By that time the violence in Kansas had largely subsided, but during the Civil War, on August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led several hundred men on a raid into Lawrence, destroying much of the city and killing nearly 200 people. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature. His application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record. ", "precise_score": 5.642333507537842, "rough_score": 6.712810516357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "After the Civil War, many veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas. Many African Americans also looked to Kansas as the land of \"John Brown\" and, led by freedmen like Benjamin \"Pap\" Singleton, began establishing black colonies in the state. Leaving southern states in the late 1870s because of increasing discrimination, they became known as Exodusters.", "precise_score": -9.869688034057617, "rough_score": -10.627120971679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north; Missouri on the east; Oklahoma on the south; and Colorado on the west. The state is divided into 105 counties with 628 cities, and is located equidistant from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is located in Smith County near Lebanon. Until 1989, the Meades Ranch Triangulation Station in Osborne County was the geodetic center of North America: the central reference point for all maps of North America. The geographic center of Kansas is located in Barton County.", "precise_score": -11.039702415466309, "rough_score": -10.763218879699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The western two-thirds of the state, lying in the great central plain of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface, while the eastern third has many hills and forests. The land gradually rises from east to west; its altitude ranges from 684 ft along the Verdigris River at Coffeyville in Montgomery County, to 4039 ft at Mount Sunflower, one half mile from the Colorado border, in Wallace County. It is a popular belief that Kansas is the flattest state in the nation, reinforced by a well known 2003 tongue-in-cheek study stating that Kansas was indeed \"flatter than a pancake\". This has since been called into question, with most scientists ranking Kansas somewhere between 20th and 30th flattest state, depending on measurement method. Its average elevation is 2,000 feet, higher than that of 36 states. ", "precise_score": -8.738293647766113, "rough_score": -7.376128196716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Nearly 75 mi of the state's northeastern boundary is defined by the Missouri River. The Kansas River (locally known as the Kaw), formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers at appropriately-named Junction City, joins the Missouri River at Kansas City, after a course of 170 mi across the northeastern part of the state.", "precise_score": -10.557339668273926, "rough_score": -10.342044830322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Several institutions of higher education are located in Northeast Kansas including Baker University (the oldest university in the state, founded in 1858 and affiliated with the United Methodist Church) in Baldwin City, Benedictine College (sponsored by St. Benedict's Abbey and Mount St. Scholastica Monastery and formed from the merger of St. Benedict's College (1858) and Mount St. Scholastica College (1923)) in Atchison, MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Ottawa University in Ottawa and Overland Park, Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center in Kansas City, and KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. Less than an hour's drive to the west, Lawrence is home to the University of Kansas, the largest public university in the state, and Haskell Indian Nations University.", "precise_score": -10.690587997436523, "rough_score": -10.423811912536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "To the north, Kansas City, with the second largest land area in the state, contains a number of diverse ethnic neighborhoods. Its attractions include the Kansas Speedway, Sporting Kansas City, Kansas City T-Bones, Schlitterbahn, and The Legends at Village West retail and entertainment center. Further up the Missouri River, the city of Lansing is the home of the state's first maximum-security prison. Historic Leavenworth, founded in 1854, was the first incorporated city in Kansas. North of the city, Fort Leavenworth is the oldest active Army post west of the Mississippi River. The city of Atchison was an early commercial center in the state and is well known as the birthplace of Amelia Earhart.", "precise_score": -10.860481262207031, "rough_score": -10.311447143554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "To the west, nearly a quarter million people reside in the Topeka metropolitan area. Topeka is the state capital and home to Washburn University and Washburn Institute of Technology. Built at a Kansas River crossing along the old Oregon Trail, this historic city has several nationally registered historic places. Further westward along Interstate 70 and the Kansas River is Junction City with its historic limestone and brick buildings and nearby Fort Riley, well known as the home to the U.S. Army's 1st Infantry Division, also known as the \"Big Red One\". A short distance away, the city of Manhattan is home to Kansas State University, the second largest public university in the state and the nation's oldest land-grant university, dating back to 1863. South of the campus, Aggieville dates back to 1889 and is the state's oldest shopping district of its kind.", "precise_score": -10.653501510620117, "rough_score": -9.675863265991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In south-central Kansas, the Wichita metropolitan area is home to over 600,000 people. Wichita is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of Wichita State University. Before Wichita was 'The Air Capital' it was a Cowtown. With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Wichita's population growth has grown by double digits and the surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000. Other fast-growing cities include Andover, Maize, Park City, Derby, and Haysville.", "precise_score": -11.060585021972656, "rough_score": -10.761785507202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Southeast Kansas has a unique history with a number of nationally registered historic places in this coal-mining region. Located in Crawford County (dubbed the Fried Chicken Capital of Kansas), Pittsburg is the largest city in the region and the home of Pittsburg State University. The neighboring city of Frontenac in 1888 was the site of the worst mine disaster in the state in which an underground explosion killed 47 miners. \"Big Brutus\" is located a mile and a half outside the city of West Mineral. Along with the restored fort, historic Fort Scott has a national cemetery designated by President Lincoln in 1862.", "precise_score": -10.929428100585938, "rough_score": -10.807835578918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Dodge City, famously known for the cattle drive days of the late 19th century, was built along the old Santa Fe Trail route. The city of Liberal is located along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of Montezuma. Garden City has the Lee Richardson Zoo. In 1992, a short-lived secessionist movement advocated the secession of several counties in southwest Kansas.", "precise_score": -10.84276008605957, "rough_score": -10.736855506896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas was one of the few states in which Franklin D. Roosevelt had limited political support, winning Kansas only twice in his four campaigns, although he won the state over Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon during the landslide of 1936. The state backed Republicans Wendell Willkie and Thomas E. Dewey in 1940 and 1944, respectively. Kansas also supported Dewey in 1948 despite the presence of incumbent president Harry S. Truman, who hailed from Independence, Missouri, approximately 15 miles east of the Kansas–Missouri state line. Since Roosevelt carried Kansas in 1932 and 1936, only one Democrat has won Kansas' electoral votes, Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.", "precise_score": -10.873144149780273, "rough_score": -9.796215057373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In 2010, Sam Brownback was elected governor with 63 percent of the state vote. He was sworn in as governor in 2011, Kansas' first Republican governor in eight years. Brownback had established himself as a conservative member of the U.S. Senate in years prior, but since becoming governor has made several controversial decisions. In May 2011, much to the opposition of art leaders and enthusiasts in the state, Brownback eliminated the Kansas Arts Commission, making Kansas the first state without an arts agency. In July 2011, Brownback announced plans to close the Lawrence branch of the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services as a cost-saving measure. Hundreds rallied against the decision. Lawrence City Commission later voted to provide the funding needed to keep the branch open. ", "precise_score": -11.019819259643555, "rough_score": -10.797192573547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Historically, Kansas has been strongly Republican, dating from the Antebellum age when the Republican Party was created out of the movement opposing the extension of slavery into Kansas Territory. Kansas has not elected a Democrat to the U.S. Senate since the 1932 election, when Franklin D. Roosevelt won his first term as President in the wake of the Great Depression. This is the longest Senate losing streak for either party in a single state. Senator Sam Brownback was a candidate for the Republican party nomination for President in 2008. Brownback was not a candidate for re-election to a third full term in 2010, but he was elected Governor in that year's general election. Moran defeated Tiahrt for the Republican nomination for Brownback's seat in the August 2010 primary, then won a landslide general election victory over Democrat Lisa Johnston.", "precise_score": -10.980146408081055, "rough_score": -10.577079772949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The legal drinking age in Kansas is 21. In lieu of the state retail sales tax, a 10% Liquor Drink Tax is collected for liquor consumed on the licensed premises and an 8% Liquor Enforcement Tax is collected on retail purchases. Although the sale of cereal malt beverage (also known as 3.2 beer) was legalized in 1937, the first post-Prohibition legalization of alcoholic liquor did not occur until the state's constitution was amended in 1948. The following year the Legislature enacted the Liquor Control Act which created a system of regulating, licensing, and taxing, and the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) was created to enforce the act. The power to regulate cereal malt beverage remains with the cities and counties. Liquor-by-the-drink did not become legal until passage of an amendment to the state's constitution in 1986 and additional legislation the following year. As of November 2006, Kansas still has 29 dry counties and only 17 counties have passed liquor-by-the-drink with no food sales requirement. Today there are more than 2600 liquor and 4000 cereal malt beverage licensees in the state. ", "precise_score": -11.04311752319336, "rough_score": -10.808670997619629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The rock band Kansas was formed in the state capital of Topeka, the hometown of several of the band's members.", "precise_score": -10.7660493850708, "rough_score": -10.769293785095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The state's most famous appearance in literature was as the home of Dorothy Gale, the main character in the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie, published in 1935, is another well-known tale about Kansas.", "precise_score": -10.843513488769531, "rough_score": -10.414498329162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The governing body for intercollegiate sports in the United States, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was headquartered in Johnson County, Kansas, from 1973 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.", "precise_score": -10.976120948791504, "rough_score": -10.796347618103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city Wichita. Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively ') is often said to mean \"people of the wind\" or \"people of the south wind\", although this was probably not the term's original meaning. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855119705200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery. The secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220182418823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "At the same time, the Chisholm Trail was opened and the Wild West-era commenced in Kansas. Wild Bill Hickok was a deputy marshal at Fort Riley and a marshal at Hays and Abilene. Dodge City was another wild cowboy town, and both Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp worked as lawmen in the town. In one year alone, 8 million head of cattle from Texas boarded trains in Dodge City bound for the East, earning Dodge the nickname \"Queen of the Cowtowns.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19921588897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In response to demands of Methodists and other evangelical Protestants, in 1881 Kansas became the first U.S. state to adopt a constitutional amendment prohibiting all alcoholic beverages, which was only repealed in 1948.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81590747833252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas is underlain by a sequence of horizontal to gently westward dipping sedimentary rocks. A sequence of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks outcrop in the eastern and southern part of the state. The western half of the state has exposures of Cretaceous through Tertiary sediments, the latter derived from the erosion of the uplifted Rocky Mountains to the west. These are underlain by older Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments which correlate well with the outcrops to the east. The northeastern corner of the state was subjected to glaciation in the Pleistocene and is covered by glacial drift and loess.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16292953491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The Arkansas River (pronunciation varies), rising in Colorado, flows with a bending course for nearly 500 mi across the western and southern parts of the state. With its tributaries, (the Little Arkansas, Ninnescah, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris, and the Neosho), it forms the southern drainage system of the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245650291442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas' other rivers are the Saline and Solomon Rivers, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the Big Blue, Delaware, and Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas River; and the Marais des Cygnes, a tributary of the Missouri River. Spring River is located between Riverton, Kansas, and Baxter Springs, Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320436477661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "According to the Köppen climate classification the climate of Kansas can be characterized in terms of three types: it has humid continental, semi-arid steppe, and humid subtropical. The eastern two-thirds of the state (especially the northeastern portion) has a humid continental climate, with cool to cold winters and unbearably hot, often humid summers. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer and spring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461518287658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The western third of the state – from roughly the U.S. Route 83 corridor westward – has a semiarid steppe climate. Summers are hot, often very hot, and generally less humid. Winters are highly changeable between warm and very cold. The western region receives an average of about 16 in of precipitation per year. Chinook winds in the winter can warm western Kansas all the way into the 80 °F range.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321368217468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The far south-central and southeastern reaches of the state, including Wichita, have a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers, milder winters and more precipitation than elsewhere in Kansas. Some features of all three climates can be found in most of the state, with droughts and changeable weather between dry and humid not uncommon, and both warm and cold spells in the winter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269895553588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Although temperatures of 100 degrees or higher are not as common in areas east of US 81, higher humidity and the urban heat island effect lead most summer days to heat indices between 107 °F and 114 °F in Topeka, Lawrence and the Kansas City metropolitan area. During the summer, nightly low temperatures in the northeastern part of the state, especially in the aforementioned large cities, struggle to fall below 80 °F, and combined with humidity between 85 and 95 percent, dangerous heat indices can be experienced at every hour of the day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318326950073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Precipitation ranges from about 47 in annually in the southeast corner of the state, to about 16 in in the southwest. Snowfall ranges from around 5 in in the fringes of the south, to 35 in in the far northwest. Frost-free days range from more than 200 days in the south, to 130 days in the northwest. Thus, Kansas is the ninth or tenth sunniest state in the country, depending on the source. Western Kansas is as sunny as California and Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91609001159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas is prone to severe weather, especially in the spring and early summer. Despite the frequent sunshine throughout much of the state, due to its location at a climatic boundary prone to intrusions of multiple air masses, the state is vulnerable to strong and severe thunderstorms. Some of these storms become supercell thunderstorms; these can spawn tornadoes, occasionally of EF3 strength or higher. Kansas averages over 50 tornadoes annually. Severe thunderstorms sometimes drop very large hail over Kansas as well as bringing flash flooding and damaging straight line winds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224954605102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "According to NOAA, the all-time highest temperature recorded in Kansas is (121 °F) on July 24, 1936, near Alton in Osborne County, and the all-time low is on February 13, 1905, near Lebanon in Smith County. Alton and Lebanon are approximately 50 mi apart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171189308166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas's record high of 121 °F ties with North Dakota for the fifth-highest record high in an American state, behind California (134 °F), Arizona (128 °F), Nevada (125 °F), and New Mexico (122 °F).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839457511901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Kansas was 2,911,641 on July 1, 2015, a 2.05% increase since the 2010 United States Census and an increase of 58,523, or 2.05%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 93,899 people (that is 246,484 births minus 152,585 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 20,742 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 44,847 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 65,589 people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153048515319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The population density of Kansas is 52.9 people per square mile. The center of population of Kansas is located in Chase County, at , approximately three miles north of the community of Strong City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448639869689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Mexicans are present in the southwest and make up nearly half the population in certain counties. Many African Americans in Kansas are descended from the Exodusters, newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349732398986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "As of 2011, 35.0% of Kansas' population younger than one year of age belonged to minority groups (i.e., did not have two parents of non-Hispanic white ancestry). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495302200317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of Kansas was as follows: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468162536621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "As of 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Kansas (at 426,611), followed by the United Methodist Church with 202,989 members, and the Southern Baptist Convention, reporting 99,329 adherents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217195510864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas's capital Topeka is sometimes cited as the home of Pentecostalism as it was the site of Charles Fox Parham's Bethel Bible College, where glossolalia was first claimed as the evidence of a spiritual experience referred to as the baptism of the Holy Spirit in 1901. It is also the home of Reverend Charles Sheldon, author of In His Steps, and was the site where the famous question \"What would Jesus do?\" originated in a sermon of Sheldon's at Central Congregational Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033404350280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Known as rural flight, the last few decades have been marked by a migratory pattern out of the countryside into cities. Out of all the cities in these Midwestern states, 89% have fewer than 3,000 people, and hundreds of those have fewer than 1,000. In Kansas alone, there are more than 6,000 ghost towns and dwindling communities, according to one Kansas historian, Daniel C. Fitzgerald. At the same time, some of the communities in Johnson County (metropolitan Kansas City) are among the fastest-growing in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123124122619629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas has 627 incorporated cities. By state statute, cities are divided into three classes as determined by the population obtained \"by any census of enumeration.\" A city of the third class has a population of less than 5,000, but cities reaching a population of more than 2,000 may be certified as a city of the second class. The second class is limited to cities with a population of less than 25,000, and upon reaching a population of more than 15,000, they may be certified as a city of the first class. First and second class cities are independent of any township and are not included within the township's territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361011505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Northeast Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413397789001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The northeastern portion of the state, extending from the eastern border to Junction City and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County is home to more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City (Kansas portion), Manhattan, Lawrence, and Topeka metropolitan areas. Overland Park, a young city incorporated in 1960, has the largest population and the largest land area in the county. It is home to Johnson County Community College and the corporate campus of Sprint Nextel, the largest private employer in the metro area. In 2006, the city was ranked as the 6th best place to live in America; the neighboring city of Olathe was 13th. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975363731384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Up river (the Arkansas River) from Wichita is the city of Hutchinson. The city was built on one of the world's largest salt deposits, and it has the world's largest and longest wheat elevator. It is also the home of Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, Prairie Dunes Country Club and the Kansas State Fair. North of Wichita along Interstate 135 is the city of Newton, the former western terminal of the Santa Fe Railroad and trailhead for the famed Chisholm Trail. To the southeast of Wichita are the cities of Winfield and Arkansas City with historic architecture and the Cherokee Strip Museum (in Ark City). The city of Udall was the site of the deadliest tornado in Kansas on May 25, 1955; it killed 80 people in and near the city. To the southwest of Wichita is Freeport, the state's smallest incorporated city (population 5).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82010555267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Located midway between Kansas City, Topeka, and Wichita in the heart of the Bluestem Region of the Flint Hills, the city of Emporia has several nationally registered historic places and is the home of Emporia State University, well known for its Teachers College. It was also the home of newspaper man William Allen White.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936635971069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Southeast Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492719650268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Central and North-Central Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418294906616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Salina is the largest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of Lindsborg with its numerous Dala horses. Much of the architecture and decor of this town has a distinctly Swedish style. To the east along Interstate 70, the historic city of Abilene was formerly a trailhead for the Chisholm Trail and was the boyhood home of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and is the site of his Presidential Library and the tombs of the former President, First Lady and son who died in infancy. To the west is Lucas, the Grassroots Art Capital of Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27610969543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Northwest Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400339126586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Westward along the Interstate, the city of Russell, traditionally the beginning of sparsely-populated northwest Kansas, was the base of former U.S. Senator Bob Dole and the boyhood home of U.S. Senator Arlen Specter. The city of Hays is home to Fort Hays State University and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, and is the largest city in the northwest with a population of around 20,001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132155418395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Southwest Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423554420471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The agricultural outputs of the state are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt. Eastern Kansas is part of the Grain Belt, an area of major grain production in the central United States. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2921142578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. oil production. Production has experienced a steady, natural decline as it becomes increasingly difficult to extract oil over time. Since oil prices bottomed in 1999, oil production in Kansas has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about in 2004. The recent higher prices have made carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473488807678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas ranks 8th in U.S. natural gas production. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990s with the gradual depletion of the Hugoton Natural Gas Field—the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.9 km3).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164196014404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The Kansas economy is also heavily influenced by the aerospace industry. Several large aircraft corporations have manufacturing facilities in Wichita and Kansas City, including Spirit AeroSystems, Cessna, Learjet, and Hawker Beechcraft (formerly Raytheon). Boeing ended a decades-long history of manufacturing in Kansas in 2012-13.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261438369750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Major company headquarters in Kansas include the Sprint Corporation (with world headquarters in Overland Park), Embarq (with national headquarters in Overland Park), YRC Worldwide (Overland Park), Garmin (Olathe), Payless Shoes (national headquarters and major distribution facilities in Topeka), and Koch Industries (with national headquarters in Wichita).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41004753112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas has three income brackets for income tax calculation, ranging from 3.5% to 6.45%. The state sales tax in Kansas is 6.15%. Various cities and counties in Kansas have an additional local sales tax. Except during the 2001 recession (March–November 2001) when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and two rate increases have been enacted. Total sales tax collections for 2003 amounted to $1.63 billion, compared to $805.3 million in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494682312011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas is served by two Interstate highways with one beltway, two spur routes, and three bypasses, with over a total of 874 mi in all. The first section of Interstate in the nation was opened on Interstate 70 (I-70) just west of Topeka on November 14, 1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160165786743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "I-70 is a major east–west route connecting to Denver, Colorado and Kansas City, Missouri. Cities along this route (from west to east) include Colby, Hays, Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence, Bonner Springs, and Kansas City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313882827758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "I-35 is a major north–south route connecting to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Des Moines, Iowa. Cities along this route (from south to north) include Wichita, El Dorado, Emporia, Ottawa, and Kansas City (and suburbs).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258947372436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. I-135, a north–south route, connects I-35 at Wichita to I-70 at Salina. I-335, a southwest–northeast route, connects I-35 at Emporia to I-70 at Topeka. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the Kansas Turnpike. Bypasses include I-470 around Topeka, I-235 around Wichita, and I-670 in downtown Kansas City. I-435 is a beltway around the Kansas City metropolitan area while I-635 bypasses through Kansas City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291887283325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "U.S. Route 69 (US-69) travels south to north, from Oklahoma to Missouri. The highway passes through the eastern section of Kansas, traveling through Baxter Springs, Pittsburg, Frontenac, Fort Scott, Louisburg, and the Kansas City area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181779861450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas also has the third largest state highway system in the country after Texas and California. This is because of the high number of counties and county seats (105) and the intertwining of them all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172202110290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In January 2004, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) announced the new Kansas 511 traveler information service. By dialing 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341843605041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The state's only major commercial (Class C) airport is Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport, located along US-54 on the western edge of the city. Manhattan Regional Airport in Manhattan offers daily flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, making it the second-largest commercial airport in the state. Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of Kansas City International Airport, located in Platte County, Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059103012084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In the southeastern part of the state, people often use Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma or Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri. For those in the far western part of the state, Denver International Airport is a popular option. Connecting flights are also available from smaller Kansas airports in Dodge City, Garden City, Great Bend, Hays, Hutchinson, Salina or Topeka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197456359863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "U.S. Routes through Kansas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479918479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Executive branch: The executive branch consists of six elected officers. The Governor and Lt Governor are elected on the same slate, the Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and State Insurance Commissioner are elected separately. The six top executive offices of Kansas are all Republican. Governor Sam Brownback and Lieutenant Governor Jeff Colyer were elected in 2010 on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. Also elected in 2010 were the Attorney General Derek Schmidt of Independence; the Secretary of State Kris Kobach, of Kansas City; the State Treasurer Ron Estes, of Wichita; and the Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, of Topeka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061168670654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Legislative branch: The bicameral Kansas Legislature consists of the Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 members serving two-year terms, and the Kansas Senate, with 40 members serving four-year terms. Currently, 32 of the 40 Senators are Republican and 92 of the 125 Representatives are Republican.