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[ { "answer": "Parsec", "passage": "The light-year is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist and popular science publications. The unit usually used in professional astrometry is the parsec (symbol: pc, approximately 3.26 light-years; the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc).", "precise_score": 6.634251594543457, "rough_score": 6.487405776977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light-year" }, { "answer": "Parsec", "passage": "Although modern astronomers often prefer to use the parsec, light years are also popularly used to gauge the expanses of interstellar and intergalactic space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.951845645904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light-year" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cheshire Cat", "passage": "To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented \"The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case\" in 1889. This was a cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting the most commonly used penny stamp, and one each for the other current denominations up to one shilling. The folder was then put into a slip case decorated with a picture of Alice on the front and the Cheshire Cat on the back. All could be conveniently carried in a pocket or purse. The pack also included a copy of Carroll's pamphletted lecture Eight or Nine Wise Words About Letter-Writing. ", "precise_score": -10.745292663574219, "rough_score": -10.6084566116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lewis Carroll" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pilot Inspektor", "passage": "Following his divorce from Llywelyn, Lee became engaged to actress Beth Riesgraf. Together, they have a son, Pilot Inspektor. Lee states their son's name was inspired by \"He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot\" by rock band Grandaddy.", "precise_score": 2.376889705657959, "rough_score": -0.36237621307373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason Lee (actor)" }, { "answer": "Coach Frank", "passage": "Lee later worked with Tony Hawk when he lent his voice and likeness to Tony Hawk's Project 8 to become a playable character. Lee then voiced Coach Frank, a character created during the development of Stereo, in Skate 3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.171405792236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason Lee (actor)" } ]

[ { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "\"In God We Trust\" is the official motto of the United States. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782. ", "precise_score": 6.285920143127441, "rough_score": 5.089033126831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "In the 1950s the Red Scare prompted conservatives to distinguish the United States from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism. The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution \"declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States.\" The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956. The United States Code at , now states: \"'In God we trust' is the national motto.\"", "precise_score": 6.686732769012451, "rough_score": 1.6012803316116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed \"In God We Trust\" as the official national motto of the United States of America. In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming \"In God We Trust\" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote. According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription \"In God We Trust\" on U.S. coins.", "precise_score": 3.204434633255005, "rough_score": 1.6959483623504639, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "\"In God We Trust\" first appeared on U.S. coins in 1864 and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956 declared IN GOD WE TRUST must appear on currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2011) [http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx \"History of 'In God We Trust'\"] http://www.treasury.gov. Last accessed 11-6-2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.444449424743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that \"shall admit the inscription thereon.\"[http://www.nonbeliever.org/images/CR102-13917.pdf Congressional Record, 1956, p. 13917], via NonBeliever.org In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury \"may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.870304107666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "The use of \"In God We Trust\" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938. However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto, including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto. The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908. Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.04385232925415, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "The same day, the President signed into law a requirement that \"In God We Trust\" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination. (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.871994495391846, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto \"In God we trust\" in early August 1862. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.797277927398682, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto \"In God We Trust\" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including , , , and . In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul; the phrase \"In God We Trust\" is found in two places of the Koran, in Surah 10 Yunus, as well as Surah 7 Al-A'raf, although several other verses reinforce this concept. Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase \"In God We Trust\" on American currency is a reminder that \"there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3962984085083, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted \"In God We Trust\" framed posters in their \"libraries, cafeterias and classrooms.\" The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897695541381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "\"In God We Trust\" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits. The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: \"It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise.\" The decision was cited in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, a 2004 case on the Pledge of Allegiance. These acts of \"ceremonial deism\" are \"protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content.\" In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also held that the nation's \"institutions presuppose a Supreme Being\" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.760364055633545, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "*The Midwestern humorist and New York City radio personality Jean Shepherd compiled many of his essays, previously published in Playboy Magazine, under the title In God We Trust (All Others Pay Cash) (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097026824951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "* In God We Trust is a short film by Jason Reitman which debuted at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443371772766113, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "As of April 1, 2016 the following US states currently offer a “In God We Trust” license plate for an additional charge above the normal vehicle registration processing fees which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Some states charge a yearly fee for the plates while others do not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295755386352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" }, { "answer": "In God We Trust", "passage": "Georgia offers a decal with “In God We Trust” but not a license plate at this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464385986328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "In God We Trust" } ]

[ { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "FedEx Corporation is an American multinational courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. The name \"FedEx\" is a syllabic abbreviation of the name of the company's original air division, Federal Express, which was used from 1973 until 2000. The company is known for its overnight shipping service, but also for pioneering a system that could track packages and provide real-time updates on package location (to help in finding lost packages), a feature that has now been implemented by most other carrier services. ", "precise_score": -10.656644821166992, "rough_score": -9.803075790405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In December 2007, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service \"tentatively decided\" the FedEx Ground Division might be facing a tax liability of $319 million for 2002, due to misclassification of its operatives as independent contractors. Reversing a 1994 decision which allowed FedEx to classify its operatives that own their own vehicles as independent contractors, the IRS audited the years 2003 to 2006, with a view to assessing whether similar misclassification of operatives had taken place. FedEx denied that any irregularities in classification had occurred, but faced legal action from operatives claiming benefits that would have accrued had they been classified as employees. ", "precise_score": -11.421080589294434, "rough_score": -10.850770950317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In June 2009, FedEx began a campaign against United Parcel Service (UPS) and the Teamsters union, accusing its competitor of receiving a bailout in an advertising campaign called \"Brown Bailout\". FedEx claimed that signing the Federal Aviation Administration re-authorization bill, which would let some of its workers unionize more easily (and, according to the Memphis-based company, \"could expose [its] customers at any time to local work stoppages that interrupted the flow of their time-sensitive, high-value shipments”), was equivalent to giving UPS a \"bailout\". Independent observers heavily criticized FedEx's wording, claiming that it was \"an abuse of the term\". FedEx Express employees are regulated under the Railway Labor Act. ", "precise_score": -11.42015552520752, "rough_score": -10.926913261413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "On January 14, 2013, FedEx named Henry Maier CEO and President of FedEx Ground, to take effect after David Rebholz retired on May 31, 2013. On July 17, 2014, FedEx was indicted for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in cooperation with the Chhabra-Smoley Organization and Superior Drugs. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, \"FedEx is alleged to have knowingly and intentionally conspired to distribute controlled substances and prescription drugs, including Phendimetrazine (Schedule III); Ambien, Phentermine, Diazepam, and Alprazolam (Schedule IV), to customers who had no legitimate medical need for them based on invalid prescriptions issued by doctors who were acting outside the usual course of professional practice.\" A representative for the company contested these claims, stating that it would violate personal rights of customers to deny service and that \"We are a transportation company — we are not law enforcement\". ", "precise_score": -11.314183235168457, "rough_score": -10.428903579711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "FedEx is organized into operating units, each of which has its own version of the wordmark designed in 1994 by Lindon Leader of Landor Associates, of San Francisco. The Fed is always purple and the Ex is in a different color for each division and platinum for the overall corporation use. The original FedEx logo had the Ex in orange; it is now used as the FedEx Express wordmark. The FedEx wordmark is notable for containing a subliminal right-pointing arrow in the negative space between the \"E\" and the \"X\", which was achieved by designing a proprietary font, based on Univers and Futura, to emphasize the arrow shape.", "precise_score": -11.446588516235352, "rough_score": -11.219258308410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Express (Orange \"Ex\"): The original overnight courier services, providing next day air service within the United States and time-definite international service. FedEx Express operates one of the largest civil aircraft fleets in the world and the largest fleet of wide bodied civil aircraft; it also carries more freight than any other airline. ", "precise_score": -9.948577880859375, "rough_score": -9.754361152648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx Home Delivery: A division of FedEx Ground, specializing in residential delivery Tuesday through Saturday and offers delivery options to provide more flexibility for residential recipients. The logo includes a drawing of a dog carrying a package . FedEx Home Delivery only operates in the United States. In the US it is not uncommon for Home Delivery packages to be delivered by standard Ground trucks, supplying no additional services for the up charge. To make up the difference, FedEx Ground in Canada performs the business deliveries and residential deliveries. ", "precise_score": -11.42553424835205, "rough_score": -11.207592010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "FedEx SameDay City allows a between: Standard, providing pickup by noon and delivery by the end of the day, or Priority, providing delivery within 2 hours.FedEx SameDay City is currently expanding in all major cities across the country and is planning on becoming its own operating unit in the next five years.", "precise_score": -11.238666534423828, "rough_score": -11.096784591674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "According to the Center for Responsive Politics, FedEx Corp is the 21st largest campaign contributor in the United States. The company has donated over $21 million since 1990, 45% of which went to Democrats and 55% to Republicans. Strong ties to the White House and members of Congress allow access to international trade and tax cut rebates as well as the rules of the business practices of the United States Postal Service. In 2001, FedEx sealed a $9 billion deal with the USPS to transport all of the post office's overnight and express deliveries. ", "precise_score": -10.883339881896973, "rough_score": -8.801067352294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "During the first three months of 2010, FedEx spent nearly $4.9 million lobbying the federal government (UPS, FedEx's main competitor, spent $1.6 million on lobbying over the same period), a 4% increase from the $4.7 million spent during the last quarter of 2009, but more than twice what it spent on lobbying during the first quarter of 2009. ", "precise_score": -11.415301322937012, "rough_score": -11.28681755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* \"Don’t worry, there's a FedEx for that,” 2002–2003", "precise_score": -11.296059608459473, "rough_score": -11.280887603759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "FedEx Corporation is an import/export company, incorporated October 2, 1997 in Delaware. FDX Corporation was founded in January 1998 with the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. by Federal Express. With the purchase of Caliber, FedEx started offering other services besides express shipping. Caliber subsidiaries included RPS, a small-package ground service; Roberts Express, an expedited shipping provider; Viking Freight, a regional, less than truckload freight carrier serving the Western United States; Caribbean Transportation Services, a provider of airfreight forwarding between the United States and the Caribbean; and Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology, providers of logistics and technology solutions. FDX Corporation was founded to oversee all of the operations of those companies and its original air division, Federal Express. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34912109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In the 1990s, FedEx Ground planned, but later abandoned, a joint service with British Airways to have BA fly a Concorde supersonic jet airliner to Shannon, Ireland with FedEx packages on board, and then FedEx would have flown the packages subsonically to their delivery points in Europe. Ron Ponder, a vice president at the time, was in charge of this proposed venture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38951301574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In January 2000, FDX Corporation changed its name to FedEx Corporation and rebranded all of its subsidiaries. Federal Express became FedEx Express, RPS became FedEx Ground, Roberts Express became FedEx Custom Critical, and Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology were combined to comprise FedEx Global Logistics. A new subsidiary, called FedEx Corporate Services, was formed to centralize the sales, marketing, and customer service for all of the subsidiaries. In February 2000, FedEx acquired Tower Group International, an international logistics company. FedEx also acquired WorldTariff, a customs duty and tax information company; TowerGroup and WorldTariff were re-branded to form FedEx Trade Networks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315139770507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "FedEx Corp. acquired privately held Kinko's, Inc. in February 2004 and rebranded it FedEx Kinko's. The acquisition was made to expand FedEx's retail access to the general public. After the acquisition, all FedEx Kinko's locations exclusively offered only FedEx shipping. In June 2008, FedEx announced that they would be dropping the Kinko's name from their ship centers; FedEx Kinko's would now be called FedEx Office. In September 2004, FedEx acquired Parcel Direct, a parcel consolidator, and re-branded it FedEx SmartPost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31477165222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In April 2015, FedEx acquired their rival firm TNT Express for €4.4bn ($4.8bn; £3.2bn) as it looks to expand their operations in Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351324081420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** Caribbean Transport Services: Until 2008, a part of FedEx Freight. Provides airfreight forwarding services between the US mainland, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and other Caribbean islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54520034790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Ground (Green \"Ex\"): Guaranteed day-definite delivery within Canada and the United States at a cost savings as compared to time-definite FedEx Express. Uses a large fleet of trucks which are owned by the independent owner/operators and drivers are independent contractors who control individual delivery routes and territories. Formerly Roadway Package System (RPS). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366503715515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx SmartPost (Green \"Ex\"): Consolidates parcels from merchants such as e-commerce and catalog companies and uses the United States Postal Service for the final delivery. Formerly the independent company Parcel Direct until FedEx acquired them for $120M in 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53884506225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Freight (Red \"Ex\"): Less than truckload (LTL) and other freight services. The largest LTL carrier in the United States, with $4.5 billion in revenue for 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53713607788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx Freight, Inc: Formerly American Freightways, Viking Freight, and Watkins Motor Lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.563984870910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx Freight Canada: Formerly Watkins Canada Express.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.587538719177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx Custom Critical: (Red \"Ex\") Delivers urgent, valuable, or hazardous items using trucks and chartered aircraft. Freight not accepted for transport includes perishable food, alcohol, livestock, household goods, hazardous waste and money. Drivers are independent contractors who own their vehicles. Service in Mexico uses interline carriers. Formerly Roberts Cartage or Roberts Express.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426420211791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Trade Networks (Platinum \"Ex\", formerly yellow): Provides services relating to customs, insurance, and transportation advice. Formerly C.J. Tower & Sons, then Tower Group International.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550127029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx SupplyChain (Orange \"Ex\"): Provides logistics services including Critical Inventory Logistics, Transportation Management Services, Fulfillment Services, etc. Formerly Roadway Logistics System, then Caliber Logistics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528339385986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Services (Platinum \"Ex\"): Provides global marketing, planning and information technology (IT) services for the other FedEx operating companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532537460327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx TechConnect (Platinum \"Ex\"): Offering a customer service toll-free telephone line for customer questions. It is operated by an automated operator then will prompt the user to a live agent for uses of tracking, claims, scheduling pick-ups (Express, Ground, Same Day, Custom Critical, Freight Express, and Freight LTL), compliments and complaints, locations (both staffed counter locations and drop-boxes), ordering supplies, setting up FedEx accounts, billing etc. Formerly FCIS or FedEx Customer Information Services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430768013000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Office (formerly FedEx Kinko's) (Blue \"Ex\"): The retail arm of the corporation, offers copying and digital printing, professional finishing, document creation, Internet access, computer rentals, signs and graphics, direct mail, Web-based printing, and FedEx shipping. Formerly an independent company, known as Kinko's until it was acquired by FedEx in 2004 and rebranded to FedEx Kinko's. In June 2008 the company was finally rebranded as FedEx Office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478642463684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx Office and Print Centers: Provides services such as copying, printing, Internet access and FedEx shipping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593856811523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx Ship Centers: Provides a central location for FedEx customers to deposit their packages for shipping, also offering a self-service photocopy and fax machine, office products for packing and shipping, boxes and packaging services. Formerly, these locations were called FedEx World Service Centers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564671516418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** Both FedEx Office and Print Centers and Ship Centers now offer Hold at Locations for FedEx Ground & FedEx Express shipments for easy pick up. Transfer to Office/Ship centers takes 1 to 2 business days (example: calling the customer service line one day prior to pick up. This ensures package is put with proper route of courier that services that area).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486625671386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "**FedEx Office counts with its own FedEx Couriers for Center to Center and local customer deliveries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568618774414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "** FedEx SameDay City (Platinum \"Ex\") a division of FedEx office offers a delivery service between select ZIP codes in as little as two hours ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523763656616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "The Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC) is a unique code used to identify transportation companies. It is typically two to four alphabetic letters long. It was developed by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association in the 1960s to help the transportation industry for computerizing data and records. FedEx's codes include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493091583251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FDE – FedEx Express", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.539963722229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FDEG – FedEx Ground", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546640396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FXFE – FedEx Freight", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.578752517700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FDCC – FedEx Custom Critical", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521001815795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FXO - FedEx Office", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.594742774963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FSDC- FedEx Same Day City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53660774230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "In 2005, FedEx was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to sponsor the second inauguration of President George W. Bush. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493107795715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "Some of FedEx's ad campaigns: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429975509643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* \"This is a Job for FedEx,\" 2001–2002", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516623497009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* \"Relax, it’s FedEx,\" 2004–2008", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35080623626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "Federal express", "passage": "In 1981, their advertising firm Ally & Gargano hired performer John Moschitta, Jr., known for his fast speech delivery, to do an ad for Federal Express titled \"Fast Paced World\". This single commercial would be cited years later by New York as one of the most memorable ads ever. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32406997680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* From 1997 to 2002, FedEx was the title sponsor of Champ Car World Series when it was known as CART. The series was known as the \"CART FedEx Championship Series\", which led to the official \"Champ Car\" designation in reference to the fact they were the FedEx Championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424834251403809, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx became the sponsor of the No. 11 NASCAR Sprint Cup Toyota owned by Joe Gibbs Racing in 2005. FedEx uses four (predominantly black) paint schemes to showcase its different products (Express, Freight, Ground, and Office), and in 2005 also ran a special scheme to promote a charity event at the FedEx St. Jude Classic golf tournament. The 11 car has been driven by Denny Hamlin since 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499042510986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx previously sponsored the Formula One team McLaren. Prior to that FedEx had sponsored Ferrari, Benetton and Williams F1. FedEx does not currently sponsor any F1 team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.544425964355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* From 1989 to 2010, FedEx was the title sponsor of the Orange Bowl, played in Miami, Florida. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524105072021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedExField, home of the National Football League's Washington Redskins in Landover, Maryland ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57411003112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx sponsors FedExForum, home of the NBA's Memphis Grizzlies and the University of Memphis men's basketball team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.58029842376709, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx sponsors the Heineken Cup in Rugby ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569962501525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* Beginning in 2007, FedEx became the title sponsor of the FedEx Cup, a championship trophy for the PGA Tour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.548349380493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" }, { "answer": "FedEx", "passage": "* FedEx is the Main Sponsor of the UEFA Europa League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.562739372253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "FedEx" } ]

[ { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), also known as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer convicted of a series of shooting attacks that began in New York City in the summer of 1976, perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six victims and wounded seven others by July 1977. As the toll mounted, Berkowitz eluded a massive police manhunt while leaving brazen letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes, highly publicized in the press. He terrorized New York and achieved worldwide notoriety.", "precise_score": 9.375358581542969, "rough_score": 9.655221939086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Police discovered a handwritten letter near the bodies of Esau and Suriani, written mostly in block capital letters with some lower-case letters, and addressed to NYPD Captain Joseph Borrelli.Scott, p. 73. With this letter, Berkowitz revealed the name \"Son of Sam\" for the first time. The press had previously dubbed the killer \"the .44 Caliber Killer\" because of his signature weapon.Gibson, p. 13. The letter was initially withheld from public view, but some of its contents leaked to the press, and the name \"Son of Sam\" rapidly eclipsed the old name.", "precise_score": 2.048903703689575, "rough_score": 0.07778997719287872, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "In 1987, Berkowitz became a born-again Christian in prison. According to his personal testimony, his moment of conversion occurred after reading Psalm 34:6 from a Bible given to him by a fellow inmate. He says he is no longer to be referred to as the \"Son of Sam\" but the \"Son of Hope\". In the same testimony, he claimed his involvement in the cult had been a major factor in the Son of Sam murders. ", "precise_score": -1.5784664154052734, "rough_score": -1.9553112983703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "In 1993, Berkowitz first made these claims known when he announced to the press that he had killed only three of the Son of Sam victims: Donna Lauria, Alexander Esau and Valentina Suriani. In this revised confession, Berkowitz says that there were other shooters involved and that he personally fired the gun only in the first attack (Lauria and Valenti)Terry (1999), p. 528. and the sixth (Esau and Suriani).Terry, p. 530. He says that he and several other cult members were involved in every incident by planning the events, providing early surveillance of the victims, and acting as lookouts and drivers at the crime scenes. Berkowitz states that he cannot divulge the names of most of his accomplices without putting his family directly at risk.", "precise_score": 2.570908546447754, "rough_score": 1.8829808235168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Decades after his arrest, the name \"Son of Sam\" remains widely recognized as a notorious serial killer, and it evokes a distinctive time in New York City history. Many manifestations in popular culture have helped perpetuate this notoriety, while Berkowitz himself continues to express remorse on Christian websites. ", "precise_score": 5.309782981872559, "rough_score": 4.229061126708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Jimmy Breslin, in collaboration with writer Dick Schaap, published a novelized account of the murders, Son of Sam (1978), less than a year after Berkowitz's arrest. The highly fictionalized plot centers around a Berkowitz-based character dubbed \"Bernard Rosenfeld\", and in North America the book itself was renamed as .44. ", "precise_score": 1.7290257215499878, "rough_score": 0.645729124546051, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Son of Sam has been popularly (and mistakenly) associated with the contemporaneous song \"Psycho Killer\" (1977) by Talking Heads; compositions more directly inspired by the events include \"Son of Sam\" (1978) by The Dead Boys; \"Son of Sam\" by Elliott Smith; and \"Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun\" (1989) by Beastie Boys. Guitarist Scott Putesky used the stage name \"Daisy Berkowitz\" while playing with Marilyn Manson in the 1990s, additionally, Manson's song \"Sam, son of man\" is quite conspicuously describing Berkowitz; several other rock musicians established a full ensemble called Son of Sam in 2000. ", "precise_score": -2.8874924182891846, "rough_score": 1.2681626081466675, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "The 2016 book Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina is set in New York during 1977, when Berkowitz was captured. Her book depicts how fear of being one of the Son of Sam victims impacted the daily lives of people living in New York City during this time.", "precise_score": 1.8749536275863647, "rough_score": -1.4626505374908447, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Herbert Mullin believed the American casualties in the Vietnam War were preventing California from experiencing the Big One. As the war wound down, Mullin claimed his father instructed him via telepathy to raise the number of \"human sacrifices to nature\" in order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean. David Berkowitz (\"Son of Sam\") is also an example of a visionary killer. He claimed a demon transmitted orders through his neighbor's dog and instructed him to commit murder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.320847749710083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Notorious and infamous serial killers number in the hundreds, and a subculture revolves around their legacies. That subculture includes the collection, sale, and display of serial killer memorabilia, dubbed \"murderabilia\" by one of the best-known opponents of collectors of serial killer remnants, Andrew Kahan. He is the director of the Mayor's Crime Victims Office in Houston and is backed by the families of murder victims and \"Son of Sam\" laws existing in some states that prevent murderers from profiting from the publicity generated by their crimes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7720420360565186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Intense coverage of the case by the media lent almost a celebrity status to Berkowitz, and observers noted indignantly that he appeared to enjoy it. In response, the New York State legislature enacted new legal statutes, known popularly as \"Son of Sam laws\", designed to keep criminals from profiting financially from the publicity surrounding their crimes. Despite various amendments and legal challenges, the statutes have remained law in New York, and similar laws have been enacted in several other states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.437441825866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Richard David Falco", "passage": "Berkowitz's mother, Betty Broder, grew up in an impoverished Jewish family and married Tony Falco, an Italian-American Catholic, in 1936. After a marriage of less than four years, Falco left her for another woman. Roughly a decade passed before Broder took up with a new partner, a married man named Joseph Klineman, around 1950. Three years later she became pregnant with a child to whom she chose to give the surname FalcoAbrahamsen, p. 80.—Richard David Falco was born on June 1, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York. Within a few days of his birth, she gave the child away. Although her reasons for doing so are unknown, later writers have surmised that Klineman threatened to abandon her if she kept the baby and used his name.Leyton, p. 206.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3078577518463135, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Donna Lauria", "passage": "Donna Lauria and Jody Valenti shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036718368530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "The first shooting attributed to the Son of Sam took place in the Pelham Bay area of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough. At about 1:10 a.m. on July 29, 1976, Donna Lauria, 18, and her friend Jody Valenti, 19, were sitting in Valenti's Oldsmobile, discussing their evening at Peachtree's, a New Rochelle discotheque.Terry (1999), pp. 23–24. Lauria opened the car door to leave and noticed a man quickly approaching the car. Startled and angered by the man's sudden appearance, she said, \"Now what is this ...\" The man produced a pistol from the paper bag that he carried and went into a crouch. He braced one elbow on his knee, aimed his weapon with both hands, and fired. Lauria was struck by one bullet that killed her instantly. Valenti was shot in her thigh, and a third bullet missed both women. The shooter turned and quickly walked away, without having said a word.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.946810245513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Virginia Voskerichian", "passage": "Virginia Voskerichian shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136934280395508, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Virginia Voskerichian", "passage": "At about 7:30 p.m. on March 8, 1977, Columbia University student Virginia Voskerichian, 19, was walking home from school when she was confronted by an armed man. She lived about a block from where Christine Freund was shot. In a desperate move to defend herself, Voskerichian lifted her textbooks between herself and her killer, but the makeshift shield was penetrated, the bullet striking her head and killing her.Leyton, p. 193.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.041532516479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "The crimes were discussed in the local media virtually every day. Circulation increased dramatically for the New York Post and Daily News, newspapers whose muscular headlines and graphic crime reporting boosted sales well past the date of Berkowitz's arrest. The world press carried many of the reports too: the Son of Sam case reached the front page of newspapers as far afield as the Vatican's L'Osservatore Romano, the Hebrew newspaper Maariv, and the Soviet Izvestia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.976810455322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Valentina Suriani", "passage": "Alexander Esau and Valentina Suriani shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02953052520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Valentina Suriani", "passage": "At about 3:00 a.m. on April 17, 1977, Alexander Esau, 20, and Valentina Suriani, 18, were sitting in Suriani's car near her home in the Bronx, only a few blocks from the scene of the Lauria–Valenti shooting, when each was shot twice. Suriani died at the scene, and Esau died in the hospital several hours later without being able to describe his attacker(s).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.514070510864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Son of Sam letter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253731727600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Underneath the \"Son of Sam\" was a logo or sketch that combined several symbols. The writer's question \"What will you have for July 29?\" was taken as an ominous threat: July 29 would be the anniversary of the first .44 caliber shooting. Breslin notified police, who thought that the letter was probably from someone with knowledge of the shootings. The Breslin letter was sophisticated in its wording and presentation, especially when compared to the crudely written first letter, and police suspected that it might have been created in an art studio or similar professional location by someone with expertise in printing, calligraphy, or graphic design.Terry (1999), p. 51. The unusual writing caused the police to speculate that the killer was a comic letterer, and they asked staff members of DC Comics whether they recognized the lettering. The \"Wicked King Wicker\" reference led police to arrange a private screening of The Wicker Man, a 1973 horror film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18896770477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Stacy Moskowitz", "passage": "Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.418975830078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Stacy Moskowitz", "passage": "Early on July 31, 1977, Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante, both 20, were in Violante's car, which was parked under a streetlight near a city park in the neighborhood of Bath Beach. They were kissing when a man approached to within about three feet of the passenger side of Violante's car and fired four gunshots into the car, striking both victims in the head before he escaped into the park. Moskowitz died several hours later in the hospital. Violante survived, though one of his eyes was destroyed and he retains very limited vision in the other eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.139305114746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "The Moskowitz–Violante crime produced more witnesses than any of the other Son of Sam murders, notably the only direct eyewitness who was not an intended victim. During the shooting, 19-year-old Tommy Zaino was parked with his date three cars in front of Violante's. Moments before the shooting, Zaino caught a peripheral glimpse of the shooter's approach and happened to glance in his rear view mirror just in time to see the actual shooting. Zaino clearly saw the perpetrator for several seconds due to the bright street light and full moon, later describing him as 25 to 30 years old, of average height— to —with shaggy hair that was dark blond or light brown. Zaino said that the shooter's hair \"looked like a wig.\"Terry (1999), p. 70.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.588584899902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Thomas Scally stated that he was sitting in Alley Pond Park on Winchester Boulevard at dusk with a female friend when a yellow Volkswagen Beetle rolled up to his car, door to door and only three inches apart from his vehicle without its engine running. Scally kept an air gun under his seat and, as the VW rolled up to his car, the VW driver was met with the gun pointed straight at him. At first, he appeared to be a light-skinned black male, but he also appeared to be wearing a stocking over his face. The driver of the VW quickly started his car and gunned it in reverse out of the parking lot. Scally chased the car to a point in Glen Oaks where he jumped out and ran. He did not want to leave his female passenger to give chase, so he called the Son of Sam Hot Line. Detective Richard Carroll from the Son of Sam Task Force (and Scally's former baseball coach) later told Scally that he had indeed seen the Son of Sam. Glen Oaks turned out to be the home of Berkowitz's sister and lay in close proximity to the site of the Donna DiMaise and Joanne LoMino shootings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.007333755493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Police did not learn of the Moskowitz–Violante shooting until about 2:50 a.m., and Dowd did not think that it was another Son of Sam shooting until an officer at the scene reported that large-caliber shells had been used. Police set up a series of roadblocks about an hour after the shooting, stopping hundreds of cars to question drivers and inspect vehicles. During interviews, Masters and others described a Volkswagen speeding from the crime scene, and police now suspected that the shooter owned or drove such a vehicle. In subsequent days, police determined that there were over 900 Volkswagens in New York or New Jersey, and they made plans to track down each of these cars and their owners. Detective John Falotico was awakened at home and told to report to the 10th Homicide Division at the 60th Precinct station house in Coney Island. He was told that Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante had been shot. Detective Falotico was given two weeks to work on the case as a normal murder investigation. Then it was to be handed over to a special Son of Sam task force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.842564582824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Justis asked the Yonkers police for some help tracking down Berkowitz. According to Mike Novotny, a sergeant at the Yonkers Police Department, the Yonkers police had their own suspicions about Berkowitz in connection with other strange crimes in Yonkers, crimes that they saw referred to in one of the Son of Sam letters. To the shock of the NYPD, they told the New York City detective that Berkowitz might just be the Son of Sam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.27214241027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Next to the man in the car was a paper bag later found to contain a .44-caliber revolver of the type used in the shootings. As described in Son of Sam (1981) by Lawrence D. Klausner, Detective Falotico remembered the big, inexplicable smile on the man's face:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.117619514465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "In an alternate version his first words were reported to be, \"Well, you got me. How come it took you such a long time?\"Scott, p. 77. Detective John Falotico is officially credited by the New York City Police Department as the arresting officer of the Son of Sam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036934852600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Police searched Apartment 7-E and found it in disarray, with Satanic graffiti on the walls. They also found diaries that he had kept since he was twenty-one—three stenographer's notebooks nearly all full wherein Berkowitz meticulously noted hundreds of arsons that he claimed to have set throughout New York City.Gibson, p. 22. Some sources allege that this number might be over 1,400. Shortly after Berkowitz's arrest, the address of the building was changed from 35 Pine Street to 42 Pine Street in an attempt to cover up notoriety. After the arrest, Berkowitz was briefly held in a Yonkers police station before being transported directly to the 60th Precinct in Coney Island, where the detectives' task force was located.Abrahamsen, pp. 11–13. At about 1:00 a.m., Mayor Abe Beame arrived to see the suspect personally. After a brief and wordless encounter, he announced to the media: \"The people of the City of New York can rest easy because of the fact that the police have captured a man whom they believe to be the Son of Sam.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3562498092651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "David Berkowitz", "passage": "Shortly after his imprisonment, Berkowitz invited Malachi Martin, an exorcist, to help him compose an autobiography, but the offer was not accepted. In later years, Berkowitz developed his memoirs with assistance from colleagues in the born-again Christian community. His reflections were released as an interview video, Son of Hope, in 1998, with a more extensive work released in book form, entitled Son of Hope: The Prison Journals of David Berkowitz (2006). Berkowitz collects no royalties or profits from any sales of his works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.376481056213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Journalist John Hockenberry asserts that, even aside from the Satanic cult claims, many officials doubted the single-shooter theory, writing, \"what most don't know about the Son of Sam case is that from the beginning, not everyone bought the idea that Berkowitz acted alone.\" John Santucci, Queens District Attorney at the time of the killings, and police investigator Mike Novotny both expressed their convictions that Berkowitz had accomplices. Other contemporaries have voiced their belief in the Satanic cult theory, including Carl Denaro and Donna Lauria's father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.286657333374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Hockenberry's own report was covered on network news and given in-depth exposure by Dateline NBC (2004). In it, he discusses another journalist, Maury Terry, who had begun investigating the Son of Sam shootings before Berkowitz was arrested. Terry published a series of investigative articles in the Gannett newspapers in 1979 which challenged the official explanation of a lone gunman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.474964141845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Vigorously denied by police at the time, Terry's articles were widely read and discussed; they were later assembled in book form as The Ultimate Evil (1987). Largely impelled by these reports of accomplices and Satanic cult activity, the Son of Sam case was reopened by Yonkers police in 1996, but no new charges were filed. Due to a lack of findings, the investigation was eventually suspended but remains unclosed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002623558044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "David Berkowitz", "passage": "Berkowitz's later claims are dismissed by many. Breslin rejected his story of Satanic cult accomplices, stating that \"when they talked to David Berkowitz that night, he recalled everything step by step by step. The guy has 1,000 percent recall and that's it. He's the guy and there's nothing else to look at.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.245358943939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Skeptics include a former FBI profiler who spent hours interviewing Berkowitz. He states that he was convinced Berkowitz acted alone and was an \"introverted loner, not capable of being involved in group activity.\" Dr. Harvey Schlossberg, a NYPD psychologist, states in the Against The Law documentary on the Son of Sam case that he believes that the Satanic cult claims are nothing but a fantasy concocted by Berkowitz to absolve himself of the crimes. Forensic anthropologist Elliott Leyton argued that \"recent journalistic attempts to abridge—or even deny—Berkowitz's guilt have lacked all credibility.\"Leyton, p. 186.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.727423667907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "Beginning in the 1980s, several US states enacted so-called \"Son of Sam laws\". The first of these laws was enacted in New York state after rampant speculation about publishers offering Berkowitz large sums of money for his story. The new law authorized the state to seize all money earned from such a deal from a criminal for five years, with intentions to use the seized money to compensate victims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.742372035980225, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "The Spike Lee drama Summer of Sam was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam. The film depicts the tensions that develop in a Bronx neighborhood during the shootings, and Berkowitz's part is largely symbolic. A minor character in the script, he functions \"mostly as a berserk metaphor for Lee's view of the seventies as a period of amoral excess\". Berkowitz was reported to be greatly upset by what he called exploitation of \"the ugliness of the past\". Other film portrayals of Berkowitz include the Ulli Lommel DVD release Son of Sam (2008) and the CBS television movie Out of the Darkness (1985). The character of Son of Sam played a significant minor role in the miniseries The Bronx Is Burning (2007).Mayo, pp. 32–33.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6053500175476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of Sam", "passage": "A cartoon composite of Berkowitz and the breakfast cereal icon Toucan Sam was featured in Green Jellÿ's comedy rock video Cereal Killer (1992) under the name of \"Toucan Son of Sam\", but was later removed under threat of a copyright lawsuit by the Kellogg Company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.349867582321167, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom), garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the \"Center of Learning\".", "precise_score": 2.8740696907043457, "rough_score": 1.2238215208053589, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "During the 2003 occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq (\"Freedom Radio\") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called \"Dijlah\" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the Jamia neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions. ", "precise_score": -3.0618560314178467, "rough_score": -3.414637327194214, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "The name has been used as Baghdadu on Assyrian cuneiform and Babylonian records going back to at least 2000 BC. Baghdad, as a name, had been mentioned as Baghdadu on the Assyrian cuneiform records of the 9th century BC, and Babylonian bricks bearing the Royal Seal of King Nebuchadnezzar (6th century BC) were found in the Tigris. An inscription by Nebuchadnezzar (600 BC) describes how he rebuilt the old Babylonian town of Bagh-dadu. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.783112049102783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "The city's growth was helped by its excellent location, based on at least two factors: it had control over strategic and trading routes along the Tigris; the abundance of water in a dry climate. Water exists on both the north and south ends of the city, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was very uncommon during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17689323425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "The Abbasids sought to combine the hegemony of the Arab tribes with the imperial, court, ceremonial, and administrative structures of the Persians. The Abbasids considered themselves the inherittures and the need of Mansur to place the capital in a place that was representative of Arab-Islamic identity by building the House of Wisdom, where ancient texts were translated from their original language, such as Greek, to Arabic. Mansur is credited with the \"Translation Movement\" for this. Further, Baghdad is also near the ancient Sassanid imperial seat of Ctesiphon on the Tigris River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.160053253173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the River Tigris. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called 'Risafa' and the Western half known as 'Karkh'. The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of alluvial origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.350889205932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "Iraq's Tourism Board is also seeking investors to develop a \"romantic\" island on the River Tigris in Baghdad that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlywed Iraqis. The project would include a six-star hotel, spa, an 18-hole golf course and a country club. In addition, the go-ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city's financial centre in Kadhehemiah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4652979373931885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" }, { "answer": "Tigris", "passage": "*Abu Nuwas Street – runs along the Tigris from the Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019803047180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baghdad" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tendon", "passage": "Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea. Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces. They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.", "precise_score": -3.9219324588775635, "rough_score": -4.227825164794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Connective tissue" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pictionary", "passage": "* Pictionary", "precise_score": -8.297394752502441, "rough_score": -11.322052955627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hasbro" } ]

[ { "answer": "Windsock", "passage": "A windsock is a conical textile tube which resembles a giant sock. Windsocks typically are used at airports to indicate the direction and strength of the wind to pilots and at chemical plants where there is risk of gaseous leakage. They are sometimes located alongside highways at windy locations.", "precise_score": 6.386177062988281, "rough_score": 7.295285701751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" }, { "answer": "Windsock", "passage": "Wind direction is the opposite of the direction in which the windsock is pointing (note that wind directions are conventionally specified as being the compass point from which the wind originates; so a windsock pointing due north indicates a southerly wind). Wind speed is indicated by the windsock's angle relative to the mounting pole; in low winds, the windsock droops; in high winds it flies horizontally.", "precise_score": -1.643912434577942, "rough_score": 1.7902870178222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" }, { "answer": "Windsock", "passage": "Per FAA standards referenced below, a 15 kn wind will fully extend the properly functioning windsock. A 3 kn breeze will cause the properly functioning windsock to orient itself according to the wind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.838924407958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" }, { "answer": "Wind sock", "passage": "Per Transport Canada standards: a 15 kn wind will fully extend the wind sock, a 10 kn wind will cause the wind sock to be 5° below the horizontal, a 6 kn wind will cause the wind sock to be 30° below the horizontal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111468315124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" }, { "answer": "Windsock", "passage": "At many airports, windsocks are lighted at night, either by flood lights on top surrounding it or with one mounted on the pole shining inside it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1853442192077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" }, { "answer": "Windsock", "passage": "Windsocks are also popular with children and can have bright and colorful designs. These windsocks are not particularly functional and are mostly for decoration. However, they can be used as a basic guide to wind direction and speed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.352992057800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Windsock" } ]

[ { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "Stevenson conceived of the idea of Treasure Island (originally titled, \"The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys\") from a map of an imaginary, romantic island idly drawn by Stevenson and his stepson Lloyd Osbourne on a rainy day in Braemar, Scotland. Stevenson had just returned from his first stay in America, with memories of poverty, illness and adventure (including his recent marriage), and a warm reconciliation between his parents had been established. Stevenson himself said in designing the idea of the story that, \"It was to be a story for boys; no need of psychology or fine writing; and I had a boy at hand to be a touchstone. Women were excluded... and then I had an idea for Long John Silver from which I promised myself funds of entertainment; to take an admired friend of mine... to deprive him of all his finer qualities and higher graces of temperament, and to leave him with nothing but his strength, his courage, his quickness, and his magnificent geniality, and to try to express these in terms of the culture of a raw tarpaulin.\"", "precise_score": 2.204212188720703, "rough_score": 0.1323728710412979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Long John Silver: The cook on the voyage to Treasure Island. Silver is the secret ringleader of the pirate band. His physical and emotional strength is impressive. Silver is deceitful and disloyal, greedy and visceral, and does not care about human relations. Yet he is always kind toward Jim and genuinely fond of the boy. Silver is a powerful mixture of charisma and self-destructiveness, individualism and recklessness. The one-legged Silver was based in part on Stevenson's friend and mentor William Ernest Henley. ", "precise_score": 4.902173042297363, "rough_score": 3.3183062076568604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Captain Flint: John Flint, the fictional pirate Captain of the Walrus. After robbing and looting towns and ships among the Spanish Main, in August 1750 he took six of his own crew onto Treasure Island. After building a stockade and burying the bulk of his looted treasure, he killed all six men. In July 1754 he died at Savannah, Georgia, of Cyanosis, caused by drinking too much rum. While dying he gives his treasure map to Billy Bones. Long John Silver's parrot is named after Captain Flint. Several members of his crew figure in the story: William \"Billy\" Bones, the ship's first mate; Long John Silver, the ship's quartermaster; Israel Hands, the ship's chief gunner; Allardyce, used as Flint's \"pointer\" to the treasure; Job Anderson, the Hispaniola boatswain and mutineer; Dirk, one of Pew's henchmen in the assault on the Admiral Benbow inn; Black Dog, another of Pew's henchmen in the assault on the Admiral Benbow inn; Benjamin Gunn, the island maroon; John, a Hispaniola mutineer, possibly one of Pew's henchmen on the assault on the Admirial Benbow inn; Tom Morgan, a Hispaniola mutineer; Blind Pew, the blind murderous beggar; and an unnamed mutineer of the Hispaniola marooned with Morgan and Johnson on Treasure Island. ", "precise_score": 0.7739782333374023, "rough_score": -3.19160795211792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "Stevenson deliberately leaves the exact date of the novel obscure, Hawkins writing that he takes up his pen \"in the year of grace 17—.\" Stevenson's map of Treasure Island includes the annotations Treasure Island 1 August 1750 J.F. and Given by above J.F. to Mr W. Bones Maste of ye Walrus Savannah this twenty July 1754 W B. The first of these two dates is likely the date at which Flint left his treasure at the island; the second, just prior to Flint's death. Flint is likely to have died less than three years before the events of the novel (the length of time that Ben Gunn was marooned), as Ben Gunn seems to be not aware of his death. Other dates mentioned include 1745, the date Dr. Livesey served as a soldier at Fontenoy and also a date appearing in Billy Bones's log. The most probable dates for the story would be late 1754 (or 1755) for the first chapters and 1755 (or 1756) for the voyage. Nevertheless, Long John Silver said in chapter XI : \"Old Pew, as had lost his sight, and might have thought shame, spends twelve hundred pound in a year, like a lord in Parliament. Where is he now? Well, he’s dead now and under hatches; but for two year before that, shiver my timbers! the man was starving. He begged, and he stole, and he cut throats, and starved at that, by the powers!” So if Pew got the twelve hundred pound after Flint was dead, the implication is that three years have elapsed between Flint's death and Pew's death, giving 1757 as the beginning of the story.", "precise_score": 0.6750392317771912, "rough_score": -0.9789441227912903, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Mr. Magoo's Treasure Island (1964), a two-part episode of the cartoon series The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo, was based on the novel, with Mr. Magoo in the role of Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -0.6032645106315613, "rough_score": -3.323608636856079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "In late 1873, on a visit to a cousin in England, Stevenson met two people who were to be of great importance to him, Sidney Colvin and Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell. Sitwell was a 34-year-old woman with a son, separated from her husband. She attracted the devotion of many who met her, including Colvin, who eventually married her in 1901. Stevenson was also drawn to her, and over several years they kept up a heated correspondence in which Stevenson wavered between the role of a suitor and a son (he came to address her as \"Madonna\"). Colvin became Stevenson's literary adviser and after his death was the first editor of Stevenson's letters. Soon after their first meeting, he had placed Stevenson's first paid contribution, an essay entitled \"Roads,\" in The Portfolio. Stevenson was soon active in London literary life, becoming acquainted with many of the writers of the time, including Andrew Lang, Edmund Gosse, and Leslie Stephen, the editor of the Cornhill Magazine, who took an interest in Stevenson's work. Stephen in turn would introduce him to a more important friend. Visiting Edinburgh in 1875, he took Stevenson with him to visit a patient at the Edinburgh Infirmary, William Ernest Henley. Henley, an energetic and talkative man with a wooden leg, became a close friend and occasional literary collaborator, until a quarrel broke up the friendship in 1888. Henley is often seen as the model for Long John Silver in Treasure Island. ", "precise_score": 0.26931241154670715, "rough_score": -2.1911301612854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Louis Stevenson" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "Some inventions of pirate culture such as \"walking the plank\"–in which a bound captive is forced to walk off a board extending over the sea–were popularized by J. M. Barrie's novel, Peter Pan, where the fictional pirate Captain Hook and his crew helped define the fictional pirate archetype. English actor Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver in Disney's 1950 film adaptation also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the stereotypical West Country \"pirate accent\". Other influences include Sinbad the Sailor, and the recent Pirates of the Caribbean films have helped rekindle modern interest in piracy and have performed well at the box office. The video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag also revolves around pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.454072952270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piracy" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "Treasure Island is traditionally considered a coming-of-age story, and is noted for its atmosphere, characters, and action. It is also noted as a wry commentary on the ambiguity of morality—as seen in Long John Silver—unusual for children's literature. It is one of the most frequently dramatized of all novels. Its influence is enormous on popular perceptions of pirates, including such elements as treasure maps marked with an \"X\", schooners, the Black Spot, tropical islands, and one-legged seamen bearing parrots on their shoulders.Cordingly, David (1995) Under the Black Flag: the romance and reality of life among the pirates; p. 7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.910285711288452, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Billy Bones: The old seaman who resides at Jim’s parents’ inn. Billy, who used to be a member of Silver’s crew, is surly and rude. He hires Jim to be on the lookout for a one-legged man, thus involving the young Jim in the pirate life. Billy’s sea chest and treasure map set the whole adventure in motion. His gruff refusal to pay his hotel bills symbolizes the pirates’ general opposition to law, order, and civilization. His illness and his fondness for rum symbolize the weak and self-destructive aspects of the pirate lifestyle. He dies of a stroke as a result of a combination of drinking too much rum and the double shock of seeing Blind Pew and the realization that Long John Silver has tracked him down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.233099460601807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Abraham Gray: A ship's carpenter on the Hispaniola. He is almost incited to mutiny, but remains loyal to the Squire's side when asked to do so by Captain Smollett. He saves Hawkins' life by killing Job Anderson during an attack on the stockade, and he helps shoot the mutineers at the rifled treasure cache. He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins, Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, Captain Smollett, Long John Silver, and Ben Gunn. He spends his part of the treasure on his education, marries, and becomes part owner of a full-rigged ship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.972649097442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* 1747: Squire Trelawney and Long John Silver both mention \"Admiral Hawke\", i.e. Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke (1705–81), promoted to Rear Admiral in 1747.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593816757202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* In his collection Fables (1896), Stevenson wrote a vignette called \"The Persons of the Tale\", in which puppets Captain Smollet and Long John Silver discuss authorship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.958917140960693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Xavier Dorison and artist Mathieu Lauffray started the French graphic novel in four books Long John Silver in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76898193359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* In the novel Peter and Wendy (1911) by J. M. Barrie, it is said that Captain Hook is the only man ever feared by the Old Sea Cook (Long John Silver); Captain Flint and the Walrus are also referenced. There are a few other references.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.27752685546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Long John Silver and Treasure Island make an appearance in the 1994 film The Pagemaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.625754356384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Treasure Island (1950), starring Bobby Driscoll and Robert Newton. Notable for being the Walt Disney Studios' first completely live action film. The first version in color. A sequel to this version was made in 1954, entitled Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.263438701629639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Treasure Island (1982), a Soviet film in three parts; almost entirely faithful to the text of the novel. Featuring Oleg Borisov as Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.76096773147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* L'Île au trésor (1985), a Chilean-French adaptation starring Vic Tayback as Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111818313598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Il Pianeta Del Tesoro—Treasure Planet (1987), Italian/German science-fiction adaptation, also known as Treasure Island in Outer Space, starring Anthony Quinn as Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.940279960632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Muppet Treasure Island (1996), a Jim Henson version released by Disney and starring the Muppets, including Kermit the Frog as Captain Smollett, Miss Piggy as a female Benjamin Gunn, appropriately named Benjamina Gunn, Fozzie Bear as Squire Trelawney, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew as Dr. Livesey, and Sam the Eagle as Mr. Samuel Arrow. The Great Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat, thanks to their success of narrating The Muppet Christmas Carol, have their own roles in the film as themselves, being best friends to Jim Hawkins. The human performers include Tim Curry as Long John Silver, Billy Connolly as Billy Bones, Jennifer Saunders as Mrs. Bluberidge, and newcomer Kevin Bishop as Jim Hawkins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.092806816101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Treasure Planet (2002), a Disney animated version set in space, with Long John Silver as a cyborg and many of the original characters re-imagined as aliens and robots, except for Jim and his mother, who are human.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915410995483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* The Adventures of Long John Silver (1955), 26 episodes shot at Pagewood Studios, Sydney, Australia filmed in full colour and starring Robert Newton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556325912475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* Treasure Island (1988), an episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks starring Alvin as Jim Hawkins, Dave as Long John Silver, Simon as Dr. Livesey, Theodore as Squire Trelawney, and Brittany as Mrs. Hawkins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.158479690551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* In 1947, a production was mounted at the St. James's Theatre in London, starring Harry Welchman as Long John Silver and John Clark as Jim Hawkins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74686050415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* For a time, in London there was an annual production at the Mermaid Theatre, originally under the direction of Bernard Miles, who played Long John Silver, a part he also played in a television version. Comedian Spike Milligan would often play Ben Gunn in these productions, and in 1981 Tom Baker played Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922213554382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "* In late 2012 Big Finish Productions announced that they were producing an audio-book adaption of Treasure Island, written and directed by Barnaby Edwards and starring Tom Baker as Long John Silver, Nicholas Farrell as the Narrator and Edward Holtom as the story's main protagonist, Jim Hawkins. The audio-book is scheduled for release in March 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2577362060546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" }, { "answer": "Long John Silver", "passage": "A computer game based loosely on the novel was written by Greg Duddle, published by Mr. Micro (and often rebranded by Commodore) on the Commodore 16, Commodore Plus/4, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. A graphical adventure game, the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.081560134887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treasure Island" } ]

[ { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "As a testament to the strength of this type of construction, several PT boats withstood catastrophic battle damage and still remained afloat. For example, the forward half of future President John F. Kennedy's PT-109 (Elco) stayed afloat for 12 hours after she was cut in half by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. PT-323 (Elco) was cut in half by a kamikaze aircraft on 10 December 1944 off Leyte, yet remained floating for several hours. PT-308 (Higgins) had her stern sheared off by a collision with PT-304 during a night mission in the Mediterranean on 9 March 1945 and yet returned to base for repairs. PT-167 (Elco) was holed through the bow off Bougainville on 5 November 1943, by a torpedo which failed to detonate; the boat remained in action and was repaired the next day.", "precise_score": 4.500709533691406, "rough_score": 6.501178741455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "On 2 August, while returning from another \"Tokyo Express\" night reinforcement fast transport mission to Vila, Amagiri rammed and sank the PT-109 torpedo boat, commanded by the future U.S. President, then Lieutenant, junior grade John F. Kennedy. It is widely believed that those aboard Amagiri were not even aware of PT-109, which was difficult to see because of its small size and lack of lights. However, Robert J. Donovan in his book PT 109: John F. Kennedy in WWII, after interviewing many of the crew, concludes that it was not an accident, and he talked to the man at the wheel who was ordered to steer for a collision course. Amagiri also engaged other PT boats in the Blackett Strait south of Kolombangara. Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami — who commanded Amagiri at that time — attended President Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.", "precise_score": 5.299012184143066, "rough_score": 5.701761722564697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "In April 1943, he was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO. On April 24, Kennedy took command of PT-109 which was based at Tulagi Island in the Solomon Islands. On the night of August 1–2, PT-109, on its 31st mission, was performing nighttime patrols near New Georgia in the Solomon Islands with PT-162 and PT-169. Kennedy spotted a Japanese destroyer nearby and attempted to turn to attack, when PT-109 was rammed suddenly at an angle and cut in half by the destroyer Amagiri, costing two PT-109 crew members their lives. Kennedy gathered his surviving ten crew members including those injured around the wreckage, to vote on whether to \"fight or surrender\". Kennedy stated: \"There's nothing in the book about a situation like this. A lot of you men have families and some of you have children. What do you want to do? I have nothing to lose.\" Shunning surrender, the men swam towards a small island three miles away. Despite re-injuring his back in the collision, Kennedy towed a badly burned crewman through the water with a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth to the island and later to a second island, where his crew was subsequently rescued on August 8. Kennedy and Ensign Leonard Thom, his executive officer on PT-109, were both later awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism and the Purple Heart Medal for injuries. ", "precise_score": 3.412642002105713, "rough_score": 5.126322269439697, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "On September 1, 1943, Kennedy returned to duty and took command of a PT boat converted into a gunboat, the PT-59. In October, Kennedy was promoted to lieutenant. On November 2, PT-59, which included three former PT-109 crew members, took part with another boat in the successful rescue of 87 marines stranded on two rescue landing craft on the Warrior River at Choiseul Island which was held by the Japanese. Kennedy was relieved of his command of PT-59 on November 18 under doctor's orders and returned to the United States in early January 1944. After receiving treatment for his back injury, he was released from active duty in late 1944. ", "precise_score": 1.1320267915725708, "rough_score": 4.674760341644287, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "Occasionally, some front line PT boats received ad hoc up-fits at forward bases, where they mounted such weapons as 37mm aircraft cannons, rocket launchers, or mortars. When these weapons were found to be successful, they were incorporated onto the PT boats as original armament. One such field modification was made to Kennedy's PT-109, which was equipped with a single-shot Army M3 37mm anti-tank gun that her crew had commandeered; they removed the wheels and lashed it to 2x8 timbers placed on the bow only one night before she was lost. The larger punch of the 37mm round was desirable, but the crews looked for something that could fire faster than the single-shot army anti-tank weapon. Their answer was found in the 37mm Oldsmobile M4 aircraft automatic cannon cannibalized from crashed P-39 Airacobra fighter planes on Henderson Field, Guadalcanal. After having demonstrated its value on board PT boats, the M4 (and later M9) cannon was installed at the factory. The M4/M9 37mm auto cannon had a relatively high rate of fire (125 rounds per minute) and large magazine (30 rounds). These features made it highly desirable due to the PT boat's ever-increasing requirement for increased firepower to deal effectively with the Japanese Daihatsu-class barges, which were largely immune to torpedoes due to their shallow draft. By the war's end, most PTs had these weapons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.779994010925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "*Life magazine published an article about the PT boat captains in the battles off Guadalcanal, featuring the exploits of Lieutenants \"Stilly\" Taylor, Leonard A. Nikoloric, Lester Gamble, and Robert and John Searles; the article mentioned many boats in MTB Squadrons Two and Five (in particular, PT-36, PT-37, PT-39, PT-44, PT-46, PT-48, PT-59, PT-109, PT-115, and PT-123).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.038679122924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "*PT-109, commanded by future President John F. Kennedy, was made famous through Robert J. Donovan's 1961 book PT-109: John F. Kennedy in World War II and the 1963 film based on it, PT 109.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.670928955078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "*PT-157: Commanded by Lieutenant, junior grade, William F. 'Bud' Liebenow, Rescued crew of PT-109, Details in book \"FIRST-UP: Chronicles of the PT-157\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517285346984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "*PT-59: Commanded by Lieutenant, junior grade, John F. Kennedy after the loss of PT-109", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.738448619842529, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "*PT-105: Commanded by Lieutenant Dick Keresey at the time of the loss of PT-109. Keresey wrote a book by the same name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344789505004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "PT-796 (\"Tail Ender\") is a 78 ft Higgins. After the war ended PT-796 was used in the Key West/Miami area for experimental purposes. She was retired from service in the late 1950s. Shortly after her retirement from service, the PT-796 was used as a float during President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade to represent PT-109, with the PT-109 hull number painted on the bow, and several of PT-109s surviving crew members manning the boat. Today, PT-796 is located at the Battleship Cove Naval Museum in Fall River, Massachusetts in a Quonset hut-style building, protected from the weather, and up on blocks. The boat is owned by PT Boats, Inc., a World War II PT veterans organization headquartered in Germantown, Tennessee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.222333908081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "For the 1962 movie PT-109, several 82-foot USAF crash rescue boats were converted to resemble 80-foot Elcos when the few surviving boats were found to need too much work to make them seaworthy for use during the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.977492332458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "PT boat" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "was the 15th of 24 s, built for the Imperial Japanese Navy following World War I. When introduced into service, these ships were the most powerful destroyers in the world. They served as first-line destroyers through the 1930s, and remained formidable weapons systems well into the Pacific War. She is most famous for ramming the PT-109 commanded by Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, who would later become the 35th President of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4067351818084717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "John F. Kennedy and PT-109", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.780058860778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "See main article Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8661274909973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "PT-109 and PT-59", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.924190521240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "PT-109", "passage": "Kennedy was in Chelsea Naval Hospital from May to December 1942. On June 12, he was presented the Navy and Marine Corps Medal (the Navy's highest noncombat decoration for heroism) for his heroic actions on August 1–2, 1943, and the Purple Heart Medal for his back injury on PT-109, on August 1, 1943 (injured on August 2). After the war, Kennedy felt that the medal he had received for heroism was not a combat award and asked that he be reconsidered for the Silver Star Medal for which had been recommended initially. (His father also requested the Silver Star, which is awarded for gallantry in action, for Kennedy). In 1950, The Department of the Navy offered Kennedy a Bronze Star Medal to recognize his meritorious service, however he would have to return his Navy and Marine Corps Medal in order to receive it. He declined the medal. In 1959, the Navy again offered him the Bronze Star. Kennedy responded, repeating his original request concerning the award. He received the same response from the Navy as he had in 1950. The Navy said his actions were a lifesaving case. Both of Kennedy's original medals are on display currently at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8057039976119995, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" } ]

[ { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "*Walt Disney Pictures released in 2016 a live-action/CGI adapation of the Mowgli stories again called The Jungle Book. The film was scripted by Justin Marks and directed by Jon Favreau, with a cast including Neel Sethi as Mowgli, Bill Murray as Baloo, Idris Elba as Shere Khan, Ben Kingsley as Bagheera, Christopher Walken as King Louie, Giancarlo Esposito as Akela, Scarlett Johansson as Kaa and Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha. ", "precise_score": 2.3993337154388428, "rough_score": 5.146644592285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "\"The Bare Necessities\" is a song, written by Terry Gilkyson, from the animated 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book, sung by Phil Harris as Baloo and Bruce Reitherman as Mowgli. Originally, it was written for an earlier draft of the movie that was never produced. The Sherman Brothers, who wrote the other songs of the film, kept this as the only song used from the previous version. A reprise of the song was sung by Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera and Phil Harris as Baloo at the end of the film. Van Dyke Parks worked on the arrangement, which was his first paid gig after moving to California. The song was also sung by Louis Armstrong. In 1967, \"The Bare Necessities\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. A hip-hop version of the song performed by Lou Rawls was used as the theme song for Jungle Cubs.", "precise_score": 8.822247505187988, "rough_score": 9.111414909362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Bare Necessities" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "* In The Jungle Book 2, Baloo (John Goodman) is first seen singing \"The Bare Necessities\" while creating a \"dummy\" of Mowgli, using a coconut and a banana peel, to sing with him, only to sadly realize that Mowgli is no longer around. Mowgli (Haley Joel Osment) and Baloo sing the song together after Baloo takes him out the village. At the end of the movie, Mowgli, Shanti (Mae Whitman), and Baloo sing a reprise of the song.", "precise_score": 5.268133640289307, "rough_score": 6.701781272888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Bare Necessities" }, { "answer": "Baloo the bear", "passage": "# \"Mowgli's Brothers\": A boy is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle with the help of Baloo the bear and Bagheera the black panther, and then has to fight the tiger Shere Khan. This story has also been published as a short book in its own right: Night-Song in the Jungle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1983489990234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "# \"Kaa's Hunting\": This story takes place before Mowgli fights Shere Khan. When Mowgli is abducted by monkeys, Baloo and Bagheera set out to rescue him with the aid of Chil the kite and Kaa the python. Maxims of Baloo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.267765998840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "*Baloo— A bear", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207268714904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "*The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli and Baloo (1997) – starring Jamie Williams as Mowgli.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0244133472442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "*Warner Bros. is also developing a live-action version titled Jungle Book, with Steve Kloves writing and Andy Serkis set to direct. Serkis will also be providing the voice of Baloo. The film will be released on 19 October 2018. The film's cast includes Benedict Cumberbatch as Shere Khan, Christian Bale as Bagheera, Cate Blanchett as Kaa, Naomie Harris as Nisha, Tom Hollander as Tabaqui, Eddie Marsan as Vihaan, Peter Mullan as Akela, and Rohan Chand as Mowgli.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.71761417388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "*A BBC Radio adaptation, first broadcast on 14 February 1994, and released as a BBC audiobook in 2008, was directed by Chris Wallis with a cast that included Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera, with music by John Mayer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2615385055542, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jungle Book" }, { "answer": "Baloo the bear", "passage": "Bagheera, the black panther, befriends Mowgli because both he and Mowgli have parallel childhood experiences; as Bagheera often mentions, he was \"raised in the King's cages at Oodeypore\" from a cub, and thus knows the ways of man. Baloo the bear, teacher of wolves, has the thankless task of educating Mowgli in \"The Law of the Jungle\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.216097831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mowgli" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "* There was also a BBC radio adaptation in 1994, starring actress Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Freddie Jones as Baloo and Eartha Kitt as Kaa. It originally aired on BBC Radio 5 (before it became BBC Radio 5 Live and dropped its children's programming). Subsequently it has been released on audio cassette and has been re-run a number of times on digital radio channel BBC 7 (now BBC Radio 4 Extra).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.477289199829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mowgli" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "Mowgli has been played by many male actors. In the 1942 film adaptation, Mowgli was played by Sabu Dastagir. In the 1994 film adaptation, he was played by Sean Naegeli as a child, and later throughout the film he was played by Jason Scott Lee. In The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli and Baloo, he was played by Jamie Williams. In The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story, he was played by Brandon Baker. Mowgli was played by Neel Sethi in the Disney live-action reimagination, which was released in 3D on April 15, 2016. Mowgli will be played by Rohan Chand in the Warner Bros. film Jungle Book, which will be released in 2018.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.341334819793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mowgli" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "* The song is featured in the Disney 2013 stage musical directed by Mary Zimmerman and performed by Kevin Carolan as Baloo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.159364700317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Bare Necessities" }, { "answer": "Baloo", "passage": "* Bill Murray and Neel Sethi perform the song as Baloo and Mowgli, respectively, in the 2016 live-action adaptation. A cover version by Dr. John is featured during the film's end credits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.097184181213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Bare Necessities" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1971, the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P) opened their very first Warehouse Economy Outlet (WEO), a warehouse format that only lasted a few years. Sol Price founded FedMart in 1954, an early US discount store. Sol and his son Robert Price founded Price Club in San Diego in 1976 as their first warehouse club. In 1982, discount pioneer John Geisse founded The Wholesale Club of Indianapolis, which he sold to Sam's Club in 1991. ", "precise_score": -3.298048496246338, "rough_score": -1.8064756393432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1983, Costco Wholesale, Kmart's Pace Membership Warehouse (later sold to Sam's Club), and Sam's Club started operations. BJ's Wholesale Club was started in 1984 by former The Wholesale Club executives and owned by Zayre.", "precise_score": 0.9466776251792908, "rough_score": 2.6635665893554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": ", three warehouse club chains operate in the United States. Costco and Sam's Club are the largest chains. Sam's Club, a division of Walmart, claims a membership base of 47 million persons and 602 stores across the United States. Costco has locations in seven other nations including Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Australia. BJ's Wholesale Club is one of the smaller competitor with stores located primarily in the Eastern United States.", "precise_score": 2.5074548721313477, "rough_score": 3.9805712699890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* PACE Membership Warehouse, owned by Kmart, merged with Sam's Club", "precise_score": -1.57540762424469, "rough_score": -1.5650155544281006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. , Walmart has 11,545 stores and clubs in 28countries, under a total of 63banners. The company operates under the Walmart name in the United States and Canada. It operates as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as Seiyu in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. It also owns and operates the Sam's Club retail warehouses. ", "precise_score": -1.1769745349884033, "rough_score": -0.3687244951725006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club is a chain of warehouse clubs that sell groceries and general merchandise, often in bulk. They range from 71000 to, with an average size of 134000 sqft. Sam's Clubs are membership warehouse clubs where most customers buy annual memberships. There are three kinds of memberships of Sam's Club: Sam's Plus, Sam's Business and Sam's Savings. Each of these memberships provides customers various benefits and convenience. However, non-members can make purchases either by buying a one-day membership or paying a surcharge based on the price of the purchase. Some locations also sell gasoline. The first Sam's Club opened in 1983 in Midwest City, Oklahoma under the name \"Sam's Wholesale Club\".", "precise_score": -1.1691975593566895, "rough_score": 1.0097202062606812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations themselves after Price declined an offer from Sam Walton and Walmart to merge Price Club with their warehouse store chain, Sam's Club. Costco's business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, which made the merger make more sense for both firms. The combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales. PriceCostco was initially led by executives from both companies, but then the Price brothers soon left the company in 1994 to form Price Enterprises, a company unrelated to the current Costco. ", "precise_score": 2.842592239379883, "rough_score": 2.711205005645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Costco" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In the United States, Costco's main competitors operating membership warehouses are Sam's Club and BJ's Wholesale Club. Costco employs about 174,000 full and part-time employees. In 2016, Costco had 85 million members. ", "precise_score": 2.4499263763427734, "rough_score": -0.07920500636100769, "source": "wiki", "title": "Costco" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's West, Inc. (doing business as Sam's Club) is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart, founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton. , Sam's Club chain serves 47 million U.S. (including Puerto Rico) members and is the 8th largest U.S. retailer. , Sam's Club ranks second in sales volume among warehouse clubs with $56.828 billion in sales (in fiscal year 2016) behind Costco, despite the fact that Sam's has more retail locations. ", "precise_score": 7.952701568603516, "rough_score": 8.821441650390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": ", Sam's Club operates 653 membership warehouse clubs in 47 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Oregon, Rhode Island (which that state's only location closed in February 2016) and Vermont are the only states where Sam's Club does not operate, as is the case for the District of Columbia. Walmart International also operates Sam's Clubs in Mexico, Brazil, and China. It has 161 locations in Mexico, 27 locations in Brazil and 13 in China. Locations generally range in size from 71000 -, with an average club size of approximately 134000 sqft. ", "precise_score": 0.6659419536590576, "rough_score": 0.3207087516784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1993, Walmart acquired PACE Membership Warehouse from Kmart and converted many (but not all) PACE locations into Sam's Clubs.", "precise_score": -0.840700626373291, "rough_score": -2.0999598503112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Like other warehouse clubs, Sam's Club sells most of its merchandise in bulk and directly off pallets. The clubs are arranged much like warehouses, with merchandise stocked in warehouse-style steel bins. Products sold include jewelry, designer goods, sunglasses, crystal and collectibles, electronics, floral, apparel, food and meats. Most locations have Pharmacy, Tire and Battery, Photo, Bakery, Optical, Café and Floral departments. Sam's Club markets items under the private labels Simply Right, Member's Mark, Bakers & Chefs, Daily Chef, and Sam's Club — including products by Richelieu Foods, a private label manufacturer of frozen pizza, salad dressing, sauces, marinades, condiments and deli salads. Sam's Club does not sell the Sam's Choice or Great Value brands, that are available in Walmart stores. However, Sam's Club is changing some of the Member's Mark items, such as baby wipes to the name Simply Right. The Member's Mark Deli products is also changing names to Artisan Fresh. Another notable feature in most locations is the presence of stands at which Shopper Events employees prepare various food products for members to sample before purchasing.", "precise_score": -2.3340466022491455, "rough_score": -0.5573840141296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* Sam's Club, operates in the U.S., Mexico and other countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46371841430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* Price Savers Wholesale Club, merged with PACE Warehouse Club, then merged with Sam's Club", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.793576717376709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* Sam's Club in Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361677169799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* Super Saver, merged with Sam's Club (Southeast US)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676133155822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* The Wholesale Club, merged with Sam's Club", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.158034324645996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Warehouse club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the company rose from a regional to a national giant. By 1988, Walmart was the most profitable retailer in the U.S. and by October 1989, it had become the largest in terms of revenue. Geographically limited to the South and lower Midwest up to the mid-1980s, by the early 1990s the company's presence spanned from coast to coastSam's Club opened in New Jersey in November 1989 and the first California outlet opened in Lancaster in July 1990. A Walmart in York, Pennsylvania opened in October 1990, bringing the main store to the Northeast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.523445129394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Prior to the summer of 1990, Walmart had no presence on the West Coast or in the Northeast (except for a single Sam's Club in New Jersey which opened in November 1989), but in July and October that year, it opened its first stores in California and Pennsylvania, respectively. By the mid-1990s, it was far and away the most powerful retailer in the U.S. and expanded into Mexico in 1991 and Canada in 1994. Walmart stores opened throughout the rest of the U.S., with Vermont being the last state to get a store in 1995. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.215252876281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In October 2005, Walmart announced several environmental measures to increase energy efficiency. The primary goals included spending a year to increase fuel efficiency in Walmart's truck fleet by 25 percent over three years and double it within ten, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent in seven years, reduce energy use at stores by 30 percent, and cut solid waste from U.S. stores and Sam's Clubs by 25 percent in three years. CEO Lee Scott said that Walmart's goal was to be a \"good steward for the environment\" and ultimately use only renewable energy sources and produce zero waste. The company also designed three new experimental stores with wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, biofuel-capable boilers, water-cooled refrigerators, and xeriscape gardens. Despite much criticism of its environmental record, Walmart took a few steps in what some viewed as a positive direction, which included becoming the biggest seller of organic milk and the biggest buyer of organic cotton in the world, as well as reducing packaging and energy costs. Walmart also spent nearly a year working with outside consultants to discover the company's total environmental impact and find areas for improvement. Walmart has also recently created its own electric company in Texas, Texas Retail Energy, and plans to supply its stores with cheap power purchased at wholesale prices. Through this new venture, the company expects to save annually and also to lay the groundwork and infrastructure to sell electricity to Texas consumers in the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6315741539001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "* On January 15, 2016, Walmart announced it will close 269 stores in 2016, affecting 16,000 workers. 154 out of the 269 stores earmarked for closure are in the U.S. (150 Walmart U.S. stores, 115 Walmart International stores, and 4Sam's Clubs). 95 percent of these U.S. stores are located, on average, 10 miles from another Walmart store. The 269 stores represent less than 1percent of global square footage and revenue. Walmart Express, of which all 102 locations are included in the closures, had been in a pilot program since 2011. In light of these closings, Walmart plans to focus on \"strengthening Supercenters, optimizing Neighborhood Markets, growing the e-commerce business and expanding pickup services for customers\". In fiscal 2017, the company plans to open between 50 and 60 Supercenters, 85 to 95 Neighborhood Markets, 7to 10 Sam's Clubs, and 200 to 240 international locations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.222187042236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Walmart's operations are organized into four divisions: Walmart U.S., Walmart International, Sam's Club and Global eCommerce. The company offers various retail formats throughout these divisions, including supercenters, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse clubs, cash-and-carry stores, home improvement, specialty electronics, restaurants, apparel stores, drugstores, convenience stores and digital retail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.647247076034546, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "The \"Supercenter\" portion of the name has since been phased out, with these stores now simply referred to as \"Walmart\", since the company introduced the new Walmart logo in 2008. The Supercentre name is still used in Canada, where the company opened its 100th Canadian store in 2010, some of them former Sam's Club locations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.945649147033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Walmart opened \"Supermercado de Walmart\" locations to appeal to Hispanic communities in the United States. The first one, a 39000 sqft store in the Spring Branch area of Houston, opened on April 29, 2009. The store was a conversion of an existing Walmart Neighborhood Market. The opening was Walmart's first entry in the Hispanic grocery market in Houston. In 2009, another Supermercado de Walmart opened in Phoenix, Arizona. Both the two Supermercado de Walmart locations have closed in 2014. In 2009, Walmart opened \"Mas Club\", a warehouse retail operation patterned after Sam's Club. It closed its doors in 2014 with only one store.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.026981830596924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In June 2016, Walmart and Sam's Club announced they will begin testing last-mile grocery delivery that uses services including Uber, Lyft and Deliv, to bring customers' orders to their homes. Walmart customers will be able to shop using the company's online grocery service at grocery.walmart.com, then request delivery at checkout for a small fee. The first tests will go live in Denver and Phoenix. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.571542739868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 2004, Walmart bought the 118stores in the Bompreço supermarket chain in northeastern Brazil. In late 2005, it took control of the Brazilian operations of Sonae Distribution Group through its new subsidiary, WMS Supermercados do Brasil, thus acquiring control of the Nacional and Mercadorama supermarket chains, the leaders in the Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states, respectively. None of these stores were rebranded. , Walmart operated 61 Super-Bompreço stores, 39Hiper-Bompreço stores. It also ran 57Walmart Supercenters, 27Sam's Clubs, and 174 Todo Dia stores. With the acquisition of Bompreço and Sonae, by 2010, Walmart was the third largest supermarket chain in Brazil, behind Carrefour and Pão de Açúcar. Walmart Brasil, the operating company, has its head office in Barueri, São Paulo State, and regional offices in Curitiba, Paraná; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Recife, Pernambuco; and Salvador, Bahia. As of June 30, 2016, Walmart Brasil operates 499stores under the banners Walmart Supercenter (53 locations), Sam's Club (27 locations), Todo Dia (151 locations), Supermercado Todo Dia (3 locations), Hypermarket (Bompreço) (38 locations), Supermarket (Bompreço) (59 locations), Mercadorama (Sonae) (13 locations), BIG (Sonae) (39 locations), Maxxi Atacado (Sonae) (44 locations), Nacional (Sonae) (55 locations), Walmart Posto (Gas Station) (14 locations), and Hiper Todo Dia (3 locations).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.69826078414917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Walmart in Mexico operates Walmart Supercenter (256 locations), Sam's Club (161 locations), Bodega Aurrera (477 locations), Mi Bodega Aurrera (321 locations), Bodega Aurrera Express (929 locations), Superama (95 locations), Suburbia (115 locations), Medimart Farmacia de Walmart (10 locations), and Zona Suburbia (5locations).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.877579689025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Walmart has joint ventures in China and several majority-owned subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2016, Walmart China (沃尔玛 Wò'ērmǎ) operates 425 stores under the Walmart Supercenter (390 locations), Sam's Club (13 locations), Neighborhood Market (2locations), Smart Choice (1location), and Trust-Mart Hypermarket (19 locations) banners. In Japan, Walmart owns 100 percent of Seiyu (西友 Seiyū) as of 2008. As of June 30, 2016, there are 343 stores under the Seiyu (Hypermarket) (95 locations), Seiyu (Supermarket) (238 locations), Seiyu (General Merchandise) (1location), and Livin (9locations) banners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.505721569061279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111383438110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club has found a niche market in recent years as a supplier to small businesses. All Sam's Clubs are open early hours exclusively for business members and their old slogan was \"We're in Business for Small Business.\" Their slogan has been \"Savings Made Simple\" since late 2009, as Sam's Club attempts to attract a more diverse member base. In March 2009, the company announced that it plans to enter the electronic medical records business by offering a software package to physicians in small practices for . Walmart is partnering with Dell and eClinicalWorks.com in this new venture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.608407974243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club's sales were , or 11.9percent of total Walmart sales, during fiscal 2016. , there were 653Sam's Clubs in 47 states and Puerto Rico. Oregon, Rhode Island (which that state's only location closed in 2016), Vermont, and the District of Columbia are the only states and territories where a Sam's Club does not operate. Walmart, through Walmart International, also operates 201international Sam's Clubs, including 161in Mexico, 27in Brazil, and 13in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.459887981414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Based in San Francisco, California, Walmart's Global eCommerce division provides online retailing for Walmart, Sam's Club, ASDA and all other international brands. There are several locations in the United States located in California and Oregon. They are San Bruno, Sunnyvale, Brisbane, and Portland. Locations outside of the United States include Shanghai (China), Leeds (United Kingdom) and Bangalore (India).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.259324073791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's", "passage": "About 40 percent of products sold in Walmart are private label store brands, which are produced for the company through contracts with manufacturers. Walmart began offering private label brands in 1991, with the launch of Sam's Choice, a line of drinks produced by Cott Beverages for Walmart. Sam's Choice quickly became popular and by 1993, was the third most popular beverage brand in the United States. Other Walmart brands include Great Value and Equate in the U.S. and Canada and Smart Price in Britain. A 2006 study talked of \"the magnitude of mind-share Walmart appears to hold in the shoppers' minds when it comes to the awareness of private label brands and retailers.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.492668628692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Walmart is headquartered in the Walmart Home Office complex in Bentonville, Arkansas. The company's business model is based on selling a wide variety of general merchandise at low prices. Doug McMillon became Walmart's CEO on February 1, 2014. McMillon began his Walmart career in warehouses while in high school. He has also worked as the head of Sam's Club and Walmart International. The company refers to employees as \"associates\". All Walmart stores in the U.S. and Canada also have designated \"greeters\" at the entrance, a practice pioneered by Sam Walton and later imitated by other retailers. Greeters are trained to help shoppers find what they want and answer their questions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.058051109313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In North America, Walmart's primary competitors include department stores like Kmart, Publix, Target, Shopko and Meijer, Canada's The Real Canadian Superstore and Giant Tiger, and Mexico's Comercial Mexicana and Soriana. Competitors of Walmart's Sam's Club division are Costco and the smaller BJ's Wholesale Club chain. Walmart's move into the grocery business in the late 1990s also set it against major supermarket chains in both the United States and Canada. Some retail analysts see regional grocery store chain WinCo Foods as serious competition for Walmart. Several smaller retailers, primarily dollar stores, such as Family Dollar and Dollar General, have been able to find a small niche market and compete successfully against Walmart. In 2004, Walmart responded by testing its own dollar store concept, a subsection of some stores called \"Pennies-n-Cents.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5971381664276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Walmart" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club had sales of $57.157 billion in FY 2014. It reported a 0.3% sales increase in 2014, 4.1% in 2013, and 8.4% sales increase in 2012. This is significantly higher growth than Walmart U.S. stores, which did not have higher than 2% growth since 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1820878982543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "There was also Sam's Club in Canada, in which the last location closed in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468145370483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "The first Sam's Club opened on April 7, 1983 in Midwest City, Oklahoma in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.944308280944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1987, Sam's Club made its first acquisition by purchasing West Monroe, Louisiana-based SuperSaver Wholesale Warehouse Club; the purchase expanded the chain by 24 locations. The stores were owned by Alton Howard and his son John. John's daughter Korie later married Willie Robertson and became a regular cast member on Duck Dynasty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.040215015411377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In 1989, Sam's Club entered New Jersey with a club in Delran in a former Two Guys / Jefferson Ward store. This was Walmart's first entry into the Northeast. The first Walmart discount store (now expanded into a Supercenter) in New Jersey opened in 1991 in Turnersville. The company entered the Pennsylvania market in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.25309944152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "The latest flagship club opening was in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The largest Sam's Club is located in Pineville, North Carolina with 185000 sqft of retail space that was formerly an Incredible Universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.363311767578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "On September 24, 2006, Sam's Club received a new logo. The new logo has an updated serif font and features a green and blue diamond inside the big blue diamond, found above the word 'Sam's'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065450668334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club's previous slogan was \"We Are In Business For Small Business\" until 2006; the decision to remove the slogan comes as Sam's Club attempts to remove itself from serving just small businesses and open up to more individual customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978063583374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In December 2007. Sam's Club launched a new slogan, \"Enjoy the Possibilities\". Since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. As of January 2008, the \"Enjoy the Possibilities\" slogan was no longer in use. Sam's Club launched their latest slogan \"Savings Made Simple\" in the fourth quarter of 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625716209411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Starting in April 2007, there was speculation of a possible sale or spinoff of Sam's Club from parent company Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. At Walmart's 2007 annual shareholder's meeting in June, management said that Sam's Club is not for sale, although they did not say they are not considering a spinoff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.003687858581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "On February 26, 2009, Walmart Canada announced that it would close all six of its Canadian Sam's Club locations. This was part of Walmart Canada's decision to shift focus towards supercentres, but some industry observers suggested that the operation was struggling in competition with Costco and the non-membership The Real Canadian Superstore (known as Maxi & Cie in Quebec), that had a well-established history in the country. Sam's Club also rebranded the two as yet unopened locations as new Walmart Superstores.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4575018882751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's", "passage": "In January 2010, it was announced that ten clubs would be closed, including four in California. At the same time, Sam's will open six new clubs at various locations in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666035652160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "On January 24, 2010, it was announced that approximately 11,200 Sam's Club employees would be laid off. The layoffs resulted from the decision to outsource product sampling duties to an outside company (Rogers, Arkansas-based Shopper Events, which already performs in-store product demonstrations for Walmart) and to eliminate New Business Membership Representative positions throughout the chain. Most of the laid-off employees were part-time and represented about 10% of the total Sam's Club workforce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.743791103363037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Rosalind Brewer was named as the new CEO for Sam's Club, a change that came into effect on February 1, 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.549452781677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "On January 24, 2014, it was announced that Walmart will cut 2,300 jobs at the under performing Sam's Club locations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.463197708129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's", "passage": "Sam's Business Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3545560836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club opened their first Business Center in Houston, Texas, in August 2008. Converted from an existing Sam's location, the Business Center is similar in concept to Costco's Business Centers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.548223495483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In Houston, Sam's Club opened Más Club in August 2009, a club geared towards the Hispanic population. Membership in Más Club was separate from membership in Sam's Club. It closed in February 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.214646339416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Membership is required to purchase at Sam's Club (except at the cafe and pharmacy where federal law prohibits sales of prescription drugs to members only, as well as liquor and gasoline in some states); however, a one-time day pass may be obtained from many Walmart newspaper ads. A 10% surcharge is added (except where forbidden by local laws) to the prices for non-members, except for optical, pharmacy, cafe, or alcohol items where available. All memberships fees are 100% guaranteed at any point of time in the membership tenure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.373806476593018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "In the United States, Sam's Club memberships are divided into three categories: Business, Savings and Plus, each with an annual fee. Sam's Plus is the most comprehensive membership plan, that includes Cash Rewards and extra savings in Pharmacy and Optometry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843838214874268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club locations accept Sam's Club and Walmart credit cards, Discover Card, MasterCard, debit cards (PIN-based, except MasterCard and Discover, which also can be signature-based), Walmart and Sam's Club gift cards, cash or checks. EBT SNAP benefits are accepted. MasterCard was added as an option on November 9, 2006. In the past, Visa credit cards were not accepted, except at gas stations, because of the high processing fees compared with Walmart's discounted rates with MasterCard. As of February 1, 2016, however, Visa credit cards are now accepted. However Visa debit cards are not accepted at some clubs. American Express is accepted from 1 October 2015. Beginning in early 2016, Visa credit cards are accepted at Sam's Club. Their online website, samsclub.com, accepts MasterCard , American Express or Discover Card. Sam's club did not accept Discover card until 2008. (McKibben, 2008)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.507036209106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club credit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.520777702331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" }, { "answer": "Sam's Club", "passage": "Sam's Club offers store credit lines to individuals and businesses linked to the member's membership card. As of June 2014, Sam's Club discontinued offering the Sam's Discover card and now offers a Sam's Club MasterCard Card that can be used at Sam's Club and anywhere Mastercards are accepted. Sam's Club MasterCard offers a cash back program of 5% (Up to $6,000 a year then 1% thereafter) on gasoline, 3% on dining and travel and 1% on all other purchases. Sam's Club is also the first merchant in the United States to offer EMV (Europay/MasterCard/Visa) chip-enabled cards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8665008544921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sam's Club" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing, all of which are metal. It is flexible, rectangular in cross section, and weighs under a pound. As with the épée, points are only scored by contact with the tip, which in electrically scored tournaments is capped with a spring-loaded button to signal a touch. A foil fencer's uniform features the lamé, a vest, electrically wired to record hits in such cases. It is the most commonly used weapon in competition.", "precise_score": 2.233987331390381, "rough_score": 2.422100067138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Starting with the 1956 Olympics, scoring in foil is accomplished by means of registering the touch with an electric circuit. A switch at the tip of the foil registers the touch, and a metallic foil vest, or lamé, verifies that the touch is on valid target.[http://www.fencing4u.com/WeaponsAbout.html About Fencing Weapons] (accessed 19 Jan 2015)", "precise_score": 0.9573265314102173, "rough_score": 0.16128897666931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "the foils be brought\" ), the use as a weapon for sport is more recent. The foil was used in France as a training weapon in the middle of the 18th century in order to practise fast and elegant thrust fencing. Fencers blunted the point by wrapping a foil around the blade or fastening a knob on the point (\"blossom\", French fleuret). In addition to practising, some fencers took away the protection and used the sharp foil for duels. German students took up that practice in academic fencing and developed the Pariser (\"Parisian\") thrusting small sword for the Stoßmensur (\"thrusting mensur\"). ", "precise_score": 0.9409440755844116, "rough_score": 6.633590221405029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Rules for the sport of fencing date back to the 19th century. The current international rules for foil were adopted by the FIE Committee for Foil on 12 June 1914. They are based on previous sets of rules adopted by national associations. The rules governing the use of electrical judging apparatus were adopted in 1957 and have been amended several times. ", "precise_score": 0.21892373263835907, "rough_score": 0.8200538754463196, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The sabre is one of the three weapons of modern fencing, and is alternatively spelled saber in American English. The sabre differs from the other modern fencing weapons, the épée and foil, in that it is possible to score with the edge of the blade; for this reason, sabreur movements and attacks are very fast. For the other two weapons, valid touches are only scored using the point of the blade. Like the foil, but unlike the épée, sabre uses the convention of right-of-way to determine who acquires the touch.", "precise_score": 1.1418639421463013, "rough_score": 0.8884950280189514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Sabre was the last weapon in fencing to make the transition over to using electrical equipment. This occurred in 1988, 31 years after foil and 52 years after the épée. In 2004, immediately following the Athens Summer Olympics, the timing for recording a touch was shortened from its previous setting, dramatically altering the sport and method in which a touch is scored.", "precise_score": 4.137768745422363, "rough_score": 3.396301507949829, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The target area for the sabre consists of the torso above the waist, as well as the arms and head (excluding both hands). When fencing with electric equipment, a manchette, or sabre cuff, is used in conjunction with the lamé and electrically conductive mask to ensure that the entire target area forms a single circuit.", "precise_score": -2.389643907546997, "rough_score": -1.6366380453109741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing, also called Olympic fencing, is a sport in which two competitors fight using 'Rapier-style' swords, winning points by making contact with their opponent. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, the modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school having later refined the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each using a different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three competitive scenes: Foil, Épée and Sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialise in only one weapon.", "precise_score": 4.110523223876953, "rough_score": 3.6660687923431396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "There are three weapons in modern fencing: foil, épée, and sabre. Each weapon has its own rules and strategies.", "precise_score": 1.952635407447815, "rough_score": -0.028269683942198753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The sabre is a light cutting and thrusting weapon that targets the entire body above the waist, except the weapon hand. Like the foil, the maximum legal weight of a sabre is 500 grams. The hand guard on the sabre extends from pommel to the base of where the blade connects to the hilt. This guard is generally turned outwards during sport to protect the sword arm from touches. Hits with the entire blade or point are valid. As in foil, touches that land outside of the target area are not scored. However, unlike foil, these off-target touches do not stop the action, and the fencing continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives the point for the action, again through the use of \"right of way\".", "precise_score": 2.4931321144104004, "rough_score": 3.5068864822387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "A set of electric fencing equipment is required to participate in electric fencing. Electric equipment in fencing varies depending on the weapon with which it is used in accordance. The main component of a set of electric equipment is the body cord. The body cord serves as the connection between a fencer and a reel of wire that is part of a system for electrically detecting that the weapon has touched the opponent. There are two types: one for épée, and one for foil and sabre.", "precise_score": -1.5267300605773926, "rough_score": -1.4809209108352661, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics (the discipline of swimming has been in every Olympics), cycling, fencing, and gymnastics (the discipline of artistic gymnastics has been in every Olympics).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.73630690574646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The target area for modern foil is said to come from a time when fencing was practised with limited safety equipment. Another factor in the target area is that foil rules are derived from a period when dueling to the death was the norm. Hence, the favoured target area is the torso, where the vital organs are.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9363338947296143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "In 1896, foil (and saber) were included as events in the first Olympic Games in Athens.FIE History: [http://fie.org/fie/history Fencing history] (accessed 21 Jan 2016) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2297749519348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "and was the only Olympic fencing event in which women competed until women's epeé was introduced at the 1996 Olympics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7747321128845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The rules for the sport of fencing are regulated by the national sporting association. In the United States, this is the United States Fencing Association (USFA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4396233558654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "International rules are regulated by the International Fencing Federation, or Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.177154541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The detailed rules for foil are listed in the USFA Rulebook.[http://www.usfencing.org/page/show/695208-rulebook USA Fencing Rulebook] (accessed 19 January 2016).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3627495765686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Foil is a conventional weapon and so is governed by the rules of priority, also known as right of way. As such, points are not necessarily awarded to the first fencer to hit, but to the fencer who hits with the priority. As such foil fencing consists of not just trying to hit the opponent, but also 'battling for priority', which adds a tactical dimension to the game. Priority is established when one fencer starts a correctly executed attack. An attack which has failed (i.e. has missed, stopped forward progress or been parried) no longer holds the priority. The convention of refereeing will automatically give right of way to the defender provided they take over immediately with their 'answering' action. Priority automatically passes to the defending fencer when they parry; Where the attack was parried, the defender has the right to make a riposte, but it must be initiated without indecision or delay; In other words, if the defending fencer parries successfully, but then waits and does not immediately riposte, they lose the right of way. The fencer making the original attack may also make a new offensive action, a renewal or remise of the initial attack but there is certain risk in doing so, for example when they have been parried, because they would then be making renewal/ remise while their opponent had the priority. There are a special range of fencing actions in this situation; A classical response where the defender parries the attack successfully and begins riposting is for the attacker to recover from their lunge and make a counter parry (a parry of the defenders riposting action) and riposte in turn. This is called the counter riposte.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.113214492797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Foil (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Like other weapons used in fencing, the modern saber uses an electrical connection to register touches. The sabreuse wears a lamé, a conductive vest, to complete the circuit and register a touch to a valid target.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.108389377593994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Early electric sabres were equipped with a capteur socket. The capteur was a device that was intended to detect a parry by use of an accelerometer. If a parry was detected, the electronics were supposed to invalidate any subsequent closing of the scoring circuit due to the flexible blade whipping around the parry. This device never worked as intended and was quickly discarded, and the whipover effect was greatly mitigated when the FIE mandated stiffer sabre blades in the S2000 specification.The Fencing Center, [http://www.fencing.com/NewTFC/Sabre_Fencing.html Sabre Fencing] (accessed 16 Nov 2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5472331047058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Because touches can be scored using the edge of the blade, there is no need for a pressure-sensitive head to be present on the end of the blade (thus having the button). When fencing \"electric\" (as opposed to \"steam\" or \"dry\") a current runs through the sabre blade. When the blade comes into contact with the lamé, the electrical mask, or the manchette, the current flows through the body cord and interacts with the scoring equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.80814266204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "With hindsight, the shorter timings seem to have encouraged a tightening and refinement of the original techniques with smaller, neater moves so that, on the whole, sabre fencing became faster and more precise than it had ever been before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.318065643310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "When both lights turn on, it rests upon the referee to decide which fencer scores the point.Surrey County Fencing Union, [http://scfu.homestead.com/ref_p11_sabre_hints.html Sabre Refereeing Hints], Refereeing (accessed 16 November 2015) The decision is based on the concept of Right of Way (RoW) which gives the point to the fencer who had priority, i.e. the attacking fencer. As with foil, the other RoW weapon, priority is gained in many ways, which can be broken down into active, passive, and defensive categories:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3280534744262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "**Attacking the opponent. (In fencing the word \"attack\" is defined as: the initial offensive action made by extending the arm and continuously threatening the opponent‘s target, preceding the launching of the lunge or step. The flèche is illegal in sabre as a \"crossover\". In sabre the threat may be established with the point or the cutting edge, and the end of the attack coincides with the moment the front foot touches the strip). Hitting with the blade after the front foot has landed constitutes a remise of the attack, and so an opponent's attack delivered at the same time would take the RoW in this case.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.545143127441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "At sabre, it is generally easier to attack than to defend (for example, the timing favours remises) and high-level international sabre fencing is often very fast and very simple, although when required, top sabreurs do display an extended repertoire of tactical devices. In response to the relatively high speed of sabre fencing, the rules for sabre were changed to prohibit the forward cross-over (where the back foot passes the front foot) - it is now a cardable offence. Thus, the flèche attack is no longer permissible, so sabre fencers have instead begun to use a \"flunge\" (flying lunge). This attack begins like a flèche, but the fencer pushes off from the ground and moves quickly forward, attempting to land a hit before their feet cross over. Similarly, \"running attacks\" — consisting of a failed flèche followed by continuous remises — have also been eliminated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8501651287078857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Each fencing weapon has a different tempo, and the tempo for épée and foil is rather slow with sudden bursts of speed. Sabre is fast throughout the entire touch. However, many coaches are urging pupils to slow down the pace, and taking smaller steps instead of larger, bigger steps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0562171936035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sabre (fencing)" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Competitive fencing is one of five activities which have been featured in every one of the modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.30738639831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Competitive fencing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.196772575378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE). Today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognised by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1078104972839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The FIE maintains the current rules used for FIE sanctioned international events, including world cups, world championships and the Olympic Games. The FIE handles proposals to change the rules the first year after an Olympic year in the annual congress. The US Fencing Association has slightly different rules, but usually adhere to FIE standards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.506979942321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing traces its roots to the development of swordsmanship for duels and self defense. The ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written. Treatise on Arms was written by Diego de Valera between 1458 and 1471 and is one of the oldest surviving manuals on western fencing shortly before dueling came under official ban by the Catholic Monarchs. In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, one of the major areas of strife between both nations. Fencing was mentioned in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor written sometime prior to 1602. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.882325172424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing. The Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.963835716247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The shift towards fencing as a sport rather than as military training happened from the mid-18th century, and was led by Domenico Angelo, who established a fencing academy, Angelo's School of Arms, in Carlisle House, Soho, London in 1763. There, he taught the aristocracy the fashionable art of swordsmanship. His school was run by three generations of his family and dominated the art of European fencing for almost a century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.401459693908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "He established the essential rules of posture and footwork that still govern modern sport fencing, although his attacking and parrying methods were still much different from current practice. Although he intended to prepare his students for real combat, he was the first fencing master to emphasize the health and sporting benefits of fencing more than its use as a killing art, particularly in his influential book L’École des armes (The School of Fencing), published in 1763.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.222499847412109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, in Islington in June. The Tournament featured a series of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each bout was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges. The Amateur Gymnastic & Fencing Association drew up an official set of fencing regulations in 1896.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.710697174072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing was part of the Olympics Games in the summer of 1896. Sabre events have been held at every Summer Olympics; foil events have been held at every Summer Olympics except 1908; Épée events have been held at every Summer Olympics except in the summer of 1896 because of unknown reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6947433948516846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Most personal protective equipment for fencing is made of tough cotton or nylon. Kevlar was added to top level uniform pieces (jacket, breeches, underarm protector, lamé, and the bib of the mask) following the Smirnov incident at the 1982 World Championships in Rome. However, Kevlar breaks down into chlorine in UV light, complicating the cleaning process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.99765396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The complete fencing kit includes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416044235229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The jacket is form-fitting, and has a strap (croissard) that passes between the legs. In sabre fencing, jackets are cut along the waist. A small gorget of folded fabric is sewn in around the collar to prevent an opponent's blade from slipping under the mask and along the jacket upwards towards the neck. Fencing instructors may wear a heavier jacket, such as one reinforced by plastic foam, to deflect the frequent hits an instructor endures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.199981689453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing socks are long enough to cover the knee; some cover most of the thigh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408674240112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing shoes have flat soles, and are reinforced on the inside for the back foot, and in the heel for the front foot. The reinforcement prevents wear from lunging.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.900476455688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The fencing mask has a bib that protects the neck. The mask should support 12 kg on the metal mesh and 350 N of penetration resistance on the bib. FIE regulations dictate that masks must withstand 25 kg on the mesh and 1600 N on the bib. Some modern masks have a see-through visor in the front of the mask. These have been used at high level competitions (World Championships etc.), however, they are currently banned in foil and épée by the FIE, following a 2009 incident in which a visor was pierced during the European Junior Championship competition. There are foil, sabre, and three-weapon masks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6339364051818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "A chest protector, made of plastic, is worn by female fencers and, sometimes, by boys. Fencing instructors also wear them, as they are hit far more often during training than their students. In foil fencing, the hard surface of a chest protector decreases the likelihood that a hit registers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.681090354919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "A lamé is a layer of electrically conductive material worn over the fencing jacket in foil and sabre fencing. The lamé covers the entire target area, and makes it easier to determine whether a hit fell within the target area. (In épée fencing the lamé is unnecessary, since the target area spans the competitor's entire body.) In sabre fencing, the lamé's sleeves end in a straight line across the waist; in foil fencing, the lamé is sleeveless. A body cord is necessary to register scoring. It attaches to the weapon and runs inside the jacket sleeve, then down the back and out to the scoring box. In sabre and foil fencing, the body cord connects to the lamé in order to create a circuit to the scoring box.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8633383512496948, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "An instructor or master may wear a protective sleeve or a leg leather to protect their fencing arm or leg, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.988375663757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "In a professional fencing competition, a complete set of electric equipment is needed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7001495361328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Techniques or movements in fencing can be divided into two categories: offensive and quickly defensive. Some techniques can fall into both categories (e.g. the beat). Certain techniques are used offensively, with the purpose of landing a hit on your opponent while holding the right of way (foil and sabre). Others are used defensively, to protect against a hit or obtain the right of way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.450761318206787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "* Attack: A basic fencing technique, also called a thrust, consisting of extending the sword arm to declare an attack and attempt to land a touch upon the opponent's valid area. In sabre, attacks are also made with a cutting action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.121579170227051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "* Counter attack: A basic fencing technique of attacking your opponent while generally moving back out of the way of the opponent's attack. Used quite often in épée to score against the attacker's hand/arm. More difficult to accomplish in foil and sabre unless one is quick enough to make the counterattack and retreat ahead of the advancing opponent without being scored upon, or by evading the attacking blade via moves such as the In Quartata (turning to the side) or Passata-sotto (ducking).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1879849433898926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years. At least one style of fencing, Mensur in Germany, is practiced only within universities, notably at Heidelberg. University students compete internationally at the World University Games. The United States holds two national level university tournaments including the NCAA championship and the USACFC National Championships tournaments in the USA and the BUCS fencing championships in the United Kingdom. Prior to advances in modern weaponry post World War I, the United States Calvary taught swordsmanship (mounted and dismounted) in Fort Riley, Kansas at its Mounted Service School. George S. Patton, Jr., while still a young lieutenant, was named \"Master of the Sword,\" an honor reserved for the top instructor. He invented what came to be known as the \"Patton Saber,\" in 1913, based on his studies with M. Clery L' Adjutant, reputed to be the finest Fencing Master in Europe at the time. While teaching at Fort Riley, he wrote two training manuals teaching the art of swordsmanship to Army Calvary Officers, \"Saber Exercise 1914\" and \"Diary of the Instructor in Swordsmanship.\" Equipment costs and the relatively small scale of the sport limits university fencing to a small number of schools. National fencing organisations have set up programmes to encourage more students to fence. Examples include the Regional Youth Circuit program in the USA and the Leon Paul Youth Development series in the UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.582569122314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "In recent years, attempts have been made to introduce fencing to a wider and younger audience, by using foam and plastic swords, which require much less protective equipment. This makes it much less expensive to provide classes, and thus easier to take fencing to a wider range of schools than traditionally has been the case. There is even a competition series in Scotland – the Plastic-and-Foam Fencing FunLeague – specifically for Primary and early Secondary school-age children using this equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.694051265716553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "The UK hosts two national competitions in which schools compete against each other directly: the Public Schools Fencing Championship, a competition only open to Independent Schools,[http://www.publicschoolsfencingchampionships.com/home.htm Home :: Public Schools Fencing Championships]. and the Scottish Secondary Schools Championships, open to all secondary schools in Scotland. It contains both teams and individual events and is highly anticipated. Schools organise matches directly against one another and school age pupils can compete individually in the British Youth Championships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.4623384475708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Many universities in Ontario, Canada have fencing teams that participate in an annual inter-university competition called the OUA Finals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.369966506958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" }, { "answer": "Fencing", "passage": "Other variants include chair fencing, one-hit épée (one of the five events which constitute modern pentathlon) and the various types of non-Olympic competitive fencing. Chair fencing is similar to wheelchair fencing but for the able bodied. The opponents set up opposing chairs and fence while seated; all the usual rules of fencing are applied. An example of the latter is the American Fencing League (distinct from the United States Fencing Association): the format of competitions is different and the right of way rules are interpreted in a different way. In a number of countries, school and university matches deviate slightly from the FIE format.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.493443012237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fencing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "* Joints can be designed to hold without the use of glue or fasteners; a pinned mortise and tenon is an example of this.", "precise_score": 0.007989795878529549, "rough_score": 2.0743319988250732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodworking joints" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "The mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form it is both simple and strong. Although there are many joint variations, the basic mortise and tenon comprises two components: the mortise hole and the tenon tongue. The tenon, formed on the end of a member generally referred to as a rail, is inserted into a square or rectangular hole cut into the corresponding member. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place.", "precise_score": 6.561193466186523, "rough_score": 2.865757703781128, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "A mortise is a cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. ", "precise_score": 1.2655893564224243, "rough_score": 1.2652755975723267, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "A tenon is a projection on the end of a timber for insertion into a mortise. Usually the tenon is taller than it is wide.", "precise_score": 2.455402135848999, "rough_score": -0.6719590425491333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Pegged (or pinned) tenon:the joint is strengthened by driving a peg or dowel pin through one or more holes drilled through mortise side wall and tenon; this is common in timber framing joints", "precise_score": 1.2532669305801392, "rough_score": 0.3155669569969177, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Wedged half-dovetail:a mortise in which the back is wider, or taller, than the front, or opening. The space for the wedge initially allows room for the tenon to be inserted; the presence of the wedge, after the tenon has been engaged, prevents its withdrawal. It is sometimes called a \"suicide\" joint, since it is a \"one-way trip\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6156535148620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "There are several kinds of tenon:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330367088317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Stub tenon:short, the depth of which depends on the size of the timber; also a tenon that is shorter than the width of the mortised piece so the tenon does not show (as opposed to a \"through tenon\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.334233283996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Through tenon:a tenon that passes entirely through the piece of wood it is inserted into, being clearly visible on the back side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.300286293029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Loose tenon:a tenon that is a separate part of the joint, as opposed to a fixed tenon that is an integral part of one of the pieces to be joined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988929748535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Biscuit tenon:a thin oval piece of wood, shaped like a biscuit ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227738380432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Tusk tenon:a kind of mortise and tenon joint that uses a wedge-shaped key to hold the joint together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.879310607910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Teasel (or teazle) tenon:a term used for the tenon on top of a jowled or gunstock post, which is typically received by the mortise in the underside of a tie beam. A common element of the English tying joint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.399377822875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Top tenon:the tenon that occurs on top of a post.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248252868652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Hammer-headed tenon:a method of forming a tenon joint when the shoulders cannot be tightened with a clamp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93690299987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": ";Half shoulder tenon:An asymmetric tenon with a shoulder on one side only. A common use is in framed, ledged and braced doors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775616645812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Generally the size of the mortise and tenon is related to the thickness of the timbers. It is considered good practice to proportion the tenon as one third the thickness of the rail, or as close to this as is practical. The haunch, the cut-away part of a sash corner joint that prevents the tenon coming loose, is one third the length of the tenon and one sixth of the width of the tenon in its depth. The remaining two-thirds of the rail, the tenon shoulders, help to counteract lateral forces that might tweak the tenon from the mortise, contributing to its strength. These also serve to hide imperfections in the opening of the mortise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.984663963317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:Mortise.svg|A traditional through, wedged, mortise and tenon joint", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.406946659088135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:MortiseCornerStub.svg|A stub tenon corner joint", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.859826564788818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:MortiseHaunch.svg|A haunched stub tenon corner joint ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.098676681518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:MortiseFoxTail.svg|A foxtail wedged tenon joint", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.507049083709717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:PinnedTenon.svg|A pinned corner tenon joint", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309131622314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "Image:FeatherTenon.svg|A modern feather tenon joint (primarily called a loose tenon)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216358184814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "It has also been found in ancient furniture from archaeological sites in the Middle East, Europe and Asia. Many instances are found, for example, in ruins of houses in the Silk Road kingdom of Cadota, dating from the first to the fourth century BC. In traditional Chinese architecture, wood components, such as beams, brackets, roof frames and struts, were made to interlock with perfect fit, without using fasteners or glues, enabling the wood to expand and contract according to humidity. Archaeological evidence from Chinese sites shows that, by the end of the Neolithic, mortise-and-tenon joinery was employed in Chinese construction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.536370277404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" }, { "answer": "Tenon", "passage": "The thirty sarsen stones of Stonehenge were dressed and fashioned with mortise-and-tenon joints before they were erected between 2600 and 2400 BC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.439932346343994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mortise and tenon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. With George Stigler and others, Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the second generation of Chicago price theory, a methodological movement at the University of Chicago's Department of Economics, Law School, and Graduate School of Business from the 1940s onward. Several students and young professors that were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists; they include Gary Becker, Robert Fogel, and Robert Lucas, Jr. ", "precise_score": 2.5455989837646484, "rough_score": 2.9813764095306396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "George H. Nash, a leading historian of American conservatism, says that by, \"the end of the 1960s he was probably the most highly regarded and influential conservative scholar in the country, and one of the few with an international reputation.\" Friedman allowed the libertarian Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty beginning in 2001. A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer in 2002, Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto in 2004, Mart Laar, former Estonian Prime Minister in 2006 and a young Venezuelan student Yon Goicoechea in 2008. His wife Rose, sister of Aaron Director, with whom he initiated the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, served on the international selection committee. Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics.", "precise_score": -6.1066694259643555, "rough_score": -4.928355693817139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Although Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman praised Friedman as a \"great economist and a great man\" after Friedman's death in 2006, and acknowledged his many, widely accepted contributions to empirical economics, Krugman had been, and remains, a prominent critic of Friedman. Krugman has written that \"he slipped all too easily into claiming both that markets always work and that only markets work. It's extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged the possibility that markets could go wrong, or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose.\"The New York Review of Books, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19857 Who Was Milton Friedman?], February 15, 2007", "precise_score": -4.842868804931641, "rough_score": -5.064157962799072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "* Milton Friedman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474443435668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newsweek" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Milton Friedman's works include many monographs, books, scholarly articles, papers, magazine columns, television programs, and lectures, and cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues. His books and essays have had an international influence, including in former communist states. Johan Norberg, [http://reason.com/archives/2008/09/26/defaming-milton-friedman Defaming Milton Friedman: Naomi Klein's disastrous yet popular polemic against the great free market economist], Reason Magazine, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2008 A survey of economists ranked Friedman as the second most popular economist of the twentieth century after John Maynard Keynes, and The Economist described him as \"the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century ... possibly of all of it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.13458776473999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Friedman spent the 1954–1955 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. At the time, the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority (including Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn) and an anti-Keynesian minority (headed by Dennis Robertson). Friedman speculated that he was invited to the fellowship, because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions. Later his weekly columns for Newsweek magazine (1966–84) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people. From 1968 to 1978, he and Paul Samuelson participated in the Economics Cassette Series, a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days' issues for about a half-hour at a time.[http://hoohila.stanford.edu/friedman/ecs.php Rose and Milton Friedman][http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/samuelsonpaul/ Inventory of the Paul A. Samuelson Papers, 1933–2010 and undated | Finding Aids | Rubenstein Library]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.186177730560303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Milton Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television. He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China, where he also advised governments. He was also for many years a Trustee of the Philadelphia Society.[http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/friedman/index.html Milton Friedman – Biography | Cato Institute][http://phillysoc.org/trustees.htm Trustees][http://www.phillysoc.org/fried.htm Milton Friedman]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.312480926513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "While Walter Oi is credited with establishing the economic basis for a volunteer military, Milton Friedman was a proponent, stating that the draft was \"inconsistent with a free society.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.240633964538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "In an April 21, 1975, letter to Pinochet, Friedman considered the \"key economic problems of Chile are clearly ... inflation and the promotion of a healthy social market economy\".[http:// Two Lucky People: Memoirs By Milton Friedman, Rose D. Friedman. Appendix A, pp. 591–593. Letter from Friedman to Pinochet, April 21, 1975.] He stated that \"There is only one way to end inflation: by drastically reducing the rate of increase of the quantity of money ...\" and that \"... cutting government spending is by far and away the most desirable way to reduce the fiscal deficit, because it ... strengthens the private sector thereby laying the foundations for healthy economic growth\". As to how rapidly inflation should be ended, Friedman felt that \"for Chile where inflation is raging at 10–20% a month ... gradualism is not feasible. It would involve so painful an operation over so long a period that the patient would not survive.\" Choosing \"a brief period of higher unemployment...\" was the lesser evil.. and that \"the experience of Germany, ... of Brazil ..., of the post-war adjustment in the U.S. ... all argue for shock treatment\". In the letter Friedman recommended to deliver the shock approach with \"... a package to eliminate the surprise and to relieve acute distress\" and \"... for definiteness let me sketch the contents of a package proposal ... to be taken as illustrative\" although his knowledge of Chile was \"too limited to enable [him] to be precise or comprehensive\". He listed a \"sample proposal\" of 8 monetary and fiscal measures including \"the removal of as many as obstacles as possible that now hinder the private market. For example, suspend ... the present law against discharging employees\". He closed, stating \"Such a shock program could end inflation in months\". His letter suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219514846801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Although Friedman never visited Estonia, his book Free to Choose exercised a great influence on that nation's then 32-year-old prime minister, Mart Laar, who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office. Laar's reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the \"Baltic Tiger.\" A prime element of Laar's program was introduction of the flat tax. Laar won the 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty, awarded by the Cato Institute. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.108857154846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "Econometrician David Hendry criticized part of Friedman's and Anna Schwartz's 1982 Monetary Trends.David F. Hendry; Neil R. Ericsson (October 1983). \"Assertion without Empirical Basis: An Econometric Appraisal of 'Monetary Trends in ... the United Kingdom' by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz,\" in Monetary Trends in the United Kingdom, Bank of England Panel of Academic Consultants, Panel Paper No. 22, pp. 45–101.See also [http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/1985/270/ifdp270.pdf Federal Reserve International Finance Discussion Paper No. 270] (December 1985), which is a revised and shortened version of Hendry–Ericsson 1983. When asked about it during an interview with Icelandic TV in 1984, Friedman said that the criticism referred to a different problem from that which he and Schwartz had tackled, and hence was irrelevant, and pointed out the lack of consequential peer review amongst econometricians on Hendry's work. In 2006, Hendry said that Friedman was guilty of \"serious errors\" of misunderstanding that meant \"the t-ratios he reported for UK money demand were overstated by nearly 100 per cent\", and said that, in a paper published in 1991 with Neil Ericsson, he had refuted \"almost every empirical claim […] made about UK money demand\" by Friedman and Schwartz. A 2004 paper updated and confirmed the validity of the Hendry–Ericsson findings through 2000.Escribano's approach had already been recognized by Friedman, Schwartz, Hendry et al. (p. 14 of the pdf) as yielding significant improvements over previous money demand equations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.176542282104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "* Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers by Milton Friedman, edited by Gary S. Becker (2008)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.590842247009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" }, { "answer": "Milton Friedman", "passage": "* An Interview with Milton Friedman, John B. Taylor (2001). Macroeconomic Dynamics, 5, pp 101–131.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.073099136352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milton Friedman" } ]

[ { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "On August 3, 1492, the Pinta, Niña, and Santa María sailed from Palos. On board were Christopher Columbus and the Pinzón Brothers, who were natives of Palos. Palos is also the site of the Rábida Monastery where Columbus consulted with the Franciscans about his plans for organizing an expedition of discovery. The three ships landed in America on October 12, 1492. The Santa María foundered in American waters, but the other two ships returned to Palos on March 15, 1493.", "precise_score": 5.334348678588867, "rough_score": 5.467972278594971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Palos de la Frontera" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "In 1850 the small town of Trenton, Illinois, located southwest of Chicago, changed its name to Palos. This recommendation was made by M.S. Powell, the local postmaster, whose ancestor Pedro Alonso Niño sailed with Christopher Columbus from Palos de la Frontera. When it incorporated as a Village in 1914, Palos officially became Palos Park. The neighboring communities of Palos Hills and Palos Heights incorporated at later points. All three municipalities lie within Palos Township.", "precise_score": -5.166015625, "rough_score": -3.4379007816314697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Palos de la Frontera" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "The year 1492 also marked the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, although he remained convinced that he had reached the Orient. The colonisation of the Americas started, with conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro. Miscegenation was the rule between the native and the European cultures and people.", "precise_score": -4.498083114624023, "rough_score": -2.4849228858947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spain" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "Early caravels generally carried two or three masts with lateen sails, while later types had four masts. Early caravels such as the caravela tilhada of the 15th century had an average length of between 12 and, an average capacity of 40 to 50 tons, a high length-to-beam ratio of around 3.5 to 1, and narrow ellipsoidal frame (unlike the circular frame of the nau), making them very fast and maneuverable but with somewhat low capacity. Towards the end of the 15th century, the caravel was occasionally modified by giving it the same rig as a nau with a foresail, square mainsail and lateen mizzen, but not the carrack's high forecastle or much of a sternpalace, which would make it unweatherly. In this form it was sometimes known as caravela redonda (a bulging square sail is said to be round, redonda, in the Iberian tradition). It was in such ships that Christopher Columbus set out on his expedition in 1492; Santa María was a ~100 ton nau which served as the flagship and the Pinta and Niña were smaller caravels of around 15–20 m with a beam of 6 m and displacing around 60-75 tons.", "precise_score": -2.3643462657928467, "rough_score": -0.23833632469177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caravel" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "In the context of emerging Western imperialism and economic competition among European kingdoms through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward eventually received the support of the Spanish Crown, which saw in it a chance to enter the spice trade with Asia through a new westward route. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of arriving at Japan as he had intended, he reached the New World, landing on an island in the Bahamas archipelago that he named \"San Salvador\". Over the course of three more voyages, he visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming all of it for the Crown of Castile.", "precise_score": -4.578400135040283, "rough_score": -4.797808647155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "In 1470, the Florentine astronomer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli suggested to King Afonso V of Portugal that sailing west would be a quicker way to reach the Spice Islands, Cathay, and Cipangu than the route around Africa. Afonso rejected his proposal. Portuguese explorers, under the leadership of King John II, then developed a passage to Asia by sailing around Africa. Major progress in this quest was achieved in 1488, when Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, in what is now South Africa. Meanwhile, in the 1480s, the Columbus brothers had picked up Toscanelli's suggestion and proposed a plan to reach the Indies by sailing west across the \"Ocean Sea\", i.e., the Atlantic. However, Dias's discovery had shifted the interests of Portuguese seafaring to the southeast passage, which complicated Columbus's proposals significantly. ", "precise_score": -7.134281158447266, "rough_score": -4.594859600067139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Admiral of the Ocean Sea", "passage": "In the April 1492 \"Capitulations of Santa Fe\", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands he could claim for Spain. He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He would be entitled to 10 percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity. Additionally, he would also have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture with the new lands and receive one-eighth of the profits.", "precise_score": -6.281776428222656, "rough_score": -4.250920295715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Another storm forced him into the port at Lisbon. He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal and was interviewed by Bartolomeu Dias, whose rounding of the Cape of Good Hope a few years earlier in 1488–1489 had complicated Columbus's attempts for funding from the Portuguese court. Not finding King John II of Portugal in Lisbon, Columbus wrote a letter to him and waited for the king's reply. The king requested that Columbus go to Vale do Paraíso north of Lisbon to meet him. Relations between Portugal and Castile were poor at the time. Columbus went to meet with the king at Vale do Paraíso. Hearing of Columbus's discoveries, the Portuguese king informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas.", "precise_score": -4.327176094055176, "rough_score": -3.9055347442626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "The anniversary of Columbus's 1492 landing in the Americas is usually observed on 12 October in Spain and throughout the Americas, except Canada. In Spain it is called the Fiesta Nacional de España y Día de la Hispanidad, while a number of countries in Latin America celebrate it as Día de la Raza. In the United States it is called Columbus Day and is observed annually on the second Monday in October.", "precise_score": -4.507346153259277, "rough_score": -1.101010799407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "* Santa María, in which Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to America in 1492.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.859306812286377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Carrack" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "A caravel (Portuguese: ',) is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward (beating). Caravels were used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry, Christopher Columbus, and Bartolomeu Dias all used a caravel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.277998924255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caravel" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "The caravel was developed in about 1451, based on existing fishing boats under the sponsorship of Henry the Navigator of Portugal, and soon became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers like Diogo Cão, Bartolomeu Dias or Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real, and by Christopher Columbus. Its name may derive from an ancient boat type known as carabus in Latin and in Greek, later adopted into Arabic as qārib, indicating some continuity of its carvel build through the ages. They were agile and easier to navigate than the barca and barinel, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing beating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.012734889984131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caravel" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "Christopher Columbus (; ; ; ; ; between 31 October 1450 and 30 October 1451 in Genoa – 20 May 1506 in Valladolid) was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the European colonization of the New World.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.197800636291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Italian is Cristoforo Colombo and, in Spanish, it is Cristóbal Colón. He was born before 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa (now part of modern Italy), though the exact location remains disputed.Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Page 9.\"Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants. ... The two main early biographies of Columbus have been taken as literal truth by hundreds of writers, in large part because they were written by individuals closely connected to Columbus or his writings. ... Both biographies have serious shortcomings as evidence.\" His father was Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo were his brothers. Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood.Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, Christopher Columbus, 1955 ed., pp. 14ff He also had a sister named Bianchinetta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059076309204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because many Catholic theologians insisted that the Earth was flat. In fact, nearly all educated Westerners had understood, at least since the time of Aristotle, that the Earth is spherical.Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1991. Inventing the Flat Earth. Columbus and modern historians, Praeger, New York, Westport, London 1991;Zinn, Howard 1980. A People's History of the United States, HarperCollins 2001. p. 2 The sphericity of the Earth is also accounted for in the work of Ptolemy, on which medieval astronomy was largely based. Christian writers whose works clearly reflect the conviction that the Earth is spherical include Saint Bede the Venerable in his Reckoning of Time, written around AD 723. In Columbus's time, the techniques of celestial navigation, which use the position of the sun and the stars in the sky, together with the understanding that the Earth is a sphere, had long been in use by astronomers and were beginning to be implemented by mariners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010494232177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two different locations: Alexandria and Syene (modern-day Aswan). Eratosthenes's results were confirmed by a comparison of stellar observations at Alexandria and Rhodes, carried out by Posidonius in the 1st century BC. These measurements were widely known among scholars, but confusion about the old-fashioned units of distance in which they were expressed had led, in Columbus's day, to some debate about the exact size of the Earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969658851623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Columbus therefore estimated the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan to be about 3,000 Italian miles (3,700 km, or 2,300 statute miles). The true figure is now known to be vastly larger: about 20,000 km. No ship in the 15th century could have carried enough food and fresh water for such a long voyage, and the dangers involved in navigating through the uncharted ocean would have been formidable. Most European navigators reasonably concluded that a westward voyage from Europe to Asia was unfeasible. The Catholic Monarchs, however, having completed an expensive war in the Iberian Peninsula, were eager to obtain a competitive edge over other European countries in the quest for trade with the Indies. Columbus's project, though far-fetched, held the promise of such an advantage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09261417388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Though Columbus was wrong about the number of degrees of longitude that separated Europe from the Far East and about the distance that each degree represented, he did possess valuable knowledge about the trade winds, which would prove to be the key to his successful navigation of the Atlantic Ocean. During his first voyage in 1492, the brisk trade winds from the east, commonly called \"easterlies\", propelled Columbus's fleet for five weeks, from the Canary Islands to The Bahamas. The precise first land sighting and landing point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.745819568634033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "It is unclear whether Columbus learned about the winds from his own sailing experience or if he had heard about them from others. The corresponding technique for efficient travel in the Atlantic appears to have been exploited first by the Portuguese, who referred to it as the Volta do mar (\"turn of the sea\"). Columbus's knowledge of the Atlantic wind patterns was, however, imperfect at the time of his first voyage. By sailing directly due west from the Canary Islands during hurricane season, skirting the so-called horse latitudes of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus risked either being becalmed or running into a tropical cyclone, both of which, by chance, he avoided.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474857330322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "In 1485, Columbus presented his plans to King John II of Portugal. He proposed that the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one year's time to sail out into the Atlantic, search for a western route to the Orient, and return. Columbus also requested he be made \"Great Admiral of the Ocean\", appointed governor of any and all lands he discovered, and given one-tenth of all revenue from those lands. The king submitted Columbus's proposal to his experts, who rejected it. It was their considered opinion that Columbus's estimation of a travel distance of 2400 mi was, in fact, far too low.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.464252471923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "In 1488, Columbus appealed to the court of Portugal once again and, once again, John II invited him to an audience. That meeting also proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Dias returned to Portugal with news of his successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa (near the Cape of Good Hope). With an eastern sea route to Asia apparently at hand, King John was no longer interested in Columbus's far-fetched project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.318063735961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Columbus always insisted, in the face of mounting evidence to the contrary, that the lands that he visited during those voyages were part of the Asian continent, as previously described by Marco Polo and other European travelers. Columbus's refusal to accept that the lands he had visited and claimed for Spain were not part of Asia might explain, in part, why the American continent was named after the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci and not after Columbus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38691520690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas) San Salvador; the natives called it Guanahani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is unresolved. Based on primary accounts and on what one would expect from the geographic positions of the islands given Columbus's course, the prime candidates are San Salvador Island (so named in 1925 on the theory that it was Columbus's San Salvador), Samana Cay, and Plana Cays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018562316894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Michele da Cuneo, Columbus's childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: \"In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so well equipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral.\" Columbus named the small island of \"Saona ... to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.575063705444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "The exact course of Columbus's voyage through the Lesser Antilles is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming several islands, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017122268676758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "He continued to the Greater Antilles, and landed in Puerto Rico, which he named San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist (a name that was later retained only for the capital city of San Juan). One of the first skirmishes between Native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings occurred when Columbus's men rescued two native boys who had just been castrated by their captors in another tribe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.909814834594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "After being becalmed for several days in the doldrums of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus's fleet regained its wind and, dangerously low on water, turned north in the direction of Dominica, which Columbus had visited in his previous voyage. The ships sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon's Mouth, anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes. Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point (which he named Punta de Arenal) on 2 August. After resupplying with food and water, from 4 to 12 August Columbus explored the Gulf of Paria, which separates Trinidad from what is now Venezuela, near the delta of the Orinoco River. He then touched the mainland of South America at the Paria Peninsula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.980026245117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "On 15 June they landed at Carbet on the island of Martinique (Martinica). A hurricane was brewing, so he continued on, hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola. He arrived at Santo Domingo on 29 June but was denied port, and the new governor refused to listen to his storm prediction. Instead, while Columbus's ships sheltered at the mouth of the Rio Jaina, the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane. Columbus's ships survived with only minor damage, while 29 of the 30 ships in the governor's fleet were lost to a storm on 1 July. In addition to the ships, 500 lives (including that of the governor, Francisco de Bobadilla) and an immense cargo of gold were surrendered to the sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.765323638916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "According to the report, Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. Testimony recorded in the report claims that Columbus congratulated his brother Bartolomé on \"defending the family\" when the latter ordered a woman paraded naked through the streets and then had her tongue cut out for suggesting that Columbus was of lowly birth. The document also describes how Columbus put down native unrest and revolt; he first ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed and then paraded their dismembered bodies through the streets in an attempt to discourage further rebellion. \"Columbus's government was characterised by a form of tyranny,\" Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian who has seen the document, told journalists. \"Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had taken place.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147448539733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Because of their gross mismanagement of governance, Columbus and his brothers were arrested and imprisoned upon their return to Spain from the third voyage. They lingered in jail for six weeks before busy King Ferdinand ordered their release. Not long after, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to the Alhambra palace in Granada. There the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage. But the door was firmly shut on Columbus's role as governor. Henceforth Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.103814125061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Based on Columbus's lifestyle and the described symptoms, modern doctors suspect that he suffered from Reiter's syndrome, rather than gout. Reiter's syndrome is a common presentation of reactive arthritis, a joint inflammation caused by intestinal bacterial infections or after acquiring certain sexually transmitted diseases (primarily chlamydia or gonorrhea). \"It seems likely that [Columbus] acquired reactive arthritis from food poisoning on one of his ocean voyages because of poor sanitation and improper food preparation,\" writes Dr. Frank C. Arnett, a rheumatologist and professor of internal medicine, pathology and laboratory medicine the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272822380065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "On 20 May 1506, aged probably 54, Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain. His remains were first interred at Valladolid, then at the monastery of La Cartuja in Seville (southern Spain) by the will of his son Diego Colón, who had been governor of Hispaniola. In 1542, the remains were transferred to Colonial Santo Domingo, in the present-day Dominican Republic. In 1795, when France took over the entire island of Hispaniola, Columbus's remains were moved to Havana, Cuba. After Cuba became independent following the Spanish–American War in 1898, the remains were moved back to Spain, to the Cathedral of Seville, where they were placed on an elaborate catafalque.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912378787994385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "However, a lead box bearing an inscription identifying \"Don Christopher Columbus\" and containing bone fragments and a bullet was discovered at Santo Domingo in 1877. To lay to rest claims that the wrong relics had been moved to Havana and that Columbus's remains had been left buried in the cathedral at Santo Domingo, DNA samples of the corpse resting in Seville were taken in June 2003 (History Today August 2003) as well as other DNA samples from the remains of his brother Diego and younger son Fernando Colón. Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to belong to somebody with the physique or age at death associated with Columbus. DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of mitochondrial DNA could be isolated. The mtDNA fragments matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, giving support that both individuals had shared the same mother.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652499198913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "Such evidence, together with anthropologic and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains found in Seville belonged to Christopher Columbus. The authorities in Santo Domingo have never allowed the remains there to be exhumed, so it is unknown if any of those remains could be from Columbus's body as well. The Dominican remains are located in \"The Columbus Lighthouse\" (Faro a Colón), in Santo Domingo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.606583595275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "The World Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893, commemorated the 400th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. Over 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month duration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559240341186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "Though Christopher Columbus came to be considered the \"discoverer of America\" in US and European popular culture, his true historical legacy is more nuanced. America was first discovered by its indigenous population, and Columbus was not even the first European to reach its shores as he was preceded by the Vikings at L'Anse aux Meadows. But the lasting significance of Columbus's voyages outshone that of his Viking predecessors, because he managed to bring word of the continent back to Europe. By bringing the continent to the forefront of Western attention, Columbus initiated the enduring relationship between the Earth's two major landmasses and their inhabitants. \"Columbus's claim to fame isn't that he got there first,\" explains historian Martin Dugard, \"it's that he stayed.\"Dugard, Martin. The Last Voyage of Columbus. Little, Brown and Company: New York, 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.723743438720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Columbus is often attributed with refuting a prevalent belief in a flat Earth. However, this legacy is a popular misconception. To the contrary, the spherical shape of the Earth had been known to scholars since antiquity, and was common knowledge among sailors. Coincidentally, the oldest surviving globe of the Earth, the Erdapfel, was made in 1492 just before Columbus's return to Europe. As such it contains no sign of the Americas and yet demonstrates the common belief in a spherical Earth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55737018585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "The scholar Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed to America in the years following Columbus's first voyage, was the first to speculate that the land was not part of Asia but in fact constituted some wholly new continent previously unknown to Eurasians. His travel journals, published 1502–04, convinced German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller to reach the same conclusion, and in 1507—a year after Columbus's death—Waldseemüller published a world map calling the new continent America from Vespucci's Latinized name \"Americus\". According to Paul Lunde, \"The preoccupation of European courts with the rise of the Ottoman Turks in the East partly explains their relative lack of interest in Columbus's discoveries in the West.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.331670761108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Historically, the British had downplayed Columbus and emphasized the role of the Venetian John Cabot as a pioneer explorer, but for the emerging United States, Cabot made for a poor national hero. Veneration of Columbus in America dates back to colonial times. The name Columbia for \"America\" first appeared in a 1738 weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament. The use of Columbus as a founding figure of New World nations and the use of the word \"Columbia\", or simply the name \"Columbus\", spread rapidly after the American Revolution. Columbus's name was given to the federal capital of the United States (District of Columbia), the capital cities of two U.S. states (Ohio and South Carolina), and the Columbia River. Outside the United States the name was used in 1819 for the Gran Colombia, a precursor of the modern Republic of Colombia. Numerous cities, towns, counties, streets, and plazas (called Plaza Colón or Plaza de Colón throughout Latin America and Spain) have been named after him. A candidate for sainthood in the Catholic Church in 1866, celebration of Columbus's legacy perhaps reached a zenith in 1892 with the 400th anniversary of his first arrival in the Americas. Monuments to Columbus like the Columbian Exposition in Chicago and Columbus Circle in New York City were erected throughout the United States and Latin America extolling him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207365036010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Admiral of the Ocean Sea", "passage": "In 1909, descendants of Columbus undertook to dismantle the Columbus family chapel in Spain and move it to Boalsburg near State College, Pennsylvania, where it may now be visited by the public. At the museum associated with the chapel, there are a number of Columbus relics worthy of note, including the armchair that the \"Admiral of the Ocean Sea\" used at his chart table.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62971019744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Columbus's treatment of the Hispaniola natives was brutal; his soldiers killed and enslaved with impunity at every landing. When Columbus fell ill in 1495, \"what little restraint he had maintained over his men disappeared as he went through a lengthy period of recuperation. The troops went wild, stealing, killing, raping, and torturing natives, trying to force them to divulge the whereabouts of the imagined treasure-houses of gold.\" According to de Las Casas, 50,000 natives perished during this period. Upon his recovery, Columbus organized his troops' efforts, forming a squadron of several hundred heavily armed men and more than twenty attack dogs. The men tore across the land, killing thousands of sick and unarmed natives. Soldiers would use their captives for sword practice, attempting to decapitate them or cut them in half with a single blow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.428055763244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "The Arawaks attempted to fight back against Columbus's men but lacked their armor, guns, swords, and horses. When taken prisoner, they were hanged or burned to death. Desperation led to mass suicides and infanticide among the natives. In just two years under Columbus's governorship more than half of the 250,000 Arawaks in Haiti were dead. The main cause for the depopulation was disease followed by other causes such as warfare and harsh enslavement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948801040649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Columbus's", "passage": "Samuel Eliot Morison, a Harvard historian and author of a multivolume biography on Columbus writes, \"The cruel policy initiated by Columbus and pursued by his successors resulted in complete genocide.\" Loewen laments that while \"Haiti under the Spanish is one of the primary instances of genocide in all human history\", only one major history text he reviewed mentions Columbus's role in it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160983085632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "answer": "Christopher Columbus", "passage": "Although an abundance of artwork involving Christopher Columbus exists, no authentic contemporary portrait has been found. James W. Loewen, author of Lies My Teacher Told Me, believes the various posthumous portraits have no historical value. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323625564575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christopher Columbus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ernie", "passage": "J.J. Keebler was the \"\" original head elf in 1969 and was featured in a classroom film about how animated commercials are made, \"Show and Sell\", with J.J.'s voice done by Alan Reed Sr. Ernie Keebler became \"head elf\" in 1970. White-haired Ernie wears a green jacket, a white shirt with a yellow tie, a red vest, and floppy shoes.", "precise_score": 6.6185173988342285, "rough_score": 5.123290538787842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Keebler Company" }, { "answer": "Ernie", "passage": "The animated Keebler Elves, led by \"Ernest J. Keebler\", or \"Ernie\", rank among the best-known characters from commercials. The elves have appeared in countless television advertisements throughout the years, shown baking their unique products. In the commercials, The Keebler tree logo is often turned into the tree in which the elves reside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6274285912513733, "source": "wiki", "title": "Keebler Company" }, { "answer": "Ernie", "passage": "Ernie Keebler was first voiced by Walker Edmiston, and then later by Parley Baer. and then Andre Stojka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.632152557373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Keebler Company" }, { "answer": "Ernie", "passage": "Other elves were Fryer Tuck (who promoted \"Munch-ems\"), Zoot and J.J. (known for Pizzarias), Ernie's mother Ma Keebler, young Elmer Keebler, Buckets (who threw fudge on the cookies), Fast Eddie (who wrapped the products), Sam (the peanut butter baker), Roger (the jeweler), Doc (the doctor and cookie maker), Zack (the fudge shoppe supervisor), Flo (the accountant), Leonardo (the artist), Elwood (who ran through the dough), Professor, Edison, Larry and Art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.070775985717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Keebler Company" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vinegar", "passage": "Malted grain is used to make beer, whisky, malted shakes, malt vinegar, confections such as Maltesers and Whoppers, flavored drinks such as Horlicks, Ovaltine, and Milo, and some baked goods, such as malt loaf, bagels, and rich tea biscuits. Malted grain that has been ground into a coarse meal is known as \"sweet meal\". Various cereals are malted, though barley is the most common. A high-protein form of malted barley is often a label-listed ingredient in blended flours typically used in the manufacture of yeast breads and other baked goods. ", "precise_score": -3.300964832305908, "rough_score": -4.850158214569092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malt" }, { "answer": "Vinegar", "passage": "The ancient Romans planted vineyards near garrison towns so wine could be produced locally rather than shipped over long distances. Some of these areas are now world-renowned for wine production. The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church supported wine because the clergy required it for the Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted bastardo wine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.557764053344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wine" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help people in need.", "precise_score": -6.778496742248535, "rough_score": -10.004085540771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "There have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific Doctor. In 1973's The Three Doctors, William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton returned alongside Jon Pertwee. For 1983's The Five Doctors, Troughton and Pertwee returned to star with Peter Davison, and Tom Baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted Shada episode. For this episode, Richard Hurndall replaced William Hartnell. Patrick Troughton again returned in 1985's The Two Doctors with Colin Baker. In 2007, Peter Davison returned in the Children in Need short \"Time Crash\" alongside David Tennant, and most recently in 2013's 50th anniversary special episode, \"The Day of the Doctor\", David Tennant's Tenth Doctor appeared alongside Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and John Hurt as the War Doctor, as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors. In addition, the Doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation, from the near future or past. The First Doctor encounters himself in the story The Space Museum (albeit frozen and as an exhibit), the Third Doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story Day of the Daleks, the Fourth Doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself (the 'Watcher') in the story Logopolis, the Ninth Doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in \"Father's Day\", and the Eleventh Doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in \"The Big Bang\". In \"The Almost People\" the Doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica. In \"The Name of the Doctor\", the Eleventh Doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself, whom he refers to as \"his secret\" and who is subsequently revealed to be the War Doctor.", "precise_score": -10.659746170043945, "rough_score": -8.585741996765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Throughout the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have raised additional questions. In The Brain of Morbius (1976), it was hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation (although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the Time Lord Morbius). In subsequent stories the First Doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the Doctor. In Mawdryn Undead (1983), the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation. Later that same year, during 1983's 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors, the First Doctor enquires as to the Fifth Doctor's regeneration; when the Fifth Doctor confirms \"Fourth\", the First Doctor excitedly replies \"Goodness me. So there are five of me now.\" In 2010, the Eleventh Doctor similarly calls himself \"the Eleventh\" in \"The Lodger\". In the 2013 episode \"The Time of the Doctor,\" the Eleventh Doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh is still used for this incarnation; the same episode depicts the prophesied \"Fall of the Eleventh\" which had been trailed throughout the series.", "precise_score": -10.911620140075684, "rough_score": -8.266362190246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "In 2013, a 50th-anniversary boxed set of audio CDs was released featuring music and sound effects from Doctor Who’s 50-year history. The celebration continued in 2016 with the release of Doctor Who: The 50th Anniversary Collection Four LP Box Set by New York City-based Spacelab9. The company pressed 1,000 copies of the set on “Metallic Silver” vinyl, dubbed the “Cyberman Edition”. ", "precise_score": -9.530848503112793, "rough_score": -10.062067031860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The original logo used for the First Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\" during the Eleventh Doctor's run. The logo used in the television movie featuring the Eighth Doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the Third Doctor. The logo from 1973–80 was used for the Third Doctor's final season and for the majority of the Fourth Doctor's tenure. The following logo, while most associated with the Fifth Doctor, was also used for the Fourth Doctor's final season. The logo used for the Ninth Doctor was slightly edited for the Tenth Doctor, but it retained the same general appearance. The logo used for the Eleventh Doctor had the \"DW\" TARDIS insignia placed to the right in 2012, but the same font remained, albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode, with the texture relating to some aspect of the story. The logo for the Twelfth Doctor had the \"DW\" TARDIS insignia removed and the font was subtly altered, as well as made slightly larger. As of 2014, the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past Doctors, and the current Doctor Who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current Doctor.", "precise_score": -9.79468822479248, "rough_score": -6.89779806137085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "In 1983, coinciding with the series' 20th anniversary, a charity special titled The Five Doctors was produced in aid of Children in Need, featuring three of the first five Doctors, a new actor to replace the deceased William Hartnell, and unused footage to represent Tom Baker. This was a full-length, 90-minute film, the longest single episode of Doctor Who produced to date (the television movie ran slightly longer on broadcast where it included commercial breaks). ", "precise_score": -10.620705604553223, "rough_score": -10.044393539428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Doctor Who follows the adventures of the primary character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey, who simply goes by the name \"The Doctor\". He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS – \"Time and Relative Dimension in Space\" – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space. The TARDIS has a \"chameleon circuit\" which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctor's TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British Police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697802543640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17:16:20 GMT, eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time, 5:15 pm, on Saturday, 23 November 1963. It was to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year. The head of drama, Canadian Sydney Newman, was mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the head of the script department (later head of serials) Donald Wilson and staff writer C. E. Webber. Writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series. Newman is often given sole creator credit for the series. Some reference works such as The Complete Encyclopedia of Television Programs 1947–1979 by Vincent Terrace erroneously credit Terry Nation with creating Doctor Who, because of the way his name is credited in the two Peter Cushing films.Newman and Lambert's role in originating the series was recognised in the 2007 episode \"Human Nature\", in which the Doctor, in disguise as a human named John Smith, gives his parents' names as Sydney and Verity. The programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience, as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to write a story under the title The Mutants. As originally written, the Daleks and Thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but Nation later dropped the aliens and made the Daleks the aggressors. When the script was presented to Newman and Wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any \"bug-eyed monsters\". The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, but The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it. According to producer Verity Lambert; \"We didn't have a lot of choice — we only had the Dalek serial to go ... We had a bit of a crisis of confidence because Donald [Wilson] was so adamant that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready we would have made that.\" Nation's script became the second Doctor Who serial – The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants). The serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series' most popular monsters, and was responsible for the BBC's first merchandising boom. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863022804260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Doctor Who finally returned with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005. There have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015, and Christmas Day specials every year since 2005. No full series was filmed in 2009, although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Davies as head writer and executive producer. In January 2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018. In addition, Series 10 will debut in Spring 2017, with a Christmas special broadcast in 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078100204467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The phrase \"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa\" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it. The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who, to the point that in 1991 the Museum of the Moving Image in London named their exhibition celebrating the programme \"Behind the Sofa\". The electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie, novel, and frightening, at the time. A 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill \"at the center of many people's relationship with the show\", and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy deemed the series the \"scariest TV show of all time\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072028160095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The 21st century revival of the programme has become the centrepiece of BBC One's Saturday schedule, and has, \"defined the channel\". Since its return, Doctor Who has consistently received high ratings, both in number of viewers and as measured by the Appreciation Index. In 2007, Caitlin Moran, television reviewer for The Times, wrote that Doctor Who is, \"quintessential to being British\". Director Steven Spielberg has commented that, \"the world would be a poorer place without Doctor Who\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798341751098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Doctor Who originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\") — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years. Notable exceptions were: The Daleks' Master Plan, which aired in 12 episodes (plus an earlier one-episode teaser, \"Mission to the Unknown\", featuring none of the regular cast ); almost an entire season of seven-episode serials (season 7); the 10-episode serial The War Games;The War Games. Writers Malcolm Hulke and Terrance Dicks, Director David Maloney, Producer Derrick Sherwin. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One, London. 19 April 1969 – 21 June 1969. and The Trial of a Time Lord, which ran for 14 episodes (albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments) during season 23.The Trial of a Time Lord. Writers Robert Holmes, Philip Martin and Pip and Jane Baker, Directors Nicholas Mallett, Ron Jones and Chris Clough, Producer John Nathan-Turner. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One, London. 6 September 1986 – 6 December 1986. Occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline, such as season 8 being devoted to the Doctor battling a rogue Time Lord called The Master, season 16's quest for The Key to Time, season 18's journey through E-Space and the theme of entropy, and season 20's Black Guardian Trilogy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8665771484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The programme was intended to be educational and for family viewing on the early Saturday evening schedule. Initially, it alternated stories set in the past, which were intended to teach younger audience members about history, with stories set either in the future or in outer space to teach them about science. This was also reflected in the Doctor's original companions, one of whom was a science teacher and another a history teacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103736877441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "In December 2011, it was announced that part 3 of Galaxy 4 and part 2 of The Underwater Menace had been returned to the BBC by a fan who had purchased them in the mid-1980s without realising that the BBC did not hold copies of them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384523391723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The character of the Doctor was initially shrouded in mystery. All that was known about him in the programme's early days was that he was an eccentric alien traveller of great intelligence who battled injustice while exploring time and space in an unreliable time machine, the \"TARDIS\" (an acronym for time and relative dimension(s) in space), which notably appears much larger on the inside than on the outside (a quality referred to as \"dimensional transcendentality\").When it became an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, the word \"TARDIS\" often came to be used to describe anything that appeared larger on the inside than its exterior implied. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.704256057739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "The Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second serial in 1963, are Doctor Whos oldest villains. The Daleks are Kaleds from the planet Skaro, mutated by the scientist Davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility. The actual creatures resemble octopi with large, pronounced brains. Their armour shells have a single eye-stalk, a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand, and a directed-energy weapon. Their main weakness is their eyestalk; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a Dalek, making it go mad. Their chief role in the series plot, as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices, is to \"exterminate\" all non-Dalek beings. They even attack the Time Lords in the Time War, as shown during the 50th Anniversary of the show. They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the Doctor Who franchise, their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes \"The Witch's Familiar\" and \"Hell Bent\". Davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in Genesis of the Daleks, although played by several different actors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29732608795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth's twin planet Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies. This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating cyborgs, with emotions usually only shown when naked aggression was called for. With the demise of Mondas, they acquired Telos as their new home planet. They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the Doctor Who franchise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186882972717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "A different arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), which was in turn replaced by Dominic Glynn's arrangement for the season-long serial The Trial of a Time Lord in season 23 (1986). Keff McCulloch provided the new arrangement for the Seventh Doctor's era which lasted from season 24 (1987) until the series' suspension in 1989. American composer John Debney created a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's original theme for Doctor Who in 1996. For the return of the series in 2005, Murray Gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added; in the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\", Gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.586000442504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212512016296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "TVOntario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with The Three Doctors and aired each series (several years late) through to series 24 in 1991. From 1979 to 1981, TVO airings were bookended by science-fiction writer Judith Merril who would introduce the episode and then, after the episode concluded, try to place it in an educational context in keeping with TVO's status as an educational channel. Its airing of The Talons of Weng-Chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station YTV. CBC began showing the series again in 2005. The series moved to the Canadian cable channel Space in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267498970031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Series four aired in the United States on the Sci Fi Channel (now known as Syfy), beginning in April 2008. It aired on CBC beginning 19 September 2008, although the CBC did not air the Voyage of the Damned special. The Canadian cable network Space broadcast \"The Next Doctor\" (in March 2009) and all subsequent series and specials. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972617149353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide continues to regularly release serials on DVD. The 2005 series is also available in its entirety on UMD for the PlayStation Portable. Eight original series serials have been released on Laserdisc and many have also been released on Betamax tape and Video 2000. One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) was released on VCD. Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013. Many early releases have been re-released as special editions, with more bonus features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967287063598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "In 1993, for the franchise's 30th anniversary, another charity special, titled Dimensions in Time was produced for Children in Need, featuring all of the surviving actors who played the Doctor and a number of previous companions. It also featured a crossover with the soap opera EastEnders, the action taking place in the latter's Albert Square location and around Greenwich. The special was one of several special 3D programmes the BBC produced at the time, using a 3D system that made use of the Pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.368090629577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "A set of two mini-episodes, titled \"Space\" and \"Time\" respectively, were produced to support Comic Relief. They were aired during the Comic Relief 2011 event. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498885154724121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487236976623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "References to Doctor Who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels Brisingr and High Wizardry, the video game Rock Band, the soap opera EastEnders, the Adult Swim comedy show Robot Chicken, the Family Guy episodes \"Blue Harvest\" and \"420\", and the game RuneScape. It has also be referenced in Destroy All Humans! 2, by civilians in the game's variation of England, and in Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.570718765258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "Numerous Doctor Who video games have been created from the mid-80s through to the present day. One of the recent ones is a match-3 game released in November 2013 for iOS, Android, Amazon App Store and Facebook called Doctor Who: Legacy. It has been constantly updated since its release and features all of the Doctors as playable characters as well as over 100 companions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.136261940002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "In 1975, Season 11 of the series won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Writing in a Children's Serial. In 1996, BBC television held the \"Auntie Awards\" as the culmination of their \"TV60\" series, celebrating 60 years of BBC television broadcasting, where Doctor Who was voted as the \"Best Popular Drama\" the corporation had ever produced, ahead of such ratings heavyweights as EastEnders and Casualty. In 2000, Doctor Who was ranked third in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, produced by the British Film Institute and voted on by industry professionals. In 2005, the series came first in a survey by SFX magazine of \"The Greatest UK Science Fiction and Fantasy Television Series Ever\". Also, in the 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows (a Channel 4 countdown in 2001), the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47830867767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" }, { "answer": "Ace", "passage": "It has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times (every year since 2006, except for 2009, 2013 and 2014). The winning episodes were \"The Empty Child\"/\"The Doctor Dances\" (2006), \"The Girl in the Fireplace\" (2007), \"Blink\" (2008), \"The Waters of Mars\" (2010), \"The Pandorica Opens\"/\"The Big Bang\" (2011), and \"The Doctor's Wife\" (2012). Doctor Who star Matt Smith won Best Actor in the 2012 National Television awards alongside Karen Gillan who won Best Actress. Doctor Who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037243843078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doctor Who" } ]

[ { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The song's music video was written, directed, and edited by Russell Mulcahy, and is well-remembered as the first music video shown on MTV in the United States at 12:01am on 1 August 1981, and the first video shown on MTV Classic in the United Kingdom on 1 March 2010. The song has received several critical accolades, such as being ranked number 40 on VH1's 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s. It has been covered by many recording artists. Trevor Horn has done performances of the song, both at Buggles reunion performances and with The Producers, since 1998.", "precise_score": 2.5836522579193115, "rough_score": -2.6654789447784424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The video was first released in 1979, when it originally aired on the BBC's Top of the Pops for promotion of the single, rather than doing live performances. Zimmer recalled in 2001 that the video drew criticism from some viewers who watched it before it aired on MTV, due to being \"too violent because we blew up a television.\" The video is best known as marking the debut of MTV, when the US channel started broadcasting at 12:01 AM on 1 August 1981. On 27 February 2000, it became the one-millionth video to be aired on MTV. It also opened MTV Classic in the UK and Ireland, which replaced VH1 Classic on 1 March 2010, at 6 AM. The video marked the closing of MTV Philippines before its shutdown on 15 February 2010 at 11:49 PM. MTV co-founder Bob Pittman said the video \"made an aspirational statement. We didn't expect to be competitive with radio, but it was certainly a sea-change kind of video.\"", "precise_score": 0.3959530293941498, "rough_score": 4.4734039306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "*Five clues about the song have appeared on the American quiz show Jeopardy!: \"On August 1, 1981 this channel aired its first video, titled \"Video Killed the Radio Star\"\" on 25 May 1998, \"On Aug. 1, 1981 MTV aired its first video, this one by the Buggles\" on 18 November 1998, \"In a hit by the Buggles, it's what \"killed the radio star\"\" on 4 September 2002, \"Killer of \"the radio star\" in a Buggles song\" on 13 June 2011, and \"On Aug. 1, 1981 this channel debuted with a video by The Buggles; the channel is still around, but not so much into videos\" on 1 August 2013. ", "precise_score": 9.679644584655762, "rough_score": 9.498350143432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Video Killed the Radio Star" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Formed in London, the duo released their first album, The Age of Plastic, in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Its music video was the first shown on MTV in the US in August 1981. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing Drama in the process. Following a tour to promote the album, Yes disbanded in 1980. The following year, The Buggles released a second album, Adventures in Modern Recording. Its lack of commercial success led to the break up of the group.", "precise_score": 6.249310493469238, "rough_score": 7.459714889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Buggles" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "\"Video Killed the Radio Star\" was released first, as the album's lead single, in September 1979 to considerable commercial success, topping the chart in 16 countries. Its music video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was the first aired on MTV in the US on August 1, 1981. Film composer Hans Zimmer makes a brief appearance in the video. The Age of Plastic was released in January 1980 and reached No. 27 on the UK Albums Chart. Three subsequent singles were released: \"(Living in) The Plastic Age\", \"Clean, Clean\", and \"Elstree\", all of which charted in the UK. The Buggles performed twice on BBC Radio 1: \"The Plastic Age\" on 2 July and \"Clean, Clean\" on 4 October 1980.", "precise_score": 7.982481956481934, "rough_score": 8.268970489501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Buggles" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV (formerly an initialism of Music Television) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel. It is a subsidiary of the \"Viacom Music and Entertainment Group\", the flagship property of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel itself is headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1, 1981, the original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by television personalities known as \"video jockeys,\" or VJs. ", "precise_score": -2.173396587371826, "rough_score": -3.267439603805542, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1974, Gary Van Haas, vice president of Televak Corporation, introduced a concept to distribute a music video channel to record stores across the United States, and promoted the channel, Music Video TV, to distributors and retailers in a May 1974 issue of Billboard. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television. The service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981.", "precise_score": -3.714155912399292, "rough_score": -1.8961341381072998, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV's pre-history began in 1977, when Warner Cable (a division of Warner Communications from Warner Bros.), and an ancestor of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (WASEC) launched the first two-way interactive cable television system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels. One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs; with the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs and artists.", "precise_score": -6.948310852050781, "rough_score": -6.1711883544921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "On Saturday, August 1, 1981, at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time, MTV launched with the words \"Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll,\" spoken by John Lack, and played over footage of the first Space Shuttle launch countdown of Columbia, which took place earlier that year, and of the launch of Apollo 11. Those words were immediately followed by the original MTV theme song, a crunching rock tune composed by Jonathan Elias and John Petersen, playing over photos of the Apollo 11 moon landing, with the flag featuring MTV's logo changing various colors, textures, and designs. MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage as a concept. Seibert said they had originally planned to use Neil Armstrong's \"One small step\" quote, but lawyers said Armstrong owns his name and likeness, and Armstrong had refused, so the quote was replaced with a beeping sound. The shuttle launch identification ran at the top of every hour in various forms from MTV's first day until it was pulled in early 1986, in the wake of the Challenger disaster.", "precise_score": -4.82633638381958, "rough_score": -3.4254770278930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles' \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" originally only available to homes in New Jersey. This was followed by the video for Pat Benatar's \"You Better Run\". Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR. MTV's lower third graphics that appear near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years, but these graphics differed on MTV's first day of broadcast; they were set in a different typeface and included record label information such as the year and label name.", "precise_score": 6.506346702575684, "rough_score": 6.5867204666137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV's effect was immediate in areas where the new music video channel was carried. Within two months, record stores in areas where MTV was available were selling music that local radio stations were not playing, such as Men at Work, Bow Wow Wow and the Human League. MTV sparked the Second British Invasion, with British acts, who had been accustomed to using music videos for half a decade, featuring heavily on the channel.Simon Reynolds, Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984, pp. 340, 342–3.", "precise_score": -5.891825199127197, "rough_score": -5.923705101013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "HBO also had a 30-minute program of music videos, called Video Jukebox, that first aired around the time of MTV's launch and would last until late 1986. Also around this time, HBO, as well as other premium channels such as Cinemax, Showtime and The Movie Channel, would occasionally play one or a few music videos between movies.", "precise_score": -3.1829981803894043, "rough_score": -3.0255613327026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A few markets also launched music-only channels including Las Vegas' KVMY (channel 21), which debuted in the summer of 1984 as KRLR-TV and branded as \"Vusic 21\". The first video played on that channel was \"Video Killed the Radio Star\", following in the footsteps of MTV.", "precise_score": 5.360241889953613, "rough_score": 5.790404319763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Shortly after TBS began Night Tracks, NBC launched a music video program called Friday Night Videos, which was considered network television's answer to MTV. Later renamed simply Friday Night, the program ran from 1983 to 2002. ABC's contribution to the music video program genre in 1984, ABC Rocks, was far less successful, lasting only a year. ", "precise_score": -5.237473964691162, "rough_score": -4.1033806800842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "TBS founder Ted Turner started the Cable Music Channel in 1984, designed to play a broader mix of music videos than MTV's rock format allowed. But after one month as a money-losing venture, Turner sold it to MTV, who redeveloped the channel into VH1. ", "precise_score": -5.445791721343994, "rough_score": -4.637082576751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The original purpose of MTV was to be \"music television\", playing music videos 24 hours a day, seven days a week, guided by on-air personalities known as VJs, or video jockeys. The original taglines of the channel were \"You'll never look at music the same way again,\" and \"On cable. In stereo.\" Although the original MTV channel no longer plays music videos 24/7, several of its spin-off channels do, including MTV Hits and MTV Jams. In addition, viewers can play music videos on-demand at MTV.com. MTV continues to support a broad selection of music videos on its international channels as well.", "precise_score": -6.953891277313232, "rough_score": -3.9952657222747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV's earliest format was modeled after AOR (album-oriented rock) radio; MTV would transition to mimic a full top 40 station in 1984. Fresh-faced young men and women were hired to host the channel's programming and to introduce music videos that were being played. The term VJ (video jockey) was coined, which was a play on the initialism DJ (disc jockey). Many VJs eventually became celebrities in their own right. The original five MTV VJs in 1981 were Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter, J.J. Jackson and Martha Quinn. ", "precise_score": -6.436112403869629, "rough_score": -5.140471935272217, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The 1983 film Flashdance was the first film in which its promoters excerpted musical segments from it and supplied them to MTV as music videos, which the channel then aired in regular rotation. ", "precise_score": -2.5774965286254883, "rough_score": -5.710018157958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During MTV's first few years on the air, very few black artists were included in rotation on the channel. The select few who were in MTV's rotation were Michael Jackson, Prince, Eddy Grant, Donna Summer, Musical Youth, and Herbie Hancock. The very first people of color to perform on MTV was the British band The Specials, which featured an integrated line-up of white and black musicians and vocalists. The Specials' video \"Rat Race\" was played as the 58th video on the station's first day of broadcasting. ", "precise_score": -5.584423542022705, "rough_score": -6.176331520080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "According to The Austin Chronicle, Jackson's video for the song \"Billie Jean\" was \"the video that broke the color barrier, even though the channel itself was responsible for erecting that barrier in the first place.\" But change was not immediate. \"Billie Jean\" was not added to MTV's \"medium rotation\" playlist (two to three airings per day) until after it had already reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A month later, it was bumped up into \"heavy rotation,\" one week before the MTV debut of Jackson's \"Beat It\" video. Both videos were played several times a day for the next two months; by early summer, the channel had ceased playing either song. But the impact was permanent as by that point the videos by other black artists such as \"Little Red Corvette\" and \"1999\" by Prince and \"She Works Hard for the Money\" by Donna Summer were in heavy rotation on the channel . When Jackson's elaborate video for \"Thriller\" was released late in the year, which raised the ambition bar for what a video could be, the network's support for it was total; subsequently more pop and R&B videos were played on MTV. ", "precise_score": -5.705766201019287, "rough_score": -4.507331371307373, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1984, the channel produced its first MTV Video Music Awards show, or VMAs. The first award show, in 1984, was punctuated by a live performance by Madonna of \"Like A Virgin\". The statuettes that are handed out at the Video Music Awards are of the MTV moonman, the channel's original image from its first broadcast in 1981. Presently, the Video Music Awards are MTV's most watched annual event. ", "precise_score": -2.8404994010925293, "rough_score": -1.089340329170227, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Also in 1986, the channel introduced 120 Minutes, a show that would feature low-rotation, alternative rock and other \"underground\" videos for the next 14 years on MTV and three additional years on sister channel MTV2. The program then became known as Subterranean on MTV2. Eight years later, on July 31, 2011, 120 Minutes was resurrected with Matt Pinfield taking over hosting duties once again and airing monthly on MTV2.", "precise_score": -7.198366165161133, "rough_score": -5.975587844848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Nirvana led a sweeping transition into the rise of alternative rock music on MTV in 1991 with their video for \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". By late 1991 going into 1992, MTV began frequently airing videos from their heavily promoted \"Buzz Bin\", such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Soundgarden, Nine Inch Nails, Tori Amos, PM Dawn, Arrested Development, Björk, and Gin Blossoms. MTV increased rotation of its weekly alternative music program 120 Minutes and added the daily Alternative Nation to play videos of these and other underground music acts. Subsequently, grunge and alternative rock had a rise in mainstream tastes, while 1980s-style glam bands and traditional rockers were phased out, with some exceptions such as Aerosmith and Tom Petty. Older acts such as R.E.M. and U2 remained relevant by making their music more experimental or unexpected.", "precise_score": -7.826694011688232, "rough_score": -6.119669437408447, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During the September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, MTV suspended all of its programming, along with its sister cable channel VH1, and it began simulcasting coverage from CBS News (the news division of CBS, which was acquired by MTV parent Viacom two years earlier) until about 11:00 pm. ET that night. The channels then played a looped set of music videos without commercial interruption until an MTV News special edition of TRL aired on September 14, 2001.", "precise_score": -5.7254204750061035, "rough_score": -4.078019618988037, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV celebrated its 20th anniversary on August 1, 2001, beginning with a 12-hour retrospective called MTV20: Buggles to Bizkit, which featured over 100 classic videos played chronologically, hosted by various VJs in reproductions of MTV's old studios. The day of programming culminated in a three-hour celebratory live event called MTV20: Live and Almost Legal, which was hosted by Carson Daly and featured numerous guests from MTV's history, including the original VJs from 1981. Various other related MTV20 specials aired in the months surrounding the event.", "precise_score": -1.7771008014678955, "rough_score": -1.7397836446762085, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Five years later, on August 1, 2006, MTV celebrated its 25th anniversary. On their website, MTV.com, visitors could watch the very first hour of MTV, including airing the original promos and commercials from Mountain Dew, Atari, Chewels gum, and Jovan. Videos were also shown from The Buggles, Pat Benatar, Rod Stewart, and others. The introduction of the first five VJs was also shown. Additionally, MTV.com put together a \"yearbook\" consisting of the greatest videos of each year from 1981 to 2006. MTV itself only mentioned the anniversary once on TRL.", "precise_score": -0.90241938829422, "rough_score": 2.4322149753570557, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Although MTV reached its 30th year of broadcasting in 2011, the channel itself passed over this milestone in favor of its current programming schedule. The channel instead aired its 30th anniversary celebrations on its sister networks MTV2 and VH1 Classic. Nathaniel Brown, senior vice president of communications for MTV, confirmed that there were no plans for an on-air MTV celebration similar to the channel's 20th anniversary. Brown explained, \"MTV as a brand doesn't age with our viewers. We are really focused on our current viewers, and our feeling was that our anniversary wasn't something that would be meaningful to them, many of whom weren't even alive in 1981.\" ", "precise_score": -8.203655242919922, "rough_score": -5.870558738708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Despite the challenge from Timberlake, MTV continued to decrease its total rotation time for music videos in 2007, and the channel eliminated its long-running special tags for music videos such as \"Buzzworthy\" (for under-represented artists), \"Breakthrough\" (for visually stunning videos), and \"Spankin' New\" (for brand new videos). Additionally, the historic Kabel typeface, which MTV displayed at the beginning and end of all music videos since 1981, was phased out in favor of larger text and less information about the video's record label and director. The classic font can still be seen in \"prechyroned\" versions of old videos on sister network VH1 Classic, which had their title information recorded onto the same tape as the video itself.", "precise_score": -6.291942596435547, "rough_score": -4.866412162780762, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Shortly after Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, the channel aired several hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week with the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service. MTV aired similar one-hour live specials with music videos and news updates following the death of Whitney Houston on February 11, 2012, and the death of Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys on May 4, 2012. ", "precise_score": -7.062057018280029, "rough_score": -5.775815486907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Presently, MTV airs sporadic live specials called MTV First. The short program, produced by MTV News, debuted in early 2011 and continues to air typically once every couple of weeks on any given weekday. The specials usually begin at 7:53 pm. ET, led by one of MTV News' correspondents who will conduct a live interview with a featured artist or actor who has come to MTV to premiere a music video or movie trailer. MTV starts its next scheduled program at 8:00 pm, while the interview and chat with fans continues on MTV.com for another 30 to 60 minutes. Since its debut in 2011, MTV First has featured high-profile acts such as Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Usher and Justin Bieber. In the absence of daily live programs such as TRL, It's on with Alexa Chung and The Seven to facilitate such segments, the channel now uses MTV First as its newest approach to present music video premieres and bring viewers from its main television channel to its website for real-time interaction with artists and celebrities. ", "precise_score": -8.449159622192383, "rough_score": -5.96467924118042, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "On April 21, 2016, MTV announced that new Unplugged episodes will begin airing as well as a weekly performance series called \"Wonderland\". On that same day, immediately after the death of Prince, MTV interrupted its usual programming to air Prince's music videos. During this Marathon, MTV accidentally aired the music video to Girls Ain't Nothing but Trouble by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince ", "precise_score": -6.233099937438965, "rough_score": -5.417909145355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel's \"I want my MTV!\" image and branding campaign was launched in 1982. The media strategy and creative executions were developed by George Lois, based on a cereal commercial from the 1950s, \"I want my Maypo!\" that George created. Over the years the campaign featured known artists and celebrities including Pete Townshend, Pat Benatar, Adam Ant, David Bowie, The Police, Kiss, Culture Club, Billy Idol, Hall & Oates, Cyndi Lauper, Madonna, Lionel Richie, Ric Ocasek, John Mellencamp, Peter Wolf, Joe Elliot, Stevie Nicks, Rick Springfield and Mick Jagger interacting with the MTV logo on-air, encouraging viewers to call their cable or satellite providers and request that MTV be added to their local channel lineups. Eventually, the slogan became so ubiquitous it became incorporated as a sung (by Sting) lyric in the Mark Knopfler penned Dire Straits' record \"Money for Nothing.\"", "precise_score": -8.378707885742188, "rough_score": -2.4406027793884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Since the premiere of the short-lived FNMTV in 2008, MTV has used a revised, chopped version of its traditional logo during most of its on-air programming. This new logo was finalized and formally became MTV's official brand mark on February 8, 2010, when it debuted on MTV's website. The channel's long-running official tagline \"Music Television\" was officially dropped at this time. The revised logo is largely the same as MTV's original logo, but it excludes the \"Music Television\" caption, the bottom section of the \"M\" block letter, and the trailing letter \"V\" that branched off to the side of the original logo. However, much like the ever-changing patterns that filled MTV's original 1981 logo, the new 2010 logo is designed to be filled in with an unlimited variety of pictures and images. It is used worldwide, but not in all countries. It was first adopted for MTV Films with the 2010 release Jackass 3D. MTV's rebranding was overseen by Popkern. ", "precise_score": -10.057464599609375, "rough_score": -5.413686752319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel responded to the rise of the Internet as the new central place to watch music videos in October 2008 by launching MTV Music, a website that features thousands of music videos from MTV and VH1's video libraries, dating back to the earliest videos from 1981.", "precise_score": -3.92940616607666, "rough_score": -4.671048641204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A cable channel (sometimes known as a cable network) is a television network available via cable television. When available through satellite television, including direct broadcast satellite providers such as DirecTV, Dish Network and BSkyB, as well as via IPTV providers such as Verizon FIOS and AT&T U-verse is referred to as a satellite channel. Alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E!, Eurosport and CNN International.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.6920166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cable television" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The network's current target audience is teenagers and young adults, with programming consisting mainly of original reality, comedy and drama programming and some off-network syndicated programs and films, along with limited music video programming in off-peak time periods. In its early years, MTV's main target demographic were young adults, but today, MTV's programming is primarily targeted at teenagers, high school students, and college-aged students. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579251289367676, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Criticism has been directed toward this change of focus since it was first rolled out. MTV's influence on its audience, including issues related to censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years. It has toned down its music video programming significantly in recent years and has received criticism for this, both by certain segments of its audience and by musicians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714688301086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the U.S. and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 American households (79.2% of households with television) received MTV. In recent years, MTV has begun to struggle with the secular decline of music cable television media. MTV ratings have been failing, as younger viewers increasingly shift their consumption of media from television to digital media. MTV ratings drops have been as high as 29% year after year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72970962524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s. The creative use of music videos within their 1964 debut film A Hard Day's Night, particularly the performance of \"Can't Buy Me Love\", led MTV decades later to honor the film's director, Richard Lester, with an award for \"basically inventing\" the music video. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.048377990722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer (CEO) of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, on New York City television station WNBC-TV in the late 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.051286697387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "Music Television", "passage": "Music Television debuts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822714805603027, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "As programming chief, Robert W. Pittman recruited and managed a team for the launch that included Tom Freston (who succeeded Pittman as CEO of MTV Networks), Fred Seibert, John Sykes, Carolyn Baker (original head of talent and acquisition), Marshall Cohen (original head of research), Gail Sparrow (of talent and acquisition), Sue Steinberg (executive producer), Julian Goldberg, Steve Lawrence, Geoff Bolton; studio producers and MTV News writers/associate producers Liz Nealon, Nancy LaPook and Robin Zorn; Steve Casey (creator of the name \"MTV\" and its first program director), Marcy Brafman, Ronald E. \"Buzz\" Brindle, and Robert Morton. Kenneth M. Miller is credited as being the first technical director to officially launch MTV from its New York City-based network operations facility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67182731628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "SuperStation WTBS launched Night Tracks on June 3, 1983, with up to 14 hours of music video airplay each late night weekend by 1985. Its most noticeable difference was that black artists received airplay that MTV initially ignored. The program ran until the end of May 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915060043334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Shortly after its launch, The Disney Channel aired a program called D-TV, a play on the MTV acronym. The program used music cuts, both from current and past artists. Instead of music videos, the program used clips of various vintage Disney cartoons and animated films to go with the songs. The program aired in multiple formats, sometimes between shows, sometimes as its own program, and other times as one-off specials. The specials tended to air both on The Disney Channel and NBC. The program aired at various times between 1984 and 1999. In 2009, Disney Channel revived the D-TV concept with a new series of short-form segments called Re-Micks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974198818206787, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The VJs would record \"intro\" and \"outro\" segments to music videos, along with music news, interviews, concert dates and promotions. These segments would appear to air \"live\" and debut across the MTV program schedule 24 hours a day, seven days a week, though the segments themselves were pre-taped within a regular work week at MTV's studios. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.600492477416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The early music videos that made up the bulk of MTV's programming in the 1980s were promotional videos (or \"promos\", a term that originated in the United Kingdom) that record companies had commissioned for international use or concert clips from any available sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.680497169494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Rock bands and performers of the 1980s who had airplay on MTV ranged from new wave to hard rock or heavy metal bands such as Adam Ant, Bryan Adams, Blondie, Eurythmics, Culture Club, Mötley Crüe, Split Enz, Prince, Ultravox, Duran Duran, Van Halen, Bon Jovi, RATT, Def Leppard, The Police, and The Cars. The channel also rotated the music videos of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, who made a career out of parodying other artists' videos. MTV also aired several specials by \"Weird Al\" in the 1980s and 1990s under the title Al TV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0159783363342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV also played classic rock acts from the 1980s and earlier decades, including David Bowie, Dire Straits (whose 1985 song and video \"Money for Nothing\" both referenced MTV and also included the slogan \"I want my MTV\" in its lyrics), Journey, Rush, Linda Ronstadt, Genesis, Billy Squier, Aerosmith, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, The Moody Blues, John Mellencamp, Daryl Hall & John Oates, Billy Joel, Robert Palmer, Rod Stewart, The Who, and ZZ Top; newly solo acts such as Peter Gabriel, Robert Plant, Phil Collins, Paul McCartney, David Lee Roth, and Pete Townshend; supergroup acts such as Asia, The Power Station, Yes, The Firm, and Traveling Wilburys, as well as forgotten acts such as Michael Stanley Band, Shoes, Blotto, Ph.D., Rockpile, Bootcamp, Silicon Teens and Taxxi. The hard rock band Kiss publicly appeared without their trademark makeup for the first time on MTV in 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.118703365325928, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During the early days of the channel, MTV would occasionally let other stars take over the channel within an hour as \"guest VJs\"; these guests included musicians such as Adam Ant, Billy Idol, Phil Collins, Simon LeBon, and Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran, Tina Turner; and comedians such as Eddie Murphy, Martin Short, Dan Aykroyd, and Steven Wright; as they chose their favorite music videos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.307867050170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In addition to bringing lesser-known artists into view, MTV was instrumental in adding to the booming eighties dance wave. Videos' budgets increased, and artists began to add fully choreographed dance sections. Michael Jackson's music became synonymous with dance. In addition to learning the lyrics, fans also learned his choreography so they could dance along. Madonna capitalized on dance in her videos, using classically trained jazz and break-dancers. Along with extensive costuming and make-up, Duran Duran used tribal elements, pulled from Dunham technique, in \"The Wild Boys\", and Kate Bush used a modern dance duet in \"Running Up That Hill\". MTV brought more than music into public view, it added to the ever-growing resurgence of dance in the early 1980s that has carried through to today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46461296081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1984, more record companies and artists began making video clips for their music than in the past, realizing the popularity of MTV and the growing medium. In keeping with the influx of videos, MTV announced changes to its playlists in the November 3, 1984 issue of Billboard magazine that would take effect the following week. The playlist categories would be expanded to 7, from 3 (light, medium, heavy); including New, Light, Breakout, Medium, Active, Heavy and Power. This would ensure artists with hit records on the charts would be get the exposure they deserved, with Medium being a home for the established hits still on the climb up to the top 10; and Heavy being a home for the big hits – without the bells and whistles – just the exposure they commanded. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.540901184082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1985, MTV spearheaded a safe-sex initiative as a response to the AIDS epidemic that continues to influence sexual health currently. In this light, MTV pushed teens to pay more attention to safe-sex because they were most likely more willing to hear this message from MTV than their parents. This showed that MTV was not always influencing youth negatively. Even though in other aspects, MTV was provocative, they had this campaign to showcase their positive influence on youth's and safe sex- a campaign that still is alive today: \"[http://kff.org/its-your-sex-life/ Its Your Sex Life]\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805294036865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV rejected other black artists' videos, such as Rick James' \"Super Freak\", because they did not fit the channel's carefully selected AOR format at the time. The exclusion enraged James; he publicly advocated the addition of more black artists' videos on the channel. Rock legend David Bowie also questioned MTV's lack of black artists during an on-air interview with VJ Mark Goodman in 1983. MTV's original head of talent and acquisition, Carolyn B. Baker, who was black, had questioned why the definition of music had to be so narrow, as had a few others outside the network. \"The party line at MTV was that we weren't playing black music because of the \"research\",\" said Baker years later. \"But the research was based on ignorance ... we were young, we were cutting edge. We didn't have to be on the cutting edge of racism.\" Nevertheless, it was Baker who had personally rejected Rick James' video for Super Freak \"because there were half-naked women in it, and it was a piece of crap. As a black woman, I did not want that representing my people as the first black video on MTV.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.540556907653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The network's director of music programming Buzz Brindle told an interviewer in 2006, \"MTV was originally designed to be a rock music channel. It was difficult for MTV to find African American artists whose music fit the channel's format that leaned toward rock at the outset.\" Writers Craig Marks and Rob Tannenbaum noted that the channel \"aired videos by plenty of white artists who didn't play rock.\" Andrew Goodwin later wrote, \"[MTV] denied racism, on the grounds that it merely followed the rules of the rock business.\" MTV senior executive vice president Les Garland complained decades later, \"The worst thing was that \"racism\" bullshit ... there were hardly any videos being made by black artists. Record companies weren't funding them. They never got charged with racism.\" However, critics of that defense pointed out that record companies were not funding videos for black artists because they knew that they would have difficulty persuading MTV to play them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.039379596710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Before 1983, Michael Jackson also struggled to receive airtime on MTV. To resolve the struggle and finally \"break the color barrier,\" the president of CBS Records at the time, Walter Yetnikoff, denounced MTV in a strong, profane statement, threatening to take away MTV's ability to play any of the record label's music videos. However, Les Garland, then acquisitions head, said he decided to air Jackson's \"Billie Jean\" video without pressure from CBS. This was contradicted by CBS head of Business Affairs David Benjamin in Vanity Fair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271927356719971, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Eventually, videos from the emerging genre of rap and hip hop would also begin to enter rotation on MTV. A majority of the rap artists appearing on MTV in the mid-1980s, such as Run-DMC, The Fat Boys, Whodini, L.L. Cool J, and the Beastie Boys, were from the East Coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.34050464630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Video director Don Letts has a different view of the timeline, saying, \"People often say \"Billie Jean\" was the first black music video on MTV. \"Pass the Dutchie\" was first. Because they were little and spoke in funny British accents, Musical Youth were deemed as non-threatening, and therefore non-black.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.45961856842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Regardless of the timeline, many black artists had their videos played in \"heavy\" rotation the following year (1984). Along with Michael Jackson, Prince and Donna Summer, other black artists such as Billy Ocean, Tina Turner, Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan, Lionel Richie, Ray Parker Jr, Rockwell, The Pointer Sisters, Kool and the Gang, Diana Ross, Shannon, and Deniece Williams all had videos played in heavy rotation on MTV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.33902645111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV began its annual Spring Break coverage in 1986, setting up temporary operations in Daytona Beach, Florida, for a week in March, broadcasting live eight hours per day. \"Spring break is a youth culture event,\" MTV's vice president Doug Herzog said at the time. \"We wanted to be part of it for that reason. It makes good sense for us to come down and go live from the center of it, because obviously the people there are the kinds of people who watch MTV.\" The channel's coverage featured numerous live performances from artists and bands on location. The annual tradition would continue into the 2000s, when it would become de-emphasized and handed off to mtvU, the spin-off channel of MTV targeted at college campuses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915389060974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel would later expand its beach-themed events to the summer, dedicating most of each summer season to broadcasting live from a beach house at various locations away from New York City, eventually leading to channel-wide branding throughout the summer in the 1990s and early 2000s such as Motel California, Summer Share, Isle of MTV, SoCal Summer, Summer in the Keys, and Shore Thing. MTV VJs would host blocks of music videos, interview artists and bands, and introduce live performances and other programs from the beach house location each summer. In the 2000s, as the channel reduced its airtime for music videos and eliminated much of its in-house programming, its annual summer-long events came to an end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219293594360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV would also hold week-long music events that would take over the presentation of the channel. Examples from the 1990s and 2000s include All Access Week, a week in the summer dedicated to live concerts and festivals; Spankin' New Music Week, a week in the fall dedicated to brand new music videos; and week-long specials that culminated in a particular live event, such as Wanna be a VJ and the Video Music Awards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.148260116577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "At the end of each year, MTV takes advantage of its home location in New York City to broadcast live coverage on New Year's Eve in Times Square. Several live music performances are featured alongside interviews with artists and bands that were influential throughout the year. For many years from the 1980s to the 2000s, the channel upheld a tradition of having a band perform a cover song at midnight immediately following the beginning of the new year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.308189392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Throughout its history, MTV has covered global benefit concert series live. For most of July 13, 1985, MTV showed the Live Aid concerts, held in London and Philadelphia and organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. While the ABC network showed only selected highlights during primetime, MTV broadcast 16 hours of coverage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.754097938537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Along with VH1, MTV broadcast the Live 8 concerts, a series of concerts set in the G8 states and South Africa, on July 2, 2005. Live 8 preceded the 31st G8 summit and the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. MTV drew heavy criticism for its coverage of Live 8. The network cut to commercials, VJ commentary, or other performances during performances. Complaints surfaced on the internet over MTV interrupting the reunion of Pink Floyd. In response, MTV president Van Toeffler stated that he wanted to broadcast highlights from every venue of Live 8 on MTV and VH1, and clarified that network hosts talked over performances only in transition to commercials, informative segments or other musical performances. Toeffler acknowledged that \"MTV should not have placed such a high priority on showing so many acts, at the expense of airing complete sets by key artists.\" He also blamed the Pink Floyd interruption on a mandatory cable affiliate break. MTV averaged 1.4 million viewers for its original July 2 broadcast of Live 8. Consequently, MTV and VH1 aired five hours of uninterrupted Live 8 coverage on July 9, with each channel airing different blocks of artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6444478034973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV had debuted Dial MTV in 1986, a daily top ten music video countdown show for which viewers could call the toll-free telephone number 1-800-DIAL-MTV to request a music video. The show would be replaced by MTV Most Wanted in 1991, which ran until 1996, and later saw a spiritual successor in Total Request Live. The phone number remained in use for video requests until 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.074857711791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Another late night music video show was added in 1987, Headbangers Ball, which featured heavy metal music and news. Before its abrupt cancellation in 1995, it featured several hosts including Riki Rachtman and Adam Curry. A weekly block of music videos with the name Headbangers Ball aired from 2003 to 2011 on sister channel MTV2, before spending an additional two years as a web-only series on MTV2's website, until Headbangers Ball was discontinued once again in 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7045512199401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1988, MTV debuted Yo! MTV Raps, a hip hop/rap formatted program. The program continued until August 1995. It was renamed to simply Yo! and aired as a one-hour program from 1995 to 1999. The concept was reintroduced as Direct Effect in 2000, which became Sucker Free in 2006 and was cancelled in 2008, after briefly celebrating the 20th anniversary of Yo! MTV Raps throughout the months of April and May 2008. Despite its cancellation on MTV, a weekly countdown of hip hop videos known as Sucker Free still airs on MTV2 through the present day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6760406494140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1989, MTV began to premiere music-based specials such as MTV Unplugged, an acoustic performance show, which has featured dozens of acts as its guests and has remained active in numerous iterations on various platforms for over 20 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.755449295043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "To further cater to the growing success of R&B, MTV introduced the weekly Fade to Black in the summer of 1991, which was hosted by Al B. Sure!. The show would be reformatted into the better known MTV Jams the following year, which incorporated mainstream hip-hop into the playlist. Bill Bellamy would become the new and ongoing host. The show became so successful it spawned its own Most Wanted spinoff titled Most Wanted Jams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.124774932861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "By the early 1990s, MTV was playing a combination of pop-friendly hard rock acts, chart-topping metal and hard rock acts such as Metallica, Nirvana and Guns N' Roses, pop singers such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, 2 Unlimited, and New Kids on the Block, and R&B groups such as New Edition, En Vogue, Bell Biv Devoe, SWV, Tony Toni Tone, TLC and Boyz II Men, while introducing hit rappers Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer. MTV progressively increased its airing of hip hop acts, such as LL Cool J, Queen Latifah, Salt-n-Pepa, Naughty By Nature, Onyx, MC Lyte, and Sir-Mix-A-Lot, and by 1993, the channel added West Coast rappers previously associated with gangsta rap, with a less pop-friendly sound, such as Tupac Shakur, Ice Cube, Warren G, Ice-T, Dr. Dre, Tone Loc, and Snoop Doggy Dogg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.037839889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "To accompany the new sounds, a new form of music videos came about: more creative, funny, artistic, experimental, and technically accomplished than those in the 1980s. Several noted film directors got their start creating music videos. After pressure from the Music Video Production Association, MTV began listing the names of the videos' directors at the bottom of the credits by December 1992. As a result, MTV's viewers became familiar with the names of Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry, David Fincher, Mary Lambert, Samuel Bayer, Matt Mahurin, Mark Romanek, Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, Anton Corbijn, Mark Pellington, Tarsem, Hype Williams, Jake Scott, Jonathan Glazer, Marcus Nispel, F. Gary Gray, Jim Yukich, Russell Mulcahy, Steve Barron, and Marty Callner, among others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.759352684020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "As the PBS series Frontline explored, MTV was a driving force that catapulted music videos to a mainstream audience, turning music videos into an art form as well as a marketing machine that became beneficial to artists. Danny Goldberg, chairman and CEO of Artemis Records, said the following about the art of music videos: \"I know when I worked with Nirvana, Kurt Cobain cared as much about the videos as he did about the records. He wrote the scripts for them, he was in the editing room, and they were part of his art. And I think they stand up as part of his art, and I think that's true of the great artists today. Not every artist is a great artist and not every video is a good video, but in general having it available as a tool, to me, adds to the business. And I wish there had been music videos in the heyday of The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. I think they would've added to their creative contribution, not subtracted from it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97504711151123, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "By the next few years, 1994 through 1997, MTV began promoting new power pop acts, most successfully Green Day and The Offspring, and ska-rock acts such as No Doubt, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones and Sublime. Pop singers were added to the rotation with success as long as they were considered \"alternative,\" such as Alanis Morissette, Jewel, Fiona Apple, and Sarah McLachlan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484363555908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "By 1997, MTV focused heavily on introducing electronica acts into the mainstream, adding them to its musical rotation, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Moby, Aphex Twin, Pendulum, Daft Punk, The Crystal Method, Butthole Surfers and Fatboy Slim. Some musicians who proceeded to experiment with electronica were still played on MTV including Orbital, Madonna, U2, David Bowie, Radiohead, and Smashing Pumpkins. That year, MTV also attempted to introduce neo-swing bands, but they did not meet with much success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365357398986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "However, in late 1997, MTV began shifting more progressively towards pop music, inspired by the success of the Spice Girls and the rise of boy bands in Europe. Between 1998 and 1999, MTV's musical content consisted heavily of videos of boy bands such as Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync, as well as teen pop \"princesses\" such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Lynda Thomas, Mandy Moore, and Jessica Simpson. Airplay of rock, electronica, and alternative acts was reduced. Hip-hop music continued in heavy rotation, through the likes of Puff Daddy, Jermaine Dupri, Master P, DMX, Busta Rhymes, Lil' Kim, Jay-Z, Missy Elliott, Lauryn Hill, Eminem, Foxy Brown, Ja Rule, Nas, Timbaland, and their associates. R&B was also heavily represented with acts such as Aaliyah, Janet Jackson, Destiny's Child, 702, Monica, and Brandy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61046314239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Beginning in late 1997, MTV progressively reduced its airing of rock music videos, leading to the slogan among skeptics, \"Rock is dead.\" The facts that at the time rock music fans were less materialistic, and bought less music based on television suggestion, were cited as reasons that MTV abandoned its once staple music. MTV instead devoted its musical airtime mostly to pop and hip hop/R&B music. All rock-centric shows were eliminated and the rock-related categories of the Video Music Awards were pared down to one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.97236967086792, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "From this time until 2004, MTV made some periodic efforts to reintroduce pop rock music videos to the channel. By 1998 through 1999, the punk-rock band Blink-182 received regular airtime on MTV due in large part to their \"All the Small Things\" video that made fun of the boy bands that MTV was airing at the time. Meanwhile, some rock bands that were not receiving MTV support, such as Korn and Creed, continued to sell albums. Then, upon the release of Korn's rock/rap hybrid album Follow the Leader, MTV began playing Korn's videos \"Got the Life\" and \"Freak on a Leash\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.469385623931885, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A band sponsored by Korn, Limp Bizkit, received airtime for its cover of George Michael's \"Faith\", which became a hit. Subsequently, MTV began airing more rap/rock hybrid acts, such as Limp Bizkit and Kid Rock. Some rock acts with more comical videos, such as Rob Zombie, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Foo Fighters, also received airtime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.128434181213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In the fall of 1999, MTV announced a special Return of the Rock weekend, in which new rock acts received airtime, after which a compilation album was released. System of a Down, Staind, Godsmack, Green Day, Incubus, Papa Roach, P.O.D., Sevendust, Powerman 5000, Slipknot, Kittie, Static X, and CKY were among the featured bands. These bands received some airtime on MTV and more so on MTV2, though both channels gave emphasis to the rock/rap acts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.099185943603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "By 2000, Sum 41, Linkin Park, Jimmy Eat World, Mudvayne, Cold, At the Drive-In, Alien Ant Farm, and other acts were added to the musical rotation. MTV also launched digital cable channel MTVX to play rock music videos exclusively, an experiment that lasted until 2002. A daily music video program on MTV that carried the name Return of the Rock ran through early 2001, replaced by a successor, All Things Rock, from 2002 until 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.699237823486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Also by 1997, MTV was criticized heavily for not playing as many music videos as it had in the past. In response, MTV created four shows that centered on music videos: MTV Live, Total Request, Say What?, and 12 Angry Viewers. Also at this time, MTV introduced its new studios in Times Square.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.860249519348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A year later, in 1998, MTV merged Total Request and MTV Live into a live daily top ten countdown show, Total Request Live, which would become known as TRL (the original host being Carson Daly) and secure its place as the channel's unofficial flagship program. In the fall of 1999, a live studio audience was added to the show. By spring 2000, the countdown reached its peak. The program enjoyed success playing the top ten pop, rock, R&B, and hip hop music videos, and featuring live interviews with artists and celebrities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13868236541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "From 1998 to 2001, MTV also aired several other music video programs from its studios in Times Square and on location at various beach-themed locations each summer. These programs included Say What? Karaoke, a game show hosted by Dave Holmes that evolved from Say What?, MTV's earlier program that ran the lyrics of music videos across the screen. TRL Wannabes aired from 1999 to 2000 and featured a selection of music videos that just missed the TRL top ten. VJ for a Day, hosted by Raymond Munns, continued this concept in early 2001. VJ for a Day was an extension of an annual event, Wanna be a VJ, which aired each spring from 1998 to 2000 to select a new VJ to host programs on MTV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.124992370605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV also aired Hot Zone, hosted by Ananda Lewis, which featured pop music videos during the midday time period and was a casual alternative to TRL; it later became MTV Hits. Other programs were Direct Effect, Return of the Rock, MTV Jams, BeatSuite, MTV Soul, and blocks of music videos hosted by VJs simply called Music Television in the spirit of the channel's original purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871188163757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2002, Carson Daly left MTV and TRL to pursue a late night talk show on NBC. After his departure, the relevance and impact of Total Request Live slowly diminished. TRL ultimately remained a part of MTV's regular program schedule for ten years. The series came to an end with a special finale episode, Total Finale Live, which aired November 16, 2008, and featured all the show's hosts from over the years, many special guests from the history of the show, and played its last music video, \"...Baby One More Time\" by Britney Spears. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.428455352783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Around 1999 through 2001, as MTV aired fewer music videos throughout the day, it regularly aired compilation specials from its then 20-year history to look back on its roots. An all-encompassing special, MTV Uncensored, premiered in 1999 and was later released as a book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371706008911133, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Janet Jackson became the inaugural honoree of the \"mtvICON\" award, \"an annual recognition of artists who have made significant contributions to music, music video and pop culture while tremendously impacting the MTV generation.\" Subsequent recipients included Aerosmith, Metallica and The Cure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.807729721069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "From 1995 to 2000, MTV played 36.5% fewer music videos. MTV president Van Toeffler explained: \"Clearly, the novelty of just showing music videos has worn off. It's required us to reinvent ourselves to a contemporary audience.\" Despite targeted efforts to play certain types of music videos in limited rotation, MTV greatly reduced its overall rotation of music videos by the mid-2000s. While music videos were featured on MTV up to eight hours per day in 2000, the year 2008 saw an average of just three hours of music videos per day on MTV. The rise of social media and websites like YouTube as a convenient outlet for the promotion and viewing of music videos signaled this reduction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.054829597473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "As the decade progressed, MTV continued to play some music videos instead of relegating them exclusively to its sister channels, but around this time, the channel began to air music videos only in the early morning hours or in a condensed form on Total Request Live. As a result of these programming changes, Justin Timberlake implored MTV to \"play more damn videos!\" while giving an acceptance speech at the 2007 Video Music Awards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.38786506652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "FNMTV and AMTV (2008–present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817190170288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Prior to its finale in 2008, MTV's main source of music videos was Total Request Live, airing four times per week, featuring short clips of music videos along with VJs and guests. MTV was experimenting at the time with new ideas for music programs to replace the purpose of TRL but with a new format. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.050728797912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In mid-2008, MTV premiered new music video programming blocks called FNMTV and a weekly special event called FNMTV Premieres, hosted from Los Angeles by Pete Wentz of the band Fall Out Boy, which was designed to premiere new music videos and have viewers provide instantaneous feedback. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.926534175872803, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The FNMTV Premieres event ended before the 2008 Video Music Awards in September. With the exception of a holiday themed episode in December 2008 and an unrelated Spring Break special in March 2009 with the same title, FNMTV Premieres never returned to the channel's regular program schedule, leaving MTV without any music video programs hosted by VJs for the first time in its history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.726258754730225, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Music video programming returned to MTV in March 2009 as AMTV, an early morning block of music videos that originally aired from 3 a.m. to 9 a.m. on most weekdays. It was renamed Music Feed in 2013 with a reduced schedule. Unlike the FNMTV block that preceded it, Music Feed features many full-length music videos, including some older videos that have been out of regular rotation for many years on MTV. It also features music news updates, interviews, and performances. Music Feed is the only current program on MTV's main channel that is dedicated to music videos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.868483543395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During the rest of the day, MTV also plays excerpts from music videos in split screen format during the closing credits of most programs, along with the address of a website to encourage the viewer to watch the full video online. MTV has positioned its website, MTV.com, as its primary destination for music videos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984050750732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV again resurrected the long-running series MTV Unplugged in 2009 with performances from acts such as Adele and Paramore. However, unlike past Unplugged specials, these new recordings usually only aired in their entirety on MTV's website, MTV.com. Nevertheless, short clips of the specials are shown on MTV during the AMTV block of music videos in the early morning hours. On June 12, 2011, MTV aired a traditional television premiere of a new installment of MTV Unplugged instead of a web debut. The featured artist was rapper Lil Wayne and the show debuted both on MTV and MTV2. The channel followed up with a similar television premiere of MTV Unplugged with Florence and the Machine on April 8, 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.979486465454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV launched 10 on Top in May 2010, a weekly program airing on Saturdays and hosted by Lenay Dunn, that counts down the top 10 most trending and talked about topics of the week (generally focused on entertainment). Dunn also appeared in segments between MTV's shows throughout the day as a recognizable personality and face of the channel in the absence of traditional VJs aside from its MTV News correspondents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81446647644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The animated series Beavis and Butt-head returned to MTV in October 2011 with new episodes. As with the original version of the series that ran from 1993 to 1997, the modern-day Beavis and Butt-head features segments in which its main characters watch and criticize music videos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.718552589416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Sometime in 2012, MTV debuted Clubland, which previously existed as an hour of EDM videos during the AMTV video block. The show has no host, but most editorial content is pushed online by the show's Tumblr and other social media outlets like Facebook and Twitter. The show, which leads off the channel's music video programming during the early morning hours on Tuesdays through Thursdays and also airs on MTV Hits, was hosted by DJ Hardwell on July 5, 2012, but Clubland remains hostless and as a source the best new and old EDM tracks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.349159240722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV launched a new talk show based on hip hop music on April 12, 2012, called Hip Hop POV, hosted by Amanda Seales, Bu Thiam, Charlamagne, Devi Dev, and Sowmya Krishnamurthy. The show featured hosted commentary on the headlines in hip hop culture, providing opinions on new music, granting insider access to major events, and including artist interviews. Hip Hip POV lasted several episodes before going on hiatus. The show was supposed to return in Fall 2012, but was moved to MTV2 instead, where it was rebranded and merged with Sucker Free Countdown. The new show debuted as The Week in Jams on October 28, 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.951263427734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV launched a live talk show, It's On with Alexa Chung, on June 15, 2009. The host of the program, Alexa Chung, was described as a \"younger, more Web 2.0\" version of Jimmy Fallon. Although it was filmed in the same Times Square studio where TRL used to be broadcast, the network stated that \"the only thing the two shows have in common is the studio location.\" It's On was cancelled in December of the same year, which again eliminated the only live in-studio programming from MTV's schedule, just one year after TRL was also cancelled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.853438377380371, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel tried its hand again at live programming with the premiere of a half-hour program called The Seven in September 2010. The program counted down seven entertainment-related stories of interest to viewers (and included some interview segments among them), having aired weekdays at 5 p.m. with a weekend wrap-up at 10 am. ET. Shortly after its debut, the show was slightly retooled as it dropped co-host Julia Alexander but kept fellow co-host Kevin Manno; the Saturday recap show was eliminated as well. The Seven was cancelled on June 13, 2011. Manno's only assignment at MTV post-Seven was conducting an interview with a band which only aired on MTV.com. Manno is no longer employed with MTV and has since appeared as an occasional correspondent on the LXTV-produced NBC series 1st Look.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.573358535766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "As MTV expanded, music videos were no longer the centerpiece of its programming. Conventional television shows came to replace the VJ-guided music video programming. Today, MTV presents a wide variety of non-music-related television shows aimed primarily at the 12 to 18-year-old demographic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.87468433380127, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks and beginning this expansion. Before 1987, MTV featured almost exclusively music videos, but as time passed, they introduced a variety of other shows, including some that were originally intended for other channels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.091023445129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Non-music video programming began in the late 1980s with the introduction of a music news show The Week in Rock, which was also the beginning of MTV's news division, MTV News. Around this time, MTV also introduced a fashion news show, House of Style; a dance show, Club MTV; and a game show, Remote Control. Programs like these did not feature music videos, but they were still largely based around the world of music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.456191062927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Following the success of the MTV Video Music Awards, in an effort to branch out from music into movies and broader pop culture, MTV started the MTV Movie Awards in 1992, which continues presently. MTV also created an award show for Europe after the success of the Video Music Awards. The MTV Europe Music Awards, or the EMAs, were created in 1994, ten years after the debut of the VMAs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.262740135192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "These new shows would be just the beginning of new genres of shows to make an impact on MTV. As the format of the network continued to evolve, more genres of shows began to appear. In the early 1990s, MTV debuted its first reality shows, The Real World and Road Rules.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.053045272827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During the latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s, MTV placed a stronger focus on reality shows and related series, building on the success of The Real World and Road Rules. The first round of these shows came in the mid-1990s, with game shows such as Singled Out, reality-based comedy shows such as Buzzkill, and late-night talk shows such as The Jon Stewart Show and Loveline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.34778118133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The next round of these shows came in approximately the late 1990s, as MTV shifted its focus to prank/comedic shows such as The Tom Green Show and Jackass, and game shows such as Real World/Road Rules Challenge, The Blame Game, webRIOT, and Say What? Karaoke. A year later, in 2000, MTV's Fear became one of the first scare-based reality shows and the first reality show in which contestants filmed themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.967337608337402, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV continued to experiment with late night talk shows in the early 2000s with relatively short-lived programs such as Kathy's So-Called Reality, starring Kathy Griffin, and The New Tom Green Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69576644897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Some of the reality shows on the network also followed the lives of musicians. The Osbournes, a reality show based on the everyday life of Black Sabbath frontman Ozzy Osbourne, his wife Sharon, and two of their children, Jack and Kelly, premiered on MTV in 2002. The show went on to become one of the network's biggest-ever successes and was also recognized for the Osbourne family members' heavy use of profanity, which MTV bleeped for broadcast. It also kick-started a musical career for Kelly Osbourne, while Sharon Osbourne went on to host her own self-titled talk show on U.S. television. Production ended on The Osbournes in November 2004. In the fall of 2004, Ozzy Osbourne's reality show Battle for Ozzfest aired; the show hosted competitions between bands vying to play as part of Ozzfest, a yearly heavy metal music tour across the United States hosted by Osbourne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375164985656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2003, MTV added Punk'd, a project by Ashton Kutcher to play pranks on various celebrities, and Pimp My Ride, a show about adding aesthetic and functional modifications to cars and other vehicles. Another show was Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica, a reality series that followed the lives of pop singers Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey, a music celebrity couple. It began in 2003 and ran for four seasons, ending in early 2005; the couple later divorced. The success of Newlyweds was followed in June 2004 by The Ashlee Simpson Show, which documented the beginnings of the music career of Ashlee Simpson, Jessica Simpson's younger sister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585247993469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2005 and 2006, MTV continued its focus on reality shows, with the debuts of shows such as 8th & Ocean, Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, NEXT, The Hills, Two-A-Days, My Super Sweet 16, Parental Control, and Viva La Bam, featuring Bam Margera.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98107624053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2007, MTV aired the reality show A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, chronicling MySpace sensation Tila Tequila's journey to find a companion. Her bisexuality played into the series – both male and female contestants were vying for love – and was the subject of criticism. It was the #2 show airing on MTV at that time, behind The Hills. A spin-off series from A Shot at Love, titled That's Amoré!, followed a similar pursuit from previous A Shot at Love contestant Domenico Nesci.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21578311920166, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV also welcomed Paris Hilton to its lineup in October 2008 with the launch of her new reality series, Paris Hilton's My New BFF. In 2009, MTV aired Snoop Dogg's second program with the channel, Dogg After Dark, and the show College Life, based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33957290649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In late 2009, MTV shifted its focus back to Real World-style reality programming with the premiere of Jersey Shore, a program that brought high ratings to the channel and also caused controversy due to some of its content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.390275001525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "With backlash towards what some consider too much superficial content on the network, a 2009 New York Times article also stated the intention of MTV to shift its focus towards more socially conscious media, which the article labels \"MTV for the Obama era.\" Shows in that vein included T.I.'s Road to Redemption and Fonzworth Bentley's finishing school show From G's to Gents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756439208984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV found further success with The Buried Life, a program about four friends traveling across the country to check off a list of \"100 things to do before I die\" and helping others along the way. Another recent reality program is MTV's Hired, which follows the employment interviewing process; candidates meet with career coach Ryan Kahn from University of Dreams and at the end of each episode one candidate lands the job of their dreams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844080924987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2011, MTV premiered an amateur video clip show Ridiculousness, in the vein of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central. In 2012, Punk'd returned with a revolving door of new hosts per episode. Meanwhile, spin-offs from Jersey Shore such as The Pauly D Project and Snooki & JWoww were produced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.913883209228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV announced plans to re-enter the late-night comedy space in 2012 with Nikki & Sara Live, an unscripted series by comedians Nikki Glaser and Sara Schaefer. The program is slated to be aired weekly from MTV's studios in Times Square. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77649974822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In a continuing bid to become a more diverse network focusing on youth and culture as well as music, MTV added animated shows to its lineup in the early 1990s. The animation showcase Liquid Television (a co-production between BBC and MTV produced in San Francisco by Colossal Pictures) was one of the channel's first programs to focus on the medium. In addition to airing original shows created specifically for MTV, the channel also occasionally aired episodes of original cartoon series produced by sister channel Nickelodeon (Nicktoons) in the early 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.237654685974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV has a history of cartoons with mature themes including Beavis and Butt-Head, Æon Flux, The Brothers Grunt, Celebrity Deathmatch, Undergrads, Clone High, and Daria. Although the channel has gone on to debut many other animated shows, few of MTV's other cartoon series have been renewed for additional seasons, regardless of their reception.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079998016357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In September 2009, the channel aired Popzilla, which showcased and imitated celebrities in an animated form. MTV again reintroduced animated programming to its lineup with the return of Beavis and Butt-head in 2011 after 14 years off the air, alongside brand new animated program Good Vibes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.746786594390869, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV has a long history of airing both comedy and drama programs with scripted or improvised premises. Examples from the 1990s and 2000s include sketch-based comedies such as Just Say Julie, The Ben Stiller Show, The State, The Jenny McCarthy Show, The Lyricist Lounge Show, and Doggy Fizzle Televizzle, as well as soap operas such as Undressed and Spyder Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.971235275268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel expanded its programming focus in late 2000s and early 2010s to include more scripted programs. The resurgence of scripted programming on MTV saw the introduction of comedy shows such as Awkward. and The Hard Times of RJ Berger, and dramas such as Skins and Teen Wolf. In June 2012, MTV confirmed that it would develop a series based on the Scream franchise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021187782287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In recent years, MTV has re-aired other programs from other Viacom-owned networks, such as BET's College Hill, and VH1 programs I Love New York and Flavor of Love. Other programs from non-Viacom networks include reruns of the shows Fastlane (from Fox), Life As We Know It (from ABC), Scrubs (from ABC and NBC), and CW programs America's Next Top Model, Beauty and the Geek, and Hidden Palms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.286437034606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV also began showing movies targeted toward the young adult demographic, including 8 Mile, My Boss's Daughter, Shaun of the Dead, and Napoleon Dynamite (the latter of which the network had a hand in producing). The channel has also broadcast several of its own films from its production division MTV Films, such as Crossroads and Jackass: The Movie, and airs original made-for-television movies from MTV Studios such as Super Sweet 16: The Movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.737996101379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2010, a study by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation found that of 207.5 hours of prime time programming on MTV, 42% included content reflecting the lives of gay, bisexual and transgender people. This was the highest in the industry and the highest percentage ever. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208355903625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The MTV logo was designed in 1981 by Manhattan Design, a collective formed by Frank Olinsky, Pat Gorman and Patty Rogoff, under the guidance of MTV's original creative director, Fred Seibert. The 'M' was sketched by Rogoff, with the 'TV' spray painted by Olinksky. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.516531944274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Throughout MTV's early days, the channel's main logo was a large yellow \"M\" with red letters \"TV,\" but unlike most networks' logos, the MTV logo constantly morphed and adapted with different colors, patterns and images filling in the large block letter. The very first moments of MTV featured an adaptation of the first landing on the moon, directly from NASA still images (a concept of Seibert's, executed by Buzz Potamkin and Perpetual Motion Pictures). After the \"moon landing,\" as well as the top of every hour until at least the mid-1980s (which ran \"more than 15,000\" times each year, according to Seibert), featured a rapidly changing network ID logo that changed its appearance several times per second. The only constant aspects of MTV's logo at the time were its general shape and proportions; everything else was dynamic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.524611473083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Once MTV's original morphing logo had run its course, the channel began to use a solid color white logo that was otherwise the same as the original. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, MTV updated its on-air appearance at the beginning of every year and again each summer, creating a consistent brand across all of its music-related shows. This style of channel-wide branding came to an end as MTV drastically reduced its number of music-related shows in the early to mid-2000s. At this time, MTV introduced a static, single-color digital on-screen graphic during all of its other programming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.066133499145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In June 2015, MTV started to adopt a vaporwave-inspired look and feel and began to air a series of strange bumpers which feature 3D renderings of objects and people while also featuring an artistic approach and an overall 1980s' and '90s' cultural aesthetic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593971252441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel has been a target of criticism by various groups about programming choices, social issues, political correctness, sensitivity, censorship, and a perceived negative social influence on young people. Portions of the content of MTV's programs and productions have come under controversy in the general news media and among social groups that have taken offense. Some within the music industry criticized what they saw as MTV's homogenization of rock 'n' roll, including the punk band the Dead Kennedys, whose song \"M.T.V. – Get Off the Air\" was released on the 1985 album Frankenchrist just as MTV's influence over the music industry was being solidified. MTV was also the major influence on the growth of music video during the 1980s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.614705085754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV has edited a number of music videos to remove references to drugs, sex, violence, weapons, racism, homophobia, and/or advertising. Many music videos aired on the channel were censored, moved to late night rotation, or banned entirely from the channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.326338768005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In the 1980s, parent-media watchdog groups such as the Parents Music Resource Center criticized MTV over certain music videos that were claimed to have explicit imagery of satanism. MTV developed a strict policy on refusal to air videos that may depict devil worship or anti-religious themes. This policy led MTV to ban music videos such as \"Jesus Christ Pose\" by Soundgarden in 1991 and \"Megalomaniac\" by Incubus in 2004, however controversial Marilyn Manson was among the most popular rock bands on MTV in late 1990s and first half of 2000s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.044575691223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "During the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony, comedian Andrew Dice Clay did his usual \"adult nursery rhymes\" routine (which he had done in his stand-up acts), after which the network executives imposed a lifetime ban. Billy Idol's music video for the song \"Cradle of Love\" originally had scenes from Clay's film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane when it was originally aired; scenes from the film were later excised. During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Clay was in attendance where he confirmed that the channel lifted the ban. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.444167613983154, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A pilot for a show called Dude, This Sucks was canceled after teens attending a taping at the Snow Summit Ski Resort in January 2001 were sprayed with liquid fecal matter by the group The Shower Rangers. The teens later sued. MTV later apologized and said that the segment would not air. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762529373168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "On the heels of parent company Viacom's purchase of CBS, MTV was selected to produce the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXV in 2001, airing on CBS and featuring Britney Spears, 'N Sync and Aerosmith. Due to its success, MTV was invited back to produce another Super Bowl halftime show in 2004, which would spark a nationwide debate and lead to sweeping changes in Super Bowl halftime shows, MTV's own programming, and even music played on the radio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.609039306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Michael Powell, then-chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, ordered an investigation of the show the day after its broadcast. In the weeks following the controversial halftime show, MTV censored much of its programming. Several music videos, including \"This Love\" by Maroon 5 and \"I Miss You\" by Blink-182, were edited for sexual content. In September 2004, the FCC ruled that the halftime show was indecent and fined CBS $550,000. The FCC upheld its decision in 2006, but federal judges reversed the fine in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.300272941589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The Christian right organization American Family Association has also criticized MTV from perceptions of negative moral influence, even going as far as to describe MTV as promoting a \"pro-sex, anti-family, pro-choice, drug culture.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000364303588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2005, the Parents Television Council released a study titled MTV Smut Peddlers, which sought to expose what PTC believed was excessive sexual, profane, and violent content on the channel, based on MTV's Spring Break programming from 2004. Jeanette Kedas, an MTV network executive, called the PTC report \"unfair and inaccurate\" and \"underestimating young people's intellect and level of sophistication,\" while L. Brent Bozell III, then-president of the PTC, stated: \"the incessant sleaze on MTV presents the most compelling case yet for consumer cable choice,\" referring to the practice of cable and satellite companies to allow consumers to pay for channels à la carte. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.949198246002197, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In April 2008, PTC released The Rap on Rap, a study covering hip-hop and R&B music videos rotated on programs 106 & Park and Rap City, both shown on BET, and Sucker Free on MTV. PTC urged advertisers to withdraw sponsorship of those programs, whose videos PTC stated targeted children and teenagers containing adult content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.248647689819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV received a significant amount of criticism from Italian American organizations for the show Jersey Shore, which premiered in 2009. The controversy was due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show, as it liberally used the word \"guido\" to describe the cast members. The word \"guido\" is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, \"eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos,\" while yet another advertisement stated, \"Jersey Shore exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species ... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412911415100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Prior to the series debut, UNICO National (which is the largest Italian American organization) formally requested that MTV cancel the show. In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a \"direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans.\" UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement, \"MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and red, white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian Americans with every technique possible.\" Around this time, other Italian organizations joined the fight, including the NIAF and the Order Sons of Italy in America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.120991706848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, \"The Italian American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture.\" Following the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's Pizza and American Family Insurance. Despite the loss of certain advertisers, MTV did not cancel the show. Moreover, the show saw its audience increase from its premiere in 2009, and continued to place as MTV's top-rated programs during Jersey Shore's six-season run, ending in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254426002502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In addition to its regular programming, MTV has a long history of promoting social, political, and environmental activism in young people. The channel's vehicles for this activism have been Choose or Lose, encompassing political causes and encouraging viewers to vote in elections; Fight For Your Rights, encompassing anti-violence and anti-discrimination causes; think MTV; and MTV Act and Power of 12, the newest umbrellas for MTV's social activism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80320930480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 1992, MTV started a pro-democracy campaign called Choose or Lose, to encourage up to 20 million people to register to vote, and the channel hosted a town hall forum for then-candidate Bill Clinton. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92228889465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In recent years, other politically diverse programs on MTV have included True Life, which documents people's lives and problems, and MTV News specials, which center on very current events in both the music industry and the world. One special show covered the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, airing programs focused on the issues and opinions of young people, including a program where viewers could ask questions of Senator John Kerry. MTV worked with P. Diddy's \"Vote or Die\" campaign, designed to encourage young people to vote. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128114700317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Additionally, MTV aired a documentary covering a trip by the musical group Sum 41 to the Democratic Republic of Congo, documenting the conflict there. The group ended up being caught in the midst of an attack outside of the hotel and were subsequently flown out of the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14569091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The channel also began showing presidential campaign commercials for the first time during the 2008 US presidential election. This has led to criticism from the right, with Jonah Goldberg opining that \"MTV serves as the Democrats' main youth outreach program.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.440475463867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV Act and Power of 12", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108924865722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2012, MTV launched MTV Act and Power of 12, its current social activism campaigns. MTV Act focuses on a wide array of social issues, while Power of 12 was a replacement for MTV's Choose or Lose and focused on the 2012 U.S. presidential election. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106372833251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Beyond MTV", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005120277404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Since its launch in 1981, the brand \"MTV\" has expanded to include many additional properties beyond the original MTV channel, including a variety of sister channels in the US, dozens of affiliated channels around the world, and an Internet presence through MTV.com and related websites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.626127243041992, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV operates a group of channels under the name MTV Networks – a name that continues to be used for the individual units of the since renamed Viacom Media Networks, a division of its corporate parent, Viacom. In 1985, MTV saw the introduction of its first true sister channel, VH1, which was originally an acronym for \"Video Hits One\" and was designed to play adult contemporary music videos. Today, VH1 is aimed at celebrity and popular culture programming which include many reality shows. Another sister channel, CMT, targets the country music and southern culture market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.769049167633057, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The advent of satellite television and digital cable brought MTV greater channel diversity, including its current sister channels MTV2 and MTV Tr3́s (now Tr3́s), which initially played music videos exclusively but now focus on other programming. Music videos still occupy most of the schedule on two additional channels, MTV Hits and MTV Jams. MTV also broadcasts mtvU, a college-oriented channel on campus at various universities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.934976100921631, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In the 2000s, MTV launched MTV HD, a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of MTV. Until Viacom's main master control was upgraded in 2013, only the network's original series after 2010 (with some pre-2010 content) are broadcast in high definition, while music videos, despite being filmed for high definition presentation, were presented in 4:3 standard definition, forcing them into a windowboxing type of presentation; since that time all music videos are presented in HD when available, depending on director's preference. Jersey Shore, despite being shot with widescreen HD cameras, is also presented with SD windowboxing. Pay television providers such as DirecTV, Dish Network, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, AT&T U-verse, and Verizon FiOS carry the HD channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860245227813721, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV Networks also operates MTV Live, a high-definition channel that features original HD music programming and HD versions of music related programs from MTV, VH1 and CMT. The channel was launched in January 2006 as MHD (Music: High Definition). The channel was officially rebranded as MTV Live on February 1, 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.016219139099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In 2005 and 2006, MTV launched a series of channels for Asian Americans. The first channel was MTV Desi, launched in July 2005, dedicated toward South-Asian Americans. Next was MTV Chi, in December 2005, which catered to Chinese Americans. The third was MTV K, launched in June 2006 and targeted toward Korean Americans. Each of these channels featured music videos and shows from MTV's international affiliates as well as original US programming, promos, and packaging. All three of these channels ceased broadcasting on April 30, 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.178741455078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In the late 1980s, before the World Wide Web, MTV VJ Adam Curry began experimenting on the internet. He registered the then-unclaimed domain name \"MTV.com\" in 1993 with the idea of being MTV's unofficial new voice on the internet. Although this move was sanctioned by his supervisors at MTV Networks at the time, when Curry left to start his own web-portal design and hosting company, MTV subsequently sued him for the domain name, which led to an out-of-court settlement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917899131774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "The service hosted at the domain name was originally branded \"MTV Online\" during MTV's first few years of control over it in the mid-1990s. It served as a counterpart to the America Online portal for MTV content, which existed at AOL keyword MTV until approximately the end of the 1990s. After this time, the website became known as simply \"MTV.com\" and served as the internet home base for all MTV and MTV News content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199763298034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV.com experimented with entirely video-based layouts between 2005 and 2007. The experiment began in April 2005 as MTV Overdrive, a streaming video service that supplemented the regular MTV.com website. Shortly after the 2006 Video Music Awards, which were streamed on MTV.com and heavily utilized the MTV Overdrive features, MTV introduced a massive change for MTV.com, transforming the entire site into a Flash video-based entity. Much of users' feedback about the Flash-based site was negative, demonstrating a dissatisfaction with videos that played automatically, commercials that could not be skipped or stopped, and the slower speed of the entire website. The experiment ended in February 2006 as MTV.com reverted to a traditional HTML-based website design with embedded video clips, in the style of YouTube and some other video-based websites. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.920268058776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "From 2006 to 2007, MTV operated an online channel, MTV International, targeted to the broad international market. The purpose of the online channel was to air commercial-free music videos once the television channels started concentrating on shows unrelated to music videos or music-related programming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.481804847717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "A newly created division of the company, MTV New Media, announced in 2008 that it would produce its own original web series, in an attempt to create a bridge between old and new media. The programming is available to viewers via personal computers, cell phones, iPods, and other digital devices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568432807922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "In the summer of 2012, MTV launched a music discovery web site called Artists.MTV. MTV says, \"While technology has made it way easier for artists to produce and distribute their own music on their own terms, it hasn't made it any simpler to find a way to cut through all the Internet noise and speak directly to all of their potential fans. The summer launch of Artists.MTV is an attempt to help music junkies and musicians close the gap by providing a one-stop place where fans can listen to and buy music and purchase concert tickets and merchandise.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725447654724121, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "Today, MTV.com remains the official website of MTV, and it expands on the channel's broadcasts by bringing additional content to its viewers. The site's features include an online version of MTV News, podcasts, a video streaming service supported by commercials, movie features, profiles and interviews with recording artists and from MTV's television programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.457039833068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV around the world", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942609786987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" }, { "answer": "MTV", "passage": "MTV Networks has launched numerous native-language regional variants of MTV-branded channels to countries around the world. For a complete list of these international MTV channels in Europe, Asia, Oceania, the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas, see List of MTV channels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676872253417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV" } ]

[ { "answer": "Atomic number 4", "passage": "As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made. The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system, or as naturally-occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium.", "precise_score": -6.311942100524902, "rough_score": -4.391719341278076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Atomic number 4", "passage": "All of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally. The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle. If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed \"stable\" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82.", "precise_score": -7.72120475769043, "rough_score": -6.753741264343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.", "precise_score": -7.373054027557373, "rough_score": -6.876065254211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.", "precise_score": 2.2823519706726074, "rough_score": 1.4757663011550903, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium improves many physical properties when added as an alloying element to aluminium, copper (notably the alloy beryllium copper), iron and nickel. Tools made of beryllium copper alloys are strong and hard and do not create sparks when they strike a steel surface. In structural applications, the combination of high flexural rigidity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and low density (1.85 times that of water) make beryllium metal a desirable aerospace material for aircraft components, missiles, spacecraft, and satellites. Because of its low density and atomic mass, beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays and other forms of ionizing radiation; therefore, it is the most common window material for X-ray equipment and components of particle physics experiments. The high thermal conductivities of beryllium and beryllium oxide have led to their use in thermal management applications.", "precise_score": -10.013364791870117, "rough_score": -7.877888202667236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is a steel gray and hard metal that is brittle at room temperature and has a close-packed hexagonal crystal structure. It has exceptional stiffness (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a reasonably high melting point. The modulus of elasticity of beryllium is approximately 50% greater than that of steel. The combination of this modulus and a relatively low density results in an unusually fast sound conduction speed in beryllium – about 12.9 km/s at ambient conditions. Other significant properties are high specific heat (1925 J·kg−1·K−1) and thermal conductivity (216 W·m−1·K−1), which make beryllium the metal with the best heat dissipation characteristics per unit weight. In combination with the relatively low coefficient of linear thermal expansion (11.4×10−6 K−1), these characteristics result in a unique stability under conditions of thermal loading.", "precise_score": -10.224285125732422, "rough_score": -7.886330604553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium hydroxide created using either the sinter or melt method is then converted into beryllium fluoride or beryllium chloride. To form the fluoride, aqueous ammonium hydrogen fluoride is added to beryllium hydroxide to yield a precipitate of ammonium tetrafluoroberyllate, which is heated to 1000 C to form beryllium fluoride. Heating the fluoride to 900 C with magnesium forms finely divided beryllium, and additional heating to 1300 C creates the compact metal. Heating beryllium hydroxide forms the oxide, which becomes beryllium chloride when combined with carbon and chlorine. Electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride is then used to obtain the metal.", "precise_score": -10.568069458007812, "rough_score": -7.371267795562744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The beryllium atom has the electronic configuration [He] 2s2. The two valence electrons give beryllium a +2 oxidation state and thus the ability to form two covalent bonds; the only evidence of lower valence of beryllium is in the solubility of the metal in BeCl2. Due to the octet rule, atoms tend to seek a valence of 8 in order to resemble a noble gas. Beryllium tries to achieve a coordination number of 4 because its two covalent bonds fill half of this octet. A coordination of 4 allows beryllium compounds, such as the fluoride or chloride, to form polymers.", "precise_score": -7.584038734436035, "rough_score": -6.5661444664001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium nitride, Be3N2 is a high-melting-point compound which is readily hydrolyzed. Beryllium azide, BeN6 is known and beryllium phosphide, Be3P2 has a similar structure to Be3N2. Basic beryllium nitrate and basic beryllium acetate have similar tetrahedral structures with four beryllium atoms coordinated to a central oxide ion. A number of beryllium borides are known, such as Be5B, Be4B, Be2B, BeB2, BeB6 and BeB12. Beryllium carbide, Be2C, is a refractory brick-red compound that reacts with water to give methane. No beryllium silicide has been identified.", "precise_score": -9.54183578491211, "rough_score": -6.68916654586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Early precursors of the word beryllium can be traced to many languages, including Latin Beryllus; French Béry; Greek βήρυλλος, bērullos, beryl; Prakrit veruliya (वॆरुलिय‌); Pāli veḷuriya (वेलुरिय), veḷiru (भेलिरु) or viḷar (भिलर्) – \"to become pale\", in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl. The original source is probably the Sanskrit word वैडूर्य (vaidurya), which is of Dravidian origin and could be related to the name of the modern city of Belur. For about 160 years, beryllium was also known as glucinum or glucinium (with the accompanying chemical symbol \"Gl\", or \"G\" ), the name coming from the Greek word for sweet: γλυκυς, due to the sweet taste of beryllium salts. ", "precise_score": 1.9224845170974731, "rough_score": 3.3483808040618896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Low atomic number also makes beryllium relatively transparent to energetic particles. Therefore, it is used to build the beam pipe around the collision region in particle physics setups, such as all four main detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb), the Tevatron and the SLAC. The low density of beryllium allows collision products to reach the surrounding detectors without significant interaction, its stiffness allows a powerful vacuum to be produced within the pipe to minimize interaction with gases, its thermal stability allows it to function correctly at temperatures of only a few degrees above absolute zero, and its diamagnetic nature keeps it from interfering with the complex multipole magnet systems used to steer and focus the particle beams. ", "precise_score": -9.310212135314941, "rough_score": -6.372437477111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Thin plates or foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapon designs as the very outer layer of the plutonium pits in the primary stages of thermonuclear bombs, placed to surround the fissile material. These layers of beryllium are good \"pushers\" for the implosion of the plutonium-239, and they are also good neutron reflectors, just as they are in beryllium-moderated nuclear reactors.", "precise_score": -10.214082717895508, "rough_score": -7.2176127433776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is also commonly used in some neutron sources in laboratory devices in which relatively few neutrons are needed (rather than having to use a nuclear reactor, or a particle accelerator-powered neutron generator). For this purpose, a target of beryllium-9 is bombarded with energetic alpha particles from a radioisotope such as polonium-210, radium-226, plutonium-239, or americium-241. In the nuclear reaction that occurs, a beryllium nucleus is transmuted into carbon-12, and one free neutron is emitted, traveling in about the same direction as the alpha particle was heading. Such alpha decay driven beryllium neutron sources, named \"urchin\" neutron initiators, were used some in early atomic bombs. Neutron sources in which beryllium is bombarded with gamma rays from a gamma decay radioisotope, are also used to produce laboratory neutrons. ", "precise_score": -9.309527397155762, "rough_score": -6.4150390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is also used at the Joint European Torus nuclear-fusion research laboratory, and it will be used in the more advanced ITER to condition the components which face the plasma. Beryllium has also been proposed as a cladding material for nuclear fuel rods, because of its good combination of mechanical, chemical, and nuclear properties. Beryllium fluoride is one of the constituent salts of the eutectic salt mixture FLiBe, which is used as a solvent, moderator and coolant in many hypothetical molten salt reactor designs, including the liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR). ", "precise_score": -10.0723876953125, "rough_score": -8.004987716674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is a p-type dopant in III-V compound semiconductors. It is widely used in materials such as GaAs, AlGaAs, InGaAs and InAlAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Cross-rolled beryllium sheet is an excellent structural support for printed circuit boards in surface-mount technology. In critical electronic applications, beryllium is both a structural support and heat sink. The application also requires a coefficient of thermal expansion that is well matched to the alumina and polyimide-glass substrates. The beryllium-beryllium oxide composite \"E-Materials\" have been specially designed for these electronic applications and have the additional advantage that the thermal expansion coefficient can be tailored to match diverse substrate materials.", "precise_score": -10.462916374206543, "rough_score": -7.885644435882568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.009502410888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.287568092346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "During the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not. It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of roughly 75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron. Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. However, the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.118611335754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald) and chrysoberyl. As a free element it is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.863309860229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.996284484863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Naturally occurring beryllium, save for slight contamination by cosmogenic radioisotopes, is essentially beryllium-9, which has a nuclear spin of . Beryllium has a large scattering cross section for high-energy neutrons, about 6 barns for energies above approximately 10 keV. Therefore, it works as a neutron reflector and neutron moderator, effectively slowing the neutrons to the thermal energy range of below 0.03 eV, where the total cross section is at least an order of magnitude lower – exact value strongly depends on the purity and size of the crystallites in the material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.527929306030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The single primordial beryllium isotope 9Be also undergoes a (n,2n) neutron reaction with neutron energies over about 1.9 MeV, to produce 8Be, which almost immediately breaks into two alpha particles. Thus, for high-energy neutrons, beryllium is a neutron multiplier, releasing more neutrons than it absorbs. This nuclear reaction is:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.629501342773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Neutrons are liberated when beryllium nuclei are struck by energetic alpha particles producing the nuclear reaction", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988245010375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium also releases neutrons under bombardment by gamma rays. Thus, natural beryllium bombarded either by alphas or gammas from a suitable radioisotope is a key component of most radioisotope-powered nuclear reaction neutron sources for the laboratory production of free neutrons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.536046028137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "As a metal, beryllium is transparent to most wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays, making it useful for the output windows of X-ray tubes and other such apparatus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615952491760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Both stable and unstable isotopes of beryllium are created in stars, but the radioisotopes do not last long. It is believed that most of the stable beryllium in the universe was originally created in the interstellar medium when cosmic rays induced fission in heavier elements found in interstellar gas and dust. Primordial beryllium contains only one stable isotope, 9Be, and therefore beryllium is a monoisotopic element.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.806503295898438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "8Be has a very short half-life of about 7 s that contributes to its significant cosmological role, as elements heavier than beryllium could not have been produced by nuclear fusion in the Big Bang. This is due to the lack of sufficient time during the Big Bang's nucleosynthesis phase to produce carbon by the fusion of 4He nuclei and the very low concentrations of available beryllium-8. The British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle first showed that the energy levels of 8Be and 12C allow carbon production by the so-called triple-alpha process in helium-fueled stars where more nucleosynthesis time is available. This process allows carbon to be produced in stars, but not in the Big Bang. Star-created carbon (the basis of carbon-based life) is thus a component in the elements in the gas and dust ejected by AGB stars and supernovae (see also Big Bang nucleosynthesis), as well as the creation of all other elements with atomic numbers larger than that of carbon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.821913719177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The innermost electrons of beryllium may contribute to chemical bonding. Therefore, when 7Be decays by electron capture, it does so by taking electrons from atomic orbitals that may participate in bonding. This makes its decay rate dependent to a measurable degree upon its electron configuration – a rare occurrence in nuclear decay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502389907836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The shortest-lived known isotope of beryllium is 13Be which decays through neutron emission. It has a half-life of 2.7 × 10−21 s. 6Be is also very short-lived with a half-life of 5.0 × 10−21 s.Hammond, C. R. \"Elements\" in The exotic isotopes 11Be and 14Be are known to exhibit a nuclear halo. This phenomenon can be understood as the nuclei of 11Be and 14Be have, respectively, 1 and 4 neutrons orbiting substantially outside the classical Fermi 'waterdrop' model of the nucleus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860529899597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The Sun has a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) of beryllium. Beryllium has a concentration of 2 to 6 parts per million (ppm) in the Earth's crust. It is most concentrated in the soils, 6 ppm. Trace amounts of 9Be are found in the Earth's atmosphere. The concentration of beryllium in sea water is 0.2–0.6 parts per trillion. In stream water, however, beryllium is more abundant with a concentration of 0.1 ppb. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.667158126831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is found in over 100 minerals, but most are uncommon to rare. The more common beryllium containing minerals include: bertrandite (Be4Si2O7(OH)2), beryl (Al2Be3Si6O18), chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4) and phenakite (Be2SiO4). Precious forms of beryl are aquamarine, red beryl and emerald. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40359878540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The two main ores of beryllium, beryl and bertrandite, are found in Argentina, Brazil, India, Madagascar, Russia and the United States. Total world reserves of beryllium ore are greater than 400,000 tonnes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755196571350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The extraction of beryllium from its compounds is a difficult process due to its high affinity for oxygen at elevated temperatures, and its ability to reduce water when its oxide film is removed. The United States, China and Kazakhstan are the only three countries involved in the industrial-scale extraction of beryllium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81810474395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is most commonly extracted from the mineral beryl, which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture. The sintering process involves mixing beryl with sodium fluorosilicate and soda at 770 C to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide. Beryllium hydroxide is precipitated from a solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water. Extraction of beryllium using the melt method involves grinding beryl into a powder and heating it to 1650 C. The melt is quickly cooled with water and then reheated 250 to in concentrated sulfuric acid, mostly yielding beryllium sulfate and aluminium sulfate. Aqueous ammonia is then used to remove the aluminium and sulfur, leaving beryllium hydroxide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.646021842956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium's chemical behavior is largely a result of its small atomic and ionic radii. It thus has very high ionization potentials and strong polarization while bonded to other atoms, which is why all of its compounds are covalent. It is more chemically similar to aluminium than its close neighbors in the periodic table due to having a similar charge-to-radius ratio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.994848251342773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "An oxide layer forms around beryllium that prevents further reactions with air unless heated above 1000 °C. Once ignited, beryllium burns brilliantly forming a mixture of beryllium oxide and beryllium nitride. Beryllium dissolves readily in non-oxidizing acids, such as HCl and diluted H2SO4, but not in nitric acid or water as this forms the oxide. This behavior is similar to that of aluminium metal. Beryllium also dissolves in alkali solutions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948822021484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "This characteristic is employed in analytical techniques using EDTA as a ligand. EDTA preferentially forms octahedral complexes – thus absorbing other cations such as Al3+ which might interfere – for example, in the solvent extraction of a complex formed between Be2+ and acetylacetone. Beryllium(II) readily forms complexes with strong donating ligands such as phosphine oxides and arsine oxides. There have been extensive studies of these complexes which show the stability of the O-Be bond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.381032943725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Solutions of beryllium salts, e.g. beryllium sulfate and beryllium nitrate, are acidic because of hydrolysis of the [Be(H2O)4]2+ ion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738083839416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Other products of hydrolysis include the trimeric ion [Be3(OH)3(H2O)6]3+. Beryllium hydroxide, Be(OH)2, is insoluble even in acidic solutions with pH less than 6, that is at biological pH. It is amphoteric and dissolves in strongly alkaline solutions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771600723266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium forms binary compounds with many non-metals. Anhydrous halides are known for F, Cl, Br and I. BeF2 has a silica-like structure with corner-shared BeF4 tetrahedra. BeCl2 and BeBr2 have chain structures with edge-shared tetrahedra. All beryllium halides have a linear monomeric molecular structure in the gas phase.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8049898147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium difluoride, BeF2, is different than the other difluorides. In general, beryllium has a tendency to bond covalently, much more so than the other alkaline earths and its fluoride is partially covalent (although still more ionic than its other halides). BeF2 has many similarities to SiO2 (quartz) a mostly covalently bonded network solid. BeF2 has tetrahedrally coordinated metal and forms glasses (is difficult to crystallize). When crystalline, beryllium fluoride has the same room temperature crystal structure as quartz and shares many higher temperature structures also. Beryllium difluoride is very soluble in water, unlike the other alkaline earths. (Although they are strongly ionic, they do not dissolve because of the especially strong lattice energy of the fluorite structure.) However, BeF2 has much lower electrical conductivity when in solution or when molten than would be expected if it were fully ionic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.110469818115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium oxide, BeO, is a white refractory solid, which has the wurtzite crystal structure and a thermal conductivity as high as in some metals. BeO is amphoteric. Salts of beryllium can be produced by treating Be(OH)2 with acid. Beryllium sulfide, selenide and telluride are known, all having the zincblende structure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.197551727294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The mineral beryl, which contains beryllium, has been used at least since the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. In the first century CE, Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder mentioned in his encyclopedia Natural History that beryl and emerald (\"smaragdus\") were similar. The Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, written in the third or fourth century CE, contains notes on how to prepare artificial emerald and beryl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.941938400268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "In a 1798 paper read before the Institut de France, Vauquelin reported that he found a new \"earth\" by dissolving aluminium hydroxide from emerald and beryl in an additional alkali. The editors of the journal Annales de Chimie et de Physique named the new earth \"glucine\" for the sweet taste of some of its compounds. Klaproth preferred the name \"beryllina\" due to the fact that yttria also formed sweet salts. The name \"beryllium\" was first used by Wöhler in 1828. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.736042022705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride, as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994254112243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Using an alcohol lamp, Wöhler heated alternating layers of beryllium chloride and potassium in a wired-shut platinum crucible. The above reaction immediately took place and caused the crucible to become white hot. Upon cooling and washing the resulting gray-black powder he saw that it was made of fine particles with a dark metallic luster. The highly reactive potassium had been produced by the electrolysis of its compounds, a process discovered 21 years before. The chemical method using potassium yielded only small grains of beryllium from which no ingot of metal could be cast or hammered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.04700756072998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The direct electrolysis of a molten mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride by Paul Lebeau in 1898 resulted in the first pure (99.5 to 99.8%) samples of beryllium. The first commercially successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt. Their process involves the electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluorides and barium, which causes molten beryllium to collect on a water-cooled iron cathode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547541618347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "A sample of beryllium was bombarded with alpha rays from the decay of radium in a 1932 experiment by James Chadwick that uncovered the existence of the neutron. This same method is used in one class of radioisotope-based laboratory neutron sources that produce 30 neutrons for every million α particles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.407071113586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium production saw a rapid increase during World War II, due to the rising demand for hard beryllium-copper alloys and phosphors for fluorescent lights. Most early fluorescent lamps used zinc orthosilicate with varying content of beryllium to emit greenish light. Small additions of magnesium tungstate improved the blue part of the spectrum to yield an acceptable white light. Halophosphate-based phosphors replaced beryllium-based phosphors after beryllium was found to be toxic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28681755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride was used to isolate beryllium during the 19th century. The metal's high melting point makes this process more energy-consuming than corresponding processes used for the alkali metals. Early in the 20th century, the production of beryllium by the thermal decomposition of beryllium iodide was investigated following the success of a similar process for the production of zirconium, but this process proved to be uneconomical for volume production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243491172790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Pure beryllium metal did not become readily available until 1957, even though it had been used as an alloying metal to harden and toughen copper much earlier. Beryllium could be produced by reducing beryllium compounds such as beryllium chloride with metallic potassium or sodium. Currently most beryllium is produced by reducing beryllium fluoride with purified magnesium. The price on the American market for vacuum-cast beryllium ingots was about $338 per pound ($745 per kilogram) in 2001. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.409177780151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Between 1998 and 2008, the world's production of beryllium had decreased from 343 to about 200 tonnes, of which 176 tonnes (88%) came from the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81817626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Because of its low atomic number and very low absorption for X-rays, the oldest and still one of the most important applications of beryllium is in radiation windows for X-ray tubes. Extreme demands are placed on purity and cleanliness of beryllium to avoid artifacts in the X-ray images. Thin beryllium foils are used as radiation windows for X-ray detectors, and the extremely low absorption minimizes the heating effects caused by high intensity, low energy X-rays typical of synchrotron radiation. Vacuum-tight windows and beam-tubes for radiation experiments on synchrotrons are manufactured exclusively from beryllium. In scientific setups for various X-ray emission studies (e.g., energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) the sample holder is usually made of beryllium because its emitted X-rays have much lower energies (~100 eV) than X-rays from most studied materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.551273345947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Because of its stiffness, light weight and dimensional stability over a wide temperature range, beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high-speed aircraft, guided missiles, spacecraft, and satellites. Several liquid-fuel rockets have used rocket nozzles made of pure beryllium. Beryllium powder was itself studied as a rocket fuel, but this use has never materialized. A small number of extreme high-end bicycle frames have been built with beryllium. From 1998 to 2000, the McLaren Formula One team used Mercedes-Benz engines with beryllium-aluminium-alloy pistons. The use of beryllium engine components was banned following a protest by Scuderia Ferrari. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.062020301818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Mixing about 2.0% beryllium into copper forms an alloy called beryllium copper that is six times stronger than copper alone. Beryllium alloys are used in many applications because of their combination of elasticity, high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, high strength and hardness, nonmagnetic properties, as well as good corrosion and fatigue resistance. These applications include non-sparking tools that are used near flammable gases (beryllium nickel), in springs and membranes (beryllium nickel and beryllium iron) used in surgical instruments and high temperature devices. As little as 50 parts per million of beryllium alloyed with liquid magnesium leads to a significant increase in oxidation resistance and decrease in flammability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.309332847595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The high elastic stiffness of beryllium has led to its extensive use in precision instrumentation, e.g. in inertial guidance systems and in the support mechanisms for optical systems. Beryllium-copper alloys were also applied as a hardening agent in \"Jason pistols\", which were used to strip the paint from the hulls of ships. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64206314086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium was also used for cantilevers in high performance phonograph cartridge styli, where its extreme stiffness and low density allowed for tracking weights to be reduced to 1 gram, yet still track high frequency passages with minimal distortion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4122896194458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "An earlier major application of beryllium was in brakes for military airplanes because of its hardness, high melting point, and exceptional ability to dissipate heat. Environmental considerations have led to substitution by other materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139225006103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "To reduce costs, beryllium can be alloyed with significant amounts of aluminium, resulting in the AlBeMet alloy (a trade name). This blend is cheaper than pure beryllium, while still retaining many desirable properties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157421112060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium mirrors are of particular interest. Large-area mirrors, frequently with a honeycomb support structure, are used, for example, in meteorological satellites where low weight and long-term dimensional stability are critical. Smaller beryllium mirrors are used in optical guidance systems and in fire-control systems, e.g. in the German-made Leopard 1 and Leopard 2 main battle tanks. In these systems, very rapid movement of the mirror is required which again dictates low mass and high rigidity. Usually the beryllium mirror is coated with hard electroless nickel plating which can be more easily polished to a finer optical finish than beryllium. In some applications, though, the beryllium blank is polished without any coating. This is particularly applicable to cryogenic operation where thermal expansion mismatch can cause the coating to buckle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.117528915405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The James Webb Space Telescope will have 18 hexagonal beryllium sections for its mirrors. Because JWST will face a temperature of 33 K, the mirror is made of gold-plated beryllium, capable of handling extreme cold better than glass. Beryllium contracts and deforms less than glass – and remains more uniform – in such temperatures. For the same reason, the optics of the Spitzer Space Telescope are entirely built of beryllium metal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548849105834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is non-magnetic. Therefore, tools fabricated out of beryllium-based materials are used by naval or military explosive ordnance disposal teams for work on or near naval mines, since these mines commonly have magnetic fuzes. They are also found in maintenance and construction materials near magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines because of the high magnetic fields generated by them. In the fields of radio communications and powerful (usually military) radars, hand tools made of beryllium are used to tune the highly magnetic klystrons, magnetrons, traveling wave tubes, etc., that are used for generating high levels of microwave power in the transmitters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.006269454956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is also used in fuel fabrication for CANDU reactors. The fuel elements have small appendages that are resistance brazed to the fuel cladding using an induction brazing process with Be as the braze filler material. Bearing pads are brazed on to prevent fuel bundle to pressure tube contact, and inter-element spacer pads are brazed on to prevent element to element contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24032211303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "The low weight and high rigidity of beryllium make it useful as a material for high-frequency speaker drivers. Because beryllium is expensive (many times more than titanium), hard to shape due to its brittleness, and toxic if mishandled, beryllium tweeters are limited to high-end home, pro audio, and public address applications. Some high-fidelity products have been fraudulently claimed to be made of the material. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95393180847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium oxide is useful for many applications that require the combined properties of an electrical insulator and an excellent heat conductor, with high strength and hardness, and a very high melting point. Beryllium oxide is frequently used as an insulator base plate in high-power transistors in radio frequency transmitters for telecommunications. Beryllium oxide is also being studied for use in increasing the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide nuclear fuel pellets. Beryllium compounds were used in fluorescent lighting tubes, but this use was discontinued because of the disease berylliosis which developed in the workers who were making the tubes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.381217956542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium is a component of several dental alloys. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060422897338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Approximately 35 micrograms of beryllium is found in the average human body, an amount not considered harmful. Beryllium is chemically similar to magnesium and therefore can displace it from enzymes, which causes them to malfunction. Chronic berylliosis is a pulmonary and systemic granulomatous disease caused by inhalation of dust or fumes contaminated with beryllium; either large amounts over a short time or small amounts over a long time can lead to this ailment. Symptoms of the disease can take up to five years to develop; about a third of patients with it die and the survivors are left disabled. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists beryllium and beryllium compounds as Category 1 carcinogens. In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has designated a permissible exposure limit (PEL) in the workplace with a time-weighted average (TWA) 0.002 mg/m3 and a constant exposure limit of 0.005 mg/m3 over 30 minutes, with a maximum peak limit of 0.025 mg/m3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of constant 0.0005 mg/m3. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 4 mg/m3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95537281036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Acute beryllium disease in the form of chemical pneumonitis was first reported in Europe in 1933 and in the United States in 1943. A survey found that about 5% of workers in plants manufacturing fluorescent lamps in 1949 in the United States had beryllium-related lung diseases. Chronic berylliosis resembles sarcoidosis in many respects, and the differential diagnosis is often difficult. It killed some early workers in nuclear weapons design, such as Herbert L. Anderson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656147003173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Beryllium may be found in coal slag. When the slag is formulated into an abrasive agent for blasting paint and rust from hard surfaces, the beryllium can become airborne and become a source of exposure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.719846725463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "Early researchers tasted beryllium and its various compounds for sweetness in order to verify its presence. Modern diagnostic equipment no longer necessitates this highly risky procedure and no attempt should be made to ingest this highly toxic substance. Beryllium and its compounds should be handled with great care and special precautions must be taken when carrying out any activity which could result in the release of beryllium dust (lung cancer is a possible result of prolonged exposure to beryllium-laden dust). Although the use of beryllium compounds in fluorescent lighting tubes was discontinued in 1949, potential for exposure to beryllium exists in the nuclear and aerospace industries and in the refining of beryllium metal and melting of beryllium-containing alloys, the manufacturing of electronic devices, and the handling of other beryllium-containing material. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.574031829833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" }, { "answer": "Beryllium", "passage": "A successful test for beryllium in air and on surfaces has been recently developed and published as an international voluntary consensus standard ASTM D7202. The procedure uses dilute ammonium bifluoride for dissolution and fluorescence detection with beryllium bound to sulfonated hydroxybenzoquinoline, allowing up to 100 times more sensitive detection than the recommended limit for beryllium concentration in the workplace. Fluorescence increases with increasing beryllium concentration. The new procedure has been successfully tested on a variety of surfaces and is effective for the dissolution and ultratrace detection of refractory beryllium oxide and siliceous beryllium (ASTM D7458).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.804047584533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beryllium" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dead man's hand", "passage": "The makeup of poker's dead man's hand has varied through the years. Currently, the dead man's hand is described as a two-pair poker hand consisting of the black aces and black eights. Along with an unknown \"hole\" card, these were the cards reportedly held by \"Old West\" folk hero, lawman and gunfighter, Wild Bill Hickok when he was murdered.", "precise_score": 8.487548828125, "rough_score": 6.5513153076171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "aces and eights", "passage": "What is considered the dead man's hand card combination of today gets its notoriety from a legend that it was the five-card stud hand held by James Butler Hickok (better known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok) when he was shot in the back of the head by Jack McCall on August 2, 1876, in Nuttal & Mann's Saloon at Deadwood, Dakota Territory. Reportedly, Hickok's final hand included the aces and eights of both black suits. ", "precise_score": 7.7819976806640625, "rough_score": 7.27401876449585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "Dead man's hand", "passage": "The expression \"dead man's hand\" appears to have had some currency in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although no one connected it to Hickok until the 1920s. The earliest detailed reference to the \"dead man's hand\" was 1886, where it was described as a \"full house consisting of three jacks and a pair of tens\". Jacks and sevens are called the 'dead man's hand' in the 1903 Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences Edmond Hoyle references the Dead Man's Hand as \"Jacks and eights\" in 1907. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1411852836608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "aces and eights", "passage": "Hickok biographer Joseph Rosa wrote about the make-up of the hand: \"The accepted version is that the cards were the ace of spades, the ace of clubs, two black eights [clubs and spades], and the queen of clubs as the 'kicker' [card].\" However, Rosa said no contemporaneous source for this exact hand can be found. The solidification in gamers parlance of the dead man's hand as two pair, \"aces and eights\", didn't come about until after the 1926 publication of Frank Wilstach's book, Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers—50 years after Hickok's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.269916534423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "aces and eights", "passage": "In accounts that mention two aces and eights, there are various claims regarding the identity of Hickok's fifth card, suggestions that he had discarded one card or that the draw was interrupted by the shooting and Hickok therefore never received his fifth card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.505728721618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "Dead man's hand", "passage": "Historical displays in the town of Deadwood, including one in a reconstruction of the original saloon, display the nine of diamonds as the fifth card. The Lucky Nugget Gambling Hall, at the historic site of Nuttal & Mann's Saloon, displays a jack of diamonds instead. The old Stardust Casino on the Las Vegas Strip had used a five of diamonds in related displays. The western-themed collectible card game Doomtown (and its rebooted expandable card game, Doomtown: Reloaded) uses the Dead Man's Hand as the highest rank in the game, and uses the Jack of Diamonds as the fifth card. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.324368476867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" }, { "answer": "Dead man's hand", "passage": "Both the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Homicide Division and the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System use the dead man's hand in their insignia, .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.318411827087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead man's hand" } ]

[ { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Mosquitoes are known to carry many infectious diseases from several different classes of microorganisms, including viruses and parasites. Mosquito-borne illnesses include malaria, West Nile virus, elephantiasis, dengue fever, yellow fever etc. These infections are normally rare to certain geographic areas.", "precise_score": 4.900986194610596, "rough_score": 0.16505159437656403, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The female mosquito of the genus carries (see Plasmodium). Worldwide, malaria is a leading cause of premature mortality, particularly in children under the age of five, with an estimated 207 million cases and more than half a million deaths in 2012, according to the World Malaria Report 2013 published by WHO.", "precise_score": 5.779767990112305, "rough_score": 5.974670886993408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Mosquitoes are a perfect example of one of the many organisms that can host diseases. Of the known 14,000 infectious microorganisms, 600 are shared between animals and humans. Mosquitoes are known to carry many infectious diseases from several different classes of microorganisms, including viruses and parasites. Mosquito-borne illnesses include malaria, West Nile virus, elephantiasis, dengue fever, yellow fever etc. These infections are normally rare to certain geographic areas. For instance dengue hemorrhagic fever is a viral, mosquito borne illness usually regarded only as a risk in the tropics. However, cases of dengue fever have been popping up in the U.S. along the Texas-Mexican border where it has never been seen before. In 2015 it was also reported that, due to climate change, mosquitoes had started to spread historically rare diseases to Europe - malaria to Greece, West Nile virus to eastern Europe and chikungunya to Italy and France.", "precise_score": 3.72326397895813, "rough_score": 0.20748040080070496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7426540851593018, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Dr. Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. The use of the word \"world\", rather than \"international\", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. It thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state. The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GBP£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease. The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.684027671813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "IT established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive (using the BCG vaccine) was under way. In 1955, the malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO moved into its headquarters building in 1966. The Expanded Programme on Immunization was started in 1974, as was the control programme into onchocerciasis – an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and World Bank. In the following year, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was also launched. In 1976, the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. The first list of essential medicines was drawn up in 1977, and a year later the ambitious goal of \"health for all\" was declared. In 1986, WHO started its global programme on the growing problem of HIV/AIDS, followed two years later by additional attention on preventing discrimination against sufferers and UNAIDS was formed in 1996. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established in 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.639921188354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "In 1998, WHO's Director General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of \"scourges\" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow. Cholera and malaria have remained problems since WHO's founding, although in decline for a large part of that period. In the twenty-first century, the Stop TB Partnership was created in 2000, along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. The Measles initiative was formed in 2001, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. In 2002, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available. In 2006, the organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for a global prevention, treatment and support plan to fight the AIDS pandemic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.920976638793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed. Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases: the first, to reduce the \"health, social and economic burden\" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35187816619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Although WHO dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign in the 1970s as too ambitious, it retains a strong commitment to malaria control. WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. WHO is to report, likely in 2015, as to whether RTS,S/AS01, currently in research, is a viable malaria vaccine. For the time being, insecticide-treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are antimalarial drugs – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.641068935394287, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The other official global public health campaigns marked by WHO are World Tuberculosis Day, World Immunization Week, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Hepatitis Day, and World AIDS Day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.220638275146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293571472167969, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Health Organization" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Mosquitos carrying such arboviruses stay healthy because their immune systems recognizes the virions as foreign particles and \"chop off\" the virus's genetic coding, rendering it inert. Human infection with a mosquito-borne virus occurs when a female mosquito bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding. It is not completely known how mosquitoes handle eukaryotic parasites to carry them without being harmed. Data has shown that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mosquito vector's feeding behavior by increasing frequency of biting in infected mosquitoes, thus increasing the chance of transmitting the parasite. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8040060997009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" }, { "answer": "Malaria", "passage": "Historically, before mosquito transmitted diseases were brought under control, they caused tens of thousands of deaths in these countries and hundreds of thousands of infections. Mosquitoes were shown to be the method by which yellow fever and malaria were transmitted from person to person by Walter Reed, William C. Gorgas and associates in the U.S. Army Medical Corps first in Cuba and then around the Panama Canal in the early 1900s. Since then other diseases have been shown to be transmitted the same way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5707902908325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mosquito-borne disease" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.", "precise_score": 5.132299423217773, "rough_score": 1.090574860572815, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "On , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type atomic bomb (Little Boy) on the city of Hiroshima. American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan's surrender 16 hours later, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth\". Three days later, on , the U.S. dropped a plutonium implosion-type bomb (Fat Man) on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.", "precise_score": 1.7449744939804077, "rough_score": -0.06333231180906296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35, the 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft. ", "precise_score": 5.682415008544922, "rough_score": 4.895877838134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05. About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as Straight Flush flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay. It read: \"Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary.\" The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.", "precise_score": 4.713406085968018, "rough_score": 4.406070709228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The Enola Gay is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.", "precise_score": 8.583940505981445, "rough_score": 8.457871437072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, in the Mariana Islands, about six hours' flight time from Japan, accompanied by two other B-29s, The Great Artiste, carrying instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, to take photographs. The director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., wanted the event recorded for posterity, so the takeoff was illuminated by floodlights. When he wanted to taxi, Tibbets leaned out the window to direct the bystanders out of the way. On request, he gave a friendly wave for the cameras.", "precise_score": 7.386505126953125, "rough_score": 6.761606216430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy took 43 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at 31060 ft to the predetermined detonation height about 1968 ft above the city. Enola Gay traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast. Although buffeted by the shock, neither Enola Gay nor The Great Artiste was damaged.", "precise_score": 3.997523546218872, "rough_score": -2.120403528213501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike. Originally scheduled for 11 August, it was brought forward by two days to 9 August owing to bad weather. This time, a Fat Man nuclear weapon was carried by B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney. Enola Gay, flown by Captain George Marquardt's Crew B-10, was the weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura, the primary target. Enola Gay reported clear skies over Kokura, but by the time Bockscar arrived, the city was obscured by smoke from fires from the conventional bombing of Yawata by 224 B-29s the day before. After three unsuccessful passes, Bockscar diverted to its secondary target, Nagasaki, where it dropped its bomb. In contrast to the Hiroshima mission, the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched, although the mission did meet its objectives. The crew encountered a number of problems in execution, and had very little fuel by the time they landed at the emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa. ", "precise_score": 5.300050258636475, "rough_score": 5.890659809112549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Enola Gay became the center of a controversy at the Smithsonian Institution when the museum planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995 as part of an exhibit commemorating the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The exhibit, The Crossroads: The End of World War II, the Atomic Bomb and the Cold War, was drafted by the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum staff, and arranged around the restored Enola Gay. ", "precise_score": 1.8076462745666504, "rough_score": 0.38258421421051025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "After several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War, the Empire also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples it conquered. After suffering many defeats and following the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan and invasion of Manchuria, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the Empire surrendered to the Allies on August 15, 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement in 1947, officially dissolving the Empire. Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the \"State of Japan\" or simply rendered \"Japan\" in English.", "precise_score": -2.709595203399658, "rough_score": -3.215679168701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "After securing airfields in Saipan and Guam in the summer of 1944, the United States Army Air Forces undertook an intense strategic bombing campaign, using incendiary bombs, burning Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's industry and shatter its morale. The Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, led to the deaths of approximately 100,000 civilians. Approximately 350,000–500,000 civilians died in 66 other Japanese cities as a result of the incendiary bombing campaign on Japan. Concurrent to these attacks, Japan's vital coastal shipping operations were severely hampered with extensive aerial mining by the U.S.'s Operation Starvation. Regardless, these efforts did not succeed in persuading the Japanese military to surrender. In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic bombings were the first and only used against the enemy in warfare. These two bombs killed approximately 120,000 to 140,000 combatants and non-combatants in a matter of minutes, and as many again died as a result of nuclear radiation in the following weeks, months and years. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945.", "precise_score": 3.4962143898010254, "rough_score": 2.4307403564453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "*1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9), The Soviet Union and Mongolia invade Japanese colonies of Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (August 9–September 2). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.", "precise_score": 4.0685577392578125, "rough_score": 4.637657165527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The Target Committee nominated five targets: Kokura, the site of one of Japan's largest munitions plants; Hiroshima, an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; Yokohama, an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; Niigata, a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery; and Kyoto, a major industrial center. The target selection was subject to the following criteria:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.042779922485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made. Hiroshima was described as \"an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638296127319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, U.S. military leaders decided against a demonstration bomb, and against a special leaflet warning, in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation, and the wish to maximize psychological shock. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped. Various sources give conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. Robert Jay Lifton writes that it was , and Theodore H. McNelly that it was . The USAAF history notes eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on , but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on and . It is very likely that Hiroshima was leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped. One such leaflet lists twelve cities targeted for firebombing: Otaru, Akita, Hachinohe, Fukushima, Urawa, Takayama, Iwakuni, Tottori, Imabari, Yawata, Miyakonojo, and Saga. Hiroshima was not listed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.708755970001221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865376472473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima during World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.878535270690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance. A number of military units were located nearby, the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata's Second General Army, which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan, and was located in Hiroshima Castle. Hata's command consisted of some 400,000 men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated. Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army, the 5th Division and the 224th Division, a recently formed mobile unit. The city was defended by five batteries of 7-cm and 8-cm (2.8 and 3.1 inch) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division, including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions. In total, an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770806312561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military, but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies. The city was also a communications center, a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops. It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids, due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command's priority target. On , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.458924293518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing. Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima. More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight firebreaks, beginning in 1944. Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.994832992553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Bombing of Hiroshima", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.464998245239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31000 ft to a detonation height of about 1900 ft above the city. describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 30,200 ft, the official history said 31,600 ft, Commander Parson's log entry was 32,700 ft, and the navigator's log was 31,060 ft—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft. Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 1800 to above the city. The device was set to explode at 1885 ft, but this was approximate. uses the figure of 1903 ft plus or minus 50 ft (15 m), determined after data review by . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m, plus or minus 20 m, gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. Enola Gay traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.226539611816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "People on the ground reported seeing a pika or brilliant flash of light followed by a don, a loud booming sound. Some 70,000–80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were Japanese soldiers and 20,000 Korean slave laborers, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm, and another 70,000 injured. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.848044395446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall, now commonly known as the Genbaku (A-bomb) dome. This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel, and was only 150 m from ground zero. The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.839767456054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The Americans estimated that of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged. The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes. As in other Japanese cities, the firebreaks proved ineffective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.843422889709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor, who was in the basement of a reinforced concrete building (it remained as the Rest House after the war) only 170 m from ground zero (the hypocenter) at the time of the attack. He lived into his 80s. Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 m from ground-zero at the time of the attack. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58517074584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Over 90% of the doctors and 93% of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage. The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged. Only one doctor, Terufumi Sasaki, remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital. Nonetheless, by early afternoon, the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals, schools and tram stations, and a morgue was established in the Asano library.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900083541870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle, barely 900 yd from the hypocenter. The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground. The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle. Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and Yamaguchi when the bomb exploded. She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters that \"Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.408486366271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal Hata, who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts. Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded, including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty, Yi Wu, who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army. Hata's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto, who acted as his chief of staff. Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats, intended to repel the American invasion, to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina. Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.372776985168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1300 ft from the hypocenter of the blast. Most died instantly, although two were reported to have been executed by their captors, and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai, where they were stoned to death. Later reports indicated that 8 US prisoners of war held in Hiroshima Castle and executed as part of a medical experiments program prior to the bombing were reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.238570213317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed. About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima. From some small railway stops within 16 km of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.947875022888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0819091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 160 km from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb. After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city, where the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, began to organize relief measures. Tokyo's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman's announcement of the strike, sixteen hours later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.470539569854736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, \"We may be grateful to Providence\" that the German atomic bomb project had failed, and that the United States and its allies had \"spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won\". Truman then warned Japan: \"If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.814658164978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "On , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb. Admiral Soemu Toyoda, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging \"there would be more destruction but the war would go on\". American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet's messages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.55370569229126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679116249084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "At 03:49 on the morning of , Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.380080223083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley. Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including mobilized students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed. Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well. Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely, ranging from 22,000 to 75,000. In the days and months following the explosion, more people died from bomb effects. Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers, and a number of military personnel in transit, there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.252256393432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 soldiers were killed instantly, including thirty-six from the IJA 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division. At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died, including a British citizen, Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw, and seven Dutch POWs. One American POW, Joe Kieyoomia, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell. There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.942754745483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "In his \"Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors\" delivered on , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the bombs. Hirohito met with General MacArthur on , saying to him that \"[t]he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized\". Furthermore, the \"Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors\" speech he told MacArthur about was just personal, not political, and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender. In fact, a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Hirohito ordered his advisers, primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu, Kawada Mizuho, and Masahiro Yasuoka, to write up a surrender speech. In Hirohito's speech, days before announcing it on radio on , he gave three major reasons for surrender: Tokyo's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan, Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans, and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race. Despite the Soviet intervention, Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.707294464111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "After the Hiroshima bomb detonated successfully, Robert Oppenheimer addressed an assembly at Los Alamos \"clasping his hands together like a prize-winning boxer\". The Vatican was less enthusiastic; its newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity. Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse, the Dean of St Albans, prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war's end, calling the use of atomic weapons \"an act of wholesale, indiscriminate massacre\". Nonetheless, news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S.; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans (22.7%) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan. The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public (mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud) and the censorship of photographs that showed corpses and maimed survivors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.201432228088379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Wilfred Burchett was the first journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped, arriving alone by train from Tokyo on , the day of the formal surrender aboard the . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on , entitled \"The Atomic Plague\", the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout. Burchett's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military. The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News, and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda. Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale, ignoring his own account of Hiroshima's radiation sickness published one week earlier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.47218132019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Lieutenant Daniel McGovern, used a film crew to document the results in early 1946. The film crew's work resulted in a three-hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb; it showed burned out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified \"secret\" for the next 22 years. During this time in America, it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films, magazines, and newspapers. The total of 90000 ft of film shot by McGovern's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009. According to Greg Mitchell, with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb, a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public \"in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.231873035430908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945. On , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. All Nippon Eigasha's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities. These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government, declassified, and saved from oblivion. Some black-and-white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970. The public release of film footage of the city post attack, and some research about the human effects of the attack, was restricted during the occupation of Japan, and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.94345235824585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Only the most sensitive and detailed weapons effects information was censored during this period. There was no censorship of the factually written accounts. For example, the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey, which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker, on , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. The book narrates the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior, to months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.990529537200928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "In the spring of 1948, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in a control city, Kure, located 18 mi south of Hiroshima, in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure. Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings. The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure. Among the observed birth defects there was a higher incidence of brain malformation in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, including microencephaly and anencephaly, about 2.75 times the rate seen in Kure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.540247440338135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "In 1985, Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were common among the survivors. Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel's study, historian Ronald E. Powaski wrote that Hiroshima experienced \"an increase in stillbirths, birth defects, and infant mortality\" following the atomic bomb. Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.166426658630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The survivors of the bombings are called , a Japanese word that literally translates to \"explosion-affected people\". , 183,519 hibakusha were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, the memorials record the names of more than 460,000 hibakusha; 297,684 in Hiroshima and 168,767 in Nagasaki. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.685723304748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hibakusha and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness, with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious. This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.830547332763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "On , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha. He was confirmed to be 3 km from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on , the day before Fat Man was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. He died on , at the age of 93, after a battle with stomach cancer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4465413093566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha (lit. double explosion-affected people), and was screened at the United Nations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.507744789123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor. Between 40,000 and 50,000 Koreans were killed by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. Most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.968251705169678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima mission", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969685554504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "The detonation created a blast equivalent to 16 ktonTNT. The U-235 weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its fissile material fissioning. The radius of total destruction was about one mile (1.6 km), with resulting fires across . Americans estimated that of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged. Some 70,000–80,000 people, or some 30% of the city's population, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm, and another 70,000 injured. Out of those killed, 20,000 were soldiers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.808769702911377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Hiroshima mission", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969685554504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Hiroshima", "passage": "Having ignored (mokusatsu) the Potsdam Declaration, the Empire of Japan surrendered and ended World War II, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a declaration of war by the Soviet Union. In a national radio address on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people by Gyokuon-hōsō.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2797017097473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Eagles", "passage": "Philadelphia's professional sports teams date at least to the 1860 founding of baseball's Athletics. The city is one of 12 U.S. cities to have all four major sports: the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League, and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association.", "precise_score": 0.7926190495491028, "rough_score": -5.512777805328369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "Eagles", "passage": "Rock stations WMMR and WYSP had historically been intense rivals. However, in 2011, WYSP switched to sports talk as WIP-FM, which broadcasts all Philadelphia Eagles games. WMMR's The Preston and Steve Show has been the area's top-rated morning show since Howard Stern left broadcast radio for satellite-based Sirius Radio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.602052688598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Andy Samberg", "passage": "SNL has featured over 130 cast members including, besides the above-mentioned players, Rachel Dratch, Amy Poehler, Chris Rock, David Spade, Will Forte, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Tracy Morgan, Chris Parnell, Maya Rudolph, Andy Samberg, Kristen Wiig, and many others. Darrell Hammond is the longest-serving cast member, having been a part of the cast for fourteen years between 1995 and 2009, and returned in 2014 as the show's announcer following the death of Don Pardo. Those selected to join the cast of SNL are normally already accomplished performers, recruited from improvisational comedy groups such as The Groundlings (Ferrell, Hartman, Lovitz, Wiig) and The Second City (Aykroyd, Farley, Fey, Tim Meadows), or established stand-up comedians (Carvey, Sandler, Rock, Norm Macdonald), who already possess the training or experience necessary for SNL.", "precise_score": 1.2032716274261475, "rough_score": 2.530543088912964, "source": "wiki", "title": "Saturday Night Live" }, { "answer": "Andy Samberg", "passage": "In 2005, the comedy troupe The Lonely Island, consisting of SNL members Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, and Jorma Taccone, gained national exposure after joining the show and debuting their comedic music video \"Lazy Sunday\", written with fellow cast member Chris Parnell. The song became a surprise hit, and convinced Michaels to encourage the troupe to develop more comedy songs. Further successes with songs including \"Like A Boss, \"Jizz in My Pants\", \"I'm on a Boat\", \"We Like Sportz\", \"Boombox\", and \"Dick in a Box\"—which won an Emmy for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics in 2007—saw The Lonely Island go on to release two albums, Incredibad (2009) and Turtleneck & Chain (2011), containing SNL-developed songs and original works. The albums were released by Universal Republic Records who were provided with a license to the SNL songs by NBC and Broadway Video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.556464195251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Saturday Night Live" }, { "answer": "Andy Samberg", "passage": "In September 2011, ice cream company Ben & Jerry's released a limited-edition ice cream called \"Schweddy Balls\", inspired by a 1998 sketch of the same name starring Alec Baldwin, Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon. The ice cream became the fastest-selling Ben & Jerry's limited-edition flavor. The ice cream was also subject to criticism and boycotts by the One Million Moms organization over the \"vulgar\" name. Some retail chains chose not to sell the flavor, but declined to say if the decision was at their own discretion or based on the One Million Moms boycotts. In June 2014, two new flavours inspired by SNL sketches were introduced—Lazy Sunday, based on a sketch of the same name featuring Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell, and Gilly's Catastrophic Crunch based on the recurring Gilly sketches featuring Kristen Wiig. Two Wild and Crazy Pies, based on the catchphrase of the recurring Festrunk Brothers, was introduced in September 2014, followed by Wayne'Swirled inspired by the eponymous Wayne's World in February 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.415141105651855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Saturday Night Live" }, { "answer": "Andy Samberg", "passage": "* 2011: Shark Week 2011, hosted by Andy Samberg, began on July 31. It featured seven specials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.776318073272705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shark Week" }, { "answer": "Andy Samberg", "passage": "* 2011: Andy Samberg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375040054321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shark Week" } ]