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010873794555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Judicial branch: The Judicial branch of the state government is headed by the Kansas Supreme Court. The court has seven judges. A vacancy is filled by the Governor picking one of three nominees selected by a 9-member judicial selection board. The board consists of five Kansas lawyers elected by other Kansas lawyers and four members selected by the Governor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141453742980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas has a history of many firsts in legislative initiatives—it was the first state to institute a system of workers' compensation (1910) and to regulate the securities industry (1911). Kansas also permitted women's suffrage in 1912, almost a decade before the federal constitution was amended to require it. Suffrage in all states would not be guaranteed until ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819533348083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The council–manager government model was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following World War I while many American cities were being run by political machines or organized crime, notably the Pendergast Machine in neighboring Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas was also at the center of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, a 1954 Supreme Court decision that banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101585388183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Over the past four decades, Kansas has remained more socially conservative than many parts of the nation. The 1990s brought the defeat of prominent Democrats, including Dan Glickman, and the Kansas State Board of Education's 1999 decision to eliminate evolution from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed. In 2005, voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. The next year, the state passed a law setting a minimum age for marriage at 15 years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104301452636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "In 2008, Governor Kathleen Sebelius vetoed permits for the construction of new coal-fired energy plants in Kansas, saying: \"We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As an agricultural state, Kansas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term – but also for generations of Kansans to come.\" However, shortly after Mark Parkinson became governor in 2009 upon Sebelius's resignation to become Secretary of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Parkinson announced a compromise plan to allow construction of a coal-fired plant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33205795288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The only non-Republican presidential candidates Kansas has given its electoral vote to are Populist James Weaver and Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt (twice), and Lyndon Johnson. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state's six electoral votes by an overwhelming margin of 25 percentage points with 62% of the vote. The only two counties to support Democrat John Kerry in that election were Wyandotte, which contains Kansas City, and Douglas, home to the University of Kansas, located in Lawrence. The 2008 election brought similar results as John McCain won the state with 57% of the votes. Douglas, Wyandotte, and Crawford County were the only counties in support of President Barack Obama. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04189682006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Abilene was the boyhood home to Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower, and he maintained lifelong ties to family and friends there. Kansas was the adult home of two losing Republican candidates (Governor Alf Landon in 1936 and Senator Bob Dole in 1996).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245424270629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas politics have been roiled in recent years. The rise of the Tea Party and the election of President Obama have prompted Republicans to embrace a purer brand of conservatism and purge what had long been a robust moderate wing from its ranks. Mr. Roberts has sought to adapt to this new era, voting against spending bills that included projects for the state that he had sought. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345865249633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Education in Kansas is governed at the primary and secondary school level by the Kansas State Board of Education. The state's public colleges and universities are supervised by the Kansas Board of Regents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231351852416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Singers from Kansas include Leavenworth native Melissa Etheridge, Sharon native Martina McBride, Chanute native Jennifer Knapp (whose first album was titled Kansas), Kansas City native Janelle Monáe, and Liberal native Jerrod Niemann.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453142166137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Kansas was also the setting of the 1965 best-seller In Cold Blood, described by its author Truman Capote as a \"nonfiction novel.\" Mixing fact and fiction, the book chronicles the events and aftermath of the 1959 murder of a wealthy farmer and his family who lived in the small West Kansas town of Holcomb in Finney County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2736177444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The winner of the 2011 Newbery Medal for excellence in children's literature, Moon Over Manifest, tells the story of a young and adventurous girl named Abilene who is sent to the fictional town of Manifest, Kansas, by her father in the summer of 1936. It was written by Kansan Clare Vanderpool.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390528678894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Lawrence, Kansas, is the setting for a number of science fiction writer James Gunn's novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504742622375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "As was the case with the novel, the main character in the 1939 fantasy film The Wizard of Oz was a young girl who lived in Kansas with her aunt and uncle. The line, \"We're not in Kansas anymore\", is now used even in the United Kingdom to describe finding oneself in a totally new situation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336685180664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 1967 feature film In Cold Blood, like the book on which it was based, was set in various locations across Kansas. Many of the scenes in the film were filmed at the exact locations where the events profiled in the book took place. A 1996 TV miniseries was also based on the book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444743156433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 1988 film Kansas starred Andrew McCarthy as a traveler who met up with a dangerous wanted drifter played by Matt Dillon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50104808807373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2005 film Capote, for which Philip Seymour Hoffman was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the title character, profiled the author as he traveled across Kansas while writing In Cold Blood (although most of the film itself was shot in the Canadian province of Manitoba).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456663131713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2013 film Man of Steel is set primarily in Kansas (as Superman is from Smallville, Kansas – a fictitious town).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442237854003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2012 film Looper is set in Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517881393432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 1973 film Paper Moon in which Tatum O'Neal won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (The youngest to win an Academy Award) was based in and filmed in Kansas. The film was shot in the small towns of Hays, Kansas; McCracken, Kansas; Wilson, Kansas; and St. Joseph, Missouri. Various shooting locations include the Midland Hotel at Wilson, Kansas; the railway depot at Gorham, Kansas; storefronts and buildings on Main Street in White Cloud, Kansas; Hays, Kansas; sites on both sides of the Missouri River; Rulo Bridge; and Saint Joseph, Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269786834716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Scenes of the 1996 film Mars Attacks! took place in the fictional town of Perkinsville. Scenes taking place in Kansas were filmed in Burns, Lawrence, and Wichita.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44845962524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2007 film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427470/?ref_=sr_2 The Lookout] is set mostly in Kansas (although filmed in Canada). Specifically two locations; Kansas City and the fictional town of Noel, Kansas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489511489868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "2006 TV series Jericho was based in the fictitious town of Jericho, Kansas, surviving post-nuclear America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409257888793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Early seasons of Smallville, about Superman as a teenager, were based in a fictional town in Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435041427612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Gunsmoke, a radio series western, ran from 1952 to 1961, took place in Dodge City, Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343063354492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The 2009 Showtime series United States of Tara is set in Overland Park, a suburb of Kansas City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379600524902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Sporting Kansas City, who have played their home games at Village West in Kansas City, Kansas, since 2008, are the first top-tier professional sports league and first Major League Soccer team to be located within Kansas. In 2011 the team moved to their new home, a $165m soccer specific stadium now known as Children's Mercy Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362982749938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Historically, many Kansans have supported the major league sports teams of Kansas City, Missouri, including the Kansas City Royals (MLB), the Kansas City Chiefs (NFL) and the Kansas City Brigade (AFL) – in part because the home stadiums for these teams are just miles from the Kansas border. The Chiefs and the Royals play at the Truman Sports Complex, located about 10 mi from the Kansas–Missouri state line. The Kansas City Brigade play in the newly opened Sprint Center, which is even closer to the state line. FC Kansas City, a charter member of the National Women's Soccer League, played the 2013 season, the first for both the team and the league, on the Kansas side of the metropolitan area, but has played on the Missouri side ever since. From 1973 to 1997 the flagship radio station for the Royals was WIBW in Topeka. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025289535522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "Two major auto racing facilities are located in Kansas. The Kansas Speedway located in Kansas City hosts races of the NASCAR, IRL, and ARCA circuits. Also, the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) holds drag racing events at Heartland Park Topeka. The Sports Car Club of America has its national headquarters in Topeka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396795272827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The history of professional sports in Kansas probably dates from the establishment of the minor league baseball Topeka Capitals and Leavenworth Soldiers in 1886 in the Western League. The African-American Bud Fowler played on the Topeka team that season, one year before the \"color line\" descended in professional baseball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17249870300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "While there are no franchises of the four major professional sports within the state, many Kansans are fans of the state's major college sports teams, especially the Jayhawks of the University of Kansas, commonly referred to as \"KU\", and the Wildcats of Kansas State University, known as \"KSU\" or \"K-State\". Both teams are rivals in the Big 12 Conference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912224769592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference has its roots as one of the oldest college sport conferences in existence and participates in the NAIA and all ten member schools are in the state of Kansas. Other smaller school conference that have some members in Kansas are the Heartland Conference, the Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference, the Midwest Christian College Conference, and the Heart of America Athletic Conference. Many junior colleges also have active athletic programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129024505615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" }, { "answer": "Kansas", "passage": "The Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) is the organization which oversees interscholastic competition in the state of Kansas at the high school level. It oversees both athletic and non-athletic competition, and sponsors championships in several sports and activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06049919128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kansas" } ]

[ { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The First Continental Congress of the United Colonies of North America met here from September 5 to October 26, 1774, since the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) was being used by the moderate Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. It was here that Congress resolved to ban further imports of slaves and to discontinue the slave trade within the colonies, a step toward phasing out slavery in British North America. The building has a long history as an assembly place and has been the home to numerous tenants in the arts, sciences and commerce. The meeting hall served as a hospital for both British and American troops in the Revolutionary War, and other institutions in Philadelphia have held meetings in Carpenters' Hall, including Franklin's Library Company of Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society, and the First and Second Banks of the United States. It was also robbed of $162,821 in 1798. The federal Custom House in Philadelphia was located at Carpenter's Hall between 1802 and 1819, save for a brief interruption between January and April, 1811. ", "precise_score": 5.233584880828857, "rough_score": 5.438114643096924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Carpenters' Hall" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "Paul Revere, who often served as messenger, carried the Boston resolutions to New York and Philadelphia. Adams also promoted the boycott through the colonial committees of correspondence, through which advocates of colonial rights in the various provinces kept in touch. The First Continental Congress was convened at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, to coordinate a response to the Coercive Acts. Twelve colonies were represented at the Congress.", "precise_score": 3.054335117340088, "rough_score": 4.649538040161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Association" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "A series of acts in 1774 further angered the colonies; activists called for a general congress and they agreed to meet in Philadelphia. The First Continental Congress was held in September in Carpenters' Hall. After the American Revolutionary War began in April 1775 following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress met in May at the Pennsylvania State House. There they also met a year later to write and sign the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Philadelphia was important to the war effort; Robert Morris said,", "precise_score": 3.5165581703186035, "rough_score": 5.485334396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America's revolutionaries. By the 1750s, Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America, and second in the British Empire, behind London. The city hosted the First Continental Congress before the American Revolutionary War; the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war; and the Constitutional Convention (1787) after the war. Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6218881607055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "Carpenters' Hall is a two-story brick building in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that was a key meeting place in the early history of the United States. Completed in 1775, p.34 and set back from Chestnut Street, the meeting hall was built for and is still owned by the Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, the country's oldest extant craft guild. The First Continental Congress met here. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 15 April 1970 (#70000552) and is part of Independence National Historical Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.22796234488487244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Carpenters' Hall" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The Continental Association, often known simply as the \"Association\", was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain. Congress hoped that by imposing economic sanctions, they would pressure Great Britain into redressing the grievances of the colonies, in particular repealing the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament. The Association aimed to alter Britain's policies towards the colonies without severing allegiance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.48481273651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Association" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (also known as the Declaration of Colonial Rights, or the Declaration of Rights), was a statement adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 14, 1774, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament. The Declaration outlined colonial objections to the Intolerable Acts, listed a colonial bill of rights, and provided a detailed list of grievances. It was similar to the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, passed by the Stamp Act Congress a decade earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.456661224365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "In the wake of the Boston Tea Party, the British government instated the Coercive Acts, called the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. There were five Acts within the Intolerable Acts; the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, the Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act. These acts placed harsher legislation on the colonies, especially in Massachusetts, changed the justice system in the colonies, made colonists provide for the quartering of permanent British troops, and expanded the borders of Quebec. The colonies became enraged at the implementation of these laws as they felt it limited their rights and freedoms. Outraged delegates from the colonies united to share their grievances in the First Continental Congress in Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 to determine if the colonies should, or were interested in taking action against the British. All the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to this conference. The First Continental Congress produced five resolves, one of which was the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.069072246551514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The resolution above was included in the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress as the British had placed a permanent army in Massachusetts in 1768. The colonists were angered that these troops were to be quartered in their houses, fed with their food, and showed a blatant mistrust from Britain and increased control in the colonies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.116961479187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The final resolve in this document refers to all of the intolerable acts, and states that under the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, they are prohibited and illegal. The anger over the Intolerable Acts was no secret to the British government, and the issue of taxation without representation was voiced loudly, however this resolve questions the authority of the monarch and parliaments rule in the colonies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20973014831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "Reactions to the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433895111083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "At this time in history the colonies were perceptibly unhappy with the British monarch and parliament. Despite the palpable tensions that existed between the groups King George did not waver or give in to colonial demands. He meant to maintain political unity between the colonies and the United Kingdom even at the expense of the happiness of the colonists. King George famously said to the Prime Minister Lord North \"The die is now cast, the colonies must either submit or triumph.\" This sentiment continued after the publication of the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, as he would not negotiate with them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07486629486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" }, { "answer": "First Continental Congress", "passage": "The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress served many purposes. Among those who supported achieving full autonomy from Britain, it served to rouse their spirits together towards gaining independence. For those who were on the fence about supporting of opposing American independence, this document, which outlined all the wrongdoings of the King, could turn their support against the King. In addition, before this document was released the goal of the Continental Congress was to discuss grievances, however after the publication American opinion turned from wanting respect and recognition from the crown, to wanting to become separate from the mother country. Not all Americans felt this way, there were many loyalists who wanted to remain a part of the empire of Great Britain especially in the South, but the public opinion was turning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76904010772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stuart Smalley", "passage": "Franken and Davis were recruited as two of the original writers (and occasional performers) on Saturday Night Live (SNL) (1975–1980, 1985–1995). In Season 1 of SNL, as apprentice writers, the two shared a salary of $350 per week. Franken received seven Emmy nominations and three awards for his television writing and producing while creating such characters as self-help guru Stuart Smalley. Another routine proclaimed the 1980s to be the \"Al Franken Decade\". Franken and Davis wrote the script to the 1986 comedy film One More Saturday Night, appearing in it as rock singers in a band called \"Bad Mouth\". They also appeared in minor roles in All You Need Is Cash and in the Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd film Trading Places.", "precise_score": 2.3480546474456787, "rough_score": 1.379873275756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Franken" }, { "answer": "Stuart Smalley", "passage": "In his second stint with the show, one of Franken's most memorable recurring roles was Stuart Smalley, who hosted \"Daily Affirmations with Stuart Smalley.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630376815795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Franken" }, { "answer": "Stuart Smalley", "passage": "* I'm Good Enough, I'm Smart Enough, and Doggone It, People Like Me!: Daily Affirmations with Stuart Smalley (Dell Books, 1992) ISBN 0-440-50470-8", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80523681640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Franken" } ]

[ { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "Antares, also known by its Bayer designation Alpha Scorpii (abbreviated to α Scorpii or α Sco), is the fifteenth brightest star in the night sky and the brightest star in the constellation Scorpius, and is often referred to as \"the heart of the scorpion\". Along with Aldebaran, Regulus, and Fomalhaut, Antares comprises the group known as the 'Royal stars of Persia'. It is one of the four brightest stars near the ecliptic.", "precise_score": 3.975691318511963, "rough_score": 6.1763529777526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antares" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "Scorpius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for scorpion, and its symbol is (Unicode ♏). It lies between Libra to the west and Sagittarius to the east. It is a large constellation located in the southern hemisphere near the center of the Milky Way.", "precise_score": 1.3347625732421875, "rough_score": 3.0080533027648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "Scorpius contains many bright stars, including Antares (α Sco), \"rival of Mars,\" so named because of its distinct reddish hue; β1 Sco (Graffias or Acrab), a triple star; δ Sco (Dschubba, \"the forehead\"); θ Sco (Sargas, of unknown origin); ν Sco (Jabbah); ξ Sco (Girtab, \"the scorpion\"); π Sco (Iclil); σ Sco (Alniyat); and τ Sco (also known as Alniyat, \"the arteries\"). ", "precise_score": 2.09847354888916, "rough_score": 2.9153194427490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "Alternative names of this star, meaning \"the Heart of Scorpion\":", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565018653869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antares" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "* In ancient Egypt, Antares represented the scorpion goddess Serket (and was the symbol of Isis in the pyramidal ceremonies).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5406076908111572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antares" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "* Antares is listed in MUL.APIN as GABA GIR.TAB, meaning \"the Breast of the Scorpion: Lishi, Nabu\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.452267169952393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antares" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "Marking the tip of the scorpion's curved tail are λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath), whose names both mean \"sting.\" Given their proximity to one another, λ Sco and υ Sco are sometimes referred to as the Cat's Eyes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.083321571350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "The star once designated γ Sco (despite being well within the boundaries of Libra) is today known as σ Lib. Moreover, the entire constellation of Libra was considered to be claws of Scorpius (Chelae Scorpionis) in Ancient Greek times, with a set of scales held aloft by Astraea (represented by adjacent Virgo) being formed from these western-most stars during later Greek times. The division into Libra was formalised during Roman times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9668498039245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "In Greek mythology, the myths associated with Scorpio almost invariably also contain a reference to Orion. According to one of these myths it is written that Orion boasted to goddess Artemis and her mother, Leto, that he would kill every animal on the Earth. Although Artemis was known to be a hunter herself she offered protection to all creatures. Artemis and her mother Leto sent a scorpion to deal with Orion. The pair battled and the scorpion killed Orion. However, the contest was apparently a lively one that caught the attention of the king of the gods Zeus, who later raised the scorpion to heaven and afterwards, at the request of Artemis, did the same for Orion to serve as a reminder for mortals to curb their excessive pride. There is also a version that Orion was better than the goddess Artemis but said that Artemis was better than he and so Artemis took a liking to Orion. The god Apollo, Artemis's twin brother, grew angry and sent a scorpion to attack Orion. After Orion was killed, Artemis asked Zeus to put Orion up in the sky. So every winter Orion hunts in the sky, but every summer he flees as the constellation of the scorpion comes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.422754287719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "In another Greek story involving Scorpio without Orion, Phaeton (the mortal male offspring of Helios) went to his father, who had earlier sworn by the River Styx to give Phaeton anything he should ask for. Phaeton wanted to drive his father's Sun Chariot for a day. Although Helios tried to dissuade his son, Phaeton was adamant. However, when the day arrived, Phaeton panicked and lost control of the white horses that drew the chariot. First, the Earth grew chill as Phaeton flew too high and encountered the celestial scorpion, its deadly sting raised to strike. Alarmed, he dipped the chariot too close, causing the vegetation to burn. By accident, Phaeton turned most of Africa into desert and darkened the skin of the Ethiopian nation until it was black. Eventually, Zeus was forced to intervene by striking the runaway chariot and Phaeton with a lightning bolt to put an end to its rampage and Phaeton plunged into the River Eridanos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.18003511428833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "The Babylonians called this constellation MUL.GIR.TAB - the 'Scorpion', the signs can be literally read as 'the (creature with) a burning sting'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.296792030334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" }, { "answer": "Scorpion", "passage": "In some old descriptions the constellation of Libra is treated as the Scorpion's claws. Libra was known as the Claws of the Scorpion in Babylonian (zibānītu (compare Arabic zubānā)) and in Greek (χηλαι). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.028329849243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scorpius" } ]

[ { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Lesotho (; ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho (), is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over 30000 km² in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The name Lesotho translates roughly into the land of the people who speak Sesotho. About 40% of the population lives below the international poverty line of US $1.25 a day. ", "precise_score": 0.9257498979568481, "rough_score": 4.762497425079346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Lesotho's geographic location makes it extremely vulnerable to political and economic developments in South Africa. It is a member of many regional economic organisations, including the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). It is also active in the United Nations (UN), the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, and many other international organisations.", "precise_score": -2.9631688594818115, "rough_score": -2.30726957321167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Lesotho covers 30355 km2. It is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1000 m in elevation. Its lowest point of 1400 m is thus the highest in the world. Over 80% of the country lies above 1800 m. Lesotho is also the southernmost landlocked country in the world and is entirely surrounded by South Africa. It lies between latitudes 28° and 31°S, and longitudes 27° and 30°E.", "precise_score": -1.0412256717681885, "rough_score": 0.20375914871692657, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Lesotho is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade of goods between other member countries Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. Lesotho has received economic aid from a variety of sources, including the United States, the World Bank, Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Germany.", "precise_score": 0.2850063741207123, "rough_score": 4.100988388061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "&pagewanted=all King of Tiny Land Circled by South Africa Dies in Car Plunge]. The New York Times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290830612182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Opposition protests in the country intensified, culminating in a peaceful demonstration outside the royal palace in August 1998. Exact details of what followed are greatly disputed, both in Lesotho and South Africa. While the Botswana Defence Force troops were welcomed, tensions with South African National Defence Force troops were high, resulting in fighting. Incidences of sporadic rioting intensified when South African troops hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace. By the time the SADC forces withdrew in May 1999, much of the capital of Maseru lay in ruins, and the southern provincial capital towns of Mafeteng and Mohale's Hoek had seen the loss of over a third of their commercial real estate. A number of South Africans and Basotho also died in the fighting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.114502906799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "On 30 August 2014, an abortive military coup took place forcing the current Prime Minister to briefly flee to South Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245050430297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The constitution provides for an independent judicial system, made up of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts, and traditional courts that exist predominantly in rural areas. All but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal are South African jurists. There is no trial by jury; rather, judges make rulings alone or, in the case of criminal trials, with two other judges as observers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349018096923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": " the People's Charter Movement called for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the AIDS epidemic. Nearly a quarter of the population is infected with HIV. The country faced high unemployment, economic collapse, a weak currency and poor travel documents restricting movement. An African Union report called for economic integration of Lesotho with South Africa but stopped short of suggesting annexation. In May 2010 the Charter Movement delivered a petition to the South African High Commission requesting integration. South Africa's home affairs spokesman Ronnie Mamoepa rejected the idea that Lesotho should be treated as a special case. \"It is a sovereign country like South Africa. We sent envoys to our neighbours – Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Lesotho – before we enforced the passport rule. When you travel from Britain to South Africa, don't you expect to use a passport?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.882163047790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In the past, it was a strong public opponent of apartheid in South Africa and granted a number of South African refugees political asylum during the apartheid era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870140075683594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Although Lesotho shares with South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman-Dutch Civilian law and the English Common Law, its general law operates independently. Lesotho also applies the common law, which refers to unwritten law or law from non-statutory sources, but excludes customary law. Decisions from South African courts are only persuasive, and courts refer to them in formulating their decisions. Decisions from similar jurisdictions can also be cited for their persuasive value. Magistrates’ courts decisions do not become precedent since these are lower courts. They are however bound by decisions of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. At the apex of the Lesotho justice system is the Court of Appeal, which is the final appellate forum on all matters. It has a supervisory and review jurisdiction over all the courts of Lesotho.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1878437995910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Lesotho is geographically surrounded by South Africa and economically integrated with it as well. The economy of Lesotho is based on agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and mining, and depends heavily on inflows of workers’ remittances and receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The majority of households subsist on farming. The formal sector employment consists of mainly the female workers in the apparel sector, the male migrant labour, primarily miners in South Africa for 3 to 9 months and employment in the Government of Lesotho (GOL). The western lowlands form the main agricultural zone. Almost 50% of the population earn income through informal crop cultivation or animal husbandry with nearly two-thirds of the country's income coming from the agricultural sector. The percentage of the population living below USD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) US$1.25/day fell from 48 percent to 44 percent between 1995 and 2003. The country is among the \"Low Human Development\" countries (rank 160 of 187 on the Human Development Index) as classified by the UNDP, with 48.2 years of life expectancy at birth. Adult literacy is as high as 82%. Among the children below the age of 5 years, 20% are under weight. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.805379867553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Water and diamonds are Lesotho's significant natural resources. Water is utilised through the 21-year, multibillion-dollar Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), under the authority of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. The project commenced in 1986. The LHWP is designed to capture, store, and transfer water from the Orange River system to South Africa's Free State and greater Johannesburg area, which features a large concentration of South African industry, population, and agriculture. Completion of the first phase of the project has made Lesotho almost completely self-sufficient in the production of electricity and generated approximately $70 million in 2010 from the sale of electricity and water to South Africa. The World Bank, African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, and many other bilateral donors financed the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.157810211181641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Diamonds are produced at the Letseng, Mothae, Liqhobong and Kao mines, which combined are estimated to produce 240,000 carats of diamonds in 2014, worth $300 million. The Letseng mine is estimated to produce diamonds with an average value of $2172/carat, making it the worlds richest mine on an average price per-carat basis. The sector suffered a set back in 2008 as the result of the world recession but rebounded in 2010 and 2011. Export of diamonds reached $230 million in 2010/11. In 1957, a South African adventurer, colonel Jack Scott, accompanied by a young man named Keith Whitelock, set out prospecting for diamonds. They found their diamond mine at 3,100 m altitude, on top of the Maluti Mountains in northeastern Lesotho, some 70 km from Mokhotlong at Letseng. In 1967, a 601 carat diamond (Lesotho Brown) was discovered in the mountains by a Mosotho woman. In August 2006, a 603 carat white diamond, the Lesotho Promise, was discovered at the Letseng-la-Terae mine. Another 478 carat diamond was discovered at the same location in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.686304092407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The global economic crisis hit the Lesotho economy hard through: the loss of textile exports and jobs in the sector due largely to the economic slowdown in the United States which is a major export destination; reduced diamond mining and exports, including weak prices for diamonds; drop in SACU revenues due to the economic slowdown in the South African economy; and reduction in worker remittances due to weakening of the South African economy and contraction of the mining sector and related job losses in South Africa. In 2009, GDP growth slowed to 0.9 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.442305564880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred lisente (singular: sente) equal one loti.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2168989181518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" }, { "answer": "S Africa", "passage": "The cuisine of Lesotho includes African traditions and British influences. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.278849124908447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lesotho" } ]

[ { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Raytheon's research on the magnetron tube revealed the potential of microwaves to cook food. In 1945, Raytheon's Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use.", "precise_score": 1.2558907270431519, "rough_score": 3.318685293197632, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raytheon" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "In 1965, it acquired Amana Refrigeration, Inc., a manufacturer of refrigerators and air conditioners. Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household microwave oven in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business.", "precise_score": -1.8236653804779053, "rough_score": -4.6148200035095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Raytheon" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Percy Spencer is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after World War II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the \"Radarange\", it was first sold in 1946. Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was first introduced by Tappan in 1955, but these units were still too large and expensive for general home use. The countertop microwave oven was first introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation, and their use has spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world.", "precise_score": 4.3067169189453125, "rough_score": 6.611566543579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing. The first time the public was able to use a microwave oven was in January 1947, when the Speedy Weeny vending machine was placed in Grand Central Terminal to dispense \"sizzling delicious\" hot dogs. Among those on the development team was robotics pioneer George Devol, who had spent the last part of the war developing radar countermeasures.", "precise_score": -0.20262157917022705, "rough_score": 2.3761816024780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "In 1947, Raytheon built the \"Radarange\", the first commercially available microwave oven. It was almost tall, weighed 340 kg and cost about US$5,000 ($ in today's dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in the galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship NS Savannah. An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$2,000 to US$3,000 ($ to $ in today's dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the Tappan Stove company of Mansfield, Ohio in 1952. They tried to market a large 220 volt wall unit as a home microwave oven in 1955 for a price of US$1,295 ($ in today's dollars), but it did not sell well. In 1965, Raytheon acquired Amana. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$495 ($ in today's dollars).", "precise_score": 4.358936786651611, "rough_score": 4.496170520782471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "In the 1960s, Litton bought Studebaker's Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton then developed a new configuration of the microwave: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a trade show in Chicago, and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was faster in Japan, due to a re-engineered magnetron allowing for less expensive units.", "precise_score": -2.4946632385253906, "rough_score": -2.7456769943237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Since then, many millions of cavity magnetrons have been manufactured; while some have been for radar the vast majority have been for microwave ovens. The use in radar itself has dwindled to some extent, as more accurate signals have generally been needed and developers have moved to klystron and traveling-wave tube systems for these needs.", "precise_score": -6.787501811981201, "rough_score": -5.545547962188721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "A microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by exposing it to microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer of a homogeneous, high water content food item; food is more evenly heated throughout (except in heterogeneous, dense objects) than generally occurs in other cooking techniques.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08346176147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Microwave ovens are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They are also useful for rapid heating of otherwise slowly prepared cooking items, such as hot butter, fats, and chocolate. Unlike conventional ovens, microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperatures to produce Maillard reactions. Exceptions occur in rare cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other very oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water. Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking, because the boiling-range temperatures produced in especially hydrous foods impede flavors produced by the higher temperatures of frying, browning, or baking. However, additional heat sources can be added to microwave ovens, or into combination microwave ovens, to produce these other heating effects, and microwave heating may cut the overall time needed to prepare such dishes. Some modern microwave ovens are part of over-the-range units with built-in extractor hoods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211584091186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "However, lower-frequency dielectric heating, as described in the aforementioned patent, is (like induction heating) an electromagnetic heating effect, the result of the so-called near-field effects that exist in an electromagnetic cavity that is small compared with the wavelength of the electromagnetic field. This patent proposed radio frequency heating, at 10 to 20 megahertz (wavelength 15 to 30 meters). Heating from microwaves that have a wavelength that is small relative to the cavity (as in a modern microwave oven) is due to \"far-field\" effects that are due to classical electromagnetic radiation that describes freely propagating light and microwaves suitably far from their source. Nevertheless, the primary heating effect of all types of electromagnetic fields at both radio and microwave frequencies occurs via the dielectric heating effect, as polarized molecules are affected by a rapidly alternating electric field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658259391784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "By the late 1970s, technological advances led to rapidly falling prices. Often called \"electronic ovens\" in the 1960s, the name \"microwave oven\" later gained currency, and they are now informally called \"microwaves\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382767677307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in developed countries. By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned a microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997. In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily. In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998. In France, 40% of households owned a microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.455828666687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Adoption has been slower in less-developed countries, as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like refrigerators and ovens. In India in 2013, for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership. Microwave ovens are gaining popularity, however. In Russia, the number of households with a microwave grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008. Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwaves in 2008 (38.7%) than in 2002 (19.8%). Microwave ownership in Vietnam was at 16% of households in 2008—versus 30% ownership of refrigerators—but this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave ownership in 2002—and 14% for refrigerators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965174674987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "A microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it. Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency higher than ordinary radio waves but lower than infrared light. Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of the ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands, which are reserved for this use, so they do not interfere with other vital radio services. Consumer ovens usually use 2.45 gigahertz (GHz)—a wavelength of —while large industrial/commercial ovens often use 915 megahertz (MHz)—. Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves. Rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion, thus dispersing energy. This energy, when dispersed as molecular vibration in solids and liquids (i.e. as both potential energy and kinetic energy of atoms), is heat. Sometimes, microwave heating is explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect; such resonances occur only at above 1 terahertz (THz). Rather it is the lag in response of the polar water molecule to the impending electromagnetic wave. This type of dieletric loss mechanism is referred to as dipole interaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437880516052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Compared to liquid water, microwave heating is less efficient on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment). Sugars and triglycerides (fats and oils) absorb microwaves due to the dipole moments of their hydroxyl groups or ester groups. However, due to the lower specific heat capacity of fats and oils and their higher vaporization temperature, they often attain much higher temperatures inside microwave ovens. This can induce temperatures in oil or very fatty foods like bacon far above the boiling point of water, and high enough to induce some browning reactions, much in the manner of conventional broiling (UK: grilling), braising, or deep fat frying. Foods high in water content and with little oil rarely exceed the boiling temperature of water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144988059997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "A common misconception is that microwave ovens cook food \"from the inside out\", meaning from the center of the entire mass of food outwards. This idea arises from heating behavior seen if an absorbent layer of water lies beneath a less absorbent drier layer at the surface of a food; in this case, the deposition of heat energy inside a food can exceed that on its surface. This can also occur if the inner layer has a lower heat capacity than the outer layer causing it to reach a higher temperature, or even if the inner layer is more thermally conductive than the outer layer making it feel hotter despite having a lower temperature. In most cases, however, with uniformly structured or reasonably homogenous food item, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of the item at a similar level to that of the inner layers. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to broiling/grilling (infrared) or convection heating—methods which deposit heat thinly at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138014793395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "A microwave oven converts only part of its electrical input into microwave energy. An average consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W of electricity in producing 700 W of microwave power, an efficiency of 64%. Such wasted heat, along with heat from the product being microwaved, is exhausted as warm air through cooling vents. The other 400 W are dissipated as heat, mostly in the magnetron tube. Additional power is used to operate the lamps, AC power transformer, magnetron cooling fan, food turntable motor and the control circuits, although the power consumed by the electronic control circuits of a modern microwave oven is negligible (12 from an active to inactive form; the amount of inactivation depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100 Celsius (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get locally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown of vitamin B12. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required. A single study indicated that microwaving broccoli loses 74% or more of phenolic compounds (97% of flavonoids), while boiling loses 66% of flavonoids, and high-pressure boiling loses 47%, though the study has been contradicted by other studies. To minimize phenolic losses in potatoes, microwaving should be done at 500W. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451153755187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwaving", "passage": "Studies have investigated the use of the microwave to clean non-metallic domestic sponges which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) removed 99% of coliforms, E. coli and MS2 phages. Bacillus cereus spores were killed at 4 minutes of microwaving. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188817977905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Homogeneous liquids can superheat when heated in a microwave oven in a container with a smooth surface. That is, the liquid reaches a temperature slightly above its normal boiling point without bubbles of vapour forming inside the liquid. The boiling process can start explosively when the liquid is disturbed, such as when the user takes hold of the container to remove it from the oven or while adding solid ingredients such as powdered creamer or sugar. This can result in spontaneous boiling (nucleation) which may be violent enough to eject the boiling liquid from the container and cause severe scalding. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243207931518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Closed containers, such as eggs, can explode when heated in a microwave oven due to the increased pressure from steam. Insulating plastic foams of all types generally contain closed air pockets, and are generally not recommended for use in a microwave, as the air pockets explode and the foam (which can be toxic if consumed) may melt. Not all plastics are microwave-safe, and some plastics absorb microwaves to the point that they may become dangerously hot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18389892578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Products that are heated for too long can catch fire. Though this is inherent to any form of cooking, the rapid cooking and unattended nature of the use of microwave ovens results in additional hazard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190905570983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "It is possible for metal objects to be microwave-oven compatible, although experimentation by users is not encouraged. Microwaving an individual smooth metal object without pointed ends, for example, a spoon or shallow metal pan, usually does not produce sparking. Thick metal wire racks can be part of the interior design in microwave ovens (see illustration). In a similar way, the interior wall plates with perforating holes which allow light and air into the oven, and allow interior-viewing through the oven door, are all made of conductive metal formed in a safe shape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994020462036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "The effect of microwaving thin metal films can be seen clearly on a Compact Disc or DVD (particularly the factory pressed type). The microwaves induce electric currents in the metal film, which heats up, melting the plastic in the disc and leaving a visible pattern of concentric and radial scars. Similarly, porcelain with thin metal films can also be destroyed or damaged by microwaving. Aluminium foil is thick enough to be used in microwave ovens as a shield against heating parts of food items, if the foil is not badly warped. When wrinkled, aluminium foil is generally unsafe in microwaves, as manipulation of the foil causes sharp bends and gaps that invite sparking. The USDA recommends that aluminium foil used as a partial food shield in microwave cooking cover no more than one quarter of a food object, and be carefully smoothed to eliminate sparking hazards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756953239440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Direct microwave exposure is not generally possible, as microwaves emitted by the source in a microwave oven are confined in the oven by the material out of which the oven is constructed. Furthermore, ovens are equipped with redundant safety interlocks, which remove power from the magnetron if the door is opened. This safety mechanism is required by United States federal regulations. Tests have shown confinement of the microwaves in commercially available ovens to be so nearly universal as to make routine testing unnecessary. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a U.S. Federal Standard limits the amount of microwaves that can leak from an oven throughout its lifetime to 5 milliwatts of microwave radiation per square centimeter at approximately (2 in) from the surface of the oven. This is far below the exposure level currently considered to be harmful to human health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968547821044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays and high-energy particles. Long-term rodent studies to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity from microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens. However, with the oven door open, the radiation may cause damage by heating. Every microwave oven sold has a protective interlock so that it cannot be run when the door is open or improperly latched.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052104949951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Microwaves generated in microwave ovens cease to exist once the electrical power is turned off. They do not remain in the food when the power is turned off, any more than light from an electric lamp remains in the walls and furnishings of a room when the lamp is turned off. They do not make the food or the oven radioactive. There is some evidence that nutritional content of some foods may be altered differently by cooking in a microwave oven, compared to conventional cooking, but there is no indication of detrimental health issues associated with microwaved food.[http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/factsheets/is_microwave.cfm#safe ARPANSA - Microwave Ovens and Health]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065718650817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "There are, however, a few cases where people have been exposed to direct microwave radiation, either from appliance malfunction or deliberate action. The general effect of this exposure will be physical burns to the body, as human tissue, particularly the outer fat and muscle layers, has similar composition to some foods that are typically cooked in microwave ovens and so experiences similar dielectric heating effects when exposed to microwave electromagnetic radiation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180747985839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "Some magnetrons have ceramic insulators with beryllium oxide (beryllia) added. The beryllium in such oxides is a serious chemical hazard if crushed and ingested (for example, by inhaling dust). In addition, beryllia is listed as a confirmed human carcinogen by the IARC; therefore, broken ceramic insulators or magnetrons should not be handled. This is obviously a danger only if the microwave oven becomes physically damaged, such as if the insulator cracks, or when the magnetron is opened and handled directly, and as such should not be a concern during normal usage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.520659446716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microwave oven" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "&arnumber5565574 \"From $10,000 Magee to $7 Magee and $10 Transmitter and Receiver (T/R) on Single Chip\"], IEEE The magnetron remains in use in some radars, but has become much more common as a low-cost microwave source for microwave ovens. In this form, approximately one billion magnetrons are in use today. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.732961654663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "As the oscillation takes some time to set up, and is inherently random at the start, subsequent startups will have different output parameters. Phase is almost never preserved, which makes the magnetron difficult to use in phased array systems. Frequency also drifts pulse to pulse, a more difficult problem for a wider array of radar systems. Neither of these present a problem for continuous-wave radars, nor for microwave ovens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.743646144866943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "All cavity magnetrons consist of a heated cathode placed at a high (continuous or pulsed) negative potential created by a high-voltage, direct-current power supply. The cathode is placed in the center of an evacuated, lobed, circular chamber. A magnetic field parallel to the filament is imposed by a permanent magnet. The magnetic field causes the electrons, attracted to the (relatively) positive outer part of the chamber, to spiral outward in a circular path, a consequence of the Lorentz force. Spaced around the rim of the chamber are cylindrical cavities. Slots are cut along the length of the cavities that open into the central, common cavity space. As electrons sweep past these slots, they induce a high-frequency radio field in each resonant cavity, which in turn causes the electrons to bunch into groups. (This principle of cavity resonator is very similar to blowing a stream of air across the open top of a glass pop bottle.) A portion of the radio frequency energy is extracted by a short antenna that is connected to a waveguide (a metal tube, usually of rectangular cross section). The waveguide directs the extracted RF energy to the load, which may be a cooking chamber in a microwave oven or a high-gain antenna in the case of radar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880640029907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "The modern magnetron is a fairly efficient device. In a microwave oven, for instance, a 1.1 kilowatt input will generally create about 700 watts of microwave power, an efficiency of around 65%. (The high-voltage and the properties of the cathode determine the power of a magnetron.) Large S band magnetrons can produce up to 2.5 megawatts peak power with an average power of 3.75 kW. Some large magnetrons are water cooled. The magnetron remains in widespread use in roles which require high power, but where precise control over frequency and phase is unimportant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.315342903137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "In microwave ovens, the waveguide leads to a radio frequency-transparent port into the cooking chamber. As the fixed dimensions of the chamber, and its physical closeness to the magnetron, would normally create standing wave patterns in the chamber, a motorized fan-like stirrer is placed in the waveguide to randomize the pattern. This is not always effective for larger objects in the chamber, and most modern microwave ovens also include a rotating table for the food to sit on, the turntable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79941463470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" }, { "answer": "Microwave Oven", "passage": "At least one hazard in particular is well known and documented. As the lens of the eye has no cooling blood flow, it is particularly prone to overheating when exposed to microwave radiation. This heating can in turn lead to a higher incidence of cataracts in later life. A microwave oven with a warped door or poor microwave sealing can be hazardous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083887100219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cavity magnetron" } ]

[ { "answer": "jab, cross, hook, and uppercut", "passage": "In boxing, punches are classified according to the motion and direction of the strike; contact is always made with the knuckles. There are four primary punches in boxing: the jab, cross, hook, and uppercut. ", "precise_score": 7.111604690551758, "rough_score": 6.472290992736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Punch (combat)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Samuel Adrian \"Slingin' Sammy\" Baugh (March 17, 1914 – December 17, 2008) was an American football player and coach. He played college football for the TCU Horned Frogs at Texas Christian University, where he was a two-time All-American. He then played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins from 1937 to 1952. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in the 17-member charter class of 1963.", "precise_score": -1.2677329778671265, "rough_score": 2.079277753829956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Baugh" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Associated Press quoted Baugh's son on December 17, 2008, saying Baugh had died after numerous health issues, including Alzheimer's disease, at Fisher County Hospital in Rotan, Texas. He is interred at Belvieu Cemetery in Rotan. He was the last surviving member of the inaugural 1963 class of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -2.9160869121551514, "rough_score": -4.230287551879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Baugh" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Earl Louis \"Curly\" Lambeau (April 9, 1898 – June 1, 1965) was a professional American football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). Lambeau was a founder, player, and first coach of the Green Bay Packers professional football team. He shares the distinction with rival George Halas of the Chicago Bears of coaching his team to the most NFL Championships, with six. He was an inaugural inductee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963.", "precise_score": -4.101140975952148, "rough_score": -1.4122192859649658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Curly Lambeau" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Lambeau was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame's inaugural class in 1963.", "precise_score": -1.2741035223007202, "rough_score": -0.9470961093902588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Curly Lambeau" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Nagurski was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a charter member on September 7, 1963. At the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities house of his fraternity, Sigma Chi, Nagurski's jersey and Significant Sig recognition certificate are on display. After his death, the town of International Falls honored him by opening the Bronko Nagurski Museum in Smokey Bear Park. ", "precise_score": 0.3659939467906952, "rough_score": -4.675313949584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bronko Nagurski" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football with a Mission to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence. The Hall's five core values that are learned from the game are commitment, integrity, courage, respect and excellence. The vision of the Pro Football Hall of Fame is \"It's not just the past, it's the future; It's not just about Canton, it's the world; It's not just a great museum for football but a message of excellence. \" The hall opened in Canton, Ohio, on September 7, 1963, with 17 charter enshrinees. , there are a total of 303 members of the Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.680742263793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to 34000 sqft by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974691390991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "There are also 13 at-large delegates (usually cities that lose NFL teams keep representation on the board; St. Louis is the only current city to have lost an NFL team and not been granted an expansion team), and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a two-year term, all other appointments are open-ended and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement, or resignation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540335655212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email. The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists: once in March, once in September, and once in October. In November, the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting. Nine members of the Selection Committee also serve as a subcommittee known as the Seniors Committee to screen candidates who finished their careers more than 25 years prior. The Seniors Committee then adds two finalists from that group which makes a final ballot of 17 nominees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.658162117004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team. Rather, all of an enshrinee's affiliations are listed equally. While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club's cap (with a few exceptions, such as Catfish Hunter), the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team. In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame, inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.240543365478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.604829788208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, an annual NFL preseason opener is held the day after the enshrinement ceremony and officially kicks off the NFL Preseason.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222145080566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees. This, along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year (six in certain years past), with a current maximum of two \"senior\" candidates and five \"non-seniors,\" has been criticized by sports columnists, former players, and football fans. Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors, rotating panel members on and off the selection committee, and allowing former players to participate in the voting. The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player, with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular, special teams players, wide receivers, deserving players who primarily played on bad teams, and those from the \"seniors\" category, being slighted. This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot, also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position. (While inductee Sammy Baugh played regularly as a punter, as well as defensive back, he is most widely known as a quarterback.) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame. There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.729445457458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall; only one, 1966 inductee Hugh \"Shorty\" Ray, has been enshrined. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members. In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off-field contributors, the Hall of Fame added a “Contributors” committee beginning with the class of 2015, which will nominate officials, general managers, owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8567705154418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Baugh had what is considered to be the greatest single season performance by a pro football player during 1943 in which he led the league in passing, punting (45.9-yard average) and interceptions (11). One of Baugh's more memorable single game performances during the season was when he threw four touchdown passes and intercepted four passes in a 42–20 victory over Detroit. The Redskins again made it to the championship game, but lost to the Bears 41–21. During the game, Baugh suffered a concussion while tackling Bears quarterback Sid Luckman and had to leave.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672148704528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Baugh" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Baugh was the last surviving member of the 17-member charter class of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Additionally he was honored by the Redskins with the retirement of his jersey number, #33, the only number the team has officially retired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9757795333862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Baugh" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Harold Edward \"Red\" Grange, nicknamed \"The Galloping Ghost\" or \"The Galloping Red Ghost,\" (June 13, 1903 – January 28, 1991) was a college and professional American football halfback for the University of Illinois, the Chicago Bears, and for the short-lived New York Yankees. His signing with the Bears helped legitimize the National Football League. He was a charter member of both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. In 1924, Grange became the first recipient of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football award denoting the Big Ten's most valuable player. In 2008, he was named the best college football player of all time by ESPN, and in 2011, he was named the Greatest Big Ten Icon by the Big Ten Network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.031744003295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Grange" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Halas' career ledger reads as follows: 63 years as an owner, 40 as a coach, 324 wins, and 8 NFL titles as a coach or owner. His 324 victories stood as an NFL record for nearly three decades, and are still far and away the most in Bears history; they are three times that of runner-up Ditka. He was a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04892349243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Halas" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "There are two extant awards named for Halas: the George Halas Trophy (awarded by the NFL to the National Football Conference champion) and the George S. Halas Courage Award (Pro Football Writers Association). From 1966 to 1996, the George S. Halas Trophy was awarded to the NFL defensive player of the year by the Newspaper Enterprise Association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.58222770690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Halas" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "The Chicago Bears retired number 7 in his honor, and the Pro Football Hall of Fame is located on George Halas Drive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.963088512420654, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Halas" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Hutson is considered to have been the first modern receiver. He is credited with creating many of the modern pass routes used in the NFL today. He was the dominant receiver of his day and is widely considered to be one of the greatest receivers in NFL history. He held almost all major receiving records at the time of his retirement, including career receptions, yards, and touchdowns. He was inducted as a charter member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Hutson's number 14 was the first jersey retired by the Packers, and he is a member of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. In 1994 Hutson was selected for the National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.283916473388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Hutson" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Hutson was inducted as a charter member of both the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951, and Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963. He is a member of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame, inducted in 1972 along with his quarterbacks, Arnie Herber and Cecil Isbell. There is a park named after him in his hometown of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. On the occasion of his 75th birthday he performed the ceremonial coin toss of Super Bowl XXII to end the pregame ceremonies. Hutson was named to the NFL's 1930s All-Decade Team and 50th Anniversary Team in 1970, and in 1994 he was named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. In 1999, he was ranked sixth on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the highest-ranking Packer and the highest-ranking pre-World War II player. In 2012, the NFL Network named Hutson the greatest Green Bay Packer of all time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.684009552001953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Don Hutson" }, { "answer": "Pro Football", "passage": "Nagurski became a standout playing both tackle on defense and fullback on offense at Minnesota from 1927 to 1929, selected a consensus All-American in 1929 and inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in its inaugural year of 1951. His professional career with the Chicago Bears also made him an inaugural inductee into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.644157409667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bronko Nagurski" } ]

[ { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive. The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. (Plutonium is sometimes also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces.) Of these 10 transient elements, 5 (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are relatively common decay products of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The remaining 5 transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, francium, and neptunium) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements.", "precise_score": -4.222802639007568, "rough_score": -5.606642246246338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.", "precise_score": -9.7650146484375, "rough_score": -9.449572563171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "* The more common radioactive elements, including uranium, thorium, radium, and radon", "precise_score": -6.621334075927734, "rough_score": -9.670092582702637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "These gases, when grouped together with the monatomic noble gases; which are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn) ; are called \"elemental gases\". Alternatively they are sometimes known as \"molecular gases\" to distinguish them from molecules that are also chemical compounds.", "precise_score": -2.1290619373321533, "rough_score": -2.398597240447998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gas" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days. Radon is one of the densest substances that remains a gas under normal conditions. It is also the only gas under normal conditions that has no stable isotopes, and is considered a health hazard due to its radioactivity. Intense radioactivity has also hindered chemical studies of radon and only a few compounds are known.", "precise_score": 4.340002059936523, "rough_score": 6.371736526489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas and therefore not detectable by human senses alone. At standard temperature and pressure, radon forms a monatomic gas with a density of 9.73 kg/m3, about 8 times the density of the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, 1.217 kg/m3. Radon is one of the densest gases at room temperature and is the densest of the noble gases. Although colorless at standard temperature and pressure, when cooled below its freezing point of 202 K, radon emits a brilliant radioluminescence that turns from yellow to orange-red as the temperature lowers. Upon condensation, radon glows because of the intense radiation it produces. Radon is sparingly soluble in water, but more soluble than lighter noble gases. Radon is appreciably more soluble in organic liquids than in water.", "precise_score": -9.079758644104004, "rough_score": -7.593609809875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Being a noble gas, radon is chemically not very reactive. However, the 3.8-day half-life of radon-222 makes it useful in physical sciences as a natural tracer.", "precise_score": -6.99139928817749, "rough_score": -7.019113063812256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is a member of the zero-valence elements that are called noble gases. It is inert to most common chemical reactions, such as combustion, because the outer valence shell contains eight electrons. This produces a stable, minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are tightly bound. 1037 kJ/mol is required to extract one electron from its shells (also known as the first ionization energy). In accordance with periodic trends, radon has a lower electronegativity than the element one period before it, xenon, and is therefore more reactive. Early studies concluded that the stability of radon hydrate should be of the same order as that of the hydrates of chlorine () or sulfur dioxide (), and significantly higher than the stability of the hydrate of hydrogen sulfide (). ", "precise_score": -7.054670810699463, "rough_score": -2.2500503063201904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Because of its cost and radioactivity, experimental chemical research is seldom performed with radon, and as a result there are very few reported compounds of radon, all either fluorides or oxides. Radon can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents such as fluorine, thus forming radon difluoride. It decomposes back to elements at a temperature of above 250 °C. It has a low volatility and was thought to be . Because of the short half-life of radon and the radioactivity of its compounds, it has not been possible to study the compound in any detail. Theoretical studies on this molecule predict that it should have a Rn–F bond distance of 2.08 Å, and that the compound is thermodynamically more stable and less volatile than its lighter counterpart . The octahedral molecule was predicted to have an even lower enthalpy of formation than the difluoride. The higher fluorides RnF4 and RnF6 have been claimed, and are calculated to be stable, but it is doubtful whether they have yet been synthesized. The [RnF]+ ion is believed to form by the following reaction: ", "precise_score": -7.865537166595459, "rough_score": -8.187885284423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon oxides are among the few other reported compounds of radon; only the trioxide has been confirmed. Radon carbonyl RnCO has been predicted to be stable and to have a linear molecular geometry. The molecules and RnXe were found to be significantly stabilized by spin-orbit coupling. Radon caged inside a fullerene has been proposed as a drug for tumors. Despite the existence of Xe(VIII), no Rn(VIII) compounds have been claimed to exist; RnF8 should be highly unstable chemically (XeF8 is thermodynamically unstable). It is predicted that the most stable Rn(VIII) compound would be barium perradate (Ba2RnO6), analogous to barium perxenate. The instability of Rn(VIII) is due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s shell, also known as the inert pair effect.", "precise_score": -6.8381171226501465, "rough_score": -7.852383613586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon has no stable isotopes. Thirty-six radioactive isotopes have been characterized, with atomic masses ranging from 193 to 228. The most stable isotope is 222Rn, which is a decay product of 226Ra, a decay product of 238U. A trace amount of the (highly unstable) isotope 218Rn is also among the daughters of 222Rn.", "precise_score": -8.703720092773438, "rough_score": -7.639808177947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Three other radon isotopes have a half-life of over an hour: 211Rn, 210Rn and 224Rn. The 220Rn isotope is a natural decay product of the most stable thorium isotope (232Th), and is commonly referred to as thoron. It has a half-life of 55.6 seconds and also emits alpha radiation. Similarly, 219Rn is derived from the most stable isotope of actinium (227Ac)—named \"actinon\"—and is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 3.96 seconds. No radon isotopes occur significantly in the neptunium (237Np) decay series, though a trace amount of the (extremely unstable) isotope 217Rn is produced.", "precise_score": -9.819544792175293, "rough_score": -7.992216110229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon was the fifth radioactive element to be discovered, in 1900 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn, after uranium, thorium, radium and polonium. In 1900 Dorn reported some experiments in which he noticed that radium compounds emanate a radioactive gas he named Radium Emanation (Ra Em). Before that, in 1899, Pierre and Marie Curie observed that the gas emitted by radium remained radioactive for a month. Later that year, Robert B. Owens and Ernest Rutherford, at McGill University in Montreal, noticed variations when trying to measure radiation from thorium oxide. Rutherford noticed that the compounds of thorium continuously emit a radioactive gas that retains the radioactive powers for several minutes, and called this gas emanation (from Latin \"emanare\"—to elapse and \"emanatio\"—expiration), and later Thorium Emanation (Th Em). In 1901, he demonstrated that the emanations are radioactive, but credited the Curies for the discovery of the element. In 1903, similar emanations were observed from actinium by André-Louis Debierne and were called Actinium Emanation (Ac Em).", "precise_score": -8.981142044067383, "rough_score": -8.455387115478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Several names were suggested for these three gases: exradio, exthorio, and exactinio in 1904; radon, thoron, and akton in 1918; radeon, thoreon, and actineon in 1919, and eventually radon, thoron, and actinon in 1920. The likeness of the spectra of these three gases with those of argon, krypton, and xenon, and their observed chemical inertia led Sir William Ramsay to suggest in 1904 that the \"emanations\" might contain a new element of the noble gas family.", "precise_score": -4.511842250823975, "rough_score": -8.813127517700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In 1910, Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray isolated radon, determined its density, and determined that it was the heaviest known gas. They wrote that \"L'expression de l'émanation du radium est fort incommode\", (the expression 'radium emanation' is very awkward) and suggested the new name niton (Nt) (from the Latin \"nitens\" meaning \"shining\") to emphasize the radioluminescence property, and in 1912 it was accepted by the International Commission for Atomic Weights. In 1923, the International Committee for Chemical Elements and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chose among the names radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and actinon (An). Later, when isotopes were numbered instead of named, the element took the name of the most stable isotope, radon, while Tn was renamed 220Rn and An was renamed 219Rn. As late as the 1960s, the element was also referred to simply as emanation. The first synthesized compound of radon, radon fluoride, was obtained in 1962. ", "precise_score": -0.5221057534217834, "rough_score": 3.018097400665283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon mostly appears with the decay chain of the radium and uranium series (222Rn), and marginally with the thorium series (220Rn). The element emanates naturally from the ground, and some building materials, all over the world, wherever traces of uranium or thorium can be found, and particularly in regions with soils containing granite or shale, which have a higher concentration of uranium. Not all granitic regions are prone to high emissions of radon. Being a rare gas, it usually migrates freely through faults and fragmented soils, and may accumulate in caves or water. Owing to its very short half-life (four days for 222Rn), radon concentration decreases very quickly when the distance from the production area increases. Radon concentration varies greatly with season and atmospheric conditions. For instance, it has been shown to accumulate in the air if there is a meteorological inversion and little wind. ", "precise_score": -9.457063674926758, "rough_score": -8.119630813598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is obtained as a by-product of uraniferous ores processing after transferring into 1% solutions of hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids. The gas mixture extracted from the solutions contains , , He, Rn, , and hydrocarbons. The mixture is purified by passing it over copper at 720 °C to remove the and the , and then KOH and Phosphorus pentoxide| are used to remove the acids and moisture by sorption. Radon is condensed by liquid nitrogen and purified from residue gases by sublimation. ", "precise_score": -8.366719245910645, "rough_score": -8.113838195800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is formed as one intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead. Thorium and uranium are the two most common radioactive elements on earth; they have been around since the earth was formed. Their naturally occurring isotopes have very long half-lives, on the order of billions of years. Thorium and uranium, their decay product radium, and its decay product radon, will therefore continue to occur for tens of millions of years at almost the same concentrations as they do now.[http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvstox/i/fulltext/toxprofiles/radon.pdf Toxicological profile for radon], Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, In collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1990. As radon itself decays, it produces other radioactive elements called radon progeny (also known as radon daughters) or decay products. Unlike the gaseous radon itself, radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces, such as dust particles in the air. If such contaminated dust is inhaled, these particles can stick to the airways of the lung and increase the risk of developing lung cancer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701894760131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains, radon is gaseous and easily inhaled. Thus, naturally-occurring radon is responsible for the majority of the public exposure to ionizing radiation. It is often the single largest contributor to an individual's background radiation dose, and is the most variable from location to location. Despite its short lifetime, some radon gas from natural sources can accumulate to far higher than normal concentrations in buildings, especially in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces due to its density. It can also occur in water where the water comes from a ground source -e.g. in some spring waters and hot springs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.959701538085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer. Thus, radon is considered a significant contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking, causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked. While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, it is the number one cause among non-smokers, according to EPA estimates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129734992980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "222Rn belongs to the radium and uranium-238 decay chain, and has a half-life of 3.8235 days. Its four first products (excluding marginal decay schemes) are very short-lived, meaning that the corresponding disintegrations are indicative of the initial radon distribution. Its decay goes through the following sequence:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78226089477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The radon equilibrium factor is the ratio between the activity of all short-period radon progenies (which are responsible for most of radon's biological effects), and the activity that would be at equilibrium with the radon parent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371006965637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "If a closed volume is constantly supplied with radon, the concentration of short-lived isotopes will increase until an equilibrium is reached where the rate of decay of each decay product will equal that of the radon itself. The equilibrium factor is 1 when both activities are equal, meaning that the decay products have stayed close to the radon parent long enough for the equilibrium to be reached, within a couple of hours. Under these conditions each additional pCi/L of radon will increase exposure, by 0.01 WL (Working Level -a measure of radioactivity commonly used in mining. A detailed explanation of WL is given in Concentration Units). These conditions are not always met; in many homes, the equilibrium fraction is typically 40%; that is, there will be 0.004 WL of daughters for each pCi/L of radon in air. 210Pb takes much longer (decades) to come in equilibrium with radon, but, if the environment permits accumulation of dust over extended periods of time, 210Pb and its decay products may contribute to overall radiation levels as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625578880310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Because of their electrostatic charge, radon progenies adhere to surfaces or dust particles, whereas gaseous radon does not. Attachment removes them from the air, usually causing the equilibrium factor in the atmosphere to be less than one. The equilibrium factor is also lowered by air circulation or air filtration devices, and is increased by airborne dust particles, including cigarette smoke. In high concentrations, airborne radon isotopes contribute significantly to human health risk. The equilibrium factor found in epidemiological studies is 0.4. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584537506103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The danger of high exposure to radon in mines, where exposures reaching 1,000,000 Bq/m3 can be found, has long been known. In 1530, Paracelsus described a wasting disease of miners, the mala metallorum, and Georg Agricola recommended ventilation in mines to avoid this mountain sickness (Bergsucht). In 1879, this condition was identified as lung cancer by Herting and Hesse in their investigation of miners from Schneeberg, Germany. The first major studies with radon and health occurred in the context of uranium mining in the Joachimsthal region of Bohemia. In the US, studies and mitigation only followed decades of health effects on uranium miners of the Southwestern United States employed during the early Cold War; standards were not implemented until 1971. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598404884338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The presence of radon in indoor air was documented as early as 1950. Beginning in the 1970s research was initiated to address sources of indoor radon, determinants of concentration, health effects, and approaches to mitigation. In the United States, the problem of indoor radon received widespread publicity and intensified investigation after a widely publicized incident in 1984. During routine monitoring at a Pennsylvania nuclear power plant, a worker was found to be contaminated with radioactivity. A high contamination of radon in his home was subsequently identified as responsible for the contamination. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205474853515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "All discussions of radon concentrations in the environment refer to 222Rn. While the average rate of production of 220Rn (from the thorium decay series) is about the same as 222Rn, the amount of 220Rn in the environment is much less than that of 222Rn because of the short half-life of 220Rn (55 seconds, versus 3.8 days respectively).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74537181854248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon concentration in the atmosphere is usually measured in becquerel per cubic meter (Bq/m3), the SI derived unit. Another unit of measurement common in the US is picocuries per liter (pCi/L); 1 pCi/L37 Bq/m3. Typical domestic exposures average about 48 Bq/m3 indoors, though this varies widely, and 15 Bq/m3 outdoors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754810333251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In the mining industry, the exposure is traditionally measured in working level (WL), and the cumulative exposure in working level month (WLM); 1 WL equals any combination of short-lived 222Rn daughters (218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi, and 214Po) in 1 liter of air that releases 1.3 × 105 MeV of potential alpha energy; one WL is equivalent to 2.08 × 10−5 joules per cubic meter of air (J/m3). The SI unit of cumulative exposure is expressed in joule-hours per cubic meter (J·h/m3). One WLM is equivalent to 3.6 × 10−3 J·h/m3. An exposure to 1 WL for 1 working month (170 hours) equals 1 WLM cumulative exposure. A cumulative exposure of 1 WLM is roughly equivalent to living one year in an atmosphere with a radon concentration of 230 Bq/m3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985522270202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon (222Rn), decays to 210Pb and other radioisotopes. The levels of 210Pb can be measured. The rate of deposition of this radioisotope is weather-dependent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981218338012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon concentrations found in natural environments are much too low to be detected by chemical means. A 1000 Bq/m3 (relatively high) concentration corresponds to 0.17 picogram per cubic meter. The average concentration of radon in the atmosphere is about 6 atoms of radon for each molecule in the air, or about 150 atoms in each ml of air. The radon activity of the entire Earth's atmosphere originates from only a few tens of grams of radon, consistently replaced by decay of larger amounts of radium and uranium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.346416473388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is produced by the radioactive decay of radium-226, which is found in uranium ores, phosphate rock, shales, igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, gneiss, and schist, and to a lesser degree, in common rocks such as limestone. Every square mile of surface soil, to a depth of 6 inches (2.6 km2 to a depth of 15 cm), contains approximately 1 gram of radium, which releases radon in small amounts to the atmosphere. On a global scale, it is estimated that 2,400 million curies (90 EBq) of radon are released from soil annually. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.123038291931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon concentration varies widely from place to place. In the open air, it ranges from 1 to 100 Bq/m3, even less (0.1 Bq/m3) above the ocean. In caves or aerated mines, or ill-aerated houses, its concentration climbs to 20–2,000 Bq/m3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967042922973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon concentration can be much higher in mining contexts. Ventilation regulations instruct to maintain radon concentration in uranium mines under the \"working level\", with 95th percentile levels ranging up to nearly 3 WL (546 pCi 222Rn per liter of air; 20.2 kBq/m3, measured from 1976 to 1985).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528902053833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "High concentrations of radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs. The towns of Boulder, Montana; Misasa; Bad Kreuznach, Germany; and the country of Japan have radium-rich springs that emit radon. To be classified as a radon mineral water, radon concentration must be above 2 nCi/L (74 kBq/m3). The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 kBq/m3 in Merano and 4,000 kBq/m3 in Lurisia (Italy).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161988258361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Natural radon concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere are so low that radon-rich water in contact with the atmosphere will continually lose radon by volatilization. Hence, ground water has a higher concentration of 222Rn than surface water, because radon is continuously produced by radioactive decay of 226Ra present in rocks. Likewise, the saturated zone of a soil frequently has a higher radon content than the unsaturated zone because of diffusional losses to the atmosphere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.746108055114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is found in some petroleum. Because radon has a similar pressure and temperature curve to propane, and oil refineries separate petrochemicals based on their boiling points, the piping carrying freshly separated propane in oil refineries can become radioactive because of decaying radon and its products. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314249992370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Residues from the petroleum and natural gas industry often contain radium and its daughters. The sulfate scale from an oil well can be radium rich, while the water, oil, and gas from a well often contains radon. Radon decays to form solid radioisotopes that form coatings on the inside of pipework.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.746912956237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "High concentrations of radon in homes were discovered by chance in 1985 after the stringent radiation testing conducted at a nuclear power plant entrance revealed that Stanley Watras, an engineer entering the plant, was contaminated by radioactive substances. Typical domestic exposures are of approximately 100 Bq/m3 (2.7 pCi/L) indoors. Some level of radon will be found in all buildings. Radon mostly enters a building directly from the soil through the lowest level in the building that is in contact with the ground. High levels of radon in the water supply can also increase indoor radon air levels. Typical entry points of radon into buildings are cracks in solid foundations, construction joints, cracks in walls, gaps in suspended floors, gaps around service pipes, cavities inside walls, and the water supply. Radon concentrations in the same location may differ by a factor of two over a period of 1 hour. Also, the concentration in one room of a building may be significantly different from the concentration in an adjoining room.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695981979370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The distribution of radon concentrations will generally change from room to room, and the readings are averaged according to regulatory protocols. Indoor radon concentration is usually assumed to follow a lognormal distribution on a given territory. Thus, the geometric mean is generally used for estimating the \"average\" radon concentration in an area. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029092788696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The mean concentration ranges from less than 10 Bq/m3 to over 100 Bq/m3 in some European countries. Typical geometric standard deviations found in studies range between 2 and 3, meaning (given the 68–95–99.7 rule) that the radon concentration is expected to be more than a hundred times the mean concentration for 2 to 3% of the cases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.336994171142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The highest average radon concentrations in the United States are found in Iowa and in the Appalachian Mountain areas in southeastern Pennsylvania. Some of the highest readings ever have been recorded in the Irish town of Mallow, County Cork, prompting local fears regarding lung cancer. Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States due to significant glaciation that ground the granitic rocks from the Canadian Shield and deposited it as soils making up the rich Iowa farmland. Many cities within the state, such as Iowa City, have passed requirements for radon-resistant construction in new homes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365278244018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In a few locations, uranium tailings have been used for landfills and were subsequently built on, resulting in possible increased exposure to radon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1114501953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Since radon is a colorless, odorless gas the only way to know how much is present in the air or water is to perform tests. In the United States radon test kits are available to the public at retail stores, such as hardware stores, for home use and testing is available through licensed professionals, who are often home inspectors. Efforts to reduce indoor radon levels are called radon mitigation. In the U.S. the Environmental Protection Agency recommends all houses be tested for radon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940290451049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon commercialization is regulated, but it is available in small quantities for the calibration of 222Rn measurement systems, at a price of almost $6,000 per milliliter of radium solution (which only contains about 15 picograms of actual radon at a given moment). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724625587463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is produced by a solution of radium-226 (half-life of 1600 years). Radium-226 decays by alpha-particle emission, producing radon that collects over samples of radium-226 at a rate of about 1 mm3/day per gram of radium; equilibrium is quickly achieved and radon is produced in a steady flow, with an activity equal to that of the radium (50 Bq). Gaseous 222Rn (half-life of about four days) escapes from the capsule through diffusion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79869556427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "An early-20th-century form of quackery was the treatment of maladies in a radiotorium. It was a small, sealed room for patients to be exposed to radon for its \"medicinal effects\". The carcinogenic nature of radon due to its ionizing radiation became apparent later on. Radon's molecule-damaging radioactivity has been used to kill cancerous cells, but it does not increase the health of healthy cells. The ionizing radiation causes the formation of free radicals, which results in genetic and other cell damage, resulting in increased rates of illness, including cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02738094329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Exposure to radon, a process known as radiation hormesis, has been suggested to mitigate auto-immune diseases such as arthritis. As a result, in the late 20th century and early 21st century, \"health mines\" established in Basin, Montana attracted people seeking relief from health problems such as arthritis through limited exposure to radioactive mine water and radon. The practice is discouraged because of the well-documented ill effects of high-doses of radiation on the body. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05605697631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radioactive water baths have been applied since 1906 in Jáchymov, Czech Republic, but even before radon discovery they were used in Bad Gastein, Austria. Radium-rich springs are also used in traditional Japanese onsen in Misasa, Tottori Prefecture. Drinking therapy is applied in Bad Brambach, Germany. Inhalation therapy is carried out in Gasteiner-Heilstollen, Austria, in Świeradów-Zdrój, Czerniawa-Zdrój, Kowary, Lądek Zdrój, Poland, in Harghita Băi, Romania, and in Boulder, United States. In the US and Europe there are several \"radon spas\", where people sit for minutes or hours in a high-radon atmosphere in the belief that low doses of radiation will invigorate or energize them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028936386108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon has been produced commercially for use in radiation therapy, but for the most part has been replaced by radionuclides made in accelerators and nuclear reactors. Radon has been used in implantable seeds, made of gold or glass, primarily used to treat cancers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.949217796325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The gold seeds were produced by filling a long tube with radon pumped from a radium source, the tube being then divided into short sections by crimping and cutting. The gold layer keeps the radon within, and filters out the alpha and beta radiations, while allowing the gamma rays to escape (which kill the diseased tissue). The activities might range from 0.05 to 5 millicuries per seed (2 to 200 MBq). The gamma rays are produced by radon and the first short-lived elements of its decay chain (218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi, 214Po).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.299604415893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon and its first decay products being very short-lived, the seed is left in place. After 12 half-lives (43 days), radon radioactivity is at 1/2000 of its original level. At this stage, the predominant residual activity originates from the radon decay product 210Pb, whose half-life (22.3 years) is 2000 times that of radon (and whose activity is thus 1/2000 of radon's), and its descendants 210Bi and 210Po.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74080753326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In the early part of the 20th century in the US, gold contaminated with 210Pb entered the jewelry industry. This was from gold seeds that had held 222Rn that had been melted down after the radon had decayed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912405014038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon emanation from the soil varies with soil type and with surface uranium content, so outdoor radon concentrations can be used to track air masses to a limited degree. This fact has been put to use by some atmospheric scientists. Because of radon's rapid loss to air and comparatively rapid decay, radon is used in hydrologic research that studies the interaction between ground water and streams. Any significant concentration of radon in a stream is a good indicator that there are local inputs of ground water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894710540771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon soil-concentration has been used in an experimental way to map buried close-subsurface geological faults because concentrations are generally higher over the faults. Similarly, it has found some limited use in prospecting for geothermal gradients.[http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00008890 Radon Transect Analysis In Geothermal Reservoirs]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678033828735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Some researchers have investigated changes in groundwater radon concentrations for earthquake prediction. Radon has a half-life of approximately 3.8 days, which means that it can be found only shortly after it has been produced in the radioactive decay chain. For this reason, it has been hypothesized that increases in radon concentration is due to the generation of new cracks underground, which would allow increased ground water circulation, flushing out radon. The generation of new cracks might not unreasonably be assumed to precede major earthquakes. In the 1970s and 1980s, scientific measurements of radon emissions near faults found that earthquakes often occurred with no radon signal, and radon was often detected with no earthquake to follow. It was then dismissed by many as an unreliable indicator. As of 2009, it was under investigation as a possible precursor by NASA. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912702560424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon is a known pollutant emitted from geothermal power stations because it is present in the material pumped from deep underground. It disperses rapidly, and no radiological hazard has been demonstrated in various investigations. In addition, typical systems re-inject the material deep underground rather that releasing it at the surface, so its environmental impact is minimal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826081275939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In the 1940s and '50s, radon was used for industrial radiography, Other X-ray sources, which became available after World War II, quickly replaced radon for this application, as they were lower in cost and had less hazard of alpha radiation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657333374023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon-222 decay products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans, and as a gas that can be inhaled, lung cancer is a particular concern for people exposed to elevated levels of radon for sustained periods. During the 1940s and '50s, when safety standards requiring expensive ventilation in mines were not widely implemented, radon exposure was linked to lung cancer among non-smoking miners of uranium and other hard rock materials in what is now the Czech Republic, and later among miners from the Southwestern United States and South Australia. Despite these hazards being known in the early 1950s, this occupational hazard remained poorly managed in many mines until the 1970s. During this period, several entrepreneurs opened former uranium mines in the USA to the general public and advertised alleged health benefits from breathing radon gas underground. Health benefits claimed including pain, sinus, asthma and arthritis relief but these were proven to be false. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222525596618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Since that time, ventilation and other measures have been used to reduce radon levels in most affected mines that continue to operate. In recent years, the average annual exposure of uranium miners has fallen to levels similar to the concentrations inhaled in some homes. This has reduced the risk of occupationally induced cancer from radon, although health issues may persist for those who are currently employed in affected mines and for those who have been employed in them in the past. As the relative risk for miners has decreased, so has the ability to detect excess risks among that population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101329803466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "In addition to lung cancer, researchers have theorized a possible increased risk of leukemia due to radon exposure. Empirical support from studies of the general population is inconsistent, and a study of uranium miners found a correlation between radon exposure and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322936058044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon exposure (mostly radon daughters) has been linked to lung cancer in numerous case-control studies performed in the United States, Europe and China. There are approximately 21,000 deaths per year in the US due to radon-induced lung cancers. One of the most comprehensive radon studies performed in the United States by Dr. R. William Field and colleagues found a 50% increased lung cancer risk even at the protracted exposures at the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. North American and European Pooled analyses further support these findings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143760681152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Most models of residential radon exposure are based on studies of miners, and direct estimates of the risks posed to homeowners would be more desirable. Because of the difficulties of measuring the risk of radon relative to smoking, models of their effect have often made use of them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34376335144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon has been considered the second leading cause of lung cancer and leading environmental cause of cancer mortality by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Others have reached similar conclusions for the United Kingdom and France. Radon exposure in homes and offices may arise from certain subsurface rock formations, and also from certain building materials (e.g., some granites). The greatest risk of radon exposure arises in buildings that are airtight, insufficiently ventilated, and have foundation leaks that allow air from the soil into basements and dwelling rooms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305044174194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "WHO presented in 2009 a recommended reference level (the national reference level), 100 Bq/m3, for radon in dwellings. The recommendation also says that where this is not possible, 300 Bq/m3 should be selected as the highest level. A national reference level should not be a limit, but should represent the maximum acceptable annual average radon concentration in a dwelling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785226821899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The actionable concentration of radon in a home varies depending on the organization doing the recommendation, for example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency encourages that action be taken at concentrations as low as 74 Bq/m3 (2 pCi/L), and the European Union recommends action be taken when concentrations reach 400 Bq/m3 (11 pCi/L) for old houses and 200 Bq/m3 (5 pCi/L) for new ones. On 8 July 2010 the UK's Health Protection Agency issued new advice setting a \"Target Level\" of 100 Bq/m3 whilst retaining an \"Action Level\" of 200 Bq/m3. The same levels (as UK) apply to Norway from 2010; in all new housings preventative measures should be taken against radon accumulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733592987060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Results from epidemiological studies indicate that the risk of lung cancer increases with exposure to residential radon. A well-known example of source of error is smoking. In addition, smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer. In the West, tobacco smoke is estimated to cause about 90% of all lung cancers. There is a tendency for other hypothetical lung cancer risks to drown in the risk of smoking. Results from epidemiological studies must always be interpreted with caution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309924125671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "According to the EPA, the risk of lung cancer for smokers is significant due to synergistic effects of radon and smoking. For this population about 62 people in a total of 1,000 will die of lung cancer compared to 7 people in a total of 1,000 for people who have never smoked. It can not be excluded that the risk of non-smokers should be primarily explained by a combination effect of radon and passive smoking (see below).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095074653625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon, like other known or suspected external risk factors for lung cancer, is a threat for smokers and former smokers. This was demonstrated by the European pooling study. A commentary to the pooling study stated: \"it is not appropriate to talk simply of a risk from radon in homes. The risk is from smoking, compounded by a synergistic effect of radon for smokers. Without smoking, the effect seems to be so small as to be insignificant.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345646858215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "According to the European pooling study, there is a difference in risk from radon between histological types. Small cell lung carcinoma, which practically only affects smokers have high risk from radon. For other histological types such as adenocarcinoma, the type that primarily affects never smokers, the risk from radon appears to be lower. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328375816345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "An important question is if also passive smoking can cause a similar synergy effect with residential radon. This has been insufficiently studied. The basic data for the European pooling study makes it impossible to exclude that such synergy effect is an explanation for the (very limited) increase in the risk from radon that was stated for non-smokers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374776840209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "A study from 2001, which included 436 cases (never smokers who had lung cancer), and a control group (1649 never smokers) showed that exposure to radon increased the risk of lung cancer in never smokers. But the group that had been exposed to passive smoking at home appeared to bear the entire risk increase, while those who were not exposed to passive smoking did not show any increased risk with increasing radon level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028637886047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The effects of radon if ingested are similarly unknown, although studies have found that its biological half-life ranges from 30–70 minutes, with 90 percent removal at 100 minutes. In 1999 National Research Council investigated the issue of radon in drinking water. The risks associated with ingestion was considered almost negligible. Water from underground sources may contain significant amounts of radon depending on the surrounding rock and soil conditions, whereas surface sources generally do not. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190328598022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "As well as being ingested through drinking water, radon is also released from water when temperature is increased, pressure is decreased and when water is aerated. Optimum conditions for radon release and exposure occur during showering. Water with a radon concentration of 104 pCi/L can increase the indoor airborne radon concentration by 1 pCi/L under normal conditions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182726860046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "There are relatively simple tests for radon gas. In some countries these tests are methodically done in areas of known systematic hazards. Radon detection devices are commercially available. Digital radon detectors provide ongoing measurements giving both daily, weekly, short-term and long-term average readouts via a digital display. Short-term radon test devices used for initial screening purposes are inexpensive, in some cases free. There are very important protocols for taking short-term radon tests and it is imperative that they be strictly followed. The kit includes a collector that the user hangs in the lowest habitable floor of the house for 2 to 7 days. The user then sends the collector to a laboratory for analysis. Long term kits, taking collections for up to one year or more, are also available. An open-land test kit can test radon emissions from the land before construction begins. Radon concentrations can vary daily, and accurate radon exposure estimates require long-term average radon measurements in the spaces where an individual spends a significant amount of time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.749234199523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Radon levels fluctuate naturally, due to factors like transient weather conditions, so an initial test might not be an accurate assessment of a home's average radon level. Radon levels are at a maximum during the coolest part of the day when pressure differentials are greatest. Therefore, a high result (over 4 pCi/L) justifies repeating the test before undertaking more expensive abatement projects. Measurements between 4 and 10 pCi/L warrant a long term radon test. Measurements over 10 pCi/L warrant only another short term test so that abatement measures are not unduly delayed. Purchasers of real estate are advised to delay or decline a purchase if the seller has not successfully abated radon to 4 pCi/L or less.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184591293334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Because the half-life of radon is only 3.8 days, removing or isolating the source will greatly reduce the hazard within a few weeks. Another method of reducing radon levels is to modify the building's ventilation. Generally, the indoor radon concentrations increase as ventilation rates decrease. In a well ventilated place, the radon concentration tends to align with outdoor values (typically 10 Bq/m3, ranging from 1 to 100 Bq/m3).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090079307556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "The four principal ways of reducing the amount of radon accumulating in a house are: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3465576171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "* Improving the ventilation of the house and avoiding the transport of radon from the basement into living rooms;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483772277832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "* Installing a radon sump system in the basement;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494044303894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "According to the EPA the method to reduce radon \"...primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside\", which is also called sub-slab depressurization, active soil depressurization, or soil suction. Generally indoor radon can be mitigated by sub-slab depressurization and exhausting such radon-laden air to the outdoors, away from windows and other building openings. \"EPA generally recommends methods which prevent the entry of radon. Soil suction, for example, prevents radon from entering your home by drawing the radon from below the home and venting it through a pipe, or pipes, to the air above the home where it is quickly diluted\" and \"EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to reduce radon because, by itself, sealing has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843149185180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "Positive-pressure ventilation systems can be combined with a heat exchanger to recover energy in the process of exchanging air with the outside, and simply exhausting basement air to the outside is not necessarily a viable solution as this can actually draw radon gas into a dwelling. Homes built on a crawl space may benefit from a radon collector installed under a \"radon barrier\" (a sheet of plastic that covers the crawl space). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047863006591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" }, { "answer": "Radon", "passage": "For crawlspaces, the EPA states \"An effective method to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes involves covering the earth floor with a high-density plastic sheet. A vent pipe and fan are used to draw the radon from under the sheet and vent it to the outdoors. This form of soil suction is called submembrane suction, and when properly applied is the most effective way to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210598945617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Radon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Throughout his entire lifetime and prolific career, Lewis became a world-renowned humanitarian and has supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. Until 2011, he served as national chairman and spokesman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) (formerly, the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America). Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit the company from 1952 to 1959, then every Labor Day weekend from 1966 to 2010, he hosted the live annual Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon raising over $2.6 billion for the cause in donations, during a nearly half-a-century run. ", "precise_score": 3.6630241870880127, "rough_score": 4.928658962249756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was an annual telethon held each Labor Day in the United States to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). The show was founded and hosted by actor and comedian Jerry Lewis, who hosted the broadcast from its 1966 inception until 2010.[http://www.mda.org/news/110803.html MDA: \"Jerry Lewis Completes Run as MDA National Chairman\", August 3, 2011.] The history of MDA's telethon dated back to the 1950s, when the Jerry Lewis Thanksgiving Party for MDA raised funds for the organization's New York City area operations. The telethon was held annually on Labor Day weekend beginning in 1966,[http://quest.mda.org/article/mdas-love-network-has-rich-vital-history \"MDA's 'Love Network' has a rich, vital history,\"] from Quest, 7/1/2005 and would raise $2.45 billion for MDA from its inception through 2009. ", "precise_score": 5.366168975830078, "rough_score": 8.520092010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin and Lewis. Following that success, he was a solo star in films, nightclubs, concert stages, television, and recordings. Lewis also served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and host of the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 40 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.792961359024048, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "On August 3, 2011, it was announced that Lewis would no longer host telethons and is no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Then on May 1, 2015, it was also announced that in view of \"the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving\", the telethon was being discontinued. In early 2016, Lewis made an online video statement for the organization on its website, in honor of its rebranding, marking his first appearance and comeback in support of the Muscular Dystrophy Association since his final Labor Day Telethon in 2010 and the ending of his tenure as national chairman in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.422574520111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "In the United States, telethons are held for various Charitable organizations; as of 2012, however, no national telethons currently exist. The longest-running national telethon in the United States was the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon, which was staged for over 21 hours each Labor Day to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association between 1966 and 2010. Over a three-year period from 2011 to 2013, the telecast was trimmed down to six hours, then to three, and then to two hours, by this point no longer serving as a telethon in the traditional sense and effectively becoming a pre-recorded benefit concert; from 2012 to 2014, the event had been renamed the MDA Show of Strength (founder Jerry Lewis also departed the organization on less than amicable terms at the same time the changes began). The MDA telethon had its final edition in 2014, before it was announced in May 2015 that the MDA was discontinuing its annual event.[http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/05/01/muscular-dystrophy-association-ends-labor-day-television-telethon/26709717/ USA Today: \"MDA ends Jerry Lewis Labor Day telethon\", May 1, 2015.] In the past, other charities such as the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, United Cerebral Palsy and the Children's Miracle Network produced telethons on a nationwide or regional basis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.6909356117248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Jerry Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America (MDAA) in 1952 after a plea from a staff member who worked with Lewis and Dean Martin on The Colgate Comedy Hour. Lewis had previously taken part in what has been described as the very first telethon, a marathon 1951 broadcast benefiting a cardiac hospital that was organized by Budd Granoff, which featured the Martin and Lewis comedy team (his clients at that time). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1492137908935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Through the 1980s, there were also Canadian \"Love Network\" affiliates, whose telethon presentations there benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada (MDC), an organization unrelated to the American MDA, but used Lewis's U.S. telethon for fundraising. The telethon also helped launch a new station – in Winnipeg, CKND-TV's first program on August 31, 1975 was the MDA telethon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.457263946533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Magnum Force is a 1973 American action thriller and the second to feature Clint Eastwood as maverick cop Harry Callahan after the 1971 film Dirty Harry. Ted Post, who also directed Eastwood in the television series Rawhide and the feature film Hang 'Em High, directed this second installment in the Dirty Harry film series, though Eastwood has stated in interviews that the majority of the film was \"ghost directed\" by himself and second unit director Buddy Van Horn, both of whom would go on to direct later entries in the series. The screenplay was written by John Milius (who provided an uncredited rewrite for the original film) and Michael Cimino. This film features early appearances by David Soul, Tim Matheson and Robert Urich. At 124 minutes, it is also the longest Dirty Harry film.", "precise_score": -4.24560546875, "rough_score": -7.764863014221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnum Force" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Note: Harry's surname is spelled \"Calahan\" in the closing credits of Magnum Force. It is \"Callahan\" in every other film in the Dirty Harry series.", "precise_score": -6.24367618560791, "rough_score": -8.061986923217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnum Force" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Writer John Milius came up with a storyline in which a group of rogue young officers in the San Francisco Police Force systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals, conveying the idea that there are even worse rogue cops than Dirty Harry. Terrence Mallick had introduced the concept in an unused draft for the first film; director Don Siegel disliked the idea and had Mallick's draft thrown out, but Clint Eastwood remembered it for this film. Eastwood specifically wanted to convey that, despite the 1971 film's perceived politics, Harry was not a complete vigilante. David Soul, Tim Matheson, Robert Urich and Kip Niven were cast as the young vigilante cops. Milius was a gun aficionado and political conservative and the film would extensively feature gun shooting in practice, competition, and on the job. Given this strong theme in the film, the title was soon changed from Vigilance to Magnum Force in deference to the .44 Magnum that Harry liked to use. Milius thought it was important to remind the audiences of the original film by incorporating the line \"Do ya feel lucky?\" repeated in the opening credits.", "precise_score": -10.968854904174805, "rough_score": -8.12790584564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnum Force" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Enforcer is a 1976 American action thriller and the third in the Dirty Harry film series. Directed by James Fargo, it stars Clint Eastwood as Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan, Tyne Daly as Inspector Kate Moore and DeVeren Bookwalter as terrorist leader/main antagonist Bobby Maxwell. It was also the last film in the series to feature John Mitchum as Inspector Frank DiGiorgio.", "precise_score": -4.6009521484375, "rough_score": -7.245542049407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The music score for The Enforcer was written by Jerry Fielding, making The Enforcer the only Dirty Harry film without a score by Lalo Schifrin. The film was originally intended to be the last Dirty Harry film of a trilogy. A poll conducted by Warner Bros in 1983 led to the development of a fourth film, Sudden Impact and the resurrection of the film series. Eastwood never intended to make more Dirty Harry films, but private agreements with the studio allowed him to do more \"personal\" films in exchange for doing the subsequent sequels.", "precise_score": -2.0061464309692383, "rough_score": -7.238683223724365, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Upon release in the fall of 1976, The Enforcer was a major commercial success and grossed a total of $46,236,000 in the United States, making it the ninth highest grossing film of 1976. Overall this figure made it the most profitable of the Dirty Harry series for seven years until the release of Sudden Impact.", "precise_score": -1.5414197444915771, "rough_score": -6.565742015838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Sudden Impact is a 1983 American action thriller and the fourth film in the Dirty Harry series, directed by Clint Eastwood (making it the only Dirty Harry film to be directed by Eastwood himself), and starring Eastwood and Sondra Locke. The film tells the story of a gang rape victim (Locke) who decides seek revenge on the rapists ten years after the attack by killing them one by one. A police detective (Eastwood) famous for his unconventional and often brutal crime-fighting tactics is tasked with tracking down the serial killer. As the detective investigates the killings, he becomes romantically entangled with the woman, and he is drawn deeper into the mystery surrounding the murders.", "precise_score": -3.157137155532837, "rough_score": -6.637903690338135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sudden Impact" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Dead Pool is a 1988 American action film directed by Buddy Van Horn, written by Steve Sharon, and starring Clint Eastwood as Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan. It is the fifth and final film in the Dirty Harry film series, set in San Francisco, California.", "precise_score": -1.8024208545684814, "rough_score": -5.803133010864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Dead Pool is the only Dirty Harry film in which Albert Popwell does not appear. He was not available due to a scheduling conflict with filming on Who's That Girl.", "precise_score": -3.9898219108581543, "rough_score": -6.4147772789001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Dead Pool received mixed reviews. It holds a 52% approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a thumbs up and said \"As good as the original. Smart, quick and made with real wit.\" Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also gave it a thumbs up and said \"Perhaps the best Dirty Harry film since the original.\"", "precise_score": -5.787651062011719, "rough_score": -7.173643589019775, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Dead Pool was released in United States theaters in July 1988. In its opening weekend, the film took $9,071,330 in 1,988 theaters in the US, at an average of $4,954. In total in the US, the film made $37,903,295, making it almost the least profitable of the five films in the Dirty Harry franchise. ", "precise_score": -4.920144557952881, "rough_score": -7.011695861816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Not even losing his badge can keep \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan away from Magnum-powered action. Now Harry's working for a millionaire, and battling dope-running sea pirates from San Francisco to Mexico's heroin-packed shores. Behind the scenes and the big guns is his old enemy Father Nick. An underworld kingpin and ex-con, Nick can't let the past die, and Harry won't let the mobsters live! (Published March 1982; French translation, Massacre au Mexique, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -9.45016098022461, "rough_score": -8.14628791809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "From the hills of San Francisco to the towers of Chicago, a savage struggle for power rages between the Japanese and Chinese mobsters, expert killers with hand, sword, or gun. Then they kidnap Harry Callahan's beautiful, part-time lover. Enter the dragon, Dirty Harry, Magnum blazing! (Published August 1982; French translation, Du sang sur Chinatown, published in 1995)", "precise_score": -9.749646186828613, "rough_score": -8.947936058044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Magnum-powered action doesn't stop for Dirty Harry, not even on Christmas Eve. Now Harry's after a killer who celebrates the holiday season by shoving women beneath the wheels of speeding subway trains. But when he unmasks the killer as a hit-man for a renegade government scientist, Harry himself is marked for death. With the most powerful handgun ever made in his hands, Harry must blow that scientist to kingdom come or never live to see the New Year himself. (Published February 1983)", "precise_score": -8.192051887512207, "rough_score": -8.13260269165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "That's what the papers are calling Dirty Harry. Someone who's no friend of Harry has stolen his prize Magnum revolver and is blasting some of his worst enemies out of this world. Harry wants to get his name clean, his gun back, and put an end to the \"dead man\" who's playing Harry's hand in a game of life and death. (Published April 1983)", "precise_score": -7.6904754638671875, "rough_score": -7.869265556335449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "New York Times critics such as Nora Sayre criticized the conflicting moral themes of the film and Frank Rich believed it \"was the same old stuff\". Pauline Kael, a harsh critic of Eastwood for many years mocked his performance as Dirty Harry, commenting that, \"He isn't an actor, so one could hardly call him a bad actor. He'd have to do something before we could consider him bad at it. And acting isn't required of him in Magnum Force\". Rotten Tomatoes sampled 20 reviewers and judged 80% of the reviews to be positive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.350669860839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnum Force" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The first script was written in 1974 by two young San Francisco area film students, Gail Morgan Hickman and S.W. Schurr, with the title Moving Target. After seeing Dirty Harry and Magnum Force, the two fledgling writers decided to pen a screenplay of their own featuring the character of Inspector Harry Callahan. Inspired by the Patty Hearst kidnapping in 1974, the storyline had Inspector Harry Callahan going up against a violent militant group reminiscent of the Symbionese Liberation Army. In the script, the militants kidnap and ransom the mayor of San Francisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.127220153808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Warner Brothers, meanwhile, eager to capitalize on the success of the two Dirty Harry films, had hired seasoned screenwriter Stirling Silliphant to write a new Harry Callahan story. Silliphant wrote a script called Dirty Harry and More, in which the Callahan character was teamed up with an Asian-American woman partner named More. Eastwood liked the woman partner angle, but felt the script spent too much time on character and did not have enough action. Eastwood then showed the Hickman/Schurr script to Silliphant, and Silliphant agreed to rewrite it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251363754272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Silliphant wrote the script throughout late 1975 and early 1976 and delivered his draft to Eastwood in February 1976. While Eastwood approved, he believed there was still too much emphasis on the character relationships rather than the action and was concerned the fans might not approve. He then brought in screenwriter Dean Riesner, who had worked on the scripts of Dirty Harry and Coogan's Bluff, to do revisions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2912015914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Recurring characters Lieutenant Bressler (Harry Guardino) and Frank DiGiorgio (John Mitchum) reprise their roles for the last time in a Dirty Harry film. Bressler was Callahan's boss in the first film of the series, while DiGiorgio appeared in the previous two while he dies in this film. A new character, Captain Jerome McKay (Bradford Dillman), was introduced as Callahan's superior officer. Dillman played a similar role, Captain Briggs, in Sudden Impact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.70164680480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "When production began, the working title of the film was Dirty Harry III, in keeping with other sequels of the time. Eastwood, however, felt that the film needed a title of its own, and in the middle of production came up with The Enforcer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.347898483276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "After his disputes with Ted Post on the set of the previous Dirty Harry installment, Eastwood fully intended to direct The Enforcer himself. Ironically, Eastwood's replacement of Philip Kaufman on The Outlaw Josey Wales (and the consequent need to handle post-production on that film) left Eastwood without enough time to prepare himself to direct The Enforcer. As a result, Eastwood gave the director's chair to James Fargo, his longtime assistant director, who made his debut as a full director on this film. Eastwood had the final say on all the critical decisions, but since the two men were far more familiar with each other's working styles than Eastwood had been with Ted Post, they rarely butted heads during production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.845386505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Filming commenced in the San Francisco bay area in the summer of 1976. Eastwood was initially still dubious about the quantity of his lines and preferred a less talkative approach, something perhaps embedded in him by Sergio Leone. The film ended up considerably shorter than the previous Dirty Harry films, and was cut to 95 minutes for its final running time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245487213134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Critically, Eastwood's performance was poorly received and was named \"Worst Actor of the Year\" by the Harvard Lampoon and the film was criticized for its level of violence. A Variety review indicated that the film was a \"worn out copy of Dirty Harry. ... The next project from this particular mold had better shape up or give up.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96699333190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Enforcer (1976 film)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The screenplay was initially written by Charles B. Pierce and Earl E. Smith for a separate film for Sondra Locke, but was later adapted into a Dirty Harry film by Joseph Stinson. Filming occurred in spring 1983. Many of the film's scenes were filmed in San Francisco and Santa Cruz, California. The scene where Harry chases a bank robber in the downtown business district offers a rare glimpse of the area before it was devastated by the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989. Footage for the robbery in \"Acorn Cafe\" was shot at Burger Island (now a McDonald's) at the corner of 3rd Street and Townsend in San Francisco. At this point in his career, Eastwood was receiving a salary that included 60% of all film profits, leaving the other 40% for the studio. Estimates had Eastwood earning $30 million for Sudden Impact. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987770080566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sudden Impact" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The film was a box office success. In its opening weekend the film took $9,688,561 in 1,530 theaters in the US. In total in the US, the film made $67,642,693, making it the highest grossing of the five films in the Dirty Harry franchise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375349998474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sudden Impact" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Sudden Impact received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film a score of 56% based on 34 reviews with the consensus: \"Sudden Impact delivers all the firepower -- and the most enduring catchphrase -- fans associate with the Dirty Harry franchise, but it's far from the best film in the series.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525945663452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sudden Impact" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Vincent Canby criticized the film, stating \"The screenplay is ridiculous, and Mr. Eastwood's direction of it primitive, which is surprising because he has shown himself capable in such films as The Outlaw Josey Wales and The Gauntlet. Among other things, the movie never gets a firm hold on its own continuity. Sometimes scenes of simultaneous action appear to take place weeks or maybe months apart.\" Roger Ebert was more positive; while noting that the film was \"implausible\" with \"a cardboard villain\", he also praised it as \"a Dirty Harry movie with only the good parts left in\" and \"a great audience picture\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095198631286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sudden Impact" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "At 91 minutes, it is the shortest of the five Dirty Harry films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337430953979492, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Eastwood reacted to starring in another Dirty Harry film, \"It's fun, once in a while, to have a character you can go back to. It's like revisiting an old friend you haven't seen for a long time. You figure \"I'll go back and see how he feels about things now.\"\" The Dead Pool was filmed between February and March 1988 in San Francisco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.349717140197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The song \"Welcome to the Jungle\" by Guns N' Roses appears as the theme song for Swan's movie, as used in a scene during filming where Johnny Squares is lip-synching. The band can be seen as extras during the funeral scene. The traditional Dirty Harry End Theme (Variously called \"Harry's Theme\", \"Sad Theme\" and with lyrics \"This Side of Forever\") is given a full Hollywood Big Band treatment, lasting longer than any other film version of the song, perhaps as a coda to the entire series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2611083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Eastwood has publicly announced that he has no interest in acting in another Dirty Harry film. In 2000, he jokingly spoke about potential sequels: \"Dirty Harry VI! Harry is retired. He's standing in a stream, fly-fishing. He gets tired of using the pole— and BA-BOOM! Or Harry is retired, and he catches bad guys with his walker?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210619926452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Dead Pool" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry is the name of a series of films and novels featuring fictional San Francisco Police Department Homicide Division Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan who is notorious for being extremely violent and ruthless in his methods, and a danger for any partner assigned to him. Actor Clint Eastwood portrayed Inspector Harry Callahan in all five of the movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.895181655883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry films", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372077941894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry (1971)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070484161376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry (1971) was directed by Don Siegeland starred Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan. Harry tracks serial killer Scorpio (loosely based on the Zodiac killer). Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt-speaking, unorthodox detective set the style for a number of his subsequent roles, and its box-office success led to the production of four sequels. The \"alienated cop\" motif was subsequently imitated by a number of other films. At the beginning and end of the film, Callahan corners a criminal and says, \"You've got to ask yourself a question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?\" (The line is often misquoted as \"Do you feel lucky, punk?\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.732500076293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "This movie became iconic, mirrored by other movies, especially the rest of the Dirty Harry films, because it was a portrayal of social protests, pointing out that it was easier for the justice system to protect potential suspects ahead of enforcing the rights of victims while ignoring citizens who were in danger or who had been murdered. It was the fourth-highest grossing film of 1971 after Fiddler on the Roof, The French Connection, and Diamonds Are Forever.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.056103706359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "After this film, Eastwood retired from playing the Dirty Harry character, as he felt his age (58 in 1988) would make Harry a parody.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262768745422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry-inspired works", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417126655578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Frank Miller, creator of the Sin City graphic novels, revealed in an interview that he created the Sin City story That Yellow Bastard out of his dislike of The Dead Pool. Miller said: \"When I went to see the last Dirty Harry movie, The Dead Pool, I was disgusted. I went out and said, this is not a Dirty Harry movie, this is nothing, this is a pale sequel.\" and I also said, \"that's not the last Dirty Harry story, I will show you the last Dirty Harry story.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165757179260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Bruce Willis played Hartigan, the Dirty Harry of the story, when That Yellow Bastard was included in the film version of Sin City released in 2005. Another character in That Yellow Bastard is Nancy, who had no surname in the four previous comic books, but in That Yellow Bastard she is given the surname Callahan. Hartigan's character is more of a pastiche or caricature with Miller's own elements of characterization and development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353339195251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan was Chan's second American movie. It is similar to the Dirty Harry series and the director, James Glickenhaus, had tried to make Chan's character as similar to Dirty Harry as possible. It ended up being a commercial failure, and Chan largely regretted ever making this film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351101875305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role \"an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here aged and cynical, but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose\". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name, stating, \"Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in Gran Torino, not as a character but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course most obviously in Mr. Eastwood’s face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008659362792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry DVDs and Blu-ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327207565307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Warner Home Video owns rights to the Dirty Harry series. The five films have been remastered for DVD three times — in 1998, 2001 and 2008. They have been packaged in several DVD box sets. The Dirty Harry films made their high-definition debuts with the 2008 Blu-ray discs. Warner's marketing plan calls for only the \"The Dead Pool\" film to be available as a separate Blu-ray, requiring fans who want the other four movies in high definition to buy the box set. In 2010 all five movies were released as a Blu-ray box set, \"Clint Eastwood Dirty Harry Collection\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770599365234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry and Collection Supercops novel series", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402083396911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "In the early 1980s, Warner Books published twelve books, authored under the pseudonym Dane Hartman, that further the adventures of Dirty Harry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328015327453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "The Dirty Harry films were translated into French in the 1990s, as the Collection Supercops. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388569831848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 1: Duel for Cannons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97301197052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "\"Dirty Harry\" Callahan blasts his way from the mean streets of San Francisco to the blazing byways of San Antonio. His target — a crime boss who's got the whole town, including the cops, under his thumb. Harry's all alone now, with nothing but a .44 Magnum and a bagful of dirty tricks between him and instant death! (Published September 1981; French translation, Duel a mort, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528278350830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 2: Death on the Docks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.90922737121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "There are some guys in this world even dirtier than Harry Callahan — like union czar Matt Braxton, the biggest deal on the docks. He's corrupt enough to be cozy with the Mob, rich enough to afford friends in the highest places, and ruthless enough to kill anything that stands in his way. Dirty Harry's standing there all right, and he doesn't intend to give an inch. (Published September 1982; French translation, Meurtres sur les quais, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819409370422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 3: The Long Death", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.164241790771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Someone is grabbing young women from the bars, campuses, and streets of San Francisco and doing unspeakable things to their minds and bodies. Someone is setting up cops against black nationalists in a violent inter-city war, playing both sides for bloody fools. Someone is looking for deadly trouble when a gorgeous policewoman baits \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan into a showdown that can only be settled with bare fists and Magnum lead! (Published December 1981; French translation, Mort lente, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08455753326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 4: The Mexico Kill", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869961738586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 5: Family Skeletons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125986099243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "\"Dirty Harry\" Callahan stalks a mass murderer through Boston's infamous underworld where crooked cops are usually looking the other way. Once it was the Boston Strangler now the killer has a knife and is carving up college girls. Dirty Harry will slice through the slime to find him. (Published April 1982; French translation, Panique sur la ville, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569068908691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 6: City of Blood", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273894309997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Winos brutally slain on San Francisco's skid row. Beautiful young women butchered in the act of sex by a perverted killer. The acts of two men, or one? Not even Dirty Harry knows. But he's going to find out, if he has to break every law to do it. From `Frisco's sexual underground to the boardrooms in the city's sky, Harry plunges into a blood-streaked manhunt that will leave only one survivor. (Published April 1982; French translation, Panique sur la ville, published in 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.586584091186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 7: Massacre at Russian River", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.007540702819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "A lot of grass — the illegal kind — grows in the hills of Northern California. Where there's marijuana, there's money. Where there's money, there's murder. And where there's murder, there's Dirty Harry. In a wilderness where even the local cops are criminal, Harry must live, and kill, by a law higher than the law of the land — his own. (Published July 1982; French translation, Marijuana, published in 1995)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945097923278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 8: Hatchet Men", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217628479003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 9: The Killing Connection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522448539733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 10: Blood of Strangers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836274147033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Terrorists! Airports and public places are their stage. Civilians are their targets. The spread of chaos is their game. Now Dirty Harry wants to play — for keeps. On battlefields from Frisco to Beirut to El Salvador, in the company of a beautiful television newswoman, he leaves a trail of hot blood and bullets as he searches beyond the Libyan connection for the source of this savagery. Dirty Harry, breaking every law to get the criminals, making his law to fit the crime. (Published December 1982)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940251350402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 11: Death in the Air", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.873727798461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry # 12: The Dealer of Death", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329227447509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "This would be the last Dirty Harry novel, as no further novels were made after Sudden Impact (1983) opened in theaters eight months later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.278203964233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry video games", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466449737548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry: The War Against Drugs is a 1990 video game based on Dirty Harry film series. It incorporates several references to the film series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235939025878906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "Dirty Harry, originally scheduled for a 2007 release, is a canceled video game by The Collective, Inc. based on the 1971 film of the same name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311882019042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" }, { "answer": "Dirty Harry", "passage": "In 1995 Williams Electronic Games (WMS) created a Dirty Harry pinball machine, inspired by the 1971 film. 4,248 units were manufactured. Notable features include a gun handle shooter, a moving cannon used to shoot playfield targets and custom audio callouts recorded by Clint Eastwood. Game modes, sounds and dot matrix animations reflect events in the movie, such as a car chase, barroom brawl, defusing bombs and \"Feel Lucky\" mode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100940704345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (film series)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hook", "passage": "Accuracy and consistency is typically stressed over pure distance. A player with a straight drive that travels only 220 yd will nevertheless be able to accurately place the ball into a favourable lie on the fairway, and can make up for the lesser distance of any given club by simply using \"more club\" (a lower loft) on their tee shot or on subsequent fairway and approach shots. However, a golfer with a drive that may go 280 yd but often doesn't fly straight will be less able to position their ball advantageously; the ball may \"hook\", \"pull\", \"draw\", \"fade\", \"push\" or \"slice\" off the intended line and land out of bounds or in the rough or hazards, and thus the player will require many more strokes to hole out.", "precise_score": -2.648049831390381, "rough_score": -7.900374889373779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" } ]

[ { "answer": "Canton, OH", "passage": "The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football with a Mission to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence. The Hall's five core values that are learned from the game are commitment, integrity, courage, respect and excellence. The vision of the Pro Football Hall of Fame is \"It's not just the past, it's the future; It's not just about Canton, it's the world; It's not just a great museum for football but a message of excellence. \" The hall opened in Canton, Ohio, on September 7, 1963, with 17 charter enshrinees. , there are a total of 303 members of the Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": 6.336942672729492, "rough_score": 5.085341930389404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Canton, OH", "passage": "The community of Canton, Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons: first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association); second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19000 sqft of interior space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.077300548553467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame" } ]

[ { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "\"There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase closely associated with P. T. Barnum, an American showman of the mid-19th century, although there is no evidence that he said it. Early examples of its use are found instead among gamblers and confidence men.", "precise_score": 8.016552925109863, "rough_score": 6.708218574523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "There's a sucker born every minute" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "When Barnum's biographer, Arthur H. Saxon, tried to track down Barnum had uttered this phrase, he was unable to verify it. According to Saxon, \"There's no contemporary account of it, or even any suggestion that the word 'sucker' was used in the derogatory sense in his day. Barnum was just not the type to disparage his patrons.\" ", "precise_score": -0.1843952238559723, "rough_score": -6.5254011154174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "There's a sucker born every minute" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Some sources claim the quote is most likely from famous con-man Joseph (\"Paper Collar Joe\") Bessimer, and other sources say it was actually uttered by David Hannum, spoken in reference to Barnum's part in the Cardiff Giant hoax. Hannum, who was exhibiting the \"original\" giant and had unsuccessfully sued Barnum for exhibiting a copy and claiming it was the original, was referring to the crowds continuing to pay to see Barnum's exhibit even after both it and the original had been proven to be fakes.", "precise_score": -5.080541610717773, "rough_score": -8.03862190246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "There's a sucker born every minute" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Phineas Taylor \"P. T.\" Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American politician, showman, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus. Although Barnum was also an author, publisher, philanthropist, and for some time a politician, he said of himself, \"I am a showman by profession...and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me\", and his personal aim was \"to put money in his own coffers\". Barnum is widely, but erroneously, credited with coining the phrase \"There's a sucker born every minute\". ", "precise_score": 6.875325679779053, "rough_score": -0.2178584635257721, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum became known as the Shakespeare of Advertising, due to his innovative and impressive ideas. He knew how to draw patrons in, by giving them a glimpse of something that had never been seen before. He was, at times, accused of being deceptive and promoting false advertising. He simply indulged in the truth and made it seem more appealing.", "precise_score": -10.38675308227539, "rough_score": -10.396079063415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Often referred to as the \"Prince of Humbugs,\" Barnum saw nothing wrong in entertainers or vendors using hype (or \"humbug,\" as he termed it) in promotional material, as long as the public was getting value for money. However, he was contemptuous of those who made money through fraudulent deceptions, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day, testifying against noted spirit photographer William H. Mumler in his trial for fraud. Prefiguring illusionists Harry Houdini and James Randi, Barnum exposed \"the tricks of the trade\" used by mediums to cheat the bereaved. In The Humbugs of the World, he offered $500 to any medium who could prove power to communicate with the dead.", "precise_score": -10.465066909790039, "rough_score": -9.899085998535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum was a producer and promoter of blackface minstrelsy. Barnum's minstrel shows often used double-edged humor. While replete with black stereotypes, Barnum's shows satirized as in a stump speech in which a black phrenologist (like all minstrel performers, a white man in blackface) made a dialect speech parodying lectures given at the time to \"prove\" the superiority of the white race: \"You see den, dat clebber man and dam rascal means de same in Dutch, when dey boph white; but when one white and de udder's black, dat's a grey hoss ob anoder color.\" ", "precise_score": -10.077407836914062, "rough_score": -9.913938522338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "While he claimed \"politics were always distasteful to me,\" Barnum was elected to the Connecticut legislature in 1865 as Republican representative for Fairfield and served four terms. In the debate over slavery and African-American suffrage with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Barnum spoke before the legislature and said, \"A human soul, ‘that God has created and Christ died for,’ is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab or a Hottentot – it is still an immortal spirit.\" Barnum was notably the legislative sponsor of a law enacted by the Connecticut General Assembly in 1879 that prohibited the use of “any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception\" that remained in effect in Connecticut until being overturned in 1965 by the U.S. Supreme Court Griswold v. Connecticut decision. ", "precise_score": -10.883851051330566, "rough_score": -10.224980354309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "At his death, most critics had forgiven him and he was praised for good works. Barnum was hailed as an icon of American spirit and ingenuity, and was perhaps the most famous American in the world. Just before his death, he gave permission to the Evening Sun to print his obituary, so that he might read it. On April 7 he asked about the box office receipts for the day; a few hours later, he was dead.", "precise_score": -10.461742401123047, "rough_score": -10.290975570678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*Gangs of New York (2002) - Played by Roger Ashton-Griffiths. Barnum's American Museum is mentioned and its destruction (accurate in method but inaccurate in chronology and circumstance) is briefly shown.", "precise_score": -9.464978218078613, "rough_score": -10.308218002319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*The Greatest Showman on Earth (2017) A musical biographical drama film will center around the origins of P. T. Barnum and his circus. Hugh Jackman has been cast as Barnum and will co-produce the film, Michael Gracey will direct from a script written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon. The film is set to be released on December 25, 2017.", "precise_score": -7.574627876281738, "rough_score": -9.592155456542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Attribution to Barnum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074581146240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "There's a sucker born every minute" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Born in Bethel, Connecticut, Barnum became a small-business owner in his early twenties, and founded a weekly newspaper, before moving to New York City in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first with a variety troupe called \"Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater\", and soon after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. Barnum used the museum as a platform to promote hoaxes and human curiosities such as the Feejee mermaid and General Tom Thumb. In 1850 he promoted the American tour of singer Jenny Lind, paying her an unprecedented $1,000 a night for 150 nights. After economic reversals due to bad investments in the 1850s, and years of litigation and public humiliation, he used a lecture tour, mostly as a temperance speaker, to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded the wax-figure department.