[ { "answer": "First world war", "passage": "\"The war to end war\" (sometimes called \"The war to end all wars\") was a term for the First World War of 1914—1918. Originally idealistic, it is now used mainly sardonically. ", "precise_score": 6.28617525100708, "rough_score": 4.420377254486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "The war to end war" }, { "answer": "First world war", "passage": "During August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of the war, British author and social commentator H. G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War. Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war. Wells used the shorter form of the phrase, \"the war to end war\", in In the Fourth Year (1918), in which he noted that the phrase had \"got into circulation\" in the second half of 1914. In fact, it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the First World War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5540143847465515, "source": "wiki", "title": "The war to end war" }, { "answer": "World War I", "passage": "Even during World War I, the phrase met with some degree of skepticism; the British politician David Lloyd George is reputed to have said, \"This war, like the next war, is a war to end war.\" As it became apparent that the war had not succeeded in ending war, the phrase took on a more cynical tone. Field Marshal Earl Wavell said despondently of the Paris Peace Conference, \"After the 'war to end war', they seem to have been in Paris at making the 'Peace to end Peace'.\" Wells himself used the phrase in an ironic way in the novel The Bulpington of Blup (1932). Walter Lippmann wrote in Newsweek in 1967, \"The delusion is that whatever war we are fighting is the war to end war\", while President Richard Nixon, in his \"Silent Majority\" speech, said, \"I do not tell you that the war in Vietnam is the war to end wars\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.271401584148407, "source": "wiki", "title": "The war to end war" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Wisconsin Badgers are the athletic teams representing the University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin). They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level), primarily competing in the Big Ten Conference for all sports since the 1896-97 season. Men's sports include basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, rowing, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, rowing, lightweight rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The women's ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA), while the men's and lightweight women's crew team compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC). ", "precise_score": -8.18585205078125, "rough_score": -7.450352191925049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin was dubbed the \"Badger State\" because of the lead miners who first settled there in the 1820s and 1830s. Without shelter in the winter, they had to \"live like badgers\" in tunnels burrowed into hillsides. ", "precise_score": -1.3878173828125, "rough_score": -5.129576683044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The badger mascot was adopted by the University of Wisconsin in 1889. His name, \"Buckingham U. Badger\", a.k.a. \"Bucky Badger,\" was chosen in a contest in 1949. The emblem, a scowling, strutting badger wearing a cardinal-and-white striped sweater, was designed by Art Evans in 1940 and updated in 2003. A live badger from Eau Claire was used at the first few football games that year, but proved to be too fierce to be controlled and was retired to the nearby Henry Vilas Zoo. For a time, the school replaced the live badger with a live raccoon named \"Regdab\" (\"badger\" backwards). In 2006, Bucky Badger was inducted as a charter member of the Mascot Hall of Fame's College Division, joining YoUDee from Delaware and Aubie from Auburn.", "precise_score": -8.5018949508667, "rough_score": -7.7653889656066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's football program has been among the most successful in the Big Ten since the early 1990s, when Barry Alvarez was hired as head coach. Under Alvarez, the Badgers won three Big Ten Championships and three Rose Bowls. In the 2005 season, Alvarez's last year as coach, the Badgers defeated the Auburn Tigers 24-10, in the Capital One Bowl. In 2006, Bret Bielema took over as head coach, posting a 12-1 record and defeating Arkansas 17-14, in the Capital One Bowl. On December 5, 2012, Bielema announced his departure for Arkansas, stating that \"I just felt it was time for me to try and spread my wings and fly a little bit further.\" Bielema was Alvarez's handpicked successor, and he coached the Badgers in their return to the Rose Bowl. The Badgers are 11-10 in bowl games, and have made 14 bowl appearance in the past 15 seasons, including a school record seven straight appearances. The Badger football program has had two Heisman Trophy winners: fullback Alan Ameche in 1954, and running back Ron Dayne in 1999. They came close in the 2011-2012 season, with their running back Montee Ball, who was a finalist but lost to Robert Griffin III (RG3). Running back Melvin Gordon was runner-up in 2014.", "precise_score": -10.682368278503418, "rough_score": -9.182665824890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Wisconsin Badgers football team plays its home games at Camp Randall Stadium. Built in 1917, Camp Randall is the fourth-oldest college football stadium in the country and has a capacity of 80,321. The student section at Camp Randall is considered by many to be one of the best in all of college football. Among the stadium traditions is a well-known student celebration to the House of Pain song \"Jump Around,\" occurring at the end of the third quarter of every home game. The students also sing songs in unison including \"Sweet Caroline\" and \"(Build Me Up) Buttercup\". The University of Wisconsin Marching Band performs its \"Fifth Quarter\" after every game.", "precise_score": -10.415716171264648, "rough_score": -8.52156925201416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has made it to the NCAA Final Four four times in its history — back-to-back trips in 2015 and 2014, in 2000, and in 1941, when it won the national championship. The Badgers have participated in the NCAA tournament for the last 17 seasons (1999–2015). Wisconsin tied for first place in the Big Ten in the 2001-02 season, along with Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio State. In 2002-03 the Badgers won the Big Ten outright, but then lost in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Tournament to Ohio State. In the NCAA Tournament, Wisconsin lost to Kentucky in the Sweet 16. In 2003-04, Wisconsin finished second in the Big Ten. The team went on to win the program's first Big Ten Tournament title. However, the Badgers lost to 3rd-seeded Pittsburgh in the second round of the NCAA Tournament. In the 2004-05 season Wisconsin finished third in the Big Ten. In the 2005 NCAA Tournament, Wisconsin advanced to the Elite Eight by defeating 11th-seeded Northern Iowa, 14th-seeded Bucknell, and 10th-seeded North Carolina State. In 2005-06 the Badgers lost to Indiana in the Big Ten Tournament quarterfinals, and to Arizona in the first round of the NCAA Tournament. The highlight of the season was a win over intrastate rival Marquette.", "precise_score": -8.857972145080566, "rough_score": -6.728680610656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the 2006-07 season the Badgers had victories at Marquette and at home against 2nd ranked Pittsburgh. Its lone non-conference loss was against Missouri State. On February 19, 2007, they earned their first No. 1 ranking in school history with a 26–2 record, but were defeated the next day by the unranked Michigan State Spartans. Entering the Big 10 Tournament as the second seed, their first game was against Michigan State, who the Badgers defeated 70–57. In the next round against Illinois, the Badgers won 53–41 and advanced to the final to face No. 1-ranked Ohio State. The Buckeyes defeated the Badgers 66–49. In the NCAA Tournament Wisconsin received a Number 2 seed in the Midwest bracket. The Badgers defeated Texas A&M Corpus-Christi. The second round of the tournament proved fatal for the Badgers, who lost to UNLV.", "precise_score": -9.14573860168457, "rough_score": -4.697964191436768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Dick Bennett is largely credited with beginning the turnaround of the program. During his six-year tenure at Wisconsin (1995–2000), the Badgers achieved a 91-68 record and had two 20-win seasons. Only twice previously had the Badgers won at least 20 games in a season, the most recent being the 1940-41 championship season. Coach Bo Ryan has been in charge since the 2001-02 season and has led the Badgers to the NCAA Tournament every year. During the 2006–07 season, he not only achieved his 500th win as a college coach but the Badgers were also ranked Number 1 in the AP Top for the first time in program history. On December 12, 2009, Ryan earned his 200th win with the Badgers (against 75 losses), defeating in-state rival Marquette. During the 2014-2015 season, the Badgers reached the National Championship game, but lost to Mike Krzyzewski's Duke squad.", "precise_score": -10.102396011352539, "rough_score": -7.906068801879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Badger women won their first title in 2006, at Mariucci Arena in Minneapolis, with a 3–0 victory over the defending champion Minnesota Golden Gophers. This was the first women's hockey national championship for Wisconsin and the first time that the NCAA Women's National Championship trophy left the state of Minnesota. (Minnesota-Duluth won the trophy in 2001, 2002, and 2003; Minnesota won it in 2004 and 2005.) The victory did, however, continue the Western Collegiate Hockey Association's dominance of the women's crown. On March 18, 2007, the Badger women captured the back-to-back national championship with a 4–1 win over Minnesota-Duluth at Herb Brooks Arena, in Lake Placid, New York. The Badgers returned to the national championship game in 2008, but suffered a 4-0 loss at the hands of Minnesota-Duluth. In 2009, the Badgers became the first team in NCAA history to reach the title game in four consecutive seasons, winning their third national championship with a 5-0 victory over Mercyhurst. The Badgers went on to win their fourth and most recent national championship in 2011, defeating Boston University 4-1 at Tullio Arena in Erie, Pennsylvania.", "precise_score": -9.753165245056152, "rough_score": -7.524716854095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state is divided into 72 counties.", "precise_score": -8.708850860595703, "rough_score": -8.432832717895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is known as \"America's Dairyland\" because it is one of the nation's leading dairy producers, particularly famous for cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology (IT), and tourism are also major contributors to the state's economy.", "precise_score": -0.3944872319698334, "rough_score": -5.807779312133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War. However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an American presence in the area. Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Dodgeville, and nearby areas. Some miners found shelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname \"badgers\", leading to Wisconsin's identity as the \"Badger State.\" The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 culminated in the forced removal of Native Americans from most parts of the state. Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding what is now Milwaukee were occupied by farmers from the New England states. ", "precise_score": -3.36201810836792, "rough_score": -2.293121099472046, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Erie Canal facilitated the travel of both Yankee settlers and European immigrants to Wisconsin Territory. Yankees from New England and upstate New York seized a dominant position in law and politics, enacting policies that marginalized the region's earlier Native American and French-Canadian residents. Yankees also speculated in real estate, platted towns such as Racine, Beloit, Burlington, and Janesville, and established schools, civic institutions, and Congregationalist churches. At the same time, many Germans, Irish, Norwegians and other immigrants also settled in towns and farms across the territory, establishing Catholic and Lutheran institutions. The growing population allowed Wisconsin to gain statehood as the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Between 1840 and 1850, Wisconsin's non-Indian population had swollen from 31,000 to 305,000. Over a third of residents (110,500) were foreign born, including 38,000 Germans, 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland and Wales, and 21,000 Irish. Another third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. Only about 63,000 residents in 1850 had been born in Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -1.8560819625854492, "rough_score": -3.5588607788085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854 after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured in Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional. The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate state politics in the aftermath of these events. During the Civil War, around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union. ", "precise_score": -9.930082321166992, "rough_score": -8.760857582092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early years of statehood. While lead mining diminished, agriculture became a principal occupation in the southern half of the state. Railroads were built across the state to help transport grains to market, and industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin briefly became one of the nation's leading producers of wheat during the 1860s. Meanwhile, the lumber industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state. These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.", "precise_score": -9.896208763122559, "rough_score": -8.906615257263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation as \"America's Dairyland.\" Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th century, paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early 20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food processing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leading Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by 1910. ", "precise_score": -2.9290995597839355, "rough_score": -4.864874839782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next wave was dominated by \"Yankees\", migrants of English descent from New England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and 1900, large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), and smaller groups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Italians, and others. In the 20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee; and after the end of the Vietnam War came an influx of Hmongs.", "precise_score": -9.88808536529541, "rough_score": -9.168033599853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, \"Fighting Bob\" La Follette and the Progressive movement; and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy. From the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was referred to as \"sewer socialism\" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence faded in the late 1950s, largely because of the red scare and racial tensions. The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to 1960. Succeeding Frank Zeidler, the last of Milwaukee's Socialist mayors, (Henry Maier), a former Wisconsin State Senator and member of the Democratic Party was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1960. Maier remained in office for 28 years, the longest serving mayor in Milwaukee history. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War.", "precise_score": -10.60062313079834, "rough_score": -9.203753471374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's population. Milwaukee is at the northern edge of an urban area bordering Lake Michigan that stretches southward into greater Chicago and northwestern Indiana, with a population of over 11 million. With over 594,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest city in the country. The string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a megalopolis.", "precise_score": -10.426762580871582, "rough_score": -9.13333511352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read \"America's Dairyland\" since 1940 ) have led to the nickname (sometimes used pejoratively among non-residents) of \"cheeseheads\" and to the creation of \"cheesehead hats\" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese. ", "precise_score": -4.198053359985352, "rough_score": -8.196160316467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The history of Wisconsin encompasses the story not only of the people who have lived in Wisconsin since it became a state of the U.S., but also that of the Native American tribes who made their homeland in Wisconsin, the French and British colonists who were the first Europeans to live there, and the American settlers who lived in Wisconsin when it was a territory. Since its admission to the Union on May 29, 1848 as 30th state, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous, with Yankees being among the first to arrive from New York and New England. They dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including German Americans, mostly between 1850 and 1900, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian Americans) and smaller groups of Belgian Americans, Dutch Americans, Swiss Americans, Finnish Americans, Irish Americans and others; in the 20th century, large numbers of Polish Americans and African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee. Politically the state was predominantly Republican until recent years, when it became more evenly balanced. The state took a national leadership role in the Progressive Movement, under the aegis of Robert M. La Follette, Sr. and his family, who fought the old guard bitterly at the state and national levels. The \"Wisconsin Idea\" called for the use of the higher learning in modernizing government, and the state is notable for its strong network of state universities.", "precise_score": 1.5954229831695557, "rough_score": -1.6220765113830566, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The United States acquired Wisconsin in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Massachusetts claimed the territory east of the Mississippi River between the present-day Wisconsin-Illinois border and present-day La Crosse, Wisconsin. Virginia claimed the territory north of La Crosse to Lake Superior and all of present-day Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. Shortly afterward, in 1787, the Americans made Wisconsin part of the new Northwest Territory. Later, in 1800, Wisconsin became part of Indiana Territory. Despite the fact that Wisconsin belonged to the United States at this time, the British continued to control the local fur trade and maintain military alliances with Wisconsin Indians.", "precise_score": -8.99863052368164, "rough_score": -8.889753341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the Black Hawk War, Sac, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, led by Chief Black Hawk, who had been relocated from Illinois to Iowa, attempted to resettle in their Illinois homeland on April 5, 1832. On May 10 Chief Black Hawk decided to go back to Iowa. On May 14, Black Hawk's forces met with a group of militia men led by Isaiah Stillman. All three members of Black Hawk's parley were shot and one was killed. The Battle of Stillman's Run ensued, leaving twelve militia men and three to five Sac and Fox warriors dead. Of the fifteen battles of the war, six took place in Wisconsin. The other nine as well as several smaller skirmishes took place in Illinois. The first confrontation to take place in Wisconsin was the first attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June 6, in which one member of the local militia was killed outside of fort. There was also the Spafford Farm Massacre on June 14, the Battle of Horseshoe Bend on June 16, which was a United States victory, the second attack on Fort Blue Mounds on June 20, and the Sinsinawa Mound raid on June 29. The Native Americans were defeated at the Battle of Wisconsin Heights on July 21, with forty to seventy killed and only one killed on the United States side. The Black Hawk War ended with the Bad Axe Massacre on August 1–2, with over 150 Native Americans dead and 75 captured and only five killed in the United States forces. Many of the Native American warchiefs were handed over to the United States on August 20, with the exception of Black Hawk and White Cloud, who surrendered on August 27, 1832. Black Hawk moved back to Iowa in 1833, after being held prisoner by the United States government. ", "precise_score": -9.884516716003418, "rough_score": -8.545479774475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The resolution of these Indian conflicts opened the way for Wisconsin's settlement. Many of the region's first settlers were drawn by the prospect of lead mining in southwest Wisconsin. This area had traditionally been mined by Native Americans. However, after a series of treaties removed the Indians, the lead mining region was opened to white miners. Thousands rushed in from across the country to dig for the \"gray gold\". Expert miners from Cornwall, England, formed a large part of the wave of immigrants. Boom towns like Mineral Point, Platteville, Shullsburg, Belmont, and New Diggings sprang up around mines. The first two federal land offices in Wisconsin were opened in 1834 at Green Bay and at Mineral Point. By the 1840s, southwest Wisconsin mines were producing more than half of the nation's lead. Wisconsin was dubbed the \"Badger State\" because of the lead miners who first settled there in the 1820s and 1830s. Without shelter in the winter, they had to \"live like badgers\" in tunnels burrowed into hillsides. ", "precise_score": -5.418635845184326, "rough_score": -7.851961135864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin Territory was created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1836. By fall of that year, the best prairie groves of the counties surrounding Milwaukee were occupied by New England farmers. The new territory initially included all of the present day states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, as well as parts of North and South Dakota. At the time the Congress called it the \"Wiskonsin Territory\". ", "precise_score": -7.650618553161621, "rough_score": -6.831542491912842, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "By the mid-1840s, the population of Wisconsin Territory had exceeded 150,000, more than twice the number of people required for Wisconsin to become a state. In 1846, the territorial legislature voted to apply for statehood. That fall, 124 delegates debated the state constitution. The document produced by this convention was considered extremely progressive for its time. It banned commercial banking, granted married women the right to own property, and left the question of African-American suffrage to a popular vote. Most Wisconsinites considered the first constitution to be too radical, however, and voted it down in an April 1847 referendum.", "precise_score": -8.75168514251709, "rough_score": -8.815269470214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In December 1847, a second constitutional convention was called. This convention resulted in a new, more moderate state constitution that Wisconsinites approved in a March 1848 referendum, enabling Wisconsin to become the 30th state on May 29, 1848. Wisconsin was the last state entirely east of the Mississippi River (and by extension the last state formed entirely from territory assigned to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris) to be admitted to the Union.", "precise_score": 4.9875946044921875, "rough_score": 3.9713706970214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "A railroad frenzy swept Wisconsin shortly after it achieved statehood. The first railroad line in the state was opened between Milwaukee and Waukesha in 1851 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. The railroad pushed on, reaching Milton, Wisconsin in 1852, Stoughton, Wisconsin in 1853, and the capital city of Madison in 1854. The company reached its goal of completing a rail line across the state from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River when the line to Prairie du Chien was completed in 1857. Shortly after this, other railroad companies completed their own tracks, reaching La Crosse in the west and Superior in the north, spurring development in those cities. By the end of the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the state, enabling the growth of other industries that could now easily ship products to markets across the country.", "precise_score": -10.153671264648438, "rough_score": -7.18636417388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the presidential elections of 1848 and 1852, the Democratic Party won Wisconsin. In the elections of 1856, 1860, and 1864, the Republican Party won the state.", "precise_score": -8.091672897338867, "rough_score": -8.790926933288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Between the 1840s and 1860s, settlers from New England, New York and Germany arrived in Wisconsin. Some of them brought radical political ideas to the state. In the 1850s, stop-overs on the underground railroad were set up in the state and abolitionist groups were formed. One such group was the Republican party. On March 20, 1854, the first county meeting of the Republican Party of the United States, consisting of about thirty people, was held in the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. Ripon claims to be the birthplace of the Republican Party, as does Jackson, Michigan, where the first statewide convention was held. A notable instance of abolitionism in Wisconsin was the rescue of Joshua Glover, an escaped slave from St. Louis who sought refuge in Racine, Wisconsin in 1852. He was caught in 1854 by federal marshals and put in a jail at Cathedral Square in Milwaukee, where he waited to be returned to his owner. A mob of 5000 people led by Milwaukee abolitionist Sherman Booth, himself a \"Yankee\" transplant from rural New York, sprung Glover from jail and helped him escape to Canada via the underground railroad.", "precise_score": -9.496383666992188, "rough_score": -8.397491455078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In parts of northern Wisconsin, farmers cultivated cranberries and in a few counties in south central Wisconsin, farmers had success growing tobacco, but the most popular replacement for wheat was dairy farming. As wheat fell out of favor, many Wisconsin farmers started raising dairy cattle and growing feed crops, which were better suited to Wisconsin's climate and soil. One reason for the popularity of dairy farming was that many of Wisconsin's farmers had come to the state from New York, the leading producer of dairy products at the time. In addition, many immigrants from Europe brought an extensive knowledge of cheese making. Dairying was also promoted by the University of Wisconsin–Madison's school of agriculture, which offered education to dairy farmers and researched ways to produce better dairy products. The first test of butterfat content in milk was developed at the University, which allowed for consistency in the quality of butter and cheese. By 1899, over ninety percent of Wisconsin farms raised dairy cows and by 1915, Wisconsin had become the leading producer of dairy products in the United States, a position it held until the 1990s. The term America's Dairlyland appeared in newspapers as early as 1913 when the state's butterfat production became first in the nation. In 1939 the state legislature enacted a bill to add the slogan to the state's automobile license plates. It continues to be the nation's largest producer of cheese, no longer focusing on the raw material (milk) but rather the value-added products. Because of this, Wisconsin continues to promote itself as \"America's Dairyland\", Wisconsinites are referred to as cheeseheads in some parts of the country, including Wisconsin, and foam cheesehead hats are associated with Wisconsin and its NFL team, the Green Bay Packers. ", "precise_score": -5.449712753295898, "rough_score": -7.930388927459717, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Established in 1911, the University of Wisconsin wrestling team has had 15 WIAC conference championships, 18 individual NCAA titles, 68 Big Ten individual titles, 65 All-Americans, and 5 academic All-Americans. The head coach is Barry Davis. Home dual meets and tournaments take place at the Wisconsin Fieldhouse. Barry Davis is the current Head coach of the Badger wrestling program in his 20th season with UW. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.248839378356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Mike Eaves was the head coach of the men's hockey team until March 2016, while Mark Johnson coaches the women's hockey team. Both coaches were teammates on the Badgers' 1977 NCAA title team. Former Denver Pioneers head coach George Gwozdecky, the only other person besides Eaves and Johnson to win ice hockey national championships as both a player and head coach, was also a member of Wisconsin's 1977 national championship team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999554634094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "As of July 2, 2014, Wisconsin has won 28 NCAA national championships: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212376594543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "† All men's and women's rowing titles above included winning the eights. The men's 1986 title was not an IRA championship but rather a now-defunct finals-only meet that included three rowing squads with a history of snubbing the IRAs. In 1990, Wisconsin's men's titles included both this event and the IRA eights championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322580337524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The University of Wisconsin has been involved in disputes with a number of high schools, including Westside High School in Omaha, Nebraska, and schools in Iowa, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and West Virginia, as well as with D-II Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. The issue involved the use of the Badger's athletic logo, the \"motion W\". As a result of the litigation, the high schools involved were required to change their logos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419702529907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin Badgers" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's geography is diverse, with the Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972886085510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. Subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in large numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534456253051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the name originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning \"it lies red\", a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells. Other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning \"red stone place\", \"where the waters gather\", or \"great rock\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128198623657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants. Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the \"Effigy Mound culture\", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds across the landscape. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact. Other Native American groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and 1700. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525999069213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks. Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien. Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries, but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in 1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293545722961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764. Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as \"La Baye\", however British fur traders referred to it as \"Green Bay\", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of \"Green Bay\" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42396068572998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, Dewey's father's family had lived in New England since 1633, when their ancestor, Thomas Due, had come to America from Kent County, England. Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government. He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.814085960388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Dewey was an abolitionist and the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories. The home Dewey built near Cassville is now a state park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.643176078796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system, the first effective workplace injury compensation law, and the first state income tax, making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the UW-Extension system at this time. Later, UW economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.888437271118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the immediate aftermath of World War II, citizens of Wisconsin were divided over things such as the creation of the United Nations, support for the European recovery, and the growth of the Soviet Union's power. However, when Europe divided into Communist and capitalist camps and the Communist revolution in China succeeded in 1949, public opinion began to move towards support for the protection of democracy and capitalism against Communist expansion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.687580108642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state became a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson during the 1990s. The state's economy also underwent further transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.438345909118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in 1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819741249084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1500000 acre Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547258377075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.952305793762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo silt loam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330520629882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service in Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248551368713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco, China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110271453857422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The pole of inaccessibility for Wisconsin, located approximately 15 mi southwest of Wausau at , marks the location furthest from any point not within Wisconsin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32596492767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The southern third of Wisconsin is classified as hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) and the colder northern portion is classified as warm summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The highest temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached −55 °F (−48 °C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging around 40 inches in the southern portions with up to 160 inches annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79482650756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was 5,771,337 on July 1, 2015, a 1.48% increase since the 2010 United States Census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89310359954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The six largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish (10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%), and Italian (6.1%). German is the most common ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon. Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06550407409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. 86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646032333374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay, Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215188980102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.520758628845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The percentage of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations are Christian 81% (Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic 29%, Mormon 0.5%), Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and the unaffiliated at 15%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1143798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in Wisconsin were Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant. As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 223,279 adherents. The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, which has the fourth highest numbers of adherents in Wisconsin, and the international conference it belongs to, the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, both have their headquarters in Waukesha, Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701729774475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/nonnegligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850 robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes. Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics through the Office of Justice Assistance. The OJA reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance rate (% solved) of 50%. The OJA reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for sexual assaults of 57%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277057647705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state, documenting the organization of the state's three branches of government. Published every two years with updated information, copies are available by contacting state legislators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082077026367188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government. Wisconsin's government is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12623405456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor, Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Republicans. The Secretary of State is a Democrat, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin is a non-partisan position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850940704345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935462951660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283163070678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the United States Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is divided into eight congressional districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866497993469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4% to 7.65%. The state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%. Milwaukee County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33938217163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283201217651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42452335357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377988815307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has had a diplomatic relationship with the Japanese prefecture of Chiba since 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388179779052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The last election in which Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate was in 1984. Both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were quite close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising, in accord with its status as a \"swing\", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Again, Barack Obama carried the state in 2008 by 381,000 votes (56%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856322288513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; in fact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the Republican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe McCarthy was a controversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold, and Congressman David Obey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587617874145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The cities of Wisconsin have been active in increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet, thereby providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the five most populous cities in Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet-based access of all public records directly from the cities' databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, [http://legistar.milwaukee.gov/mattersearch/ on their page], in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the [http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/cnet/2006-12-01-wired-cities_x.htm Number 1 digital city by the Center for Digital Government] in consecutive years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13392162322998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In recent decades, Wisconsin has become a Democratic-leaning state at the presidential level; it has voted for Democratic candidates in each of the last seven presidential elections. The last Republican to carry the state was Ronald Reagan in 1984. In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Despite Ryan's presence on the Republican ticket, Obama still carried Wisconsin by a margin of 53% to 46%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504378318786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. The 2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office and both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator Russ Feingold, and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 5–3 Republican majority House delegation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059762954711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 bil. deficit. The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day, and garnered international attention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534193992614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the Republican Party has taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election. Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the powerful House Appropriations Committee. However, Obey retired and the once Democratic seat was overtaken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.473159790039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (1957–89), dominated the Democratic party for years; he was best known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending. Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001. Republican Paul Ryan was, at age 28, the youngest member of the Congressional freshman class when he took office in January 1999. In 2012, he was selected as the Republican party's candidate for Vice President, running with Mitt Romney. In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S. Representative.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.313578605651855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In 2010 Wisconsin's gross state product was $248.3 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states. The economy of Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest among states in manufacturing gross domestic product. Manufacturing accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion that is third among all states. The per capita personal income was $35,239 in 2008. In June 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8% (seasonally adjusted). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.133842468261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132096290588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "# University of Wisconsin–Madison", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12137222290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "# Wisconsin Department of Corrections", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429056167602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "# Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425286293029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.\"Total Cheese Production Excluding Cottage Cheese – States and United States: February 2010 and 2011\" in United States Department of Agriculture, [http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf Dairy Products], p. 13. It is second in milk production, after California, and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and Vermont. Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter. The state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries ginseng, and snap beans for processing. It grows over half the national crop of cranberries. and 97% of the nation's ginseng. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.436227798461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine; Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; John Deere; Briggs & Stratton; Milwaukee Electric Tool Company; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; The Manitowoc Company; Oshkosh Corporation; Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C. Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture; Ariens; and Evinrude Outboard Motors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195047378540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey Inc., Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 mi stretch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012948036193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin – the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring Green, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and The Dells of the Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw international attention, along with hundreds of thousands of visitors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921030044555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take advantage of the tax incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million on the film, it was reported that most of that went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's making. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31022834777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has no production of oil, gas, or coal. Its in-state electrical generation is mostly from coal. Other important electricity sources are natural gas and nuclear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233050346374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253073692321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the state's highways. Seven Interstate Highways transverse the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047821044921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Amtrak provides daily passenger rail service between Chicago and Milwaukee. It also provides cross-country service via the Empire Builder with station stops in several cities in Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323668479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "With a population of around 233,000 and metropolitan area of over 600,000, Madison has a dual identity as state capital and college town. Madison's suburb, Middleton, was ranked the \"Best Place to Live in America\" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.227418899536133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban areas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36398696899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education in the state advocated the \"Wisconsin Idea\", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The \"Wisconsin Idea\" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.498589515686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Today, public post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the flagship university University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System. Private colleges and universities include Alverno College, Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, Carthage College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University, Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St. Norbert College, Wisconsin Lutheran College, and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4917631149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Polka Days, Cheese Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer, Arab Fest, Wisconsin Highland Games and many others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060836791992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin's music festivals include Eaux Claires, Miller Lite Presents Country Fest, Bud Light Presents Country Jam USA, the Coors Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes, and Ford Presents Country USA. Milwaukee hosts Summerfest, dubbed \"The World's Largest Music Festival\", every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as are a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals. The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top Wisconsin artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044370651245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, consumption of alcohol per state, and proportion of drinkers. Consumption per-capita per-event, however, ranks low among the nation; number of events (number of times alcohol is involved) is significantly higher or highest, but consumption at each event smaller, marking Wisconsin's consumption as frequent and moderate. Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the longstanding presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074525833129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In Wisconsin, the legal drinking age is 21, except when accompanied by a parent, guardian, or spouse who is at least 21 years old. Age requirements are waived for possessing alcohol when employed by a brewer, brewpub, beer and/or liquor wholesaler, or producer of alcohol fuel. The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21, with no exceptions. The Absolute Sobriety law states that any person not of legal drinking age (currently 21 years of age) may not drive after consuming alcohol. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257887840270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "On September 30, 2003, the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure. The Wisconsin Tavern League opposes raising the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series \"Wasted in Wisconsin\" examined this situation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.927292823791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11188 sqmi of water, more than all but three other states - Alaska, Michigan, and Florida. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934399604797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer hunting licenses are sold. In 2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be between 1.5 and 1.7 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267364501953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is represented by major league teams in three sports: football, baseball, and basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National Football League's Green Bay Packers. The Packers have been part of the NFL since the league's second season in 1921 and hold the record for the most NFL titles, earning the city of Green Bay the nickname \"Titletown USA\". The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL and the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The franchise was founded by \"Curly\" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for season tickets to Lambeau Field. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804304122924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues). Wisconsin is also home to the Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Green Bay Bullfrogs, the Kenosha Kingfish, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate all-star summer league. In addition to the Packers, Green Bay is also the home to an indoor football team, the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL. The state is home to the six-time MSL Champion Milwaukee Wave. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.138154029846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Panthers of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers football former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made trips to college basketball's Final Four in 2000, 2014 and 2015. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.403056144714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 107 NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of March 30, 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166783332824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators from Eau Claire, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior. The league also has teams in Michigan and Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192808151245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05068302154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year since 1927. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231059074401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The first known inhabitants of what is now Wisconsin were Paleo-Indians, who first arrived in the region in about 10,000 BC at the end of the Ice Age. The retreating glaciers left behind a tundra in Wisconsin inhabited by large animals, such as mammoths, mastodons, bison, and muskox. The Boaz mastodon and the Clovis artifacts discovered in Boaz, Wisconsin show that the Paleo-Indians hunted these large animals. They also gathered plants as conifer forests grew in the glaciers' wake. With the decline and extinction of many large mammals in the Americas, the Paleo-Indian diet shifted toward smaller mammals like deer and bison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516175270080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "During the Archaic Period, from 6000–1000 BC, mixed conifer-hardwood forests as well as mixed prairie-forests replaced Wisconsin's conifer forests. People continued to depend on hunting and gathering. Around 4000 BC they developed spear-throwers and copper tools such as axes, adzes, projectile points, knives, perforators, fishhooks and harpoons. Copper ornaments like beaded necklaces also appeared around 1500 BC. These people gathered copper ore at quarries on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan and on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. They may have crafted copper artifacts by hammering and folding the metal and also by heating it to increase its malleability. However it is not certain if these people reached the level of copper smelting. Regardless, the Copper Culture of the Great Lakes region reached a level of sophistication unprecedented in North America. The Late Archaic Period also saw the emergence of cemeteries and ritual burials, such as the one in Oconto. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819965362548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Early Woodland Period began in 1000 BC as plants became an increasingly important part of the people's diet. Small scale agriculture and pottery arrived in southern Wisconsin at this time. The primary crops were maize, beans and squash. Agriculture, however, could not sufficiently support these people, who also had to hunt and gather. Agriculture at this time was more akin to gardening than to farming. Villages emerged along rivers, streams and lakes, and the earliest earthen burial mounds were constructed. The Havana Hopewell Culture arrived in Wisconsin in the Middle Woodland Period, settling along the Mississippi River. The Hopewell people connected Wisconsin to their trade practices, which stretched from Ohio to Yellowstone and from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico. They constructed elaborate mounds, made elaborately decorated pottery and brought a wide range of traded minerals to the area. The Hopewell people may have influenced the other inhabitants of Wisconsin, rather than displacing them. The Late Woodland Period began in about 400 AD, following the disappearance of the Hopewell Culture from the area. The people of Wisconsin first used the bow and arrow in the final centuries of the Woodland Period, and agriculture continued to be practiced in the southern part of the state. The Effigy mound culture dominated Southern Wisconsin during this time, building earthen mounds in the shapes of animals. Unlike earlier mounds, many of these were not used for burials. Examples of effigy mounds still exist at High Cliff State Park and at Lizard Mound County Park. In northern Wisconsin people continued to survive on hunting and gathering, and constructed conical mounds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.299788475036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "People of the Mississippian culture expanded into Wisconsin around 1050 AD and established a settlement at Aztalan along the Crawfish River. This elaborately planned site may have been the northernmost outpost of Cahokia. Regardless the Mississippian site traded with and was clearly influenced in its civic and defensive planning, as well as culturally, by its much larger southern neighbor. A rectangular wood-and-clay stockade surrounded the twenty acre site, which contained two large earthen mounds and a central plaza. One mound was used as a temple, and the other may have been used as a mortuary. The Mississippian Culture cultivated maize intensively, and their fields probably stretched far beyond the stockade at Aztalan, although modern agriculture has erased any traces of Mississippian practices in the area. Both Woodland and Mississippian peoples inhabited Aztalan, which was connected to the extensive Mississippian trade network. Shells from the Gulf of Mexico, copper from Lake Superior and Mill Creek chert have been found at the site. Aztalan was abandoned around 1200 AD. The Oneota people later built agriculturally based villages, similar to those of the Mississippians but with the extensive trade networks, in the state. By the time the first Europeans arrived in Wisconsin, the Oneota had disappeared, and the primary inhabitants were the Algonquin-speaking Menominee and the Siouan-speaking Ho-Chunk and Santee Dakota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.399930000305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The first European known to have landed in Wisconsin was Jean Nicolet. In 1634, Samuel de Champlain, governor of New France, sent Nicolet to contact the Ho-Chunk people, make peace between them and the Huron and expand the fur trade, and possibly to also find a water route to Asia. Accompanied by seven Huron guides, Nicolet left New France and canoed through Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and then became the first European known to have entered Lake Michigan. Nicolet proceeded into Green Bay, which he named La Baie des Puants (literally \"The Stinking Bay\"), and probably came ashore near the Red Banks. He made contact with the Ho-Chunk and Menomenee living in the area and established peaceful relations. Nicolet remained with the Ho-Chunk the winter before he returned to Quebec. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757322311401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Beaver Wars fought between the Iroquois and the French prevented French explorers from returning to Wisconsin until 1652-1654, when Pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers arrived at La Baie des Puants to trade furs. They returned to Wisconsin in 1659-1660, this time at Chequamegon Bay on Lake Superior. On their second voyage they found that the Algonquin-speaking Ojibwe had expanded into northern Wisconsin, as they continued to prosper in the fur trade. They also were the first Europeans to contact the Santee Dakota. They built a trading post and wintered near Ashland, before returning to Montreal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509692192077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In 1665 Claude-Jean Allouez, a Jesuit missionary, built a mission on Lake Superior. Five years later he abandoned the mission, and journeyed to La Baie des Puants. Two years later he built St. Francis Xavier Mission near present-day De Pere. In his journeys through Wisconsin, he encountered groups of Native Americans who had been displaced by Iroquois in the Beaver Wars. He evangelized the Algonquin-speaking Potawatomi, who had settled on the Door Peninsula after fleeing Iroquois attacks in Michigan. He also encountered the Algonquin-speaking Sauk, who had been forced into Michigan by the Iroquois, and then had been forced into central Wisconsin by the Ojibwe and the Huron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96488094329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The next major expedition into Wisconsin was that of Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet in 1673. After hearing rumors from Indians telling of the existence of the Mississippi River, Marquette and Joliet set out from St. Ignace, in what is now Michigan, and entered the Fox River at Green Bay. They canoed up the Fox until they reached the river's westernmost point, and then portaged, or carried their boats, to the nearby Wisconsin River, where they resumed canoeing downstream to the Mississippi River. Marquette and Joliet reached the Mississippi near what is now Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in June, 1673. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59971809387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Nicolas Perrot, French commander of the west, established Fort St. Nicholas at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in May, 1685, near the southwest end of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway. Perrot also built a fort on the shores of Lake Pepin called Fort St. Antoine in 1686, and a second fort, called Fort Perrot, on an island on Lake Peppin shortly after. In 1727, Fort Beauharnois was constructed on what is now the Minnesota side of Lake Pepin to replace the two previous forts. A fort and a Jesuit mission were also built on the shores of Lake Superior at La Pointe, in present-day Wisconsin, in 1693 and operated until 1698. A second fort was built on the same site in 1718 and operated until 1759. These were not military posts, but rather small storehouses for furs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605957984924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "During the French colonial period, the first black people came to Wisconsin. The first record of a black person comes from 1725, when a black slave was killed along with four French men in a Native American raid on Green Bay. Other French fur traders and military personnel brought slaves with them to Wisconsin later in 1700s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044775009155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War, taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763. Like the French, the British were interested in little but the fur trade. One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791, when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette. The first permanent settlers, mostly French Canadians, some Anglo-New Englanders and a few African American freedmen, arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control. Charles Michel de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler, establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745, and moving there permanently in 1764. In 1766 the Royal Governor of the new territory, Robert Rogers, engaged Jonathan Carver to explore and map the newly acquired territories for the Crown, and to search for a possible Northwest Passage. Carver left Fort Michilimackinac that spring and spent the next three years exploring and mapping what is now Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544355392456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781. The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay, referred to the town as \"La Bey\", however British fur traders referred to it as \"Green Bay\", because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring. The old French title was gradually dropped, and the British name of \"Green Bay\" eventually stuck. The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British. During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders, whereas the British, in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region, issued licenses for fur trading freely, both to British and French residents. The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule, and the first self-sustaining farms in the state were established at this time as well. From 1763 to 1780, Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff, built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48073673248291, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The United States did not firmly exercise control over Wisconsin until the War of 1812. In 1814, the Americans built Fort Shelby at Prairie du Chien. During the war, the Americans and British fought one battle in Wisconsin, the July, 1814 Siege of Prairie du Chien, which ended as a British victory. The British captured Fort Shelby and renamed it Fort McKay, after Major William McKay, the British commander who led the forces that won the Battle of Prairie du Chien. However, the 1815 Treaty of Ghent reaffirmed American jurisdiction over Wisconsin, which was by then a part of Illinois Territory. Following the treaty, British troops burned Fort McKay, rather than giving it back to the Americans, and departed Wisconsin. To protect Prairie du Chien from future attacks, the United States Army constructed Fort Crawford in 1816, on the same site as Fort Shelby. Fort Howard was also built in 1816 in Green Bay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.916617393493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Significant American settlement in Wisconsin, a part of Michigan Territory beginning in 1818, was delayed by two Indian wars, the minor Winnebago War of 1827 and the larger Black Hawk War of 1832.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02684211730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The Winnebago War started when, in 1826, two Winnebago men were detained at Fort Crawford on charges of murder and then transferred to Fort Snelling in present-day Minnesota. The Winnebago in the area believed that both men had been executed. On June 27, 1827, a Winnebago war band led by Chief Red Bird and the prophet White Cloud (Wabokieshiek) attacked a family of settlers outside of Prairie du Chien, killing two men. They then went on to attack two keel-boats on the Mississippi River that were heading toward Fort Snelling, killing two men and injuring four more. Seven Winnebago warriors were killed in those attacks. The war band also attacked settlers on the lower Wisconsin River and the lead mines at Galena, Illinois. The war band surrendered at Portage, Wisconsin, rather than fighting the United States Army that was pursuing them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.290044784545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "When the fur trade began to decline, Juneau focused on developing the land around his trading post. In the 1830s he formed a partnership with Green Bay lawyer Morgan Martin, and the two men bought 160 acres (0.6 km²) of land between Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River. There they founded the settlement of Juneautown. Meanwhile, an Ohio businessman named Byron Kilbourn began to invest in the land west of the Milwaukee River, forming the settlement of Kilbourntown. South of these two settlements, George H. Walker founded the town of Walker's Point in 1835. Each of these three settlements engaged in a fierce competition to attract the most residents and become the largest of the three towns. In 1840, the Wisconsin State Legislature ordered the construction of a bridge over the Milwaukee River to replace the inadequate ferry system. In 1845, Byron Kilbourn, who had been trying to isolate Juneautown to make it more dependent on Kilbourntown, destroyed a portion of the bridge, which started the Milwaukee Bridge War. For several weeks, skirmishes broke out between the residents of both towns. No one was killed but several people were injured, some seriously. On January 31, 1846 the settlements of Juneautown, Kilbourntown, and Walker's Point merged into the incorporated city of Milwaukee. Solomon Juneau was elected mayor. The new city had a population of about 10,000 people, making it the largest city in the territory. Milwaukee remains the largest city in Wisconsin to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.963848114013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin Territory", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286994934082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The first territorial governor of Wisconsin was Henry Dodge. He and other territorial lawmakers were initially busied by organizing the territory's government and selecting a capital city. The selection of a location to build a capitol caused a heated debate among the territorial politicians. At first, Governor Dodge selected Belmont, located in the heavily populated lead mining district, to be capital. Shortly after the new legislature convened there, however, it became obvious that Wisconsin's first capitol was inadequate. Numerous other suggestions for the location of the capital were given representing nearly every city that existed in the territory at the time, and Governor Dodge left the decision up to the other lawmakers. The legislature accepted a proposal by James Duane Doty to build a new city named Madison on an isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona and put the territory's permanent capital there. In 1837, while Madison was being built, the capitol was temporarily moved to Burlington. This city was transferred to Iowa Territory in 1838, along with all the lands of Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.076169967651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Democracy on the Wisconsin frontier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199296951293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wyman calls Wisconsin a \"palimpsest\" of layer upon layer of peoples and forces, each imprinting permanent influences. He identified these layers as multiple \"frontiers\" over three centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining frontier, and the logging frontier. Finally the coming of the railroad brought the end of the frontier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19858455657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The historian of the frontier, Frederick Jackson Turner grew up in Wisconsin during its last frontier stage, and in his travels around the state he could see the layers of social and political development. One of Turner's last students, Merle Curti used in-depth analysis of local history in Trempeleau County to test Turner's thesis about democracy. Turner's view was that American democracy, \"involved widespread participation in the making of decisions affecting the common life, the development of initiative and self-reliance, and equality of economic and cultural opportunity. It thus also involved Americanization of immigrant.\" Curti found that from 1840 to 1860 in Wisconsin the poorest groups gained rapidly in land ownership, and often rose to political leadership at the local level. He found that even landless young farm workers were soon able to obtain their own farms. Free land on the frontier therefore created opportunity and democracy, for both European immigrants as well as old stock Yankees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615180969238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "With statehood, came the creation of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, which is the state's oldest public university. The creation of this university was set aside in the state charter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.816144943237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In 1847, the Mineral Point Tribune reported that the town's furnaces were producing 43,800 pounds (19,900 kg) of lead each day. Lead mining in southwest Wisconsin began to decline after 1848 and 1849 when the combination of less easily accessible lead ore and the California Gold Rush made miners leave the area. The lead mining industry in mining communities such as Mineral Point managed to survive into the 1860s, but the industry was never as prosperous as it was before the decline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.075631141662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "By 1850 Wisconsin's population was 305,000. Roughly a third (103,000) were Yankees from New England and western New York state. The second largest group were the Germans, numbering roughly 38,000, followed by 28,000 British immigrants from England, Scotland and Wales. There were roughly 63,000 Wisconsin-born residents of the state. The Yankee migrants would be the dominant political class in Wisconsin for many years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.889093399047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Nelson Dewey, the first governor of Wisconsin, was a Democrat. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut, Dewey's father's family had lived in New England since 1633, when their ancestor, Thomas Due, had come to America from Kent County, England. Dewey oversaw the transition from the territorial to the new state government. He encouraged the development of the state's infrastructure, particularly the construction of new roads, railroads, canals, and harbors, as well as the improvement of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. During his administration, the State Board of Public Works was organized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.814085960388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Dewey was an abolitionist and the first of many Wisconsin governors to advocate against the spread of slavery into new states and territories. The home Dewey built near Cassville is now a state park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.643176078796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Between 1848 and 1862, Wisconsin had three Democratic governors, all of whom were in office prior to 1856, four Republican governors, all of whom were in office after 1856, and one Whig governor, Leonard J. Farwell, who served from 1852 to 1854. Under Farwell's governorship, Wisconsin became the second state to abolish capital punishment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.233796119689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "In the 1850s, two-thirds of immigrants to Wisconsin came from the eastern United States, the other one-third being foreign-born. The majority were German immigrants who settled in Wisconsin because of similarities between Germany's and Wisconsin's climate and environment. Many Irish and Norwegian immigrants also came to Wisconsin in the 1850s. Northern Europeans, many of whom were persecuted in their home countries because of their support for the failed bourgeois Revolutions of 1848, often chose Wisconsin because of the liberal constitution of human rights such as the state's unusual recognition of immigrants' right to vote and rights to citizenship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.942232131958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Yankee settlers from New England started arriving in Wisconsin in the 1830s spread throughout the southern half of the territory. They dominated early politics. Most of the started his farmers, but the larger proportion moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs, businessmen and professionals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843090057373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Wisconsin:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320976257324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Wisconsin enrolled 91,379 men in the Union Army during the American Civil War. 272 of enlisted Wisconsin men were African American, and the rest were white. Of these, 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded, 8,022 died of disease, and 400 were killed in accidents. The total mortality was 12,216 men, about 13.4 percent of total enlistments.[http://freepages.books.rootsweb.com/~wirockbios/Blue1907/1907-5-WICW.html 1907 Wisconsin Blue Book - Wisconsin in the War of the Rebellion] Many soldiers trained at Camp Randall, which currently houses the University of Wisconsin's athletic stadium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.987187385559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Most Wisconsin troops served in the western theater, although several Wisconsin regiments fought in the east, such as the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which formed part of the Iron Brigade. These three regiments fought in the Northern Virginia Campaign, the Maryland Campaign, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, the Gettysburg Campaign, the Battle of Mine Run, the Overland Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771096229553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which fought in the western theater of war, is also worthy of mention, having fought at the Battle of Iuka, the Siege of Vicksburg, the Red River Campaign, and the Battle of Nashville. The 8th Wisconsin is also known for its mascot, Old Abe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588166236877441, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Agriculture was a major component of the Wisconsin economy during the 19th century. Wheat was a primary crop on early Wisconsin farms. In fact, during the mid 19th century, Wisconsin produced about one sixth of the wheat grown in the United States. However, wheat rapidly depleted nutrients in the soil, especially nitrogen, and was vulnerable to insects, bad weather, and wheat leaf rust. In the 1860s, chinch bugs arrived in Wisconsin and damaged wheat across the state. As the soil lost its quality and prices dropped, the practice of wheat farming moved west into Iowa and Minnesota. Some Wisconsin farmers responded by experimenting with crop rotation and other methods to restore the soil's fertility, but a larger number turned to alternatives to wheat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99692440032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "The first brewery in Wisconsin was opened in 1835 in Mineral Point by brewer John Phillips. A year later, he opened a second brewery in Elk Grove. In 1840, the first brewery in Milwaukee was opened by Richard G. Owens, William Pawlett, and John Davis, all Welsh immigrants. By 1860, nearly 200 breweries operated in Wisconsin, more than 40 of them in Milwaukee. The huge growth in the brewing industry can be accredited, in part, to the influx of German immigrants to Wisconsin in the 1840s and 1850s. Milwaukee breweries also grew in volume due to the destruction of Chicago's breweries during the great Chicago fire (see: http://www.beerhistory.com/library/holdings/milwaukee.shtml). In the second half of the 19th century, four of the largest breweries in the United States opened in Milwaukee: Miller Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, Valentin Blatz Brewing Company, and Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company. In the 20th century Pabst absorbed Blatz and Schlitz, and moved its brewery and corporate headquarters to California. Miller continues to operate in Milwaukee. The Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company opened in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1867 and continues to operate there to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.548897743225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Agriculture was not viable in the densely forested northern and central parts of Wisconsin. Settlers came to this region for logging. The timber industry first set up along the Wisconsin River. Rivers were used to transport lumber from where the wood was being cut, to the sawmills. Sawmills in cities like Wausau and Stevens Point sawed the lumber into boards that were used for construction. The Wolf River also saw considerable logging by industrious Menominee. The Black and Chippewa Rivers formed a third major logging region. That area was dominated by one company owned by Frederick Weyerhaeuser. The construction of railroads allowed loggers to log year round, after rivers froze, and go deeper into the forests to cut down previously unshippable wood supplies. Wood products from Wisconsin's forests such as doors, furniture, beams, shipping boxes, and ships were made in industrial cities with connects to the Wisconsin lumber industry such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, and Manitowoc. Milwaukee and Manitowac were centers for commercial ship building in Wisconsin. Many cargo ships built in these communities were used to transport lumber from logging ports to major industrial cities. Later a growing paper industry in the Fox River Valley made use of wood pulp from the state's lumber industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742196083068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "Logging was a dangerous trade, with high accident rates. On October 8, 1871, the Peshtigo Fire burned 1,875 square miles (4,850 km²) of forest land around the timber industry town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, killing between 1,200 and 2,500 people. It was the deadliest fire in United States history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822332382202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "From the 1870s to the 1890s, much of the logging in Wisconsin was done by immigrants from Scandinavia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91927433013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" }, { "answer": "Wisconsin", "passage": "By the beginning of the twentieth century, logging in Wisconsin had gone into decline. Many forests had been cleared and never replanted and large corporations in the Pacific Northwest took business away from the Wisconsin industry. The logging companies sold their land to immigrants and out of work lumberjacks who hoped to turn the acres of pine stumps into farms, but few met with success. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059171676635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of Wisconsin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "In summer 1981 PATCO, the union of federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking. Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft–Hartley Act, Reagan stated that if the air traffic controllers \"do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated.\" They did not return and on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order, and used supervisors and military controllers to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained. A leading reference work on public administration concluded, \"The firing of PATCO employees not only demonstrated a clear resolve by the president to take control of the bureaucracy, but it also sent a clear message to the private sector that unions no longer needed to be feared.\" ", "precise_score": 5.827393054962158, "rough_score": 5.97976016998291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "On August 5, following the PATCO workers' refusal to return to work, Reagan fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order, and banned them from federal service for life. In the wake of the strike and mass firings, the FAA was faced with the task of hiring and training enough controllers to replace those that had been fired, a hard problem to fix as, at the time, it took three years in normal conditions to train a new controller. They were replaced initially with nonparticipating controllers, supervisors, staff personnel, some nonrated personnel, and in some cases by controllers transferred temporarily from other facilities. Some military controllers were also used until replacements could be trained. The FAA had initially claimed that staffing levels would be restored within two years; however, it would take closer to ten years before the overall staffing levels returned to normal. PATCO was decertified from its right to represent workers by the Federal Labor Relations Authority on October 22, 1981. The decision was appealed.", "precise_score": 6.975776195526123, "rough_score": 6.7295637130737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "Air traffic controllers' strike", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084205627441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike that was broken by the Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO was called \"one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history\" by labor historian Joseph A. McCartin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.08256721496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "On March 25, 1970, the newly designated union orchestrated a controller \"sickout\" to protest many of the FAA actions that they felt were unfair; over 2,000 controllers around the country did not report to work as scheduled and informed management that they were ill. Controllers called in sick to circumvent the federal law against strikes by government unions. Management personnel attempted to assume many of the duties of the missing controllers but major traffic delays around the country occurred. After a few days, the federal courts intervened and most controllers went back to work by order of the court, but the government was forced to the bargaining table. The sickout led officials to recognize that the ATC system was operating nearly at capacity. To alleviate some of this, Congress accelerated the installation of automated systems, reopened the air traffic controller training academy in Oklahoma City, began hiring air traffic controllers at an increasing rate, and raised salaries to help attract and retain controllers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.398947238922119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "Some former striking controllers were allowed to reapply after 1986 and were rehired; they and their replacements are now represented by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, which was organized in 1987 and had no connection with PATCO. The civil service ban on the remaining strike participants was lifted by President Bill Clinton in 1993. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.177810192108154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "Perhaps the most important, and then highly controversial, domestic initiative was the firing of the air traffic controllers in August 1981. The President invoked the law that striking government employees forfeit their jobs, an action that unsettled those who cynically believed no President would ever uphold that law. President Reagan prevailed, as you know, but far more importantly his action gave weight to the legal right of private employers, previously not fully exercised, to use their own discretion to both hire and discharge workers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.37990865111351013, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "In a review of Joseph McCartin's 2011 book, Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, The Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America in Review 31, Richard Sharpe stated that Reagan was \"laying down a marker\" for his presidency: \"The strikers were often working class men and women who had achieved suburban middle class lives as air traffic controllers without having gone to college. Many were veterans of the US armed forces where they had learned their skills; their union had backed Reagan in his election campaign. Nevertheless, Reagan refused to back down. Several strikers were jailed; the union was fined and eventually made bankrupt. Only about 800 got their jobs back when Clinton lifted the ban on rehiring those who had struck. Many of the strikers were forced into poverty as a result of being blacklisted for [U.S. government] employment.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9793426990509033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "Trade unions representing air traffic controllers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41853141784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" }, { "answer": "Air traffic controllers", "passage": "In addition to the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, two organizations now claim the name and part or all of the jurisdiction of the original PATCO: Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (AFSCME) and Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209166526794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Iron Man (Tony Stark) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, as well as its associated media. The character was created by writer and editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, and designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby. He made his first appearance in Tales of Suspense #39 (cover dated March 1963).", "precise_score": 1.0078513622283936, "rough_score": -2.3507297039031982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "An American billionaire playboy, business magnate, and ingenious engineer, Tony Stark suffers a severe chest injury during a kidnapping in which his captors attempt to force him to build a weapon of mass destruction. He instead creates a powered suit of armor to save his life and escape captivity. Later, Stark augments his suit with weapons and other technological devices he designed through his company, Stark Industries. He uses the suit and successive versions to protect the world as Iron Man, while at first concealing his true identity. Initially, Iron Man was a vehicle for Stan Lee to explore Cold War themes, particularly the role of American technology and business in the fight against communism. Subsequent re-imaginings of Iron Man have transitioned from Cold War themes to contemporary concerns, such as corporate crime and terrorism.", "precise_score": 2.9878673553466797, "rough_score": 4.262936115264893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Writer David Michelinie, co-plotter/inker Bob Layton, and penciler John Romita Jr. became the creative team on the series with Iron Man #116 (Nov. 1978). Micheline and Layton established Tony Stark's alcoholism with the story \"Demon in a Bottle\", and introduced several supporting characters, including Stark's bodyguard girlfriend Bethany Cabe; Stark's personal pilot and confidant James Rhodes, who later became the superhero War Machine; and rival industrialist Justin Hammer, who was revealed to be the employer of numerous high-tech armed enemies Iron Man fought over the years. The duo also introduced the concept of Stark's specialized armors as he acquired a dangerous vendetta with Doctor Doom. The team worked together through #154 (Jan. 1982), with Michelinie writing three issues without Layton.", "precise_score": -1.5790724754333496, "rough_score": -2.939624786376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "Tony Stark is injured by a booby trap and captured by enemy forces led by Wong-Chu. Wong-Chu orders Stark to build weapons, but Stark's injuries are dire and shrapnel is moving towards his heart. His fellow prisoner, Ho Yinsen, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist whose work Stark had greatly admired during college, constructs a magnetic chest plate to keep the shrapnel from reaching Stark's heart, keeping him alive. In secret, Stark and Yinsen use the workshop to design and construct a suit of powered armor, which Stark uses to escape. But during the escape attempt, Yinsen sacrifices his life to save Stark's by distracting the enemy as Stark recharges. Stark takes revenge on his kidnappers and heads back to rejoin the American forces, on his way meeting a wounded American Marine fighter pilot, James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes.", "precise_score": -2.0817344188690186, "rough_score": -2.671701669692993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Back home, Stark discovers that the shrapnel fragment lodged in his chest cannot be removed without killing him, and he is forced to wear the armor's chestplate beneath his clothes to act as a regulator for his heart. He must recharge the chestplate every day or else risk the shrapnel killing him. The cover story that Stark tells the news media and general public is that Iron Man is his (presumably robotic) personal bodyguard, and corporate mascot. To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company (e.g., Communist opponents Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo, and the Titanium Man), as well as independent villains like the Mandarin (who eventually becomes his greatest enemy). No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man, as he cultivates a strong public image of being merely a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of the series' supporting cast, at this point, are his personal chauffeur Harold \"Happy\" Hogan, and secretary Virginia \"Pepper\" Potts—to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity. Meanwhile, James Rhodes finds his own niche as Stark's personal pilot, ultimately revealing himself to be a man of extraordinary skill and daring, in his own right.", "precise_score": -1.3342431783676147, "rough_score": -3.8059494495391846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In Iron Man (vol. 3) #55 (July 2002), Stark publicly reveals his dual identity as Iron Man, not realizing that by doing so, he has invalidated the agreements protecting his armor from government duplication, since those contracts state that the Iron Man armor would be used by an employee of Tony Stark, not by Stark himself. When he discovers that the United States military is again using his technology, and its defective nature nearly causes a disaster to Washington, D.C. which Iron Man barely manages to avert, Stark accepts a Presidential appointment as Secretary of Defense. In this way, he hopes to monitor and direct how his designs are used.", "precise_score": -1.0563682317733765, "rough_score": -5.3021321296691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In the \"Avengers Disassembled\" storyline, Stark is forced to resign after launching into a tirade against the Latverian ambassador at the United Nations, being manipulated by the mentally imbalanced Scarlet Witch, who destroys the Avengers Mansion and kills several members. Stark publicly stands down as Iron Man, but actually continues using the costume. He joins the Avengers in stopping the breakout in progress from the Raft and even saves Captain America from falling. Tony changes the Avengers base to Stark Tower. The Ghost, the Living Laser and Spymaster reappear and shift Iron Man from standard superhero stories to dealing with politics and industrialism. ", "precise_score": -1.7724744081497192, "rough_score": -2.623467445373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In the \"Civil War\" storyline, after the actions of inexperienced superheroes The New Warriors result in the destruction of several city blocks, including the elementary school, in Stamford, Connecticut, there is an outcry across America against super-humans. Learning of the Government's proposed plans, Tony Stark suggests a new plan to instigate a Superhuman Registration Act. The Act would force every super-powered individual in the U.S. to register their identity with the government and act as licensed agents. The Act would force inexperienced super-humans to receive training in how to use and control their abilities, something in which Tony strongly believes. Since his struggle with alcoholism, Stark has carried a tremendous burden of guilt after nearly killing an innocent bystander while piloting the armor drunk. Reed Richards of the Fantastic Four and Dr. Henry \"Hank\" Pym both agree with Stark's proposal; unfortunately, not everyone does. After Captain America is ordered to bring in anyone who refuses to register, he and other anti-registration superheroes go rogue, coming into conflict with the pro-registration heroes, led by Iron Man. The war ends when Captain America surrenders to prevent further collateral damage and civilian casualties, although he had defeated Stark by defusing his armor. Stark is appointed the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D., and organizes a new government-sanctioned group of Avengers. Shortly afterwards, Captain America is assassinated while in custody. This leaves Stark with a great amount of guilt and misgivings about the cost of his victory and he tearfully states that \"it wasn't worth it\". He serves as one of the pallbearers at the memorial service for Captain America, along with Ben Grimm, Ms. Marvel, Rick Jones, T'Challa and Sam Wilson. ", "precise_score": 0.06370231509208679, "rough_score": -2.849712371826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "In the \"Secret Invasion\" storyline, after Tony Stark survives an encounter with Ultron taking over his body, he is confronted in the hospital by Spider-Woman, holding the corpse of a Skrull posing as Elektra. Becoming keenly aware of the upcoming invasion of the Skrulls, Tony gathers the Illuminati and reveals the corpse to them, declaring that they are at war. After Black Bolt reveals himself as a Skrull and is killed by Namor, a squadron of Skrulls attack, forcing Tony to evacuate the other Illuminati members and destroy the area, killing all the Skrulls. Realizing that they are incapable of trusting each other, the members all separate to form individual plans for the oncoming invasion. ", "precise_score": -2.0669174194335938, "rough_score": -3.16379714012146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "In the \"Siege\" storyline, Tony Stark is seen under the care of Dr. Donald Blake and Maria Hill. When the two spot the attack on Asgard, Blake tells Maria to run away with Stark. Hill leaves Stark to assist Blake, now as Thor, after his ambush by Osborn and his attack dog the Sentry. Hill rescues Thor and brings him back to Broxton to recuperate. When Osborn declares martial law and unleashes Daken and the Sentry on Broxton to root out Thor and Hill, Thor reveals himself to defend the town. Hill returns to Tony Stark's hiding place to move him to a safer location and are joined soon after by Speed of the Young Avengers, who holds a certain indestructible suitcase that Edwin Jarvis had given Captain America earlier. Hill orders Speed to surrender when Stark stops her and asks Speed to give him the case. While Osborn is battling the New Avengers, Stark appears in a variant of his MK III armor and proceeds to disable Osborn's Iron Patriot armor. Osborn orders the Sentry to annihilate Asgard, rather than allow the Avengers to have it, which the Sentry does, practically leveling the city before the horrified eyes of Thor. After Asgard falls, literally, Stark stands alongside his fellow heroes, as the now armor-free Osborn exclaims they are all doomed and he 'was saving them from him' pointing up towards a Void-possessed Sentry hovering over them. As the Void tears apart the teams, Loki gives them the power to fight back through the Norn Stones. When the Void kills Loki, Thor's rage-fueled blows rattle the creature. Tony then tells Thor to get the Void away from Asgard, which he does. Tony then drops the commandeered H.A.M.M.E.R. Helicarrier 'as a bullet', subduing the Void. When Robert Reynolds begs to be killed, Thor denies the request, but is forced to when the Void resurfaces. Sometime later, the Super-Human Registration Act is repealed and Tony is given back his company and armory. As a symbol for their heroics and their new unity, Thor places a remaining Asgardian tower on Stark Tower where the Watchtower once stood. ", "precise_score": -3.386260986328125, "rough_score": -5.085777759552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "In the ongoing series that premiered in 2012 as part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch, Tony Stark has hit a technological ceiling. After the death of Dr. Maya Hansen and the destruction of all of the Extremis Ver. 2 kits that were being sold to the black market, Tony decides that the Earth is not safe without him learning more from what's in the final frontier. He takes his new suit, enhanced with an artificial intelligence named P.E.P.P.E.R. and joins Peter Quill and The Guardians of the Galaxy after helping them thwart a Badoon attack on Earth. ", "precise_score": -1.8706282377243042, "rough_score": -5.621384143829346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Tony Stark's personality was inverted because of the events of AXIS, bringing out more dark aspects of himself like irresponsibility, egotism and alcoholism; where other heroes and villains were returned to normal at the conclusion of the crisis, Stark protected himself from the change via an energy shield, which also shielded Alex Summers and Sabretooth from the blast. After relocating to San Francisco, he built himself a new, all-white armor and handed the citizens the Extremis 3.0 app, a version of the techno-virus that could offer beauty, health or even immortallity, for free. When every person in the city viewed Iron Man like a messiah for making their dreams come true, he ended the free trial mode and started charging the app an exorbitant daily fee of $99.99, making many of them desperate for more to the point of resorting to crime. The Extremis 3.0 fever caught the attention of Daredevil, who confronted Stark at his new Alcatraz Island penthouse, but was easily brushed off. Iron Man later used Extremis 3.0 to temporarily restore Daredevil's sight, if only to prove his point. Although Daredevil deduced that Stark had actually added Extremis to the water supply and the phones simply transmitted an activation signal, Stark retaliated by subjecting Murdock to minor brain damage to prevent him from sharing this revelation with others while he reprogrammed Extremis to activate via a signal Murdock could not detect. ", "precise_score": -2.2960362434387207, "rough_score": -5.3391618728637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "After the events of the Secret Wars crossover event, Tony Stark has returned to his normal self with no signs of his inverted personality. Eight months following the return of the universe as seen in the All-New, All-Different Marvel event, Tony had been working on his laboratory non-stop after his position as an innovator had been put in doubt. Because an M.I.T. student reverse-engineered some of his technology, Stark developed a new armor which can change shape, according to the situation he would find himself in. When Stark's new A.I. Friday informed him that Madame Masque had broken into the ruins of Castle Doom, he travelled to Latveria to investigate and ran into some revolutionaries who are then defeated by a man in a suit. To his amazement, Iron Man's armor computer identifies him as Victor von Doom where his face was restored. Victor claims to Iron Man that he wanted to help. ", "precise_score": 0.669829249382019, "rough_score": -0.25912293791770935, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "Tony Stark is an inventive genius whose expertise in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer science rivals that of Reed Richards, Hank Pym, and Bruce Banner, and his expertise in electrical engineering and mechanical engineering surpasses even theirs. He is regarded as one of the most intelligent characters in the Marvel Universe. He graduated with advanced degrees in physics and engineering at the age of 17 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and further developed his knowledge ranging from artificial intelligence to quantum mechanics as time progressed. His expertise extends to his ingenuity in dealing with difficult situations, such as difficult foes and deathtraps, in which he is capable of using available tools, including his suit, in unorthodox but effective ways. He is well respected in the business world, able to command people's attention when he speaks on economic matters, having over the years built up several multimillion-dollar companies from virtually nothing. He is noted for the loyalty he commands from and returns to those who work for him, as well as for his business ethics. Thus he immediately fired an employee who made profitable, but illegal, sales to Doctor Doom. He strives to be environmentally responsible in his businesses.", "precise_score": 1.6147470474243164, "rough_score": 0.7622051239013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Apart from comic books, Iron Man appears in Capcom's \"Vs.\" video games, including Marvel Super Heroes, Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes as either a Gold War Machine or Hyper Armor War Machine, Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes, Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds, and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. Iron Man is a playable character in Iron Man, the 1992 arcade game Captain America and the Avengers, Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and its sequel, and Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects, as well as being featured as an unlockable character in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse and Tony Hawk's Underground. In the 2009 animated series, Iron Man: Armored Adventures, most of the characters, including Tony Stark, are teenagers. An anime adaptation began airing in Japan in October 2010 as part of a collaboration between Marvel Animation and Madhouse, in which Stark, voiced by Keiji Fujiwara, travels to Japan where he ends up facing off against the Zodiac. ", "precise_score": -3.1044058799743652, "rough_score": -3.1028268337249756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In 2008, a film adaptation titled Iron Man was released, starring Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark and directed by Jon Favreau. Iron Man received very positive reviews from film critics, grossing $318 million domestically and $585 million worldwide. The character of Tony Stark, again played by Robert Downey Jr., appeared at the end of the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk. Downey reprised his role in Iron Man 2 (2010), Marvel's The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Captain America: Civil War (2016), and will appear in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) as well as Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its currently untitled sequel (2019). ", "precise_score": -2.818634033203125, "rough_score": -4.913337230682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Throughout most of the character's publication history, Iron Man has been a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers and has been featured in several incarnations of his own various comic book series. Iron Man has been adapted for several animated TV shows and films. The character is portrayed by Robert Downey Jr. in the live action film Iron Man (2008), which was a critical and box office success. Downey, who received much acclaim for his performance, reprised the role in a cameo in The Incredible Hulk (2008), two Iron Man sequels Iron Man 2 (2010) and Iron Man 3 (2013), The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Captain America: Civil War (2016), and will do so again in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) as well as Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its currently untitled sequel (2019) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.503838539123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Iron Man was ranked 12th on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes\" in 2011, and third in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.239079475402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Iron Man's Marvel Comics premiere in Tales of Suspense #39 (cover dated March 1963) was a collaboration among editor and story-plotter Stan Lee, scripter Larry Lieber, story-artist Don Heck, and cover-artist and character-designer Jack Kirby. In 1963, Lee had been toying with the idea of a businessman superhero. He wanted to create the \"quintessential capitalist\", a character that would go against the spirit of the times and Marvel's readership. Lee said,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.724471092224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "While Lee intended to write the story himself, a minor deadline emergency eventually forced him to hand over the premiere issue to Lieber, who fleshed out the story. The art was split between Kirby and Heck. \"He designed the costume,\" Heck said of Kirby, \"because he was doing the cover. The covers were always done first. But I created the look of the characters, like Tony Stark and his secretary Pepper Potts.\" In a 1990 interview, when asked if he had \"a specific model for Tony Stark and the other characters?\", Heck replied \"No, I would be thinking more along the lines of some characters I like, which would be the same kind of characters that Alex Toth liked, which was an Errol Flynn type.\" Iron Man first appeared in 13- to 18-page stories in Tales of Suspense, which featured anthology science fiction and supernatural stories. The character's original costume was a bulky gray armored suit, replaced by a golden version in the second story (issue #40, April 1963). It was redesigned as sleeker, red-and-golden armor in issue #48 (Dec. 1963) by that issue's interior artist, Steve Ditko, although Kirby drew it on the cover. As Heck recalled in 1985, \"[T]he second costume, the red and yellow one, was designed by Steve Ditko. I found it easier than drawing that bulky old thing. The earlier design, the robot-looking one, was more Kirbyish.\"Heck, quoted in ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.01076602935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In his premiere, Iron Man was an anti-communist hero, defeating various Vietnamese agents. Lee later regretted this early focus. Throughout the character’s comic book series, technological advancement and national defense were constant themes for Iron Man, but later issues developed Stark into a more complex and vulnerable character as they depicted his battle with alcoholism (as in the \"Demon in a Bottle\" storyline) and other personal difficulties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.342803001403809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Lee said that \"of all the comic books we published at Marvel, we got more fan mail for Iron Man from women, from females, than any other title....We didn't get much fan mail from girls, but whenever we did, the letter was usually addressed to Iron Man.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73517894744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Lee and Kirby included Iron Man in The Avengers #1 (Sept. 1963) as a founding member of the superhero team. The character has since appeared in every subsequent volume of the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228516578674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Writers have updated the war and locale in which Stark is injured. In the original 1963 story, it was the Vietnam War. In the 1990s, it was updated to be the first Gulf War, and later updated again to be the war in Afghanistan. Stark's time with the Asian Nobel Prize-winning scientist Ho Yinsen is consistent through nearly all incarnations of the Iron Man origin, depicting Stark and Yinsen building the original armor together. One exception is the direct-to-DVD animated feature film The Invincible Iron Man, in which the armor Stark uses to escape his captors is not the first Iron Man suit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.738104820251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "The original Iron Man title explored Cold War themes, as did other Stan Lee projects in the early years of Marvel Comics. Where The Fantastic Four and The Incredible Hulk respectively focused on American domestic and government responses to the Communist threat, Iron Man explored industry's role in the struggle. Tony Stark's real-life model, Howard Hughes, was a significant defense contractor who developed new weapons technologies. Hughes was an icon both of American individualism and of the burdens of fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0600266456604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "Historian Robert Genter, in The Journal of Popular Culture, writes that Tony Stark specifically presents an idealized portrait of the American inventor. Where earlier decades had seen important technological innovations come from famous individuals (e.g., Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, the Wright brothers), the 1960s saw new technologies (including weapons) being developed mainly by the research teams of corporations. As a result, little room remained for the inventor who wanted credit for, and creative and economic control over, his/her own creations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6897196769714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Issues of entrepreneurial autonomy, government supervision of research, and ultimate loyalty figured prominently in early Iron Man stories — the same issues affecting American scientists and engineers of that era. Tony Stark, writes Genter, is an inventor who finds motive in his emasculation as an autonomous creative individual. This blow is symbolized by his chest wound, inflicted at the moment he is forced to invent things for the purposes of others, instead of just himself. To Genter, Stark's transformation into Iron Man represents Stark's effort to reclaim his autonomy, and thus his manhood. The character's pursuit of women in bed or in battle, writes Genter, represents another aspect of this effort. The pattern finds parallels in other works of 1960s popular fiction by authors such as \"Ian Fleming (creator of James Bond), Mickey Spillane (Mike Hammer), and Norman Mailer, who made unregulated sexuality a form of authenticity.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.325681686401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "After issue #99 (March 1968), the Tales of Suspense series was renamed Captain America. An Iron Man story appeared in the one-shot comic Iron Man and Sub-Mariner (April 1968), before the \"Golden Avenger\" made his solo debut with The Invincible Iron Man #1 (May 1968). The series' indicia gives its copyright title Iron Man, while the trademarked cover logo of most issues is The Invincible Iron Man. Artist George Tuska began a decade long association with the character with Iron Man #5 (Sept. 1968). Writer Mike Friedrich and artist Jim Starlin's brief collaboration on the Iron Man series introduced Mentor, Starfox, and Thanos in issue #55 (Feb. 1973). Friedrich scripted a metafictional story in which Iron Man visited the San Diego Comic Convention and met several Marvel Comics writers and artists. He then wrote the multi-issue \"War of the Super-Villains\" storyline which ran through 1975. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.082809448242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Following Michelinie and Layton's departures, Dennis O'Neil became the new writer of the series and had Stark relapse into alcoholism. Much of O'Neil's work on this plot thread was based on experiences with alcoholics he knew personally. Jim Rhodes replaced Stark as Iron Man in issue #169 (April 1983) and wore the armor for the next two years of stories. O'Neil returned Tony Stark to the Iron Man role in issue #200 (Nov. 1985). Michelinie and Layton became the creative team once again in issue #215 (Feb. 1987). They crafted the \"Armor Wars\" storyline beginning in #225 (Dec. 1987) through #231 (June 1988). John Byrne and John Romita Jr. produced a sequel titled \"Armor Wars II\" in issues #258 (July 1990) to #266 (March 1991). The series had a crossover with the other Avengers related titles as part of the \"Operation: Galactic Storm\" storyline. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.74251651763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "This initial series ended with issue #332 (Sept. 1996). Jim Lee, Scott Lobdell, and Jeph Loeb authored a second volume of the series which was drawn primarily by Whilce Portacio and Ryan Benjamin. This volume took place in a parallel universe and ran 13 issues (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997). Volume 3, whose first 25 issues were written by Kurt Busiek and then by Busiek and Roger Stern, ran 89 issues (Feb. 1998 - Dec. 2004). Later writers included Joe Quesada, Frank Tieri, Mike Grell, and John Jackson Miller. Issue #41 (June 2001) was additionally numbered #386, reflecting the start of dual numbering starting from the premiere issue of volume one in 1968. The final issue was dual-numbered as #434. The next Iron Man series, The Invincible Iron Man vol. 4, debuted in early 2005 with the Warren Ellis-written storyline \"Extremis\", with artist Adi Granov. It ran 35 issues (Jan. 2005 - Jan. 2009), with the cover logo simply Iron Man beginning with issue #13, and Iron Man: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D., beginning issue #15. On the final three issues, the cover logo was overwritten by \"War Machine, Weapon of S.H.I.E.L.D.\",[http://www.maelmill-insi.de/UHBMCC/ironman8.htm#S4745 The Invincible Iron Man (IV)] in the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators which led to the launch of a War Machine ongoing series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764949798583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "The Invincible Iron Man vol. 5, by writer Matt Fraction and artist Salvador Larroca, began with a premiere issue cover-dated July 2008. For a seven-month overlap, Marvel published both volume four and volume five simultaneously. Volume five jumped its numbering of issues from #33 to #500, cover dated March 2011, to reflect the start from the premiere issue of volume one in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53532886505127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "After the conclusion of The Invincible Iron Man a new Iron Man series was started as a part of Marvel Now!. Written by Kieron Gillen and illustrated by Greg Land, it began with issue #1 in November 2012. The series revealed Tony was adopted, and that he had a disabled half-brother named Arno.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.682037353515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Many Iron Man annuals, miniseries, and one-shot titles have been published through the years, such as Age of Innocence: The Rebirth of Iron Man (Feb. 1996), Iron Man: The Iron Age #1-2 (Aug.-Sept. 1998), Iron Man: Bad Blood #1-4 (Sept.-Dec. 2000), Iron Man House of M #1-3 (Sept.-Nov. 2005), Fantastic Four / Iron Man: Big in Japan #1-4 (Dec. 2005 - March 2006), Iron Man: The Inevitable #1-6 (Feb.-July 2006), Iron Man / Captain America: Casualties of War (Feb. 2007), Iron Man: Hypervelocity #1-6 (March-Aug. 2007), Iron Man: Enter the Mandarin #1-6 (Nov. 2007 - April 2008), and Iron Man: Legacy of Doom (June-Sept. 2008). Publications have included such spin-offs as the one-shot Iron Man 2020 (June 1994), featuring a different Iron Man in the future, and the animated TV series adaptations Marvel Action Hour, Featuring Iron Man #1-8 (Nov. 1994 - June 1995) and Marvel Adventures Iron Man #1-12 (July 2007 - June 2008). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524179458618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Anthony Edward Stark", "passage": "Anthony Edward Stark, the adopted son of wealthy industrialist and head of Stark Industries, Howard Stark, and Maria Stark, was born on Long Island. A boy genius, he enters MIT at the age of 15 to study electrical engineering and later receives master's degrees in electrical engineering and physics. After his parents are killed in a car accident, he inherits his father's company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0764360427856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Later on, Stark expands on his armor designs and begins to build his arsenal of specialized armors for particular situations such as for space travel and stealth. Stark develops a serious dependency on alcohol in the \"Demon in a Bottle\" storyline. The first time it becomes a problem is when Stark discovers that the national security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. has been buying a controlling interest in his company in order to ensure Stark's continued weapons development for them. At the same time, it was revealed that several minor supervillains armed with advanced weapons who had bedeviled Stark throughout his superhero career were in fact in the employ of Stark's business rival, Justin Hammer who began to plague Stark more directly. At one point in Hammer's manipulations, the Iron Man armor is even taken over and used to murder a diplomat. Although Iron Man is not immediately under suspicion, Stark is forced to hand the armor over to the authorities. Eventually Stark and Rhodes, who is now his personal pilot and confidant, track down and defeat those responsible, although Hammer would return to bedevil Stark again. With the support of his then-girlfriend, Bethany Cabe, his friends and his employees, Stark pulls through these crises and overcomes his dependency on alcohol. Even as he recovers from this harrowing personal trial, Stark's life is further complicated when he has a confrontation with Doctor Doom that is interrupted by an opportunistic enemy sending them back in time to the time of King Arthur. Once there, Iron Man thwarts Doom's attempt to solicit the aid of Morgan Le Fay, and the Latverian ruler swears deadly vengeance—to be indulged sometime after the two return to their own time. This incident was collected and published as Doomquest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.425994873046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Some time later, a ruthless rival, Obadiah Stane, manipulates Stark emotionally into a serious relapse. As a result, Stark loses control of Stark International to Stane, becomes a homeless alcohol-abusing vagrant and gives up his armored identity to Rhodes, who becomes the new Iron Man for a lengthy period of time. Eventually, Stark recovers and joins a new startup, Circuits Maximus. Stark concentrates on new technological designs, including building a new set of armor as part of his recuperative therapy. Rhodes continues to act as Iron Man but steadily grows more aggressive and paranoid, due to the armor not having been calibrated properly for his use. Eventually Rhodes goes on a rampage, and Stark has to don a replica of his original armor to stop him. Fully recovered, Stark confronts Stane who has himself designed a version of armor based on designs seized along with Stark International, dubbing himself the 'Iron Monger'. Defeated in battle, Stane, rather than give Stark the satisfaction of taking him to trial, commits suicide. Shortly thereafter, Stark regains his personal fortune, but decides against repurchasing Stark International until much later; he instead creates Stark Enterprises, headquartered in Los Angeles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.925000190734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In an attempt to stop other people from misusing his designs, Stark goes about disabling other armored heroes and villains who are using suits based on the Iron Man technology, the designs of which were stolen by his enemy Spymaster. His quest to destroy all instances of the stolen technology severely hurts his reputation as Iron Man. After attacking and disabling a series of minor villains such as Stilt-Man, he attacks and defeats the government operative known as Stingray. The situation worsens when Stark realizes that Stingray's armor does not incorporate any of his designs. He publicly \"fires\" Iron Man while covertly pursuing his agenda. He uses the cover story of wanting to help disable the rogue Iron Man to infiltrate and disable the armor of the S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives known as the Mandroids, and disabling the armor of the Guardsmen, in the process allowing some of the villains that they guard to escape. This leads the United States government to declare Iron Man a danger and an outlaw. Iron Man then travels to Russia where he inadvertently causes the death of the Soviet Titanium Man during a fight. Returning to the U.S., he faces an enemy commissioned by the government named Firepower. Unable to defeat him head on, Stark fakes Iron Man's demise, intending to retire the suit permanently. When Firepower goes rogue, Stark creates a new suit, claiming that a new person is in the armor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.375741958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Stark's health continues to deteriorate, and he discovers the armor's cybernetic interface is causing irreversible damage to his nervous system. His condition is aggravated by a failed attempt on his life by Kathy Dare, a mentally unbalanced former lover, which injures his spine, paralyzing him. Stark has a nerve chip implanted into his spine to regain his mobility. Still, Stark's nervous system continues its slide towards failure, and he constructs a \"skin\" made up of artificial nerve circuitry to assist it. Stark begins to pilot a remote-controlled Iron Man armor, but when faced with the Masters of Silence, the telepresence suit proves inadequate. Stark then designs a more heavily armed version of the suit to wear, the \"Variable Threat Response Battle Suit\", which becomes known as the War Machine armor. Ultimately, the damage to his nervous system becomes too extensive. Faking his death, Stark places himself in suspended animation to heal as Rhodes takes over both the running of Stark Enterprises and the mantle of Iron Man, although he utilizes the War Machine armor. Stark ultimately makes a full recovery by using a chip to reprogram himself and resumes the Iron Man identity. When Rhodes learns that Stark has manipulated his friends by faking his own death, he becomes enraged and the two friends part ways, Rhodes continuing as War Machine in a solo career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7674336433410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "The story arc \"The Crossing\" reveals Iron Man as a traitor among the Avengers' ranks, due to years of manipulation by the time-traveling dictator Kang the Conqueror. Stark, as a sleeper agent in Kang's thrall, kills Marilla, the nanny of Crystal and Quicksilver's daughter Luna, as well as Rita DeMara, the female Yellowjacket, then Amanda Chaney, an ally of the Avengers. The Avengers Forever limited series later retcons these events as the work of a disguised Immortus, not Kang, and that the mental control had gone back only a few months. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.722043514251709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Needing help to defeat both Stark and the ostensible Kang, the team travels back in time to recruit a teenaged Anthony Stark from an alternate timeline to assist them. The young Stark steals an Iron Man suit in order to aid the Avengers against his older self. The sight of his younger self shocks the older Stark enough for him to regain momentary control of his actions, and he sacrifices his life to stop Kang. The young Stark later builds his own suit to become the new Iron Man, and, remaining in the present day, gains legal control of \"his\" company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.319857597351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "During this time, Stark engages in a romance with Rumiko Fujikawa (first appearance in Iron Man (vol. 3) #4), a wealthy heiress and daughter of the man who had taken over his company during the \"Heroes Reborn\" period. Her relationship with Stark endures many highs and lows, including an infidelity with Stark's rival, Tiberius Stone, in part because the fun-loving Rumiko believes that Stark is too serious and dull. Their relationship ends with Rumiko's death at the hands of an Iron Man impostor in Iron Man (vol. 3) #87.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.102468490600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "To tie into the 2008 Iron Man feature film, Marvel launched a new Iron Man ongoing series, The Invincible Iron Man, with writer Matt Fraction and artist Salvador Larocca. The series inaugural six-part storyline was \"The Five Nightmares\", which saw Stark targeted by Ezekiel Stane, the son of Stark's former nemesis, Obadiah Stane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.083664894104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In the 2011 \"Fear Itself\" storyline, Earth is attacked by the Serpent, the God of Fear and the long-forgotten brother of Odin. In Paris, Iron Man fights Grey Gargoyle, who has become Mokk, Breaker of Faith and one of the Serpent's Worthy. Mokk leaves Iron Man unconscious and transforms Detroit Steel into stone. When Iron Man awakens, he sees that Mokk has turned all the people in Paris to stone and left. To defeat the Serpent's army, Tony drinks a bottle of wine—thus 'sacrificing' his sobriety—to gain an audience with Odin, who allows Tony to enter the realm of Svartalfheim. There, Tony and the dwarves of Svartalfheim work to build weapons the Avengers can use against the Worthy. Tony upgrades his armor with uru-infused enchantments and delivers the finished weapons to the Avengers, who use them for the final battle against the Serpent's forces. Iron Man watches as Thor kills the Serpent, but dies in the process. After the battle is over, Tony melts down the weapons he created and repairs Captain America's shield, which had been broken by Serpent, and gives it back to Captain America, telling him that the shield is now stronger. During a subsequent argument with Odin about the gods' lack of involvement in the recent crisis, Odin gives Tony a brief opportunity to see the vastness of the universe the way he sees it, before, as thanks for Tony's role in the recent crisis, he restores all the people that the Grey Gargoyle killed during his rampage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.942778587341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In the storylines \"Demon\" and \"The Long Way Down\", Stark is subpoenaed by the U.S. government after evidence surfaces of him using the Iron Man armor while under the influence of intoxicants. Mandarin and Zeke Stane upgrade some of Iron Man's old enemies and send them to commit acts of terrorism across the world, intending to discredit Iron Man. General Bruce Babbage forces Stark to wear a tech governor, a device that allows Babbage to deactivate Stark's armor whenever he wants. To fight back, Tony undergoes a surgical procedure that expels the Bleeding Edge technology out of his body and replaces his repulsor node with a new model, forcing Babbage to remove the tech governor off his chest. He announces his retirement as Iron Man, faking Rhodes' death and giving him a new armor so that he becomes the new Iron Man. This leads into the next storyline, \"The Future\", in which the Mandarin takes control of Stark's mind and uses him to create new armored bodies for the alien spirits inhabiting his rings, but Stark allies himself with some of his old enemies, who have also been imprisoned by Mandarin, and manages to defeat and escape him. The final issue of this storyline concluded Matt Fraction's series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.818630695343018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Superior Iron Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894755363464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "When Tony Stark sought a new chief of security, he considers Prodigy, Victor Mancha and the third Beetle, before giving the position to Scott Lang. However, Lang declines the job, moving instead to Miami to stay near his daughter Cassie. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.394733428955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "During the \"Time Runs Out\" storyline, an attempt at reclaiming Wakanda from the Cabal that Namor had created to destroy incursive Earths resulted in Tony being held captive in the Necropolis. After the Cabal had been apparently killed following a truce made by S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Illuminati, the Illuminati returned to Necropolis and freed Tony, who was forced to flee due to the Illuminati's unwillingness to let Stark be there with them when they met Rogers and the Avengers to prevent old fires from being stoked. When the Shi'ar and their allies arrived to Earth in order to destroy it as it was the focal point of the Multiverse's decay, the Avengers and the Illuminati tried to retaliate against the enemy fleet. However, they failed. As they ran out of options, Iron Man flew to Sol's Hammer in order to use it. Iron Man successfully destroyed the Shi'ar fleet saving the Earth, but the final incursion was on the horizon. With only a few minutes before the event, Steve Rogers confronted Iron Man to settle up. The ensuing fight between the two old friends led Steve Rogers to force Iron Man to admit that he had lied to him and all of their allies, when he had known about the incursions all along, but Iron Man also confessed that he wouldn't change a thing. The final incursion started and Earth-1610 started approaching Earth-616 while Iron Man and Steve Rogers kept fighting. Earth-1610's S.H.I.E.L.D. launched a full invasion to destroy Earth-616, where Tony Stark and Steve Rogers were crushed by a Helicarrier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.594613552093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "After learning from Doctor Doom that Madame Masque has taken a decoy of the Wand of Watoomb, Tony Stark confronts Madame Masque in her Montreal hotel room where he learned that the woman she killed was an ex-HYDRA Agent and the man with her was a male prostitute. Upon learning that Madame Masque is not in cahoots with Doctor Doom, Tony is attacked by Madame Masque. Tony Stark had his armor on stealth mode in case of this. When Iron Man tries to get her to be civil, Madame Masque somehow creates a burst of energy which damages Iron Man. After Iron Man's suit has been damaged, Friday controls the suit and takes Iron Man to a safe location. When meeting with Doctor Strange, Iron Man asked him about Doctor Doom's new makeover. Iron Man later tracks Madame Masque to Marina del Rey After finding a tape recorder with Madame Masque's messages, Tony is attacked by several black silhouettes with swords. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.066163063049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Iron Man barely escapes the ninjas that are attacking him and manages to defeat most of them. Before Iron Man can interrogate one of the ninjas that attacked him, a failsafe in the ninja armor activates where the ninjas are electrocuted. When visiting the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Tony Stark is greeted by the children while Friday keeps him posted on any signs of Madame Masque and/or the ninjas. When Victor von Doom was sighted, Tony Stark becomes Iron Man and wants Victor to head to the roof to be questioned. Iron Man and Doctor Doom later arrive at Mary Jane Watson's newest Chicago night club Jackpot when Madame Masque starts attacking it. Iron Man and Doctor Doom fight Madame Masque with the resulting battle causing damages to the Jackpot nightclub. When Mary Jane Watson distracted Madame Masque by using a microphone to knock off her mask, Iron Man and Doctor Doom discover that Madame Masque has a demon possession. As Iron Man holds down Madame Masque's body, Doctor Doom performs an exorcism on Madame Masque which works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.058369636535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Upon Iron Man regaining consciousness, Doctor Strange arrives upon being contacted by Friday. Iron Man is informed by Doctor Strange that he will take Madame Masque with him to fix her metaphysically and then hand her over at S.H.I.E.L.D. Iron Man also informs him of Doctor Doom's help who had left the scene some time ago. When Tony thanks Stephen for his help, he tells him that he had to as they were \"Awesome Facial Hair Bros\" after all. Three days later, Iron Man approaches Mary Jane to offer her a job in order to make up for what happened to her nightclub. After speaking with War Machine, Tony Stark meets up at a diner with Amanda Pepara when they are unexpectedly joined by Victor von Doom who wanted to make sure that the demonic possession that affected Madame Masque has not affected Stark or Amara. Stark shows Mary Jane the demonstration on the people that he will be working with. They are interrupted by Friday who tells Tony that War Machine is missing. Before becoming Iron Man and heading to Tokyo, Tony receives from Mary Jane the emergency number for Peter Parker. In Tokyo, Iron Man is contacted by Spider-Man at War Machine's last known location as he is being observed by ninjas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.054242134094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "During the Civil War II storyline, Iron Man protests the logic of using precognitive powers to stop future crimes after the recently emerged Inhuman Ulysses predicted Thanos' attack on Project Pegasus. Iron Man then leaves in frustration. Three weeks later, Iron Man is summoned to the Triskelion after War Machine has been killed in battle against Thanos. When Iron Man learns that War Machine and The Ultimates used Ulysses' power to ambush Thanos, he vows to stop anyone from using that power again. Iron Man later infiltrates New Attilan and makes off with Ulysses after defeating Medusa, Crystal, and Karnak. When at Stark Tower, Iron Man scolds Ulysses for his prediction about Thanos costing him War Machine as he vows to find out how his precognition works. His plans are interrupted when the Inhuman attack Stark Tower until it was halted by the Avengers, the Ultimates, and S.H.I.E.L.D. During the confrontation with Iron Man, Ulysses has another vision which he projects to Iron Man and everyone present where it shows a rampaging Hulk standing over the corpses of the defeated superheroes. When the various heroes confront Banner, Hawkeye kills him as he claimed that Banner was about to transform and Banner had previously asked Hawkeye to kill him if he should turn back into the Hulk, leaving Tony disgusted at this use of Ulysses' power. When his analysis of Ulysses brain is completed, Tony reveals that Ulysses does not actually see the future, but simply assembles large quantities of data to project likely outcomes. While Danvers continues to utilise the visions as a valid resource in case of the worst-case scenario, Tony objects to the concept of profiling people, resulting in a stand-off at the Triskellion when Tony's side abducts a woman from custody after Ulysses' visions identified her as a deep-cover HYDRA agent despite the lack of supporting evidence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.026681900024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In July 2016 it was announced that Tony Stark would hand off the mantle of Iron Man to a 15-year-old African American girl, Riri Williams. Riri has thus far been described as an MIT student who built her own Iron Man suit out of scrap pieces and, as such, attracted Stark's attention. Early depictions of Williams' suit depict it without the Arc Reactor which is unnecessary to keep Williams alive, but leaves the power source for the suit unclear. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.987581253051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Iron Man possesses powered armor that gives him superhuman strength and durability, flight, and an array of weapons. The armor is invented and worn by Stark (with occasional short-term exceptions). Other people who have assumed the Iron Man identity include Stark's long-time partner and best friend James Rhodes; close associates Harold \"Happy\" Hogan; Eddie March; and (briefly) Michael O'Brien.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.497525691986084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "The weapons systems of the suit have changed over the years, but Iron Man's standard offensive weapons have always been the repulsor rays that are fired from the palms of his gauntlets. Other weapons built into various incarnations of the armor include: the uni-beam projector in its chest; pulse bolts (that pick up kinetic energy along the way; so the farther they travel, the harder they hit); an electromagnetic pulse generator; and a defensive energy shield that can be extended up to 360 degrees. Other capabilities include: generating ultra-freon (i.e., a freeze-beam); creating and manipulating magnetic fields; emitting sonic blasts; and projecting 3-dimensional holograms (to create decoys).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970096588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "After being critically injured during a battle with the Extremis-enhanced Mallen, Stark injects his nervous system with modified techno-organic virus-like body restructuring machines (the Extremis process). By rewriting his own biology, Stark is able to save his life, gain an enhanced healing factor, and partially merge with the Iron Man armor, superseding the need for bulky, AI-controlled armors in favor of lighter designs, technopathically controlled by his own brain. His enhanced technopathy extends to every piece of technology, limitless and effortlessly due to his ability to interface with communication satellites and wireless connections to increase his \"range\". Some components of the armor-sheath are now stored in Tony's body, able to be recalled, and extruded from his own skin, at will.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.517855644226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "After being forced to \"wipe out\" his brain to prevent Norman Osborn from gaining his information, Tony Stark is forced to have a new arc reactor, of Rand design installed in his chest. The process greatly improves his strength, stamina and intellect. The procedure left him with virtually no autonomic functions: as his brain was stripped of every biological function, Tony is forced to rely on a digital backup of his memories (leaving him with severe gaps and lapses in his long-term memory) and on software routine in the arc reactor for basic stimuli reaction, such as blinking and breathing. The Bleeding Edge package of armor and physical enhancement is now equal in power, if not a more advanced, version of the old Extremis tech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.082661628723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Due to his membership in the Illuminati, Iron Man was given the Space Infinity Gem to safeguard. It allows the user to exist in any location (or all locations), move any object anywhere throughout the universe and warp or rearrange space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145331382751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In 1966, Iron Man was featured in a series of cartoons. In 1981, Iron Man guest appeared in Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, but only as Tony Stark. He went on to feature again in his own series in the 1990s as part of the Marvel Action Hour with the Fantastic Four; Robert Hays provided his voice in these animated cartoons. Iron Man makes an appearance in the episode \"Shell Games\" of Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.724461555480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In 2015, it was announced that Eoin Colfer would be writing an Iron Man novel, set for release in 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158061981201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* The rapper Ghostface Killah, a member of Wu-Tang Clan, titled his 1996 debut solo album Ironman, and has since continued to use lyrics related to the Iron Man comics and samples from the animated TV shows on his records. He has adopted the nickname Tony Starks as one of his numerous alter-egos, and was featured in a scene deleted from the Iron Man film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.265897750854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* Paul McCartney's song \"Magneto and Titanium Man\" was inspired by the X-Men's nemesis and the original version of the Iron Man villain. Another Iron Man villain, the Crimson Dynamo, is mentioned in the lyrics to this song. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645699501037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "* The British band Razorlight mentions Tony Stark in a verse of their song, \"Hang By, Hang By\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.218917846679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Tony Stark", "passage": "* The character of Nathan Stark on the television show Eureka is inspired by Tony Stark. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.883648872375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* Forbes has ranked Iron Man among the wealthiest fictional characters on their annual ranking, while BusinessWeek has ranked him as one of the ten most intelligent characters in American comics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421939849853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* In 2011, IGN ranked Iron Man 12th in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561635971069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* Two Iron Man-themed trucks compete in the Monster Jam monster truck racing series. Debuted in Atlanta on 9 January 2010, they are driven by Lee O' Donnell and Morgan Kane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140908241271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* In 2015, University of Central Florida engineering student Albert Manero, who builds and donates affordable 3D-printed bionic limbs to those in need, constructed a bionic arm based on Iron Man's suit for 7-year-old Alex Pring, a superhero fan who was born with a partially formed right arm. He then delivered the Iron Man arm to Pring with the help of Robert Downey Jr. in character as Tony Stark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.741995334625244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Man" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "*Business magnate: Batman, Blue Beetle (Ted Kord), Green Arrow, Iron Fist, Iron Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.268056869506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Secret identity" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes such as Captain America, Spider-Man, Thor, Hulk, Iron Man, Wolverine, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the X-Men and the Inhumans, with antagonists such as Doctor Doom, Red Skull, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.021864891052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.057301998138428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Many television series, both live-action and animated, have based their productions on Marvel Comics characters. These include multiple series for popular characters such as Spider-Man, Iron Man and the X-Men. Additionally, a handful of television movies, usually also pilots, based on Marvel Comics characters have been made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.019235610961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "Some superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero's archenemy. Some long-running superheroes such as Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, Wonder Woman, Captain America, Wolverine, Green Lantern, The Flash, Hulk, Thor and Iron Man have a rogues gallery of many villains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.443155288696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* Extraordinary powers or abilities. Superhero powers vary widely; superhuman strength, the ability to fly, enhanced senses, and the projection of energy bolts are all common. Some characters like Batman, Mockingbird, the Phantom and the Question possess no superhuman powers but have mastered skills such as martial arts, espionage techniques, and applied or forensic sciences to a highly remarkable degree. Others rely on fantastical weapons or technology, such as Iron Man's powered armor suits, Green Lantern’s power ring, and trick arrows employed by Green Arrow and Hawkeye, some have acquired their abilities from cosmic rays such as the Fantastic Four. Many characters supplement their innate superhuman powers with a special weapon or device (e.g. Captain America's shield, Wonder Woman's lasso and bracelets, Thor's weather manipulating hammer, and Wolverine's adamantium claws).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.104846000671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* A secret identity that protects the superhero's friends and family from becoming targets of his or her enemies, such as Clark Kent (Superman), or to protect themselves from getting arrested by the police, like Spider-Man, although many superheroes have a confidant (usually a friend or relative who has been sworn to secrecy). Most superheroes use a descriptive or metaphoric code name for their public deeds. However, there are also rare ones whose true identities are common public knowledge, even with a costumed identity (e.g. Iron Man and Captain America).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8755621910095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* Independent wealth (e.g. Batman's family fortune, the X-Men's patron Professor X, Iron Man's father's weapon and technology company) or an occupation that allows for minimal supervision (e.g. Spider-Man's civilian job as a freelance photographer).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519781112670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "* While most superhero costumes merely hide the hero’s identity and present a recognizable image, parts of the costume (or the costume itself) have functional uses. For example, the Venom symbiote suit and Spawn's \"necroplasmic armor\", with their supernatural abilities have both been of great assistance to the wearer. Iron Man's armor, in particular, protects him and provides technological advantages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.800625801086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Iron Man", "passage": "In addition to the creation of new minority heroes, publishers have filled the identities and roles of once-Caucasian heroes with new characters from minority backgrounds. The African-American John Stewart appeared in the 1970s as an alternate for Earth's Green Lantern Hal Jordan, and would become a regular member of the Green Lantern Corps from the 1980s onwards. The creators of the 2000s-era Justice League animated series selected Stewart as the show's Green Lantern. In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Miles Morales, a multiracial American youth who was also bitten by a genetically-altered spider, debuted as the new Spider-Man after the apparent death of the original. Kamala Khan, a Pakistani-American teenager who is revealed to have Inhuman lineage after her shapeshifting powers manifested, takes on the identity of Ms. Marvel in 2014. Her self-titled comic book series became a cultural phenomenon, with extensive media coverage by CNN, the New York Times and The Colbert Report, and embraced by anti-Islamophobia campaigners in San Francisco who plastered over anti-Muslim bus adverts with Kamala stickers. Other such successor-heroes of color include James \"Rhodey\" Rhodes as Iron Man, Ryan Choi as the Atom, and Jaime Reyes as Blue Beetle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.582507133483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Regulus A is a binary star consisting of a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B7V, which is orbited by a star of at least 0.3 solar masses, which is probably a white dwarf. The two stars take approximately 40 days to complete an orbit around their common centre of mass. Given the extremely distorted shape of the primary, the relative orbital motion may be notably altered with respect to the two-body purely Keplerian scenario because of non-negligible long-term orbital perturbations affecting, for example, its orbital period. In other words, Kepler's third law, which holds exactly only for two point-like masses, would be no longer valid because of the highly distorted shape of the primary. Regulus A was long thought to be fairly young, only 50 - 100 million years old, calculated by comparing its temperature, luminosity, and mass. The existence of a white dwarf companion would mean that the system is at least a 1,000 million years old, just to account for the formation of the white dwarf. The discrepancy can be accounted for by a history of mass transfer onto a once-smaller Regulus A.", "precise_score": -3.4453701972961426, "rough_score": -0.9299911260604858, "source": "wiki", "title": "Regulus" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Leo is one of the constellations of the zodiac, lying between Cancer to the west and Virgo to the east. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles (known to the ancient Romans as Hercules) as one of his twelve labors. Its symbol is (Unicode ♌). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts. The lion's mane and shoulders also form an asterism known as \"the Sickle,\" which to modern observers may resemble a backwards \"question mark.\"", "precise_score": 2.9485533237457275, "rough_score": 0.4519816040992737, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "* Beta Leonis, called Denebola, is at the opposite end of the constellation to Regulus. It is a blue-white star of magnitude 2.23, 36 light-years from Earth. The name Denebola means \"the lion's tail\". ", "precise_score": -1.160974144935608, "rough_score": 1.4396958351135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "In Babylonian astronomy, the constellation was called UR.GU.LA, the \"Great Lion\"; the bright star Regulus was known as \"the star that stands at the Lion's breast.\" Regulus also had distinctly regal associations, as it was known as the King Star. ", "precise_score": 1.067685604095459, "rough_score": 3.9181623458862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Regulus BC is 5,000 AU from Regulus A. They share a common proper motion and are thought to orbit each other taking several million years. Designated Regulus B and Regulus C, the pair has Henry Draper Catalogue number HD 87884. The first is a K2V star, while the companion is approximately M4V. The companion pair has an orbital period of about 600 years with a separation of 2.5\" in 1942.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.495474815368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Regulus" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Rēgulus is Latin for 'prince' or 'little king'. The Greek variant Basiliscus is also used. It is known as Qalb al-Asad, from the Arabic قلب الأسد, meaning 'the heart of the lion'. This phrase is sometimes approximated as Kabelaced and translates into Latin as Cor Leōnis. It is known in Chinese as 轩辕十四, the Fourteenth Star of Xuanyuan, the Yellow Emperor. In Hindu astronomy, Regulus corresponds to the Nakshatra Magha (\"the bountiful\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4822847843170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Regulus" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "In MUL.APIN, Regulus is listed as LUGAL, meaning \"the star that stands in the breast of the Lion:the King.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.183359384536743, "source": "wiki", "title": "Regulus" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "The classical Zodiac is a product of a revision of the Old Babylonian system in later Neo-Babylonian astronomy 6th century BC. Knowledge of the Neo-Babylonian zodiac is also reflected in the Hebrew Bible. E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the books of Ezekiel (and thence in Revelation) as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull as Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle standing in for Scorpio. The biblical Book of Job also makes reference to a number of constellations, including \"bier\", \"fool\" and \"heap\" (Job 9:9, 38:31-32), rendered as \"Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades\" by the KJV, but ‘Ayish \"the bier\" actually corresponding to Ursa Major. The term Mazzaroth , a hapax legomenon in Job 38:32, may be the Hebrew word for the zodiacal constellations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.673104763031006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constellation" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "The other named stars in Leo are Mu Leonis, Rasalas (an abbreviation of \"Al Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy,\" meaning \"The Lion's Head Toward the South\"); and Theta Leonis, Chertan or Coxa (\"hip\"). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.580908298492432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "The star SDSS J102915+172927 (Caffau's star) is a population II star in the galactic halo seen in Leo. It is about 13 billion years old, making it one of the oldest stars in the Galaxy. It has the lowest metallicity of any known star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.316050052642822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Modern astronomers, including Tycho Brahe in 1602, excised a group of stars that once made up the \"tuft\" of the lion's tail and used them to form the new constellation Coma Berenices (Berenice's hair), although there was precedent for that designation among the ancient Greeks and Romans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.234166145324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "M66 is a spiral galaxy that is part of the Leo Triplet, whose other two members are M65 and NGC 3628. It is at a distance of 37 million light-years and has a somewhat distorted shape due to gravitational interactions with the other members of the Triplet, which are pulling stars away from M66. Eventually, the outermost stars may form a dwarf galaxy orbiting M66. Both M65 and M66 are visible in large binoculars or small telescopes, but their concentrated nuclei and elongation are only visible in large amateur instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.160379886627197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "M95 and M96 are both spiral galaxies 20 million light-years from Earth. Though they are visible as fuzzy objects in small telescopes, their structure is only visible in larger instruments. M95 is a barred spiral galaxy. M105 is about a degree away from the M95/M96 pair; it is an elliptical galaxy of the 9th magnitude, also about 20 million light-years from Earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16091537475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "NGC 2903 is a barred spiral galaxy discovered by William Herschel in 1784. It is very similar in size and shape to the Milky Way and is located 25 million light-years from Earth. In its core, NGC 2903 has many \"hotspots\", which have been found to be near regions of star formation. The star formation in this region is thought to be due to the presence of the dusty bar, which sends shock waves through its rotation to an area with a diameter of 2,000 light-years. The outskirts of the galaxy have many young open clusters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.541165351867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Leo was one of the earliest recognized constellations, with archaeological evidence that the Mesopotamians had a similar constellation as early as 4000 BCE. The Persians called Leo Ser or Shir; the Turks, Artan; the Syrians, Aryo; the Jews, Arye; the Indians, Simha, all meaning \"lion\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.181301116943359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "In Greek mythology, Leo was identified as the Nemean Lion which was killed by Heracles (Hercules to the Romans) during the first of his twelve labours. The Nemean Lion would take women as hostages to its lair in a cave, luring warriors from nearby towns to save the damsel in distress, to their misfortune. The Lion was impervious to any weaponry; thus, the warriors' clubs, swords, and spears were rendered useless against it. Realizing that he must defeat the Lion with his bare hands, Hercules slipped into the Lion's cave and engaged it at close quarters. When the Lion pounced, Hercules caught it in midair, one hand grasping the Lion's forelegs and the other its hind legs, and bent it backwards, breaking its back and freeing the trapped maidens. Zeus commemorated this labor by placing the Lion in the sky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.554632186889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "Leo is commonly represented as if the sickle-shaped asterism of stars is the back of the Lion's head. The sickle is marked by six stars: Epsilon Leonis, Mu Leonis, Zeta Leonis, Gamma Leonis, Eta Leonis, and Alpha Leonis. The lion's tail is marked by Beta Leonis (Denebola) and the rest of his body is delineated by Delta Leonis and Theta Leonis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.737465500831604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" }, { "answer": "Lion", "passage": "H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars, which graphically shows a lion walking. The stars delta Leonis, gamma Leonis, eta Leonis, and theta Leonis form the body of the lion, with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars gamma Leonis, zeta Leonis, mu Leonis, epsilon Leonis, and eta Leonis form the lion's neck, with epsilon Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars mu Leonis, kappa Leonis, lambda Leonis, and epsilon Leonis form the head of the lion. Delta Leonis and beta Leonis form the lion's tail: beta Leonis, also known as Denebola, is the bright tip of the tail with a magnitude of two. The stars theta Leonis, iota Leonis, and sigma Leonis form the left hind leg of the lion, with sigma Leonis being the foot. The stars theta Leonis and rho Leonis form the right hind leg, with rho Leonis being the foot. The stars eta Leonis and Alpha Leonis mark the lion's heart, with alpha Leonis, also known as Regulus, being the bright star of magnitude one. The stars eta Leonis and omicron Leonis form the right front foot of the Lion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.779465198516846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leo (constellation)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Boy Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). The designation \"Eagle Scout\" has a long history since its founding over one hundred years ago. Only four percent of Boy Scouts are granted this rank after a lengthy review process. The requirements necessary to achieve this rank take years to fulfill. Since its founding, the Eagle Scout rank has been earned by more than two million young men.", "precise_score": 4.058112621307373, "rough_score": 4.657318592071533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges. The Eagle Scout must demonstrate Scout Spirit, an ideal attitude based upon the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements.", "precise_score": 4.70863676071167, "rough_score": 7.161325454711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) highest award was originally conceived as the Wolf Scout, described in the June 1911 Official Handbook for Boys. The August 1911 version of the handbook changed this to Eagle Scout. The medal illustrated in the handbook was a profile of an eagle in flight, but was changed to the current design before any were issued. In their original conceptions, Life Scout, Star Scout (Life preceded Star until 1924) and Eagle Scout were not ranks, but part of the merit badge system that recognized Scouts who had earned a specified number of merit badges. Eagle Scout was awarded to any First Class Scout who had earned 21 merit badges.", "precise_score": 2.812617063522339, "rough_score": 4.099209785461426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The rank of Eagle Scout may be earned by a Boy Scout who has been a Life Scout for at least six months, has earned a minimum of 21 merit badges, has demonstrated Scout Spirit, and has demonstrated leadership within his troop, team, crew or ship. Additionally he must plan, develop, and lead a service project—the Eagle Project—that demonstrates both leadership and a commitment to duty. After all requirements are met, he must complete an Eagle Scout board of review. He can complete the board of review after his 18th birthday as long as all other requirements are completed before his 18th birthday. Venturers and Sea Scouts who attained First Class as a Boy Scout or Varsity Scout in a troop or team may continue working toward the Star, Life and Eagle Scout ranks, as well as Eagle Palms, while registered as a Venturer or Sea Scout up to their 18th birthday. Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements based on abilities, if approved by the council.", "precise_score": 6.120131492614746, "rough_score": 8.738076210021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scout requirements have evolved since the award was conceived. A requirement to earn 11 specific merit badges was added in 1914, which underwent minor changes in 1915. The Life–Star order was reversed in 1924, apparently because the five-pointed star of the Star Scout insignia could be associated with the five merit badges required to earn the rank immediately following First Class Scout. In 1927, Eagle Scout began the transition from being a super merit badge to a rank. As a result, the first requirements for tenure were created and Scouts were required to be an active First Class Scout for one year. The initial requirements for what became the service project appeared with a requirement to show satisfactory service and the number of required merit badges increased to 12. In 1936, the ranks of Star and Life became mandatory, and the number of required merit badges rose to 13. It was at this time that Eagle Scout became a full-fledged rank. In 1952, age limits were set so that adults over 18 years of age could no longer earn Eagle Scout and the service project requirement was slightly expanded to \"do your best to help in your home, school, church or synagogue, and community.\" In 1958, the number of required merit badges increased again to 16 of the 21 total merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, along with the first requirements for service and leadership.", "precise_score": 0.5420807600021362, "rough_score": 4.4597272872924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Palms represent additional advancement for a young man who has stayed active in his unit. A Palm is awarded when the Scout has been active in the unit for at least three months since attaining Eagle (or a previous Palm); has demonstrated Scout Spirit, leadership and ability; has earned five additional merit badges beyond those required for Eagle or the last Palm; and has taken part in a conference with his unit leader. Merit badges which the young man has earned before reaching Eagle Scout are acceptable to use towards earning Palms.", "precise_score": 0.7653775215148926, "rough_score": 3.546381950378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "After achieving the rank of Eagle Scout", "precise_score": -0.4415595531463623, "rough_score": -0.5479989647865295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Academic scholarships can be awarded to Eagle Scouts based upon academic, financial need and Scouting participation. Application requirements for the Scout is to have a minimum score of 1800 on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) or 28 on the ACT to apply. Scholarships vary in the amount awarded. The Scout may be awarded:", "precise_score": -3.3542141914367676, "rough_score": 2.1730103492736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The list of Eagle Scouts is extensive. In addition, the accomplishment is considered to be notable as Adult Scouters who earned Eagle Scout as a youth are entitled to wear a square knot emblem with a red, white, and blue striped square knot above the left shirt pocket. Eagle Scouts may join the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA), which serves as a fraternal and communications board for all Eagle Scouts. The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award recognizes Eagle Scouts who have demonstrated outstanding achievement at the local, state, or regional level. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award is given only to Eagle Scouts for distinguished service in their profession and the community for a period of at least 25 years after earning Eagle Scout.", "precise_score": -3.3669638633728027, "rough_score": 0.8188869953155518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The first Eagle Scout medal was awarded in 1912 to Arthur Rose Eldred, a 17-year-old member of Troop 1 of Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York. Eldred was notified that he was to be awarded the rank of Eagle Scout in a letter from Chief Scout Executive James West, dated August 21, 1912. The design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized by the National Council, so the medal was not awarded until Labor Day, September 2, 1912. Eldred was the first of three generations of Eagle Scouts; his son and grandson hold the rank as well. As of 2009, more than two million Scouts have earned the rank. In the 1960s, the Kansas City area awarded more Eagle Scout badges than any other council in the country, resulting in the creation of the Eagle Scout Memorial there in 1968. In 1982, 13-year-old Alexander Holsinger, of Normal, Illinois, was recognized as the one-millionth Eagle Scout, and Anthony Thomas of Lakeville, Minnesota was the two-millionth in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.713948130607605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "About 2.25 million Scouts had earned Eagle Scout through January 2014. In 2012, 57,976 Eagle Scout awards were presented, about seven percent of the 2012 membership. Four Nobel Prize laureates are known to be Eagle Scouts: Dudley R. Herschbach, Peter Agre, Robert Coleman Richardson, and Frederick Reines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9579315185546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scout may be awarded posthumously, if and only if all requirements except the board of review are completed before death. A board of review may be held and the award presented to the Scout's family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8655569553375244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scout Service Project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.101587295532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The Eagle Scout Service Project, or simply \"Eagle Project,\" is the opportunity for a Scout to demonstrate leadership of others while performing a project for the benefit of any religious institution, any school, or his community. The project may not benefit the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) or its councils, districts, units, camps and so forth. It also cannot be of a commercial nature or be solely a fund-raising project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6289076805114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "In 1965, the requirements for the service project and specific troop leadership were defined, and the number of required merit badges returned to 11. The Eagle Scout candidate was required to plan, develop, and carry out a leadership service project. Minor changes were made to the required merit badge list in 1970. In 1972, the Improved Scouting Program increased to 24 the number of merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, while reducing the list of required merit badges to ten, eliminating badges that required swimming and outdoor skills—both of which were later reinstated, and adding the requirement to show leadership during the service project. In 1978, the number of merit badges needed for Eagle was lowered to the original 21, and the number of required merit badges was set at 11 (this was changed to 12 in 1993). In 2014 the number of Eagle required merit badges were increased to 13.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7854189872741699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The insignia is a small metallic palm frond pin or device that is worn on the ribbon of the Eagle Scout medal, on the Eagle Scout square knot or on the Eagle Scout badge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.598515510559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The Eagle Scout badge is worn on the left shirt pocket by youth. Adult leaders who earned the rank of Eagle Scout as a youth may wear the square knot on their uniform above the left shirt pocket. The Eagle Scout medal is worn on the left shirt pocket flap of the uniform. It is usually only worn on ceremonial occasions, and can be worn by both youth and adults while wearing the badge or square knot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6474510431289673, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The Eagle Scout Award Kit currently includes the Eagle Scout medal, the Eagle Scout badge, a mother's pin, a father's pin and an Eagle Mentor pin. A variety of caps, belt buckles, pins, tie tacs, neckerchiefs and slides, bolo ties, rings, jackets, T-shirts and other items are also available for purchase. Official Eagle Scout insignia is controlled by BSA Supply and requires verification by presentation of an Eagle Scout card or other means before it can be purchased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2282943725585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Since its introduction in 1912, the Eagle Scout medal has undergone several design changes. Changes to the scroll and to the eagle pendant were not always introduced at the same time, therefore types may be somewhat mixed. Scouting historians classify these medals by the five different manufacturers and then by 17 sub-types, with several minor variations. Many variations were caused by quality control issues, mainly due to wear of the dies. During the 1920s and 1930s, some military schools allowed wearing of the Eagle Scout medal on the uniform. In order to conform to the medal system, the scroll was removed and the ribbon affixed to a standard ribbon bar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.363675594329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "T. H. Foley made the first medals from 1912 until they went out of business in 1915. The eagle pendant and scroll were of die struck bronze washed with silver. Early versions were made with a short double knot and later ones with a long double knot. Only 338 of these medals were issued, making them the rarest version. Some Foleys were issued with a drop ribbon– the ribbon was extended, folded through the bar mount on the scroll, then dropped behind the eagle pendant and cut in a swallowtail. The first drop ribbon style medal was issued to the fourth Eagle Scout– Sidney Clapp, a 31-year-old Scoutmaster from West Shokan, NY.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.218308448791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "In 1920, the Robbins Company took over production. They produced six distinct variants, all in sterling silver. The first 1920 version was similar to the Dieges & Clust design, but with smaller scroll lettering and the standard single knot. The second 1920 version has more distinctive feathering on the back side of the pendant. The engraving on the 1930 version is especially fine. In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the medal. In 1955 the obverse of the eagle pendant was made flat so it could be engraved. BSA was added back to the front and the reverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116400718688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Medal manufacturer Stange was authorized to begin producing Eagle Scout medals in 1968, at the same time as Robbins – they created six distinct models. The 1968 version is very similar to the Robbins version, but the bend in the scroll is much flatter, more like a sideways V as compared to the S on the Robbins scroll. The BSA was added back to the front, and the obverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1970. A major re-design of the eagle pendant was made in 1974 to match the new NESA logo. In 1978, Robbins ceased manufacturing Eagle Scout medals and Stange switched to the last design used by Robbins. Minor differences are in the white edged ribbon and the sterling silver markings. In 1980 the price of silver rose dramatically and the medal was changed to silver-plated, die-struck copper. Very early versions were silver-plated and oxidized, thus the scroll and pendant are black. Later versions were oxidized, buffed and lacquered to maintain the silver shine. Sterling silver medals were produced from the same dies and from this time were only available on special order. The year 1993 saw a number of changes. The clasp on the scroll was changed from the pin on type to a double clutch back. The pendant was changed to pewter and enlarged due to the lighter rigidity of the material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.633462905883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "In the fall of 2006, the national supply division of the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) began to issue replica Eagle Scout medals for specific wear on U.S. military dress uniforms. These medals were designed to be proportionate to other military medals: they contained the same pendant, but no scroll, and a ribbon that had been made thinner and more rectangular in shape. However, in December 2007, the NESA stopped selling the mini-medal after service uniforming committees all contacted the BSA and asked them to stop promoting the medal for wear on military dress uniforms. The Eagle Scout medal is not authorized for wear on any U.S. military uniform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.649754524230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Since its introduction, the Eagle Scout badge has undergone several design changes. Scouting historians have classified these badges into nine different designs, with several minor variations within each type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.552485942840576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The cloth badge was introduced for Eagle Scouts attending the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark in 1924 with a design based on the hat pin. The Eagle Scout merit badge was sewn onto the top of the merit badge sash that was also created for the jamboree. The design is quite similar to the current badge. As with other patches of the time, the rank badges were embroidered onto rolls of fabric and then cut. The edges were folded under before sewing the badge onto the sash. Initially produced on tan cloth, it was later switched to olive for the Boy Scout uniform and white and blue to match the various Sea Scout uniforms. In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the badge. The text Eagle Scout and Boy Scouts of America was added to the border, and Be Prepared was added to the scroll. These badges were embroidered with silk thread, switching to cotton in 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.727396011352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The production of badges and emblems changed in 1956 to the rolled edge now in current use, thus eliminating the various colored backgrounds. The outside oval was then changed to red. With the introduction of the Improved Scouting Program in 1972 came an overhaul of many badges and emblems. The new stylized Eagle Scout badge with no text was a major change that proved to be unpopular. It appears that some Scouters commissioned reproductions of the 1956 badge for issue in place of the 1972 version. In 1975 the badge design partially reverted to the 1956 version. 1985 saw a reversion to the 1956 issue with some minor differences. The border and the eagle were done in silver metalized thread and the Be Prepared text was in blue. In 1986 the metalized eagle changed back to standard thread due to problems with wearing and the scroll and text were enlarged. The metalized border was changed to standard thread in 1989. Later variants increased the thread count of the white stripe to eliminate the visible background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.162290096282959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "For the 2010 centennial, all of the rank badges had 2010 added to the text. To recognize the Eagle Scout centennial in 2012, a new version was released with Eagle Scout and Centennial in silver and with 1912 and 2012 in gold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.754497766494751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scout hat pins were produced from 1921 through 1958 with several variations. Eagle Scouts who earned additional merit badges were recognized using Eagle Palms, introduced in 1927. Adults who had earned Eagle Scout began to be recognized in 1934 with a red, white and blue ribbon bar. In 1940, a small eagle pin was added to the bar. Ribbon bars were replaced by embroidered square knot patches in 1947. Over the years, the knot was produced with various background colors to match the different uniforms. Although the Venturing and Sea Scout programs use different uniform shirts, the current knot is available only with a tan background that matches the Boy Scout uniform. When the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) was created in 1969, a gold-colored eagle device was introduced for wear on the Eagle Scout square knot. The Eagle Scout Mentor pin was introduced in early 2004 in a gold-colored version. In early 2006 it was changed to a silver-colored antique finish to match the mother and father pins but in 2007 was changed back to gold-colored. In 2008, the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) introduced a knot recognizing those Eagle Scouts who are life members of NESA; it uses the standard knot emblem with a silver border.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3392457962036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "From 1912 to 1943 the BSA issued an index-sized card with information about the Eagle Scout. Wallet-size cards were introduced in 1944 and switched to a plastic credit card style in 1991. Certificates suitable for framing were first issued in 1944. As the honorary president of the BSA, the signature of the President of the United States appears on all certificates. Replacement of a card or certificate can be made by application through the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.295625686645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scouts are expected to set an example for other Scouts and to become the leaders in life that they have demonstrated themselves to be in Scouting. They are disproportionately represented in the military, service academy graduates, in higher education and academia, major professions, the clergy, business and politics. Eagles are more likely to exercise for 30 minutes or more every day, volunteer for religious and nonreligious organizations, have closer relationships with family and friends, be in a leadership position at their place of employment or local community, donate money to charitable groups, and to work with others to improve their neighborhoods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1681904792785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Adult Eagle Scouts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.493412971496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scouts who enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces may receive advanced enlisted rank in recognition of their achievements. For commissioned officer programs, attainment of Eagle Scout is considered a positive factor in determining service academy appointments and award of college ROTC scholarships. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4345972537994385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "NESA directly administers several Eagle Scout scholarships. The American Legion, the National Jewish Committee on Scouting, and the Sons of the American Revolution offer scholarships directed toward Eagle Scouts. Many colleges and universities, local businesses, churches and other organizations offer similar scholarships. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387289047241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "After the BSA v. Dale decision in 2000 affirmed the BSA's right to exclude homosexuals, a number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges to the National Council in protest of the BSA's policies. The advocacy group Scouting for All claimed to have received as many as one thousand letters from Eagle Scouts who had done so; the BSA later stated that fewer than one hundred Eagle Scout badges had been received.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.565683126449585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "In 2012, the BSA reaffirmed its policies on the exclusion of homosexuals; again a number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest. In May 2013, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America voted to lift the ban on openly gay youth beginning on January 1, 2014, with the ban on openly gay adult leaders remaining in effect. On June 27, 2015, the ban on gay leaders was also lifted* ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.346334457397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The latest policy still remains controversial. In response, two Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest of the change to the BSA's policy accepting gay Scouts. Several Christian religious denominations that collectively sponsor close to half of all Scout units—including the Catholic Church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and the Southern Baptist Convention—have been apprehensive about ending the ban on gay adults. The LDS Church in particular, which claims numerous Eagle Scouts among its members and is among the nation's largest sponsor of units, has considered leaving the organization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2527947425842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Nine Eagle Scouts have been awarded the Medal of Honor: Eugene B. Fluckey, Aquilla J. Dyess, Robert Edward Femoyer, Mitchell Paige, Thomas R. Norris, Ben L. Salomon, Leo K. Thorsness and Jay Zeamer, Jr..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.384743690490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Eagle Scouts who have held public office include 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford, 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, 13th and 21st U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Stephen Breyer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.79732894897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "In academia, Eagle Scouts are represented by Pulitzer Prize-winner E.O. Wilson, Gordon Gee, former President of Ohio State University, and Kim B. Clark, former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and former president of Brigham Young University-Idaho. Entertainers who earned the BSA's highest rank include documentary filmmaker and Academy Award-winner Michael Moore, Academy Award-winning director Steven Spielberg, Evan Roe, star of the CBS Television primetime hit drama Madam Secretary and Mike Rowe, host of the Discovery Channel's Dirty Jobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.705327033996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "Athletes who have earned Eagle Scout include Basketball Hall of Famer (later U.S. Senator) Bill Bradley, NBA All-Star Mark Eaton, MLB All-Star Shane Victorino and pitcher Jon Moscot, and Notre Dame and San Diego Chargers linebacker Manti Te'o. Religious leaders who have earned Eagle Scout include Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore William H. Keeler, and Howard W. Hunter, 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.508677959442139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "The National Eagle Scout Association researched the total volunteer hours of the Eagle service projects ever done and it came a total of more than 100 million hours of service. Each year, new Eagle Scouts add more than three million more hours. Eagle Scouts completed about 9.5 million hours in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.146244049072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" }, { "answer": "Eagle Scout", "passage": "August 1, 2012, was designated by the BSA as National Eagle Scout Day in recognition of Eldred's accomplishment in 1912.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.877595901489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Henceforth, humans would keep that meat for themselves and burn the bones wrapped in fat as an offering to the gods. This angered Zeus, who hid fire from humans in retribution. In this version of the myth, the use of fire was already known to humans, but withdrawn by Zeus. Prometheus, however, stole fire back in a giant fennel-stalk and restored it to humanity. This further enraged Zeus, who sent Pandora, the first woman, to live with humanity. Pandora was fashioned by Hephaestus out of clay and brought to life by the four winds, with all the goddesses of Olympus assembled to adorn her. \"From her is the race of women and female kind,\" Hesiod writes; \"of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who live amongst mortal men to their great trouble, no helpmeets in hateful poverty, but only in wealth.\"", "precise_score": 2.512695789337158, "rough_score": 2.844477415084839, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Hesiod revisits the story of Prometheus in the Works and Days (lines 42–105). Here, the poet expands upon Zeus's reaction to Prometheus's deception. Not only does Zeus withhold fire from humanity, but \"the means of life,\" as well (42). Had Prometheus not provoked Zeus's wrath (44–47), \"you would easily do work enough in a day to supply you for a full year even without working; soon would you put away your rudder over the smoke, and the fields worked by ox and sturdy mule would run to waste.\" Hesiod also expands upon the Theogonys story of the first woman, now explicitly called Pandora (\"all gifts\"). After Prometheus' theft of fire, Zeus sent Pandora in retaliation. Despite Prometheus' warning, Epimetheus accepted this \"gift\" from the gods. Pandora carried a jar with her, from which were released (91–92) \"evils, harsh pain and troublesome diseases which give men death\". Pandora shut the lid of the jar too late to contain all the evil plights that escaped, but foresight remained in the jar, depriving humanity from hope.", "precise_score": -0.33254706859588623, "rough_score": 1.8043434619903564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Before his theft of fire, Prometheus played a decisive role in the Titanomachy, securing victory for Zeus and the other Olympians. Zeus's torture of Prometheus thus becomes a particularly harsh betrayal. The scope and character of Prometheus' transgressions against Zeus are also widened. In addition to giving humankind fire, Prometheus claims to have taught them the arts of civilization, such as writing, mathematics, agriculture, medicine, and science. The Titan's greatest benefaction for humankind seems to have been saving them from complete destruction. In an apparent twist on the myth of the so-called Five Ages of Man found in Hesiod's Works and Days (wherein Cronus and, later, Zeus created and destroyed five successive races of humanity), Prometheus asserts that Zeus had wanted to obliterate the human race, but that he somehow stopped him.", "precise_score": 2.5232772827148438, "rough_score": 3.5105085372924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Moreover, Aeschylus anachronistically and artificially injects Io, another victim of Zeus's violence and ancestor of Heracles, into Prometheus' story. Finally, just as Aeschylus gave Prometheus a key role in bringing Zeus to power, he also attributed to him secret knowledge that could lead to Zeus's downfall: Prometheus had been told by his mother Themis, who in the play is identified with Gaia (Earth), of a potential marriage that would produce a son who would overthrow Zeus. Fragmentary evidence indicates that Heracles, as in Hesiod, frees the Titan in the trilogy's second play, Prometheus Unbound. It is apparently not until Prometheus reveals this secret of Zeus's potential downfall that the two reconcile in the final play, Prometheus the Fire-Bringer or Prometheus Pyrphoros, a lost tragedy by Aeschylus.", "precise_score": 0.6563539505004883, "rough_score": 2.110480546951294, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Prometheus ( ; , meaning \"forethought\") is a Titan in Greek mythology, best known as the deity in Greek mythology who was the creator of mankind and its greatest benefactor, who stole fire from Mount Olympus and gave it to mankind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0279388427734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Ancient myths and legends relate at least four versions of the narratives describing Prometheus, his exploits with Zeus, and his eternal punishment as also inflicted by Zeus. There is a single somewhat comprehensive version of the birth of Prometheus and several variant versions of his subjection to eternal suffering at the will of Zeus. The most significant narratives of his origin appear in the Theogony of Hesiod which relates Prometheus as being the son of the Titan Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanids. Hesiod then presents Prometheus as subsequently being a lowly challenger to Zeus's omnipotence. In the trick at Mecone, Prometheus tricks Zeus into eternally claiming the inedible parts of cows and bulls for the sacrificial ceremonies of the gods, while conceding the nourishing parts to humans for the eternal benefit of humankind. The two remaining central episodes regarding Prometheus as written by Hesiod include his theft of fire from Olympus for the benefit of humanity against the will of Zeus, and the eternal punishment which Prometheus would endure for these acts as inflicted upon him by the judgment of Zeus. For the greater part, the pre-Athenian ancient sources are selective in which of these narrative elements they chose by their own preferences to honor and support, and which ones they chose to exclude. The specific combinations of these relatively independent narrative elements by individual ancient authors (Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, Pythagoras), and specific exclusions among them, are often influenced by the particular needs and purposes of the larger myths and legends which they are depicting. Each individual ancient author selectively preferred certain crucial stories depicting Prometheus over others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7361844182014465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The etymology of the theonym prometheus is debated. The classical view is that it signifies \"forethought,\" as that of his brother Epimetheus denotes \"afterthought\". It has been theorized that it derives from the Proto-Indo-European root that also produces the Vedic pra math, \"to steal,\" hence pramathyu-s, \"thief\", cognate with \"Prometheus\", the thief of fire. The Vedic myth of fire's theft by Mātariśvan is an analog to the Greek account. Pramantha was the tool used to create fire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.115701675415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The duality of the gods and of humans standing as polar opposites is also clearly identified in the earliest traditions of Greek mythology and its legends by Pindar. In the sixth Nemean Ode, Pindar states: \"There is one/race of men, one race of gods; both have breath/of life from a single mother. But sundered power/holds us divided, so that one side is nothing, while on the other the brazen sky is established/a sure citadel forever.\" Although this duality in strikingly apparent in Pindar, it also has paradoxical elements where Pindar actually comes quite close to Hesiod who before him had said in his Works and Days (108) \"how the gods and mortal men sprang from one source.\" The understanding of Prometheus and his role in the creation of humans and the theft of fire for their benefit is therefore distinctly adapted within this distinguishable source for understanding the role of Prometheus within the mythology of the interaction of the Gods with humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.093192100524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Prometheus Bound, perhaps the most famous treatment of the myth to be found among the Greek tragedies, is traditionally attributed to the 5th-century BCE Greek tragedian Aeschylus. At the center of the drama are the results of Prometheus' theft of fire and his current punishment by Zeus; the playwright's dependence on the Hesiodic source material is clear, though Prometheus Bound also includes a number of changes to the received tradition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.080395460128784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Prometheus Bound also includes two mythic innovations of omission. The first is the absence of Pandora's story in connection with Prometheus' own. Instead, Aeschylus includes this one oblique allusion to Pandora and her jar that contained Hope (252): \"[Prometheus] caused blind hopes to live in the hearts of men.\" Second, Aeschylus makes no mention of the sacrifice-trick played against Zeus in the Theogony. The four tragedies of Prometheus attributed to Aeschylus, most of which are sadly lost to the passages of time into antiquity, are Prometheus Bound (Desmotes), Prometheus Delivered (Lyomens), Prometheus the Fire Bringer (Pyrphoros), and Prometheus the Fire Kindler (Pyrkaeus).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5783822536468506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Olga Raggio in her study \"The Myth of Prometheus\" for the Courtauld Institute attributes Plato in the Protagoras as an important contributor to the early development of the Prometheus myth. Raggio indicates that many of the more challenging and dramatic assertions which Aeschylean tragedy explores are absent from Plato's writings about Prometheus. As summarized by Raggio, \"After the gods have moulded men and other living creatures with a mixture of clay and fire, the two brothers Epimetheus and Prometheus are called to complete the task and distribute among the newly born creatures all sorts of natural qualities. Epimetheus sets to work, but, being unwise, distributes all the gifts of nature among the animals, leaving men naked and unprotected, unable to defend themselves and to survive in a hostile world. Prometheus then steals the fire of creative power from the workshop of Athena and Hephaistos and gives it to mankind.\" Raggio then goes on to point out Plato's distinction of creative power (techne) which is presented as superior to merely natural instincts (physis). For Plato, only the virtues of \"reverence and justice can provide for the maintenance of a civilized society – and these virtues are the highest gift finally bestowed on men in equal measure.\" The ancients by way of Plato believed that the name Prometheus derived from the Greek prefix pro- (before) + manthano (intelligence) and the agent suffix -eus, thus meaning \"Forethinker\". In his dialogue titled Protagoras, Plato contrasts Prometheus with his dull-witted brother Epimetheus, \"Afterthinker\". In Plato's dialogue Protagoras, Protagoras asserts that the gods created humans and all the other animals, but it was left to Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus to give defining attributes to each. As no physical traits were left when the pair came to humans, Prometheus decided to give them fire and other civilizing arts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4333581924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Athens was the exception. The altar of Prometheus in the grove of the Academy was the point of origin for several significant processions and other events regularly observed on the Athenian calendar. For the Panathenaic festival, arguably the most important civic festival at Athens, a torch race began at the altar, which was located outside the sacred boundary of the city, and passed through the Kerameikos, the district inhabited by potters and other artisans who regarded Prometheus and Hephaestus as patrons. The race then traveled to the heart of the city, where it kindled the sacrificial fire on the altar of Athena on the Acropolis to conclude the festival. These footraces took the form of relays in which teams of runners passed off a flaming torch. According to Pausanias (2nd century AD), the torch relay, called lampadedromia or lampadephoria, was first instituted at Athens in honor of Prometheus. By the Classical period, the races were run by ephebes also in honor of Hephaestus and Athena. Prometheus' association with fire is the key to his religious significance and to the alignment with Athena and Hephaestus that was specific to Athens and its \"unique degree of cultic emphasis\" on honoring technology. The festival of Prometheus was the Prometheia. The wreaths worn symbolized the chains of Prometheus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.433453321456909, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The three most prominent aspects of the Prometheus myth have parallels within the beliefs of many cultures throughout the world; see creation of man from clay, theft of fire, and references for eternal punishment. It is the first of these three which has drawn attention to parallels with the biblical creation account related in the religious symbolism expressed in the book of Genesis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.026337623596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "In the often cited and highly publicized interview between Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers on Public Television, the author of The Hero with a Thousand Faces presented his view on the comparison of Prometheus and Jesus. Moyers asked Campbell the question in the following words, \"In this sense, unlike heroes such as Prometheus or Jesus, we're not going on our journey to save the world but to save ourselves.\" To which Campbell's well-known response was that, \"But in doing that, you save the world. The influence of a vital person vitalizes, there's no doubt about it. The world without spirit is a wasteland. People have the notion of saving the world by shifting things around, changing the rules [...] No, no! Any world is a valid world if it's alive. The thing to do is to bring life to it, and the only way to do that is to find in your own case where the life is and become alive yourself.\" For Campbell, Jesus mortally suffered on the Cross while Prometheus eternally suffered while chained to a rock, and each of them received punishment for the gift which they bestowed to humankind, for Jesus this was the gift of propitiation from Heaven, and, for Prometheus this was the gift of fire from Olympus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2199077606201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Writing in the late British Renaissance, William Shakespeare uses the Promethean allusion in the famous death scene of Desdemona in his tragedy of Othello. Othello in contemplating the death of Desdemona asserts plainly that he cannot restore the \"Promethean heat\" to her body once it has been extinguished. For Shakespeare, the allusion is clearly to the interpretation of the fire from the heat as the bestowing of life to the creation of man from clay by Prometheus after it was stolen from Olympus. The analogy bears direct resemblance to the biblical narrative of the creation of life in Adam through the bestowed breathing of the creator in Genesis. Shakespeare's symbolic reference to the \"heat\" associated with Prometheus's fire is to the association of the gift of fire to the mythological gift or theological gift of life to humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.537103652954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "In his 1952 book, Lucifer and Prometheus, Zvi Werblowsky presented the speculatively derived Jungian construction of the character of Satan in Milton's celebrated poem Paradise Lost. Werblowsky applied his own Jungian style of interpretation to appropriate parts of the Prometheus myth for the purpose of interpreting Milton. A reprint of his book in the 1990s by Routledge Press included an introduction to the book by Carl Jung. Some Gnostics have been associated with identifying the theft of fire from heaven as embodied by the fall of Lucifer \"the Light Bearer\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.861083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "Works of classical music, opera, and ballet directly or indirectly inspired by the myth of Prometheus have included renderings by some of the major composers of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In this tradition, the orchestral representation of the myth has received the most sustained attention of composers. These have included the symphonic poem by Franz Liszt titled Prometheus from 1850, among his other Symphonic Poems (No. 5, S.99). Alexander Scriabin composed Prometheus: Poem of Fire, Opus 60 (1910), also for orchestra. In the same year Gabriel Fauré composed his three-act opera Prométhée (1910). Charles-Valentin Alkan composed his Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges' (1847), with the 4th movement entitled \"Prométhée enchaîné\" (Prometheus Bound). Beethoven composed the score to a ballet version of the myth titled The Creatures of Prometheus (1801). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.831476211547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The 2012 science fiction fantasy film titled Prometheus by Ridley Scott is associated with the myth largely through the coincidence of name. Of the three principal mythological themes associated with the myth of the titan Prometheus – the eternal punishment, the theft of fire, and the creation of man – the film seems to be at least partially concerned only the last theme. In the film, one of the wealthy lead characters in the future spends vast sums of money in order to locate the extraterrestrials who he believes were responsible for the creation of man. His hope is that if he finds his ‘creators’, they will be able somehow to extend his life. In this belief he is straightforwardly disappointed. A 2012 three-part essay on the science fiction film titled Prometheus identified the eight key themes in understanding the film, with only “Parental Issues” appearing to have a solid connection to the myth of Prometheus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.791991233825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The inventor of human-like artificial intelligence in the 2015 film Ex Machina, Nathan Bateman, states, \"It is what it is. It’s Promethean. The clay and fire.\" His liver is damaged daily from alcoholic binge drinking, he rejuvenates the next morning with a healthy diet and exercise, and ultimately he is stabbed in the liver (or thereabouts) by his creations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.102428436279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prometheus" }, { "answer": "Fire", "passage": "The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source, Callimachus, together with the assertion of Antoninus Liberalis that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the infant shared with a mythic swarm of bees, suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.534836769104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sink ships", "passage": "Some of these posters contained the most well known slogans of the war and many were depicted by propaganda artist Cyril Kenneth Bird. Other slogans used for this type of poster were “loose talk costs lives”, \"loose lips sink ships\", “Another careless word, another wooden cross”, and “bits of careless talk are pieced together by the enemy”. Stories also emphasized an anti-rumor theme, as when one woman advised another not to talk with a man about her war job, because the woman he is dating is untrustworthy and might be an enemy agent. ", "precise_score": 5.513348579406738, "rough_score": 5.8023810386657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "American propaganda during World War II" }, { "answer": "Sink ships", "passage": "Loose lips sink ships is an American English idiom meaning \"beware of unguarded talk\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.153217315673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Loose lips sink ships" }, { "answer": "Sink ships", "passage": "There were many similar such slogans, but \"Loose lips sink ships\" remained in the American idiom for the remainder of the century and into the next, usually as an admonition to avoid careless talk in general. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.085577487945557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Loose lips sink ships" } ]