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527989387512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum served two terms in the Connecticut legislature in 1865 as a Republican for Fairfield. With the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution over slavery and African-American suffrage, Barnum spoke before the legislature and said, \"A human soul, ‘that God has created and Christ died for,’ is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab or a Hottentot – it is still an immortal spirit\". Elected in 1875 as Mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, he worked to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets, and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. Barnum was instrumental in starting Bridgeport Hospital, founded in 1878, and was its first president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506471633911133, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "The circus business was the source of much of his enduring fame. He established \"P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome\", a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks\", which adopted many names over the years. Barnum died in his sleep at home in 1891, and was buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98535442352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, the son of inn keeper, tailor and store-keeper Philo Barnum (1778–1826) and second wife Irene Taylor. He was the third great grandson of Thomas Barnum (1625–1695), the immigrant ancestor of the Barnum family in North America. His maternal grandfather Phineas Taylor was a Whig, legislator, landowner, justice of the peace, and lottery schemer, and he had a great influence on his favorite grandson. Barnum was adept at arithmetic but hated physical work. He started as a store-keeper, and he learned haggling and using deception to make a sale. He was involved with the first lottery mania in the United States. At the age of 19, he married Charity Hallett.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.618731498718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "The young husband had several businesses: a general store, a book auctioning trade, real estate speculation, and a statewide lottery network. He became active in local politics and advocated against blue laws promulgated by Calvinists who sought to restrict gambling and travel. Barnum started a weekly paper in 1829, The Herald of Freedom, in Danbury, Connecticut. His editorials against church elders led to libel suits and a prosecution which resulted in imprisonment for two months, but he became a champion of the liberal movement upon his release. In 1834, when lotteries were banned in Connecticut, cutting off his main income, Barnum sold his store and moved to New York City. In 1835 he began as a showman with his purchase and exhibition of a blind and almost completely paralyzed slave woman, Joice Heth, claimed by Barnum to have been George Washington's nurse, and to be over 160 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584023475646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Joice Heth died in 1836, no more than 80 years old. After a year of mixed success with his first variety troupe called \"Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater,\" followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of difficult circumstances, he purchased Scudder's American Museum, at Broadway and Ann Street, New York City, in 1841. Barnum improved the attraction, renamed \"Barnum's American Museum,\" upgrading the building and adding exhibits, and it became a popular showplace. Barnum added a lighthouse lamp which attracted attention up and down Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that attracted attention in daytime. From between the upper windows, giant paintings of animals drew stares from pedestrians. The roof was transformed to a strolling garden with a view of the city, where he launched hot-air balloon rides daily. A changing series of live acts and curiosities, including albinos, giants, midgets, \"fat boys,\" jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models of cities and famous battles, and, eventually, a menagerie of animals were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642502784729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "In 1842, Barnum introduced his first major hoax, a creature with the head of a monkey and the tail of a fish, known as the \"Feejee\" mermaid. Barnum leased the \"mermaid\" from fellow museum owner Moses Kimball of Boston. Kimball became his friend, confidant, and collaborator. Barnum described his hoaxes and justified the act of perpetrating them by saying they were \"advertisements to draw attention...to the Museum. I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them.\" Later, he crusaded against fraudsters (see below). Barnum followed that with the exhibition of Charles Stratton, the dwarf \"General Tom Thumb\" (\"the Smallest Person that ever Walked Alone\") who was then four years of age but was stated to be 11. With heavy coaching and natural talent, the boy was taught to imitate people from Hercules to Napoleon. By five, he was drinking wine and by seven smoking cigars for the public's amusement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448563575744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "In year 1843 Barnum hired the traditional Native American dancer fu-Hum-Me, the first of many Native Americans he presented. During 1844–45, Barnum toured with Tom Thumb in Europe and met Queen Victoria, who was amused and saddened by the little man, and the event was a publicity coup. It opened the door to visits from royalty across Europe including the Czar of Russia and let him acquire dozens of attractions, including automatons and other mechanical marvels. He was almost able to buy the birth home of William Shakespeare. Barnum was having the time of his life, and for all of the three years abroad with Thumb, except for a few months when his serious, nervous, and straitlaced wife joined him, he had piles of spending money, food and drink, and lived a carefree existence. On his return to New York, he went on a spending spree, buying other museums, including Peale's museum in Philadelphia, the nation's first major museum. By late 1846, Barnum's Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6474609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "A risky decision of Barnum's established him as a legitimate impresario. During his Tom Thumb tour of England, Barnum had become aware of the popularity of Jenny Lind, the \"Swedish Nightingale\". Lind's career was at its height in Europe. She was unpretentious, shy and devout, and possessed a crystal-clear soprano voice projected with a wistful quality and earnestness that audiences found touching. Barnum had never heard her and conceded to being unmusical himself.Rogers, Francis. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/739200 \"Jenny Lind\",] The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 3 (July 1946), pp. 437–448 He approached her to sing in America at $1,000 a night for 150 nights, all expenses paid by him. He knew that his risk was great, noting: \"'The public' is a very strange animal, and although a good knowledge of human nature will generally lead a caterer of amusement to hit the people right, they are fickle and ofttimes perverse.\" But Barnum was confident that her reputation for morality and philanthropy could be turned to good use in his publicity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434795379638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Lind demanded the fee in advance. Barnum agreed, and she accepted the offer, which would permit her to raise a huge fund for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children in Sweden.Miller, Philip L. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3051579 \"Review: P. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind: The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale\",] American Music, Spring 1983, pp. 78–80 To raise the fee, Barnum borrowed heavily on his mansion and his museum. Still slightly short, he persuaded a Philadelphia minister, who thought that Lind would be a good influence on American morals, to lend him the final $5,000. The contract also gave Lind the option of withdrawing from the tour after sixty or one hundred contracts, paying Barnum $25,000 if she did so. Lind and her small company sailed to America in September 1850. As a result of Barnum's months of preparations, Lind was a celebrity even before she arrived in the U.S., and close to 40,000 greeted her at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, the press was in attendance, and \"Jenny Lind items\" were available. When she realized how much money Barnum stood to make from the tour, Lind insisted on a new agreement, which he signed on September 3, 1850. This gave her the original fee plus the remainder of each concert's profits after Barnum's $5,500 management fee was paid. She was determined to accumulate as much money as possible for her charities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130134582519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "The tour began with a concert at Castle Garden on September 11, 1850 and was a major success, recouping Barnum four times his investment. Washington Irving proclaimed, \"She is enough to counterbalance, of herself, all the evil that the world is threatened with by the great convention of women. So God save Jenny Lind!\" Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them by auction. The enthusiasm of the public was so strong that the American press coined the term \"Lind mania\".Linkon, Sherry Lee. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/30227283 \"Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and the Construction of Nineteenth-Century Audiences\",] Book History, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 94–106 The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind, and for her second concert and thereafter, she persuaded him to make a substantial number of tickets available at reduced prices.\"Jenny Lind's Progress in America\", The Observer, October 6, 1850, p. 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785370826721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "On the tour, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and whipped up enthusiasm (he had up to 26 journalists on his payroll).Hambrick, Keith S. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4232081 \"P. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind – The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale\",] Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 208–209 After New York, the company toured the east coast of America, with continued success, and later took in Cuba and the southern states of the U.S. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued the tour for nearly a year under her own management. Lind gave 93 concerts in America for Barnum, earning her about $350,000; Barnum netted at least $500,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838173866271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Using profits from the Lind tour, Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about the theater. Widely seen as 'dens of evil,' Barnum wanted to position them as palaces of edification and delight, and as respectable middle-class entertainment. He built the city's largest and most modern theater, naming it the \"Moral Lecture Room.\" He hoped this would avoid seedy connotations and attract a family crowd and win the approval of the moral crusaders of New York City. He started the nation's first theatrical matinées, to encourage families and to lessen the fear of crime. He opened with The Drunkard, a thinly disguised temperance lecture (he had become a teetotaler after returning from Europe). He followed that with melodramas, farces, and historical plays, put on by highly regarded actors. He watered down Shakespearean plays and others such as Uncle Tom's Cabin to make them family entertainment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855456352233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop East Bridgeport, Connecticut. He made substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company, to get it to move to his new industrial area. But by 1856, the company went bankrupt, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This started four years of litigation and public humiliation. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed \"the gods visible again\" and other critics celebrated Barnum's moral comeuppance. But his friends supported him, and Tom Thumb, now touring on his own, offered his services and they undertook another European tour. Barnum also started a lecture tour, mostly as a temperance speaker. By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a mansion \"Lindencroft\" (his palace \"Iranistan\" had burnt down in 1857) and he resumed ownership of his museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948025703430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Despite critics who predicted he could not revive the magic, Barnum went on to greater success. He created America's first aquarium and expanded the wax figure department. His \"Seven Grand Salons\" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of the World. He created a rogues gallery. The collections expanded to four buildings and he published a \"Guide Book to the Museum\" which claimed 850,000 'curiosities.' ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05289077758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Late in 1860, the Siamese Twins, Chang and Eng, came out of retirement (they needed more money to send their numerous children to college). The Twins had had a touring career on their own and went to live on a North Carolina plantation with their families and slaves, under the name of \"Bunker.\" They appeared at Barnum's Museum for six weeks. Also in 1860, Barnum introduced the \"man-monkey\" William Henry Johnson, a microcephalic black dwarf who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum. In 1862, he discovered the giantess Anna Swan and Commodore Nutt, a new Tom Thumb, with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln at the White House. During the Civil War, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict. He added pro-Unionist exhibits, lectures, and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to the cause. For example, in 1864 Barnum hired Pauline Cushman, an actress who had served as a spy for the Union, to lecture about her \"thrilling adventures\" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited a Confederate arsonist to start a fire in 1864. On July 13, 1865, Barnum's American Museum burned to the ground from a fire of unknown origin. Barnum re-established the Museum at another location in New York City, but this too was destroyed by fire in March 1868. This time the loss was too great, and Barnum retired from the museum business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.586009979248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "P.T. Barnum's", "passage": "Barnum did not enter the circus business until he was 60 years old. In Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 with William Cameron Coup, he established \"P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome,\" a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks.\" It went through various names: \"P.T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth,\" and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, \"P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United,\" soon shortened to \"Barnum & Bailey's.\" This entertainment phenomenon was the first circus to display 3 rings, which made it the largest circus the world had ever seen. The show's first primary attraction was Jumbo, an African elephant he purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo. The Barnum and Bailey still contained similar acts as to his Traveling Menagerie: acrobats, freak shows, and the world famous General Tom Thumb. Despite more fires, train disasters, and other setbacks, Barnum plowed ahead, aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Bailey split up again in 1885, but came back together in 1888 with the \"Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth,\" later \"Barnum & Bailey Circus,\" which toured the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670105934143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum was one of the very first circus owners to move his circus by train (and probably the very first to buy his own train). His friend, W.C. Coup, helped him get railroad cars to make his tour traveling easier. Given the lack of paved highways in America, this turned out to be a shrewd business move that vastly enlarged Barnum's geographical reach. In this new field, Barnum leaned more on the advice of Coup, Bailey and other business partners, most of whom were young enough to be his sons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25197982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum wrote several books, including Life of P.T. Barnum (1854), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), and The Art of Money-Getting (1880). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065147399902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "One of Barnum's more successful methods of self-promotion was mass publication of his autobiography. Barnum eventually gave up his copyright to allow other printers to sell inexpensive editions. At the end of the 19th century the number of copies printed was second only to the New Testament in North America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134358406066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum was significantly involved in politics, focusing on race, slavery, and sectionalism in the period leading up to the American Civil War. He had some of his first success as an impresario through his slave Joice Heth. Around 1850, he was involved in a hoax about a weed that would turn black people white.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925336837768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Promotion of minstrel shows led to his sponsorship in 1853 of H.J. Conway's politically watered-down stage version of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin; the play, at Barnum's American Museum, gave the story a happy ending, with Tom and other slaves freed. The success led to a play based on Stowe's Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. His opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act which supported slavery, of 1854 led him to leave the Democratic Party to become a member of the new anti slavery Republican Party. He had evolved from a man of common stereotypes of the 1840s to a leader for emancipation by the Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64183235168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum ran for the United States Congress in 1867 and lost to his third cousin William Henry Barnum. In 1875, Barnum as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, worked to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets, and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. Barnum was instrumental in starting Bridgeport Hospital, founded in 1878, and was its first president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30231761932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum enjoyed what he publicly dubbed \"profitable philanthropy.\" In Barnum's own words: \"I have no desire to be considered much of a philanthropist...if by improving and beautifying our city Bridgeport, Connecticut, and adding to the pleasure and prosperity of my neighbors, I can do so at a profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong as if it were otherwise.\" In line with this philosophy was Barnum's pursuit of major American museums and spectacles. Less known are Barnum's significant contributions to Tufts University. Barnum was appointed to the Board of Trustees prior to the University's founding and made several significant contributions to the fledgling institution. The most noteworthy example of this was his gift in 1883 of $50,000 ($2,000,000 in 2013), to establish a museum and hall for the Department of Natural History, which today houses the department of biology. Because of the relationship between Barnum and Tufts, Jumbo the elephant became the school's mascot, and Tufts students are known as \"Jumbos.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660497665405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum suffered a stroke in 1890 during a performance and died on April 7, 1891. He was buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, Connecticut, a cemetery he designed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27911376953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Barnum built four mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere, and Marina. Iranistan was the most notable: a fanciful and opulent Moorish Revival splendor designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and lacy fretwork, inspired by the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England. This mansion was built 1848 but burned down in 1857. The Marina Mansion was demolished by the University of Bridgeport in order to build their cafeteria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162779808044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "In 1893, a statue in his honor was placed at Seaside Park, by the water in Bridgeport. Barnum had donated the land for this park in 1865.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278336524963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "His circus was sold to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907 for $400,000 (about $8.5 million in 2008 dollars). The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged in 1919 forming the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411510467529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "The Tufts University Biology Building is named in honor of Barnum. Jumbo eventually became the mascot of Tufts University, in honor of Barnum's 1889 donation of the elephant's stuffed hide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275653839111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "Walt Kelly, who grew up in Bridgeport, named the Pogo character P.T. Bridgeport after Barnum, and endowed the circus operator bear with a Barnum-like outsized personality and word balloons with lettering that resembled 19th century circus posters giving graphic depiction of the sort of colorful language Barnum was prone to use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856100082397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "An annual six-week Barnum Festival was held for many years in Bridgeport, Connecticut, as a tribute to Barnum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429222106933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "To honor the 200th anniversary of Barnum's birth, the Bethel Historical Society commissioned a life-size sculpture, created by local resident David Gesualdi, that stands outside the public library. The statue was dedicated on September 26, 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82180404663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "The Bridgeport-Port Jefferson Ferry company operates three vessels that run across the Long Island Sound between Port Jefferson, New York, and Bridgeport. One of those three ferry boats is named \"The P.T. Barnum.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490276336669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*The Mighty Barnum (1934) - Played by Wallace Beery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296794891357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*Barnum (1986) - Played by Burt Lancaster. Made-for-TV movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403512954711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*P. T. Barnum (1999) - Played by Beau Bridges. Made-for-TV movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41503620147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "* Barnum (1980) - Broadway musical based on Barnum's life", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323426246643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*[http://us.macmillan.com/thethunderofgiants/joelfishbane The Thunder of Giants] by Joel Fishbane. St. Martin's Press, New York. (2015). Historical fiction concerning Anna Swan, the Nova Scotia giantess who Barnum brought to New York in 1862. The book touches on Barnum's politics and the lives of other exhibits in the American Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882000923156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*Struggles and Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections of P.T. Barnum. Originally published 1869. Reprint ed., Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003. ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076316833496094, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*The Colossal P.T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in the Universe. Ed. by James W. Cook. Champaign, University of Illinois Press, 2005. ISBN 0-252-07295-2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10307788848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" }, { "answer": "Barnum", "passage": "*The Life of P.T. Barnum: Written By Himself. Originally published 1855. Reprint ed., Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005843162536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "P. T. Barnum" } ]

[ { "answer": "202 Green Street", "passage": "On 7 September 1927, American inventor Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. By 3 September 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was improved further by the elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma (\"Pem\") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required). ", "precise_score": 8.247712135314941, "rough_score": 7.262480735778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Television" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film. Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on 25 August 1934, and for ten days afterwards. ", "precise_score": 5.645973205566406, "rough_score": 3.0173020362854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Television" }, { "answer": "Philo Taylor Farnsworth", "passage": "Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. He made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television. He is perhaps best known for his 1927 invention of the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the \"image dissector\", as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system. He was also the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951, in Fort Wayne, Indiana.", "precise_score": 6.342953205108643, "rough_score": 5.449880123138428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "202 Green Street", "passage": "On September 7, 1927, Philo Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. By September 3, 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration. In 1929, the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator, so that his television system now had no mechanical parts. That year, Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Elma (\"Pem\") with her eyes closed (possibly due to the bright lighting required). ", "precise_score": 7.242304801940918, "rough_score": 4.584566593170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of television" }, { "answer": "Philo T. Farnsworth", "passage": "Philo T. Farnsworth was born August 19, 1906, the eldest of five children of Lewis Edwin Farnsworth and Serena Amanda Bastian, an LDS couple then living in a small log cabin built by Lewis's father in a place called Indian Creek near Beaver, Utah. In 1918, the family moved to a relative's 240-acre ranch near Rigby, Idaho, Article edited by Kent M. Farnsworth, 2006. where Lewis supplemented his farming income by hauling freight with his horse-drawn wagon. Philo was excited to find his new home was wired for electricity, with a Delco generator providing power for lighting and farm machinery. He was a quick student in mechanical and electrical technology, repairing the troublesome generator, and upon finding a burned out electric motor among some items discarded by the previous tenants, proceeding to rewind the armature and convert his mother's hand-powered washing machine into an electric-powered one. Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home, and won a $25 first prize in a pulp-magazine contest for inventing a magnetized car lock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.250242233276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "202 Green Street", "passage": "On September 7, 1927, Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, to a receiver in another room of his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. Pem Farnsworth recalled in 1985 that her husband broke the stunned silence of his lab assistants by saying, \"There you are — electronic television!\" The source of the image was a glass slide, backlit by an arc lamp. An extremely bright source was required because of the low light sensitivity of the design. By 1928, Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. His backers had demanded to know when they would see dollars from the invention;Schwartz, Evan I., The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit & the Birth of Television, HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-621069-0 so the first image shown was, appropriately, a dollar sign. In 1929, the design was further improved by elimination of a motor-generator; so the television system now had no mechanical parts. That year Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images using his television system, including a three and a half-inch image of his wife Pem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0155112743377686, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo T. Farnsworth", "passage": "In the spring of 1967, Farnsworth and his family moved back to Utah to continue his fusion research at Brigham Young University, which presented him with an honorary doctorate. The university also offered him office space and an underground concrete bunker for the project. Realizing the fusion lab was to be dismantled at ITT, Farnsworth invited staff members to accompany him to Salt Lake City, as team members in Philo T. Farnsworth Associates (PTFA). By late 1968, the associates began holding regular business meetings and PTFA was underway. Although a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was promptly secured, and more possibilities were within reach, financing stalled for the $24,000 in monthly expenses required to cover salaries and equipment rental.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023125648498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "202 Green Street", "passage": "* On September 15, 1981 a plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street was placed on the 202 Green Street location (37.80037N, 122.40251W) of his research laboratory in San Francisco, California by the State Department of Parks and recreation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645771980285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "* Farnsworth Peak on the northern end of the Oquirrh Mountains, approximately 18 miles (29 km) south west of Salt Lake City, Utah, is named after Philo Farnsworth. It is the location of many of the area's television and FM radio transmitters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343999862670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "* The Philo Awards named after Philo Farnsworth is an annual public-access television cable TV competition where the winners receive notice for their efforts in various categories in producing Community Media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003100395202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo T. Farnsworth", "passage": "* On the Beakman's World Season 1, Episode 10, aired Nov 14, 1992 \"Levers, Beakmania, & Television\" Paul Zaloom appears as the \"guest scientist\" Philo T. Farnsworth explaining his own invention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15468978881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo T. Farnsworth", "passage": "* Since 2003, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS) has awarded the Philo T. Farnsworth Corporate Achievement Award on an irregular schedule, to companies who have significantly affected the state of television and broadcast engineering over a long period of time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121044158935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "* The 2009 SyFy television series Warehouse 13 features a video communicator affectionately called \"The Farnsworth.\" In the show's universe, Philo Farnsworth built at least five of these communicators after creating television (including a very personalised one used by him) though it's possible he made more than that. He also has a \"Farnsworth aisle\" in the Warehouse which includes not just some parts and items created by him, but some of his nuclear fusion experiments that one character claims to still be \"kicking.\" Farnsworth also makes an appearance in an episode in a flashback set in 1944 during Season 2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.306485176086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "* In the video game Trenched, renamed as Iron Brigade, the main antagonist is a character named Vladamir Farnsworth, who created mechanical enemies known as \"Tubes\" which spread a deadly broadcast. This character name is alluding to Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir K. Zworykin, who invented the iconoscope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595231056213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo T. Farnsworth", "passage": "Farnsworth's Fort Wayne residence from 1948-1967, then the former Philo T. Farnsworth Television Museum, stands on the northwest corner of E. State and E. St Joseph Boulevards. The residence is recognized by an Indiana state historical marker and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89061164855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philo Farnsworth" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception. However, Ardenne had not developed a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film. Philo Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system, using a live camera, at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, and for ten days afterwards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8148818016052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of television" }, { "answer": "Philo Farnsworth", "passage": "By 1935, low-definition electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and non-commercial licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's August 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia pointed out the direction of television's future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.463738918304443, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of television" } ]