[ { "answer": "$5", "passage": "In 2014, Canada's exports totalled over C$528 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $523 billion, of which approximately $349 billion originated from the United States, $49 billion from the European Union, and $35 billion from China. The country's 2014 trade surplus totalled C$5.1 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008. ", "precise_score": -10.984054565429688, "rough_score": -10.543282508850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "$5", "passage": "The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada. By October 2009, Canada's national unemployment rate had reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador. Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs. Canada's federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09. In addition, Canada's net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010. However, Canada's regulated banking sector (comparatively conservative among G8 nations), the federal government's pre-crisis budgetary surpluses, and its long-term policies of lowering the national debt, resulted in a less severe recession compared to other G8 nations. , the Canadian economy has largely stabilized and has seen a modest return to growth, although the country remains troubled by volatile oil prices, sensitivity to the Eurozone crisis and higher-than-normal unemployment rates. The federal government and many Canadian industries have also started to expand trade with emerging Asian markets, in an attempt to diversify exports; Asia is now Canada's second-largest export market after the United States. Widely debated oil pipeline proposals, in particular, are hoped to increase exports of Canadian oil reserves to China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81976318359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" } ]

[ { "answer": "50", "passage": "On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, \"Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.\" The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces. On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over. On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be \"home for the holidays\". ", "precise_score": -7.749177932739258, "rough_score": -7.245510578155518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "answer": "50", "passage": "From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of \"40 under Forty\" powers to be.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.161554336547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barack Obama" }, { "answer": "50", "passage": "According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010, a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office. He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously. His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52 percent shortly after his second inauguration. Despite him dropping to 39 percent in his approval ratings in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, he has climbed to 50 percent in late January 2015 according to Gallup. Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries, and before being elected President he met with prominent foreign figures including former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Italy's Democratic Party leader and Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni, and French President Nicolas Sarkozy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.95807933807373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barack Obama" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Lowe's Companies, Inc. is an American company that operates a chain of retail home improvement and appliance stores in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Founded in 1946 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, the chain has 1,840 stores in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Expansion into Canada began in 2007 with the opening of a store in Hamilton, Ontario in early 2008. Lowe's started the construction of two stores in the Mexican city of Monterrey officially entering the Mexican market in early 2010. In 2011, Lowe's released plans to build over 150 stores in Australia (as Masters Home Improvement) over the next five years, hoping to compete with the A$46 billion industry. Lowe's Companies, Inc. is ranked #50 on the Fortune 500 list. As of 2010, the chain is based in Mooresville, North Carolina. Lowe's is the second-largest hardware chain in the United States behind The Home Depot and ahead of Menards. Globally, Lowe's is also the second-largest hardware chain, again behind The Home Depot but ahead of the European stores B&Q and OBI.", "precise_score": 4.234167098999023, "rough_score": 6.2699761390686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lowe's" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Lowe's suffered in the 1980s due to market conditions and increasing competition from the new big-box store chain, The Home Depot. For a while, Lowe's resisted adopting the mega-store format partly because Lowe's management believed the smaller towns where Lowe's mostly operated would not even support huge stores. However, Lowe's eventually had to adopt the big-box format in order to survive. Today, most Lowe's stores are part of the big-box variety, although some classic format stores remain in smaller markets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.13211283087730408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lowe's" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Trading as Masters Home Improvement, the first store opened in Braybrook, Victoria to tradesmen on August 31, 2011 and the general public on September 1, 2011. Masters is a joint venture of the Lowe's Companies, Inc. and Woolworths Limited to compete against the Wesfarmers'-owned Bunnings Warehouse, which operates in the large bigbox format similar to Lowe's and Home Depot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.837835311889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lowe's" } ]

[ { "answer": "New York City", "passage": "Despite his superpowers, Parker struggles to help his widowed aunt pay rent, is taunted by his peers—particularly football star Flash Thompson—and, as Spider-Man, engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson.Saffel, Steve. Spider-Man the Icon: The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon (Titan Books, 2007) ISBN 978-1-84576-324-4, p. 21. As he battles his enemies for the first time,[http://www.comics.org/series/1570/ Amazing Spider-Man, The (Marvel, 1963 Series)] at the Grand Comics Database Parker finds juggling his personal life and costumed adventures difficult. In time, Peter graduates from high school, and enrolls at Empire State University (a fictional institution evoking the real-life Columbia University and New York University),Saffel, p. 51 where he meets roommate and best friend Harry Osborn, and girlfriend Gwen Stacy, and Aunt May introduces him to Mary Jane Watson. Saffel, p. 27 As Peter deals with Harry's drug problems, and Harry's father is revealed to be Spider-Man's nemesis the Green Goblin, Peter even attempts to give up his costumed identity for a while. Gwen Stacy's father, New York City Police detective captain George Stacy is accidentally killed during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus (#90, Nov. 1970).Saffel, p. 60", "precise_score": -3.6592392921447754, "rough_score": -7.1501312255859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Ny c", "passage": "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics existing in its shared universe. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy #15 (Aug. 1962) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and as a teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crime-fighter. Spider-Man's creators gave him super strength and agility, the ability to cling to most surfaces, shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention, which he calls \"web-shooters\", and react to danger quickly with his \"spider-sense\", enabling him to combat his foes. And later in his life founded his own company call Parker Industries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.221497535705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "New York City", "passage": "Peter Parker's romantic interests range between his first crush, the fellow high-school student Liz Allan, to having his first date with Betty Brant,Lee, Stan, Origins of Marvel Comics (Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974) p. 137 the secretary to the Daily Bugle newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. After his breakup with Betty Brant, Parker eventually falls in love with his college girlfriend Gwen Stacy, daughter of New York City Police Department detective captain George Stacy, both of whom are later killed by supervillain enemies of Spider-Man. Mary Jane Watson eventually became Peter's best friend and then his wife. Felicia Hardy, the Black Cat, is a reformed cat burglar who had been Spider-Man's girlfriend and partner at one point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.325389862060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Ny c", "passage": "When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the company chose the December 2001 issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.440703392028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" } ]

[ { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft, and boats.", "precise_score": -1.8873589038848877, "rough_score": 0.012368813157081604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy.", "precise_score": -1.9281355142593384, "rough_score": -1.4260321855545044, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Diesel engines and HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its compression process for ignition. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, spray a small quantity of diesel fuel into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines take in both air and fuel, but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off (which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus), and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic engine control units (ECU) that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions.", "precise_score": 2.1381137371063232, "rough_score": 3.2426462173461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Multiple crankshaft configurations do not necessarily need a cylinder head at all because they can instead have a piston at each end of the cylinder called an opposed piston design. Because fuel inlets and outlets are positioned at opposed ends of the cylinder, one can achieve uniflow scavenging, which, as in the four-stroke engine is efficient over a wide range of engine speeds. Thermal efficiency is improved because of a lack of cylinder heads. This design was used in the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel aircraft engine, using two crankshafts at either end of a single bank of cylinders, and most remarkably in the Napier Deltic diesel engines. These used three crankshafts to serve three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle with the crankshafts at the corners. It was also used in single-bank locomotive engines, and is still used in marine propulsion engines and marine auxiliary generators.", "precise_score": -5.42929220199585, "rough_score": -1.8269202709197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with a compression heating ignition system, rather than needing a separate ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the piston moves.", "precise_score": 3.3229503631591797, "rough_score": -0.2523861825466156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Compression ignition Diesel engines ignite the fuel-air mixture by the heat of compression and do not need a spark. They usually have glowplugs that preheat the combustion chamber to allow starting in cold weather. Other engines may use a flame, or a heated tube, for ignition. While this was common for very early engines it is now rare.", "precise_score": 5.966004848480225, "rough_score": 4.585691928863525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ignition system" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives (some are electrical but most use Diesel engines ). Rotary engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and motorcycles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.43520450592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "ICEs drive some of the large electric generators that power electrical grids. They are found in the form of combustion turbines in combined cycle power plants with a typical electrical output in the range of 100 MW to 1 GW. The high temperature exhaust is used to boil and superheat water to run a steam turbine. Thus, the efficiency is higher because more energy is extracted from the fuel than what could be extracted by the combustion turbine alone. In combined cycle power plants efficiencies in the range of 50% to 60% are typical. In a smaller scale Diesel generators are used for backup power and for providing electrical power to areas not connected to an electric grid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.733193397521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "CI engines that use a blower typically use uniflow scavenging. In this design the cylinder wall contains several intake ports placed uniformly spaced along the circumference just above the position that the piston crown reaches when at BDC. An exhaust valve or several like that of 4-stroke engines is used. The final part of the intake manifold is an air sleeve which feeds the intake ports. The intake ports are placed at an horizontal angle to the cylinder wall (I.e: they are in plane of the piston crown) to give a swirl to the incoming charge to improve combustion. The largest reciprocating IC are low speed CI engines of this type; they are used for marine propulsion (see marine diesel engine) or electric power generation and achieve the highest thermal efficiencies among internal combustion engines of any kind. Some Diesel-electric locomotive engines operate on the 2-stroke cycle. The most powerful of them have a brake power of around 4.5 MW or 6,000 HP. The EMD SD90MAC class of locomotives use a 2-stroke engine. The comparable class GE AC6000CW whose prime mover has almost the same brake power uses a 4-stroke engine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.095087051391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "An example of this type of engine is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged 2-stroke Diesel, used in large container ships. It is the most efficient and powerful internal combustion engine in the world with a thermal efficiency over 50%.[http://www.manbw.com/engines/TwoStrokeLowSpeedPropMEEngines.asp?model", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.740737438201904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "S80ME-C7.html Low Speed Engines], MAN Diesel. For comparison, the most efficient small four-stroke engines are around 43% thermally-efficient (SAE 900648); size is an advantage for efficiency due to the increase in the ratio of volume to surface area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.349029541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "While gasoline internal combustion engines are much easier to start in cold weather than diesel engines, they can still have cold weather starting problems under extreme conditions. For years the solution was to park the car in heated areas. In some parts of the world the oil was actually drained and heated over night and returned to the engine for cold starts. In the early 1950s the gasoline Gasifier unit was developed, where, on cold weather starts, raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the fuel was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold. This unit was quite popular until electric engine block heaters became standard on gasoline engines sold in cold climates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.492802619934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Diesel Ignition Process ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.71121597290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Diesel cycle ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189918518066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the Atkinson and Miller cycles. The diesel cycle is somewhat different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305727005004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "The most common modern fuels are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived mostly from fossil fuels (petroleum). Fossil fuels include diesel fuel, gasoline and petroleum gas, and the rarer use of propane. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed with gases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel (a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield triglycerides such as soybean oil), can also be used. Engines with appropriate modifications can also run on hydrogen gas, wood gas, or charcoal gas, as well as from so-called producer gas made from other convenient biomass. Experiments have also been conducted using powdered solid fuels, such as the magnesium injection cycle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.587137699127197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "**Petroleum diesel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161443710327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "**Diesel fuel can be made from carbon using the Fischer-Tropsch process", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329033851623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "***Biodiesel (replaces petrodiesel).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103388786315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "***Dimethyl Ether (replaces petrodiesel).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00053596496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Diesel engines are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than gasoline engines. They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles (increasingly so for their increased fuel efficiency over gasoline engines), ships, railway locomotives, and light aircraft. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles, and mopeds. Note that in Europe, sophisticated diesel-engined cars have taken over about 45% of the market since the 1990s. There are also engines that run on hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biodiesel, paraffin and tractor vaporizing oil (TVO).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.548174858093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "The most often found methods of starting ICE today is with an electric motor. As diesel engines have become larger another method has come into use as well, that is Air Starters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817889213562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is \"quenched\" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9008066654205322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Internal combustion engine" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "Ideal Diesel Cycle 1->2 Isentropic compression", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.133267402648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gas compressor" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "* Diesel engines or petrol engines are suitable for portable compressors and support compressors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.6729097366333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gas compressor" }, { "answer": "Diesel", "passage": "* In automobiles and other types of vehicles (including piston-powered airplanes, boats, trucks, etc.), diesel or gasoline engines power output can be increased by compressing the intake air, so that more fuel can be burned per cycle. These engines can power compressors using their own crankshaft power (this setup known as a supercharger), or, use their exhaust gas to drive a turbine connected to the compressor (this setup known as a turbocharger).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.047970771789551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gas compressor" } ]

[ { "answer": "1976", "passage": "Thompson recruited and hired Jack Patera, a Minnesota Vikings assistant coach, to be the first head coach of the Seahawks; the hiring was announced on January 3, 1976. The expansion draft was held March 30–31, 1976, with Seattle and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers alternating picks for rounds selecting unprotected players from the other 26 teams in the league. The Seahawks were awarded the 2nd overall pick in the 1976 draft, a pick they used on defensive tackle Steve Niehaus. The team took the field for the first time on August 1, 1976 in a pre-season game against the San Francisco 49ers in the then newly constructed Kingdome.", "precise_score": 0.8164117932319641, "rough_score": 4.477705955505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "As of the end of the 2015 season, the Seattle Seahawks have competed in 40 NFL seasons, dating back to their expansion year of 1976. The team has compiled a 315–313 record (15–14 in the playoffs) for a .502 winning percentage (.517 in the playoffs). Seattle has reached the playoffs in 15 separate seasons, including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII, and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots. In the 2010 season, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record (7–9, .438) in a full season; this was by virtue of winning the division. The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round, becoming the first team ever to win a playoff game with a losing record. They are also the oldest existing team in the NFL to never have had a tie game, not even in the preseason.", "precise_score": 2.025221824645996, "rough_score": 5.178215980529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2794089317321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "1976–82: Expansion era ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.424481391906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "The Seahawks are, to date, the only NFL team to switch conferences twice in the post-merger era. The franchise began play in 1976 in the aforementioned NFC West but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise once (the ones in their conference at the time) during their first two seasons. The Seahawks won both matchups against the Buccaneers in their first two seasons, the former of which was the Seahawks' first regular season victory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.09913787245750427, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "In , coinciding with the arrival of Chuck Knox as head coach, the uniforms were updated slightly. The striping on the arms now incorporated the Seahawks logo, and the TV numbers moved onto the shoulders. Helmet facemasks changed from gray to blue. Also, the socks went solid blue at the top, and white on bottom. In the 1985 season, the team wore 10th Anniversary patches on the right side of their pants. It had the Seahawks logo streaking through the number 10. Starting in the 1989 NFL season, jerseys were no longer sand-knit. In 1994, the year of the NFL's 75th Anniversary, the Seahawks changed the style of their numbering to something more suitable for the team; Pro Block from then until 2001. That same year, the Seahawks wore a vintage jersey for select games resembling the 1976–82 uniforms. However the helmet facemasks remained blue. The logos also became sewn on instead of being screen-printed. In 2000, Shaun Alexander's rookie year and Cortez Kennedy's last, the Seattle Seahawks celebrated their 25th Anniversary; the logo was worn on the upper left chest of the jersey. In 2001, the Seahawks switched to the new Reebok uniform system still in their current uniforms, but it would be their last in this uniform after the season ended. Previously, the team's uniforms were made by Wilson, Wilson/Staff, Russell Athletics, Logo Athletics, and Puma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1015520095825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "* The Nordstrom family: 1976–1988", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758142471313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Seahawks" }, { "answer": "1976", "passage": "Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively. The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at . The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at . On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages . Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods. In 2013 (a \"La Niña\" year), a record low of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849. Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 in fell on Twin Peaks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560172080993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "San Francisco" } ]

[ { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "Some of the banditry of the West was carried out by Mexicans and Indians against white targets of opportunity along the U.S.–Mexico border, particularly in Texas, Arizona, and California. The second major type of banditry was conducted by the infamous outlaws of the West, including Jesse James, Billy the Kid, the Dalton Gang, Black Bart, Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch and hundreds of others who preyed on banks, trains, stagecoaches, and in some cases even armed government transports such as the Wham Paymaster Robbery and the Skeleton Canyon Robbery. Some of the outlaws, such as Jesse James, were products of the violence of the Civil War (James had ridden with Quantrill's Raiders) and others became outlaws during hard times in the cattle industry. Many were misfits and drifters who roamed the West avoiding the law. In rural areas Joaquin Murieta, Jack Powers, Augustine Chacon and other bandits terrorized the state. When outlaw gangs were near, towns would occasionally raise a posse to drive them out or capture them. Seeing that the need to combat the bandits was a growing business opportunity, Allan Pinkerton ordered his National Detective Agency, founded in 1850, to open branches out West, and they got into the business of pursuing and capturing outlaws. There was plenty of business thanks to the criminals such as the James Gang, Butch Cassidy, Sam Bass, and dozens of others. To take refuge from the law, outlaws would use the advantages of the open range, remote passes and badlands to hide. While some settlements and towns in the frontier also house outlaws and criminals, which were called \"outlaw towns\". ", "precise_score": -10.960185050964355, "rough_score": -8.402100563049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "American frontier" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "Billy the Kid, born Henry McCarty; also known as WilliamH.Bonney (September 17, 1859July 14, 1881) was an American Old West gunfighter who participated in New Mexico's Lincoln County War. He is known to have killed eight men.", "precise_score": -2.4398982524871826, "rough_score": 0.4203633964061737, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Henry McCarty", "passage": "Henry McCarty was born in New York City on September 17, 1859 to Catherine (née Devine) McCarty, and was baptized eleven days later in the Church of St. Peter. While some historians believe that his father's first name was Patrick, others have doubts as to his true identity. There has been confusion about McCarty's birthplace and birth date among historians. His younger brother, Joseph McCarty, was born in 1863.", "precise_score": -11.192849159240723, "rough_score": -10.238202095031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "William H. Bonney", "passage": "At some point in 1877, McCarty began to refer to himself as \"William H. Bonney\".", "precise_score": -5.360118865966797, "rough_score": -9.287357330322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "Over time, legends formed and grew that claimed Bonney was not killed, rather, that Garrett staged the incident and death out of friendship so that the gunman could evade the law. In the years following the shooting, men came forward to claim they were Billy the Kid. While most of the claimants were disproven to be Bonney, two have remained topics of discussion and debate.", "precise_score": -7.989462852478027, "rough_score": -9.23220157623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "In 1948, a Central Texas man known as Ollie P. Roberts, who went by the nickname \"Brushy Bill\", began to claim he was Billy the Kid. His claims were summarily dismissed, even by his own family. Hico, Texas, his town of residence, capitalized on the claim by opening a Billy the Kid museum. ", "precise_score": -11.16191291809082, "rough_score": -10.162249565124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "The image, which had been copied and published in various ways over the years, showed Bonney with his holstered Colt revolver on his left side. This fueled the belief that the gunman was left-handed. This belief, however, did not take into account that the method used to make the original ferrotype was to use metal plates that produced reverse images. As a result, the photo showed Bonney's pistol on his left side, leading modern historians to believe he shot with his left hand. In 1954 western historians James D. Horan and Paul Sann wrote that Bonney was \"right-handed and carried his pistol on his right hip\". The opinion was confirmed by Clyde Jeavons, a former curator of the National Film and Television Archive. Several Billy the Kid historians have written that Bonney was ambidextrous. ", "precise_score": -8.907949447631836, "rough_score": -10.29521369934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "A tintype purchased in 2010 for at a memorabilia shop in Fresno, California, appears to show Bonney and members of the Regulators playing croquet. The photo was reviewed by Old West history and tin-type photo experts in order to authenticate or deny the image's authenticity. Some, including collector RobertG. McCubbin and outlaw historian John Boessenecker, informed the owner as early as 2013 that it was not Bonney in the photo. Others, including Jeff Aiello, executive producer at 18THIRTY Entertainment, thought it might be Bonney, and ultimately that company produced a National Geographic special, Billy The Kid: New Evidence. Aiello became convinced during preparation for the show's production that the photo was taken at John Tunstall's ranch, and stated that the schoolhouse in the photo still exists on the site. He speculated that because Tunstall was an Englishman and croquet was a popular game among the English, the croquet set belonged to Tunstall. Kent Gibson, a forensic video and still image expert from Los Angeles, offered his services to Aiello, including the use of facial recognition software, and stated that Bonney is one of the individuals in the image. ", "precise_score": -7.868748664855957, "rough_score": -5.416228294372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "In August 2015, Lincoln State Monument officials and the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs said that despite the new research done for the documentary, they were \"unable to confirm authentication of the photograph in question as being a picture of Billy the Kid or other members of the Lincoln County War era\", according to Monument manager Gary Cozzens. A photo curator at the Palace of the Governors photo archives, Daniel Kosharek, said that the photo was \"problematic on a lot of fronts\", including how small the figures are and the lack of resemblance in the background—in New Mexican eyes—to Lincoln County or the state in general. This skepticism was echoed a few days prior to the October 18, 2015, premiere of Billy The Kid: New Evidence on the National Geographic Channel: the editorial staff at True West Magazine wrote an article presenting the opinions of the photo by various writers and researchers, which was summed up as \"no one in our office thinks this photo is of the Kid\" and the Regulators.", "precise_score": -8.014323234558105, "rough_score": -6.809208869934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966), directed by William Beaudine, has Count Dracula, played by John Carradine, traveling to the Old West, where he takes a shine to Billy's fiancee and tries to turn her into a vampire. Chuck Courtney co-stars as Billy. ", "precise_score": -10.768098831176758, "rough_score": -8.863899230957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The CBS radio series Crime Classics told the story of Billy the Kid in its October 21, 1953 episode (#17) entitled \"Billy Bonney – Bloodletter.\" The episode featured Sam Edwards as Billy the Kid and William Conrad as Pat Garrett. ", "precise_score": -10.539352416992188, "rough_score": -10.396127700805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "On February 18, 1878, after learning the posse was on his land, Tunstall rode out to protest their presence, encountered the group, and was shot dead. Billy the Kid historian Robert Utley wrote in his book on the Lincoln County War, High Noon in Lincoln, that Tunstall may have tried to defend himself when cornered by the posse with the end of the encounter being his death. It is known that one posse member shot Tunstall in the chest, knocking him off his horse to the ground. Another posse member took Tunstall's gun from him, fatally shooting him in the back of the head. Tunstall's murder is referred to by historians as \"the fuel\" that started the Lincoln County War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519865989685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "In 2007, a lawsuit was filed by author and amateur historian Gale Cooper against the Lincoln County Sheriff's Office pursuant to the state Inspection of Public Records Act to produce records of the results of the 2006 DNA tests and other forensic evidence collected in the Billy the Kid investigations. In April 2012, 133 pages of documents were provided which, \"although they offered no conclusive evidence to prove or disprove the generally accepted story of the Kid's death at Garrett's hand\", they did \"reveal that the records sought not only exist[ed], but that they could have been easily produced long ago\". In 2014, Cooper was awarded in punitive damages. The lawsuit ultimately cost Lincoln County a combined amount of nearly for the judgement and associated fees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544489860534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Dick Brewer, Billy the Kid, and the Regulators; a painting by artist Andy Thomas ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9554443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy The Kid (1958), a serial poem by Jack Spicer ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06318187713623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid (1962), an episode title in the Lucky Luke comic book series by Goscinny and Morris ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234891891479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left-handed Poems, by Michael Ondaatje, 1970 biography in the form of experimental poetry ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2514009475708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Illegal Rebirth of Billy the Kid (1991) is a science fiction novel by Rebecca Ore ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052741050720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Lucky Billy: a novel about Billy the Kid (2008), is a novel by John Vernon, a professor at Binghamton University ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046622276306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The novels, Inferno and Escape from Hell, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, feature interactions between the novels' contemporary main characters traversing Dante's Inferno and Billy the Kid ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1426362991333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid, a 1911 silent film directed by Laurence Trimble and starring Tefft Johnson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255011558532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid, 1930 widescreen film directed by King Vidor and starring Johnny Mack Brown as Billy and Wallace Beery as Pat Garrett", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330770492553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid Returns, 1938: Roy Rogers plays a dual role, Billy the Kid and his dead-ringer lookalike who shows up after the Kid has been shot by Pat Garrett. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215360641479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid, 1941 remake of the 1930 film, starring Robert Taylor and Brian Donlevy ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388010025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Bob Steele and Buster Crabbe played Billy the Kid in a series of 42 western films from 1940 through 1946, released by Poverty Row studio Producers Distributing Corporation. Some of the titles include Blazing Frontier, The Renegade, Cattle Stampede, and Western Cyclone (1943). In a 1952 film, Allan \"Rocky\" Lane goes after Billy the Kid's lost treasure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010053634643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* I Shot Billy the Kid, a 1950 film directed by William Berke and starring Don \"Red\" Barry as Billy ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043720245361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Kid from Texas (1950) starring Audie Murphy as Billy the Kid ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367990493774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954, Columbia Pictures Corporation) starring Scott Brady as the Kid, James Griffith as Pat Garrett, Betta St. John as Nita Maxwell, and Alan Hale, Jr. as Bob Olinger ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926424026489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Boy from Oklahoma (1954), with Tyler MacDuff in the role of Billy the Kid ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193984031677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, Sam Peckinpah's 1973 motion picture with Kris Kristofferson as Billy, James Coburn as Pat Garrett, and with a soundtrack by Bob Dylan, who also appears in the movie ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995512962341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Gore Vidal's Billy the Kid, Gore Vidal's 1989 film starring Val Kilmer as Billy and Duncan Regehr as Pat Garrett ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339303016662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Purgatory, Uli Edel's 1999 made-for-TV movie starring Donnie Wahlberg as Deputy Glen/Billy The Kid ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440502166748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Requiem for Billy the Kid, Anne Feinsilber's 2006 motion picture starring Kris Kristofferson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293442726135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* \"Billy the Kid\", a folksong in the public domain, was published in John A. Lomax and Alan Lomax's American Ballads and Folksongs album, and also their Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads album. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04280948638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* \"Billy the Kid\" folksong sung by Woody Guthrie, recorded by Alan Lomax in 1940 for the Library of Congress (#3412 B2), with a melody Guthrie later used for his song \"So Long, it's Been Good to Know You\". He also recorded it in 1944 for Moe Asch's Asch/Folkways label (MA67). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870972633361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Bob Dylan's album Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, soundtrack of the 1973 film by Sam Peckinpah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287047386169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Marty Robbins recorded the folk song \"Billy the Kid\" on his album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424612998962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Ry Cooder recorded the folk song \"Billy the Kid\", on the album Into The Purple Valley, with his own melody and instrumental. It was also on Ry Cooder Classics Volume II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185287475585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Tom Petty wrote the song \"Billy the Kid\", released on his 1999 album Echo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3368558883667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Dia Frampton's \"Billy the Kid,\" on the 2011 album Red. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312165260314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Charlie Daniels recorded the song \"Billy the Kid\" on his 1976 album High Lonesome. Chris LeDoux also covered the song on his album Haywire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267396926879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Joe Ely recorded the song \"Me and Billy the Kid\" on his 1987 album Lord of the Highway. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366039276123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Running Wild recorded the song \"Billy the Kid\" on their 1991 album Blazon Stone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322619438171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Billy the Kid, 1906 Broadway play co-written by Joseph Santley and Walwin (Walter) Woods. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130785942077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Aaron Copland's Billy the Kid, music and ballet that premiered in 1938. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22686767578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Michael McClure's 1965 play The Beard recounts a fictional meeting between Billy the Kid and Jean Harlow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128034591674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Michael Ondaatje's 1973 play, The Collected Works of Billy the Kid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27475357055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The Gunsmoke radio show had an episode titled \"Billy the Kid\", broadcast on April 2, 1952. It purports to tell of Billy the Kid's first murder as a runaway boy and credits Matt Dillon with giving him the \"Billy the Kid\" moniker. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087994575500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* The NBC series The Tall Man ran from 1960 to 1962, starring Clu Gulager as Billy the Kid and Barry Sullivan as Pat Garrett. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311370849609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Robert Blake starred as Billy the Kid in the 1966 Death Valley Days episode \"The Kid from Hell's Kitchen\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39024829864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Robert Walker, Jr. starred as Billy the Kid in a 1967 episode of the Irwin Allen science fiction series Time Tunnel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291481971740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* American Experience, Billy the Kid, aired on PBS January 9, 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199285507202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" }, { "answer": "Billy the Kid", "passage": "* Derek Chariton played Billy the Kid in four episodes of the 2016 mini-series The American West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899691581726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Billy the Kid" } ]

[ { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Controversy erupted in March 1994 over a proposed commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Japan. The centerpiece of the exhibit was the Enola Gay, the B-29 bomber that dropped the A-bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Veterans' groups, led by the Air Force Association and The Retired Officers Association, argued strongly that the exhibit's inclusion of Japanese accounts and photographs of victims politicized the exhibit and insulted U.S. airmen. Also disputed was the predicted number of U.S. casualties that would have resulted from an invasion of Japan, had that been necessary, after the museum director, Martin O. Harwit, unilaterally reduced the figure by 75% on January 9, 1995, at the height of the dispute. On January 18 the American Legion called for a congressional investigation of the matter, and on January 24, 1995, 81 members of Congress called for Harwit's resignation. Harwit was forced to resign on May 2. Although the exhibit was \"radically reduced\" and criticized by the New York Times as \"the most diminished display in Smithsonian history,\" the Air and Space Museum placed the forward fuselage of the Enola Gay and other items on display as part of a non-political historical exhibition. Within a year, it had drawn more than a million visitors, making it the most popular special exhibition in the history of the NASM, and when the exhibition closed in May 1998, it had drawn nearly four million visitors. ", "precise_score": 1.6654940843582153, "rough_score": 3.5781922340393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Air and Space Museum" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay, flown by Tibbets, dropped the first bomb, called Little Boy, on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Enola Gay is fully restored and on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, outside Dulles Airport in Washington, D.C. Bockscar dropped the second bomb, called Fat Man, on Nagasaki three days later. Bockscar is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.", "precise_score": 3.7841145992279053, "rough_score": 4.901779651641846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing B-29 Superfortress" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The B-29, Miss Marilyn Gay, which flew 27 successful bombing missions mainly over Japan during the Second World War, and five POW relief missions is displayed at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Georgia. There is a restored B-29A, Jack's Hack, located as part of the 58th Bomb Wing Memorial the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, CT. The Enola Gay (nose number 82) the B-29 that dropped the first atomic bomb, was fully restored and placed on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air & Space Museum near Washington Dulles International Airport in 2003. Similarly, the weapons delivery aircraft for the Nagasaki raid deploying the Fat Man, the Bockscar (nose number 77) is restored and on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.", "precise_score": 5.255189895629883, "rough_score": 7.059175968170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing B-29 Superfortress" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.", "precise_score": 2.627490520477295, "rough_score": 5.700083255767822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico. Colonel William H. Blanchard replaced Tibbets as group commander on 22 January 1946, and also became the first commander of the 509th Bombardment Wing, the successor to the 509th Composite Group. Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb.", "precise_score": -0.43912404775619507, "rough_score": 3.8428328037261963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35, the 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft. ", "precise_score": 3.9430813789367676, "rough_score": 5.683494567871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The Enola Gay is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.", "precise_score": 3.3143084049224854, "rough_score": 6.86396598815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay was personally selected by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., the commander of the 509th Composite Group, on 9 May 1945, while still on the assembly line. The aircraft was accepted by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 18 May 1945 and assigned to the 393d Bombardment Squadron, Heavy, 509th Composite Group. Crew B-9, commanded by Captain Robert A. Lewis, took delivery of the bomber and flew it from Omaha to the 509th's base at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, on 14 June 1945.", "precise_score": 0.08046988397836685, "rough_score": 5.006977081298828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, in the Mariana Islands, about six hours' flight time from Japan, accompanied by two other B-29s, The Great Artiste, carrying instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, to take photographs. The director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., wanted the event recorded for posterity, so the takeoff was illuminated by floodlights. When he wanted to taxi, Tibbets leaned out the window to direct the bystanders out of the way. On request, he gave a friendly wave for the cameras.", "precise_score": 3.7242696285247803, "rough_score": 5.983789443969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. When he was five years old the family moved to Davenport, Iowa, and then to Iowa's capital, Des Moines, where he was raised, and where his father became a confections wholesaler. When he was eight, his family moved to Miami, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. As a boy he was very interested in flying. One day his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. In 1927, when he was 12 years old, he flew in a plane piloted by barnstormer Doug Davis, dropping candy bars with tiny parachutes to the crowd of people attending the races at the Hialeah Park Race Track.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6481499671936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Tibbets flew the lead bomber Butcher Shop for the first American daylight heavy bomber mission on 17 August 1942, a shallow penetration raid against a marshalling yard in Rouen in Occupied France, with Armstrong as his co-pilot. This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, Red Gremlin, nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in Enola Gay. On October 9, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Poor bombing accuracy resulted in numerous civilian casualties and less damage to the rail installations than hoped, but the mission was hailed an overall success because it reached its target against heavy and constant fighter attack. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5754799842834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "On 5 August 1945, Tibbets formally named his B-29 Enola Gay after his mother. Enola Gay had been personally selected by him while it was still on the assembly line at the Glenn L. Martin Company plant in Bellevue, Nebraska. The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of August 6 to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. Lewis would fly the mission as Tibbets's co-pilot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.599014163017273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "At 02:45 the next day—in accordance with the terms of Operations Order No. 35—the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. Tinian was approximately away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach Hiroshima. The atomic bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.719248294830322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Barry Nelson played Tibbets in the film The Beginning or the End (1947). Above and Beyond (1952) depicted the World War II events involving Tibbets, with Robert Taylor starring as Tibbets and Eleanor Parker as his first wife Lucy. Tibbets was also the model for screenwriter Sy Bartlett's fictional character \"Major Joe Cobb\" in the film Twelve O'Clock High, and for a brief period in February 1949 was slated to be the film's technical advisor until his replacement at the last minute by Colonel John H. deRussy. Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb, a 1980 made-for-television movie, somewhat fictionalized, told the story of Tibbets crew. Patrick Duffy played Tibbets and Kim Darby played Lucy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.844322204589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The United States government apologized to Japan in 1976 after Tibbets re-enacted the bombing in a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas, complete with a mushroom cloud. He said that he had not meant for the re-enactment to have been an insult to the Japanese. In 1995, he denounced the 50th anniversary exhibition of the Enola Gay at the Smithsonian Institution, which attempted to present the bombing in context with the destruction it caused, as a \"damn big insult\", due to its focus on the Japanese casualties rather than the brutality of the Japanese government. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.233546257019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Tibbets" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05. About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as Straight Flush flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay. It read: \"Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary.\" The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.031120300292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31000 ft to a detonation height of about 1900 ft above the city. describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 30,200 ft, the official history said 31,600 ft, Commander Parson's log entry was 32,700 ft, and the navigator's log was 31,060 ft—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft. Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 1800 to above the city. The device was set to explode at 1885 ft, but this was approximate. uses the figure of 1903 ft plus or minus 50 ft (15 m), determined after data review by . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m, plus or minus 20 m, gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. Enola Gay traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6381527185440063, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles. \"It was hard to believe what we saw\", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said \"the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'\". He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to \"a close burst of ack-ack fire\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.477835178375244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste. He also noted its \"Victor\" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar, writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player Red Grange. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste. Except for Enola Gay, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste, which was in fact, Victor 89.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6289238929748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "After the war, the Enola Gay returned to the United States, where it was operated from Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. It was flown to Kwajalein for the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in the Pacific, but was not chosen to make the test drop at Bikini Atoll. Later that year it was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, and spent many years parked at air bases exposed to the weather and souvenir hunters, before being disassembled and transported to the Smithsonian's storage facility at Suitland, Maryland, in 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.807546615600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The Enola Gay (Model number B-29-45-MO, Serial number 44-86292, Victor number 82) was built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed Martin) at its Bellevue, Nebraska plant, located at what is now known as Offutt Air Force Base. The bomber was one of 15 B-29s with the \"Silverplate\" modifications necessary to deliver atomic weapons. These modifications included an extensively modified bomb bay with pneumatic doors and British bomb attachment and release systems, reversible pitch propellers that gave more braking power on landing, improved engines with fuel injection and better cooling, and the removal of protective armor and gun turrets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.001852035522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Thirteen days later, the aircraft left Wendover for Guam, where it received a bomb-bay modification, and flew to North Field, Tinian, on 6 July. It was initially given the Victor (squadron-assigned identification) number 12, but on 1 August, was given the circle R tail markings of the 6th Bombardment Group as a security measure and had its Victor number changed to 82 to avoid misidentification with actual 6th Bombardment Group aircraft. During July, the bomber made eight practice or training flights, and flew two missions, on 24 and 26 July, to drop pumpkin bombs on industrial targets at Kobe and Nagoya. Enola Gay was used on 31 July on a rehearsal flight for the actual mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.634725570678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "On 5 August 1945, during preparation for the first atomic mission, Tibbets assumed command of the aircraft and named it after his mother, Enola Gay Tibbets, who had herself been named for the heroine of a novel. When it came to selecting a name for the plane, Tibbets later recalled that: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.059509515762329, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy took 43 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at 31060 ft to the predetermined detonation height about 1968 ft above the city. Enola Gay traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast. Although buffeted by the shock, neither Enola Gay nor The Great Artiste was damaged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.47623062133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay returned safely to its base on Tinian to great fanfare, touching down at 2:58 pm, after 12 hours 13 minutes. The Great Artiste and Necessary Evil followed at short intervals. Several hundred people, including journalists and photographers, had gathered to watch the planes return. Tibbets was the first to disembark, and was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross on the spot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89981746673584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike. Originally scheduled for 11 August, it was brought forward by two days to 9 August owing to bad weather. This time, a Fat Man nuclear weapon was carried by B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney. Enola Gay, flown by Captain George Marquardt's Crew B-10, was the weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura, the primary target. Enola Gay reported clear skies over Kokura, but by the time Bockscar arrived, the city was obscured by smoke from fires from the conventional bombing of Yawata by 224 B-29s the day before. After three unsuccessful passes, Bockscar diverted to its secondary target, Nagasaki, where it dropped its bomb. In contrast to the Hiroshima mission, the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched, although the mission did meet its objectives. The crew encountered a number of problems in execution, and had very little fuel by the time they landed at the emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5848121643066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gays crew on 6 August 1945, consisted of 12 men. The crew was:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771584510803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "* Captain Robert A. Lewis – co-pilot; Enola Gays regularly assigned aircraft commander*", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.860856056213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Source: Campbell, 2005, p. 30. Asterisks denote regular crewmen of the Enola Gay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008204460144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "For the Nagasaki mission, Enola Gay was flown by Crew B-10, normally assigned to Up An' Atom:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.231260299682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "On 6 November 1945, Lewis flew the Enola Gay back to the United States, arriving at the 509th's new base at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico, on 8 November. On 29 April 1946, Enola Gay left Roswell as part of Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in the Pacific. It flew to Kwajalein on 1 May. It was not chosen to make the test drop at Bikini Atoll and left Kwajalein on 1 July, the date of the test, reaching Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Field, California, the next day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.718326568603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "The decision was made to preserve the Enola Gay, and on 24 July 1946, the aircraft was flown to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, in preparation for storage. On 30 August 1946, the title to the aircraft was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution and the Enola Gay was removed from the USAAF inventory. From 1946 to 1961, the Enola Gay was put into temporary storage at a number of locations. It was at Davis-Monthan from 1 September 1946 until 3 July 1949, when it was flown to Orchard Place Air Field, Park Ridge, Illinois, by Tibbets for acceptance by the Smithsonian. It was moved to Pyote Air Force Base, Texas, on 12 January 1952, and then to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, on 2 December 1953, because the Smithsonian had no storage space for the aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3524959087371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "It was hoped that the Air Force would guard the plane but, lacking hangar space, it was left outdoors on a remote part of the air base, exposed to the elements. Souvenir hunters broke in and removed parts. Insects and birds then gained access to the aircraft. Paul E. Garber, the first head of the National Air Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, became concerned about the Enola Gays condition, and on 10 August 1960, Smithsonian staff began dismantling the aircraft. The components were transported to the Smithsonian storage facility at Suitland, Maryland, on 21 July 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1096677780151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay remained at Suitland for many years. By the early 1980s, two veterans of the 509th, Don Rehl and his former navigator in the 509th, Frank B. Stewart, began lobbying for the aircraft to be restored and put on display. They enlisted Tibbets and Senator Barry Goldwater in their campaign. In 1983, Walter Boyne, a former B-52 pilot with the Strategic Air Command, became director of the National Air and Space Museum, and he made the Enola Gays restoration a priority. Looking at the aircraft, Tibbets recalled, was a \"sad meeting. [My] fond memories, and I don't mean the dropping of the bomb, were the numerous occasions I flew the airplane.... I pushed it very, very hard and it never failed me.... It was probably the most beautiful piece of machinery that any pilot ever flew.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3777687549591064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "Enola Gay became the center of a controversy at the Smithsonian Institution when the museum planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995 as part of an exhibit commemorating the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The exhibit, The Crossroads: The End of World War II, the Atomic Bomb and the Cold War, was drafted by the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum staff, and arranged around the restored Enola Gay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3397407531738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:Enola Gay Modern.jpg|Enola Gay on display", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251192092895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:Enola Gay-27527-2.jpg|Close-up cockpit view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787201881408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:The enola gay.jpg|Enola Gay on display", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30144214630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:Enola Gay at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.jpg|Full view of Enola Gay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962515830993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:enola gay 20040710 170220 1.4.jpg|Enola Gay in 2004", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286931991577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Enola Gay", "passage": "File:B-29 Superfortress ENOLA GAY 4.jpg|Enola Gay in 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.166107177734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lance Ito", "passage": "Leading the murder investigation was veteran LAPD detective Tom Lange. In 1995, the criminal trial of O. J. Simpson was televised for 134 days. The prosecution elected not to ask for the death penalty and instead it sought a life sentence. The TV exposure made celebrities of many of the figures in the trial, including the presiding judge, Lance Ito.", "precise_score": -5.392005920410156, "rough_score": -2.655599355697632, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "Since Simpson wanted a speedy trial, the defense and prosecuting attorneys worked around the clock for several months to prepare their cases. In October 1994, Judge Ito started interviewing 304 prospective jurors, each of whom had to fill out a 75-page questionnaire. On November 3, 12 jurors were seated with 12 alternates.", "precise_score": -7.605149745941162, "rough_score": -8.055651664733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "*Former NFL player and pastor Rosey Grier visited Simpson at the Los Angeles County Jail in the days following the murders. A jailhouse guard, Jeff Stuart, testified to Judge Ito that at one point Simpson yelled to Grier that he \"didn't mean to do it\", after which Grier had urged Simpson to come clean. Ito ruled that the evidence was hearsay and could not be allowed in court.", "precise_score": -4.733193397521973, "rough_score": -6.5106987953186035, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Lance Ito", "passage": "* Lance Ito", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476011276245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Los Angeles County Superior Court" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "Simpson's defense sought to show that one or more hit men hired by drug dealers had murdered Brown and Goldman—giving both \"Colombian neckties\"—because they were looking for Brown's friend, Faye Resnick, a known cocaine user who had failed to pay for her drugs. However, Judge Ito barred testimony about Resnick's drug use. She had stayed for several days at Brown's condominium until entering drug rehabilitation four days before the killings. Ito stated that the defense had failed to provide sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence that the scenario was possible, indicating: \"I find that the offer of proof regarding motive to be highly speculative.\" Consequently, he prohibited Christian Reichardt from testifying about the drug problem of his former girlfriend, Resnick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675850868225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "*At the June 1994 grand jury hearing, Ross Cutlery provided store receipts indicating that Simpson had purchased a 12-inch (305 mm) stiletto knife six weeks before the murders. The knife was determined to be similar to the one the coroner said caused the stab wounds. The prosecution did not present this evidence at trial after discovering that store employees had sold their story to The National Enquirer for $12,500. The knife was later collected from Simpson's residence by his attorneys who presented it to Judge Ito and subsequently was sealed in a manila envelope to be opened only if brought up at trial. It turned out not to be the murder weapon because tests on the knife determined that an oil used on new cutlery was still present on the knife indicating the knife had never been used. The police searched Simpson's Rockingham estate three times and could not find this knife. Simpson told the attorneys exactly where it was in the house and it was promptly recovered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.346428871154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "*A women's shelter, Sojourn, received a call from Brown four days prior to the murders saying that she was scared of her ex-husband, whom she believed was stalking her. The prosecution did not present this in court because they thought that Judge Ito would rule the evidence to be hearsay. In addition, friends and family indicated that Brown had consistently said that Simpson had been stalking her. She claimed that everywhere she went, she noticed Simpson would be there, watching her. Her friends Faye Resnick and Cynthia Shahian said she was afraid because Simpson had told her he would kill her if he ever found her with another man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.120529174804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Lance Ito", "passage": "On June 15, 1995, defense attorney Johnnie Cochran goaded assistant prosecutor Christopher Darden into asking Simpson to put on the leather glove that was found at the scene of the crime. The prosecution had earlier decided against asking Simpson to try on the gloves because (according to prosecutors) the glove had been soaked in blood from Simpson, Brown and Goldman, and frozen and unfrozen several times. The leather glove seemed too tight for Simpson to put on easily, especially over the sanitary gloves he wore underneath. Uelmen came up with and Cochran repeated a quip he had used several times in relation to other points in his closing arguments, \"If it doesn't fit, you must acquit\". On June 22, 1995, Darden told Judge Lance Ito of his concerns that Simpson \"has arthritis and we looked at the medication he takes and some of it is anti-inflammatory and we are told he has not taken the stuff for a day and it caused swelling in the joints and inflammation in his hands\". The prosecution also stated their belief that the glove shrank from having been soaked in blood and later testing. A photo was presented during the trial showing Simpson wearing the same type of glove that was found at the crime scene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.782325744628906, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "At 10 a.m. on October 3, 1995, O. J. Simpson was found not guilty. The only testimony reviewed was that of limo driver Alan Park who stated that he did not see Simpson's Bronco outside of the Rockingham estate after the murders occurred. The jury arrived at the verdict by 3 p.m. the previous day, after only four hours of deliberation, but Judge Ito postponed the announcement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42449951171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Judge Ito", "passage": "The media coverage was itself at times controversial; the issue of whether or not to allow any video cameras into the courtroom was among the first issues Judge Ito had to decide, ultimately ruling that live camera coverage was warranted. Ito would be later criticized for this decision by other legal professionals, and Ito himself, along with others related to the case (Marcia Clark, Mark Fuhrman, Kato Kaelin), was said to have been influenced to some degree by the media presence, and the publicity that came with it. The trial was covered in 2,237 news segments from 1994 through 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55754280090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "Lance Ito", "passage": "Judge Lance Ito was also criticized for allowing the trial to become a media circus and not doing enough to regulate the court proceedings as much as he could have. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.345319747924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Margaretha Geertruida \"Margreet\" MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 187615 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari, was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy and executed by firing squad in France under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I.", "precise_score": 7.7263665199279785, "rough_score": 8.450148582458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "The marriage was an overall disappointment. MacLeod appears to have been an alcoholic who would take out his frustrations on his wife, who was twenty years younger and whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. He also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that time. The disenchanted Zelle abandoned him temporarily, moving in with Van Rheedes, another Dutch officer. For months, she studied the Indonesian traditions intensively, joining a local dance company. In 1897, she revealed her artistic name of Mata Hari, Malay (Indonesian as a standardized register did not exist in 1897) for \"sun\" (literally, \"eye of the day\"), in correspondence to her relatives in the Netherlands.", "precise_score": -3.0122742652893066, "rough_score": -2.932023763656616, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905. She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée. She posed as a Javanese princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this period, nude or nearly so. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter.", "precise_score": -6.419961452484131, "rough_score": -5.873491287231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. In 1916, she was travelling by steamer from Spain when her ship called at the English port of Falmouth. There she was arrested and brought to London where she was interrogated at length by Sir Basil Thomson, Assistant Commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of counter-espionage. He gave an account of this in his 1922 book Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working for French intelligence. Initially detained in Cannon Street police station, she was then released and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. A full transcript of the interview is in Britain's National Archives and was broadcast, with Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent station London Broadcasting in 1980.", "precise_score": -2.70239520072937, "rough_score": -4.332037925720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the Hotel Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Paris. She was put on trial on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany, and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her. Supposedly secret ink was found in her room, which was incriminating evidence in that period. She contended that it was part of her makeup. She wrote several letters to the Dutch Consul in Paris, claiming her innocence. \"My international connections are due of my work as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself\". Her defence attorney, veteran international lawyer Edouard Clunet, faced impossible odds; he was denied permission either to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his own witnesses directly. Under the circumstances, her conviction was a foregone conclusion.", "precise_score": -3.0253658294677734, "rough_score": -5.485324382781982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "On 15 October 1917, Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Château de Vincennes castle in the town of Vincennes under charges of espionage for Germany during World War I. ", "precise_score": -0.38316768407821655, "rough_score": 1.7986042499542236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Execution by firing squad" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "By 1905, Mata Hari began to win fame as an exotic dancer. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early modern dance movement, which around the turn of the 20th century looked to Asia and Egypt for artistic inspiration. Critics would later write about this and other such movements within the context of Orientalism. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974795818328857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari brought a carefree provocative style to the stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled bra and some ornaments upon her arms and head. She was seldom seen without a bra as she was self-conscious about being small-breasted. She wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her own skin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.435601234436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Although Mata Hari's claims about her origins were fictitious, it was very common for entertainers of her era to invent colorful stories about their origins as part of the show. Her act was successful because it elevated exotic dance to a more respectable status and so broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to become world famous. Her style and free-willed attitude made her a popular woman, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing clothing. She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. Since most Europeans at the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as exotic, and it was assumed her claims were genuine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.626107215881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "By about 1910, a myriad of imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was held in disdain by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855355262756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari's career went into decline after 1912. On 13 March 1915, she performed in what would be the last show of her career. She had begun her career relatively late for a dancer, and had started putting on weight. However, by this time she had become a successful courtesan, known more for her sensuality and eroticism than for her beauty. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men frequently took her across international borders. Prior to World War I, she was generally viewed as an artist and a free-spirited bohemian, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some as a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a dangerous seductress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.283590316772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "In January 1917, the German military attaché in Madrid transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H-21. French intelligence agents intercepted the messages and, from the information it contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that some claimed that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French (in fact it had been broken not by the French, but by the British \"Room 40\" team), leaving some to claim that the messages were contrived. However, this same code, which the Germans were convinced was unbreakable was used to transmit the Zimmermann Telegram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.760237693786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari herself admitted under interrogation to taking money to work as a German spy. It is contended by some historians that Mata Hari may have merely accepted money from the Germans without actually carrying out any spy duties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618620872497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "In December 1916, the French Second Bureau of the French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names of six Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double agent for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the double agent was executed by the Germans, while the five others continued their operations. This development served as proof to the Second Bureau that the names of the six spies had been communicated by Mata Hari to the Germans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.473400592803955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris, but in 2000, archivists discovered that the head had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, when the museum had been relocated. Records dated from 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later be accounted for.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081859588623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "The Fries Museum in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands, contains a \"Mata Hari Room\". Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance. Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for research into the life and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.668437004089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale. Her life inspired a number of films, including Mata Hari, a 1927 German production; Mata Hari (1931) starring Greta Garbo; Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) and Mata Hari (1985); and three stage musicals: the first in 1967, starring Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell, and the second by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Les Chappell, which premiered in 1982 at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. A third, by Frank Wildhorn, will debut in Seoul, South Korea on March 2016. The Dutch Royal Ballet debuted a ballet based on her life on 6 February 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.785059452056885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "The historical Mata Hari featured as the fictional Indy's first sexual encounter in The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones episode \"Demons of Deception\", an episode filmed in a different, slightly surreal style (it flashes between present time, and Mata's execution for supposed espionage by the French). The actress who played Mata was a slender redhead whereas the historical figure was a slightly plump brunette.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.462106704711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "In theatre the monologue Mata Hari: A Dawn's Sentence by Jorge Arroyo has been staged in Costa Rica (1987) and Brazil (2002-2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327081680297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari also appears as a playable character in the 2015 RPG for the Android/iOS from Type-Moon, Fate/Grand Order, as an Assassin class servant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393216133117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "Mata Hari is the focus of the New York Times bestselling historical fiction author Michelle Moran's new book, Mata Hari's Last Dance. The book released July 19th, 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025985717773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Collas, Phillipe, (2008). Mata Hari, sa véritable Histoire. Paris: Plon. ISBN 978-2-2591-9872-1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705597877502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Coulson, Thomas. Mata Hari: Courtesan and Spy. London: Hutchinson, 1930. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.234904289245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Huisman, Marijke. (1998), Mata Hari (1876–1917): de levende legende. Hilversum (Netherlands): Verloren. ISBN 90-6550-442-7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.807109832763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Ostrovsky, Erika. (1978), Eye of Dawn: The Rise and Fall of Mata Hari. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0025940309 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.690356254577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Shipman, Pat. (2007), Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson ISBN 0-297-85074-1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.782783508300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Waagenaar, Sam. (1965), Mata Hari. New York: Appleton-Century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9105224609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" }, { "answer": "Mata Hari", "passage": "* Wheelwright, Julie. (1992). The Fatal Lover: Mata Hari and the Myth of Women in Espionage. London: Collins and Brown. ISBN 1-85585-128-8.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.252542495727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mata Hari" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers are an American rock band from Gainesville, Florida. In 1976, the band's original lineup was Tom Petty as the lead singer and guitar player, Mike Campbell as the lead guitarist, Ron Blair on bass, Stan Lynch on drums, and Benmont Tench on keyboards. The band has largely maintained this lineup, with a few exceptions. In 1981, Blair, who was tired of the touring lifestyle, left the band. Blair's replacement, Howie Epstein, was with the band for the next twenty years. Blair returned to the Heartbreakers in 2002, the year before Epstein's death. In 1994, Steve Ferrone replaced Lynch.", "precise_score": 5.318943500518799, "rough_score": 5.8595380783081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers were on the forefront of the heartland rock movement, alongside artists such as Bruce Springsteen and Bob Seger, which arose in the late 1970s and 1980s. The genre eschews the synthesizer-based music and fashion elements being popularized in the 1980s, such as synthpop and New Romanticism in favor of a straightforward classic rock sound and lyrics based on relatable, blue collar issues. Petty and the Heartbreakers are known for hit singles such as \"American Girl\", \"Breakdown\", \"The Waiting\", \"Learning to Fly\", \"Refugee\" and \"Mary Jane's Last Dance\". While the heartland rock movement fizzled in the 1990s, the band remained active and popular. They still tour regularly and continue to record albums. Their most recent, Hypnotic Eye, was released on July 25, 2014. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers have sold more than 80 million records worldwide, making them one of the world’s best-selling bands of all time. ", "precise_score": 3.4716854095458984, "rough_score": 1.26563560962677, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' 1989 tour featured college rock band The Replacements opening every show.", "precise_score": 0.919671356678009, "rough_score": 0.3825189471244812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "(A * indicates a recording under the \"Tom Petty\" name, but still featured the Heartbreakers as studio musicians and/or other musicians like George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Jeff Lynne and others.)", "precise_score": 5.049887657165527, "rough_score": 0.5589487552642822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "By the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the original wave of singer-songwriters had largely been absorbed into a more general pop or soft rock format, but some new artists in the singer-songwriter tradition (including Billy Joel, Stevie Wonder, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Chris Isaak, Victoria Williams, John Mellencamp and Warren Zevon) continued to emerge, and in other cases rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Paul Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singer-songwriters. Kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.951838731765747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Singer-songwriter" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "* The Heartbreakers (Tom Petty)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2014009952545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Backup band" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "In the band's thirtieth anniversary year, 2006, they headlined the fifth annual Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival. In addition to Bonnaroo, Petty was on tour throughout the summer of 2006. The tour started in Charlotte, North Carolina on June 9 and ended in Randall's Island, Manhattan, New York on August 19. Stops included major cities such as New York, St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Denver. Supporting acts during the tour included Pearl Jam, The Allman Brothers Band, and Trey Anastasio. Additionally, Stevie Nicks joined the band onstage during the first eight concerts as well as subsequent second leg dates to perform various songs from the Heartbreakers' vast catalog. For the Highway Companion Tour they offered a Highway Companion's Club which allowed fans to receive priority seating, discounts at the Tom Petty Store, a complimentary CD of Highway Companion and a personalized email address.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.370336055755615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "On September 21, 2006, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers received the keys to the city of Gainesville, Florida, where he and his bandmates either lived or grew up. Petty quipped, when questioned about the key he received from Gainesville's mayor, \"It's a lot nicer than the one we got in Chicago.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4347660541534424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "From July 2006 until 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio featured an exhibit of Tom Petty items. Much of the content was donated by Petty himself from a visit to his home by some of the Rock Hall curatorial staff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155651092529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "*In 1985, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers participated in the world-spanning charity rock concert Live Aid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5312581062316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "*In 1986, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers released a live record, Pack Up the Plantation: Live!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.285274982452393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "* In 2012 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers headlined Friday night at the Isle of Wight Festival. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.286917209625244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "On November 26, 2010, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers released a special edition Record Store Day Black Friday 7” vinyl called [http://www.recordstoreday.com/Page/958 Nowhere b/w Surrender] for independent record stores.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.158804893493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "*Tom Petty – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica (1975–present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.741476058959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": " bar:Tom text:\"Tom Petty\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311104774475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "* Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (1976)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.505739212036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers" }, { "answer": "Tom Petty", "passage": "Kravitz released his début album Let Love Rule on September 6, 1989, a combination of rock and funk with a 1960s vibe. Music critics were mixed: some felt Kravitz was a gifted new artist, others felt he was overpowered by his musical influences. The album was a moderate success in the United States, but became an instant hit outside of the US, especially in Europe. Lisa Bonet directed the debut music video for the title track, \"Let Love Rule\". Stephen Smith signed Kravitz with talent booking agency CAA, who soon were fielding offers for Kravitz, first on a club tour, and then in opening slots for Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers, Bob Dylan and David Bowie. Having played essentially all of the instruments on the album, Kravitz had to quickly assemble a touring band to support the Let Love Rule release. They included a childhood friend, Zoro on drums (formerly of Bobby Brown's band), Adam Widoff (guitar), Lebron Scott (bass guitar, recruited from Curtis Mayfield's band after seeing them perform in a NYC club), Kenneth Crouch (keyboards) and Karl Denson on saxophone. In May 2009, a 20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition of \"Let Love Rule\" was released worldwide by Virgin. The double disk includes a booklet with rare photos, and 18 additional demos, bonus tracks and live recordings. Kravitz launched a LLR(20) tour of Europe and the United States in support of the re-release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.879095554351807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lenny Kravitz" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "After 1953, she alternated operations along the west coast of the United States and in Hawaiian waters, with regular deployments to the western Pacific with the Seventh Fleet. Maddox departed Long Beach 13 March 1964. At first steaming with fast carrier groups in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea, she headed south 18 May and established patrol off the coast of South Vietnam. During August she was involved in a skirmish with North Vietnamese torpedo boats, the Maddox incident, which led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.", "precise_score": -0.946564793586731, "rough_score": -1.9728498458862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maddox (DD-731)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "USS Turner Joy (DD-951) was one of 18 s of the United States Navy. She was named for Admiral Charles Turner Joy USN (1895–1956). Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.", "precise_score": 0.2319597750902176, "rough_score": 1.3874977827072144, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Turner Joy" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Vietnam War ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16059398651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maddox (DD-731)" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Pre-Vietnam War operational duty", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022676467895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Turner Joy" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Vietnam War operations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271965026855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Turner Joy" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "In February 1972, the destroyer began an extensive overhaul. Over the ensuing six months, she received entirely new 5 inch 54-caliber gun mounts; and her propulsion plant underwent conversion to enable it to burn Navy distillate fuel. Extensive other modifications, installations, and renovations also took place between February and August. From August to December, she busied herself with various trials and tests at sea, conducted refresher training, and prepared for her next assignment to the Far East. Her voyage west began on 6 December and ended with her arrival at Subic Bay on the 29th. Two days later, she put to sea for her first tour on the gunline. It also proved to be her last. She delivered gunfire support for 28 days, \"delivering over 10,000 rounds of accurate fire in support of ground forces in South Vietnam and against enemy targets in North Vietnam\". \"USS Turner Joy fired the final round of naval gunfire of the war, hitting the beach at 000 GMT, 28 January 1973, scant seconds before the ceasefire went into effect\". Then, on 28 January 1973, American participation in the Vietnam War ended with a negotiated ceasefire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1477718353271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Turner Joy" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Post-Vietnam War operations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296051025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Turner Joy" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Population growth was flat with 26,681 enumerated in the 1960 census, leading Bremerton leaders to annex the shipyard the following year in an effort to include stationed sailors in those figures. While the Vietnam War spawned protests and sit-ins on the Olympic College campus, the city was relatively free of civil disorder during the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.409830093383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bremerton, Washington" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "Beginning with the building of a Waterfront Boardwalk and Marina in 1992, Bremerton had begun the process of revitalizing its downtown community. That same year, the Bremerton Historic Ships Association opened the destroyer to public tours at the end of the boardwalk; the ship was built in the Puget Sound area in 1958, commissioned in 1959 and had played a back-up role in the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident that further escalated U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War with the Congressional passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, allowing President Lyndon B. Johnson to send fighting troops in addition to the \"advisors\" already on the ground in Vietnam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9983129501342773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bremerton, Washington" }, { "answer": "Vietnam war", "passage": "On 2 August 1964, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson claimed that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Known today as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, this event spawned the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 7 August 1964, ultimately leading to open war between North Vietnam and the United States. It furthermore foreshadowed the major escalation of the Vietnam War in South Vietnam, which began with the landing of US regular combat troops at Da Nang in 1965.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.576840877532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf of Tonkin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Shark week", "passage": "British television comedy drama Doc Martin was based on a character from Ferguson's film Saving Grace – with Ferguson getting writing credits for 12 episodes. On 6 November 2009, Ferguson appeared as himself in a SpongeBob SquarePants special titled SpongeBob's Truth or Square. He hosted Discovery Channel's 23rd season of Shark Week in 2010. Ferguson briefly appeared in Toby Keith's \"Red Solo Cup\" music video released on 10 October 2011. ", "precise_score": 1.9419691562652588, "rough_score": 2.692251443862915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Craig Ferguson" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991), for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.", "precise_score": 3.196640729904175, "rough_score": 5.227801322937012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War before the term \"Iraq War\" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War (also referred to in the U.S. as \"Operation Iraqi Freedom\"). ", "precise_score": -2.5071465969085693, "rough_score": -1.3818978071212769, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Iraqi Army's occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the U.N. Security Council. U.S. President George H. W. Bush deployed U.S. forces into Saudi Arabia, and urged other countries to send their own forces to the scene. An array of nations joined the Coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the Coalition's military forces were from the U.S., with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost. ", "precise_score": -2.722524642944336, "rough_score": -2.921208381652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "**Operation Desert Sabre (early name Operation Desert Sword) was the U.S. name for the airland offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations (the \"100-hour war\") from 24–28 February 1991, in itself, part of Operation Desert Storm.", "precise_score": 4.486963748931885, "rough_score": 4.670526504516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "*Operation Desert Farewell was the name given to the return of U.S. units and equipment to the U.S. in 1991 after Kuwait's liberation, sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm.", "precise_score": 4.0366082191467285, "rough_score": 2.7052505016326904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Iraq–Kuwait dispute also involved Iraqi claims to Kuwait as Iraqi territory. Kuwait had been a part of the Ottoman Empire's province of Basra, something that Iraq claimed made it rightful Iraq territory. Its ruling dynasty, the al-Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to the United Kingdom. The UK drew the border between the two countries in 1922, making Iraq virtually landlocked. Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region.", "precise_score": -6.152361869812012, "rough_score": -2.891753911972046, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On 12 August 1990, Saddam \"propose[d] that all cases of occupation, and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation, in the region, be resolved simultaneously\". Specifically, he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and \"mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait.\" He also called for a replacement of U.S. troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait's invasion with \"an Arab force\", as long as that force did not involve Egypt. Additionally, he requested an \"immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions\" and a general normalization of relations with Iraq. From the beginning of the crisis, President Bush was strongly opposed to any \"linkage\" between Iraq's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue.", "precise_score": -4.229905605316162, "rough_score": -2.2893636226654053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to U.S. National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft by an unidentified Iraqi official. The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would \"withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave\" provided that the U.N. lifted sanctions, allowed \"guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah\", and allowed Iraq to \"gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory\". The proposal also \"include[d] offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States 'satisfactory to both nations' national security interests,' develop a joint plan 'to alleviate Iraq's economical and financial problems' and 'jointly work on the stability of the gulf.'\" ", "precise_score": -3.1686484813690186, "rough_score": -0.322914719581604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Acting on the Carter Doctrine's policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, U.S. President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the U.S. would launch a \"wholly defensive\" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia under the codename Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield began on 7 August 1990 when U.S. troops were sent to Saudi Arabia due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for U.S. military assistance. This \"wholly defensive\" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor.", "precise_score": 3.3633692264556885, "rough_score": 3.480891704559326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "A series of U.N. Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. One of the most important was Resolution 678, passed on 29 November 1990, which gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991, and authorized \"all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660\", and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply.", "precise_score": -0.6531467437744141, "rough_score": -0.9405304789543152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a coup d'état. However, when no U.S. support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran. These events later resulted in no-fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq. In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians, due to PLO support of Saddam. Yasser Arafat didn't apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death, the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas' authority formally apologized in 2004. ", "precise_score": -4.190526008605957, "rough_score": -2.481137752532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and it quickly agreed to join the U.S.-led coalition. In August 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney committed the Canadian Forces to deploy a Naval Task Group. The destroyers and joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship in Operation Friction. The Canadian Task Group led the Coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. A fourth ship, , arrived in-theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait.", "precise_score": -4.973216533660889, "rough_score": -3.0320160388946533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Australia contributed a Naval Task Group, which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, under Operation Damask. In addition, medical teams were deployed aboard a U.S. hospital ship, and a naval clearance diving team took part in de-mining Kuwait's port facilities following the end of combat operations. While the Australian forces did not see combat, they did play a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait's invasion, as well as other small support contributions to Operation Desert Storm. Following the war's end, Australia deployed a medical unit on Operation Habitat to northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort. ", "precise_score": -2.5527024269104004, "rough_score": -0.2558458149433136, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis. More than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq's occupation, and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq. The increased importance of air attacks from both Coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm's initial stages. Within Desert Storm's first 24 hours, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many against targets in Baghdad. The city was the target of heavy bombing, as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces' command and control. This ultimately led to civilian casualties.", "precise_score": -1.6762334108352661, "rough_score": -1.787541151046753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In August 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. This subsequently led to military intervention by United States-led forces in the First Gulf War. The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in Southern Iraq and those occupying Kuwait.", "precise_score": -2.3014559745788574, "rough_score": -2.852771759033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Iraq was ordered to destroy its chemical and biological weapons and the UN attempted to compel Saddam Hussein's government to disarm and agree to a ceasefire by imposing additional sanctions on the country in addition to the initial sanctions imposed following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The Iraqi Government's failure to disarm and agree to a ceasefire resulted in sanctions which remained in place until 2003. Studies dispute the effects of the sanctions on Iraqi civilians. ", "precise_score": -3.2364213466644287, "rough_score": -0.07980678975582123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "US troops handed over security duties to Iraqi forces in June 2009, though they continued to work with Iraqi forces after the pullout. On the morning of 18 December 2011, the final contingent of US troops to be withdrawn ceremonially exited over the border to Kuwait. Crime and violence initially spiked in the months following the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009 but despite the initial increase in violence, in November 2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level since the 2003 invasion. ", "precise_score": -5.635347843170166, "rough_score": -1.1894457340240479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, continuing for five weeks. This was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a decisive victory for the Coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait and advanced into Iraqi territory. The Coalition ceased its advance, and declared a cease-fire 100 hours after the ground campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Iraq launched Scud missiles against Coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.600069522857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "*Liberation of Kuwait () (taḥrīr al-kuwayt) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the Coalition's Arab states including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.830016136169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "*Other language terms include and (Gulf War); (Second Gulf War); (War of Kuwait)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771703720092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "*Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991, through 11 April 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713667869567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Throughout the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between it and the United States. The U.S. was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–Palestinian politics, and its disapproval of the nature of the peace between Israel and Egypt. The U.S. also disliked Iraqi support for many Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to Iraq's inclusion on the developing U.S. list of State Sponsors of Terrorism on 29 December 1979. The U.S. remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the Iran–Iraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some \"non-military\" aircraft to Iraq. In March 1982, Iran began a successful counteroffensive (Operation Undeniable Victory), and the U.S. increased its support for Iraq to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender. In a U.S. bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the U.S. list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. Ostensibly this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former U.S. Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated, \"No one had any doubts about [the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran.\" With Iraq's newfound success in the war, and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July, arms sales to Iraq reached a record spike in 1982. When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the U.S.' request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties. By the time the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988, Iraq was heavily debt-ridden and tensions within society were rising. Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they refused. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.533042907714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production. In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 a barrel, discipline was required. The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran–Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal. The result was a slump in the oil price – as low as $10 a barrel – with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq, equal to its 1989 balance of payments deficit. Resulting revenues struggled to support the government's basic costs, let alone repair Iraq's damaged infrastructure. Jordan and Iraq both looked for more discipline, with little success. The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare, which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila oil field. At the same time, Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war. This was supported by the U.S., who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the U.S.' sphere of influence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.704676628112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In 1989, it appeared that Saudi-Iraqi relations, strong during the war, would be maintained. A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries, followed by a Kuwaiti-Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation, although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq Umm Qasr was rejected. Saudi-backed development projects were hampered by Iraq's large debts, even with the demobilization of 200,000 soldiers. Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter, although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq's obligations; in Iraq, resentment to OPEC's controls mounted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.510073661804199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In early July 1990, Iraq complained about Kuwait's behavior, such as not respecting their quota, and openly threatened to take military action. On the 23rd, the CIA reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the U.S. naval fleet in the Persian Gulf was placed on alert. Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing – Kuwait had begun talks with Iran, and Iraq's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt. Upon review by the Secretary of Defense, it was found that Syria indeed planned a strike against Iraq in the coming days. Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimate prevented the impending air strike. On 15 July 1990, Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its \"Arab brothers\". He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE saying \"The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security.\" The U.S. sent aerial refuelling planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats. Discussions in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, mediated on the Arab League's behalf by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.038917541503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On the 25th, Saddam met with April Glaspie, the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, in Baghdad. The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5311689376831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Saddam stated that he would attempt last-ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq \"would not accept death\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.948930263519287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "According to Glaspie's own account, she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq, \"...  that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before; 'then, as now, we took no position on these Arab affairs'.\" Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.779088973999023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Invasion of Kuwait", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524140357971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila; the Kuwaiti response was to offer $9 billion. The Iraqi response was to immediately order the invasion. On 2 August 1990, Iraq launched the invasion by bombing Kuwait's capital, Kuwait City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5329084396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "At the time of the invasion, the Kuwaiti military was believed to have numbered 16,000 men, arranged into three armored, one mechanised infantry and one under-strength artillery brigade. The pre-war strength of the Kuwait Air Force was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel, with 80 aircraft and forty helicopters. In spite of Iraqi saber-rattling, Kuwait didn't have its forces on alert; the army had been stood down on 19 July. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.528975009918213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units which began the attack at midnight. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 35th Armoured Brigade, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and was able to conduct a robust defense (Battle of the Bridges), near Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.602510929107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwaiti aircraft scrambled to meet the invading force, but approximately 20% were lost or captured. A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992982864379883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by commandos deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea, while other divisions seized the airports and two airbases. The Iraqis attacked the Dasman Palace, the Royal Residence of Kuwait's Emir, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with M-84 tanks. In the process, the Iraqis killed Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Emir's youngest brother.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.161163330078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Within 12 hours, most resistance had ended within Kuwait and the royal family had fled, leaving Iraq in control of most of Kuwait. After two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard, or had escaped to Saudi Arabia. The Emir and key ministers were able to get out and head south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia. Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City, then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border. After the decisive Iraqi victory, Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the \"Provisional Government of Free Kuwait\" before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid as Kuwait's governor on 8 August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.218782424926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwaiti resistance movement", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131999015808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. The Kuwaiti resistance's casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages. The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.501636505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "A key element of U.S. political-military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984. The Iran–Iraq war had been going on for five years and there were significant casualties on both sides, reaching hundreds of thousands. Within President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents. A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed, chaired by then Vice President George H. W. Bush to review U.S. options. It was determined that there was a high likelihood that the conflict would spread into Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. Furthermore, it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy which was just beginning to gain momentum. On 22 May 1984, President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the Oval Office by William Flynn Martin who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study. The full declassified presentation can be seen here. The conclusions were threefold: first oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the International Energy Agency and, if necessary, released early in the event of oil market disruption; second the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region and thirdly an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq. The Plan was approved by the President Reagan and later affirmed by the G-7 leaders headed by Great Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the London Summit of 1984. The plan was implemented and became the basis for U.S. preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.208506107330322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Within hours of the invasion, Kuwait and U.S. delegations requested a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, which passed Resolution 660, condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops. On 3 August, the Arab League passed its own resolution, which called for a solution to the conflict from within the League, and warned against outside intervention; Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states which opposed a resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. The PLO opposed it as well. The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan – a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support – opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. The Arab state of Sudan aligned itself with Saddam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1977083683013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "From the beginning, U.S. officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait, without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems, fearing any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.305299282073975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In December 1990, Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel's and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. The White House rejected the proposal. The PLO's Yasser Arafat expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel–Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait, though he did acknowledge a \"strong link\" between these problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.760951995849609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Ultimately, the U.S. stuck to its position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions, lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign. Also, when U.S. Secretary of State James Baker met with Tariq Aziz in Geneva, Switzerland, for last minute peace talks in early 1991, Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.359467506408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed Resolution 678 which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait and empowered states to use \"all necessary means\" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5331525802612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On 14 January 1991, France proposed that the U.N. Security Council call for \"a rapid and massive withdrawal\" from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their \"active contribution\" to a settlement of the region's other problems, \"in particular, of the Arab–Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening, at an appropriate moment, an international conference\" to assure \"the security, stability and development of this region of the world.\" The French proposal was supported by Belgium (at the moment one of the rotating Council members), Germany, Spain, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and several non-aligned nations. The U.S., the UK, and the Soviet Union rejected it; U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Thomas Pickering stated that the French proposal was unacceptable, because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion. France dropped this proposal when it found \"no tangible sign of interest\" from Baghdad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.25829553604126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "One of the West's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia. Following Kuwait's conquest, the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi oil fields. Control of these fields, along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves, would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world's oil reserves. Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia. The Saudis had lent Iraq some 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran. The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war, as they feared the influence of Shia Iran's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority. After the war, Saddam felt he shouldn't have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.920238494873047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis. He argued that the U.S.-supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. He combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.029129028320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The U.S. Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. The U.S. also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. A total of 48 U.S. Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia, and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the Saudi–Kuwait–Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately 1-hour southeast of Riyadh. The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war. There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the South Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F-16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4 million pounds of munitions, and the New York Air National Guard's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F-16s on bombing missions. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships, allowing a quick buildup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.872951507568359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "To ensure that economic backing, Baker went on an eleven-day journey to nine countries that the press dubbed \"The Tin Cup Trip\". The first stop was Saudi Arabia, who a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities. However, Baker believed that Saudi Arabia, an immensely wealthy nation, should assume some of the cost of the military efforts, since one of the most decisive military objectives was defending Saudi Arabia. When Baker asked King Fahd for 15 billion dollars, the King readily agreed, with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82162857055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The next day, 7 September, he did just that, and the Emir of Kuwait, displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country, easily agreed. Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt, whose leadership he considered to be \"the moderate voice of the middle east\". President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait, and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention. Therefore, he was willing to commit troops to the coalition forces to quell Saddam, as well as relieved the United States was willing to forgive his country's 7.1 billion dollar debt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.813889503479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 34 countries: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the U.S. itself. It was the largest coalition since World War II. U.S. Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was designated to be the commander of the Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area. The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.554446220397949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The U.S. and the U.N. gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict, the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity. In addition, the U.S. moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia, whose importance in the region, and as a key supplier of oil, made it of considerable geopolitical importance. Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, U.S. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested U.S. military assistance. During a speech in a special joint session of the U.S. Congress given on 11 September 1990, U.S. President George H. W. Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: \"Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2130584716796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military, the alleged incidents which received most publicity in the U.S. were inventions of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence U.S. opinion in favor of military intervention. Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the U.S. It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million, paid by Kuwait's government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.977897882461548, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Among many other means of influencing U.S. opinion (distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to U.S. soldiers deployed in the region, 'Free Kuwait' T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations), the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the U.S. Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.128602027893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. A year after the war, however, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait's Royal Family, in fact the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the U.S. She hadn't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.726770877838135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "At the same time, the Iraqi Army committed several well-documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait, such as the summary execution without trial of three brothers after which their bodies were stacked in a pile and left to decay in a public street. Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes; one residence was repeatedly defecated in. A resident later commented, \"The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence, destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a surrealistic painting by Salvador Dalí\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.184055328369141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The air campaign's third and largest phase targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait: Scud missile launchers, weapons research facilities, and naval forces. About one-third of the Coalition's air power was devoted to attacking Scuds, some of which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate. U.S. and British special operations forces had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search for and destruction of Scuds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.346364974975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "#Coalition main battle tanks, such as the U.S. M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1, and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the Chinese Type 69 and export-model T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis. Coalition crews were better trained with more highly developed armored doctrine. Iraqi tanks were mainly employed as armored self-propelled artillery, rather than maneuver warfare roles employed by the Coalition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.62563419342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwait's Liberation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.859529495239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "U.S. decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main Coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620597839355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "For months, American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire, as well as threats from Scud missile or chemical attacks. On 24 February 1991, the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions, and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City. They encountered trenches, barbed wire, and minefields. However, these positions were poorly defended, and were overrun in the first few hours. Several tank battles took place, but apart from that, Coalition troops encountered minimal resistance, as most Iraqi troops surrendered. The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering. However, Iraqi air defenses shot down nine U.S. aircraft. Meanwhile, forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east, encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.681543350219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Despite the successes of Coalition forces, it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed. It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait fifteen hours ahead of schedule, and to send U.S. forces after the Republican Guard. The Coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage, after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance. Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against U.S. troops, acting on a direct order from Saddam himself. Despite the intense combat, the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.010159492492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city. Iraqi troops offered only light resistance. The Kuwaitis lost one soldier and one plane that was shot down, and quickly liberated the city. On 27 February, Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait, and President Bush declared it liberated. However, an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have gotten the message, and fiercely resisted. U.S. Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport, after which Kuwait was declared secure. After four days of fighting, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait. As part of a scorched earth policy, they set fire to nearly 700 oil wells, and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3302791118621826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces wouldn't be attacked, and gave twenty-four hours for Iraq to begin withdrawing forces. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Iraqi resistance was light, and 4 Americans were killed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.791501522064209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Shortly afterwards, the U.S. VII Corps, in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, taking Iraqi forces by surprise. Simultaneously, the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping \"left-hook\" attack across southern Iraq's largely undefended desert, led by the U.S. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized). This movement's left flank was protected by France's 6th Light Armoured Division Daguet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.41290283203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Coalition's advance was much swifter than U.S. generals had expected. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set its oil fields on fire (737 oil wells were set on fire). A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq-Kuwait highway. Although they were retreating, this convoy was bombed so extensively by Coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death. Hundreds of Iraqi troops were killed. American, British, and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, eventually moving to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad before withdrawing back to Iraq's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.111080169677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a ceasefire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56219482421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Coalition members included Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.046147346496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The DoD reports that U.S. forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths (35 to friendly fire), with one pilot listed as MIA (his remains were found and identified in August 2009). A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents. The U.K. suffered 47 deaths (9 to friendly fire, all by U.S. forces), France 2, and the other countries, not including Kuwait, suffered 37 deaths (18 Saudis, 1 Egyptian, 6 UAE, and 3 Qataris). At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088033676147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On the night of 26–27 February 1991, some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles. A patrolling E-8 Joint STARS aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM-8 air operations center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked, resulting in a 60 km stretch of highway strewn with debris—the Highway of Death. New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote, \"With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat, Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative: an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.436467170715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Palestinian exodus from Kuwait", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081929206848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "A Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War. During the Gulf War, more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces, in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait. After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991. Kuwait's policy, which led to this exodus, was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.841160297393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens. In 2013, there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait. In 2012, 80,000 Palestinians (without Jordanian citizenship) lived in Kuwait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289448738098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post, reporter Bart Gellman wrote: \"Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of [Iraq] ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq's ability to support itself as an industrial society ...\" In the Jan/Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs, French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote: \"[T]he Iraqi people, who were not consulted about the invasion, have paid the price for their government's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait, but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry: electric power stations (92 percent of installed capacity destroyed), refineries (80 percent of production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunications centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (more than 100), roads, highways, railroads, hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods, radio and television broadcasting stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, electric cables, and medical supplies.\" However, the U.N. subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals, schools, and water purification facilities throughout the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.105445384979248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "On 6 August 1990, after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full trade embargo, excluding medical supplies, food and other items of humanitarian necessity, these to be determined by the Council's sanctions committee. From 1991 until 2003, the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation, widespread poverty and malnutrition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5847747325897217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Kuwaiti oil fires", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157693862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by Coalition forces. The fires started in January and February 1991 and the last one was extinguished by November 1991. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.233315944671631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews. Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out. Somewhere around 6 Moilbbl of oil were lost each day. Eventually, privately contracted crews extinguished the fires, at a total cost of US$1.5 billion to Kuwait. By that time, however, the fires had burned for approximately ten months, causing widespread pollution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984288215637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the U.S. Congress to be $61.1 billion. About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries: $36 billion by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf; $16 billion by Germany and Japan (which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions). About 25% of Saudi Arabia's contribution was paid in the form of in-kind services to the troops, such as food and transportation. U.S. troops represented about 74% of the combined force, and the global cost was therefore higher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.581912994384766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group. They were 24 states, comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.420510292053223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, the BBC devoted the FM portion of its national speech radio station BBC Radio 4 to an eighteen-hour rolling news format creating Radio 4 News FM. The station was short lived, ending shortly after President Bush declared the ceasefire and Kuwait's liberation. However, it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656824111938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "A British crew from CBS News (David Green and Andy Thompson), equipped with satellite transmission equipment traveled with the front line forces and, having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route, arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City, broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415017127990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "Iraq (,, or; '), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: ) is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Shia or Sunni Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.798065662384033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "Kuwait", "passage": "The most famous early composer from Iraq was Ezra Aharon, an oud player, while the most prominent instrumentalist was Daoud Al-Kuwaiti. Daoud and his brother Saleh formed the official ensemble for the Iraqi radio station and were responsible for introducing the cello and ney into the traditional ensemble.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.868168830871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "“Pop! Goes the Weasel” is an English nursery rhyme and singing game. It has a Round Folk Song Index number of 5249. The jack-in-the-box children’s toy often plays the melody.", "precise_score": 4.4867119789123535, "rough_score": 5.7299723625183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.W. E. Studwell, The Americana Song Reader (Haworth Press, 1997), pp. 135-6.", "precise_score": -0.8313835859298706, "rough_score": -4.381945610046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.", "precise_score": 0.34168505668640137, "rough_score": -4.673221588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "In Britain the rhyme has been played as a children's game since at least the late 19th century. The first verse quoted above is sung, while several rings are formed and they dance around. One player more than the number of rings are designated as \"weasels\", all but one standing in the rings. When the \"Pop! goes the weasel\" line is reached they have to rush to a new ring before anyone else can. The one that fails is eliminated and the number of circles is reduced by one until there is only one weasel left.", "precise_score": 0.9288768172264099, "rough_score": -0.9312699437141418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Pop! goes the weasel.I. Opie and P. Opie, The Singing Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 216-18.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.098073959350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "The tune appears to have begun as dance music, to which words were later added. A music sheet acquired by the British Library in 1853 describes a dance, \"Pop! Goes the Weasel\", as \"An Old English Dance, as performed at Her Majesty's & The Nobilities Balls, with the Original Music\". It had a tune very similar to that used today but only the words \"Pop! Goes the Weasel\". The dance became extremely popular, and featured on stage as well as in dance-halls. By September of the same year the title was being used as a scornful riposte and soon words were added to an already well-known tune. The song is mentioned in November, 1855 in a Church of England pamphlet where it is described as a universally popular song played in the streets on barrel organs, but with \"senseless lyrics\": the use of alternative, more wholesome words is suggested. The following verse had been written by 1856 when it was quoted in a performance at the Theatre Royal:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.86435604095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Note: In cloth making, the machine that wound the yarn was called the weasel. Every 1,000 yards, the machine made a popping sound, thus \"Pop! goes the weasel.\" Another folk origin is the pop! of the hunter’s trap. (See Meaning and interpretations, below.) Additional verses related to both traditions are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.395916938781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop goes the weasel", "passage": "The song seems to have crossed the Atlantic in the 1850s where U.S. newspapers soon afterwards call it \"the latest English dance\", and the phrase \"Pop! goes the weasel\" soon took hold.[http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pop-goes-the-weasel.html Pop goes the weasel] The Phrase Finder. 2004. The remaining words were still unstable in Britain, and as a result some of the U.S. lyrics are significantly different and may have an entirely different source, but use the same tune. The following lyric was printed in Boston in 1858:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.365649223327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "All Around the Mulberry Bush", "passage": "All around the mulberry bush,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924848556518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "All Around the Mulberry Bush", "passage": "All around the mulberry bush, (or cobbler’s bench) (or carpenter’s bench)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896963119506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" }, { "answer": "Pop! Goes the Weasel", "passage": "Perhaps because of the obscure nature of the various lyrics there have been many suggestions for what they mean, particularly the phrase \"Pop! goes the weasel\", including: that it is a tailor's flat iron, a dead weasel, a hatter's tool, a spinners weasel used for measuring in spinning, a piece of silver plate, or that 'weasel and stoat' is Cockney rhyming slang for \"throat\", as in \"Get that down yer Weasel\" meaning to eat or drink something. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.47663688659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pop Goes the Weasel" } ]

[ { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "\"We Bring Good Things to Life\" was an advertising slogan used by General Electric between 1979 and 2003. It was designed by the advertising firm BBDO led by project manager Richard Costello, who would later go on to become head of advertising at General Electric. The slogan was designed to highlight the diversity of the products and services the company offered. The slogan, after its many appearances in GE advertising, was responsible for increased popularity and a new image for the company.", "precise_score": 9.942745208740234, "rough_score": 7.497768878936768, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "For many, the name General Electric brings to mind the company’s famous slogan “We Bring Good Things to Life.” The slogan is a reflection of the company that has moved far beyond its origins as an electric generating company and maker of electrical appliances. By the 1990s, GE had become a highly diversified worldwide conglomerate that continued to sell lighting products and appliances; but also dealt in aircraft engines, capital services, industrial systems, information services, medical systems, plastics, power systems, and transportation systems. GE’s 1986 acquisition of RCA, which included the NBC network, signaled a gradual shift in company emphasis to service and technology industries. GE was the only company that had remained on the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index since 1896. Its “We Bring Good Things to Life” advertising campaign focused on GE’s message and helped it bring all of the company’s interests to the public’s attention under one umbrella theme.", "precise_score": 7.554563522338867, "rough_score": -1.5630804300308228, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "From its beginnings, GE emphasized research to create many products and product improvements. The company has been awarded more patents than almost any other company in the United States. GE began creating consumer products in the early 20th century, beginning with a line of toasters. After GE merged with other companies, more and more consumer appliances such as irons and refrigerators began to be sold under the GE or Hotpoint brand names.", "precise_score": -7.4039812088012695, "rough_score": -10.509313583374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "By the 1970s, GE had shifted once again to a focus to the service and high-tech fields. In this increasingly diversified market, the company saw that a more comprehensive advertising strategy was needed. Prior to 1979, GE’s image was primarily that of an appliance company. Each one of the company’s products and services used its own advertising theme, not an overall company slogan. To remedy the situation, the advertising agency BBDO began to develop the “We Bring Good Things to Life” campaign to create a unified brand image.", "precise_score": 7.320163726806641, "rough_score": -5.970318794250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "A far more likely source of the campaign idea may come more directly from the words of one of General Electric's most famous employees Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923) who is quoted as saying of his work: \"Some day we make the good things of life for everybody.\" ", "precise_score": 3.176600933074951, "rough_score": -6.486826419830322, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Market research done by BBDO showed that in the 1970s, GE was still seen as a dependable and trusted American company, but a typical GE customer was perceived to be older, low-income, blue-collar, and unsophisticated, and GE products to be somewhat old fashioned and below standard. As a result, except in the area of lighting products, brand commitment to GE lagged behind its competitors. GE saw the need to change the company’s brand recognition and to create an updated, single message that could translate across many product lines and services. GE’s stated objective for the new campaign was to increase customer awareness of GE products and to foster more product loyalty. Additionally, GE sought to increase employee morale and heighten its image in the financial world, in government, in the retail business sector, and in public consciousness. GE also tried to stimulate a more upscale consumer base, made up of adults between the ages of 25 and 54. The new campaign was more appropriate to the information age, in which consumers were constantly bombarded with advertising images from a variety of media.", "precise_score": -8.439125061035156, "rough_score": -10.232534408569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "When GE advertising was consolidated in 1979 with BBDO, the “Good Things” slogan was not only incorporated into media ads but also induced on all packaging, spec sheets and brochures, and service trucks. When GE sponsored a television program, the ad agency used a number of “We Bring Good Things to Life” commercials, each telling the GE story in a different way. Aside from promoting products and services, GE commercials and print ads began to project a new corporate image, stressing how the company’s products and services had enhanced people’s lives. Since GE had previously been identified with consumer products, this shift in emphasis was significant. The advertising budget on this campaign was approximately $100 million.", "precise_score": 7.787755966186523, "rough_score": -1.3090790510177612, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "“We Bring Good Things to Life” was extremely successful and became the longest running corporate advertising campaign. It did not take long for consumers to see GE as more than a producer of electrical household products. By the early 1990s, GE was among the most recognized brands in the United States along with Coca-Cola and IBM. According to research by BBDO, consumers were also beginning to see GE as a more competitive, energetic, and approachable company than ever before, and the consumer base was becoming younger and more affluent. The company also ranked high in customer satisfaction after the release of this advertising campaign.", "precise_score": 7.577511787414551, "rough_score": 3.5081233978271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York, and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. As of 2016, the company operates through the following segments: Power & Water, Oil and Gas, Aviation, Healthcare, Transportation and Capital which cater to the needs of Financial services, Medical devices, Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical, Automotive, Software Development and Engineering industries.", "precise_score": -6.629846096038818, "rough_score": -9.705961227416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "During 1889, Thomas Edison had business interests in many electricity-related companies: Edison Lamp Company, a lamp manufacturer in East Newark, New Jersey; Edison Machine Works, a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady, New York; Bergmann & Company, a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures, sockets, and other electric lighting devices; and Edison Electric Light Company, the patent-holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison's lighting experiments. In 1889, Drexel, Morgan & Co., a company founded by J.P. Morgan and Anthony J. Drexel, financed Edison's research and helped merge those companies under one corporation to form Edison General Electric Company which was incorporated in New York on April 24, 1889. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year. ", "precise_score": -9.225692749023438, "rough_score": -10.81236457824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside the United States federal government, aside from being the first business in the world to own a computer. Its major appliance manufacturing plant \"Appliance Park\" was the first non-governmental site to host one. However, in 1970, GE sold its computer division to Honeywell, exiting the computer manufacturing industry, though it retained its timesharing operations for some years afterwards. GE was a major provider of computer timesharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie. In 2000 when United Technologies Corp. planned to buy Honeywell, GE made a counter-offer that was approved by Honeywell. On July 3, 2001 the European Union issued a statement that \"prohibit the proposed acquisition by General Electric Co. of Honeywell Inc.\". The reasons given were it \"would create or strengthen dominant positions on several markets and that the remedies proposed by GE were insufficient to resolve the competition concerns resulting from the proposed acquisition of Honeywell.\"", "precise_score": -9.681117057800293, "rough_score": -9.095126152038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2004, GE completed the spin-off of most of its mortgage and life insurance assets into an independent company, Genworth Financial, based in Richmond, Virginia.", "precise_score": -6.963895797729492, "rough_score": -10.797201156616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In August 2010, GE Healthcare signed a strategic partnership to bring cardiovascular Computed Tomography (CT) technology from start-up Arineta Ltd. of Israel to the hospital market. ", "precise_score": -8.029304504394531, "rough_score": -10.25983715057373, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "It was announced in April 2015 that General Electric would sell most of its finance unit and return around $90 billion to shareholders as the firm looked to trim down on its holdings and rid itself of its image of a \"hybrid\" company working in both banking and manufacturing. ", "precise_score": -7.592104434967041, "rough_score": -9.65293025970459, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "The company describes itself as composed of a number of primary business units or \"businesses.\" Each unit is itself a vast enterprise, many of which would, even as a standalone company, rank in the Fortune 500. The list of GE businesses varies over time as the result of acquisitions, divestitures and reorganizations.", "precise_score": -8.732514381408691, "rough_score": -8.162440299987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE's tax return is the largest return filed in the United States; the 2005 return was approximately 24,000 pages when printed out, and 237 megabytes when submitted electronically. The company also \"spends more on U.S. lobbying than any other company.\"Carney, Timothy (2011-04-07) [http://washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/2011/04/want-know-how-ge-paid-0-income-taxes-think-green Want to know how GE paid $0 income taxes? Think green.], Washington Examiner", "precise_score": -10.406669616699219, "rough_score": -9.983564376831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "G E", "passage": "In 2005, GE launched its \"Ecomagination\" initiative in an attempt to position itself as a \"green\" company. GE is one of the biggest players in the wind power industry, and is developing environment-friendly products such as hybrid locomotives, desalination and water reuse solutions, and photovoltaic cells. The company \"plans to build the largest solar-panel-making factory in the U.S.,\" and has set goals for its subsidiaries to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. ", "precise_score": -6.304383277893066, "rough_score": -6.6671600341796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Since over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success. ", "precise_score": -9.025144577026367, "rough_score": -10.79656982421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, \"Imagination at work\", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual \"white space\" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins. ", "precise_score": 6.193399429321289, "rough_score": 4.251382827758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2003, acting on concerns that the plan proposed by GE did not \"provide for adequate protection of public health and the environment,\" the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued a unilateral administrative order for the company to \"address cleanup at the GE site\" in Rome, Georgia, also contaminated with PCBs. ", "precise_score": -9.296147346496582, "rough_score": -7.733458995819092, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In May 2005, GE announced the launch of a program called \"Ecomagination,\" intended, in the words of CEO Jeff Immelt \"to develop tomorrow's solutions such as solar energy, hybrid locomotives, fuel cells, lower-emission aircraft engines, lighter and stronger durable materials, efficient lighting, and water purification technology\". The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, \"while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy.\" ", "precise_score": -7.421008586883545, "rough_score": -7.370911121368408, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "GE (General Electric) Energy's renewable energy business has expanded greatly, to keep up with growing U.S. and global demand for clean energy. Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850 million in renewable energy commercialization. In August 2008 it acquired Kelman Ltd, a Northern Ireland company specializing in advanced monitoring and diagnostics technologies for transformers used in renewable energy generation, and announced an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland in May 2010. In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases, employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs. ", "precise_score": -8.49542236328125, "rough_score": -10.711583137512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Between September 2011 and April 2013, GE ran a content marketing campaign dedicated to telling the stories of \"innovators—people who are reshaping the world through act or invention\". The initiative included 30 3-minute films from leading documentary film directors (Albert Maysles, Jessica Yu, Leslie Iwerks, Steve James, Alex Gibney, Lixin Fan, Gary Hustwit and others), and a user-generated competition that received over 600 submissions, out of which 20 finalist were chosen. ", "precise_score": -8.173986434936523, "rough_score": -10.236207008361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "GE was the primary focus of a 1991 short subject Academy Award-winning documentary, Deadly Deception: General Electric, Nuclear Weapons, and Our Environment, that juxtaposed GE's \"We Bring Good Things To Life\" commercials with the true stories of workers and neighbors whose lives have been affected by the company's activities involving nuclear weapons. ", "precise_score": 7.336747169494629, "rough_score": -2.9343948364257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 1981, GE won a Clio award for its :30 Soft White Light Bulbs commercial, We Bring Good Things to Life. It was produced by Phil Dusenberry at the ad agency BBDO, with director Marty Schultz (aka Mathew Brady), and artist and actor Victor Kalin.", "precise_score": 7.723310470581055, "rough_score": -5.146249294281006, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric was created in 1892 when Thomas Edison’s Edison Electric Company merged with Thomson-Houston. GE was heavily involved in the electrification of railways in the late 1880s and by the turn of the century was manufacturing everything related to electrification from industrial electric motors to light bulbs and locomotives. In 1896, GE and the Westinghouse Company entered into a patent pool, effectively eliminating competition in the electrification industry in an era when the United States was entering the electric age. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210472106933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Target market ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337836265563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "We Bring Good Things to Life" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 6th-largest firm in the U.S. by gross revenue, and the 14th most profitable. , the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric: Irving Langmuir in 1932 and Ivar Giaever in 1973. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188234329223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On January 13, 2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Some of the workers will arrive in the summer of 2016, and the full move will be completed by 2018. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392123222351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric was formed through the 1892 merger of Edison General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts, with the support of Drexel, Morgan & Co. Both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electric's Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26781177520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After years, it is the only one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index, although it has not been on the index continuously. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282736778259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association (NELA) into its lighting business. GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GE's lighting business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4570894241333, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, when GE began production, until separation in 1930. RCA quickly grew into an industrial giant in its own right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176202774047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. On January 13, 1928, he made what was said to be the first broadcast to the public in the United States on GE's W2XAD: the pictures were picked up on 1.5 square inch (9.7 square centimeter) screens in the homes of four GE executives. The sound was broadcast on GE's WGY (AM).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50139331817627, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "Experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM (now WRVE)—was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454459190368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Power generation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357673645019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE's history of working with turbines in the power-generation field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, and continued to develop them during the Interwar period. Superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. Although their early work with Whittle's designs was later handed to Allison Engine Company, GE Aviation emerged as one of the world's largest engine manufacturers, bypassing the British company, Rolls-Royce plc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085372924804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2002, GE acquired the windpower assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Enron Wind was the only surviving U.S. manufacturer of large wind turbines at the time, and GE increased engineering and supplies for the Wind Division and doubled the annual sales to $1.2 billion in 2003. It acquired ScanWind in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39317512512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GE's role in nuclear weapons production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407469749450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "With IBM (the largest), Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE was one of the eight major computer companies of the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352346420288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers. Among them were the GE 200, GE 400, and GE 600 series general purpose computers, the GE 4010, GE 4020, and GE 4060 real time process control computers, the DATANET-30 and Datanet 355 message switching computers (DATANET-30 and 355 were also used as front end processors for GE mainframe computers). A Datanet 500 computer was designed, but never sold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5194091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 1962, GE started developing its GECOS (later renamed GCOS) operating system, originally for batch processing, but later extended to timesharing and transaction processing. Versions of GCOS are in use today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433026313781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "From 1964 to 1969, GE and Bell Laboratories (which soon dropped out) joined with MIT to develop the Multics operating system on the GE 645 mainframe computer. The project took longer than expected and was not a major commercial success, but it demonstrated concepts such as single level store, dynamic linking, hierarchical file system, and ring-oriented security. Active development of Multics continued until 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42563533782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On June 27, 2014, GE partnered with collaborative design company Quirky to announce its connected LED bulb called Link. The Link bulb is designed to communicate with smartphones and tablets using a mobile app called Wink. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169700622558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 1986, GE reacquired RCA, primarily for the NBC television network (also parent of Telemundo Communications Group). The remainder was sold to various companies, including Bertelsmann (Bertelsmann acquired RCA Records) and Thomson SA which traces its roots to Thomson-Houston, one of the original components of GE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109746932983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Also in 1986, Kidder, Peabody & Co., a U.S.-based securities firm, was sold to GE and following heavy losses was sold to PaineWebber in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14447021484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2002, Francisco Partners and Norwest Venture Partners acquired a division of GE called GE Information Systems (GEIS). The new company, named GXS, is based in Gaithersburg, Maryland. GXS is a provider of B2B e-Commerce solutions. GE maintains a minority stake in GXS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112750053405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Also in 2002, GE Wind Energy was formed when GE bought the wind turbine manufacturing assets of Enron Wind after the Enron scandals.Murphy, Dennis. [http://www.desertskywind.com/news05022002.htm GE completes Enron Wind acquisition; Launches GE Wind Energy] Desert Sky Wind Farm, May 10, 2002. Retrieved: May 1, 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431584358215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2004, GE bought 80% of Universal Pictures from Vivendi. Vivendi bought 20% of NBC forming the company NBCUniversal. GE then owned 80% of NBC Universal and Vivendi owned 20%. By January 28, 2011 GE owned 49% and Comcast 51%. On March 19, 2013, Comcast bought GE's shares in NBCU for $16.7 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291484832763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Genpact formerly known as GE Capital International Services (GECIS) was established by GE in late 1997 as its captive India based BPO. GE sold 60% stake in Genpact to General Atlantic and Oak Hill Capital Partners in 2005 and hived off Genpact into an independent business. GE is still a major client to Genpact getting its services in customer service, finance, information technology and analytics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255433082580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In May 2007, GE acquired Smiths Aerospace for $4.8 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535555839538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE Oil & Gas", "passage": "In 2007, GE Oil & Gas acquired Vetco Gray for $1.9 billion, followed by the acquisition of Hydril Pressure & Control in 2008 for $1.12 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5350341796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE Plastics was sold in 2008 to SABIC (Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338772773742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In May 2008, GE announced it was exploring options for divesting the bulk of its consumer and industrial business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392465591430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric's Schenectady, New York facilities (including GE's original headquarters) are assigned the ZIP code 12345. (All Schenectady ZIP codes begin with 123, but no others begin with 1234.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56936264038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On December 3, 2009, it was announced that NBCUniversal will become a joint venture between GE and cable television operator Comcast. The cable giant will hold a controlling interest in the company, while GE retains a 49% stake and will buy out shares owned by Vivendi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088406562805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Vivendi will sell its 20% stake in NBCUniversal to GE for US$5.8 billion. Vivendi will sell 7.66% of NBCUniversal to GE for US$2 billion if the GE/Comcast deal is not completed by September 2010 and then sell the remaining 12.34% stake of NBCUniversal to GE for US$3.8 billion when the deal is completed or to the public via an IPO if the deal is not completed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343141555786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "On March 1, 2010, General Electric (GE) announced that the company is planning to sell its 20.85% stake in Turkey-based Garanti Bank. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162858009338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In October 2010, General Electric acquired gas engines manufacture Dresser Inc. for a $3 billion deal and also bought a $1.6 billion portfolio of retail credit cards from Citigroup Inc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444164276123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On October 14, 2010, GE announced the acquisition of data migration & SCADA simulation specialists Opal Software. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54167652130127, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In December 2010, for the second time this year (after Dresser acquisition), General Electric Co. bought the oil sector company British Wellstream Holding Plc. an oil pipe maker for 800 million pounds ($1.3 billion). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295841217041016, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In March 2011, GE announced it has completed the acquisition of privately held Lineage Power Holdings, Inc., from The Gores Group, LLC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444668769836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In April 2011, GE announced it had completed its purchase of John Wood Plc's Well Support Division for $2.8 billion. This acquisition expands the extensive drilling and surface manufacturing and services portfolio of GE Oil and Gas, a division of GE Energy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281383514404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE Capital sold its $2 billion Mexican assets to Santander for $162 million and exit the business in Mexico. Santander will additionally assume the portfolio debts of GE Capital in the country. The transaction was finished in 2011. GE Capital will focus in the core business and will shed its non-core assets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484161376953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In June 2012, CEO and President of GE said that the company would invest ₹3 billion to accelerate its businesses in Karnataka. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321669578552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In October 2012, General Electric Company acquired $7 billion worth of bank deposits from Metlife Inc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348251342773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In April 2013, General Electric Co acquired oilfield pump maker Lufkin Industries for $2.98 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481524467468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. A rival joint bid was submitted in June 2014 by Siemens and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) with Siemens seeking to acquire Alstom's gas turbine business for €3.9 billion, and MHI proposing a joint venture in steam turbines, plus a €3.1 billion cash investment. In June 2014 a formal offer From GE worth $17 billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests, and French jobs. A rival offer from Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was rejected. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978083610534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In October 2014, GE announced it was considering the sale of its Polish banking business Bank BPH. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456819534301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In April 2015, GE announced its intention to sell off its property portfolio, worth $26.5 billion, to Wells Fargo and The Blackstone Group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446810722351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In August 2015, GE's GE Capital agreed to sell its Healthcare Financial Services business to Capital One Financial for USD $9-billion. The transaction involves USD $8.5-billion of loans made to a wide array of sectors including senior housing, hospitals, medical offices, outpatient services, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452544212341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Also in August, 2015, GE Capital agreed to sell GE Capital Bank's on-line deposit platform to Goldman Sachs Group. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed, but the sale includes USD $8-billion of on-line deposits and another USD $8-billion of brokered certificates of deposit. The sale is part of GE's strategic plan to exit the U.S. banking sector and to free itself from tightening banking regulations. GE also aims to shed its status as a \"systematically important financial institution.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903620719909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In September 2015, GE Capital agreed to sell its transportation-finance unit to Canada's Bank of Montreal. The unit sold has USD $8.7-billion (CAD $11.5-billion) of assets, 600 employees and 15 offices in the U.S. and Canada. Exact terms of the sale were not disclosed, but the final price would be based on the value of the assets at closing, plus a premium according to the parties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428716659545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In January 2016, Haier Group acquired General Electric's appliance division for $5.4 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534231185913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric went public in 1892 on the New York Stock Exchange. GE is a Dow Jones and S&P 500 component.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492960929870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Image:Linear GE Stock Price Graph 1962-2013.png|Linear GE stock price graph 1962–2013", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546249389648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Image:GE Trading Volume Graph.png|GE trading volume graph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486717224121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "G.e.", "passage": "GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut. Its main offices are located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center in New York City, known now as the Comcast Building. It was formerly known as the GE Building for the prominent GE logo on the roof; NBC's headquarters and main studios are also located in the building. Through its RCA subsidiary, it has been associated with the center since its construction in the 1930s. GE moved its corporate headquarters from the GE Building on Lexington Avenue to Fairfield in 1974.\"As G.E. fumes over Connecticut tax hike, New York calls\" by Jimmy Vielking, June 8, 2015 Politico NY, http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/albany/2015/06/8569598/ge-fumes-over-connecticut-tax-hike-new-york-calls", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87702751159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On May 21, 2007, GE announced it would sell its GE Plastics division to petrochemicals manufacturer SABIC for net proceeds of $11.6 billion. The transaction took place on August 31, 2007, and the company name changed to SABIC Innovative Plastics, with Brian Gladden as CEO. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263359069824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Jeffrey Immelt is the chairman of the board and chief executive officer of GE. He was selected by GE's Board of Directors in 2000 to replace Jack Welch following his retirement. Previously, Immelt had headed GE's Medical Systems division (now GE Healthcare) as its President and CEO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458671569824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "His tenure as the Chairman and CEO started at a time of crisis: he took over the role on September 7, 2001 four days before the terrorist attacks on the United States, which killed two employees and cost GE's insurance business $600 million — and had a direct effect on the company's Aircraft Engines sector. Immelt has also been selected as one of President Obama's financial advisors concerning the economic rescue plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135886192321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE's primary business divisions include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508177757263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Power", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387925148010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE Oil & Gas", "passage": "* GE Oil & Gas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422806739807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Renewable Energy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477128982543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Energy Connections", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465338706970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Aviation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480109214782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Healthcare", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449148178100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Transportation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448524475097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Capital", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476369857788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "* GE Digital", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433671951293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "The former GE Appliances and Lighting segment was dissolved in 2014 when GE's appliance division was sold to Haier for $5.4 billion and the GE Lighting division was shifted to other parts of the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446980476379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "G E", "passage": "Through these businesses, GE participates in markets that include the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity (e.g. nuclear, gas and solar), lighting, industrial automation, medical imaging equipment, motors, railway locomotives, aircraft jet engines, and aviation services. Through GE Commercial Finance, GE Consumer Finance, GE Equipment Services, and GE Insurance it offers a range of financial services. It has a presence in over 100 countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268075942993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE produces General Imaging digital cameras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566207885742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On May 4, 2008 it was announced, that GE would auction off its appliances business for an expected sale of $5–8 billion. However, this plan fell through as a result of the recession. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43772029876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": " GE is planning to set up a silicon carbide chip packaging R&D center in coalition with SUNY Polytechnic Institute in Utica, New York. The project will create 470 jobs with the potential to grow to 820 jobs within 10 years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432019233703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On September 14, 2015, GE announced the creation of a new unit: GE Digital, which will bring together its software and IT capabilities. The new business unit will be headed by Bill Ruh, who joined GE in 2011 from Cisco Systems and has since worked on GE's software efforts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88133430480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2011, Fortune ranked GE the 6th largest firm in the U.S., and the 14th most profitable. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include the following:. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492530822753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "For 2012, GE's brand was valued at $28.8 billion. CEO Jeffrey Immelt had a set of changes in the presentation of the brand commissioned in 2004, after he took the reins as chairman, to unify the diversified businesses of GE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34554386138916, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "The six reactors in the 2011 Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe had been designed by General Electric. Their design had been criticised as far back as 1972. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500974655151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In March 2011, The New York Times reported that, despite earning $14.2 billion in worldwide profits, including more than $5 billion from U.S. operations, General Electric did not owe taxes in 2010. General Electric had a tax refund of $3.2 billion. This same article also pointed out that GE has reduced its American workforce by one fifth since 2002. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42220687866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "The Times also reported that General Electric had been engineering tax reductions starting with the fees paid on its 1892 New York State charter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498330116271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized General Electric for spending $84.35 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes during 2008–2010, instead getting $48.7 billion in tax rebates, despite making a profit of $10.4 billion, laying off 4,168 workers since 2008, and increasing executive pay by 27% to $75.9 million in 2010 for the top 5 executives. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400543212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "Between March 1990 and February 2001, General Electric was fined or ordered to pay damages by a court 420 times, amounting to at least $934,027,215, according to a report from the Multinational Monitor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470582962036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric was one of the pioneers and early widespread adopters of planned obsolescence, with a major part in the Phoebus cartel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486431121826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "There has been protest regarding state grants and tax relief promised to GE prior to their decision to move their headquarters to Boston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403018951416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE has a history of some of its activities giving rise to large-scale air and water pollution. Based on year 2000 data, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute listed the corporation as the fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 tons) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE has also been implicated in the creation of toxic waste. According to EPA documents, only the United States Government, Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation are responsible for producing more Superfund toxic waste sites. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01417064666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 1983, New York State Attorney General Robert Abrams filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to compel GE to pay for the cleanup of what was claimed to be more than 100,000 tons of chemicals dumped from their plant in Waterford, New York. In 1999, the company agreed to pay a $250 million settlement in connection with claims it polluted the Housatonic River (Pittsfield, Massachusetts) and other sites with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous substances. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293179512023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "The nuclear reactors involved in the 2011 crisis at Fukushima I in Japan are GE designs, and the architectural designs were done by Ebasco, formerly owned by GE. Concerns over the design and safety of these reactors were raised as early as 1972, but tsunami danger was not discussed at that time. , the same model nuclear power reactors designed by GE are operating in the US, such as the controversial Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, in Plymouth, Massachusetts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313636779785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194747924804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45604133605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On June 6, 2011, GE announced that it has licensed solar thermal technology from California-based eSolar for use in power plants that use both solar and natural gas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483695983886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On May 26, 2011, GE unveiled its EV Solar Carport, a carport that incorporates solar panels on its roof, with electric vehicle charging stations under its cover. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48934268951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "Ecomagination", "passage": "GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06761360168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE Energy and Orion New Zealand Limited (Orion) have announced implementation of the first phase of a GE network management system to help improve power reliability for customers. GE's ENMAC Distribution Management System is the foundation of Orion's initiative. The system of smart grid technologies will significantly improve the network company's ability to manage big network emergencies and help it to restore power faster when outages occur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10328483581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE healthcare is collaborating with The Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Medical University of South Carolina to offer an integrated radiology curriculum during their respective MD Programs led by investigators of the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in micro-gravity study. GE has donated over one million dollars of Logiq E Ultrasound equipment to these two institutions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429615020751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival. According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288647651672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "On August 4, 2009 the SEC fined GE $50 million for violating accounting rules in two separate cases, misleading investors into believing GE would meet or beat earnings expectations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523330688476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "GE has faced criminal action regarding its defense related operations. GE was convicted in 1990 of defrauding the US Department of Defense, and again in 1992 on charges of corrupt practices in the sale of jet engines to Israel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447232246398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "A GE-owned abandoned building resides on Seaview Avenue in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The abandoned property has been cited in crimes that include being used as a hideout for a 72-year-old thief in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32873821258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In the 1950s GE sponsored Ronald Reagan's TV career and launched him on the lecture circuit as a crusader against big government. Although it can be argued that GE frequently supported conservative policies, GE's record with designing social programs, supporting civil rights organizations, and funding minority education programs, speaks to their effort to support philanthropic programs and progressive causes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379942893981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "General Electric", "passage": "In the early 1950s Kurt Vonnegut was a writer for General Electric. A number of his novels and stories (notably Cat's Cradle) refer to the fictional city of Ilium, which appears to be loosely based on Schenectady, New York. The Ilium Works is the setting for the short story \"Deer in the Works\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26433277130127, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "The NBC sitcom 30 Rock was set at the NBC Studios in the GE Building at 30 Rockefeller Center (hence the title). All characters in the main cast are NBC (and therefore GE) employees, and one character, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) is portrayed as having risen through the ranks of GE management to become Vice President of NBC's East Coast operations through the company's microwave oven division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342191696166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "In 2013, GE received a National Jefferson Award for Outstanding Service by a Major Corporation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434527397155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" }, { "answer": "GE", "passage": "As of 2016, GE had appeared on the Fortune 500 list for 22 years and held the 11th rank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459512710571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Electric" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Jerry Springer Show", "passage": "The dominant form of first-run syndication in the U.S. for the last three decades has been the stripped talk show, such as Donahue, Oprah Winfrey, The Tyra Banks Show, and The Jerry Springer Show. As with game shows, talk shows are inexpensive to produce and very profitable if successful. In many markets, a stripped show will be seen twice daily, usually with different episodes (one being a more recent episode and the other being an episode from a previous season). Sometimes, station groups with more than one station in a market, or a \"duopoly\", will run one episode of a strip on one of their stations in the morning, and the other available episode on another of their stations that night.", "precise_score": -9.505136489868164, "rough_score": -9.156167984008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Broadcast syndication" } ]

[ { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "Sharon Tyler Herbst's book, The Ultimate A-To-Z Bar Guide, lists 112 cocktails using dry vermouth and 82 containing sweet vermouth. Cocktails using either dry or sweet vermouth or both include the Americano, Bronx, Gibson, Manhattan, Negroni, Rob Roy, and Rose. Variations of cocktail recipes using equal portions of dry and sweet vermouths are called perfect, as in a Perfect Manhattan.", "precise_score": 0.47396236658096313, "rough_score": -2.372001886367798, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "The Rob Roy is a cocktail created in 1894 by a bartender at the Waldorf Astoria in Manhattan, New York City. The drink was named in honor of the premiere of Rob Roy, an operetta by composer Reginald De Koven and lyricist Harry B. Smith loosely based upon Scottish folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor. ", "precise_score": 2.0758473873138428, "rough_score": 3.624173879623413, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rob Roy (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "The modern versions of the beverage were first produced in the mid- to late 18th century in Turin, Italy. While vermouth was traditionally used for medicinal purposes, its true claim to fame is as an aperitif, with fashionable cafes in Turin serving it to guests around the clock. However, in the late 19th century it became popular with bartenders as a key ingredient in many classic cocktails that have survived to date, such as the Martini, the Manhattan, the Rob Roy, and the Negroni. In addition to being consumed as an aperitif or cocktail ingredient, vermouth is sometimes used as an alternative white wine in cooking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.208625555038452, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "* Rob Roy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057503700256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angostura bitters" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "A Rob Roy is similar to a Manhattan but is made exclusively with Scotch whisky, while the Manhattan is traditionally made with rye and today commonly made with bourbon or Canadian whisky. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.712112426757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rob Roy (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "Like the Manhattan, the Rob Roy can be made \"sweet\", \"dry\", or \"perfect\". The standard Rob Roy is the sweet version, made with sweet vermouth, so there is no need to specify a \"sweet\" Rob Roy when ordering. A \"dry\" Rob Roy is made by replacing the sweet vermouth with dry vermouth. A \"perfect\" Rob Roy is made with equal parts sweet and dry vermouth.Jacobo. [http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-prepare-a-rob-roy-cocktail \"How To Prepare a Rob Roy Cocktail\"] Videojug Accessed: May 19, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.528409481048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rob Roy (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Rob Roy", "passage": "The Rob Roy is usually served in a cocktail glass and garnished with 2 maraschino cherries on a skewer (for the standard version) or a lemon twist (for the perfect and dry versions).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.745349884033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rob Roy (cocktail)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "It has been well established for two centuries that Puck and Robin Goodfellow are both names for the devil from English folklore. Cena argues that the character of 'Wall' acted by Snout represents the partition that exists between Earth and Heaven and that comes down on the day of Apocalypse. Pyramus and Thisbe are a late Renaissance allegory for Jesus and the Church, and that the source of the names Peter (petros, Greek for a stone), and Quince (quoin, a term for a wedge shaped cornerstone) suggests his identity as St Peter. The play-within-a-play therefore can be a religious satire. The allegorical dimension was extended to the other characters and demonstrated in performance by the Dark Lady Players in a New York production in March 2007. ", "precise_score": 1.7876323461532593, "rough_score": 2.3729658126831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "A Midsummer Night's Dream has been produced many times in New York, including several stagings by the New York Shakespeare Festival at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park and a production by the Theatre for a New Audience, produced by Joseph Papp at the Public Theater. In 1978, the Riverside Shakespeare Company staged an outdoor production starring Eric Hoffmann as Puck, with Karen Hurley as Titania and Eric Conger as Oberon, directed by company founder Gloria Skurski. There have been several variations since then, including some set in the 1980s.", "precise_score": -2.347238302230835, "rough_score": -1.4913169145584106, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Michael Gow's play, Away (1986), features inter-textual references to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and opens with a performance of the final part, with the protagonist, Tom, in a role similar to that of Puck.", "precise_score": -2.581369161605835, "rough_score": -4.131073951721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* An abbreviated version of A Midsummer Night's Dream was made into an animated short (with the same title) by Walt Disney Television Animation in 1999 as part of the \"Mouse Tales\" series. It was featured in a 2002 episode of Disney's House of Mouse (\"House of Scrooge\", Season 3, Episode 34). The star-crossed lovers are played by Mickey Mouse (Lysander), Minnie Mouse (Hermia), Donald Duck (Demetrius), and Daisy Duck (Helena). The character based on Theseus is played by Ludwig Von Drake, and the character based on Egeus by Scrooge McDuck. Goofy appears as an accident-prone Puck. The story ends with the revelation that it was a dream experienced by Mickey Mouse while sleeping at a picnic hosted by Minnie.", "precise_score": -3.5765531063079834, "rough_score": -3.3121984004974365, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "From around the Late Middle Ages, the word elf began to be used in English as a term loosely synonymous with the French loan-word fairy; in elite culture, at least, it also became associated with diminutive supernatural beings like Puck, hobgoblins, Robin Goodfellow, the English and Scots brownie, and the Northumbrian English hob. In Elizabethan England, Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene (1590-) used 'fairy' and 'elf' interchangeably of human-sized beings, but they are complex imaginary and allegorical figures; his aetiology of the 'Elfe' and 'Elfin kynd' as being made and quickened by Prometheus is entirely his invention. ", "precise_score": 1.3488041162490845, "rough_score": 2.633880853652954, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elf" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Puck, also known as Robin Goodfellow, is a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, based on the ancient figure of Puck found in English mythology.", "precise_score": 6.292078971862793, "rough_score": 7.834020137786865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Puck is a clever, mischievous elf, sprite or jester that personifies the wise knave. In the play, Shakespeare introduces Puck as the \"shrewd and knavish sprite\" and \"that merry wanderer of the night\"; he is a jester to Oberon, the fairy king. Puck and Bottom are the only two characters who interact and progress the three central stories in the whole play; Puck is the one who is first introduced in the fairies' story and creates the drama of the lovers' story by breaking up a young couple lost in an enchanted forest, as well as by placing the ass on Bottom's head. Similarly, Bottom is performing in a play intending it to be presented in the lovers' story, as well as interacting with Titania in the fairies' story.", "precise_score": -2.635080337524414, "rough_score": -3.836419105529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "The original texts of Shakespeare's plays do not have cast lists, and can sometimes be inconsistent about what they call characters, but he is a particularly awkward case. Both the Quarto and the First Folio call him \"Robin Goodfellow\" on the first entrance, but call him \"Puck\" later in the same scene, and they remain inconsistent. The Arden Shakespeare decides to call him \"Puck\", and amends all stage directions (but not actual dialogue) that call him \"Robin\" or \"Robin Goodfellow\". After Meyerbeer's successful opera Robert le Diable (1831), neo-medievalists and occultists began to apply the name Robin Goodfellow to the Devil, with appropriately extravagant imagery.", "precise_score": 2.4102542400360107, "rough_score": 0.608132004737854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In English folklore, Puck, sometimes known as Robin Goodfellow, is a domestic and nature sprite, demon, or fairy.", "precise_score": 3.3797855377197266, "rough_score": 5.338501930236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Puck may also be called \"Robin Goodfellow\" or \"Hobgoblin\",[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/tfm/tfm124.htm Keightley, Thomas. The Fairy Mythology, London, H. G. Bohn, 1870] in which \"Hob\" may substitute for \"Rob\" or may simply refer to the \"goblin of the hearth\" or hob. The name Robin is Middle English in origin, deriving from Old French Robin, the pet form for the name Robert. The earliest reference to \"Robin Goodfellow\" cited by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1531. ", "precise_score": 0.6124544739723206, "rough_score": 0.44277799129486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "*As Robin Goodfellow, Puck appears in a roughly contemporaneous Elizabethan play, Grim the Collier of Croydon (1600). It is unknown how Shakespeare's Puck appeared on the stage; but the figure in Grim was costumed \"in a suit of leather close to his body; his face and hands coloured russet-coloured, with a flail.\"", "precise_score": 0.0582706518471241, "rough_score": -3.9419219493865967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "*An early 17th century broadside ballad, \"The Mad Merry Pranks of Robin Goodfellow\" describes Puck/Robin Goodfellow as the emissary of Oberon, the Fairy King of the Night, inspiring night-terrors in old women but also carding their wool while they sleep, leading travellers astray, taking the shape of animals, blowing out the candles to kiss the girls in the darkness, twitching off their bedclothes, or making them fall out of bed on the cold floor, tattling secrets, and changing babes in cradles with elflings. ", "precise_score": 2.0370092391967773, "rough_score": 2.791146755218506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "*John Milton, in L'Allegro tells \"how the drudging Goblin swet / To earn his cream-bowle\" by threshing a week's worth of grain in a night, and then, \"Basks at the fire his hairy strength.\" Milton's Puck is not small and sprightly, but nearer to a Green Man or a hairy woodwose. An illustration of Robin Goodfellow from 1639 reflects the influence of Pan imagery giving Puck the hindquarters, cloven hooves and horns of a goat.", "precise_score": -2.9453938007354736, "rough_score": -4.270508289337158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In a parallel plot line, Oberon, king of the fairies, and Titania, his queen, have come to the forest outside Athens. Titania tells Oberon that she plans to stay there until she has attended Theseus and Hippolyta's wedding. Oberon and Titania are estranged because Titania refuses to give her Indian changeling to Oberon for use as his \"knight\" or \"henchman\", since the child's mother was one of Titania's worshippers. Oberon seeks to punish Titania's disobedience. He calls upon Robin \"Puck\" Goodfellow, his \"shrewd and knavish sprite\", to help him concoct a magical juice derived from a flower called \"love-in-idleness\", which turns from white to purple when struck by Cupid's arrow. When the concoction is applied to the eyelids of a sleeping person, that person, upon waking, falls in love with the first living thing they perceive. He instructs Puck to retrieve the flower with the hope that he might make Titania fall in love with an animal of the forest and thereby shame her into giving up the little Indian boy. He says, \"And ere I take this charm from off her sight,/As I can take it with another herb,/I'll make her render up her page to me.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.906265735626221, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Hermia and Lysander have escaped to the same forest in hopes of eloping. Helena, desperate to reclaim Demetrius's love, tells Demetrius about the plan and he follows them in hopes of killing Lysander. Helena continually makes advances towards Demetrius, promising to love him more than Hermia. However, he rebuffs her with cruel insults against her. Observing this, Oberon orders Puck to spread some of the magical juice from the flower on the eyelids of the young Athenian man. Instead, Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius, not having actually seen either before, and administers the juice to the sleeping Lysander. Helena, coming across him, wakes him while attempting to determine whether he is dead or asleep. Upon this happening, Lysander immediately falls in love with Helena. Oberon sees Demetrius still following Hermia and is enraged. When Demetrius goes to sleep, Oberon sends Puck to get Helena while he charms Demetrius' eyes. Upon waking up, he sees Helena. Now, both men are in pursuit of Helena. However, she is convinced that her two suitors are mocking her, as neither loved her originally. Hermia is at a loss to see why her lover has abandoned her, and accuses Helena of stealing Lysander away from her. The four quarrel with each other until Lysander and Demetrius become so enraged that they seek a place to duel to prove whose love for Helena is the greater. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from Lysander. Lysander returns to loving Hermia, while Demetrius continues to love Helena.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.521854400634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Meanwhile, Quince and his band of six labourers (\"rude mechanicals\", as they are described by Puck) have arranged to perform their play about Pyramus and Thisbe for Theseus' wedding and venture into the forest, near Titania's bower, for their rehearsal. Bottom is spotted by Puck, who (taking his name to be another word for a jackass) transforms his head into that of a donkey. When Bottom returns for his next lines, the other workmen run screaming in terror claiming that they are haunted much to Bottom's confusion since he has no idea what has happened. Determined to await his friends, he begins to sing to himself. Titania, having received the love-potion, is awakened by Bottom's singing and immediately falls in love with him. She lavishes him with attention and presumably makes love to him. While she is in this state of devotion, Oberon takes the changeling. Having achieved his goals, Oberon releases Titania, orders Puck to remove the donkey's head from Bottom, and arranges everything so Helena, Hermia, Demetrius and Lysander will all believe they have been dreaming when they awaken. Puck distracts Lysander and Demetrius from fighting over Helena's love by mimicking their voices and leading them apart. Eventually, all four find themselves separately falling asleep in the glade. Once they fall asleep, Puck administers the love potion to Lysander again, claiming all will be well in the morning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923017501831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In Athens, Theseus, Hippolyta and the lovers watch the six workmen perform Pyramus and Thisbe. The performers are so terrible playing their roles that the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy, and everyone retires to bed. Afterwards, Oberon, Titania, Puck, and other fairies enter, and bless the house and its occupants with good fortune. After all the other characters leave, Puck \"restores amends\" and suggests to the audience that what they just experienced might be nothing more than a dream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64935302734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "*Spirits 1 & 2 (speak only to Puck and Oberon)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679699897766113, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "*Robin Goodfellow/Puck: servant to Oberon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.757073402404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Some of the interpretations of the play have been based on psychology and its diverse theories. In 1972, Alex Aronson argued that Theseus represents the conscious mind and Puck represents the unconscious mind. Puck, in this view, is a guise of the unconscious as a trickster, while remaining subservient to Oberon. Aronson thought that the play explores unauthorised desire and linked it to the concept of fertility. He viewed the donkey and the trees as fertility symbols. The lovers' sexual desires are symbolised in their forest encounters. In 1973, Melvin Goldstein argued that the lovers can not simply return to Athens and wed. First, they have to pass through stages of madness (multiple disguises), and discover their \"authentic sexual selves\". In 1979, Norman N. Holland applied psychoanalytic literary criticism to the play. He interpreted the dream of Hermia as if it was a real dream. In his view, the dream uncovers the phases of Hermia's sexual development. Her search for options is her defence mechanism. She both desires Lysander and wants to retain her virginity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54725170135498, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "David Bevington argues that the play represents the dark side of love. He writes that the fairies make light of love by mistaking the lovers and by applying a love potion to Titania's eyes, forcing her to fall in love with an ass. In the forest, both couples are beset by problems. Hermia and Lysander are both met by Puck, who provides some comic relief in the play by confounding the four lovers in the forest. However, the play also alludes to serious themes. At the end of the play, Hippolyta and Theseus, happily married, watch the play about the unfortunate lovers, Pyramus and Thisbe, and are able to enjoy and laugh at it. Helena and Demetrius are both oblivious to the dark side of their love, totally unaware of what may have come of the events in the forest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701022148132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Maurice Hunt, Chair of the English Department at Baylor University, writes of the blurring of the identities of fantasy and reality in the play that make possible \"that pleasing, narcotic dreaminess associated with the fairies of the play\". By emphasising this theme even in the setting of the play, Shakespeare prepares the reader's mind to accept the fantastic reality of the fairy world and its happenings. This also seems to be the axis around which the plot conflicts in the play occur. Hunt suggests that it is the breaking down of individual identities that leads to the central conflict in the story. It is the brawl between Oberon and Titania, based on a lack of recognition for the other in the relationship, that drives the rest of the drama in the story and makes it dangerous for any of the other lovers to come together due to the disturbance of Nature caused by a fairy dispute. Similarly, this failure to identify and to distinguish is what leads Puck to mistake one set of lovers for another in the forest, placing the flower's juice on Lysander's eyes instead of Demetrius'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.712173938751221, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In 1840, Madame Vestris at Covent Garden returned the play to the stage with a relatively full text, adding musical sequences and balletic dances. Vestris took the role of Oberon, and for the next seventy years, Oberon and Puck would always be played by women. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696589469909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "On the strength of this production, Warner Brothers signed Reinhardt to direct a filmed version, Hollywood's first Shakespeare movie since Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and Mary Pickford's Taming of the Shrew in 1929. Rooney (Puck) and De Havilland (Hermia and Zara) were the only holdovers from the Hollywood Bowl cast. James Cagney starred, in his only Shakespearean role, as Bottom. Other actors in the film who played Shakespearean roles just this once included Joe E. Brown and Dick Powell. Erich Wolfgang Korngold was brought from Austria to arrange Mendelssohn's music for the film. He not only used the Midsummer Night's Dream music but also several other pieces by Mendelssohn. Korngold went on to make a Hollywood career, remaining in the U.S. after Nazi Germany annexed Austria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6878767013549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In 1970, Peter Brook staged the play for the Royal Shakespeare Company in a blank white box, in which masculine fairies engaged in circus tricks such as trapeze artistry. Brook also introduced the subsequently popular idea of doubling Theseus/Oberon and Hippolyta/Titania, as if to suggest that the world of the fairies is a mirror version of the world of the mortals. British actors who played various roles in Brook's production included Patrick Stewart, Ben Kingsley, John Kane (Puck) and Frances de la Tour (Helena).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.973013401031494, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "In 1949 a three-act opera by Delannoy entitled Puck was premiered in Strasbourg. Progressive Rock guitarist Steve Hackett, best known for his work with Genesis, made a classical adaptation of the play in 1997. Hans Werner Henze's Eighth Symphony is inspired by sequences from the play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.164105415344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* A 1935 film version was directed by Max Reinhardt and William Dieterle. The cast included James Cagney as Bottom, Mickey Rooney as Puck, Olivia de Havilland as Hermia, Joe E. Brown as Francis Flute, Dick Powell as Lysander and Victor Jory as Oberon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625840187072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* A 1968 film version was directed by Peter Hall. The cast included Paul Rogers as Bottom, Ian Holm as Puck, Diana Rigg as Helena, Helen Mirren as Hermia, Ian Richardson as Oberon, Judi Dench as Titania, and Sebastian Shaw as Quince. This film stars the Royal Shakespeare Company, and is directed by Peter Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.518267631530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Dead Poets Society features the play as a production for which Neil Perry tries out for and wins the role of Puck, in spite of his father's disapproval of his acting aspirations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624373435974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* A 1996 adaptation directed by Adrian Noble. The cast included Desmond Barrit as Bottom, Finbar Lynch as Puck, Alex Jennings as Oberon/Theseus, and Lindsay Duncan as Titania/Hippolyta. This film is based on Noble's hugely popular Royal Shakespeare Company production. Its art design is eccentric, featuring a forest of floating light bulbs and a giant umbrella for Titania's bower.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.882950782775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* A 1999 film version was written and directed by Michael Hoffman. The cast includes Kevin Kline as Bottom, Rupert Everett as Oberon, Michelle Pfeiffer as Titania, Stanley Tucci as Puck, Sophie Marceau as Hippolyta, Christian Bale as Demetrius, Dominic West as Lysander, and Calista Flockhart as Helena. This adaptation relocates the play's action from Athens to a fictional \"Monte Athena\", located in Tuscany, Italy, although all textual mentions of Athens are retained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31199836730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) directed by Gil Cates Jr. changes the setting to a modern rave. Puck is a drug dealer, the magic flower called love-in-idleness is replaced with magic ecstasy, and the King and Queen of Fairies are the host of the rave and the DJ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9287896156311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* The 1981 BBC Television Shakespeare production was produced by Jonathan Miller and directed by Elijah Moshinsky. It starred Helen Mirren as Titania, Peter McEnery as Oberon, Phil Daniels as Puck, Robert Lindsay as Lysander, Geoffrey Palmer as Quince and Brian Glover as Bottom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91999626159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* In 2005 ShakespeaRe-Told, the BBC TV series, aired an updated of the play. It was written by Peter Bowker. The cast includes Johnny Vegas as Bottom, Dean Lennox Kelly as Puck, Bill Paterson as Theo (a conflation of Theseus and Egeus), and Imelda Staunton as his wife Polly (Hippolyta). Lennie James plays Oberon and Sharon Small is Titania. Zoe Tapper and Michelle Bonnard play Hermia and Helena.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78281307220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* BBC1's 2016 production was a 90-minute filmic adaptation by Russell T Davies directed by David Kerr starring Matt Lucas as Bottom, Maxine Peake as Titania, and with a diverse cast including Nonso Anozie as Oberon, Prisca Bakare as Hermia and Hiran Abeysekera as Puck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801976203918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "British astronomer William Herschel named the two moons of Uranus that he discovered in 1787 after characters in the play, Oberon and Titania. Another moon, discovered in 1985, has been named Puck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76672077178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "File:Reynolds-Puck.JPG|\"Puck\" by Joshua Reynolds, 1789", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905362129211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "The audience is introduced to Puck in Act 2 Scene 1 when one of Titania's fairies encounters Puck and he replies:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638480186462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Puck is Oberon's servant sent by Oberon, who is angry with Titania the fairy queen because he could not have the Indian boy/slave, so Puck is sent to fetch the flower that has been hit by cupid's arrows. Puck is then instructed by Oberon to use the love flowers juices to fix the love entanglement occurring between the Athenian lovers who also happen to be running about in the forest. He mistakenly administers the charm to the sleeping Lysander instead of Demetrius. Puck provides Nick Bottom with a donkey's head so that Titania will fall in love with a beast and forget her attachment to the Changeling Boy, allowing Oberon to take the child from her. (Oberon does so successfully.) Later, Puck is ordered by Oberon to fix the mistake Puck made, by producing a dark fog, leading the lovers astray within it by imitating their voices, and then applying the flower to Lysander's eyes, which will cause him to fall back in love with Hermia. The four lovers are then made to believe that they were dreaming what took place in the forest (hence the play's title A Midsummer Night's Dream). At the end of the play (Act 5 Scene 1) Puck delivers a speech in which he addresses the audience directly, apologizing for anything that might have offended them and suggesting that they pretend it was a dream:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.400615692138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "And, as I am an honest Puck,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783379554748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Else the Puck a liar call;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791116714477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Portrayals of Puck", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93738079071045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Sculpture Puck, by Carl Andersson, bronze, 1912, in the Stockholm suburb of Midsommarkransen in Sweden", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91651439666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck by Brenda Putnam, marble, 1932, at the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.707324028015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in The Sisters Grimm series by Michael Buckley", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.974743843078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in The Sandman series by Neil Gaiman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814459800720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in the Berserk series by Kentaro Miura", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.016748428344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in The Iron Fey series by Julie Kagawa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928611755371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in We Shadows by Sonny Strait", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793168067932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in [http://www.amazon.com/AZLANDER-Gabriel-Brunsdon-ebook/dp/B00AM8HHQK/ Azlander- Second Nature] by Gabriel Brunsdon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008774757385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Robin Goodfellow in The Cal Leandros series by Rob Thurman where Pucks are an immortal, human-like being", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.932776927947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck in the Warcraft III mod Defense of the Ancients", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98762321472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "** Puck in the stand-alone sequel Dota 2, developed by Valve Corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19264030456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puckish Sprite in World of Warcraft", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866765022277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck Summerdream in The Sims 2, developed by EA Games", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973528861999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck by Edvard Grieg in Lyrical piece op. 71 no. 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560050964355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Le danse de Puck (Puck's dance) by Claude Debussy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69993782043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck's Pranks by Juan María Solare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966646194458008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* \"Puck\" in Faery Legends of Avalon by Spiders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5806303024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "* Puck, a webcomic by ElectricGecko.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068643569946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the name Puck is \"unsettled\"; it is compared to Old Norse puki (Old Swedish puke, Icelandic puki, Frisian Puk). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.390395164489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "Celtic origins (based on Welsh pwca, Cornish Bucca and Irish púca) have also been proposed, but as the Old English and Old Norse attestations are considerably older than the Celtic ones, loan from Germanic to Celtic seems more probable. The Old English púcel is a kind of half-tamed woodland spirit, leading folk astray with echoes and lights in nighttime woodlands (like the German and Dutch \"Weisse Frauen\" and \"Witte Wieven\" and the French \"Dames Blanches,\" all \"White Ladies\"), or coming into the farmstead and souring milk in the churn. The etymology of Puck is examined by Katharine Mary Briggs, in Anatomy of Puck (New York: Arno) 1977. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.452277660369873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "The term pixie is in origin a diminutive of puck (compared to Swedish word \"pyske\" meaning \"small fairy\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534394264221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Puck", "passage": "If you had the knack, Puck might do minor housework for you, quick fine needlework or butter-churning, which could be undone in a moment by his knavish tricks if you fell out of favour with him He may also do work for you if you leave him small gifts, such as a glass of milk or other such treats, otherwise he may do the opposite by \"make[ing] the drink[beer] to bear no barm\" and other such fiendish acts. Pucks are also known to be inherently lonely creatures, and often share the goal of acquiring friends. \"Those that Hob-goblin call you, and sweet Puck, / You do their work, and they shall have good luck\" said one of William Shakespeare's fairies. Shakespeare's characterization of \"shrewd and knavish\" Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream may have revived flagging interest in Puck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.514348983764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Puck (mythology)" } ]

[ { "answer": "435", "passage": "The Apportionment Act of 1911 (, ) was an apportionment bill passed by the United States Congress on August 8, 1911. The law set the number of members of the United States House of Representatives at 435, effective with the 63rd Congress on March 4, 1913. This number included a provision for the addition of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states.", "precise_score": 7.0212602615356445, "rough_score": 7.123398303985596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apportionment Act of 1911" }, { "answer": "435", "passage": "The requirement for allocating United States Representatives is found in Article One, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution. Following each ten-year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of apportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation to dictate the method of allotting U.S. Representatives to the states based on population (see Apportionment Act of 1792). The Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census, and required fractional remainders to be discarded when calculating each state's total number of U.S. Representatives. Daniel Webster proposed the Webster method, which was adopted for the 1840 census and allocated one representative to states with a fractional remainder greater than 0.5. Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Hamilton/Vinton (largest remainder) method had been used for this purpose since 1850. In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives. Adopted in 1868, Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had already removed the three-fifths method of counting slaves, and instead required \"counting the whole number of all persons in each State.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7390875816345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apportionment Act of 1911" }, { "answer": "435", "passage": "For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 census. This left the allocations of the Act of 1911 in place until the 1930 census. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established a method for reallocating seats among the states, given population shifts and the maximum of 435 representatives. The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self-executing after each decennial census. This lifted Congress's responsibility to pass an apportionment act for each census, and ensured that the events surrounding the 1920 census would not happen again. The number of U.S. Representatives increased temporarily to 437 when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states during the 86th Congress (seating one member from each of those states without changing the apportionment of the other seats). After the 1960 census and the 1962 election, that number went back to 435.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.0653300285339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apportionment Act of 1911" }, { "answer": "435", "passage": "Each U.S. state is represented in the House in proportion to its population as measured in the census, but every state is entitled to at least one representative. The most populous state, California, currently has 53 representatives. On the other end of the spectrum, there are seven states with only one representative each (Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming). The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435. In addition there are six non-voting Representatives who have a voice on the floor and a vote in committees, but no vote on the floor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3090972900390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States House of Representatives" }, { "answer": "435", "passage": "The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states: \"The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative.\" Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. The number was temporarily increased to 437 in 1959 upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.191967487335205, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States House of Representatives" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Grand Teton National Park is a United States National Park in northwestern Wyoming. At approximately 310000 acre, the park includes the major peaks of the 40 mi Teton Range as well as most of the northern sections of the valley known as Jackson Hole. It is only 10 mi south of Yellowstone National Park, to which it is connected by the National Park Service-managed John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway. Along with surrounding National Forests, these three protected areas constitute the almost 18000000 acre Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, one of the largest intact mid-latitude temperate ecosystems in the world.", "precise_score": 9.258936882019043, "rough_score": 9.05781078338623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Grand Teton National Park is one of the ten most visited national parks in the U.S., with an average of 2.5 million visitors annually. The National Park Service is a federal agency of the United States Department of the Interior and manages both Grand Teton National Park and the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway. Grand Teton National Park has an average of 100 permanent and 180 seasonal employees. The park also manages 27 concession contracts that provide services such as lodging, restaurants, mountaineering guides, dude ranching, fishing and a boat shuttle on Jenny Lake. The National Park Service works closely with other federal agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and also, in consequence of Jackson Hole Airport's presence in the park, the Federal Aviation Administration. Initial construction of the airstrip north of the town of Jackson was completed in the 1930s. When Jackson Hole National Monument was designated, the airport was inside it. After the monument and park were combined, the Jackson Hole Airport became the only commercial airport within a U.S. National Park. Jackson Hole Airport has some of the strictest noise abatement regulations of any airport in the U.S. The airport has night flight curfews and overflight restrictions, with pilots being expected to approach and depart the airport along the east, south or southwest flight corridors. As of 2010, 110 privately owned property inholdings, many belonging to the state of Wyoming, are located within Grand Teton National Park. Efforts to purchase or trade these inholdings for other federal lands are ongoing and through partnerships with other entities, 10 million dollars is hoped to be raised to acquire private inholdings by 2016. Some monies are allocated from congress via the Land and Water Conservation Fund, but Grand Teton National Park may not get all the money needed from the fund as it is divided up between four different federal agencies. Efforts to exchange federal land from other areas for inholdings were still in the negotiation phase in 2012. ", "precise_score": 7.10189151763916, "rough_score": 7.803535461425781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Grand Teton National Park is located in the northwestern region of the U.S. state of Wyoming. To the north the park is bordered by the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, which is administered by Grand Teton National Park. The scenic highway with the same name passes from the southern boundary of Grand Teton National Park to West Thumb in Yellowstone National Park. Grand Teton National Park covers approximately 310000 acre, while the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway includes 23700 acre. Most of the Jackson Hole valley and virtually all the major mountain peaks of the Teton Range are within the park. The Jedediah Smith Wilderness of Caribou-Targhee National Forest lies along the western boundary and includes the western slopes of the Teton Range. To the northeast and east lie the Teton Wilderness and Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. The National Elk Refuge is to the southeast, and migrating herds of elk winter there. Privately owned land borders the park to the south and southwest. Grand Teton National Park, along with Yellowstone National Park, surrounding National Forests and related protected areas constitute the 18000000 acre (28000 sqmi) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem spans across portions of three states and is one of the largest intact mid-latitude ecosystems remaining on Earth. By road, Grand Teton National Park is 290 mi from Salt Lake City, Utah and 550 mi from Denver, Colorado.", "precise_score": 9.310542106628418, "rough_score": 8.69164752960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "States range in population from just under 600,000 (Wyoming) to over 38 million (California), and in area from (Rhode Island) to (Alaska). Four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064874649047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "U.S. state" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Though the Teton Range was never permanently inhabited, pioneers began settling the Jackson Hole valley to the east of the range in 1884. These earliest homesteaders were mostly single men who endured long winters, short growing seasons and rocky soils that were hard to cultivate. The region was mostly suited for the cultivation of hay and cattle ranching. By 1890, Jackson Hole had an estimated permanent population of 60. Menor's Ferry was built in 1892 near present-day Moose, Wyoming to provide access for wagons to the west side of the Snake River. Ranching increased significantly from 1900 to 1920, but a series of agricultural related economic downturns in the early 1920s left many ranchers destitute. Beginning in the 1920s, the automobile provided faster and easier access to areas of natural beauty and old military roads into Jackson Hole over Teton and Togwotee Passes were improved to accommodate the increased vehicle traffic. In response to the increased tourism, dude ranches were established, some new and some from existing cattle ranches, so urbanized travelers could experience the life of a cattleman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.098515033721924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "The Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout (or Snake River cutthroat trout) is the only native trout species in Grand Teton National Park. It is also the only subspecies of cutthroat trout that is exclusively native to large streams and rivers. Various researchers have not been able to identify any genetic differences between the Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout and the Yellowstone cutthroat trout, though in terms of appearances, the Snake River subspecies has much smaller spots which cover a greater portion of the body, and the two subspecies inhabit different ecological niches. The Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout was identified by some researchers as a separate subspecies by the mid-1990s, and is managed as a distinct subspecies by the state of Wyoming, but is not yet recognized as such by the neighboring states of Idaho and Montana. Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout is found only in the Snake River and tributaries below the Jackson Lake dam to the Palisades Reservoir in Idaho. Other non-native species of trout such as the rainbow trout and lake trout were introduced by the Wyoming Fish and Game Department or migrated out of Yellowstone. Today five trout species inhabit park waters. Native species of fish include the mountain whitefish, longnose dace, mountain sucker and non-native species include the Utah chub and Arctic grayling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.228102207183838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Grand Teton National Park is the only U.S. National Park that permits hunting, but only of elk in an effort to keep the populations of that species regulated. This provision was included in the legislation that combined Jackson Hole National Monument and Grand Teton National Park in 1950. While some National Parks in Alaska permit subsistence hunting by indigenous natives and a few other National Park Service managed areas allow hunting under highly regulated circumstances, hunting in U.S. National Parks is not generally allowed. In Grand Teton National Park, hunters are required to obtain Wyoming hunting licenses and be deputized as park rangers. Hunting is restricted to areas east of the Snake River and north of Moran, Wyoming, the hunt is permitted only east of U.S. Route 89. Proponents of continuing the elk hunt, which occurs in the fall, argue that the elk herd would become overpopulated without it, leading to vegetation degradation from overgrazing elk herds. Opponents cite that there has been an increase of predators such as the wolf and grizzly bear in Grand Teton National Park, rendering the annual hunt unnecessary and exposing hunters to attacks by grizzly bears as they become accustomed to feeding on remains left behind from the hunt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.764092922210693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "A 2005 study of the water of Jackson, Jenny and Taggart Lakes indicated that all three of these lakes had virtually pristine water quality. Of the three lakes, only on Taggart Lake are motorized boats prohibited, yet little difference in water quality was detected in the three lakes. In a study published in 2002, the Snake River was found to have better overall water quality than other river systems in Wyoming, and low levels of pollution from anthropogenic sources. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497513771057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "In 2010, Grand Teton National Park started requiring all boats to display an Aquatic Invasive Species decal issued by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department or a Yellowstone National Park boat permit. In an effort to keep the park waterways free of various invasive species such as the Zebra mussel and whirling disease, boaters are expected to abide by certain regulations including displaying a self-certification of compliance on the dashboard of any vehicle attached to an empty boat trailer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.820716857910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Grand Teton National Park fisheries are managed by the Wyoming Fish and Game Department and a Wyoming state fishing license is required to fish all waterways in Grand Teton National Park. The creel limit for trout is restricted to six per day, including no more than three cutthroat trout with none longer than 12 in, while the maximum length of other trout species may not exceed 20 in, except those taken from Jackson Lake, where the maximum allowable length is 24 in. There are also restrictions as to the seasonal accessibility to certain areas as well as the types of bait and fishing tackle permitted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.096351146697998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Visitors are allowed to snowshoe and do cross-country skiing and are not restricted to trails. The Teton Park Road between the Taggart Lake trailhead to Signal Mountain Campground is closed to vehicular traffic during the winter and this section of the road is groomed for skiing and snowshoeing traffic. The park service offers guided snowshoe tours daily from the main headquarters located in Moose, Wyoming. Overnight camping is allowed in the winter in the backcountry with a permit and visitors should inquire about avalanche dangers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.338318347930908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "The Craig Thomas Discovery and Visitor Center adjacent to the park headquarters at Moose, Wyoming, is open year round. Opened in 2007 to replace an old, inadequate visitor center, the facility is named for the late U.S. Senator Craig Thomas and designed by acclaimed architect, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson. It was financed with a combination of federal grants and private donations. An adjoining 154-seat auditorium was opened to the public in April 2011. To the north at Colter Bay Village on Jackson Lake, the Colter Bay Visitor Center & Indian Arts Museum is open from the beginning of May to the early October. The Colter Bay Visitor Center & Indian Arts Museum has housed the David T. Vernon Indian Arts Exhibit since 1972. The Colter Bay Visitor Center was built in 1956 and was determined in 2005 to be substandard for the proper care and display of the Indian arts collection. During the winter of 2011–2012, a $150,000 renovation project was completed at the center and a portion of the arts collection was made available for viewing when the center opened for the season in May 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.039624214172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" }, { "answer": "Wyoming", "passage": "Contracted through the National Park Service, various concessionaire entities manage lodging facilities inside the park. The largest such facility is the Jackson Lake Lodge, which is managed by the Grand Teton Lodge Company. Located near Jackson Lake Dam, the Jackson Lake Lodge has a total of 385 rooms, meeting facilities, a retail shop and a restaurant. The Grand Teton Lodge Company also manages the Jenny Lake Lodge, which consists of cabins and a restaurant and Colter Bay Village, which has cabins, a restaurant, a grocery store, a laundry and a marina. South of Jackson Lake Dam, the Signal Mountain Lodge is managed by Forever Resorts and provides cabins, a marina, a gas station and a restaurant. The American Alpine Club has hostel dormitory style accommodations primarily reserved for mountain climbers at the Grand Teton Climber's Ranch. Adjacent to the Snake River in Moose, Wyoming, Dornan's is an inholding on private land which has year-round cabin accommodations and related facilities. Lodging is also available at the Triangle X Ranch, another private inholding in the park and the last remaining dude ranch within park boundaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.954761266708374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Teton National Park" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stromboli", "passage": "* Charles Judels as Stromboli, a large, sinister, bearded Italian puppet-maker, who forces Pinocchio to perform onstage in order to make money. He speaks with an Italian accent, and curses in Italian when he gets angry, though he is identified as a gypsy. He is the only antagonist of the film to be part of the official Disney Villains line-up. Judels also voiced the devious and sadistic Coachman, owner and operator of Pleasure Island, who enjoys turning unruly boys into donkeys.", "precise_score": 4.727094650268555, "rough_score": 3.023108959197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Stromboli", "passage": "Geppetto discovers that his wish has come true, and is filled with joy. However, on his way to school, Pinocchio is led astray by Honest John the Fox and his companion, Gideon the Cat, who convince him to join Stromboli's puppet show, despite Jiminy's objections. Pinocchio becomes Stromboli's star attraction as a marionette who can sing and dance without strings while performing with marionettes of Dutch girls, French can-can girls, and Russian Cossacks. However, when Pinocchio wants to go home for the night, Stromboli locks him up in a birdcage. Jiminy arrives to see Pinocchio, and is unable to free him. The Blue Fairy then appears, and asks Pinocchio why he wasn’t at school. Jiminy urges Pinocchio to tell the truth, but instead he starts telling lies, which causes his nose to grow longer and longer. Pinocchio vows to be good from now on, and the Blue Fairy restores his nose back to its original form and sets them free, while warning him that this will be the last time she can help him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9638559818267822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Stromboli", "passage": "Due to the huge success of Snow White, Walt Disney wanted more famous voices for Pinocchio, which marked the first time an animated film had used celebrities as voice actors. He cast popular singer Cliff Edwards, also known as \"Ukelele Ike\", as Jiminy Cricket. Edwards was a popular entertainer who had made the first million-selling record. Disney rejected the idea of having an adult play Pinocchio and insisted that the character be voiced by a real child. He cast 12-year-old child actor Dickie Jones, who had previously been in Frank Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. He also cast Frankie Darro as Lampwick, Walter Catlett as Foulfellow the Fox, Evelyn Venable as the Blue Fairy, Charles Judels as both the villainous Stromboli and the Coachman, and Christian Rub as Geppetto, whose design was even a caricature of Rub.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.699928641319275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Stromboli", "passage": "During the production of the film, the character model department was headed by Joe Grant, whose department was responsible for the building of three-dimensional clay models of the characters in the film, known as maquettes. These models were then given to the staff to observe how a character should be drawn from any given angle desired by the artists. The model makers also built working models of Geppetto's cuckoo clocks, as well as Stromboli's gypsy wagon and the Coachman's carriage. However, owing to the difficulty animating a realistic moving vehicle, the artists filmed the carriage maquettes on a miniature set using stop motion animation. Then each frame of the animation was transferred onto animation cels using an early version of a Xerox. The cels were then painted on the back and overlaid on top of background images with the cels of the characters to create the completed shot on the rostrum camera. Like Snow White, live-action footage was shot for Pinocchio with the actors playing the scenes in pantomime, supervised by Hamilton Luske. Rather than tracing, which would result in stiff unnatural movement, the animators used the footage as a guide for animation by studying human movement and then incorporating some poses into the animation (though slightly exaggerated).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28599739074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Stromboli", "passage": "and received further nominations for their Thrills and Heroes and Villains (Stromboli) lists. The song \"When You Wish Upon A Star\" ranked number 7 on their 100 Songs list, and the film ranked 38th in the 100 Cheers list. The quote \"A lie keeps growing and growing until it's as plain as the nose on your face\" was nominated for the Movie Quotes list, and the film received further nomination in the AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082130432128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric. The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.", "precise_score": 3.497523784637451, "rough_score": 4.050849437713623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrusion into the overlying rock. Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows blanket the surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths, laccoliths, dikes, and sills, push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude.", "precise_score": -4.8311591148376465, "rough_score": -5.251314640045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "The principle of intrusive relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions, including stocks, laccoliths, batholiths, sills and dikes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.18425178527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.740682601928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.676522254943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956778526306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" }, { "answer": "Igneous", "passage": "In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores. Other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479116439819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geology" } ]

[ { "answer": "Grace Kelly", "passage": "After a year-long courtship described as containing \"a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides\" (The Times, 7 April 2005, page 59), Prince Rainier married Oscar-winning American actress Grace Kelly (1929–1982) in 1956. The ceremonies in Monaco were on 18 April 1956 (civil) and 19 April 1956 (religious). Their children are:", "precise_score": 8.09749984741211, "rough_score": 7.050479888916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "answer": "Grace Kelly", "passage": "Rainier III, who ruled until 2005, succeeded to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949. On 19 April 1956, Prince Rainier married the American actress Grace Kelly; the event was widely televised and covered in the popular press, focusing the world's attention on the tiny principality. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.867815017700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monaco" }, { "answer": "Grace of Monaco", "passage": "In 1963, a crisis developed when Charles de Gaulle blockaded Monaco, angered by its status as a tax haven for wealthy French. The 2014 film Grace of Monaco is loosely based on this crisis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.643190860748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monaco" }, { "answer": "Grace Kelly", "passage": "Though internationally known for his marriage to the American actress Grace Kelly, he was also responsible for reforms to Monaco's constitution and for expanding the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base. Gambling accounts for only approximately three percent of the nation's annual revenue today; when Rainier ascended the throne in 1949, it accounted for more than 95 percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6767101287841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" }, { "answer": "Princess Grace", "passage": "He was buried on 15 April 2005, beside his wife, Princess Grace, at the Saint Nicholas Cathedral, the resting place of previous sovereign princes of Monaco and several of their wives, and the place where Prince Rainier and Princess Grace had been married in 1956. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6271538734436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rainier III, Prince of Monaco" } ]

[ { "answer": "Boeing B-29", "passage": "The Enola Gay is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.", "precise_score": 4.355331897735596, "rough_score": 5.95117712020874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "In the 1980s, veterans groups engaged in a call for the Smithsonian to put the aircraft on display, leading to an acrimonious debate about exhibiting the aircraft without a proper historical context. The cockpit and nose section of the aircraft were exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) in downtown Washington, D.C., for the bombing's 50th anniversary in 1995, amid controversy. Since 2003, the entire restored B-29 has been on display at NASM's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The last survivor of its crew, Theodore Van Kirk, died on July 28, 2014, at the age of 93.", "precise_score": 2.4982213973999023, "rough_score": 6.1614460945129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The Enola Gay (Model number B-29-45-MO, Serial number 44-86292, Victor number 82) was built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (now Lockheed Martin) at its Bellevue, Nebraska plant, located at what is now known as Offutt Air Force Base. The bomber was one of 15 B-29s with the \"Silverplate\" modifications necessary to deliver atomic weapons. These modifications included an extensively modified bomb bay with pneumatic doors and British bomb attachment and release systems, reversible pitch propellers that gave more braking power on landing, improved engines with fuel injection and better cooling, and the removal of protective armor and gun turrets. ", "precise_score": 3.2434728145599365, "rough_score": 4.531503200531006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, in the Mariana Islands, about six hours' flight time from Japan, accompanied by two other B-29s, The Great Artiste, carrying instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, to take photographs. The director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., wanted the event recorded for posterity, so the takeoff was illuminated by floodlights. When he wanted to taxi, Tibbets leaned out the window to direct the bystanders out of the way. On request, he gave a friendly wave for the cameras.", "precise_score": 0.3158528804779053, "rough_score": 5.555129528045654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35, the 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft. ", "precise_score": 1.1142393350601196, "rough_score": 4.446152210235596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Boeing B-29", "passage": "Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against strategic targets such as supply bases, bridges, factories, shipyards, and cities themselves, in order to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling infrastructure or reducing industrial output. Current examples include the strategic nuclear-armed strategic bombers: B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress, Tupolev Tu-95 'Bear', Tupolev Tu-22M 'Backfire'; historically notable examples are the: Gotha G.IV, Avro Lancaster, Heinkel He-111, Junkers Ju 88, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and Tupolev Tu-16 'Badger'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.151046752929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bomber" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike. Originally scheduled for 11 August, it was brought forward by two days to 9 August owing to bad weather. This time, a Fat Man nuclear weapon was carried by B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney. Enola Gay, flown by Captain George Marquardt's Crew B-10, was the weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura, the primary target. Enola Gay reported clear skies over Kokura, but by the time Bockscar arrived, the city was obscured by smoke from fires from the conventional bombing of Yawata by 224 B-29s the day before. After three unsuccessful passes, Bockscar diverted to its secondary target, Nagasaki, where it dropped its bomb. In contrast to the Hiroshima mission, the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched, although the mission did meet its objectives. The crew encountered a number of problems in execution, and had very little fuel by the time they landed at the emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.44751664996147156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Superfortress", "passage": "File:B-29 Superfortress ENOLA GAY 4.jpg|Enola Gay in 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125664710998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enola Gay" }, { "answer": "Boeing B-29", "passage": "In July 1945, the Allied Manhattan Project successfully detonated an atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert and by August had produced atomic weapons based on two alternate designs. The 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.799541473388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Boeing B-29", "passage": "While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long-ranged Boeing B-29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat. Operation Matterhorn involved India-based B-29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan. This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended, largely because of logistical problems, the bomber's mechanical difficulties, the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases, and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.906068325042725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam, Tinian, and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B-29 bases, but they were in Japanese hands. Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war, and the islands were captured between June and August 1944. Air bases were developed, and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944. These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships. The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.608720302581787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China-based B-29s had been. Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude precision bombing, aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results. These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location, technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft, unfavorable weather conditions, and enemy action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471274375915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "Over the next six months, the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities. The firebombing of Tokyo, codenamed Operation Meetinghouse, on March 9–10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 sqmi of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night. It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 B-29s shot down by flak and fighters. By May, 75% of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan's \"paper cities\". By mid-June, Japan's six largest cities had been devastated. The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland, allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated. Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall. Firebombing switched to smaller cities, with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000. According to Yuki Tanaka, the U.S. fire-bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities. These raids were also devastating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.777116775512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country's civil defense preparations proved inadequate. Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude. From April 1945, the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. That month, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion. By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B-29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country, in order to conserve supplies of fuel. By July 1945, the Japanese had stockpiled 1156000 USbbl of avgas for the invasion of Japan. While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.260404586791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta, known as the 1st Technical Detachment. The 509th Composite Group's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B-29s. These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with fuel-injected engines, Curtiss Electric reversible-pitch propellers, pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.404083251953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "The first plutonium core, along with its polonium-beryllium urchin initiator, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper. The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C-54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on , and arrived at North Field . Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on by three B-29s, from the 393d Bombardment Squadron, plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field, arriving on .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.993155479431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at 9200 ft, and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31060 ft. Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board. His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.413057804107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "At 08:09 Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31000 ft to a detonation height of about 1900 ft above the city. describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 30,200 ft, the official history said 31,600 ft, Commander Parson's log entry was 32,700 ft, and the navigator's log was 31,060 ft—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft. Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 1800 to above the city. The device was set to explode at 1885 ft, but this was approximate. uses the figure of 1903 ft plus or minus 50 ft (15 m), determined after data review by . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m, plus or minus 20 m, gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. Enola Gay traveled before it felt the shock waves from the blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.769190311431885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "At 03:49 on the morning of , Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.454005241394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane, Big Stink, flown by the group's operations officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. When Sweeney's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan, Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous. According to Cheshire, Hopkins was at varying heights including 9000 ft higher than he should have been, and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock, who was piloting the support B-29 The Great Artiste. Instead, Hopkins was flying 40 mi dogleg patterns. Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink, at the urging of Ashworth, the plane's weaponeer, who was in command of the mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.284996032714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half-hour, Bockscar, accompanied by The Great Artiste, proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby Yahata the previous day. Additionally, the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar, to produce black smoke. The clouds and smoke resulted in 70% of the area over Kokura being covered, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.621557235717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Superfortresses", "passage": "At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the \"all clear\" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53, the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.995078086853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away, and flew over to observe. Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump, Bockscar did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima, so Sweeney and Bock flew to Okinawa. Arriving there, Sweeney circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance, finally concluding that his radio was faulty. Critically low on fuel, Bockscar barely made it to the runway on Okinawa's Yontan Airfield. With enough fuel for only one landing attempt, Sweeney and Albury brought Bockscar in at 150 mph instead of the normal 120 mph, firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing. The number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach. Touching the runway hard, the heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. The B-29's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes, Bockscar made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop. The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649874687194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "B-29", "passage": "Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste. He also noted its \"Victor\" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar, writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player Red Grange. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste. Except for Enola Gay, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste, which was in fact, Victor 89.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.330288887023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" } ]

[ { "answer": "Air Traffic Controllers", "passage": "In summer 1981 PATCO, the union of federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking. Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft–Hartley Act, Reagan stated that if the air traffic controllers \"do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated.\" They did not return and on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order, and used supervisors and military controllers to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained. A leading reference work on public administration concluded, \"The firing of PATCO employees not only demonstrated a clear resolve by the president to take control of the bureaucracy, but it also sent a clear message to the private sector that unions no longer needed to be feared.\" ", "precise_score": 3.325345516204834, "rough_score": 6.1333794593811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Air Traffic Controllers", "passage": "Air traffic controllers' strike", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054487228393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "On August 6, 2012, NASA landed the rover Curiosity on Mars. On August 27, 2012, Curiosity transmitted the first pre-recorded message from the surface of Mars back to Earth, made by Administrator Charlie Bolden:", "precise_score": 4.276786804199219, "rough_score": 4.904849052429199, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "Mars is host to seven functioning spacecraft: five in orbit—2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN and Mars Orbiter Mission—and two on the surface—Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity. Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during the warmest months on Mars. In 2013, NASA's Curiosity rover discovered that Mars's soil contains between 1.5% and 3% water by mass (albeit attached to other compounds and thus not freely accessible).", "precise_score": 1.1081373691558838, "rough_score": -1.3866479396820068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "The Curiosity rover, which landed on Mars in August 2012, is able to make measurements that distinguish between different isotopologues of methane, but even if the mission is to determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach. The first measurements with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) indicated that there is less than 5 ppb of methane at the landing site at the point of the measurement. On September 19, 2013, NASA scientists, from further measurements by Curiosity, reported no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence limit) and, as a result, conclude that the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars is reduced. ", "precise_score": 0.3038177490234375, "rough_score": -0.33348318934440613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "On November 26, 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. Curiosity successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.000258445739746, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "File:PIA19142-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-Mojave-20150131.jpg|Curiosity rover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336033821105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "There are ongoing investigations assessing the past habitability potential of Mars, as well as the possibility of extant life. In situ investigations have been performed by the Viking landers, Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Phoenix lander, and Curiosity rover. Future astrobiology missions are planned, including the Mars 2020 and ExoMars rovers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.167729377746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "On March 18, 2013, NASA reported evidence from instruments on the Curiosity rover of mineral hydration, likely hydrated calcium sulfate, in several rock samples including the broken fragments of \"Tintina\" rock and \"Sutton Inlier\" rock as well as in veins and nodules in other rocks like \"Knorr\" rock and \"Wernicke\" rock. Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60 cm, in the rover's traverse from the Bradbury Landing site to the Yellowknife Bay area in the Glenelg terrain. On September 28, 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated brine flows on recurring slope lineae, based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes. These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and rate of growth that these dark streaks resulted from water flowing in the very shallow subsurface. The streaks contain hydrated salts, perchlorates, which have water molecules in their crystal structure. The streaks flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above –23 degrees Celsius, and freeze at lower temperatures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.835075616836548, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "Researchers think that much of the low northern plains of the planet were covered with an ocean hundreds of meters deep, though this remains controversial. In March 2015, scientists stated that such an ocean might have been the size of Earth's Arctic Ocean. This finding was derived from the ratio of water and deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to the ratio found on Earth. Eight times as much deuterium was found at Mars than exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the Curiosity rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in Gale Crater, though not significantly high enough to suggest the presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that this new study has not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.441659450531006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "On December 16, 2014, NASA reported the Curiosity rover detected a \"tenfold spike\", likely localized, in the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Sample measurements taken \"a dozen times over 20 months\" showed increases in late 2013 and early 2014, averaging \"7 parts of methane per billion in the atmosphere.\" Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3305816650390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "Dozens of crewless spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, and India to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology. Presently, information is being relayed from seven active probes on or in-orbit around Mars, including five orbiters and two rovers. This includes 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), MAVEN, Mars Orbiter Mission, Opportunity, and Curiosity. The public can request MRO images of Mars via the HiWish program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.560729503631592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "The Mars Science Laboratory, named Curiosity, launched on November 26, 2011, and reached Mars on August 6, 2012 UTC. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate up to 90 m per hour. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 7 m. On February 10, 2013, the Curiosity rover obtained the first deep rock samples ever taken from another planetary body, using its on-board drill. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5368008613586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" }, { "answer": "Curiosity", "passage": "Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the Mars Global Surveyor mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained. These maps are available online; for example, at Google Mars. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express continued exploring with new instruments, and supporting lander missions. NASA provides two online tools: Mars Trek, which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration, and Experience Curiosity, which simulates traveling on Mars in 3-D with Curiosity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.940147876739502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mars" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "The shoes were first produced in 1917 as the \"All Star,\" Converse's attempt to capture the basketball shoe market. Chuck Taylor, a basketball player and shoe salesman for Converse, improved the shoe's design and became the product's spokesperson in the 1920s. ", "precise_score": 4.467276573181152, "rough_score": 5.426180362701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Throughout the years, Converse Chuck Taylor All Stars made a shift from athletic sportswear to casual footwear. Originally an elite basketball shoe, the Chuck Taylor All Star evolved into the shoe of choice for many subcultures, particularly artists and musicians. \"In recent years, it has become a more mainstream trend seemingly endorsed by everyone except podiatrists.\"", "precise_score": 2.372621536254883, "rough_score": 2.9165477752685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "In 1923, after Chuck Taylor made improvements to the shoe, Converse decided to incorporate his name onto the ankle patches that displayed the Converse All Star logo. Then, in the 1930s Taylor's signature was put into the design, which is how the shoe became known as the \"Chuck Taylor\" All Star. When first created, the Converse All Star had three main styles—a monochromatic shoe with a black canvas upper and black rubber soles, an all white shoe with blue and red trim, and an all black leather and rubber shoe. It was not until 1949 that Converse decided to make the toe guard, laces and outer wraps white, which gave the appearance of the iconic black and white Converse All Stars of today. In 1957, Converse came out with the low-cut \"Oxford\" version of the All Star and soon after started to produce the shoes in multiple colors and prints. Today, Converse makes the Chuck Taylor All Star in a variety of colors, styles, prints and fabrics.", "precise_score": 3.126251697540283, "rough_score": 3.7352700233459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars or Converse All Stars (also referred to as \"Converses\", \"Chuck Taylors\", \"Chucks\", \"Cons\", and \"All Stars\") is the brand name for a pair of casual shoes developed and produced by Converse, which has been a subsidiary of Nike, Inc. since 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1002306938171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "The design of the Chuck Taylor All-Star has remained largely unchanged since its introduction. The shoes consist of a stitched upper portion, a toe cap usually made of white rubber, and a sole that is usually made of brown rubber. Although Chuck Taylors are made of various materials such as leather, the original and most widely known version of the shoe is made from cotton canvas. The innovative detail of the original shoe was the \"loose lining\" of soft canvas. This was intended to move along with sweaty gym socks and prevent blisters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.648149490356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "An improved model, the Chuck Taylor II, was announced by company management in July 2015. Incorporating Nike technology, it retains the outward appearance of the original while employing a modern lightweight insole for increased comfort and reduced fatigue. The new shoes sell for $80 including tax, a 60% premium over the originals' $50 in 2015 dollars. The shoe is also available for children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1080322265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "In the 1960s, Converse began to expand their company and open more factories and by that time, Converse Chuck Taylor All Stars were being worn by ninety percent of professional and college basketball players. As the years went on, the shoe gained more popularity and became a favorite for numerous groups and subcultures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.141282558441162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Tree Rollins was the last player to wear Converse All Stars in the NBA when in the 1979–1980 season he laced up modified Chuck Taylors which had the Circle Star patch removed on the inside ankle. Instead these had star chevrons sewed to the sides of the canvas similar to the Converse All Star II that had been sold earlier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.542715072631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Although Chuck Taylor All-Stars vanished from the professional basketball scene completely by 1979, they continued to flourish in popular culture and fashion. As fashion icons, Chuck Taylors have played a role in several subcultures, and the company has in turn promoted this as part of the shoes' cachet. Converse has used Chuck Taylor All-Stars to enhance the brand's cultural and subcultural relevance. Chuck Taylor All-Stars proved their continuity throughout the 20th and 21st centuries through their portrayal in film, art, and music culture, as well as through use in sports sub-culture including weightlifting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.137758255004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Perhaps indicative of the shoes' iconic status or of their mainstream success, nearly five hundred films and television shows feature actors in a leading or main supporting role wearing Chucks. The most iconic of all probably being Back To The Future, where Michael J. Fox wears black Chuck Taylors. David Tennant wore three different colored Chuck Taylors throughout the British TV Show Doctor Who, when he played the Tenth Doctor. Chucks made many appearances in other notable films such as The Right Stuff, Rocky, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Get A Clue, Bruce Almighty, Jurassic World, I, Robot, Sin City, worn by Elvis Presley in Follow That Dream and Change Of Habit, and A Beautiful Mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.257803916931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "Although intended as a basketball shoe, powerlifting athletes have embraced Chuck Taylors as ideal for the sport. Chucks have flat, rubber soles that enforce correct posture on movements such as deadlifts, squats, and bench presses. \"The 71-year-old Pete Bennett also set a world record for the squat in his age class at 465 lbs in a pair of Converse.\" The strong canvas material allows powerlifters to push their feet to the outside on squats which helps keep their knees out and activates their glutes.\" The low-top Chuck Taylors provide complete ankle mobility, as the canvas does not cover the ankles. Chuck Taylor All-Stars may have lost their practicality within the professional basketball community, but their popularity among weight lifters is prominent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3901448249816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "In early 2013, Converse launched the Chuck Taylor All Star '70, which featured a build similar to the All Stars used for basketball that were built in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This retro model is different from the then current Chuck Taylor All Stars due to the various changes that happened to the All Star shoes over the intervening three decades. The '70 model featured thicker canvas, a higher rubber midsole and foxing, thicker cushioning, a smaller toe cap, extra material that was stitched on the side wall behind the toe cap for reinforcement, a one-piece rubber bottom sole versus the three piece sole on the modern All Stars, and a black heel patch versus a white one on the modern All Star. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4385573863983154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "On July 28, 2015, Converse released the Chuck Taylor All Star II. This shoe differed from the standard, modern All Star by thicker Tencel canvas, a higher rubber midsole and foxing similar in size to the All Star '70, but using lighter weight rubber, thicker Lunarlon cushioning, a slightly smaller toe cap, a sewn-on ankle patch on the high-tops, a two-piece rubber bottom sole versus the three piece sole on the modern All Stars, and a heel patch with 3-D letters versus a flat one on the modern All Star. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.458174705505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "In 2003, Nike bought Converse brand name for around $305 million. While Converse dominated the U.S. sneaker market from the 1920s until the 1970s, it began to struggle due to competition and lack of funds. In the years following, Converse filed for bankruptcy multiple times and fell into further debt and eventually sold to Nike. Chuck Taylor All Stars as well as Converse's other shoes began to be manufactured in foreign countries like China, Vietnam and Indonesia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.507453918457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" }, { "answer": "Chuck Taylor", "passage": "This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the 20th century, where they were called 'sneakers'. In 1892, the U.S. Rubber Company introduced the first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed by the Spalding as early as 1907. The market for sneakers grew after World War I, when sports and athletics increasingly became a way to demonstrate moral fiber and patriotism. The U.S. market for sneakers grew steadily as young boys lined up to buy sneakers endorsed by football player Jim Thorpe and Converse All Stars endorsed by basketball player Chuck Taylor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9708752632141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sneakers" } ]

[ { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in US banks. The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act after the Great Depression to restore trust in the American banking system; more than one-third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC's creation, and bank runs were common. The insurance limit was initially US$2,500 per ownership category. Since the passage of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2011, the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to US$250,000 per ownership category. ", "precise_score": 2.3078439235687256, "rough_score": -0.8550699353218079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "Each ownership category of a depositor's money is insured separately up to the insurance limit, and separately at each bank. Thus a depositor with $250,000 in each of three ownership categories at each of two banks would have six different insurance limits of $250,000, for total insurance coverage of 6 × $250,000 $1,500,000.[http://www.fdic.gov/deposit/deposits/index.html \"Your insured deposits\", FDIC] The distinct ownership categories are", "precise_score": 0.2974216639995575, "rough_score": -4.115189075469971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "All amounts that a particular depositor has in accounts in any particular ownership category at a particular bank are added together and are insured up to $250,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488771438598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "For joint accounts, each co-owner is assumed (unless the account specifically states otherwise) to own the same fraction of the account as does each other co-owner (even though each co-owner may be eligible to withdraw all funds from the account). Thus if three people jointly own a $750,000 account, the entire account balance is insured because each depositor's $250,000 share of the account is insured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329483032226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "The owner of a revocable trust account is generally insured up to $250,000 for each unique beneficiary (subject to special rules if there are more than five of them). Thus if there is a single owner of an account that is specified as in trust for (payable on death to, etc.) three different beneficiaries, the funds in the account are insured up to $750,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.827281951904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "* 2008 – $250,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.715055465698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "Congress approved a temporary increase in the deposit insurance limit from $100,000 to $250,000, which was effective from October 3, 2008, through December 31, 2010. On May 20, 2009, the temporary increase was extended through December 31, 2013. However, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L.111-203), which was signed into law on July 21, 2010, made the $250,000 insurance limit permanent. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (P.L.109-171) allows for the boards of the FDIC and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) to consider inflation and other factors every five years beginning in 2010 and, if warranted, to adjust the amounts under a specified formula. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.115694046020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" }, { "answer": "$250,000", "passage": "The deposit insurance limit was temporarily raised from $100,000 to $250,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.269989013671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" } ]

[ { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals. Petrified wood is a common result of this process, but all organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates, can be petrified (although harder, more durable matter such as bone, beaks, and shells survive the process better than softer remains such as muscle tissue, feathers, or skin). Petrification takes place through a combination of two similar processes: permineralization and replacement. These processes create replicas of the original specimen that are similar down to the microscopic level, and require a minimum of about 10,000 years to take place. ", "precise_score": 2.3700621128082275, "rough_score": 0.30273371934890747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Silicification", "passage": "Silicification is the process in which organic matter becomes saturated with silica. A common source of silica is volcanic material. Studies have shown that in this process, most of the original organic matter is destroyed. Silicification most often occurs in two environments-either the specimen is buried in sediments of deltas and floodplains or organisms are buried in volcanic ash. Water must be present for silicification to occur because it reduces the amount of oxygen present and therefore reduces the deterioration of the organism by fungi, maintains organism shape, and allows for the transportation and deposition of silica. The process begins when a specimen is permeated with an aqueous silica solution. The cell walls of the specimen are progressively dissolved and silica is deposited into the empty spaces. In wood samples, as the process proceeds, cellulose and lignin, two components of wood, are degraded and replaced with silica. The specimen is transformed to stone (a process called lithification) as water is lost. For silicification to occur, the geothermic conditions must include a neutral to slightly acidic pH and a temperature and pressure similar to shallow-depth sedimentary environments; under these conditions, silicification can occur in 50,000 years or less. ", "precise_score": 0.7363787293434143, "rough_score": 3.248359441757202, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Silicification", "passage": "Pyritization is a process similar to silicification, but instead involves the deposition of iron and sulfur in the pores and cavities of an organism. Pyritization can result in both solid fossils as well as preserved soft tissues. In marine environments, pyritization occurs when organisms are buried in sediments containing a high concentration of iron sulfides. Organisms release sulfide, which reacts with dissolved iron in the surrounding water, when they decay. This reaction between iron and sulfides forms pyrite (FeS2). Carbonate shell material of the organism is then replaced with pyrite due to a higher concentration of pyrite and a lower concentration of carbonate in the surrounding water. Pyritization occurs to a lesser extent in plants in clay environments.", "precise_score": -0.7406207323074341, "rough_score": -0.7679072022438049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "One of the processes involved in petrification is permineralization. The fossils created through this process tend to contain a large amount of the original material of the specimen. This process occurs when groundwater containing dissolved minerals (most commonly quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite (iron carbonate), and apatite (calcium phosphate) ), fills pore spaces and cavities of specimens, particularly bone, shell or wood. The pores of the organisms' tissues are filled when these minerals precipitate out of the water. Two common types of permineralization are silicification and pyritization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.08949613571167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Silicification", "passage": "Silicification", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45587158203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "Replacement, the second process involved in petrification, occurs when water containing dissolved minerals dissolves the original solid material of an organism, which is then replaced by minerals. This can take place extremely slowly, replicating the microscopic structure of the organism. The slower the rate of the process, the better defined the microscopic structure will be. The minerals commonly involved in replacement are calcite, silica, pyrite, and hematite. It is rare to find organisms preserved by replacement alone (as opposed to in combination with permineralization), but these fossils present significant importance to paleontologists because these fossils tend to be very detailed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8542871475219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "Not only are the fossils produced through the process of petrification used for paleontological study, but they have also been used as both decorative and informative pieces. Petrified wood is used in several ways. Slabs of petrified wood can be crafted into tabletops, or the slabs themselves are sometimes displayed in a decorative fashion. Also, larger pieces of the wood have been carved into sinks and basins. Other large pieces can also be crafted into chairs and stools. Petrified wood and other petrified organisms have also been used in jewelry, sculpture, clock-making, ashtrays and fruit bowls, and landscape and garden decorations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.368393898010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrified", "passage": "Petrified wood has also been used in construction. The Petrified Wood Gas Station, located in Lamar, Colorado, was built in 1932 and consists of walls and floors constructed from pieces of petrified wood over 175 million years old. The structure, built by W.G. Brown, has since been converted to office space and a used car dealership. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847430229187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrified", "passage": "Glen Rose, Texas provides even more examples of the use of fossilized wood in architecture. Beginning in the 1920s, the farmers of Somervell County, Texas began uncovering 115 million year old petrified trees. Local craftsmen and masons then built over 65 structures from this petrified wood, 45 of which were still standing as of June 2009. These structures include gas stations, flowerbeds, cottages, restaurants, fountains and gateposts. Glen Rose, Texas is also noted for Dinosaur Valley State Park and the Glen Rose Formation, where fossilized dinosaur footprints from the Cretaceous period, dating back about 110 million years, can be viewed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82210922241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrified", "passage": "Another example of the use of petrified wood in construction is the Agate House Pueblo in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. Built by ancestral Pueblo people about 990 years ago, this eight-room building was constructed almost entirely out of petrified wood and is believed to have served as either a family home or ceremonial center. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940987586975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "Artificial petrification", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338638305664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrified", "passage": "Recently, at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), wood samples have successfully been artificially petrified, unlike what is obtained naturally though, by being infiltrated in acidic solutions, diffused internally with titanium and carbon and fired in a high temperature oven (circa 1400 °C) in an inert atmosphere to yield a manmade ceramic matrix composite of titanium carbide and silicon carbide still showing the initial structure of wood. Future uses would see these articifially petrified wood ceramic materials eventually replace metal based superalloys (which are coated with ultrahard ceramics) in the tool industry. Other vegetal matter could be treated in a similar process and yield abrasive powders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.612662315368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrified", "passage": "Scientists have been attempting to artificially petrify organisms as early as the 18th century, when Girolamo Segato claimed to have supposedly \"petrified\" human remains. His methods were lost, but the bulk of his \"pieces\" are on display at the Museum of the Department of Anatomy in Florence, Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528226852416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" }, { "answer": "Petrification", "passage": "More recent attempts have been both successful and documented, but should be considered as semi-petrification or incomplete petrification or at least some novel type of wood composite as the wood material remains to a certain degree: the constituents of wood (cellulose, lignins, lignans, oleoresins, etc.) have not been replaced by silicate, but have been infiltrated by specially formulated acidic solutions of aluminosilicate salts that gel in contact with wood matter and create a matrix of silicates within the wood after being left to react slowly for a given period of time in the solution or heat cured for faster results : Hamilton Hicks of Greenwich, Connecticut, patented his \"recipe\" for rapid artificial petrification of wood under US patent 4,612,050. Hicks' recipe consists of highly mineralized water and a sodium silicate solution combined with a dilute acid with a pH of 4.0-5.5. Samples of wood are then penetrated with this mineral solution through repeated submersions and applications of the solution. Wood treated in this fashion is according to the claims in the patent incapable of being burned and acquires the features of petrified wood. Some uses of this product as suggested by Hicks include use by horse breeders who desire fireproof stables constructed of nontoxic material that would also be resistant to chewing of the wood by horses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3594069480896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petrifaction" } ]

[ { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "precise_score": 5.790463447570801, "rough_score": 8.018534660339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. ", "precise_score": 3.2652711868286133, "rough_score": -3.4874184131622314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty of impeachment, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic:", "precise_score": 6.142130374908447, "rough_score": 0.5136163234710693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening. Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and MIRVs. While he considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it. There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.469298362731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first President to visit Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.942818641662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "After he won reelection, Nixon found inflation returning. He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy. The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.829240798950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate, federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children, and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973. In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788942337036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides. The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.235788345336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.747714042663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. However, one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the \"Smoking Gun Tape\" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had a lapse of memory. He met with Republican congressional leaders soon after, and was told he faced certain impeachment in the House and had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate— far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.546622276306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition; Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a \"full, free, and absolute pardon\", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.738282203674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis, the inflammation of the walls of a vein. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman—and The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the \"wrong foot\". Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.715488433837891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill-will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185978889465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "In August 1944, to reduce the number of forest fires, the Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council began distributing fire education posters featuring a black bear. The poster campaign was a success; the black bear would later be named \"Smokey Bear\", and would, for decades, be the \"spokesbear\" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in innumerable TV commercials; his popular catch phrase, \"Only YOU can prevent forest fires\", is one of the most widely recognized slogans in the United States. A recent study found that 95% of the people surveyed could complete the phrase when given the first few words. ", "precise_score": 3.706791400909424, "rough_score": 5.482241630554199, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Forest Service" }, { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "* Wildfire Prevention (1944–present) The Ad Council’s longest running campaign, Smokey Bear and his tagline, \"Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires,\" was created in 1944 to educate Americans about the harm wildfires could cause the war effort, and the danger that the Japanese might deliberately start forest fires by shelling the West Coast of the United States. It was 1947 when the iconic Smokey Bear phrase was finally coined: \"Remember...only YOU can prevent forest/wild fires!\" The Forest Fire Prevention campaign has helped reduce the number of acres lost annually to wildfire from 22 million to 8.4 million (in 2000). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.72878885269165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ad Council" }, { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "Several recent Ad Council PSA campaigns have involved partnerships with film production companies, including Warner Bros., Sony Pictures Entertainment, and Disney. Examples include a partnership with Warner Bros. featuring characters from Where the Wild Things Are in PSAs to counteract childhood obesity, PSAs for child passenger safety featuring clips from Warner Bros. The Wizard of Oz, a partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment's The Smurfs 2 to encourage children to explore nature, and Disney characters such as Baby Einstein for the LATCH System for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pinocchio and The Jungle Book for MyPyramid, Bambi, Sleeping Beauty, and Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears for Smokey Bear, Cinderella for child booster seats by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Little Einsteins for art instruction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.664060592651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ad Council" } ]

[ { "answer": "Guatemala and Honduras", "passage": "El Salvador shares borders with Guatemala and Honduras, the total national boundary length is 339 mi: 126 mi with Guatemala and 213 mi with Honduras. It is the only Central American country that has no Caribbean coastline. The coastline on the Pacific is 191 mi long.", "precise_score": 2.357421398162842, "rough_score": -1.4241961240768433, "source": "wiki", "title": "El Salvador" }, { "answer": "Guatemala and Honduras", "passage": "El Salvador has one of the highest murder rates in the world. El Salvador is also considered an epicenter of a gang crisis, along with Guatemala and Honduras. In response to this, the government has set up countless programs to try to guide the youth away from gang membership; so far its efforts have not produced any quick results. One of the government programs was a gang reform called \"Super Mano Dura\" (Super Firm Hand). Super Mano Dura had little success and was highly criticized by the UN. It saw temporary success in 2004 but then saw a rise in crime after 2005. In 2004, the rate of intentional homicides per 100,000 citizens was 41, with 60% of the homicides committed being gang-related.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.138813018798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "El Salvador" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "The first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties (aimed primarily at inducing shine) were the British and British Commonwealth brands like Cherry Blossom, Kiwi and Wren's. An advertisement published in March 1947 by Wren's claimed that William Wren originated the first wax polish in 1889. As the advertisement was endorsed with the Royal Warrant, its claim would be deemed creditable. However, the most well known brand was Kiwi. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making \"boot polish\" in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia. Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored color. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, it incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world's best. Black and a range of colors became available, and exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began, although the polish is now made in the Far East. Previously owned by the Sara Lee Corporation since 1984, Kiwi was sold in 2011 to SC Johnson.", "precise_score": -0.44374555349349976, "rough_score": -3.4200470447540283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi, the national bird of New Zealand; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native of Oamaru, New Zealand. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand, the eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the Kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others. ", "precise_score": -1.1593539714813232, "rough_score": -4.297545909881592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Kiwi remains the predominant shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries but is often see as a mass market product more known for its cheap prices rather than quality. Today, it is manufactured in Australia, Canada, France, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola, Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom.", "precise_score": 2.8496010303497314, "rough_score": 0.9937633872032166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "At the end of the 19th century, leather shoes and boots became affordable to the masses, and with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the demand for large numbers of polished army boots led to a need in the market for a product that would allow boots to be polished quickly, efficiently and easily. The polish was also used to shine leather belts, handgun holsters, and horse tack. This demand led to a rapid increase in the sales of shoe and boot polish. The popularity of Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout the British Commonwealth and the United States. Rival brands began to emerge, including Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart (France), and many others. Advertising became more prominent; many shoe polish brands used fictional figures or historical characters to spread awareness of their products. In the German documentary of 1927 Berlin: Symphony of a Great City, a scene focuses on shoe shining with a polish called Nigrin sporting the face of a Negro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.243124961853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Shoe polish was to be found just about everywhere Allied troops ventured. American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine from the Tobruk trenches in 1942 that \"old tins of British-made Kiwi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of Chianti.\" A story indicative of the rise in global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in Japan during the Allied occupation straight after World War II. American soldiers were then finding the dullness of their boots and shoes to be a handicap when trying to win the affections of Japanese women. U.S. military footwear of the time was produced in brown leather with the rough side out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.409313678741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "When the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces arrived in Japan—all with boots polished to a degree not known in the U.S. forces—the G.I.s were more conscious than ever of their feet. The secret was found to rest not only in spit and polish, but in the superior Australian boot polish, a commodity which was soon exchanged with the Americans on a fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for one can of Kiwi boot polish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573249816894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Kiwi was acquired by the American company Sara Lee following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark with its brand Esquire Shoe Polish in 1987. The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming a monopoly. Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior commission approval. The Competition Commission in the United Kingdom investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry. By the end of 2010, Sara Lee's Household & Body Care division (which included KIWI) was acquired by S.C.Johnson & Son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.569326400756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Empty shoe polish bottles can be used to create graffiti, by dumping out the polish inside and filling it full of ink or paint. They are used as a cheap alternative to markers designed for graffiti, and are much more widely available. Kiwi polish was also used heavily by the U.S. Military. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.679142951965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "File:K&M Candles Brockholes UK, 1972 (RLH), KIWI Shoe Polish Canning Machine 01.jpg|KIWI Shoe Polish canning machine in 1972 - empty tins being loaded", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855021476745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "File:K&M Candles Brockholes UK, 1972 (RLH), KIWI Shoe Polish Canning Machine 02.jpg|Full tins from machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067390441894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "File:K&M Candles Brockholes UK, 1972 (RLH), KIWI Shoe Polish Production Line.jpg|Staff fitting lids by hand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.221197128295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "File:K&M Candles Brockholes UK, 1972 (RLH), KIWI Shoe Polish Staff Packing Tins.jpg|Staff packing cans into boxes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65825366973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "File:K&M Candles Brockholes UK, 1972 (RLH), KIWI Shoe Polish Warehouse Storage.jpg|1972, KIWI Shoe Polish Warehouse Storage, at K&M Candle & shoe Polish Factory, Brockholes, West Yorkshire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32360553741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoe polish" }, { "answer": "Kiwi", "passage": "Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits (like apple, kiwifruit, mango,peach, pear, and watermelon) are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also used in manufactured foods (e.g., cakes, cookies, ice cream, muffins, or yogurt) or beverages, such as fruit juices (e.g., apple juice, grape juice, or orange juice) or alcoholic beverages (e.g., brandy, fruit beer, or wine), Fruits are also used for gift giving, e.g., in the form of Fruit Baskets and Fruit Bouquets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393946647644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fruit" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Air Jordan is a brand of basketball footwear and athletic clothing produced by Nike, Inc. and endorsed and created for Chicago Bulls basketball player Michael Jordan. The original Air Jordan I sneaker, produced for Jordan in 1984, were released to the public in 1985. The shoes were designed for Nike by Peter Moore, Tinker Hatfield and Bruce Kilgore.", "precise_score": 8.392184257507324, "rough_score": 8.282597541809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Michael Jordan 1 was first produced for Michael Jordan in 1984. It was designed by Peter C. Moore, in a red and black colorway to match the uniform of the Chicago Bulls, the team for which Michael Jordan played. This red and black colorway was later outlawed by NBA Commissioner David Stern for having very little white on them. Michael Jordan would wear the shoes anyway, and each time he stepped on the court with the Air Jordan 1 he would be fined five thousand dollars. Nike used this as a promotional tool in advertisements hinting that the shoes gave an unfair competitive advantage and that whoever wore them had a certain edginess associated with outlaw activities. Nike would later create a colorway with red, white, and black which would be worn by Jordan for most of the 1985 and 1986 season.", "precise_score": 4.316619396209717, "rough_score": 6.541346549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season. Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore, the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy giving the shoe a luxury feel. The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort.The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper. The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100. The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987. The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2. The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31, 2015 for $275. The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30, 2016. Then retro-ed in 1994, 2004-2005, 2008, 2010, 2014-2016.", "precise_score": 6.429982662200928, "rough_score": 7.981915473937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan VII was released in 1992 with a new design by Tinker Hatfield. This shoe introduced the huarache technology which allowed the shoes to better conform to the user's foot. A few things were no longer featured on the new model, such as the visible air sole, the Nike Air logo, and the yellowing soles. This was the first Air-Jordan in the line that did not have any distinctive \"Nike Air\" on the outer portions of the shoe. The \"Nike Air\" can be found on the in-soles. The VIIs were also known for a successful ad campaign in which Bugs Bunny appeared alongside Michael Jordan to market the shoes.", "precise_score": 5.431445121765137, "rough_score": 7.902493953704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Michael Jordan currently sponsors 21 active NBA players, including Jimmy Butler, Chris Paul, Blake Griffin, Ray Allen, Kawhi Leonard, Russell Westbrook, and Carmelo Anthony. They also endorse Nike Air Jordan products. Also they sponsor other leagues such as the MLB, NFL, NASCAR and the WNBA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.179142475128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan III was designed by Tinker Hatfield who works for Nike as a designer for stores and offices. By that time Michael Jordan was ready to leave Nike, but the Jordan III changed his mind. It was the first Air Jordan to feature a visible air unit on the heel, the new Jumpman logo, an elephant print trim and tumble leather to give it a luxury look. The Air Jordan III was also famous for the humorous ads depicting Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, the character he played in his film 'She's Gotta Have It'. This campaign was known as the \"Mars and Mike\" ad campaign, which was one of Nike's most successful advertisement campaigns. These were the first Jordan's to feature the \"NIKE AIR\" logo on the back, but later replaced by the Jumpman logo, with the words \"AIR\" underneath it, similar to the Air Jordan VI. These were said to be Michael Jordan's favorite shoes, he wore them during the 1988 Dunk Championship and many other events in his basketball career. The Air Jordan III's had poor sales when first reintroduced in 1994. On their second reintroduction in 2001, they sold well. The \"Fire Red\" Air Jordan III was released in March 2007, and late again in 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.128831386566162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan VI had a new design by Tinker Hatfield and released in 1991. The Original 5 colorways were: Black/Infrared, White/Infrared, White/ Carmine-Black, White/Sport Blue, and Off White/Maroon. The Air Jordan VI introduced a reinforcement around the toe, It had two holes in the tongue, and a molded heel tab on the back of the sneaker (Demanded by Jordan so it wouldn't hit his Achilles tendon). Like the Air Jordan V this sneaker also had Clear rubber/\"Icy\" Soles. The Air Jordan VI was the last Air Jordan to feature the Nike Air logo on it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.971972942352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "When Jordan went to compete at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics to play for the US Men's Basketball Team (also known as the \"Dream Team\"), Nike released a special Olympic color combo of the Air Jordan VII model which had Jordan's Olympic jersey number, 9 even though most of the jordans that were made, especially the Air Jordan VII had a \"23\" on the back.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.919893741607666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Various models of the Air Jordan VII were re-released in 2002, again in 2004, and again with different colors in 2006. Also in 2008 Nike released a black and blue pair owned only by Cheikh Mbacké, ordered for $600.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.528564214706421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The sneakers were only samples in 1995 when Jordan decided to come back in the NBA. Hatfield and Nike discouraged Michael Jordan playing in them, but when produced he wore them. Also noteworthy, Jordan violated league dress code by wearing the shoes, as his teammates wore all black shoe. He was fined $5,000 for not following the Bulls colorway policy. After the fining, Nike made him a pair of the shoes in a black/white/concord colorway for the series against Orlando. Jordan also wore this colorway in the movie Space Jam. A similar black/white/royal blue colorway was released to the public at the end of 2000. The colorway was changed for the public release because the concord purple had looked like royal blue on TV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7978203296661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Air Jordan XVIs, designed by Nike's Senior Footwear Designer Wilson Smith, were released in 2001. This meaning it was the first design since the II's that Tinker Hatfield was not behind. Smith decided to bring in a few design elements/fabrics from earlier releases. The shoe featured the return of the clear rubber sole (V, VI, XI) and patent leather (XI).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.030337333679199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The shoe was designed by Air Jordan Senior Footwear Designer, Tate Kuerbis, a person that had been part of the Jordan footwear design team since 1999 and with Nike since 1995. The inspiration for the design came from a number of things; sleek racing lines of the auto world, carbon fibre-based monocoque of F1 race cars, race car driving shoes (rubber heel wrap) and Fine Italian dress shoes (bold stitching on the soles).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.545023441314697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan XIX used innovative materials. The upper section of shoe was developed in collaboration with the global materials consultancy Material ConneXion, who sourced Nike a sleeving normally used in architectural applications for protecting PVC pipes from bursting. In theory, this allowed for a shoe without laces, because the sleeving does not stretch. Nonetheless, the Air Jordan XIX model did include a set of laces behind the sleeve to better secure the shoe. They are the lightest Air Jordans ever made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.915976524353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan XX3 was designed by Tinker Hatfield. It was a unique model, being the first basketball shoe to be included in the \"Nike Considered\" category, for using materials from not more than 200 miles from a Nike Factory. It features a hand-stitched exterior, full-length bootie, carbon fiber shank plate, the last to feature interchangeable IPS pillars, and an articulated chassis. The shoe was released on January 25, 2008, and was the last Air Jordan until the XX8 to have Roman numeral identification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.179262638092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Air Jordan XX8, designed by Tinker Hatfield, was released on February 16, 2013. This premiere model featuring a mostly black upper and volt Dynamic Fit bootie. A heel and forefoot Nike Zoom unit in combination with the new Jordan Flight Plate, Dynamic Fit straps for increased support, a carbon fiber heel counter for additional support, and its most notable feature, the mesh upper for flexibility and ventilation. Jordan Brand has decided for 2013 to returning to the Air Jordan numbered order after having stopped at XX3. The Air Jordan 2012 featured different technology which including interchangeable insoles for various styles of play, a concept introduced with the Kobe System. The exterior shroud gives the shoe a sleeker look than any other and is 8 inches high on the ankle but unzips and folds down revealing the bright volt green interior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.47197151184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Michael Jordan and Spike Lee released the Jordan Spiz'ike shoes on October 21, 2006, as a tribute to their historic relationship. The relationship began when Mars Blackmon (a character from Spike Lee's film, She's Gotta Have It) became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6752581596374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Jordan 6 white/infrared and black/infrared was released February 14, 2013, at a retail price of . This is the second of the same colorway retro in Jordan Brand history. The first time retro on both colorways were in 2000, they were retro separately. This time, the retro distinguished with the previous release. The heel logo are using Jumpman logo instead of Nike Air logo, this is the most significant difference between these two re-releases. Jordan Brand started using Jumpman logo to substituted Nike Air logo since 2002.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2543450593948364, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "The Jordan 6 Rings (aka Jordan Six Rings) is a combination of the seven Air Jordan shoes that Michael Jordan wore during his 6 Championship seasons. That includes the Air Jordan 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14. The Jordan Brand company released the \"6 Rings\" shoes starting in September 2008.The Jordan Brand released colorways representative of each team that the Chicago Bulls defeated in each of their six championship seasons during the 1990s. The colorways include colors borrowed from the following teams: the L.A. Lakers, Portland Trail Blazers, Phoenix Suns, the former Seattle SuperSonics, and Utah Jazz, each shoe of which includes laser-etched graphics detailing specific aspects about that particular championship series, the city of the competing team and so forth. Many other colorways exist and Jordan Brand continues to release additional colors that pay tribute to different Jordan and Nike shoes along with new colorways specific to 6 Rings shoes. There even exists a \"winterized 6 rings\" which are a modified 6 Rings shoe turned into a durable boot designed for the outdoors which changes some of the design and placement of the inspired pieces and parts from the Air Jordans the shoe pays tribute. Of particular note, there is an Olympic colorway, a Nelly version apparently inspired by the rap artist Nelly and a shoe that combines the colors of all the teams that the Bulls defeated in the NBA Finals, acting as the 'sixth shoe' since only five separate teams were defeated for the Bulls to win six championships; the Utah Jazz was defeated twice, in 1997 and 1998.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6482157707214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "* Air Jordan 7: Nike Huarache style inner sock and perforated air holes in the mudguard of the upper", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.207326412200928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" }, { "answer": "Nike", "passage": "Nike owns all of the factories where Air Jordans are produced and contracts the work to various factory owners. Company officials say that they only advertise and market the shoes. However, Nike dictates production terms and standards to the contractor, often without questioning labor or safety practices. In April 1997, 10,000 Indonesian workers went on strike over wage violations at an Air Jordan factory. The same month in Vietnam 1,300 workers went on strike demanding a 1-cent-per-hour raise, and a year later in 1998, 3,000 workers in China went on strike to protest hazardous working conditions and low wages cause . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2860054969787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Air Jordan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oedipus", "passage": "#The tale of Laius, whose misdeeds culminated in the tragedy of Oedipus and the wars of the \"Seven Against Thebes\", the Epigoni, and the downfall of his house; Laius' pederastic rape of Chrysippus was held by some ancients to have been the first instance of homosexuality among mortals, and may have provided an etiology for the practice of pedagogic pederasty for which Thebes was famous. See Theban pederasty and Pederasty in ancient Greece for detailed discussion and background.", "precise_score": -4.089413166046143, "rough_score": -7.74554443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thebes, Greece" }, { "answer": "Oedipus", "passage": "A playwright named Aeschylus changed Western literature forever when he introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially invented \"drama\": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Sophocles is credited with skillfully developing irony as a literary technique, most famously in his play Oedipus the King. Euripides, conversely, used plays to challenge societal norms and mores—a hallmark of much of Western literature for the next 2,300 years and beyond—and his works such as Medea, The Bacchae and The Trojan Women are still notable for their ability to challenge our perceptions of propriety, gender, and war. Aristophanes, a comic playwright, defines and shapes the idea of comedy almost as Aeschylus had shaped tragedy as an art form—Aristophanes' most famous plays include the Lysistrata and The Frogs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.097077369689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ancient Greece" }, { "answer": "Oedipus", "passage": "Thebes (; , Thēbai,;. , Thíva) is a city in Boeotia, central Greece. It played an important role in Greek myths, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus and others. Archaeological excavations in and around Thebes have revealed a Mycenaean settlement and clay tablets written in the Linear B script, indicating the importance of the site in the Bronze Age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.797832489013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thebes, Greece" } ]

[ { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Halls of Montezuma is a 1951 World War II war film starring Richard Widmark, Richard Boone, Jack Palance and Karl Malden. The film, which is about U.S. Marines fighting on a Japanese-held island, was directed by Academy Award-winner Lewis Milestone. It also starred Robert Wagner in his first credited screen role and featured Richard Boone in his feature film debut. Real color combat footage from the war in the Pacific was incorporated into the film's cinematography.", "precise_score": -0.8227302432060242, "rough_score": -1.286001205444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halls of Montezuma (film)" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Titled after a lyric in the Marines' Hymn, which contains the phrase \"... to the shores of Tripoli\" (which is, itself, a reference to the Battle of Derne) the film is one of the last of the pre-Pearl Harbor service films. When the film was in post-production the Pearl Harbor attack occurred having the studio shoot a new ending where Payne re-enlists.", "precise_score": -0.6679967641830444, "rough_score": -6.258818626403809, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Some lyrics were popular phrases before the song was written. The line \"To the shores of Tripoli\" refers to the First Barbary War, and specifically the Battle of Derne in 1805. After Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon and his Marines hoisted the American flag over the Old World for the first time, the phrase was added to the flag of the United States Marine Corps. \"The Halls of Montezuma\" refers to the Battle of Chapultepec on 12/13 September 1847 during the Mexican-American War, where a force of Marines stormed Chapultepec Castle.", "precise_score": 3.7872676849365234, "rough_score": 4.228316307067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "and the Army found in landing there, the United States Marines.", "precise_score": -8.959366798400879, "rough_score": -10.130779266357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines;", "precise_score": -7.872392654418945, "rough_score": -10.65341854095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The film, like Darryl F. Zanuck's 1949 production Sands of Iwo Jima, was filmed on location at Camp Pendleton, California, with the full cooperation of the USMC. Its title is a reference to the opening line from the Marines' Hymn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848121643066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halls of Montezuma (film)" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "U.S. Marine Corps assistance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069682121276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halls of Montezuma (film)" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Serving U.S. Marines and Second World War veterans attended the film's premieres in New York and Los Angeles. The proceeds from the premieres were donated to various charities associated with the United States Marine Corps. The studio also allowed the USMC to use the film for recruitment purposes. On January 11, 1951, the Hollywood Reporter noted that a full company of Marine recruits were to be sworn in at the film's premiere in San Francisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.723217010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halls of Montezuma (film)" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Wealthy Culver Military Academy drop-out and playboy Chris Winters (John Payne) enlists in the U.S. Marine Corps as a private where he meets his drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Dixie Smith (Randolph Scott) and falls in love with a Navy nurse, Lieutenant Mary Carter (Maureen O'Hara). Smith is given a letter from Winters' father. Captain Christopher Winters (Minor Watson) writes Smith of his playboy son. Sgt. Smith served in World War I under the elder Winters (Minor Watson); Smith affectionately calls Winters \"The Skipper\". Chris Winters can not understand that Officers and Enlisted Men do not associate under the non-fraternization policy, even if the officer is a woman and the enlisted man is a male.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896002769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Chris' society girlfriend Helene Hunt (Nancy Kelly) wants Chris to get a cushy civilian job in Washington, D.C. and uses her uncle's power and her influence on the base commander, General Gordon (John Hamilton). In sequences filmed at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, Smith gives the younger Winters an opportunity to demonstrate his leadership potential by drilling his platoon. To Smith's amusement the Marines mock Chris and perform slapstick antics during the drill as Winters marches them away. As Smith is enjoying himself the platoon marches back and performs close order drill of a high order of perfection. Smith is greatly surprised until he looks over the platoon and notices several Marines have black eyes, chipped teeth and bruises. Chris Winters says, \"I was captain of the boxing team at Culver.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896533012390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Winters is selected for Sea School and on gunnery practice during naval maneuvers he bravely saves Dixie Smith's life when repairing gunnery targets. Chris picks a fight with Smith. However, Smith claimed he struck the first blow, by being busted in rank Smith will save Chris from the Naval Prison. Despite winning the respect of Dixie Smith and his fellow Marines, Chris decides to leave the Marines. But then he hears the news of the Pearl Harbor attack when driving in a car with Helene. His way is blocked by his old platoon marching to a Navy transport ship. Chris Winters runs to Sgt. Dixie Smith to reenlist; Chris enters the ranks that close up as he dresses in his old uniform from his satchel, he tosses away his civilian clothes and is in uniform except for his two-toned shoes. Chris's proud father, wounded in World War I, asks his son to \"Get a Jap for me\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866842269897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Portions of the film were shot at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272214889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Contemporary reviews were generally positive. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times expressed disappointment in the film, calling it \"a compound of familiar cliches ... If this film is a fair estimation of Marine discipline and tradition, then wire Congress. For, with typical cinematic license, it assumes that one arrogant kid, protected by a sergeant's strange sentiment, could violate every rule in the book. Further, it does not lay emphasis upon a genuine esprit de corps. Contrary to military nature, the Marines fall in around a self-willed lad.\" Variety, however, wrote that the film \"has landed well up to the front of the series of army, navy and air corps features which are doing good business, helped no little by current events ... Payne and Scott make an entertaining pair of fighters.\" Harrison's Reports called it \"A fine picture ... The direction and acting are of high standard.\" Film Daily wrote: \"No finer masterpiece of raw, red-blooded, thumping action has come out of Hollywood's studios.\" John Mosher of The New Yorker found that the target practice scenes had \"a quiet charm\" and wrote that \"No one could look more military than Randolph Scott.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003434181213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The Marines credit the movie as the biggest single recruitment aid in 1942. In 1940, before Pearl Harbor, there were only 19,400 Marines; when WWII ended there were 485,052 Marines and this number was subsequently reduced to 77,000 as the USA de-mobilized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978398323059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Though a critical and financial success, author Leon Uris ridicules the film in his reaction of Marines who see it in Battle Cry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947674751281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "To the Shores of Tripoli" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The \"Marines' Hymn\" is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps, introduced by the first Director of USMC Band, Francesco Maria Scala. It is the oldest official song in the United States Armed Forces. The \"Marines' Hymn\" is typically sung at the position of attention as a gesture of respect. However, the third verse is also used as a toast during formal events, such as the birthday ball and other ceremonies. Western Illinois University uses the hymn prior to all football games. They are the only non-military academy allowed to use the hymn the university has had permission to use the official nickname, mascot, and hymn of the Corps since 1927. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876302719116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Some websites, including the official USMC website [http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/hrom/NewEmployees/AbouttheMarineCorps/Hymn.aspx], claim that the U.S. Marine Corps secured a copyright on the song either 19 August 1891 or 18 August 1919; however, US Copyright Law prohibits the US Federal government, including subordinate agencies, from holding domestic copyrights, and as such, the song falls into the public domain. However, several composers do hold copyrights on different arrangements of the song. These copyrights cover only the specific arrangements and not the song as a whole. In 1929, the Commandant of the Marine Corps authorized the three verses of the Marines' Hymn as the official version, but changed the fifth through eighth lines:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883427619934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": " The United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75259780883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": " By United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876692771911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "As the anticipated invasion of Japan neared, this portion of another verse was on a sign the Marines erected on Bougainville: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87424087524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726957321166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726957321166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75259780883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "Many serial killers claim that a violent culture influenced them to commit murders. During his final interview, Ted Bundy stated that hardcore pornography was responsible for his actions. Others idolise figures for their deeds or perceived vigilante justice, such as Peter Kürten, who idolised Jack the Ripper, or John Wayne Gacy and Ed Kemper, who both idolised the actor John Wayne. Many movies, books, and documentaries have been written about serial killers, detailing the lives and crimes that have been committed. The movie Bundy, which was released in 2002, focuses on serial killer Ted Bundy's personal life in college, leading up to his execution. Another movie, Dahmer, was released in the same year, and tells the story of Jeffrey Dahmer. Serial killers are also portrayed in fictional media, oftentimes as having substantial intelligence and looking for difficult targets, despite the contradiction with the psychological profile of serial killers. Killers who have a strong desire for fame or to be renowned for their actions desire media attention as a way of validating and spreading their crimes; fear is also a component here, as some serial killers enjoy causing fear. An example is the BTK Killer, who sought attention from the press during his murder spree. ", "precise_score": -5.018805503845215, "rough_score": -4.542179584503174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "Collecting art created by convicted serial killers has become a special pastime for some. John Wayne Gacy drew and painted art from prison, much of which he gave away. Some people took Gacy's work just to trash or burn it, especially after discovering that many of his images depicted his own victims.", "precise_score": -4.891578674316406, "rough_score": -4.664595603942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Pogo the Clown", "passage": "*Spectre Studios was a Colorado toy company making action figures of serial killers including Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, Pogo the Clown, Lizzie Borden, and Charles Manson.", "precise_score": -1.3373970985412598, "rough_score": -4.894621849060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994), also known as the Killer Clown, was an American serial killer and rapist who sexually assaulted and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County, Illinois.", "precise_score": 3.6746392250061035, "rough_score": 1.4332562685012817, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "All of Gacy's known murders were committed inside his Norwood Park, Illinois home. His victims would typically be lured to this address by force or deception, and all but one victim were murdered by either asphyxiation or strangulation with a tourniquet (his first victim was stabbed to death). Gacy buried 26 of his victims in the crawl space of his home. Three further victims were buried elsewhere on his property, while the bodies of his last four known victims were discarded in the Des Plaines River.", "precise_score": 4.518623352050781, "rough_score": 5.933696269989014, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy became known as the \"Killer Clown\" due to his charitable services at fundraising events, parades and children's parties where he would dress as \"Pogo the Clown\", a character he devised himself.", "precise_score": -0.9682161211967468, "rough_score": -1.9777560234069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On January 2, 1972, Gacy picked up 16-year-old Timothy Jack McCoy from Chicago's Greyhound bus terminal. Gacy took McCoy—who was traveling from Michigan to Omaha —on a sightseeing tour of Chicago, and then drove him to his home with the promise that he could spend the night and be driven back to the station in time to catch his bus. Gacy later said that he awoke the following morning to find McCoy standing in his bedroom doorway with a kitchen knife in his hand. Gacy leapt from his bed and McCoy raised both arms in a gesture of surrender, tilting the knife upwards and accidentally cutting Gacy's forearm (Gacy had the scar on his arm to support this claim). Gacy twisted the knife from McCoy's wrist, banged his head against his bedroom wall, kicked him against his wardrobe and walked towards him. McCoy then kicked him in the stomach and Gacy grabbed the youth, wrestled him to the floor, then stabbed him repeatedly in the chest as he straddled him with his body. Gacy claimed he then went to his kitchen and saw an opened carton of eggs and a slab of unsliced bacon on his kitchen table. McCoy had also set the table for two; he had walked into Gacy's room to wake him while absentmindedly carrying the kitchen knife in his hand. Gacy subsequently buried McCoy in his crawl space and later covered the youth's grave with a layer of concrete.", "precise_score": -2.750870704650879, "rough_score": -2.775346279144287, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The majority of Gacy's murders were committed between 1976 and 1978, which he later referred to as his \"cruising years\". One month after his divorce was finalized, Gacy abducted and murdered an 18-year-old youth named Darrell Sampson. Sampson was last seen alive in Chicago on April 6, 1976. Five weeks later, on the afternoon of May 14, a 15-year-old named Randall Reffett disappeared while walking home from Senn High School; the youth was gagged with a cloth, causing him to die of asphyxiation. Hours after Reffett had been abducted, a 14-year-old named Samuel Stapleton vanished as he walked to his home from his sister's apartment. Both youths were buried in the same grave in the crawl space. ", "precise_score": 2.329694986343384, "rough_score": 0.9765983819961548, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On June 3, 1976, Gacy killed a 17-year-old Lakeview youth named Michael Bonnin. Bonnin was strangled with a ligature and buried in the crawl space. Ten days later, a 16-year-old Uptown youth named William Carroll was murdered and buried directly beneath Gacy's kitchen. Carroll may have been the first of four males known to have been murdered between June 13 and August 6, 1976, and who were buried in a common grave located beneath Gacy's kitchen and laundry room. (This common grave also held the body of a fifth male estimated to have been killed after this date.) The two identified youths killed between June 13 and August 6 were aged 16 and 17 years old. The first of the two unidentified males known to have been murdered between these dates is a man with medium dark brown hair estimated to have been aged between 22 and 30 years old and between and (61 and) tall. This man had two missing upper front teeth at the time of his disappearance, leading investigators to believe this particular victim most likely wore a denture. All that is known about the second unknown youth known to have been murdered between these dates is that he had dark brown hair, was estimated to have been aged between 15 and 19 years old, had sustained a fracture to his right clavicle several years prior to his murder, and that he was strangled to death. ", "precise_score": 0.9416566491127014, "rough_score": 0.6467404365539551, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Two further unidentified males are estimated to have been killed between August and October 1976. One of them was buried directly above the body of William Carroll, who had been murdered on June 13, yet higher than the body of a 17-year-old Bensenville youth named Rick Johnston, who was last seen on August 6. This particular unidentified male is estimated to have been aged between 21 and 27 years old and sequential burial patterns of victims within the crawl space, plus the circumstantial fact that Cram had not lived with Gacy between the dates of August 6 and August 20, leave a possible date of between August 6 and August 20, 1976 as the time this particular man was murdered. The second unidentified male likely to have been murdered between August and October 1976 is a youth with dark brown hair, aged between 17 and 21 years old, who is known to have suffered from an abscessed tooth at the time of his murder. This male was buried in the northeast corner of the crawl space. Subsequent recollections by an employee of PDM Contractors of a trench Gacy had ordered him to dig on or before October 5, 1976, being the location where this particular victim was buried suggest a date between August and October, 1976 as being when this man was murdered.", "precise_score": 0.5234162211418152, "rough_score": 0.13345107436180115, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On October 24, 1976, Gacy abducted and killed two teenage friends named Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino: the two youths were last seen outside a restaurant on Clark Street. Both youths were strangled and buried in the same grave in the crawl space. Two days later, a 19-year-old employee of PDM Contractors named William Bundy disappeared after informing his family he was to attend a party. Bundy was also strangled and buried in the crawl space, buried directly beneath Gacy's master bedroom. ", "precise_score": 2.304563283920288, "rough_score": 4.048374652862549, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Between December 1976 and March 1977, Gacy is known to have killed an unidentified young man estimated to be around 25 years old. An inscription upon a key fob found among the personal artifacts buried with this unknown victim suggest his first name may have been Greg or Gregory. His body was buried in the crawl space beneath the body of a 20-year-old named Jon Prestidge, a Michigan youth visiting friends in Chicago whom Gacy killed on March 15. After the murder of Prestidge, Gacy is believed to have murdered one further unidentified youth exhumed from his crawl space, although the timing of this particular youth's murder is inconclusive. The youth was buried parallel to the wall of Gacy's crawl space directly beneath the entrance to his home. The two victims murdered on the same day in May 1976 were buried alongside this youth, yet sequential burial patterns of three victims murdered in 1977 leave an equal possibility this particular victim may have been murdered in the spring or summer of 1977. All that is known about this youth is that he was aged between 17 and 21 years old and that he had suffered a fractured left collarbone before his disappearance. ", "precise_score": 3.135462999343872, "rough_score": 5.674008369445801, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In late 1977, Gacy began dating Carole Hoff in the hope of a reconciliation. (Carole became engaged to another man the following year.) By the end of 1977, Gacy is also known to have murdered a further six young men between the ages of 16 and 21. The first of these six victims, 18-year-old Robert Gilroy, was last seen alive on September 15. Gilroy—the son of a Chicago police sergeant—was suffocated and buried in the crawl space. On September 12, Gacy had flown to Pittsburgh to supervise a remodeling project and did not return to Chicago until September 16. As Gacy is known to have been in another state at the time the youth was last seen, it is possible that Gacy's subsequent claims that he had not acted alone in some murders may have held credence. Ten days after Gilroy was last seen, a 19-year-old U.S. Marine named John Mowery disappeared after leaving his mother's house to walk to his own apartment. Mowery was strangled to death and buried in the northwest corner of the crawl space perpendicular to the body of William Bundy.", "precise_score": 2.761373996734619, "rough_score": 4.305628299713135, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On December 30, 1977, Gacy abducted a 19-year-old student named Robert Donnelly from a Chicago bus stop at gunpoint. Gacy drove Donnelly home with him, raped him, tortured him with various devices, and repeatedly dunked his head into a bathtub filled with water until he passed out, then revived him. Donnelly later testified at Gacy's trial that he was in such pain that he asked Gacy to kill him to \"get it over with\", to which Gacy replied: \"I'm getting round to it.\" After several hours of assaulting and torturing the youth, Gacy drove Donnelly to his place of work, removed the handcuffs from the youth's wrists, and released him. Donnelly reported the assault and Gacy was questioned about it on January 6, 1978. Gacy admitted to having had \"slave-sex\" with Donnelly, but insisted everything was consensual. The police believed him and no charges were filed. The following month, Gacy killed a 19-year-old youth named William Kindred, who disappeared on February 16, 1978, after telling his fiancée he was to spend the evening in a bar. Kindred was the final victim to be buried in Gacy's crawl space, and Gacy began disposing of his victims in the Des Plaines River.", "precise_score": 0.7614094614982605, "rough_score": 3.120863914489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Both David Cram and Michael Rossi were interviewed by investigators on December 20. Rossi had agreed to be interviewed in relation to his possible links with John Szyc (whose vehicle investigators had established he drove) as well as the disappearance of Robert Piest. When questioned by Detective Joseph Kozenczak as to where he believed Gacy had placed Piest's body, Rossi replied: \"In the crawl space; he could have put him in the crawl space.\" A polygraph test conducted upon the youth showed his responses to questions to be inconclusive; however, upon his agreeing to a subsequent visual test in which a map of Cook County was divided into 12 grid sections numbered 1 to 12, with Gacy's home marked in the fourth grid section, Kozenczak noted an extreme response in Rossi's blood pressure when asked: \"Is the body of Robert Piest buried in grid number 4?\" Upon hearing this question, Rossi refused to continue the polygraph questioning, although he did discuss further his digging trenches in the crawl space and remarked upon Gacy's insistence that he not deviate from where he was instructed to dig.", "precise_score": -2.6402366161346436, "rough_score": -2.3823368549346924, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Over the following hours, Gacy gave a rambling confession which ran into the early hours of the following morning. He began by informing Amirante and Stevens he had \"been the judge ... jury and executioner of many, many people\", most of whom he stated were buried in his crawl space, and others in the Des Plaines River. Some victims he referred to by name; most he dismissed as \"male prostitutes\", \"hustlers\" and \"liars\" whom he would give \"the rope trick\". On other occasions, he stated he would wake up to find \"dead, strangled kids\" on his floor, with their hands cuffed behind their back. In reference to Robert Piest, Gacy stated that as he placed the tourniquet around his neck, that Piest was \"crying, scared\". As a result of the alcohol he had consumed, Gacy fell asleep midway through his confession and Amirante immediately arranged a psychiatric appointment for Gacy at 9 a.m. that morning. Upon awakening several hours later, Gacy simply shook his head when informed by Amirante he had earlier confessed to killing approximately 30 people, stating: \"Well, I can't think about this right now. I've got things to do.\" Ignoring his lawyers' advice regarding his scheduled appointment, Gacy left their office to attend to the needs of his business.", "precise_score": -0.36936983466148376, "rough_score": -4.102916240692139, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After being informed that police had found human remains in his crawl space and that he would now face murder charges, Gacy told officers he wanted to \"clear the air\", adding that he knew his arrest was inevitable since he had spent the previous evening on the couch in his lawyers' office.", "precise_score": -0.20343387126922607, "rough_score": 0.045714303851127625, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The victims were usually lured alone to his house, although on approximately three occasions, Gacy had what he called \"doubles\"—occasions wherein he killed two victims on the same evening. After death, the victims' bodies would typically be stored beneath his bed for up to 24 hours before burial in the crawl space, although the bodies of some victims had been taken to his garage and embalmed prior to their burial.", "precise_score": 0.24182787537574768, "rough_score": -1.1067554950714111, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Most victims were buried in Gacy's crawl space where, periodically, he would pour quicklime to hasten the decomposition of the bodies, which he had planned to further conceal by covering the entire crawl space with concrete in January, 1979. Gacy stated he had lost count of the number of victims buried in his crawl space and had initially considered stowing bodies in his attic before opting to dispose of his victims off the I-55 bridge into the Des Plaines River. Thus the final five victims—all killed in 1978—were disposed of in this manner because his crawl space was full.", "precise_score": 0.8318334221839905, "rough_score": 3.998790979385376, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Between December 22 and December 29, 1978, 27 bodies were recovered from Gacy's property, 26 of which were found buried in his crawl space, with one additional victim, John Butkovitch, being found buried beneath the concrete floor of his garage precisely where Gacy had marked the youth's grave with a can of spray paint. Following a temporary postponement of the excavations imposed in January 1979 due to a severe winter snowfall in Chicago, excavations of the property resumed in March—despite Gacy's insistence to investigators that all the victims' bodies buried upon his property had been found. ", "precise_score": 5.265057563781738, "rough_score": 6.134019374847412, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Immediately after Cram had completed his testimony, Michael Rossi himself testified for the state. When asked where he himself had dug in the crawl space, Rossi turned to a diagram of Gacy's home on display in the courtroom. This diagram showed where the bodies were found in the crawl space and elsewhere on the property. Rossi pointed to the location of the remains of an unidentified victim known as \"Body 13\". Rossi stated he had not dug any other trenches, but—at Gacy's request—had supervised other PDM employees digging trenches in the crawl space.", "precise_score": 0.11781185865402222, "rough_score": -2.1915433406829834, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Both Rossi and Cram also testified that Gacy would periodically look into the crawl space to ensure they or other employees ordered to dig trenches in the crawl space did not deviate from the precise locations he had marked. Gacy had testified after his arrest that he had only dug five of the victims' graves in his crawl space and had his employees (including Gregory Godzik) dig the remaining trenches so that he would \"have graves available\".", "precise_score": -1.054416298866272, "rough_score": -4.305116653442383, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On February 15, 1983, Gacy was stabbed in the arm by Henry Brisbon, a fellow death row inmate known as the I-57 killer. At the time of the attack, Gacy had been out of his cell participating in a voluntary work program when Brisbon ran towards Gacy and stabbed him once in the upper arm with a sharpened wire. A second death row inmate injured in the attack, William Jones, received a superficial stab wound to the head. Both Gacy and Jones received treatment in the prison hospital for their wounds. ", "precise_score": -5.7386603355407715, "rough_score": -4.32405424118042, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Only 25 of Gacy's victims were ever conclusively identified. By the time of Gacy's trial, a total of 22 victims had been identified. In March 1980, two further bodies unearthed from Gacy's crawl space were identified via dental and radiology records as those of Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino, two teenage friends who were reported missing on October 25, 1976, the day after they had disappeared. However, DNA analysis conducted between 2012 and 2016 has confirmed that neither body found in the common grave in Gacy's crawl space initially believed to hold the youths' bodies was actually Marino. ", "precise_score": 1.9936926364898682, "rough_score": -1.0204015970230103, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In May 1986, the ninth victim exhumed from Gacy's crawl space was identified as Timothy Jack McCoy, Gacy's first victim. One further victim was identified in November 2011 through DNA testing as William George Bundy, a 19-year-old construction worker who was last seen by his family on his way to a party on October 26, 1976. Bundy had apparently worked for Gacy before his murder. Shortly after Gacy's arrest, his family had contacted Bundy's dentist in the hope of submitting his dental records for comparison with the unidentified bodies. However, the records had been destroyed after the dentist had retired. ", "precise_score": 2.318998098373413, "rough_score": -1.0229262113571167, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Seven victims remain unidentified, six of whom had been buried beneath Gacy's crawl space, with one additional youth buried approximately 15 ft from the barbecue pit in his backyard. Experts used the skulls of the unidentified victims to create facial reconstructions. Based upon Gacy's confession, information relative to where the victims were buried in his crawl space relative to Gacy's identified victims, and forensic analysis, police were able to determine the most likely dates when his unidentified victims were killed.", "precise_score": 1.5983535051345825, "rough_score": 4.02069091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "At the time of Gacy's arrest, he had claimed to both Des Plaines and Chicago investigators that the total number of victims he had killed could be as high as 45. However, only 33 bodies were ever found which were linked to Gacy. Investigators did excavate the grounds of his property until they had exposed the substratum of clay beneath the foundations, yet only 29 bodies were found buried upon his property. When asked as to whether there were more victims, Gacy simply stated, \"That's for you guys to find out.\" ", "precise_score": -0.11352301388978958, "rough_score": -1.1260600090026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "A retired Chicago police officer named Bill Dorsch has stated he has reason to believe there may be more victims buried within the grounds of the apartment building located at the 6100 block of West Miami Avenue in Chicago; a property which Gacy is known to have been the caretaker of for several years prior to his 1978 arrest. In 1975, Dorsch—then a Chicago police officer—observed Gacy (whom he knew on a casual basis), holding a shovel in the early hours of the morning. When confronted by Dorsch as to his actions, Gacy stated he was performing work that he was too busy to do during the day. Dorsch has also related that several other residents of West Miami Avenue have stated that, in the early- to mid-1970s, they had observed Gacy digging trenches in the grounds of the property; one of these residents has also stated that Gacy would later place plants in the elongated trenches he had dug. At the time these actions had been observed, Gacy had still been married to Carole Hoff. Following his first murder in January 1972, he is not known to have buried any murder victims beneath his own home until one month after his March, 1976 divorce. (John Butkovitch had been buried beneath his garage and the unknown victim known as Body 28 had been buried in his backyard.) Gacy's wife had informed investigators that, on several occasions in the years preceding their divorce, she had found several men's wallets and identification cards discarded about the property at 8213 Summerdale. When she had confronted Gacy about these items, he had angrily informed her the property was none of her business.", "precise_score": -0.5112031102180481, "rough_score": -0.9709964990615845, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In interviews following his arrest and conviction, Gacy repeatedly claimed that he was not present in Chicago when 16 of the identified victims had disappeared. In one interview, he stated that at the time of his arrest, four PDM Employees were also considered suspects in the disappearances of the missing individuals investigators had linked to Gacy—all of whom he stated were in possession of keys to his house. One of these employees was a young man named Philip Paske, who is known to have been a close associate of a man named John Norman, who operated a nationwide sex trafficking ring known as the Delta Project, which at the time operated from Chicago. At least two victims believed to have been murdered by Gacy—Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino—are known to have last been seen alive close to where Norman had resided at the time of their disappearance, and Gacy is known to have been aware of Paske's connections. This knowledge had led to the theory Gacy may have been connected to this trafficking ring. ", "precise_score": -1.2699079513549805, "rough_score": -2.5381405353546143, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* Buried Dreams: Inside the Mind of Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy, by Tim Cahill (ISBN 1-85702-084-7).", "precise_score": -1.634232521057129, "rough_score": 2.2798452377319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* Killer Clown: the John Wayne Gacy Murders, by Terry Sullivan and Peter T. Maiken (ISBN 0-7860-1422-9).", "precise_score": 0.5681179165840149, "rough_score": -4.907050609588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* Unfinished Nightmare: The Search for More Victims of Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy, by Chris Maloney (ISBN 978-1466080317).", "precise_score": -2.501709222793579, "rough_score": -2.0607054233551025, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "The modern stock character of the evil clown was popularized by Stephen King's novel It, published in 1986, which became the first to introduce the fear of an evil clown to a modern audience. Another one of the first appearances of the concept is that of John Wayne Gacy, an American serial killer and rapist arrested in 1978, who became known as the Killer Clown after it was discovered he had performed as Pogo the Clown at children's parties and other events; however, Gacy did not actually commit his crimes while wearing his clown costume. ", "precise_score": -2.802934169769287, "rough_score": -4.543041706085205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evil clown" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "The related urban legend of evil clown sightings in real life is known as \"phantom clowns\". First reported in 1981 in Brookline, Massachusetts, children said that men dressed up as clowns had attempted to lure them into a van. The panic spread throughout the US in the Midwest and Northeast. It resurface in 1985 in Phoenix, Arizona; in 1991 in West Orange, New Jersey; and 1995 in Honduras. Later sightings include Chicago, Illinois, in 2008. Explanations for the phenomenon have ranged from Stephen King's book It and the crimes of serial killer John Wayne Gacy, to a moral panic influenced by contemporaneous fears of Satanic ritual abuse. It also shows similarities to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamlin. No adult or police officer has ever seen the evil clowns, though a prankster called the \"Northampton Clown\" has been cited as a real-life example of an evil clown. Further complaints of evil clown pranksters have been reported in France and the United States, possibly inspired by American Horror Story: Freak Show. ", "precise_score": -1.012490153312683, "rough_score": -1.440914273262024, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evil clown" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "Organized serial killers often plan their crimes methodically, usually abducting victims, killing them in one place and disposing of them in another. They often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy. Others specifically target prostitutes, who are likely to go voluntarily with a stranger. These killers maintain a high degree of control over the crime scene and usually have a solid knowledge of forensic science that enables them to cover their tracks, such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river. They follow their crimes in the news media carefully and often take pride in their actions, as if it were all a grand project. Often, organized killers have social and other interpersonal skills sufficient to enable them to develop both personal and romantic relationships, friends and lovers and sometimes even attract and maintain a spouse and sustain a family including children. Among serial killers, those of this type are in the event of their capture most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone. Bundy and John Wayne Gacy are examples of organized serial killers. In general, the IQs of organized serial killers tend to be near normal range, with a mean of 94.7. Organized nonsocial offenders tend to be on the higher end of the average, with a mean IQ of 99.2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.336785793304443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "Infamous serial killers of the 20th century include Harold Shipman, Luis Garavito, Javed Iqbal, Anatoly Onopriyenko, Dean Corll, John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Peter Sutcliffe, Fritz Haarmann and Peter Kürten, Peter Tobin, Ed Gein, Fred West, and Rosemary West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.034943103790283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Convicted of 33 murders, Gacy was sentenced to death for 12 of these killings on March 13, 1980. He spent 14 years on death row before he was executed by lethal injection at Stateville Correctional Center on May 10, 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.01501178741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "John Wayne Gacy, Jr. was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 17, 1942, the only son and the second of three children born to John Stanley Gacy (June 20, 1900 – December 25, 1969), an auto repair machinist and World War I veteran, and his wife Marion Elaine Robinson (May 4, 1908 – December 14, 1989), a homemaker. Gacy was of Polish and Danish ancestry. His paternal grandparents (who spelled the family name as \"Gatza\" or \"Gaca\") had immigrated to the United States from Poland. As a child, Gacy was overweight and unathletic. He was close to his two sisters and mother, but endured a difficult relationship with his father, an alcoholic who was physically abusive to his wife and children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.978519439697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Throughout his childhood, Gacy strove to make his stern father proud of him, but seldom received his approval. One of Gacy's earliest childhood memories was of being beaten with a leather belt by his father at the age of four for accidentally disarranging car engine components his father had assembled. On another occasion, his father struck him across the head with a broomstick, rendering him unconscious. He was regularly belittled by his father and often compared unfavorably with his sisters, enduring disdainful accusations of being \"dumb and stupid\". The friction between father and son was constant throughout his childhood and adolescence. Although Gacy regularly commented that he was \"never good enough\" in his father's eyes, in interviews after his arrest, he always vehemently denied he ever hated his father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62666130065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "When he was six years old, Gacy stole a toy truck from a neighborhood store. His mother made him walk back to the store, return the toy and apologize to the owners. His mother told his father, who beat Gacy with a belt as punishment. After this incident, Gacy's mother attempted to shield her son from his father's verbal and physical abuse, yet this only succeeded in Gacy earning accusations from his father that he was a \"sissy\" and a \"Mama's boy\" who would \"probably grow up queer\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698227882385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 1949, Gacy's father was informed that his son and another boy had been caught sexually fondling a young girl. As a punishment, Gacy was whipped by his father with a razor strop. The same year, Gacy was himself molested by a family friend, a contractor who would take Gacy for rides in his truck, then fondle him. Gacy never told his father about these incidents as he was afraid his father would blame him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92219352722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "At school, where he was ordered to avoid all sports due to a heart condition, Gacy was an average student who had few friends and who was an occasional target for mockery and bullying by neighborhood children and classmates. He was known to assist the school truant officer and volunteer to run errands for teachers and neighbors. During the fourth grade, Gacy began to experience blackouts. He was occasionally hospitalized due to these seizures, and also in 1957 for a burst appendix. Gacy later estimated that he spent almost a year in the hospital for these episodes between the ages of 14 and 18, and attributed the decline in his grades to his time out of school. His father suspected the episodes were an effort to gain sympathy and attention; on one occasion, he openly accused his son of faking as the boy lay in a hospital bed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56892204284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy's medical condition was never conclusively diagnosed, although his mother, sisters and few close friends themselves never doubted his illness. A school friend of Gacy's, named Richard Dalke, recalled several instances in which Gacy Sr. ridiculed or beat his son without provocation. On one occasion in 1957, Dalke witnessed an incident in which Gacy's father began shouting at his son for no reason, then began hitting him. Gacy's mother attempted to intervene between her son and her husband. Dalke recalled Gacy simply \"put up his hands to defend himself\", adding that he never struck his father back during these altercations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786718368530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "At the age of 18, Gacy became involved in politics, working as an assistant precinct captain for a Democratic Party candidate in his neighborhood. This decision earned more criticism from his father, who accused his son of being a \"patsy\". Gacy himself later speculated the decision may have been an attempt to seek the acceptance from others that he never received from his father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888068199157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The same year Gacy became a Democratic Party candidate, his father bought him a car, with the title of the vehicle being in his father's name until Gacy had completed the monthly repayments to his father. These repayments took several years to complete, and his father would confiscate the keys to the vehicle if Gacy would not do as his father said. On one occasion in 1962, Gacy bought an extra set of keys after his father confiscated the original set of keys from him and used the extra set of keys to drive the vehicle. In response, his father removed the distributor cap from the vehicle, withholding the component for three days. Gacy recalled that as a result of this incident, he felt \"totally sick; drained\". When his father replaced the distributor cap, Gacy left the family home and drove to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he found work within the ambulance service before he was transferred to work as a mortuary attendant. He worked in this role for three months before returning to Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695358276367188, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In his role as a mortuary attendant, Gacy slept in a cot behind the embalming room. In this role, he observed morticians embalming dead bodies and later confessed to the fact that on one evening while alone, he had clambered into the coffin of a deceased teenage male, embracing and caressing the body before experiencing a sense of shock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701778411865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The sense of shock prompted Gacy to call his mother the next day and ask whether his father would allow him to return home. His father agreed and the same day, Gacy drove back to live with his family in Chicago. Upon his return, despite the fact he had failed to graduate from high school, Gacy successfully enrolled in the Northwestern Business College from which he graduated in 1963. Gacy subsequently took a management trainee position within the Nunn-Bush Shoe Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50654411315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 1964, the Nunn-Bush Shoe Company transferred Gacy to Springfield, Illinois, initially to work as a salesman, although Gacy was subsequently promoted to manager of his department. In March of that year, he became engaged to Marlynn Myers, co-worker within the department he managed. After a nine-month courtship, the couple married in September 1964. Marlynn Myers' father subsequently purchased three Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants in Waterloo, Iowa, and he and his wife moved to Waterloo in order for him to manage the restaurants, with the understanding that Gacy and his wife would move into Marlynn's parents' home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988627433776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "During his courtship with Marlynn, Gacy joined the Jaycees (United States Junior Chamber (JCs or more commonly Jaycees)) and became a tireless worker for the organization; being named Key Man for the organization in April 1964. The same year, Gacy had his second homosexual experience. According to Gacy, he acquiesced to this incident after a colleague of his within the Springfield Jaycees plied him with drinks, invited him to spend the evening upon his sofa, then performed oral sex upon him while he was drunk. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801658630371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "By 1965, Gacy had risen to the position of vice-president of the Springfield Jaycees. The same year, he was named as the third most outstanding Jaycee within the State of Illinois.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738823890686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 1966, Gacy's father-in-law offered him the opportunity to manage the three Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants he had purchased in Waterloo. The offer was lucrative: Gacy would receive $15,000 per year ($ in dollars) plus a share of profits. Gacy accepted the offer and, following his obligatory completion of a managerial course, he and his wife relocated to Waterloo later that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421531677246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In Waterloo, Gacy joined the local chapter of the Jaycees, regularly offering extensive hours to the organization in addition to the 12- and 14-hour days he worked as a manager of three KFC restaurants. Although considered ambitious and somewhat of a braggart by his colleagues in the Jaycees, he was highly regarded as a tireless worker on several fund-raising projects. In 1967, he was named \"outstanding vice-president\" of the Waterloo Jaycees. At Jaycee meetings, Gacy would often provide free fried chicken to his colleagues and insisted upon being given the nickname \"Colonel\". The same year, Gacy served on the Board of Directors for the Waterloo Jaycees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964241981506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy's wife gave birth to two children during the time the couple lived in Iowa: a son named Michael was born in February 1966, followed by a daughter named Christine in March 1967. Gacy himself later described this period of his life as being \"perfect\", adding that he finally earned the long-sought approval of his father. On one occasion in July 1966, Gacy's parents visited him and his wife in Iowa during which, in a private talk with his father, Gacy Sr. apologized for the physical and mental abuse he had earlier inflicted upon his son throughout his childhood, before proudly informing him: \"Son, I was wrong about you.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872735023498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "However, there was a seedier side of Jaycee life in Waterloo, one that involved wife swapping, prostitution, pornography, and drug use. Gacy was deeply involved in many of these activities and regularly cheated on his wife with local prostitutes. He is also known to have opened a \"club\" in his basement, where he allowed employees to drink alcohol and play pool. Although Gacy employed teenagers of both sexes at his restaurants, he socialized only with his male employees. Many were given alcohol before Gacy made sexual advances toward them, which he would laugh off and dismiss as a joke if the teenager rebuffed his advances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84195327758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In August 1967, Gacy committed his first known sexual assault upon a teenage boy. The victim was a 15-year-old named Donald Voorhees, the son of a fellow Jaycee. Gacy lured the youth to his house upon the promise of showing Voorhees pornographic films. Gacy plied Voorhees with alcohol and persuaded the youth to perform oral sex upon him. Several other youths were sexually abused over the following months, including one whom Gacy encouraged to sleep with his wife before blackmailing the youth into performing oral sex upon him. Several teenagers were tricked into believing Gacy was commissioned with carrying out homosexual experiments in the interests of \"scientific research\", for which the youths were each paid up to $50.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.74878978729248, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In March 1968, Donald Voorhees reported to his father that Gacy had sexually assaulted him. Voorhees Sr. immediately informed the police and Gacy was arrested and subsequently charged with oral sodomy in relation to Voorhees and the attempted assault of a 16-year-old named Edward Lynch. Gacy vehemently denied the charges and demanded to take a polygraph test. This request was granted, although the results indicated Gacy was nervous when he denied any wrongdoing in relation to either Voorhees or Lynch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775132179260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy publicly denied any wrongdoing and insisted the charges against him were politically motivated (Voorhees Sr. had opposed Gacy's nomination for appointment as president of Iowa Jaycees). Several fellow Jaycees found Gacy's story credible and rallied to his support. However, on May 10, 1968, Gacy was indicted on the sodomy charge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058479309082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On August 30, 1968, Gacy persuaded one of his employees, an 18-year-old named Russell Schroeder, to physically assault Donald Voorhees in an effort to discourage the boy from testifying against him at his upcoming trial. The youth agreed to lure Voorhees to a secluded spot, spray Mace in his face and beat the youth upon the promise that if he did so, he would be paid $300. In early September, Schroeder lured Voorhees to an isolated county park, sprayed the Mace supplied by Gacy into the youth's eyes, then beat him, all the while shouting that the youth was not to testify against Gacy at his upcoming trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691291809082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Voorhees immediately reported the assault to the police, identifying Schroeder as his attacker, and the youth was arrested the following day. Despite initially denying any involvement, the youth confessed to having assaulted Voorhees, indicating that he had done so at Gacy's instruction. Gacy was arrested and additionally charged in relation to hiring Schroeder to assault and intimidate Voorhees. On September 12, Gacy was ordered to undergo a psychiatric evaluation at the Psychiatric Hospital of the State University of Iowa. Two doctors examined Gacy over a period of 17 days and concluded he had antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), was unlikely to benefit from any medical treatment, and his behavior pattern was likely to bring him into repeated conflict with society. The doctors also concluded he was mentally competent to stand trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.371482849121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Upon advice from his attorney, Gacy entered a plea of guilty to one count of sodomy in relation to the charges filed against him by Donald Voorhees. He pleaded not guilty to the other charges lodged against him by other youths at a formal arraignment held on November 7, 1968. Before the judge, Gacy contended that he and Voorhees had indeed engaged in sexual relations, yet he insisted Voorhees had offered his sexual services to him and that he had acted out of curiosity. His story was not believed. Despite his lawyers' recommendations for parole, Gacy was convicted of sodomy on December 3, 1968, and sentenced to 10 years at the Anamosa State Penitentiary. On the day Gacy was convicted and sentenced, his wife petitioned for divorce, requesting possession of the couple's home, property, sole custody of their two children and subsequent alimony payments. The Court ruled in her favor and the divorce was finalized on September 18, 1969. Gacy never saw his first wife or children again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720048904418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Inside the Anamosa State Penitentiary, Gacy rapidly acquired a reputation as a model prisoner. Within months of his arrival, he had risen to the position of head cook. He also joined the inmate Jaycee chapter and increased their membership figure from 50 to 650 in the span of less than 18 months. He is also known to have both secured an increase in the inmates' daily pay in the prison mess hall and to have supervised several projects to improve conditions for inmates at the prison. On one occasion, Gacy oversaw the installation of a miniature golf course in the prison's recreation yard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.637314796447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In June 1969, Gacy first applied to the State of Iowa Board of Parole for early release: this application was denied. In preparation for a second scheduled parole hearing in May 1970, Gacy completed 16 high school courses, for which he obtained his diploma in November 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339278221130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On Christmas Day 1969, Gacy's father died from cirrhosis of the liver. Gacy was not told that his father had died until two days after his death. When he heard the news, Gacy was said to have collapsed to the floor, sobbing uncontrollably, and had to be supported by prison staff. Gacy requested supervised compassionate leave from prison to attend his father's funeral in Chicago, but his request was denied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.565268516540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy was granted parole with 12 months' probation on June 18, 1970, after serving 18 months of his 10-year sentence. Two of the conditions of his probation were that Gacy would relocate to Chicago to live with his mother and that he was to observe a 10 p.m. curfew, with the Iowa Board of Parole receiving regular updates as to his progress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486170768737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Upon his release, Gacy told a friend and fellow Jaycee named Clarence Lane—who picked him up from the prison upon release and had remained steadfast in his belief of Gacy's innocence—that he would \"never go back to jail\" and that he intended to re-establish himself in Waterloo. However, within 24 hours of his release, Gacy relocated to Chicago to live with his mother. He arrived in Chicago on June 19 and shortly thereafter obtained a job as a short-order cook in a restaurant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.41439437866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On February 12, 1971, Gacy was charged with sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth claimed that Gacy had lured him into his car at Chicago's Greyhound bus terminal and driven him to his home, where he had attempted to force the youth into sex. This complaint was subsequently dismissed when the youth failed to appear in court. The Iowa Board of Parole did not learn of this incident (which violated the conditions of his parole) and eight months later, in October 1971, Gacy's parole ended. The following month, records of Gacy's previous criminal convictions in Iowa were subsequently sealed. (Gacy would successfully hide his criminal record from friends, business associates and political acquaintances until police began investigating him for his later murders. )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.529525756835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "With financial assistance from his mother, Gacy bought a house in Norwood Park Township, an unincorporated area of Cook County. The address, 8213 West Summerdale Avenue, would be where he resided until his arrest in 1978 and where all his known murders would be committed. In August 1971, shortly after Gacy and his mother moved into the house, he became engaged to Carole Hoff, a divorcee with two young daughters. Hoff, whom he had briefly dated in high school, had been a friend of his younger sister. His fiancée moved into his home soon after the couple announced their engagement. Gacy's mother subsequently moved out of the house shortly before his wedding, which was held on July 1, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4269437789917, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "One week before Gacy's wedding, on June 22, he was arrested and charged with aggravated battery and reckless conduct in response to a complaint filed by youth named Jackie Dee, who informed police that Gacy, impersonating a police officer, had flashed a sheriff's badge, lured him into his car, and forced him to perform oral sex. These charges were later dropped after this complainant attempted to blackmail Gacy into paying money in exchange for dropping the charges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005441665649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Following Gacy's marriage to Carole Hoff, his new wife and stepdaughters moved into the Summerdale Avenue house. In 1972, Gacy quit his job as a cook and started his own construction business, PDM Contractors (PDM being the initials for 'Painting, Decorating, and Maintenance'). The business initially undertook minor repair work, such as signwriting, pouring concrete and redecorating, but later expanded to include projects such as interior design, remodeling, installation, assembly and landscaping. By 1978, the gross of PDM's annual turnover was over $200,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095453262329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 1973, Gacy and an employee of PDM Contractors traveled to Florida to view property Gacy had purchased. On the first night the two were alone in Florida, Gacy raped the youth in their hotel room. As a result, this youth refused to stay in the same hotel room as Gacy and instead slept on a beach. Upon returning to Chicago, this employee drove to Gacy's house as Gacy was in his yard and beat him. Gacy's mother-in-law stopped the youth from further attacking Gacy and he drove away. Gacy explained to his wife that this attack happened because he had refused to pay the youth for poor quality work he had performed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.538689613342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "His neighbors in Norwood Park considered Gacy gregarious and helpful; he was active in his local community and, from 1974, hosted annual summer parties. He also became active in Democratic Party politics, initially offering the labor services of his PDM employees free of charge. Gacy was rewarded for his community services by being appointed to serve upon the Norwood Park Township street lighting committee. He subsequently earned the title of precinct captain. In 1975, Gacy was appointed director of Chicago's annual Polish Constitution Day Parade — he supervised the annual event from 1975 until 1978. Through his work with the parade, Gacy met and was photographed with then First Lady Rosalynn Carter on May 6, 1978. Rosalynn Carter signed one photo: \"To John Gacy. Best wishes. Rosalynn Carter\". The event later became an embarrassment to the United States Secret Service, as in the pictures taken Gacy can be seen wearing an \"S\" pin, indicating a person who has been given special clearance by the Secret Service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.203659057617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Through joining a local Moose Club, Gacy became aware of a \"Jolly Joker\" clown club whose members — dressed as clowns — would regularly perform at fundraising events and parades in addition to voluntarily entertaining hospitalized children. By late 1975, Gacy had joined the Jolly Jokers and had created his own performance characters: \"Pogo the Clown\" and \"Patches the Clown\". Gacy designed his own costumes and taught himself how to apply clown makeup, although some professional clowns noted the sharp corners Gacy painted at the edges of his mouth are contrary to the rounded borders that professional clowns normally employ, so as not to scare children. Gacy is known to have performed as Pogo or Patches at numerous local parties, Democratic party functions, charitable events, and at children's hospitals. He is also known to have arrived, dressed in his clowning garb, at a favorite drinking venue named \"The Good Luck Lounge\" on several occasions with the explanation he had just performed as Pogo and was stopping for a social drink before heading home. By 1975, Gacy had openly admitted to his wife he was bisexual. On May 11 (Mother's Day), after having sex, he informed her they would never again have sex. He began spending most evenings away from home only to return in the early hours of the morning with the excuse he had been working late. His wife observed Gacy bringing teenage boys into his garage and also found gay pornography inside the house. The Gacys divorced by mutual consent in March 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.963744163513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In an interview after his arrest, Gacy stated that immediately after killing McCoy, he felt \"totally drained\", yet noted that he had experienced an orgasm as he killed the youth. In this 1980s interview, he added: \"That's when I realized that death was the ultimate thrill.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491549491882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy later stated that the second time he killed was around January 1974. The victim was an unidentified teenage youth with medium brown, curly hair estimated to be aged between 14 and 18 whom Gacy strangled before stowing the youth's body in his closet prior to burial. Gacy later stated that fluid leaked out of this youth's mouth and nose as he was stored in his closet, staining his carpet. As a result of this experience, Gacy later stated he regularly stuffed cloth rags or the victims' own underwear in their mouths to prevent a recurrence of this incident. This particular unidentified victim was buried about 15 ft from the barbecue pit in Gacy's backyard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.404938220977783, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "By 1975, Gacy's business was expanding rapidly; by his own later admission, he began working 12- and 16-hour days to fulfill agreed commitments upon an increasing number of contracts. Gacy also freely admitted that 1975 was also the year in which he began to increase the frequency of his excursions for sex with young males. (Gacy would often refer to these jaunts as his \"cruising\".)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088555335998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Much of the labor workforce of PDM Contractors consisted of high school students and young men. One of these youths was a 15-year-old named Anthony Antonucci, whom Gacy had hired in May 1975. In July 1975, Gacy arrived at the youth's home while the youth was alone, having injured his foot at work the day prior. Gacy plied the youth with alcohol, wrestled him to the floor and cuffed Antonucci's hands behind his back. The cuff upon Antonucci's right wrist was loose: Antonucci freed his arm from the handcuff after Gacy left the room. When Gacy returned, Antonucci—a member of his high school wrestling team—pounced upon him. The youth wrestled Gacy to the floor, obtained possession of the handcuff key and cuffed Gacy's hands behind his back. Gacy screamed threats, then calmed down and promised to leave if Antonucci removed the handcuffs. The youth agreed and Gacy left the house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795965194702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Antonucci later recalled that Gacy had told him as he lay on the floor: \"Not only are you the only one who got out of the cuffs; you got them on me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56628131866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "One week after the attempted assault on Antonucci, on July 29, 1975, another of Gacy's employees, 17-year-old John Butkovitch, disappeared. The day before his disappearance, Butkovitch had threatened Gacy over two weeks' outstanding back pay. Gacy later admitted to luring Butkovitch to his home while his wife and stepchildren were visiting his sister in Arkansas, ostensibly to settle the issue of Butkovitch's overdue wages. Gacy conned the youth into cuffing his wrists behind his back, then strangled him to death and buried his body under the concrete floor of his garage. Gacy later admitted to having \"sat on the kid's chest for a while\" before killing him. Butkovitch's Dodge sedan was found abandoned in a parking lot with the youth's wallet inside and the keys still in the ignition. Butkovitch's father called Gacy, who claimed he was happy to help search for the youth but was sorry Butkovitch had \"run away\". Gacy was questioned about Butkovitch's disappearance and admitted that the youth and two friends had arrived at his apartment demanding Butkovitch's overdue pay, but claimed all three youths had left after a compromise had been reached. Over the following three years, Butkovitch's parents called police more than 100 times, urging them to investigate Gacy further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96506404876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Following a heated argument regarding her failing to balance a PDM Contractors checkbook correctly in October 1975, Carole Gacy asked her husband for a divorce. Gacy agreed to his wife's request although by mutual consent, Carole continued to live at 8213 West Summerdale until February 1976, when she and her daughters moved into their own apartment. One month later, on March 2, the Gacys' divorce—decreed upon the false grounds of Gacy's infidelity with women —was finalized. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138500213623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Although Gacy remained gregarious and civic-minded, several neighbors became aware of erratic changes in his behavior between his divorce in March 1976 and subsequent arrest in December 1978. This behavior included hearing his car arrive and depart in the early hours of the morning; noting lights switching on and off in his home at unsociable hours; and his keeping company with young males. One neighbor would later recollect that, for several years, she and her son had repeatedly been awoken by the repeated sounds of muffled screaming, shouting, and crying in the early morning hours, which she and her son had identified as emanating from a house adjacent to theirs on Summerdale Avenue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798271179199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On July 26, 1976, Gacy employed an 18-year-old named David Cram. On August 21, Cram moved into his house. The following day, Gacy conned Cram into donning handcuffs while the youth was inebriated. Gacy swung Cram around while holding the chain linking the cuffs, then informed him that he intended to rape him. Cram, who had spent a year in the Army, kicked Gacy in the face, then freed himself from the handcuffs as Gacy lay prone. One month later, Gacy appeared at Cram's bedroom door with the intention to rape him and said: \"Dave, you really don't know who I am. Maybe it would be good if you give me what I want.\" Cram resisted Gacy's attempts to assault him and Gacy left his bedroom. After this incident, Cram moved out of Gacy's home and subsequently left PDM Contractors, although he did periodically work for Gacy over the following two years. Shortly after Cram had vacated Gacy's residence, another employee of PDM Contractors, 18-year-old Michael Rossi, moved into Gacy's house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.672650337219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In December 1976, another PDM employee, 17-year-old Gregory Godzik, disappeared: he was last seen by his girlfriend outside her house having driven her home following a date. Godzik had worked for PDM for only three weeks before he disappeared. In the time he had worked for Gacy, he had informed his family Gacy had had him \"dig trenches for some kind of (drain) tiles\" in his crawl space. Godzik's car was later found abandoned in Niles. His parents and older sister, Eugenia, contacted Gacy about Greg's disappearance. Gacy claimed to the family that Greg had run away from home, having indicated to Gacy before his disappearance that he wished to do so. Gacy also claimed to have received a recorded answering machine message from Godzik shortly after the youth had disappeared. When asked if he could play back the message to Godzik's parents, Gacy stated that he had erased it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5777974128723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "A month later, on January 20, 1977, John Szyc, a 19-year-old acquaintance of Butkovich, Godzik and Gacy, disappeared. Szyc was lured to Gacy's house on the pretext of selling his Plymouth Satellite to Gacy. He was buried in Gacy's crawl space directly above the body of Godzik. A ring worn by Szyc, which bore his initials, was retained in a dresser in Gacy's master bedroom. Gacy also kept Szyc's portable Motorola TV in his bedroom and later sold the youth's car to Michael Rossi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.149221897125244, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In March 1977, Gacy was hired as a construction supervisor for PE Systems, a firm which specialized in the nationwide remodeling of drugstores. As a result of this contract, Gacy regularly traveled to other states to supervise construction projects and he later stated that, through both businesses (PDM Contractors and PE Systems), almost 80 buildings were successfully remodeled in 1977 alone. In April 1977, Michael Rossi moved out of Gacy's home; the same month, Gacy became temporarily engaged to a woman he had been dating for three months, and his fiancée moved into his house. By mutual agreement, the engagement was called off in June of that year and his fiancée moved out of his home. The following month, Gacy killed a 19-year-old Crystal Lake youth named Matthew Bowman. He was buried in the crawl space with the tourniquet used to strangle him still knotted around his neck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.178118705749512, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In August 1977, a clue emerged to the disappearance of John Szyc: Michael Rossi, who had bought Szyc's car from Gacy, was arrested for stealing gasoline from a service station while driving the car. The attendant noted the license plate number and police traced the car to Gacy's house. (Rossi had lived with Gacy until April 1977 and had worked for PDM Contractors since May 1976.) When questioned, Gacy told officers that Szyc had sold the car to him in February with the explanation that he needed money to leave town. The police did not pursue the matter further, although they did inform Szyc's mother that her son had sold his car to Gacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811267852783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In March 1978, Gacy lured a 26-year-old named Jeffrey Rignall into his car. Upon entering the car, the young man was chloroformed and driven to the house on Summerdale, where he was raped, tortured with various instruments including lit candles and whips, and repeatedly chloroformed into unconsciousness. Rignall was then driven to Lincoln Park, where he was dumped, unconscious but alive. Eventually he managed to stagger to his girlfriend's apartment. Rignall was later informed the chloroform had permanently damaged his liver. Police were again informed of the assault, but did not investigate Gacy. Rignall was able to recall, through the chloroform haze of that night, Gacy's distinctive black Oldsmobile, the Kennedy Expressway and particular side streets. He staked out the exit on the Expressway where he knew he had been driven until—in April—he saw Gacy's distinctive black Oldsmobile, which Rignall and his friends followed to 8213 West Summerdale. Police issued an arrest warrant, and Gacy was arrested on July 15. He was facing an impending trial for a battery charge for the Rignall incident when he was arrested in December for the murders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.001684188842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy later confessed to police that he had initially considered stowing bodies in his attic, but had been worried of complications arising from \"excessive leakage;\" he had therefore opted to dispose of his victims off the I-55 bridge into the Des Plaines River. Gacy stated he had thrown five bodies off the I-55 bridge into the Des Plaines River in 1978, one of which he believed had landed upon a passing barge, although only four of these five bodies were ever found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.758739471435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The first known victim thrown from the I-55 bridge into the Des Plaines River, 20-year-old Timothy O'Rourke, was killed in mid-June after leaving his apartment to purchase cigarettes; his body was found 6 mi downstream on June 30. Four months later, on November 4, Gacy killed a 19-year-old named Frank Landingin. His body was found in the Des Plaines River on November 12. Three weeks after the murder of Landingin, on November 24, a 20-year-old Elmwood Park youth named James Mazzara disappeared after sharing Thanksgiving dinner with his family; his body was found on December 28. The cause of death in the case of Landingin was certified as suffocation due to the youth's own underwear being lodged down his throat, causing him to drown in his own vomit. Mazzara had been strangled with a ligature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.472374439239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On the afternoon of December 11, 1978, John Gacy visited a Des Plaines pharmacy to discuss a potential remodeling deal with the owner of the store, a Mr. Phil Torf. While discussing the potential deal with Torf, Gacy was heard mentioning that his firm hired teenage boys while he was within earshot of a 15-year-old part-time employee named Robert Jerome Piest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201515197753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After Gacy left the store, Piest told his mother that \"some contractor wants to talk to me about a job.\" Piest left the store, promising to return shortly. When Piest failed to return, his family filed a missing person report on their son with the Des Plaines Police. The owner of the pharmacy named Gacy as the contractor Piest had most likely left the store to talk with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138623237609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy denied talking to Piest when Des Plaines police visited his home the following evening, indicating he had seen two youths working at the pharmacy and that he had asked one of them—whom he believed to be Piest—whether any remodeling materials were present in the rear of the store. He was adamant, however, that he had not offered Piest a job and promised to come to the station later that evening to make a statement confirming this, indicating he was unable to do so at that moment as his uncle had just died. At 3:20 a.m., Gacy, covered in mud, arrived at the police station, claiming he had been involved in a car accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.723980903625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Upon returning to the police station later that day, Gacy flatly denied any involvement in the disappearance of Robert Piest and repeated that he had not offered the youth a job. When asked why he had returned to the pharmacy at 8 p.m. on December 11, Gacy claimed he had done so in response to a phone call from Phil Torf informing him he had left his appointment book at the store. Detectives had already spoken with Torf, who had stated he had placed no such call to Gacy. At the request of detectives, Gacy prepared a written statement detailing his movements on December 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827357292175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Des Plaines police were convinced Gacy was behind Piest's disappearance and checked Gacy's record, discovering that he had an outstanding battery charge against him in Chicago and had served a prison sentence in Iowa for sodomy. A search of Gacy's house on December 13, ordered by a judge at the request of detectives, turned up several suspicious items: a 1975 high school class ring engraved with the initials J.A.S., various driver's licenses, handcuffs, a two-by-four with holes drilled in the ends, books on homosexuality and pederasty, a syringe, clothing too small for Gacy, a 6mm Brevettata starter pistol and a photo receipt from the pharmacy where Robert Piest worked. Police decided to confiscate Gacy's Oldsmobile, along with other PDM vehicles and assigned two two-man surveillance teams to follow Gacy, while they continued their investigation of Gacy regarding Piest's disappearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.470178604125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gregory Godzik", "passage": "The following day, investigators received a phone call from Michael Rossi, who informed the investigators both of Gregory Godzik's disappearance and the fact another PDM employee, Charles Hattula, had been found drowned in an Illinois river the previous year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12423038482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On December 15, Des Plaines investigators obtained further details upon Gacy's battery charge, learning the complainant, Jeffrey Rignall, had reported that Gacy had lured him into his car, chloroformed him, raped him and dumped him, with severe chest and facial burns and rectal bleeding, in Lincoln Park the following morning. In an interview with Gacy's former wife the same day, they learned of the disappearance of John Butkovich. The same day, the Maine West High School ring was traced to a John A. Szyc. In an interview with Szyc's mother the same day, she informed officers of the January 1977 disappearance of her son and that several items from his apartment were also missing, including a Motorola TV set. She added that investigators had informed her the month following his disappearance that her son had apparently sold his Plymouth Satellite to a John Gacy. Investigators noted that one of Gacy's employees, Michael Rossi, drove a similar car to Szyc's: A check of the VIN confirmed the car driven by Rossi had belonged to Szyc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068220138549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "By December 16, Gacy was becoming affable with the surveillance detectives, regularly inviting them to join him for meals in various restaurants and occasionally for drinks in bars or his home. He repeatedly denied that he had anything to do with Piest's disappearance and accused the officers of harassing him because of his political connections or because of his use of recreational drugs. Knowing these officers were unlikely to arrest him on anything trivial, he openly taunted them by flouting traffic laws and succeeded in losing his pursuers on more than one occasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92789363861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On December 17, investigators conducted a formal interview of Michael Rossi, who informed them Gacy had sold Szyc's vehicle to him with the explanation that he had bought the car from Szyc because the youth needed money to move to California. A further examination of Gacy's Oldsmobile was conducted on this date. In the course of examining the trunk of the car, the investigators discovered a small cluster of fibers which may have been human hair. These fibers were sent for further analysis. That evening, officers conducted a test using three trained German shepherd search dogs to determine whether Piest had been present in any of Gacy's vehicles. The dogs were allowed to examine each of Gacy's vehicles, whereupon one dog approached Gacy's Oldsmobile and lay upon the passenger seat in what the dog's handler informed investigators was a \"death reaction\", indicating the body of Robert Piest had been present in this vehicle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559569358825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "That evening, Gacy invited two of the surveillance detectives to a restaurant for a meal. In the early hours of December 18, he invited the same officers into another restaurant where, over breakfast, he talked of his business, his marriages and his activities as a registered clown. At one point during this conversation, Gacy remarked to one of the two surveillance detectives: \"You know… clowns can get away with murder.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.921493530273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "By December 18, Gacy was beginning to show visible signs of strain as a result of the constant surveillance: he was unshaven, looked tired, appeared anxious and was drinking heavily. That afternoon, he drove to his lawyers' office to prepare a $750,000 civil suit against the Des Plaines police, demanding that they cease their surveillance. The same day, the serial number of the Nisson Pharmacy photo receipt found in Gacy's kitchen was traced to a Kim Byers, a colleague of Piest at Nisson Pharmacy, who admitted when contacted in person the following day that she had worn the jacket and had placed the receipt in the parka pocket just before she gave the parka to Piest as he left the store to talk with a contractor. This revelation contradicted Gacy's previous statements that he had had no contact with Robert Piest on the evening of December 11: the presence of the receipt indicated that Gacy must have been in contact with Robert Piest after the youth had left the Nisson Pharmacy on December 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375852584838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The same evening, Michael Rossi was interviewed a second time: on this occasion, Rossi was more cooperative, informing detectives that in the summer of 1977, Gacy had had him spread ten bags of lime in the crawl space of the house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.328212738037109, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On December 19, investigators began compiling evidence for a second search warrant of Gacy's house. The same day, Gacy's lawyers filed the civil suit against the Des Plaines police. The hearing of the suit was scheduled for December 22. That afternoon, Gacy invited two of the surveillance detectives inside his house. On this occasion, as one officer distracted Gacy with conversation, another officer walked into Gacy's bedroom in an unsuccessful attempt to write down the serial number of the Motorola TV set they suspected belonged to John Szyc. While flushing Gacy's toilet, this officer noticed a smell he suspected could be that of rotting corpses emanating from a heating duct; the officers who previously searched Gacy's house had failed to notice this, as on that occasion the house had been cold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014196395874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Cram himself informed investigators of Gacy's attempts to rape him in 1976 and stated that after he and Gacy had returned to his home after the December 13 search of his property, Gacy had turned pale upon noting a clot of mud on his carpet which he suspected had come from his crawl space. Cram then stated Gacy had grabbed a flashlight and immediately entered the crawl space to look for evidence of digging. When asked whether he had been to the crawl space, Cram replied he had been asked by Gacy to spread lime down there and also dug trenches upon Gacy's behest with the explanation they were for plumbing. Cram stated these trenches were two feet wide, six feet long and two feet deep—the size of graves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8069329261779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On the evening of December 20, Gacy drove to his lawyers' office in Park Ridge to attend a pre-scheduled meeting he had arranged with them, ostensibly to discuss the progress of his civil suit. Upon his arrival, Gacy appeared disheveled and immediately asked for an alcoholic drink, whereupon Sam Amirante fetched a bottle of whiskey from his car. Upon his return, Amirante asked Gacy what he had to discuss with them. Gacy picked up a copy of the Daily Herald from Amirante's desk; he pointed to a front page article covering the disappearance of Robert Piest and informed his lawyers: \"This boy is dead. He's in a river.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696728706359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy later recollected his memories of his final day of freedom as being \"hazy\", adding that he knew his arrest was inevitable and that, in his final hours of freedom, he intended to visit his friends and say his final farewells. Upon leaving his lawyers' office, Gacy drove to a Shell gas station where, in the course of filling his rental car, he handed a small bag of cannabis to the attendant, a youth named Lance Jacobson. Jacobson immediately handed the bag to the surveillance officers, adding that Gacy had told him: \"The end is coming (for me). These guys are going to kill me.\" Gacy then drove to the home of a fellow contractor, Ronald Rhode. Inside Rhode's living room, Gacy hugged Rhode before bursting into tears and saying: \"I killed thirty people, give or take a few.\" Gacy then left Rhode's home to meet with Michael Rossi and David Cram. As he drove along the expressway, the surveillance officers noted he was holding a rosary to his chin as he prayed while driving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222689628601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After talking with Cram and Rossi at Cram's home, Gacy had Cram drive him to a scheduled meeting with Leroy Stevens. As he spoke with his lawyer, Cram informed the officers that Gacy had earlier divulged to both himself and Rossi that the previous evening, he had confessed to his lawyers his guilt in over thirty murders. Upon concluding his meeting with his lawyer, Gacy had Cram drive him to Maryhill Cemetery, where his father was buried.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.857479095458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "As Gacy drove to various locations that morning, police outlined their formal draft of their second search warrant. The purpose of the warrant was specifically to search for the body of Robert Piest in the crawl space. Upon hearing radioed reports from the surveillance detectives that, in light of his erratic behavior, Gacy might be about to commit suicide, police decided to arrest him upon a charge of possession and distribution of marijuana in order to hold him in custody as the formal request for a second search warrant was presented. At 4:30 on the afternoon of December 21, the eve of the hearing of Gacy's civil suit, the request for a second search warrant was granted by Judge Marvin J. Peters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.113243103027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Armed with the signed search warrant, police and evidence technicians quickly drove to Gacy's home. Upon their arrival, officers found that Gacy had unplugged his sump pump and that the crawl space was flooded with water; to clear the water they simply replaced the plug and waited for the water to drain. After it had done so, an evidence technician named Daniel Genty entered the 28-by-38-feet crawl space and crawled to the southwest area and began digging. Within minutes, he had uncovered putrefied flesh and a human arm bone. Genty immediately shouted to the investigators that they could charge Gacy with murder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.547749042510986, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In the early hours of December 22, 1978, Gacy confessed to police that since 1972, he had committed approximately 25 to 30 murders, all of whom he falsely claimed were of teenage male runaways or male prostitutes, whom he would typically abduct from Chicago's Greyhound Bus station, from Bughouse Square or simply off the streets. The victims would often be grabbed by force or conned into believing Gacy—often carrying a sheriff's badge and placing spotlights on his black Oldsmobile—was a policeman and would be lured to his house with either the promise of a job with his construction company or with an offer of money for sex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.691052436828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Once back at Gacy's house, the victims would be handcuffed or otherwise bound, then sexually assaulted and tortured. To muffle his victims' screams, Gacy would often stick cloth rags or items of the victim's own clothing in their mouths. Some victims had been partly drowned in his bathtub before they had been revived, enabling Gacy to continue his prolonged assault. Many of his victims had been strangled with a tourniquet, which Gacy referred to as his \"rope trick\"; occasionally, the victim had convulsed for an \"hour or two\" after the rope trick before dying. With only two exceptions, all his victims had died between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. When asked where he drew the inspiration for the two-by-four found at his house in which he had manacled many of his victims, Gacy stated he had been inspired to construct the device from reading about the Houston Mass Murders: a series of killings uncovered in 1973 in which a trio of serial killers had also used a wooden device fitted with handcuffs to restrain their victims throughout their sexual abuse and torture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.397256374359131, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "When specifically questioned about Robert Piest, Gacy confessed to strangling the youth at his house on the evening of December 11 after luring him there, adding that he had been interrupted by a phone call from a business colleague while doing so; he also admitted to having slept alongside the youth's body that evening before disposing of the corpse in the Des Plaines River the following evening. Gacy stated the reason he had arrived at the Des Plaines police station in a dirty and disheveled manner in the early hours of December 13 was that he had been in a minor traffic accident after disposing of Piest's body en route to his appointment with Des Plaines officers. In this accident, his vehicle had slid off an ice-covered road, and he had unsuccessfully attempted to free the vehicle himself before the vehicle had been towed from its location. He also confessed to police he had buried the body of John Butkovitch in his garage. To assist officers in their search for the victims buried in his house, Gacy drew a diagram of his basement to show where the bodies were buried.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.313396453857422, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Accompanied by police, Gacy returned to his house on December 22 and showed police the location in his garage where he had buried Butkovitch's body, then police drove to the spot on the I-55 bridge from which he had thrown the body of Piest and four other victims (only four of the five victims Gacy claimed to have disposed of in this way were ever recovered from the Des Plaines River).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.780307769775391, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On March 9, the body of a 28th victim was found buried in a pit close to a barbecue grill in the backyard of the property: the victim was found wrapped within several plastic bags and wore a silver ring on the fourth finger of his left hand, indicating the possibility he had been married. One week later, on March 16, the skeletal remains of another victim were found buried beneath the joists of the dining room floor, bringing the total number of bodies exhumed at 8213 West Summerdale Avenue to 29. In April 1979, Gacy's vacant house was demolished. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4224629402160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Three additional bodies, which had been found in the nearby Des Plaines River between June and December 1978, were also confirmed to have been victims of Gacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.136062622070312, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Several bodies unearthed at Gacy's property were found with plastic bags over their heads or upper torsos (Gacy had stated in a January 1979 interview that he would cover the victim's head or upper torso with a plastic bag if he noted bleeding from the nose or mouth). In addition, several of the bodies were found with the ligature used to strangle them still knotted around their necks. In other instances, cloth gags were found lodged deep down the victims' throats, leading the investigators to conclude that 14 of Gacy's victims died not of strangulation, but of asphyxiation. In some cases, bodies were found with foreign objects such as prescription bottles lodged into their pelvic region, the position of which indicated the items had been thrust into the victims' anus. All the victims discovered at 8213 Summerdale were in an advanced state of decomposition, and the medical examiner chiefly relied upon dental records to facilitate the identification of the remains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.802186012268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Two victims were identified due to their known connection to Gacy through PDM Contractors; most identifications were facilitated with the assistance X-ray charts. These identifications were supported via personal artifacts being found at 8213 Summerdale: one victim, 17-year-old Michael Bonnin, who had disappeared while traveling from Chicago to Waukegan, was identified because his fishing license was found at Gacy's home; another youth, Timothy O'Rourke, was last heard mentioning that a contractor had offered him a job. Of Gacy's identified victims, the youngest were Samuel Dodd Stapleton and Michael Marino, both 14 years old; the oldest were Russell Nelson and James Mazzara, both 21 years old. Seven of the victims have never been identified. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.927173137664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "John Gacy was brought to trial on February 6, 1980, charged with 33 murders. He was tried in Cook County, Illinois, before Judge Louis Garippo; the jury was selected from Rockford, Illinois, due to saturation of press coverage in Cook County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.366032600402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In the year before his trial, at the request of his defense counsel, Gacy spent over 300 hours with the doctors at the Menard Correctional Center undergoing a variety of psychological tests before a panel of psychiatrists to determine whether he was mentally competent to stand trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868789672851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy had attempted to convince the doctors he suffered from a multiple personality disorder. His lawyers, however, opted to plead not guilty by reason of insanity to the charges against him, and produced several psychiatric experts who had examined Gacy the previous year to testify to their findings. Three psychiatric experts appearing for the defense at Gacy's trial testified they found Gacy to be a paranoid schizophrenic with a multiple personality disorder. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61373233795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The prosecution's case was that Gacy was sane and fully in control of his actions. The prosecution produced several witnesses to testify to the premeditation of his actions and the efforts he went to in order to escape detection, plus doctors who refuted the defense doctors' claims of multiple personality and insanity. Two witnesses who testified were PDM employees, who confessed Gacy had made them dig trenches in his crawl space. One of these employees, David Cram, testified that in August 1977, Gacy had marked a location in the crawl space with sticks and told him to dig a drainage trench.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3653459548950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On February 18, Dr. Robert Stein, the Cook County medical examiner appointed to supervise the exhumation of the victims' bodies from Gacy's home, testified as to how he and his colleagues had conducted the recovery of the remains. Stein testified that the excavation was conducted in an \"archeological fashion\", adding that all the bodies recovered were \"markedly decomposed, putrefied, skeletalized remains\". In relation to the cause of death of each victim upon which he had later performed an autopsy, Stein stated he had concluded that twelve victims had died of asphyxiation; six had died of ligature strangulation and one victim of multiple stab wounds to the chest. In ten cases, Stein testified that the cause of death could not be determined, although all were ruled as homicides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.048315048217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Upon cross-examination, Gacy's defense team attempted to raise the possibility that all 33 murders were accidental erotic asphyxia deaths: Dr. Stein countered this assertion with evidence that Gacy's claim was impossible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691688537597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Three days after the testimony of Dr. Robert Stein, Jeffrey Rignall testified on behalf of the defense, graphically recounting the abuse and torture he had endured at Gacy's hands in March 1978. Rignall repeatedly wept as he recounted his ordeal. In response to questioning relating to whether Gacy appreciated the criminality of his actions, Rignall stated his belief that Gacy was unable to conform his actions to the conduct of law due to the \"beastly and animalistic ways he attacked me\". Upon specific cross-examination relating to the torture he had endured, Rignall vomited before he was excused from further testimony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.022041320800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On February 29, one of the youths Gacy had sexually assaulted in 1967, Donald Voorhees, testified to his ordeal at Gacy's hands, and that Gacy had subsequently paid another youth to beat him and spray Mace in his face so he would not testify against him. The youth felt unable to testify, but did briefly attempt to do so, before being asked to step down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45130443572998, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Robert Donnelly testified the week after Voorhees, recounting his ordeal at Gacy's hands in December 1977. Donnelly was visibly distressed as he recollected the abuse he endured at Gacy's hands and came close to breaking down on several occasions. As the youth testified, Gacy repeatedly laughed at Donnelly's expense, but the youth finished his testimony. One of Gacy's defense attorneys, Robert Motta, during Donnelly's cross-examination attempted to discredit his testimony, but Donnelly did not waver from his testimony of what had occurred.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633552551269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "During the fifth week of the trial, Gacy wrote a personal letter to Judge Garippo requesting a mistrial on a number of bases, including that he did not approve his lawyers' insanity plea approach; that his lawyers had not allowed him to take the witness stand (as he had desired to do); that his defense had not called enough witnesses, and that the police were lying about statements he had purportedly made to detectives after his arrest and that, in any event, the statements were \"self-serving\" for use by the prosecution. Judge Garippo addressed Gacy's letter by informing him that under the law he had the choice as to whether he wished to testify, and he was free to indicate to the Judge if he wished to do so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479288101196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On March 11, final arguments from both prosecution and defense attorneys began (these arguments concluded the following day). Prosecuting attorney Terry Sullivan argued first, outlining Gacy's history of abusing youths, the testimony of his efforts to avoid detection and describing Gacy's surviving victims—Voorhees and Donnelly—as \"living dead\". Referring to Gacy as the \"worst of all murderers\", Sullivan stated: \"John Gacy has accounted for more human devastation than many earthly catastrophes, but one must tremble. I tremble when thinking about just how close he came to getting away with it all.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.414864540100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After the state's four-hour closing, counsel Sam Amirante argued for the defense. Amirante argued against the testimony delivered by the doctors who had testified for the prosecution, repeatedly harking towards the testimony of the four psychiatrists and psychologists who had testified on behalf of the defense. Amirante also accused Sullivan of scarcely referring to the evidence presented throughout the trial in his own closing argument, and of arousing hatred against his client. The defense lawyer attempted to portray Gacy as a \"man driven by compulsions he was unable to control\". In support of these arguments, the defense counsel repeatedly referred to the testimony of the doctors who had appeared for the defense, in addition to the testimony of defense witnesses such as Jeffrey Rignall and a former business associate of Gacy's named Mickel Reed—both of whom had testified to their belief that Gacy had been unable to control his actions. Amirante then urged the jury to put aside any prejudice they held against his client, and requested they deliver a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity, adding that the psychology of Gacy's behavior would be of benefit to scientific research and that the psychology of his mind should be studied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19273567199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On the morning of March 12, William Kunkle continued to argue for the prosecution. Kunkle referred to the defense's contention of insanity as \"a sham\", arguing that the facts of the case hearkened to Gacy's ability to think logically and control his actions. Kunkle also referred to the testimony of a doctor who had examined Gacy in 1968; this doctor had diagnosed Gacy as an antisocial personality, capable of committing crimes without remorse. Kunkle indicated that had the recommendations of this doctor been heeded, Gacy would have not been freed. At the close of his argument, Kunkle pulled each of the 22 photos of Gacy's identified victims off a board displaying the images and asked the jury not to show sympathy but to \"show justice\". Kunkle then asked the jury to \"show the same sympathy this man showed when he took these lives and put them there!\" before throwing the stack of photos into the opening of the trap door of Gacy's crawl space, which had been introduced as evidence and was on display in the courtroom. After Kunkle had finished his testimony, the jury retired to consider their verdict.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618631362915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The jury deliberated for less than two hours and found Gacy guilty of the thirty-three charges of murder for which he had been brought to trial; he was also found guilty of sexual assault and taking indecent liberties with a child; both convictions in reference to Robert Piest. The following day, March 13, both the prosecution and defense made alternate pleas for the sentence the jury should decide: the prosecution requesting a death sentence for each murder committed after the Illinois statute on capital punishment came into effect in June 1977; the defense requesting life imprisonment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57834529876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The jury deliberated for more than two hours before they returned with their verdict: Gacy was sentenced to death for the twelve counts of murder upon which the prosecution had sought this penalty. An initial date of execution was set for June 2, 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036164283752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Upon being sentenced, Gacy was transferred to the Menard Correctional Center in Chester, Illinois, where he was to remain incarcerated on death row for 14 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797533988952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In prison, Gacy began to paint. The subjects Gacy painted varied, although many were of clowns, some of which depicted himself as \"Pogo\". Many of his paintings have been displayed at exhibitions; others have been sold at various auctions, with individual prices ranging between $200 and $20,000 apiece.Murder casebook number 11 , p. 36 Although Gacy was permitted to earn money from the sale of his paintings until 1985, he claimed his artwork was intended \"to bring joy into people's lives\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.814702987670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After his incarceration, Gacy read numerous law books and then filed voluminous motions and appeals, although he did not prevail in any. Gacy's appeals related to issues such as the validity of the first search warrant granted to Des Plaines police on December 13, 1978, and his objection to his lawyers' insanity plea defense at his trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830410957336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy also contended that, although he had \"some knowledge\" of five of the murders (those of McCoy, Butkovitch, Godzik, Szyc and Piest), that the other 28 murders had been committed by employees who were in possession of keys to his house while he was away on business trips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.162684440612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In mid-1984, the Supreme Court of Illinois upheld Gacy's conviction and ordered that he be executed by lethal injection on November 14. Gacy filed an appeal against this decision, which was denied by the Supreme Court of the United States on March 4, 1985. The following year, Gacy filed a further post-conviction petition, seeking a new trial. His then-defense lawyer, Richard Kling, argued that Gacy had been provided with ineffective legal counsel at his 1980 trial. This post-conviction petition was dismissed on September 11, 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653597831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The 1985 decision that he be executed was again appealed by Gacy, although his conviction was again upheld on September 29, 1988, with the Illinois Supreme Court setting a renewed execution date of January 11, 1989. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435004234313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On the morning of May 9, 1994, Gacy was transferred from the Menard Correctional Center to Stateville Correctional Center in Crest Hill to be executed. That afternoon, he was allowed a private picnic on the prison grounds with his family. For this last meal, Gacy ordered Kentucky Fried Chicken, a dozen fried shrimp, french fries, fresh strawberries, and a Diet Coke. That evening, he observed prayer with a Catholic priest before being escorted to the Stateville execution chamber to receive a lethal injection. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74978256225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Before the execution began, the chemicals used to perform the execution unexpectedly solidified, clogging the IV tube administering the chemicals into Gacy's arm and complicating the execution procedure. Blinds covering the window through which witnesses observed the execution were drawn, and the execution team replaced the clogged tube to complete the procedure. After ten minutes, the blinds were reopened and the execution resumed. The entire procedure took 18 minutes. Anesthesiologists blamed the problem on the inexperience of prison officials who were conducting the execution, stating that had correct execution procedures been followed, the complications would never have occurred. This error apparently led to Illinois' subsequent adoption of an alternative method of lethal injection. On this subject, one of the prosecutors at Gacy's trial, William Kunkle, said: \"He got a much easier death than any of his victims.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35578441619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "According to published reports, Gacy was a diagnosed psychopath who did not express any remorse for his crimes. His final statement to his lawyer before his execution was that killing him would not compensate for the loss of others, and that the state was murdering him. It is reported that his final spoken words were simply, \"Kiss my ass.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.743622779846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In the hours leading up to Gacy's execution, a crowd estimated to number over 1,000 gathered outside the correctional center to observe the execution, the majority of whom were vocally in favor of the execution, although a number of anti-death penalty protesters were also present. Of those in favor of the execution, some wore T-shirts hearkening to Gacy's previous community services as a clown and bearing satirical slogans such as \"No tears for the clown\". The anti-death penalty protesters present observed a silent candlelight vigil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796575546264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "After Gacy's death was confirmed at 12:58 a.m. on May 10, 1994, his brain was removed. It is in the possession of Dr. Helen Morrison, a witness for the defense at Gacy's trial, who has interviewed Gacy and other serial killers in an attempt to isolate common personality traits of violent sociopaths. An examination of Gacy's brain after his execution revealed no abnormalities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.060001850128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In the months following Gacy's execution, many of his paintings were auctioned. Some were bought so that they could be destroyed in a June 1994 communal bonfire held in Naperville, Illinois and attended by approximately 300 people, including family members of nine of Gacy's victims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.529229164123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gregory Godzik", "passage": "* Gregory Godzik (17) December 12, 1976", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430168151855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Szyc", "passage": "* John Szyc (19) January 20, 1977", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.063910484313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Mowery", "passage": "* John Mowery (19) September 25, 1977", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69471263885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On October 11, 2011, Cook County Sheriff Thomas Dart announced that investigators, having obtained full DNA profiles from each of the unidentified victims, were to renew their efforts to identify all of them. At a press conference held to announce this intention, Sheriff Dart stated investigators are actively seeking DNA samples from individuals across the United States related to any male missing between 1970 and 1979. Test results thus far conducted have confirmed the identification of one victim, ruled out the possibility of numerous other missing youths as being victims of Gacy, and solved four unrelated cold cases dating between 1972 and 1979. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001302719116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "The original misidentification of the body identified as Michael Marino has been disputed due to the fact neither an upper nor a lower jaw bone was present upon the exhumed body. DNA testing conducted upon the body of Kenneth Ray Parker—a close friend of Marino who disappeared on the same day as he—has also proven that Marino's body had not been mistakenly buried as that of Parker, leading to speculation that the incorrect set of unidentified remains of another victim of Gacy had been released to Marino's mother as those of her son, or the possibility both youths had been misidentified. (Kenneth Parker's relatives have refused to submit to DNA testing.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.575174331665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "On May 8, 1977, a 24-year-old named Charles Hattula was found drowned in a river near Freeport, Illinois. Hattula, an employee of PDM Contractors, had been linked to the initial investigation of Gacy after Robert Piest's disappearance; this was after the same employee who had informed the investigators of Gregory Godzik's disappearance informed them of Hattula's death. Moreover, this employee had stated that Hattula was known to have conflicts with Gacy. Gacy had himself informed several of his employees the youth had drowned after Hattula's body was recovered from the Pecatonica River. Des Plaines authorities had contacted colleagues in Freeport during their investigation into Gacy, but were told the youth had fallen to his death from a bridge. At the time of Hattula's death, Gacy had become engaged, and his fiancée had moved into his home, which leaves a possibility that Gacy had disposed of Hattula's body in the Pecatonica River as opposed to burying the youth in his crawl space. However, Hattula's death had been ruled as accidental.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.950499057769775, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy stated that after he had assaulted and then released Jeffrey Rignall in March 1978, he had begun to throw his murder victims into the Des Plaines River. He confessed to having disposed of five bodies in this manner. However, only four bodies were recovered from the river and conclusively confirmed to be victims of Gacy. Given the gap of over four months between the dates of the murders of the first and second victims known to have been disposed in the river, it is possible that this unknown victim may have been killed between June and November 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.106002807617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 1984, Sam Amirante, one of Gacy's two defense attorneys at his 1980 trial, authored the Missing Child Recovery Act of 1984. Amirante has since stated that the primary inspiration for this legislation was the fact that at the time of the Gacy murders, there had been a 72-hour period which police in Illinois had to allow to elapse before initiating a search for a missing child. The Missing Child Recovery Act of 1984 authored by Amirante removed this 72-hour waiting period and thus any missing child report received in Illinois from 1984 onwards immediately triggered a statewide police search rather than 72 hours needing to elapse before the police could do so. Other states across America subsequently adopted similar procedures and sensibilities, as a result of which a national network aimed at locating missing children was gradually formed. This national network has since developed into the Child Abduction Emergency—commonly known today as an Amber Alert.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813687324523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "One of the first things Gacy told investigators after his arrest was that he had not acted alone in several of the murders: he questioned whether individuals he referred to as \"my associates\" had also been arrested. When questioned as to whether these individuals had participated directly or indirectly in the killings, Gacy replied, \"Directly.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.663440704345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Gacy specifically named two employees of PDM Contractors as being the individuals he had referred to as being involved in several of the murders. In the 1980s, he also informed Robert Ressler that \"two or three\" employees had assisted him in several murders. Ressler replied that he did indeed believe there were unexplained avenues to the case and stated his belief that Gacy had killed more than 33 victims. Gacy neither confirmed nor denied Ressler's suspicions. (Gacy is known to have given Ressler a painting with a written inscription reading: \"Dear Bob Ressler, You cannot hope to enjoy the harvest, without first laboring in the fields\".) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.172839164733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Jeffrey Rignall, who had been assaulted and tortured by Gacy in March 1978, was adamant that at one point during his abuse and torture, a young man with brown hair, kneeling before him, watched his abuse. When this youth realized Rignall had regained consciousness, he was again chloroformed into unconsciousness. Rignall also informed police that as Gacy had raped and assaulted him, a light was switched on in another part of the house. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.497458457946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Moreover, on one occasion during the surveillance of Gacy prior to his arrest, two of the surveillance officers followed Gacy to a bar Gacy had driven to meet two of his employees. At the bar, the surveillance officers overheard a hushed conversation between Gacy and one of his employees in which the youth asked Gacy the question: \"And what? Buried like the other five?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293611526489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In 2012, two Chicago lawyers named Steven Becker and Robert Stephenson publicly stated that, having reviewed archived records relating to Gacy's business travels for both PDM Contractors and PE Systems, it is likely that Gacy may have been assisted by one or more accomplices in a minimum of three murders. In each case, Becker and Stephenson state that official documents attest to the fact that Gacy was in another state at the time the youths in question disappeared. In one case, that of 18-year-old Robert Gilroy, investigators found that on September 12, 1977—three days before Gilroy's disappearance—Gacy had flown to Pittsburgh and did not return to Chicago until the day after the youth had disappeared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.503400802612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Young is known to have filed a missing person's report with Chicago Police, before unsuccessfully requesting money from Nelson's parents to finance a search for their son. When Nelson's two brothers arrived in Chicago to search for their missing brother, Young offered both brothers a job with Gacy's construction company. Young was never summoned to testify at Gacy's trial as to the circumstances surrounding Nelson's disappearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.918644905090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "In a third case, travel records indicate Gacy was at a scheduled job site in Michigan at 6 a.m. on September 26, 1977—the day following the disappearance of a 19-year-old youth named John Mowery. Mowery was last seen leaving his mother's house at 10 p.m. on September 25. His roommate was an employee of PDM Contractors who had formerly lived with Gacy and had moved into Mowery's apartment less than one week before the youth's disappearance. Two witnesses have stated that this roommate had recommended to Mowery that he meet \"a man who is going out of town\" two days prior to the youth's disappearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185359001159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "Criminal defense attorneys and investigators researching the possibility Gacy had not acted alone in several of the murders have stated there is \"overwhelming evidence Gacy worked with an accomplice\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59801959991455, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* The made-for-TV film To Catch a Killer, starring Brian Dennehy as John Wayne Gacy, was released in 1992. The film is largely based on the investigation of Gacy, following the disappearance of Robert Piest, by Des Plaines Police and their efforts to arrest him before the scheduled civil suit hearing on December 22.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.500740051269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "* A feature film, Gacy, was released in 2003. This film cast Mark Holton in the role of John Gacy and depicts Gacy's life after he moved to Norwood Park in 1971 up until his arrest in 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787391662597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* The made-for-TV film Dear Mr. Gacy was released in 2010, starring William Forsythe as John Wayne Gacy. The film is based upon the book The Last Victim, written by Jason Moss. The film focuses upon the correspondence between Moss and Gacy before Gacy invited Moss to visit him on death row in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634843826293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "* The horror film 8213: Gacy House was released in 2010 and is based upon paranormal investigators spending a night in the house built on the former site of 8213 Summerdale Terrace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488534927368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* A Question of Doubt: The John Wayne Gacy Story, by John Wayne Gacy (ISBN 1-87886-503-X).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76797866821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* John Wayne Gacy: Defending A Monster, by Sam L. Amirante and Danny Broderick (ISBN 1-616-08248-8).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2102632522583, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "* Johnny and Me: The True Story of John Wayne Gacy, by Barry Boschelli (ISBN 1-4343-2184-3). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.663866996765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "* The Discovery Channel has broadcast an episode relating to Gacy's crimes within the true crime series The New Detectives: Case Studies in Forensic Science. This documentary features an interview between Gacy and FBI profiler Robert Ressler, whom Gacy claimed to have known when both he and Ressler were children. (As a child, Ressler had lived just four blocks from Gacy in Chicago and Gacy had delivered groceries to Ressler's family.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649288177490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "* The Investigation Discovery channel has broadcast two documentaries about the Gacy murders. The first documentary focusing upon Gacy's crimes was commissioned for the Most Evil series, a forensics program in which a forensic psychiatrist named Michael Stone analyzes various murderers and psychopaths. The second Investigation Discovery program on Gacy is featured in the Devil You Know series. This program explores how Gacy's actions affected his family. Gacy's sister and niece are among those interviewed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98068904876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "Gacy", "passage": "* The Biography Channel has broadcast a 45-minute documentary on the crimes of John Gacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980852127075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Wayne Gacy" }, { "answer": "John Wayne Gacy", "passage": "Tracking the image of the demented or deviant clown across popular culture, Dery analyzes the \"Pogo the Clown\" persona of the serial killer John Wayne Gacy; the obscene clowns of the neo-situationist Cacophony Society; the Joker (of \"Batman\" Fame); the grotesque art of R.K. Sloane; the sick-funny Bobcat Goldthwaite comedy Shakes the Clown; and Pennywise the Dancing Clown from Stephen King's It.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.033746242523193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evil clown" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Bengal tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and India. The fishing cat is the state animal of West Bengal.", "precise_score": -8.56530475616455, "rough_score": -8.357999801635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bengal" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Dense woodlands, including hilly rainforests, cover Bengal's northern and eastern areas; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area. In the littoral southwest are the Sunderbans, the world's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger. In the coastal southeast lies Cox's Bazaar, the longest beach in the world at 125 km (78 mi). The Bengali calendar divides the region's climate into six seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, late autumn, winter and spring. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673497200012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bengal" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1052 m. A major part of the coastline comprises a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the royal Bengal tiger. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.154369354248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bengal" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, like The Peanuts Movie. Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. ", "precise_score": 0.28347668051719666, "rough_score": 2.409205675125122, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Snoopy is usually depicted as having seven siblings, five of whom appear at some point in the strip: Andy, Belle, Marbles, Olaf, and Spike. Most often seen is Spike, who lives a hermit-like existence in the desert, near the real-life location of Needles, California.", "precise_score": 4.650208950042725, "rough_score": 5.743861198425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "In Charles M. Schulz's comic strip Peanuts, Snoopy was often stated to have seven siblings. Five appeared at various times in the strip: four brothers, Andy, Marbles, Olaf, and Spike; and one sister, Belle. The two others were never mentioned by name in the comic strip. According to the 1991 TV special Snoopy's Reunion, their names are Molly and Rover; however, their appearance is not considered canonical in the comic strip. In the June 6, 1959 comic strip, following the birth of Charlie Brown's sister Sally, Snoopy remarks that he has no brothers or sisters, and is an \"only dog.\" However, in a March 18, 1971 strip, Snoopy writes in his autobiography: \"I was born one bright Spring morning at the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm. I was one of eight puppies.\" ", "precise_score": 1.788135051727295, "rough_score": 2.4120209217071533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike appeared most frequently in the strip. His appearance is similar to that of Snoopy, but he is substantially thinner, has a perpetually sleepy look, and sports a long, droopy mustache and a fedora. He sometimes wears Mickey Mouse shoes which were a gift from Mickey Mouse. He is called Snoopy's older brother during the first story in which he appears. Spike lives alone in the desert near Needles, California, only occasionally interacting with the principal characters in the strip, generally in visiting Snoopy. His friends are mostly inanimate saguaro cacti. As the closest saguaro cacti to Needles are found in the Whipple Mountains Wilderness, it seems that Spike lives somewhere in this area. In 1991's Snoopy's Reunion, Spike's home was a huge hollow saguaro in which he kept books and his fiddle. Spike is named after Charles Schulz's childhood dog.", "precise_score": 5.976347923278809, "rough_score": 7.204611301422119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Beginning in a series of strips from May 1981, Spike began joining Snoopy in his World War I escapades as an infantryman fighting in the trenches, the one change in Spike's appearance being that he wears a WWI-style army Brodie helmet instead of his trademark fedora. In a 1996 series when Spike comes down ill with influenza, Snoopy and Spike's mother Missy came over on a troopship to visit, wearing a fur hat (the soldiers manning the rails of the troopship were also beagles). This was her sole appearance in the strip. At least two strips mentioned his meeting with Mickey Mouse.", "precise_score": 1.5133936405181885, "rough_score": 1.6844381093978882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Several additional family members of the characters were also introduced: Charlie Brown's younger sister Sally, who became fixated on Linus; Linus and Lucy van Pelt's younger brother Rerun, who almost always found himself on the back of his mother's bike for a time; and Spike, Snoopy's desert-dwelling brother from Needles, California, who was apparently named for Schulz' own childhood dog. Snoopy also had six other siblings, and a total of five of his siblings made some appearances in the strip (his brothers Andy, Olaf, and Marbles (in addition to Spike) and his sister Belle).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5074214935302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "In Flanders, the two-tier strip is the standard publication style of most daily strips like Spike and Suzy and Nero. They appear Monday through Saturday; until 2003 there were no Sunday papers in Flanders. In the last decades, they have switched from black and white to color.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605511665344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic strip" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Their mother is called Missy, but has appeared only once in Peanuts, on July 26, 1996. A t-shirt that was sold for several years at Target and other stores shows Spike, Andy, Snoopy, Marbles and Olaf in a parody of the famous dogs playing poker print, despite much advertising copy which misidentified the characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3239729404449463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Andy, Marbles, Olaf, Spike, and Belle appear briefly in during the credits of The Peanuts Movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.472011089324951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9755859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "When he was introduced to the strip, it was revealed that Spike's exceptionally low weight was because he had been living with coyotes, and his job was to clean out their den, which apparently causes him to burn off a lot of body fat. Although he got a better-fed appearance after his first visit to the Brown household, he apparently had to go \"back to business\" soon after returning home, for he soon became as thin as before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664617538452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "He temporarily became Rerun's dog in I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown, and also had a television special, It's the Girl in the Red Truck, Charlie Brown, in which he was the primary character. He was also a main character in Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown, where he is shown traveling from Needles to visit Snoopy to be the best beagle at his wedding. Spike competes in a dog race to earn money for a bus ticket. He wins the race, but then gets disqualified for not being a greyhound. The final scene shows Spike returning home to Needles where his private residence is a hollowed-out saguaro cactus with modern amenities inside, where he is rewarding himself for his long travels by eating cake from Snoopy's wedding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5870943069458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "During a story Spike is rescued by Snoopy and a group of Woodstock's friends, from a group of coyotes. The coyotes were apparently furious after Spike tried to sell them oceanfront condos in the desert of Needles. In August 1977, Spike was to be Snoopy's best man at his wedding, only to end up eloping with Snoopy's fiancee and then being dumped himself for a coyote. In 1988, Snoopy is convinced in a letter from Spike that the Summer Olympics were being moved from Yuma to Phoenix. Snoopy, of course, comes to realize that the claim was false, after Spike admitted that his \"friend\", a saguaro cactus, had told him the rumor. On February 15, 1987, Spike attempts to bury his fedora in a time capsule for a future civilization to study \"Do not open until 6987!\", but abandons this idea when he cannot survive the cold desert nights without the warmth his hat provides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.460922718048096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Another story arc from the 1980s featured Spike as the hero; Charlie Brown's baseball team is at loggerheads when the owner of the vacant lot they play in was told to not allow them to use the field anymore due to possible liabilities. Spike pulls off a real estate coup in which the coyotes (still living in Phoenix) bought the vacant lot so the kids can once again play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968680381774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike was used in one-off appearances sporadically through the rest of Peanuts history but he was a recurring character between the years of 1984-1988. Another storyline was in 1994, when he and his brothers Olaf and Andy visit Snoopy in the hospital. They leave shortly after Snoopy gets well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6471054553985596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "In Snoopy's Reunion, Spike is shown being taken away by a rich family (with a limo). In the September 18, 1994 Sunday comic, Spike admits that he ran away from his owners to Needles after accidentally chasing a rabbit into a road, where it was run over. In The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show episode \"The Lost Ballpark\" Spike had a cameo appearance, his first appearance in any medium other than newspapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5249714851379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike's last appearance in the comic strips was on December 21, 1999, two months before the discontinuation of the strip. A large statue of Spike resides in a Subway restaurant in Needles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8606038093566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Olaf is first seen during a series on January 19, 1989, in which he visits Snoopy. During this sequence, Lucy enters with Olaf in an \"ugly dog\" contest, which he wins (much to his disappointment). He is pretty chubby compared to Snoopy's other siblings. He appears again in 1994 (beginning February 14), where he, Andy, and Spike visit Snoopy, who is in the hospital. After Snoopy gets better, the three brothers leave without saying good-bye. This is the first appearance of Andy in the strip.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.425811290740967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Andy and Olaf spent some time traveling to Needles to live with Spike. However, after \"two right turns and twenty-three wrong ones\" they eventually ended up back at Snoopy's doghouse. After a brief stay and failure to become Rerun's dogs, they continued to wander around and were considering buying banjos in their last appearance on September 27, 1999. Notably, Andy is the only Peanuts character to have originated in animation before appearing in the strip (with the exception of Molly, Rover and Missy (the mother)): his animated debut was the 1991 TV special Snoopy's Reunion. Andy is based on a wire-haired fox terrier (also named Andy) that Schulz owned from October 1988 to March 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.305294990539551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Snoopy's sister made her first appearance in the comic strip on June 28, 1976, though she was mentioned by Snoopy earlier on June 22, 1976. Belle also appeared briefly in the opening sequence of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show. While she was mentioned in the lyrics to the opening theme song, Belle never made an appearance in the cartoon series. Similar to Spike, Belle also plays the violin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.492620944976807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Marbles, reputedly the smartest of the siblings, is a spotted beagle whose few appearances in the comic strip were in 1982 from September 30 to October 9. Unlike Snoopy's siblings Spike and Belle, he does not share in Snoopy's fantasy World War I scenery, seeing Snoopy's Sopwith Camel as his doghouse, an \"ambulance\" as a shopping cart, etc. while commenting that \"...he [Snoopy] was always the quiet one in the family.\" He was also seen to wear jogging shoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.660973310470581, "source": "wiki", "title": "Snoopy's siblings" } ]