[ { "answer": "Randy Johnson", "passage": "* Actor Mike McGlone, who uses film noir-style narration to compare the ease of GEICO to things, famous people, or idioms. (\"Could switching to GEICO really save you 15% or more on car insurance?...Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea?\") The scene is then acted out, with typically humorous results. In addition to Johnson, other ads have included Charlie Daniels, Andrés Cantor, Foghorn Leghorn, Elmer Fudd, R. Lee Ermey, and Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones among others, including Maxwell the Piggy.", "precise_score": -8.385685920715332, "rough_score": -10.360688209533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" } ]

[ { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "\"The Man Trap\" is the first episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek to be broadcast. It aired on NBC on September 8, 1966. Set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise. In this episode, the crew visit an outpost to conduct medical exams on the residents, only to be attacked by a shapeshifting alien creature seeking to extract salt from their bodies. \"The Man Trap\" was written by George Clayton Johnson and directed by Marc Daniels.", "precise_score": -0.73714679479599, "rough_score": -4.257533073425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "\"The Man Trap\" was the sixth episode produced. Although Rodenberry initially disagreed with NBC's decision, he and producer Herbert Franklin Solow came to believe it was the correct choice.Shatner & Kreski (1993): p. 163 Shatner also disagreed with the network, feeling that \"The Man Trap\" was the worst episode out of those available. The episode was the first episode of Star Trek broadcast, on NBC on September 8, 1966. \"The Man Trap\" formed part of NBC's \"Sneak a Peak Week\", in which the network showed the premiere episodes of several new shows in prime time slots, ahead of the rival channels ABC and CBS, who were still showing repeats from the previous season. Leading into Star Trek was the first episode of Tarzan showing Ron Ely, and leading out was Richard Mulligan's The Hero.Solow & Justman (1996): pp. 264–265", "precise_score": -0.315529465675354, "rough_score": -4.8371734619140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The episode was not the first to be broadcast in the United Kingdom, which instead premiered Star Trek on BBC One with \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" on July 12, 1969. The episodes continued to be broadcast in a different order than they had appeared in the United States. \"The Man Trap\" was shown nearly three months later on October 4 as the 13th episode. This was during the period when the channel was still broadcasting only in black and white; it was not until \"Arena\" on November 15 that the series was shown in color. During subsequent repeats of Star Trek, the channel reverted to NBC's schedule and showed \"The Man Trap\" as the first episode. ", "precise_score": -1.235289216041565, "rough_score": -3.024264097213745, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "A high-definition remastering of \"The Man Trap\", which introduced new special effects and starship exteriors as well as enhanced music and audio, was shown for the first time in the United States on September 29, 2007, in broadcast syndication. The episode was made available to over 200 local stations across the United States with the rights to broadcast Star Trek. ", "precise_score": -1.4605357646942139, "rough_score": -4.651248455047607, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The story—part of the original Star Trek pitch by series creator Gene Roddenberry—was first assigned to Lee Erwin. Johnson took on the writing duties after Roddenberry disliked his work on another plot proposal. Johnson's first draft was entitled \"Damsel With a Dulcimer\", incorporating elements from his Twilight Zone episode \"The Four of Us Are Dying\". Roddenberry, producer Robert H. Justman and story editor John D. F. Black all tweaked elements of the episode, including the title. \"The Man Trap\" was the sixth episode to be filmed but the first to be shot to schedule. Prop creator Wah Chang and costume designer William Ware Theiss created the creature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.884286880493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The episode was chosen as the first of the series to be broadcast by the studio due to the horror-based plot. \"The Man Trap\" placed first in the timeslot with a Nielsen rating of 25.2 percent for the first half-hour and 24.2 for the remainder. After broadcast, reviewers criticized the levels of violence but praised the acting. More recent appraisals have been mixed; praise has been given to the plot and diverse cast but Hollywood.com listed it as among the worst episodes of the series. The creature has been dubbed the \"salt vampire\" by fans; it was redesigned for possible inclusion in the 2009 film Star Trek but was not used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.634842872619629, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "\"The Man Trap\" appeared in Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for Star Trek as the title of a show with a different plot: the crew face several apparitions that are \"wish-fulfilment traps which become as real as flesh and blood\";Roddenberry (1964): p. 14 the traps increase in subtlety until the crew struggle to differentiate between apparition and reality. Lee Erwin, who had previously worked on The Lieutenant with Roddenberry, was commissioned to produce a treatment; an outline featuring a salt-devouring vampire was handed in on April 8, 1966. Meanwhile, George Clayton Johnson had been assigned a storyline, tentatively titled \"Chicago II\", in which the crew of the Enterprise visit a planet where the culture was that of 1920s mob-era Chicago. Johnson was hired after story editor John D. F. Black recommended him to the producers. Johnson decided to use the 1953 science fiction novel The Syndic by Cyril M. Kornbluth as the basis for the story.Asherman (1988): p. 136 Roddenberry felt that Johnson's treatment did not match his vision for Star Trek, but did not want to lose him entirely, and asked him to write \"The Man Trap\".Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 166 Erwin was paid in full for his version, and given a separate \"kill fee\" because it was not going to be used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.67981243133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Black later said that Roddenberry removed a large part of Johnson's work, and that Johnson's original work was better than Roddenberry's edited version. Johnson was pleased with the final episode, although he was concerned that viewers might not understand Star Trek after watching \"The Man Trap\" owing to differences in characterization between this episode and the rest of the series. He admitted that he did not like Spock and was concerned that the character would not be understood after this episode. Roddenberry was pleased with Johnson's work, and offered him further writing work on \"What Are Little Girls Made Of?\", which had been written by Robert Bloch. Roddenberry only wanted Johnson to \"polish\" the script; Johnson, feeling he was unable to improve it without starting from scratch, turned down the offer but expressed the desire to work on the show again. He later wrote a story outline entitled \"Rock-A-Bye Baby, or Die!\" in which the Enterprise would have become a childlike sentient being who idolizes Kirk as its father. This was not commissioned, so \"The Man Trap\" was Johnson's only work on the franchise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.921284675598145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Actors playing two of the crewmen who died on screen later appeared in other episodes of Star Trek. Michael Zaslow, seen in \"The Man Trap\" as Darnell, appeared in \"I, Mudd\", and later had a long-running role in the soap opera Guiding Light as Roger Thorpe. John Arndt appeared in four further episodes of The Original Series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.986658573150635, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "All previous episodes of Star Trek had overrun their filming schedules, and the producers were concerned that not enough time had been allotted to each production. Marc Daniels was recruited as director of \"The Man Trap\"; among his varied directing credits were episodes of I Love Lucy for Desilu Productions. Pre-production began during the six scheduled filming days for \"The Enemy Within\", but that episode ran long. Filming for \"The Man Trap\" commenced around 3:20pm on June 22 and continued until 7:10pm. Several futuristic-looking salt shakers were sourced for scenes in \"The Man Trap\", but due to concerns that they would not be recognized, they were instead used from \"The Man Trap\" onward as McCoy's tools in sickbay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.254878044128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In post-production, Justman recommended adding an opening narration. Roddenberry agreed and wrote new lines for a Captain's log. Alexander Courage recorded the music for this episode on August 19,Asherman (1986): p. 31 the same day as the \"Theme from Star Trek\", using a 25-piece orchestra. While Roddenberry liked the theme, he hated the music created specifically for \"The Man Trap\". Optical effects work was quicker than usual; Howard A. Anderson, Jr. took two months, three times faster than for some episodes. The overall production costs for \"The Man Trap\" came in under-budget at $185,401.Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 175", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.314551830291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Don Lanning was part of the team working on the creature effects for the 2009 film Star Trek. He was the key sculptor for the production, and personally revamped some of the aliens from The Original Series, including the salt vampire seen in \"The Man Trap\". He described the original design as \"hokey\", and said that he tried change it to \"something organic\". The new version of the creature was unused in the film, which pleased Lanning. The creature did return in Star Trek Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. Rather than a single salt vampire, the 20-player PvE mission \"Mine Trap\" sees a Romulan colony overrun with them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.600768089294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In his book The Influence of Star Trek on Television, Film and Culture, Lincoln Geraghty wrote that episodes such as \"The Man Trap\" demonstrated a recurring theme within the series: the more barren the planet, the more likely that characters will be in danger. Other episodes which he said supported this view included \"The Cage\" and \"What Are Little Girls Made Of?\". Geraghty also pointed out that elsewhere in The Original Series, the predominant view was that alien predators such as the salt vampire were a lower life form which should be destroyed. He said that in \"The Man Trap\", the alternative argument is presented: that such creatures should not be killed. However, Geraghty felt that the writers tried to prevent viewers from feeling sympathy for the creature by revealing its true appearance as it died. Paula M. Block and Terry J. Erdmann also discussed the killing of the creature in their book Star Trek: The Original Series 365, saying that it was \"the right thing to do\", but suggested that the nature of the death would have troubled McCoy for some time after the event although this was not shown in the series.Block & Erdmann (2010): p. 50", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.265873908996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Block and Erdmann also discussed another part of the episode where Spock is in charge on the bridge and Uhura begins to flirt with him, calling it a \"quintessential scene of the series\" due to the characters' sexual interest in each other. They suggested this may have been the inspiration for the Spock/Uhura relationship introduced in the 2009 reboot film Star Trek.Block & Erdmann (2010): p. 49 Nichelle Nichols, who played Uhura, later said that she felt there were hints of an Uhura/Spock relationship in other episodes of the original series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8323283195495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "A month prior to the premiere of Star Trek, Desilu held a screening for NBC executives to help decide which episode to broadcast first, and several stories were considered.Solow & Justman (1996): p. 163 Executives were concerned that \"Mudd's Women\", one potential choice, would have reviewers discussing \"space hookers\"; they felt another possibility, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" contained too much exposition—even though it was filmed as a second pilot. The final choice was between \"The Man Trap\" and \"The Naked Time\". Justman felt that \"The Naked Time\" would make it easier for viewers to understand the characters but later agreed with NBC's decision to show \"The Man Trap\" first. In the book Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, he suggests that it was \"scarier and more exploitable than the others\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.702434539794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The following episodes saw a drop in ratings after \"The Man Trap\". \"Charlie X\" was broadcast the following week; the studio did not want that episode to run second but \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" was the only other completed story. It placed second in the timeslot during the first half hour, with a rating of 19.1 and an overall share of 35.9 percent of viewers. It was beaten by My Three Sons on CBS with a rating of 19.2. During the second half hour, Star Trek was pushed into third with a rating of 12.3 by the Thursday night movie on CBS and the season premiere of Bewitched, which was also the first episode of that series broadcast in color. The following week, with \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", the series returned to the top place with a 19.9 rating during the first half hour, and second in the second half hour to Bewitched. The Trendex rating report for the first few weeks of Star Trek saw it ranked in 33rd spot for the period with an average rating of 18.7. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.455611228942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In an interview published in the 1988 book The Star Trek Interview Book, Johnson claimed that the response of critics to \"The Man Trap\", and the initial episodes of Star Trek in general, was \"complete bewilderment\". In previewing the broadcast of \"The Man Trap\", The Daily Reporter said that Star Trek had the \"usual far-fetched suppositions\" present in other science fiction works, but praise was given to the acting skills of Shatner and the plots of the initial episodes. The Edwardsville Intelligencer called the reveal of the creature in the episode \"the kicker of a great sci-fi plot\". Daily Variety columnist Jack Hellman gave the episode an unfavorable review over its \"lack of meaningful cast leads\", who \"move around with directorial precision with only violence to provide the excitement.\" The weekly edition of the magazine offered a similar opinion, stating that the Enterprise \"trudged along for a long hour with hardly any relief from violence, killing, ugly stuff and a distasteful monster\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.196484088897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The first adaptation of \"The Man Trap\" was as a re-working into a short story by author James Blish as part of the novelization Star Trek. This book contained seven short stories, each based on an episode of The Original Series, and was published in January 1967. The adaptation of \"The Man Trap\" appeared as the third story in the book, although it was named \"The Unreal McCoy\". The first home media release of \"The Man Trap\" was on Compact Cassette from Startone productions in 1982. A further release on LaserDisc took place in 1985, alongside \"Charlie X\". Further releases of all episodes of the series were made on VHS and Betamax. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.944864273071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Man Trap" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of the crime novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Originally serialised in The Strand Magazine from August 1901 to April 1902, it is set largely on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country and tells the story of an attempted murder inspired by the legend of a fearsome, diabolical hound of supernatural origin. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case. This was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in \"The Final Problem\", and the success of The Hound of the Baskervilles led to the character's eventual revival.", "precise_score": 8.552437782287598, "rough_score": 8.98680591583252, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Conan Doyle had not written about Sherlock Holmes in eight years, having killed off the character in the 1893 story \"The Final Problem\". Although The Hound of the Baskervilles is set before the latter events, two years later Conan Doyle would bring Holmes back for good, explaining in \"The Adventure of the Empty House\" that Holmes had faked his own death.", "precise_score": 3.978440761566162, "rough_score": 7.003200531005859, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Hound of Baskervilles serves as the primary inspiration for the final case in Dai Gyakuten Saiban: Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken (大逆転裁判 ‐成歩堂龍ノ介の冒険‐, \"the Ace Attorney series in which the protagonist's (Phoenix Wright) great-great-grandfather teams up with Sherlock Holmes to investigate mysteries based on various entries in the Holmes chronology.", "precise_score": 5.865933418273926, "rough_score": 7.115237236022949, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Sherlock Holmes and the Hound of the Baskervilles is a casual game by Frogwares. It departs from the original plot by introducing clear supernatural elements. Despite its non-canonical plot, it received good reviews.", "precise_score": 4.226122856140137, "rough_score": 6.33853006362915, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1959 British gothic horror and mystery film, directed by Terence Fisher and produced by Hammer Film Productions. It is based on the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It stars Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes, Sir Christopher Lee as Sir Henry Baskerville and André Morell as Doctor Watson.", "precise_score": 7.533383846282959, "rough_score": 8.24979019165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Cushing would later reprise the role in the BBC Sherlock Holmes television series nine years later, filming sixteen episodes, two of which were a new interpretation of The Hound of the Baskervilles, this time with Nigel Stock as Watson.", "precise_score": 3.1175544261932373, "rough_score": 5.277609825134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "File:The Sherlock Holmes bar.jpg|The bar, showing some of the memorabilia on display, including the head of The Hound of the Baskervilles", "precise_score": 1.7818900346755981, "rough_score": 4.651147365570068, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The main difference between Ja'far (\"The Three Apples\") and later fictional detectives, such as Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot, is that Ja'far has no actual desire to solve the case. The whodunit mystery is solved when the murderer himself confesses his crime. this in turn leads to another assignment in which Ja'far has to find the culprit who instigated the murder within three days or else be executed. Ja'far again fails to find the culprit before the deadline, but owing to his chance discovery of a key item, he eventually manages to solve the case through reasoning, in order to prevent his own execution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.332239151000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Detective fiction" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "In 1887, Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes, arguably the most famous of all fictional detectives. Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he was influenced by Poe's Dupin and Gaboriau's Lecoq), his name has become a byword for the part. Conan Doyle stated that the character of Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as a clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from the smallest observations. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\" residing at 221B Baker Street, Holmes is famous for his intellectual prowess and is renowned for his skillful use of astute observation, deductive reasoning, and forensic skills to solve difficult cases. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, and all but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5324125289916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Detective fiction" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "*The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories by Pinaki Roy, New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-81-7625-849-4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.840025901794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Detective fiction" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The historic advantage of genres is to allow the direct marketing of fiction. While the reader of so-called elitist literature will follow public discussions of novels, the popular production has to employ the traditionally more direct and short-term marketing strategies with the open declarations of their content. The most popular novels are based entirely on the expectations for the particular genre, and this includes the creation of a series of novels with an identifiable brand name. i.e. the Sherlock Holmes series by Arthur Conan Doyle", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.012587547302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Novel" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Dr. James Mortimer asks Sherlock Holmes to investigate the death of his friend, Sir Charles Baskerville. Sir Charles died at his Devonshire estate, Baskerville Hall, and Mortimer now fears for Sir Charles's nephew and sole heir, Sir Henry Baskerville. The death was attributed to a heart attack, but Mortimer is suspicious, because Sir Charles died with an expression of horror on his face, and Mortimer noticed \"the footprints of a gigantic hound\" nearby. The Baskerville family has supposedly been under a curse since the era of the English Civil War, when Hugo Baskerville offered his soul to the devil for help in abducting a woman and was reportedly killed by a giant spectral hound. Sir Charles believed in the curse and was apparently running away from something when he died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.448648452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Holmes and Watson", "passage": "At Baskerville Hall, Holmes notices a resemblance between Stapleton and a portrait of Hugo Baskerville. He realises that Stapleton could be an unknown Baskerville family member, seeking to claim the Baskerville wealth by eliminating his relatives. Accompanied by Inspector Lestrade, whom Holmes has summoned, Holmes and Watson travel to the Stapleton home, where Sir Henry is dining. They rescue him from a hound that Stapleton releases while Sir Henry is walking home across the moor. Shooting the animal dead in the struggle, Sherlock reveals that it was a perfectly mortal dog - a mix of bloodhound and mastiff, painted with phosphorus to give it a hellish appearance. They find Mrs. Stapleton bound and gagged inside the house, while Stapleton apparently dies in an attempt to reach his hideout in a nearby mire. They also find Sir Henry's boot, which was used to give the hound Sir Henry's scent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8008086681365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Holmes and Watson", "passage": "The story ends with Holmes and Watson leaving to see the opera Les Huguenots starring Jean de Reszke. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.806001663208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "* Stapleton reappears in Richard L. Boyer's version of The Giant Rat of Sumatra (1976). It turns out that he did not die, as Holmes and Watson assumed, but had escaped by another route, committing further crimes and vowing vengeance on Sherlock Holmes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.490179061889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "* The Moor (1998), a novel in Laurie R. King's series about Sherlock Holmes and Mary Russell, uses the setting and various plot elements, with Holmes returning to Dartmoor on a later case. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.385948657989502, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "* Pierre Bayard's book Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong (2008) re-opens the case and, by careful re-examination of all the clues, clears the hound of all wrongdoing and argues that the actual murderer got away with the crime completely unsuspected by Holmes, countless readers of the book over the past century—and even, in a sense, the author himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.509159803390503, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Several centuries later, the death of Sir Charles Baskerville is being reported by his best friend, Dr. Richard Mortimer (Francis de Wolff), to Sherlock Holmes (Peter Cushing) and Dr. Watson (André Morell), who are willing to meet the new owner of Baskerville Hall, Sir Henry (Christopher Lee). After meeting Sir Henry, Holmes remembers that he is going to be away on another case when Sir Henry returns to Baskerville Hall. Holmes puts Watson in charge of watching over Sir Henry. A tarantula attacks Sir Henry briefly in London; Holmes suspects foul play. Before he leaves, Holmes reminds Watson not to let Sir Henry go out onto the moor after dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.708196759223938, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Holmes and Watson", "passage": "Cecille takes Sir Henry out to the moor one night. By now, Holmes has solved the case: The Stapletons are illegitimate descendants of Sir Hugo and are next in line to inherit the Baskerville fortune and mansion if all of the Baskervilles perish. Holmes deduces this after questioning Barrymore about the missing portrait; it was stolen because it revealed Sir Hugo's right-hand fingers were webbed just like Stapleton's right hand. Cecile has taken Sir Henry out onto the moor so that he may be killed by the hound – a dog kept by Stapleton, not a ghost as many were led to believe. Holmes and Watson rush out just in time to hear Cecile reveal her intentions to a horrified Sir Henry. The dog attacks Sir Henry. Stapleton attacks Watson with the legendary curved dagger used by Sir Hugo and is shot and wounded by Watson. Holmes shoots the dog; it then turns on Stapleton and mauls him to death. Cecille flees after Holmes kills the beast, revealing it to be a Great Dane wearing a hideous mask to make it look more terrifying. Cecile accidentally falls into the mire and slowly sinks to her death. Holmes and Watson take a shocked Sir Henry back to Baskerville Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8617563843727112, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "* Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.908329010009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Cushing was an aficionado of Sherlock Holmes and brought his knowledge to the project. It was Cushing's suggestion that the mantlepiece feature Holmes' correspondence transfixed to it with a jackknife as per the original stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.33084774017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Time Out called it \"the best Sherlock Holmes film ever made, and one of Hammer's finest movies\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.110443115234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Peter Cushing's Holmes received mixed reviews at the time, with Films and Filming calling him an \"impish, waspish, Wilde-ian Holmes\", while The New York Herald Tribune stated \"Peter Cushing is a forceful and eager Sherlock Holmes\". André Morell's Watson has been praised as a far more accurate rendition of the character as envisioned by Arthur Conan Doyle, as opposed to the comical buffoon created by Nigel Bruce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5041139125823975, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Sherlock Holmes is a Victorian era themed public house in Northumberland Street near Charing Cross railway station and Trafalgar Square which contains a large collection of memorabilia related to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. The original collection was put together for display in Baker Street in London during the Festival of Britain in 1951.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.417264461517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Sherlock Holmes was originally a small hotel, known briefly in the 1880s as the Northumberland Hotel, and later as the Northumberland Arms, under the latter name appearing in the 1892 Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor. The Turkish bath that Holmes and Watson used to frequent in the stories was located right beside the hotel at 25 Northumberland Avenue. The entrance to the adjacent women's Turkish baths can still be seen in Craven Passage at the rear of the men's baths. It has been conjectured by some Holmes enthusiasts and scholars that the present building was the Northumberland Hotel which featured in the 1901 story The Hound of the Baskervilles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2220016717910767, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The displays in The Sherlock Holmes grew out of the Festival of Britain of 1951, when Marylebone Public Library, with the support of the Abbey National (which had its headquarters on the purported site of 221B Baker Street), decided to create an exhibition based on the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Four Holmes enthusiasts (with the support of the family of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) designed and planned the exhibition, collecting materials (many of them donated) for display, including a Persian slipper to hold Holmes’s tobacco, a gasogene for Dr Watson's soda, and a jack-knife for Holmes to pin his unanswered correspondence to the mantelpiece with. In Abbey House on Baker Street Holmes' sitting room at 221B Baker Street was created. Each day crumpets were supplied by a local baker and these were left on a plate in the sitting room with two different sets of bite marks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.987220764160156, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The Northumberland Arms was refurbished and reopened under its present name in December 1957. Its owners, Whitbread & Co., were fortunate to be able to purchase the entire Festival of Britain Sherlock Holmes exhibit after it returned from a world tour, including New York where it was displayed at the Plaza Galleries. The idea was to install the exhibit in its own permanent home in a theme pub in the centre of London where it would appeal to Holmes enthusiasts from around the world who visited that city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.764683723449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "The pub was restored to a late Victorian form and the main exhibit, a detailed replica of a corner of Holmes' fictional apartment, was installed on the upstairs floor, where it can be viewed behind a plate glass wall from both the roof garden and the first-floor Sherlock Holmes restaurant and through small windows in the upstairs hallway. The displays in the bars include theatre posters, Dr Watson's old service revolver, political cartoons and the stuffed and mounted head of the Hound of the Baskervilles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9844897389411926, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Over the years the exhibits in the downstairs bar areas have been augmented with photographs of the actors who have played Holmes and Watson since the original display was set up. The collection is curated and maintained by the Sherlock Holmes Society of London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.813162803649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "Today The Sherlock Holmes is owned by Bury St Edmunds based brewer Greene King. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.085529327392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "File:Milky Holmes in London (5080111841).jpg|The Sherlock Holmes public house", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.978535652160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "Sherlock Holmes", "passage": "File:Sherlock Holmes tableau.jpg|The reconstruction of the sitting room of 221B Baker Street in the restaurant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679855346679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Sherlock Holmes" } ]