[ { "answer": "Model T", "passage": "The assembly line technique was an integral part of the diffusion of the automobile into American society. Decreased costs of production allowed the cost of the Model T to fall within the budget of the American middle class. In 1908, the price of a Model T was around $825, and by 1912 it had decreased to around $575. This price reduction is comparable to a reduction from $15,000 to $10,000 in dollar terms from the year 2000. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.", "precise_score": -3.4969849586486816, "rough_score": -5.674751281738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assembly line" }, { "answer": "T ford", "passage": "The meatpacking industry of Chicago is believed to be one of the first industrial assembly lines (or dis-assembly lines) to be utilized in the United States starting in 1867. Workers would stand at fixed stations and a pulley system would bring the meat to each worker and they would complete one task. Henry Ford and others have written about the influence of this slaughterhouse practice on the later developments at Ford Motor Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.831350326538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assembly line" }, { "answer": "Model T", "passage": "The moving assembly line was developed for the Ford Model T and began operation on December 1, 1913. The assembly line, driven by conveyor belts, reduced production time for a Model T to just 93 minutes. Producing cars quicker than paint of the day could dry, it had an immense influence on the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.955312728881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assembly line" }, { "answer": "T ford", "passage": "At Ford Motor Company, the assembly line concept appears to have been introduced by William \"Pa\" Klann upon his return from visiting Swift & Company's slaughterhouse in Chicago and viewing what was referred to as the \"disassembly line\", where carcasses were butchered as they moved along a conveyor. The efficiency of one person removing the same piece over and over without himself moving caught his attention. He reported the idea to Peter E. Martin, soon to be head of Ford production, who was doubtful at the time but encouraged him to proceed. Others at Ford have claimed to have put the idea forth to Henry Ford, but Pa Klann's slaughterhouse revelation is well documented in the archives at the Henry Ford Museum and elsewhere, making him an important contributor to the modern automated assembly line concept. The process was an evolution by trial and error of a team consisting primarily of Peter E. Martin, the factory superintendent; Charles E. Sorensen, Martin's assistant; C. Harold Wills, draftsman and toolmaker; Clarence W. Avery; Charles Ebender; and József Galamb. Some of the groundwork for such development had recently been laid by the intelligent layout of machine tool placement that Walter Flanders had been doing at Ford up to 1908.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.836994171142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assembly line" }, { "answer": "Model T", "passage": "The gains in productivity allowed Ford to increase worker pay from $1.50 per day to $5.00 per day once employees reached three years of service on the assembly line. Ford continued on to reduce the hourly work week while continuously lowering the Model T price. These goals appear altruistic; however, it has been argued that they were implemented by Ford in order to reduce high employee turnover: when the assembly line was introduced in 1913, it was discovered that “every time the company wanted to add 100 men to its factory personnel, it was necessary to hire 963” in order to counteract the natural distaste the assembly line seems to have inspired. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.865015029907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assembly line" } ]

[ { "answer": "California", "passage": "California ( , ) is the most populous state in the United States. It is also the third most extensive by area. Los Angeles, in Southern California, is the state's most populous city and the country's second largest after New York City. California also includes the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and the largest county by area, San Bernardino County. Geographically located in the western part of the United States, California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, and Arizona to the southeast. California shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south and the Pacific Ocean is on the state's western coastline. The state capital is Sacramento, which is located in the northern part of the state.", "precise_score": -10.705704689025879, "rough_score": -10.590590476989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was then claimed by the Spanish Empire as part of Alta California in the larger territory of New Spain. Alta California became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western portion of Alta California was organized as the State of California, which was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale immigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom.", "precise_score": 1.0972708463668823, "rough_score": -1.19362211227417, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics, and is the birthplace of the film industry, the hippie counterculture, the Internet, and the personal computer. The state's economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services; together comprising 58% of the state's economy. Three of the world's largest 20 firms by revenue, Chevron, Apple, and McKesson, are headquartered in the state. Although only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous.", "precise_score": -10.623001098632812, "rough_score": -10.366096496582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "false p. 17] The revolt, which had momentarily declared California an independent state, was successful with the assistance of American and British residents of California, including Isaac Graham; after 1840, 100 of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham affair in 1840.", "precise_score": -10.287906646728516, "rough_score": -10.415024757385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Republic was short lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War (1846–48). When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the U.S. forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.", "precise_score": -8.810868263244629, "rough_score": -8.498255729675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 1846 the non-native population of California was estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769. After gold was discovered, the population burgeoned with U.S. citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the United States undivided as a free state, denying the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast.", "precise_score": -5.676988124847412, "rough_score": -7.928262710571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's native population precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which they had no natural immunity. As in other states, the native inhabitants were forcibly removed from their lands by incoming miners, ranchers, and farmers. And although California entered the union as a free state, the \"loitering or orphaned Indians\" were de facto enslaved by Mexican and Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. There were massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed. Between 1850 and 1860, California paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them. As a result, the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide. ", "precise_score": -7.269585609436035, "rough_score": -7.902081489562988, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule was located at Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, last Mexican governor of Alta California, moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate was also located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.", "precise_score": -10.962417602539062, "rough_score": -10.096479415893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Initially, travel between California and the rest of the continental U.S. was time consuming and dangerous. A more direct connection came in 1869 with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad through Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens came west, where new Californians were discovering that land in the state, if irrigated during the dry summer months, was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.", "precise_score": -10.811591148376465, "rough_score": -10.609777450561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white. ", "precise_score": -9.69560432434082, "rough_score": -10.038494110107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "To meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.", "precise_score": -10.529168128967285, "rough_score": -10.387533187866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states. After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War. Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley. As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the U.S. center of agricultural production. Just before the \"Dot Com Bust\" California had the 5th largest economy in the world among nations. Yet since 1991, and starting in the late 1980s in Southern California, California has seen a net loss of domestic migrants most years. This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus. ", "precise_score": -10.7833890914917, "rough_score": -10.578003883361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is the second-most-populous sub-national entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas, with a population second to that of State of São Paulo, Brazil. California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world. The Greater Los Angeles Area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous U.S. county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 U.S. states. In addition to Los Angeles, California is home to seven of the other 50 most populous cities in the United States: San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), San Francisco (13th), Fresno (34th), Sacramento (35th), Long Beach (36th), and Oakland (47th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.", "precise_score": -10.820788383483887, "rough_score": -10.018403053283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns; of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms \"city\" and \"town\" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be \"City of (Name)\" or \"Town of (Name)\". ", "precise_score": -11.133325576782227, "rough_score": -10.574195861816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850. San Jose, San Diego and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850. Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1, 2011. ", "precise_score": -6.319465160369873, "rough_score": -6.541316986083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.", "precise_score": -7.220738887786865, "rough_score": -8.296274185180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is organized into three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. The state also allows ballot propositions: direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. Before the passage of California Proposition 14 (2010), California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. After June 8, 2010 when Proposition 14 was approved, excepting only the U.S. President and county central committee offices, all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party. At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation. If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held.", "precise_score": -10.90243911743164, "rough_score": -10.788809776306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.", "precise_score": -11.029619216918945, "rough_score": -10.631339073181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives, the nation's largest congressional state delegation. Consequently California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections, with 55. California's U.S. Senators are Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Barbara Boxer, a former congresswoman from Marin County. As of the beginning of the 114th Congress this is the current longest continuous representation of a state by the same senators, dating from Boxer's accession in 1993.", "precise_score": -10.749483108520508, "rough_score": -9.883577346801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes.", "precise_score": -10.927708625793457, "rough_score": -10.69359016418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The state's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Jerry Brown; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party.", "precise_score": -10.964703559875488, "rough_score": -10.291637420654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In the U.S. House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38-15 majority in the delegation.", "precise_score": -11.043502807617188, "rough_score": -10.792824745178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is considered generally liberal in its policies regarding the LGBT community, and the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people have received greater recognition since 1960 at both the state and municipal level. California is home to a number of gay villages such as the Castro District in San Francisco, Hillcrest in San Diego, and West Hollywood. Through the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, California became the first state in the United States to recognize same-sex relationships in any legal capacity. In 2000, voters passed Proposition 22, which restricted state recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. This was struck down by the California Supreme Court in May 2008, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage; however, this was overruled later that same year when California voters passed Proposition 8. After further judicial cases, in 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court rendered the law void, allowing same-sex marriages in California to resume.", "precise_score": -10.468981742858887, "rough_score": -10.764632225036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Republic was a short-lived, unrecognized nation that, for a few weeks in 1846, militarily controlled the area to the north of the San Francisco Bay in the present-day state of California. ", "precise_score": -7.921304225921631, "rough_score": -10.32293701171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Three weeks later, on July 5, 1846, the Republic's military of 100 to 200 men was subsumed into the California Battalion commanded by U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont. The Bear Flag Revolt and whatever remained of the \"California Republic\" ceased to exist on July 9 when U.S. Navy Lieutenant Joseph Revere raised the United States flag in front of the Sonoma Barracks and sent a second flag to be raised at Sutter's Fort. ", "precise_score": -8.232234954833984, "rough_score": -9.766875267028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "By 1845–46, Alta California had been largely neglected by Mexico for the twenty-five years since Mexican independence. It had evolved into a semi-autonomous region with open discussions among Californios about whether California should remain with Mexico; seek independence; or become annexed to the United Kingdom, France, or the United States. The 1845 removal of Manuel Micheltorena, the latest governor to be sent by Mexico and forcefully ejected by the Californians, resulted in a divided government. The region south of San Luis Obispo was ruled by Governor Pio Pico with his capital in The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Porciúncula River, now known as Los Angeles. The area to the north of the pueblo of San Luis Obispo was under the control of Alta California's Commandante José Castro with headquarters near Monterey, the traditional capital and, significantly, the location of the Customhouse. Pico and Castro disliked each other personally and soon began escalating disputes over control of the Customhouse income. ", "precise_score": -10.336088180541992, "rough_score": -10.19481086730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "During November 1845, California's Commandante General José Castro met with representatives of the 1845 American immigrants at Sonoma and Sutter’s Fort. In his decree dated November 6 he wrote: \"Therefore conciliating my duty [to enforce the orders from Mexico] with of the sentiment of hospitality which distinguishes the Mexicans, and considering that most of said expedition is composed of families and industrious people, I have deemed it best to permit them, provisionally, to remain in the department\" with the conditions that they obey all laws, apply within three months for a license to settle, and promise to depart if that license was not granted. ", "precise_score": -10.758319854736328, "rough_score": -10.218555450439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "A 62-man exploring and mapping expedition entered California in late 1845 under the command of U.S. Army Brevet Captain John C. Frémont. Frémont was well known in the United States as an author and explorer. He was also the son-in-law of expansionist U.S. Senator Thomas Hart Benton. Early in 1846 Frémont acted provocatively with California's Commandante General José Castro near the pueblo of Monterey and then moved his group out of California into Oregon Country. He was followed into Oregon by U.S. Marine Lt Archibald H. Gillespie who had been sent from Washington with a secret message to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin and instructions to share the message with Frémont. Gillespie also brought a packet of letters from Frémont's wife and father-in-law. ", "precise_score": -10.573515892028809, "rough_score": -8.62939453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "War against Mexico had already been declared by the United States Congress on May 13, 1846. Because of the slow cross-continent communication of the time, no one in California knew that conclusively. (Official notice of the war finally reached California on August 12, 1846.) Commodore John D. Sloat, commanding the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, had been waiting in Monterey Bay since July 1 or 2 to obtain convincing proof of war. Sloat was 65 years old and had requested to be relieved from his command the previous May. He was also acutely aware of the 1842 Capture of Monterey, when his predecessor, Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, thought war had been declared and captured the capital of Alta California, only to discover his error and abandon it the next day. This resulted in diplomatic problems, and Jones was removed as commander of the Pacific Squadron.", "precise_score": -9.85627269744873, "rough_score": -8.857006072998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Two days later, July 9, the Bear Flag Revolt and whatever remained of the \"California Republic\" ended when Navy Lieutenant Joseph Revere was sent to Sonoma from the USS Portsmouth, which had been berthed at Sausalito, carrying two 27-star United States flags, one for Sonoma and the other for Sutter's Fort (the squadron had run out of new 28-star flags that reflected Texas' admittance to the Union). The Bear Flag that was taken down that day was given to the Clerk of the Portsmouth, John Elliott Montgomery, the son of Commander John B. Montgomery. John E. wrote to his mother later in July that \"Cuffy came down growling\". The following November, John and his older brother disappeared while traveling to Sacramento and were presumed deceased. Commander Montgomery kept the Bear Flag, had a copy made, and eventually both were delivered to the Secretary of the Navy. In 1855 the Secretary sent both flags to the Senators from California who donated them to the Society of Pioneers in San Francisco. The original Bear Flag was destroyed in the fires following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. A replica, created in 1896 for the 50th Anniversary celebrations, is on display at the Sonoma Barracks.", "precise_score": -10.304113388061523, "rough_score": -9.50151538848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 1878, at the request of the Los Angeles Evening Express, William Todd wrote up an account of the Bear Flag used at the storming of Sonoma, perhaps the first to be raised. Soon after, his implementation became the basis for the first official State flag. William L. Todd (1818–1879) was the cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln (1818–1882), wife of future American president Abraham Lincoln. Todd acknowledged the contributions of other Osos to the flag, including Granville P. Swift, Peter Storm, and Henry L. Ford. (Follow this [http://www.bearflagmuseum.org/ToddinLAExpress1878.html link] to read Todd's 1878 newspaper article.) Todd painted the flag on domestic cotton cloth, roughly a yard and a half in length. It featured a red star based on the California Lone Star Flag that was flown during California's 1836 revolt led by Juan Alvarado and Isaac Graham. The flag also featured an image of a grizzly bear [http://karlwilcox.com/parker/s/Statant statant] (standing, see left). The modern flag shows the bear [http://karlwilcox.com/parker/p/Passant passant] (walking).", "precise_score": -10.951047897338867, "rough_score": -10.447958946228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's diverse geography ranges from the Sierra Nevada in the east to the Pacific Coast in the west, from the redwood–Douglas fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by the Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest point (Mount Whitney) and the lowest point (Death Valley) in the contiguous United States. Earthquakes are common because of the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. About 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, but most are too small to be felt. Drought has also become a notable feature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113883018493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The word California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico, the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003883361816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The name California is most commonly believed to have derived from a fictional paradise peopled by Black Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia, who fought alongside Muslims and whose name was chosen to echo the title of a Muslim leader, the Caliph, fictionally implying that California was the Caliphate. The story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.Gudde, Erwin G. and William Bright. 2004. California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. p. 59–60 The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts, and rich in gold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150263786315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "Calif.", "passage": "Shortened forms of the state's name include CA, Cal., Calif. and US-CA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150070190429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201355934143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565. The first Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587, when Filipino sailors arrived in Spanish ships at Morro Bay. Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146391868591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. That depiction appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195469856262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "After the Portolà expedition of 1769-70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. The Spanish colonization brought the genocide of the indigenous Californian peoples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888205528259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Imperial Russia explored the California coast and established a trading post at Fort Ross. Its early 19th-century coastal settlements north of San Francisco Bay constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18797492980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 1821 the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain; for the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote northern province of the nation of Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003819465637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Cattle ranches, or ranchos, emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. After Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and were secularized by 1834. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians) who had received land grants, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078519821166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the U.S. and Canada arrived in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263187408447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Between 1831 and 1836, California experienced a series of revolts against Mexico; this culminated in the 1836 California revolt led by Juan Bautista Alvarado, which ended after Mexico appointed him governor of the department.Starr, Kevin. California: A History. [https://books.google.com/books?idZd3L-BAN_04C&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873797416687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "PR17&dq1836+California+revolt&hl", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54458236694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "onepage&q1836%20California%20revolt&f", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517732620239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, soil and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became known as \"Marsh's route.\" His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320650100708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh helped end the rule of the last Mexican governor of California, thereby paving the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276244163513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 1846 settlers rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words \"California Republic\") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide, who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154433250427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, the western territory of Alta California, became the U.S. state of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U.S. Territories. The Lightly populated lower region of California, the Baja Peninsula, remained in the possession of Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888856887817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "However, during the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97511100769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas. California is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California, comprising the 10 southernmost counties, and Northern California, comprising the 48 northernmost counties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8076171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east, the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's productive agricultural heartland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127561569213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307098388671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "About 45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by forests, and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301131248474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In the south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at . The horizontal distance from the bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 mi. Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270612716674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Along the California coast are several major metropolitan areas, including the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432548522949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state, in particular the San Andreas Fault.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405548095703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate, due to the state's large size, the climate ranges from subarctic to subtropical. The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hotter summers. The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent. Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature extremes are significantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees warmer than at the coast. The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area, where areas sheltered from the sea sees significantly hotter summers than nearby areas close to the ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282602310180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south. California's mountain ranges also influence the climate: some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have an alpine climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410104751586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's mountains produce rain shadows on the eastern side, creating extensive deserts. The higher elevation deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. Death Valley, a desert with large expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest temperature in the world, (The 136.4 °F (58 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on September 13, 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.) 134 °F, was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was in 1937 in Boca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222249031066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The table below lists average temperatures for August and December in some of the major urban areas of California. Since extremes like the cool summers of the Humboldt Bay and the extreme heat of Death Valley do not effect any major urban areas these are not listed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517271995544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511577606201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's large number of endemic species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus). Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477835655212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora: the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. California's native grasses are perennial plants. After European contact, these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses; and, in modern times, California's hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056052207946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands), transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the state's highest elevations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267017364501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411666870117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The transition zone includes most of California's forests with the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the \"big tree\" or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), among the oldest living things on earth (some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years). Tanbark oak, California laurel, sugar pine, madrona, broad-leaved maple, and Douglas-fir also grow here. Forest floors are covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trillium, and there are thickets of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and wild currant. Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa, tulip, and tiger and leopard lilies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347329139709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, squirrel, and opossum. Common birds include the owl, roadrunner, cactus wren, and various species of hawk. The area's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned toad. The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and ring-tailed cat. Birds unique to this zone are the California thrasher, bushtit, and California condor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436633110046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, golden, and cutthroat. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include sea bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098557472229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "As of April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena mountain beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, salt marsh harvest mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California least tern, California condor, loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two that are threatened are on the federal list. Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of 290821 acre of National Wildlife Refuges. , 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service. Also, , 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377944946289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The vast majority of rivers in California are dammed as part of two massive water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water to the agricultural central valley, the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California. The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431365013122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, including the Pit River, the Tuolumne River, and the Feather River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444955825805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively, and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in its natural un-dammed state. The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California. Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast, and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333700180053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,144,818 on July 1, 2015, a 5.08% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths). During this time period, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people. The state of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009. However, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126884460449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population. Along with the rest of the U.S., California's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s-early 2010s. Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia. In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. 57% came from Asian countries vs. 22% from Latin American countries. Net immigration from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants has dropped to zero/less than zero, since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating. As a result it is estimated that Hispanics citizens will constitute 49% of the population by 2060, instead of the previously projected 2050, due primarily to domestic births. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137701988220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In terms of total numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the U.S., an estimated 22,200,000 residents. The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the U.S., an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting a third of the nation's total. California's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228038787841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60% of the state population. Over the past 25 years, the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined, while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown. Between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80% of the State's population to 40%, while Hispanics grew from 32% in 2000 to 38% in 2011. It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49% of the population by 2060, primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration. With the decline of immigration from Latin America, Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in California; this growth primarily driven by immigration from China, India and the Philippines, respectively. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213947296142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "English serves as California's De jure and De facto official language. In 2010, the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02% (19,429,309) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home, while 42.98% spoke another primary language at home. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 73% of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English well or very well, with 9.8% not speaking English at all. Unlike most U.S. States, California law enshrines English as its official language (rather than it being simply the most commonly used), since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters. Additionally, Proposition 227 requires instruction in public schools take place in English. Yet, various government agencies do, and are often required to, furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268269538879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In total, 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons, more than any other state in the nation. New York State, in second place, had 9 languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons. The most common language spoken besides English was Spanish, spoken by 28.46% (9,696,638) of the population. As the primary driver of the Hispanic population is domestic births, however, it is estimated the Spanish language use will peak and then decline over the course of the coming decades. With Asia contributing most of California's new immigrants, California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese and Chinese speakers, the second highest concentration of Korean, and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076952934265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families. A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers. All of California's indigenous languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.The following are a list of the indigenous languages: Root languages of California: Athabaskan Family: Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone, Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula; Hokan Family: Pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko; Algonquian Family: Whilkut, Yurok; Yukian Family: Wappo; Penutian Family: Modok, Wintu, Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts; Hokan Family: Esselen, Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave; Uto-Aztecan Family: Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla, Serrano, Chemehuevi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376009941101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken English in California since the late 20th century. This dialect, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283734321594238, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and Asia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279986381530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94090461730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is 1% Muslim, 2% Hindu and 2% Buddhist. This is a change from 2008, when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. In 2008, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist. The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 763,818; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33311939239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain. Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064634323120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are \"absolutely certain\" of their belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is \"very important\", compared to 56 percent nationally. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462359428405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The economy of California is large enough to be comparable to that of the largest of countries. , the gross state product (GSP) is about $2.203 trillion, the largest in the United States. California is responsible for 13.2 percent of the United States' approximate $16.7 trillion gross domestic product (GDP). California's GSP is larger than the GDP of all but 7 countries in dollar terms (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, France, Brazil, and the United Kingdom), larger than Russia, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, Spain and Turkey. In Purchasing Power Parity, it is larger than all but 10 countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, and Indonesia), larger than Italy, Mexico, Spain, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Turkey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005427360534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing. , California has the 5th highest unemployment rate in the nation at 7.6%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479448318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one-quarter of the state's economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231687545776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486847877502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004. This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production. In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue. In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue. The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce. According to the USDA in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream, shelled almonds, and grapes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411916732788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation. Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the U.S., on par with the region of Appalachia. California has a poverty rate of 23.5%, the highest of any state in the country. Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291510581970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other state in the nation. In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059188842773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011. California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients. California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states, as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion. In January 2011 the California's total debt was at least $265 billion. On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, its first in decades; however the state's debt remains at $132 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09597396850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012, California now levies a 13.3% maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1% at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3% for annual individual income over $1,000,000. California has a state sales tax of 7.5%, though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes. Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven-year period (as stipulated in Proposition 30) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3% and state sales tax rate of 7.25%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506035804748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Because it is the most populous U.S. state, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any U.S. state. Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089323997497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020. Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. California's wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric power. It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286946296691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. Also voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal. In addition, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467493057250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed \"Caltrans\". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States. The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012575149536133, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272818565368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state maintained highways and on state property.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26604175567627, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file. In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389053344726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Intercity rail travel is provided by Amtrak California, which manages the three busiest intercity rail lines in the U.S. outside the Northeast Corridor, all of which are funded by Caltrans. This service is becoming increasingly popular over flying and ridership is continuing to set records, especially on the LAX-SFO route. Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose (VTA), San Diego (San Diego Trolley), Sacramento (RT Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE, BART, Caltrain), Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink), and San Diego County (Coaster).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370532989501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 700 mi rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election, a $9.95 billion state bond will go toward its construction. Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound and Amtrak Thruway Coach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915952682495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over 40,000,000 acre feet of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects. Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15721321105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies. Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: \"We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164937973022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The California executive branch consists of the Governor of California and seven other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Controller, State Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. They serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237603187561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law (as is the case with all other states except Louisiana) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law, such as community property. California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007. Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest \"Death Row\" population in the country (though Texas is far more active in carrying out executions).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256875038146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's judiciary system is the largest in the United States (with a total of 1,600 judges, while the federal system has only about 840). At the apex is the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California, while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the primary trial courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years. The administration of the state's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council, composed of the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, 14 judicial officers, four representatives from the State Bar of California, and one member from each house of the state legislature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999980926513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is divided into 58 counties. Per Article 11, Section 1, of the Constitution of California, they are the legal subdivisions of the state. The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, health care, social services, libraries, flood control, fire protection, animal control, agricultural regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards. In addition, the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309964179992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general-law municipalities. General-law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters. Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities. Most small cities have a council-manager form of government, where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a directly-elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council-manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through the council membership—but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.818562507629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The Government of San Francisco is the only consolidated city-county in California, where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors also acts as the city council and the Mayor of San Francisco also serves as the county administrative officer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310331344604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "About 1,102 school districts, independent of cities and counties, handle California's public education. California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537766456604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "There are about 3,400 special districts in California. A special district, defined by California Government Code § 16271(d) as \"any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries\", provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area. The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties, or could consist of only a portion of one. Most of California's special districts are single-purpose districts, and provide one service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396533012390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter. In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374456405639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections; Republicans have not won California's electoral votes since 1988. Additionally, both the state's current Democratic U.S. Senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, have held onto their seats since they were first elected in 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074908256530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In California, , the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. Additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142560958862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": " However, as of 2002, Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346092224121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of U.S. military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War). , there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905586242675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14617919921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and student enrollment figures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486747741699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005–06 school year. Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states. In expenditure per pupil, California ranked 29th (of the 50 states and the District of Columbia) in 2005–06. In teaching staff expenditure per pupil, California ranked 49th of 51. In overall teacher-pupil ratio, California was also 49th, with 21 students per teacher. Only Arizona and Utah were lower. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021295547485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was \"broken\" in that it suffered from over-regulation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466644287109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California's public postsecondary education offers three separate systems:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47286605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "* The research university system in the state is the University of California (UC), a public university system. As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students. There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system. The system was originally intended to accept the top one-eighth of California high school students, but several of the schools have become even more selective. The UC system was originally given exclusive authority in awarding Ph.Ds, but this has since changed and the CSU is also able to award several Doctoral degrees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213041305541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "* The California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students, making it the largest university system in the United States. The CSU was originally intended to accept the top one-third of California high school students, but several of the schools have become much more selective. The CSU was originally set up to award only bachelor's and master's degrees, but has since been granted the authority to award several Doctoral degrees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172743797302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "* The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training. It is the largest network of higher education in the US, composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43282413482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466370582580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California has twenty major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego has two major league teams, and Sacramento has one. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328784942626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518099784851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "California is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches including the final, while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993592262268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Below is a list of major league sports teams in California:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.571104049682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "In June 1846, a number of American immigrants in Alta California rebelled against the Mexican department’s government. The immigrants had not been allowed to buy or rent land and had been threatened with expulsion from California because they had entered without official permission. Mexican officials were concerned about a coming war with the United States coupled with the growing influx of Americans into California. The rebellion was soon overtaken by the beginning of the Mexican–American War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009597778320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The term \"California Republic\" appeared only on the flag the insurgents raised in Sonoma. It indicated their aspiration of forming a republican government for California. The insurgents elected military officers but no civil structure was ever established. The flag featured an image of a California grizzly bear and became known as the Bear Flag and the revolt as the Bear Flag Revolt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099132537841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Alta California's Governance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4229154586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Mexican law had long allowed grants of land to naturalized Mexican citizens. Obtaining Mexican citizenship was not difficult and many earlier American immigrants had gone through the process and obtained free grants of land. That same year (1845) anticipation of war with the United States and the increasing number of immigrants reportedly coming from the United States resulted in orders from Mexico City denying immigrants from the United States entry into California. The orders also required California's officials not to allow land grants, sales or even rental of land to non-citizen emigrants already in California. All non-citizen immigrants, who had arrived without permission, were threatened with being forced out of California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1216402053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Alta California's Sub-Prefect Francisco Guerrero had written to U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299234390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Captain Frémont in California", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342635154724121, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Frémont's thoughts (as related in his book, written forty years later) after reading the message and letters were: \"I saw the way opening clear before me. War with Mexico was inevitable; and a grand opportunity presented itself to realize in their fullest extent the far-sighted views of Senator Benton. I resolved to move forward on the opportunity and return forthwith to the Sacramento valley in order to bring to bear all the influence I could command.\" Nevertheless, Frémont needed to be circumspect. As a military officer he could face court-martial for violating the Neutrality Act of 1794 that made it illegal for an American to wage war against another country at peace with the United States. The next morning Gillespie and Frémont's group departed for California. Frémont returned to the Sacramento Valley and set up camp near Sutter Buttes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082324981689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "U.S. Consul Thomas O. Larkin, concerned about the increasing possibility of war, sent a request to Commodore John D. Sloat of U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, for a warship to protect U.S. citizens and interests in Alta California. In response, the USS Portsmouth arrived at Monterey on April 22, 1846. After receiving information about Frémont's returning to California, Consul Larkin and Portsmouth's captain John Berrien Montgomery decided the ship should move into the San Francisco Bay. She sailed from Monterey on June 1. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19618034362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Some of the group who had been meeting with Frémont departed from his camp and, on June 10, 1846, captured a herd of 170 Mexican government-owned horses being moved by Californio soldiers from San Rafael and Sonoma to the Californian Commandante General, José Castro, in Santa Clara. It had been reported amongst the emigrants that the officer in charge of the herd had made statements threatening that the horses would be used by Castro to drive the foreigners out of California. The captured horses were taken to Frémont’s new camp at the junction of the Feather and Bear rivers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892594337463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "William B. Ide wrote a proclamation announcing and explaining the reasons for the revolt during the night of June 14–15, 1846 (below). There were additional copies and some more moderate versions (produced in both English and Spanish) distributed around northern California through June 18. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87126350402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Todd was given a second assignment. He was sent to Bodega Bay with an unnamed companion (sometimes call 'the Englishman') to obtain powder from American settlers in that area. On June 18, Bears Thomas Cowie and George Fowler were sent to Rancho Sotoyome (near current-day Healdsburg, California) to pick up a cache of gunpowder from Moses Carson, brother of Frémont's scout Kit Carson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337972640991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Frémont's artist and cartographer on his third expedition, Edward Kern, was placed in command of Sutter's Fort and its company of dragoons by Frémont. [http://californiamilitaryhistory.org/Sutter.html Californiamilitaryhistory.org: Historic California Posts — Sutter's Fort (Fort New Helvatia, Fort Sacramento)] That left John Sutter the assignment as lieutenant of the dragoons at $50 a month, and second in command of his own fort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200542449951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Word of the taking of the government horses, the capture of Sonoma, and the imprisonment of the Mexican officers at Sutter's Fort soon reached Commandante General José Castro at his headquarters in Santa Clara. He issued two proclamations on June 17. The first asked the citizens of California to come to the aid of their country. The second promised protection for all foreigners not involved in the revolt. A group of 50–60 militia under command of Captain Joaquin de la Torre traveled up to San Pablo and, by boat, westward across the San Francisco Bay to Point San Quentin on the 23rd. Two additional divisions with a total of about 100 men arrived at San Pablo on June 27. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05239200592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "On June 20 when the procurement parties failed to return as expected, Lieutenant Ford sent Sergeant Gibson with four men to Rancho Sotoyome. Gibson obtained the powder and on the way back fought with several Californians and captured one of them. From the prisoner they learned of the deaths of Cowie and Fowler. There are Californio and Oso versions of what had happened. Ford also learned that William Todd and his companion had been captured by the Californio irregulars led by Juan Padilla and José Ramón Carrillo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451034545898438, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Ford writes, in his biography, that before leaving Sonoma to search for the other two captives and Padilla's men, he sent a note to Ezekiel Merritt in Sacramento asking him to gather volunteers to help defend Sonoma. Ide's version is that Ford wrote to Frémont saying that the Bears had lost confidence in Ide's leadership. In either case, Ford then rode toward Santa Rosa with seventeen to nineteen Bears. Not finding Padilla, the Bears headed toward one of his homes near Two Rock. The following morning the Bears captured three or four men near the Rancho Laguna de San Antonio and unexpectedly discovered what they assumed was Juan Padilla's group near the Indian rancho of Olúmpali. Ford approached the adobe but more men appeared and others came \"pouring out of the adobe\". Militiamen from south of the Bay, led by Mexican Captain Joaquin de la Torre, had joined with Padilla's irregulars and now numbered about seventy. Ford's men positioned themselves in a grove of trees and opened fire when the enemy charged on horseback, killing one Californio and wounding another. During the ensuing long-range battle, William Todd and his companion escaped from the house where they were being held and ran to the Bears. The Californios disengaged from the ensuing long-range fighting after suffering a few wounded and returned to San Rafael. A Californian militiaman reported that their muskets could not shoot as far as the rifles used by some Bears. This was the only battle fought during the Bear Flag Revolt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302453994750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Formation of the California Battalion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46800422668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "On July 5, Frémont called a public meeting and proposed to the Bears that they unite with his party and form a single military unit. He said that he would accept command if they would pledge obedience, proceed honorably, and not violate the chastity of women. A compact was drawn up which all volunteers of the California Battalion signed or made their marks. A majority of those present also agreed to officially date the era of independence not from the taking of Sonoma but from July 5 to allow Frémont to \"begin at the beginning\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073104858398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Sloat had learned of Frémont's confrontation with the Californios on Gavilan Peak and of his support for the Bears in Sonoma. He was also aware of Lt. Gillespie's tracking down of Frémont with letters and orders. Sloat finally concluded on July 6 that he needed to act, saying to U.S. Consul Larkin, \"I shall be blamed for doing too little or too much – I prefer the latter.\" Early July 7, the frigate USS Savannah and the two sloops, USS Cyane and USS Levant of the United States Navy, captured Monterey, California, and raised the flag of the United States. Sloat had his proclamation read in and posted in English and Spanish: \"...henceforth California will be a portion of the United States.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096562385559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The most notable legacy of the \"California Republic\" was the adoption of its flag as the basis of the modern state Flag of California. The flag has a star, a grizzly bear, and a colored stripe with the words \"California Republic.\" The Bear Flag Monument on the Sonoma Plaza, site of the raising of the original Bear Flag, is marked by a California Historical Landmark #7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17703914642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "California Republic" } ]

[ { "answer": "one", "passage": "DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes (multi-region), every code (all region) or no codes (region free).", "precise_score": 3.289243459701538, "rough_score": 7.127811908721924, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "DVDs in Hispanophone Latin America and Mexico use both the region 1 and region 4 codes.", "precise_score": 5.489323616027832, "rough_score": 6.541779518127441, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "However, if the player is not region-free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remote control. This code simply allows the user to change the factory-set configuration flag to another region, or to the special region \"0\". Once unlocked this way, the DVD player allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region. Many websites exist on the Internet offering these codes, often known informally as hacks. Many websites provide instructions for different models of standalone DVD players, to hack, and their factory codes.", "precise_score": 2.4815027713775635, "rough_score": 6.600321292877197, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Washington Post has highlighted how DVD region-coding has been a major inconvenience for travelers who wish to legally purchase DVDs abroad and return with them to their countries of origin, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their homeland and foreign film enthusiasts. Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship. For example, the Region 1 DVD of the drama film Eyes Wide Shut (1999), directed by Stanley Kubrick, contains the digital manipulations necessary for the film to secure an MPAA R-rating, whereas these manipulations are not evident in non–region 1 discs.", "precise_score": 4.80352783203125, "rough_score": 6.741761207580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded \"D1\" to \"D4\". \"D1\" are the United Kingdom–only releases; \"D2\" and \"D3\" are not sold in the UK and Ireland; \"D4\" are distributed throughout Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.5747761726379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The term \"Region 0\" also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines. This system is known as \"Regional Coding Enhancement\" (RCE).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.387948036193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Region-code enhanced, also known as just \"RCE\" or \"REA\", was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3095896244049072, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "However, the scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could thus be defeated by briefly playing a \"normal\" region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82591724395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. A practice of movie marketing threatened by the advent of digital home video is to release a movie to cinemas, and then for general sale, later in some countries than in others. This is common partly because releasing a movie at the same time worldwide can be prohibitively expensive. Videotapes were inherently regional since formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as NTSC and PAL, although from early 1990s PAL machines increasingly offered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restricted in this sense, and region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8506041169166565, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "Finally, the copyright in a title may be held by different entities in different territories. Region coding enables copyright holders to (attempt to) prevent a DVD from a region from which they do not derive royalties from being played on a DVD player inside their region. Region coding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from one region into another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.534420013427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems: 480i/60 Hz and 576i/50 Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as 525/60 (NTSC) and 625/50 (PAL/SECAM) respectively. Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color television signal formats which have no relevance in the digital domain (as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems). However, the DVD system was originally designed to encode the information necessary to reproduce signals in these formats, and the terms continue to be used (incorrectly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution. However, an \"NTSC\", \"PAL\" or \"SECAM\" DVD player that has one or more analog composite video output (baseband or modulated) will only produce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, from those outputs, and may only play DVDs identified with the corresponding format.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.021402835845947, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "#using a non-chroma encoded format such as RGB SCART or YPBPR component video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537503242492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "Standalone DVD players", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.531472206115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Older DVD drives use RPC-1 (\"Regional Playback Control\") firmware, which means the drive allows DVDs from any region to play. Newer drives use RPC-2 firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC-1 firmware, effectively making the drive region-free. This may void the drive warranty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.500507354736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times. If the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive's controller software, called firmware. Resetting the firmware count can be done with first- or third-party software tools, or by reflashing (see above) to RPC-1 firmware.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.222021579742432, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so-called auto-reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC-2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a drive that has never had its region code changed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13469409942627, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In common region-locked DVDs (but not in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the file \"VIDEO_TS.IFO\" (table \"VMGM_MAT\"), byte offsets 34 and 35. The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to 1 (20), Region 2 to 2 (21), Region 3 to 4 (22), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128 (27). The values of each region that the disc is not encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions 2–8 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4+16+32+64+128", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.149933338165283, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "one", "passage": "The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2 can be modified to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of modchips. Although region locked on film DVDs and film Blu-ray Discs, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are region free for video games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.92132306098938, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Region-code enforcement has been discussed as a possible violation of World Trade Organization free trade agreements or competition law. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned that DVD players that enforce region-coding may violate their Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection. The practice has also been criticized by the European Commission which as of 2001 March 14 is investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of EU competition law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.951101303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "DVD region code" } ]

[ { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water.", "precise_score": 5.174805641174316, "rough_score": 7.69474983215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "By convention, \"continents are understood to be large, continuous, discrete masses of land, ideally separated by expanses of water.\" Many of the seven most commonly recognized continents identified by convention are not discrete landmasses separated completely by water. The criterion \"large\" leads to arbitrary classification: Greenland, with a surface area of 2166086 sqkm is considered the world's largest island, while Australia, at 7617930 sqkm is deemed the smallest continent.", "precise_score": 6.172694683074951, "rough_score": 7.695328235626221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous\"continent n. 5. a.\" (1989) Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press ; \"continent1 n.\" (2006) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press; \"continent1 n.\" (2005) The New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd edition. (Ed.) Erin McKean. Oxford University Press; \"continent [2, n] 4 a\" (1996) Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. ProQuest Information and Learning ; \"continent\" (2007) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 January 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense the term continental Europe (sometimes referred to in Britain as \"the Continent\") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding islands such as Great Britain, Ireland, Malta and Iceland, and the term continent of Australia may refer to the mainland of Australia, excluding Tasmania and New Guinea. Similarly, the continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states in central North America and may include Alaska in the northwest of the continent (the two being separated by Canada), while excluding Hawaii in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371439933776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "From this perspective the edge of the continental shelf is the true edge of the continent, as shorelines vary with changes in sea level.Ollier, Cliff D. (1996). Planet Earth. In Ian Douglas (Ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Geography: The Environment and Humankind. London: Routledge, p. 30. \"Ocean waters extend onto continental rocks at continental shelves, and the true edges of the continents are the steeper continental slopes. The actual shorelines are rather accidental, depending on the height of sea-level on the sloping shelves.\" In this sense the islands of Great Britain and Ireland are part of Europe, while Australia and the island of New Guinea together form a continent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.745237350463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "The ideal criterion that each continent be a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions. Of the seven most globally recognized continents, only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by ocean. Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as \"more or less discrete masses of land\". Asia and Africa are joined by the Isthmus of Suez, and North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama. In both cases, there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water (disregarding the Suez Canal and Panama Canal, which are both narrow and shallow, as well as being man-made). Both these isthmuses are very narrow compared to the bulk of the landmasses they unite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3184587955474854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses, embracing all the contiguous land of a body, then Asia, Europe and Africa form a single continent which may be referred to as Afro-Eurasia. This produces a four-continent model consisting of Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica and Australia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4105000495910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice ages, greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming land bridges. At those times Australia–New Guinea was a single, continuous continent. Likewise the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were joined by the Bering land bridge. Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time there were just three discrete continents: Afro-Eurasia-America, Antarctica, and Australia-New Guinea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.094868659973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "* The seven-continent model is usually taught in China, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, parts of Western Europe and most English-speaking countries, including Australia and the UK ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8808040618896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "The terms Oceania or Australasia are sometimes substituted for Australia to denote a region encompassing the Australian continent and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven-continent model. For example, the Atlas of Canada names Oceania, as does the model taught in France, Italy, Greece, the Ibero-American countries (Spain, Portugal, Brazil and Hispanic America), China, and South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5577073097229, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Australia", "passage": "Europeans discovered Australia in 1606 but for some time it was taken as part of Asia. By the late 18th century some geographers considered it a continent in its own right, making it the sixth (or fifth for those still taking America as a single continent). In 1813 Samuel Butler wrote of Australia as \"New Holland, an immense island, which some geographers dignify with the appellation of another continent\" and the Oxford English Dictionary was just as equivocal some decades later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.750051498413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" } ]

[ { "answer": "Al-Qæda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda ( or; ',, translation: \"The Base\", \"The Foundation\" or \"The Fundament\" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist global organization founded in 1988. by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. It has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, the United States, Russia, India, and various other countries (see below).", "precise_score": 4.3682684898376465, "rough_score": 4.091090679168701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings. The U.S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the \"War on Terror\". With the loss of key leaders, culminating in the death of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda's operations have devolved from actions that were controlled from the top down, to actions by franchise associated groups and lone-wolf operators. Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacks and the simultaneous bombing of different targets. Activities ascribed to it may involve members of the movement who have made a pledge of loyalty to Osama bin Laden, or the much more numerous \"al-Qaeda-linked\" individuals who have undergone training in one of its camps in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences in Muslim countries, and the creation of a new caliphate ruling over the entire Muslim world. ", "precise_score": -7.116204738616943, "rough_score": -3.1851155757904053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda's management philosophy has been described as \"centralization of decision and decentralization of execution.\" It is thought that al-Qaeda's leadership, following the War on Terror, has \"become geographically isolated,\" leading to the \"emergence of decentralized leadership\" of regional groups using the al-Qaeda \"brand\". ", "precise_score": -7.5822296142578125, "rough_score": -7.9329609870910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "When asked about the possibility of al-Qaeda's connection to the July 7, 2005 London bombings in 2005, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair said: \"Al-Qaeda is not an organization. Al-Qaeda is a way of working... but this has the hallmark of that approach... al-Qaeda clearly has the ability to provide training... to provide expertise... and I think that is what has occurred here.\"", "precise_score": -7.595294952392578, "rough_score": -7.724217414855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "What exactly al-Qaeda is, or was, remains in dispute. Certainly, it has been obliged to evolve and adapt in the aftermath of 9/11 and the launch of the 'war on terror'.", "precise_score": -5.239546298980713, "rough_score": -7.994406700134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "However, author and journalist Adam Curtis argues that the idea of al-Qaeda as a formal organization is primarily an American invention. Curtis contends the name \"al-Qaeda\" was first brought to the attention of the public in the 2001 trial of bin Laden and the four men accused of the 1998 US embassy bombings in East Africa:", "precise_score": -5.079619407653809, "rough_score": -5.569052696228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term \"al-Qaeda\" to refer to the name of a group until after September 11 attacks, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it. ", "precise_score": -6.11698055267334, "rough_score": -5.025586128234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "According to Robert Cassidy, al-Qaeda controls two separate forces deployed alongside insurgents in Iraq and Pakistan. The first, numbering in the tens of thousands, was \"organized, trained, and equipped as insurgent combat forces\" in the Soviet-Afghan war. It was made up primarily of foreign mujahideen from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Many went on to fight in Bosnia and Somalia for global jihad. Another group, approximately 10,000 strong, live in Western states and have received rudimentary combat training.", "precise_score": -8.211104393005371, "rough_score": -8.115926742553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Among the first pieces of evidence of Saudi Arabia’s conspicuous support for al-Qaeda was the so-called \"Golden Chain\", a list of early al-Qaeda funders seized during a 2002 raid at the premises of the Benevolence International Foundation (BIF) in Sarajevo by Bosnian police. The hand-written list, validated by al-Qaeda defector Jamal al-Fadl, included the names of both donors and beneficiaries. Osama bin-Laden’s name appeared seven times among the beneficiaries, while 20 Saudi and Gulf-based businessmen and politicians were listed among the donors. Besides Osama bin Laden, among the most notable Saudi recipients were Adel Batterjee (founder of BIF and designated as a terror financier by the U.S. Department of the Treasury in 2004) and Wael Hamza Julaidan (U.S.-terrorist designated in 2002 as one of al-Qaeda’s founder).", "precise_score": -8.22540283203125, "rough_score": -7.653560638427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Legal proceedings from the trial \"United States vs. Enaam M. Arnaout\" also mentioned that Qatar Charity was cited by Bin Laden in 1993 as one of the charities used to channel financial support to al-Qaeda operatives overseas. The same documents also report Bin Laden’s complaint that the failed assassination attempt of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had compromised the ability of the terrorist organization to exploit charities to support terrorist operative to the extent it was capable of it before 1995.", "precise_score": -8.162216186523438, "rough_score": -6.900262832641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "It has been argued that two documents seized from the Sarajevo office of the Benevolence International Foundation prove that the name was not simply adopted by the mujahid movement and that a group called al-Qaeda was established in August 1988. Both of these documents contain minutes of meetings held to establish a new military group, and contain the term \"al-Qaeda\".. Wright indirectly quotes one of the documents, based on an exhibit from the \"Tareek Osama\" document presented in [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout].", "precise_score": 1.6244874000549316, "rough_score": -0.8262408375740051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Former British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook wrote that the word al-Qaeda should be translated as \"the database\", and originally referred to the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen militants who were recruited and trained with CIA help to defeat the Russians. In April 2002, the group assumed the name Qa'idat al-Jihad, which means \"the base of Jihad\". According to Diaa Rashwan, this was \"apparently as a result of the merger of the overseas branch of Egypt's al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamist Jihad, or EIJ) group, led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, with the groups Bin Laden brought under his control after his return to Afghanistan in the mid-1990s.\" ", "precise_score": -0.679602861404419, "rough_score": -5.552966117858887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The Afghan jihad against the pro-Soviet government (December 1979 to February 1989) developed the Salafist Jihadist movement of which Al-Qaeda was the most prominent example. ", "precise_score": -5.148355007171631, "rough_score": -6.403224945068359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The Guardian has described five distinct phases in the development of al-Qaeda: beginnings in the late 1980s, a \"wilderness\" period in 1990–96, its \"heyday\" in 1996–2001, a network period from 2001 to 2005, and a period of fragmentation from 2005 to today. ", "precise_score": -5.038759708404541, "rough_score": -6.105208873748779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The origins of al-Qaeda as a network inspiring terrorism around the world and training operatives can be traced to the Soviet War in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The US viewed the conflict in Afghanistan, with the Afghan Marxists and allied Soviet troops on one side and the native Afghan mujahideen, some of whom were radical Islamic militants, on the other, as a blatant case of Soviet expansionism and aggression.", "precise_score": -4.03339958190918, "rough_score": -3.6504573822021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Wright's research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an August 11, 1988, meeting between \"several senior leaders\" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. ", "precise_score": 3.432840585708618, "rough_score": 4.08833646774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Notes of a meeting of bin Laden and others on August 20, 1988, indicate al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time: \"basically an organized Islamic faction, its goal is to lift the word of God, to make His religion victorious.\" A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (bayat) to follow one's superiors. In his memoir, bin Laden's former bodyguard, Nasser al-Bahri, gives the only publicly available description of the ritual of giving bayat when he swore his allegiance to the al-Qaeda chief. According to Wright, the group's real name wasn't used in public pronouncements because \"its existence was still a closely held secret.\" ", "precise_score": -0.8737837076187134, "rough_score": -2.439894676208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "From around 1992 to 1996, al-Qaeda and bin Laden based themselves in Sudan at the invitation of Islamist theoretician Hassan al-Turabi. The move followed an Islamist coup d'état in Sudan, led by Colonel Omar al-Bashir, who professed a commitment to reordering Muslim political values. During this time, bin Laden assisted the Sudanese government, bought or set up various business enterprises, and established camps where insurgents trained.", "precise_score": -8.251962661743164, "rough_score": -6.3870673179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda sought to open the \"offensive phase\" of the global Salafi jihad. Bosnian Islamists in 2006 called for \"solidarity with Islamic causes around the world\", supporting the insurgents in Kashmir and Iraq as well as the groups fighting for a Palestinian state. ", "precise_score": -7.455292224884033, "rough_score": -7.632206439971924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda is Sunni, and often attacked the Iraqi Shia majority in an attempt to incite sectarian violence and greater chaos in the country. Al-Zarqawi purportedly declared an all-out war on Shiites while claiming responsibility for Shiite mosque bombings. The same month, a statement claiming to be by AQI rejected as \"fake\" a letter allegedly written by al-Zawahiri, in which he appears to question the insurgents' tactic of indiscriminately attacking Shiites in Iraq. In a December 2007 video, al-Zawahiri defended the Islamic State in Iraq, but distanced himself from the attacks against civilians committed by \"hypocrites and traitors existing among the ranks\". ", "precise_score": -9.253904342651367, "rough_score": -7.376081943511963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In February 2014, after a prolonged dispute with al-Qaeda in Iraq's successor organisation, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), al-Qaeda publicly announced it was cutting all ties with the group, reportedly for its brutality and \"notorious intractability\". ", "precise_score": -7.14505672454834, "rough_score": -6.278589248657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In December 1998, the Director of the CIA Counterterrorism Center reported to the president that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the USA, including the training of personnel to hijack aircraft. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda attacked the United States, hijacking four airliners within the country and deliberately crashing two into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the third into the western side of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth, however, failed to reach its intended target – either the United States Capitol or the White House, both located in Washington, D.C. – due to the rebellion by the passengers to retake the airliner, and instead crashed into the field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. In total, the attackers killed 2,977 victims and injured more than 6,000 others. ", "precise_score": -7.62241792678833, "rough_score": -7.869935512542725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "U.S. officials called Anwar al-Awlaki an \"example of al-Qaeda reach into\" the U.S. in 2008 after probes into his ties to the September 11 attacks hijackers. A former FBI agent identifies Awlaki as a known \"senior recruiter for al-Qaeda\", and a spiritual motivator. Awlaki's sermons in the U.S. were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers, as well as accused Fort Hood shooter Nidal Malik Hasan. U.S. intelligence intercepted emails from Hasan to Awlaki between December 2008 and early 2009. On his website, Awlaki has praised Hasan's actions in the Fort Hood shooting. ", "precise_score": -9.328088760375977, "rough_score": -7.909608364105225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "US President Barack Obama approved the targeted killing of al-Awlaki by April 2010, making al-Awlaki the first US citizen ever placed on the CIA target list. That required the consent of the U.S. National Security Council, and officials said it was appropriate for an individual who posed an imminent danger to national security. In May 2010, Faisal Shahzad, who pleaded guilty to the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt, told interrogators he was \"inspired by\" al-Awlaki, and sources said Shahzad had made contact with al-Awlaki over the internet. Representative Jane Harman called him \"terrorist number one\", and Investor's Business Daily called him \"the world's most dangerous man\". In July 2010, the US Treasury Department added him to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists, and the UN added him to its list of individuals associated with al-Qaeda. In August 2010, al-Awlaki's father initiated a lawsuit against the U.S. government with the American Civil Liberties Union, challenging its order to kill al-Awlaki. In October 2010, U.S. and U.K. officials linked al-Awlaki to the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot. In September 2011, he was killed in a targeted killing drone attack in Yemen. It was reported on March 16, 2012 that Osama bin Laden plotted to kill United States President Barack Obama.", "precise_score": -8.987539291381836, "rough_score": -7.503908634185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "On December 29, 1992, al-Qaeda's first terrorist attack took place as two bombs were detonated in Aden, Yemen. The first target was the Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel.", "precise_score": -4.3688459396362305, "rough_score": -7.169705390930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "On August 7, 1998, al-Qaeda bombed the U.S. embassies in East Africa, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, a barrage of cruise missiles launched by the U.S. military devastated an al-Qaeda base in Khost, Afghanistan, but the network's capacity was unharmed. In late 1999/2000, Al-Qaeda planned attacks to coincide with the millennium, masterminded by Abu Zubaydah and involving Abu Qatada, which would include the bombing Christian holy sites in Jordan, the bombing of Los Angeles International Airport by Ahmed Ressam, and the bombing of the .", "precise_score": -4.547685623168945, "rough_score": -5.517802715301514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda is deemed a designated terrorist group by the following countries and international organizations:", "precise_score": -4.050253391265869, "rough_score": -5.013313293457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In September 2004, the US government 9/11 Commission investigating the September 11 attacks officially concluded that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives. In October 2004, bin Laden appeared to claim responsibility for the attacks in a videotape released through Al Jazeera, saying he was inspired by Israeli attacks on high-rises in the 1982 invasion of Lebanon: \"As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressor in kind and that we should destroy towers in America in order that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children.\" ", "precise_score": -8.0499849319458, "rough_score": -2.4384396076202393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2007, around the sixth anniversary of the September 11 attacks and a couple of months before Rationalizing Jihad first appeared in the newspapers, the Saudi sheikh Salman al-Ouda delivered a personal rebuke to bin Laden. Al-Ouda, a religious scholar and one of the fathers of the Sahwa, the fundamentalist awakening movement that swept through Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, is a widely respected critic of jihadism. Al-Ouda addressed al-Qaeda's leader on television asking him", "precise_score": -7.966765403747559, "rough_score": -8.016083717346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "* Providing \"direct assistance\" to al Qaeda, including training and explosives, in orchestrating the 1998 United States embassy bombings. ", "precise_score": -7.002567768096924, "rough_score": -7.736476898193359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hezbollah" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Hezbollah condemned al-Qaeda for targeting civilians in World Trade Center, but remained silent on the attack on The Pentagon. Hezbollah also denounced the massacres in Algeria by Armed Islamic Group, Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt, and the murder of Nick Berg. ", "precise_score": -8.479549407958984, "rough_score": -7.304311752319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hezbollah" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Among the beliefs ascribed to al-Qaeda members is the conviction that a Christian–Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam. As Salafist jihadists, they believe that the killing of non-combatants is religiously sanctioned, but they ignore any aspect of religious scripture which might be interpreted as forbidding the murder of non-combatants and internecine fighting. Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as man-made laws, and wants to replace them with a strict form of sharia law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.226505279541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda has carried out many attacks on targets it considers kafir. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for instigating sectarian violence among Muslims. Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis and other sects as heretics and have attacked their mosques and gatherings. Examples of sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, the Sadr City bombings, the Ashoura massacre and the April 2007 Baghdad bombings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.070067405700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaeda's leadership. Although bin Laden still held considerable ideological sway over some Muslim extremists before his death, experts argue that al-Qaeda has fragmented over the years into a variety of regional movements that have little connection with one another. Marc Sageman, a psychiatrist and former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer, said that al-Qaeda is now just a \"loose label for a movement that seems to target the west. There is no umbrella organisation. We like to create a mythical entity called [al-Qaeda] in our minds, but that is not the reality we are dealing with.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.756452560424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qa'idah", "passage": "\"... this matter isn't about any specific person and... is not about the al-Qa'idah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, our Lord is one... and all the true believers [mu'mineen] are brothers. So the situation isn't like the West portrays it, that there is an 'organization' with a specific name (such as 'al-Qa'idah') and so on. That particular name is very old. It was born without any intention from us. Brother Abu Ubaida... created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire... So this place was called 'The Base' ['Al-Qa'idah'], as in a training base, so this name grew and became. We aren't separated from this nation. We are the children of a nation, and we are an inseparable part of it, and from those public *** which spread from the far east, from the Philippines, to Indonesia, to Malaysia, to India, to Pakistan, reaching Mauritania... and so we discuss the conscience of this nation.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53801155090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Bruce Hoffman, however, sees al-Qaeda as a cohesive network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860981941223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda has the following direct affiliates:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998457908630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.985122680664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Somalia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001084327697754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052172660827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Syria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10403060913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115630149841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012862205505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in the Malay Archipelago", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913345336914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Kurdistan ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09305477142334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in West Africa ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155513763427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07174015045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Gaza", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940767288208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "* Al Qaeda in Spain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954763412475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997404098510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda's indirect affiliates includes the following, some of which have left the organization and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.278261184692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Osama bin Laden was the most historically notable emir, or commander, and Senior Operations Chief of al-Qaeda prior to his assassination on May 1, 2011 by US forces. Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's Deputy Operations Chief prior to bin Laden's death, assumed the role of commander, according to an announcement by al-Qaeda on June 16, 2011. He replaced Saif al-Adel, who had served as interim commander. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904757499694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Bin Laden was advised by a Shura Council, which consists of senior al-Qaeda members, estimated by Western officials to consist of 20–30 people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97773265838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "Nasir al-Wuhayshi was said to have become second in command in 2013. He was the leader of Al Qaeda in Yemen until killed in a U.S. airstrike in June 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00507640838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda's network was built from scratch as a conspiratorial network that draws on leaders of all its regional nodes \"as and when necessary to serve as an integral part of its high command.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.04891300201416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* The Money/Business Committee funds the recruitment and training of operatives through the hawala banking system. U.S-led efforts to eradicate the sources of terrorist financing were most successful in the year immediately following the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda continues to operate through unregulated banks, such as the 1,000 or so hawaladars in Pakistan, some of which can handle deals of up to $10 million. It also provides air tickets and false passports, pays al-Qaeda members, and oversees profit-driven businesses.Businesses are run from below, with the council only being consulted on new proposals and collecting funds.See:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.247989654541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* . In the 9/11 Commission Report, it was estimated that al-Qaeda required $30 million-per-year to conduct its operations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53691291809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* In 2005, al-Qaeda formed As-Sahab, a media production house, to supply its video and audio materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772067070007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "On August 13, 2005, however, The Independent newspaper, quoting police and MI5 investigations, reported that the July 7 bombers had acted independently of an al-Qaeda terror mastermind someplace abroad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.550859451293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "There were selective portions of al-Fadl's testimony that I believe was false, to help support the picture that he helped the Americans join together. I think he lied in a number of specific testimony about a unified image of what this organization was. It made al-Qaeda the new Mafia or the new Communists. It made them identifiable as a group and therefore made it easier to prosecute any person associated with al-Qaeda for any acts or statements made by bin Laden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.730149269104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, is largely unknown. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden compound in 2011, show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170. In 2006, it was estimated that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries. , it was believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13594913482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "According to the award-winning 2004 BBC documentary The Power of Nightmares, al-Qaeda was so weakly linked together that it was hard to say it existed apart from bin Laden and a small clique of close associates. The lack of any significant numbers of convicted al-Qaeda members, despite a large number of arrests on terrorism charges, was cited by the documentary as a reason to doubt whether a widespread entity that met the description of al-Qaeda existed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32630729675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Other analysts have described al-Qaeda's rank and file as being \"predominantly Arab,\" in its first years of operation, and now also includes \"other peoples\" . It has been estimated that 62% of al-Qaeda members have university education. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.190569877624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Some financing for al-Qaeda in the 1990s came from the personal wealth of Osama bin Laden. Other sources of income in 2001 included the heroin trade and donations from supporters in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic countries. A WikiLeaks released memo from the United States Secretary of State sent in 2009 asserted that the primary source of funding of Sunni terrorist groups worldwide was Saudi Arabia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.163873672485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The most prominent Saudi figures among the donors included Saudi billionaire Saleh Kamel (CEO of Dallah Al-Baraka, accused of funding and supporting al-Qaeda operations), Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi (funder of SAAR Foundation, shut down within the framework of Operation Green Quest, and CEO of al-Rajhi Bank, investigated several times by U.S. authorities for its role in financing terrorism and al-Qaeda especially), and Ahmad Turki Yamani (son of former Saudi chief of Justice and former Saudi Minister of Petroleum). Saleh Kamel’s case in particular reinforces Saudi Arabia’s role as sponsor of al-Qaeda. For years, Omar al-Bayoumi, an associate of Khalid Almihdhar and Nawaf Alhazmi, two 9/11 highjackers, received a stipend from al-Baraka, the financial group kamel directed. Kamel invested for several years in a Sudanese bank that held accounts under the names of senior al-Qaeda affiliates. According to the Wall Street Journal, the Jidda-based al-Baraka Bank, one of the biggest subsidiaries of the financial group, was also suspected of providing banking services to al-Qaeda operatives. In general, the documents seized during the 2002 Bosnia raid pointed out that al-Qaeda widely exploited charities to channel financial and material support to its operatives across the globe. This was the case, for instance, with the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO) and the Muslim World League (MWL). The former had solid ties with al-Qaeda associates worldwide, including al-Qaeda’s deputy Ayman al Zawahiri’s brother working for IIRO in Albania who had actively recruited on behalf of al-Qaeda and involved several Egyptian Islamic Jihad members in IIRO activities. The latter was openly identified by al-Qaeda’s leader as one of the three charities al-Qaeda primarily relied upon for funding sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07193660736084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qa'ida", "passage": "Qatar has provided financial support to al-Qaeda as well. On December 18, 2013 the U.S. Treasury designated Abd Al-Rahman al-Nuaimi, a Qatari citizen close to the al-Thani family and a human rights activist who founded the Swiss-based NGO Alkarama, as a global terrorist for his activities in support to al-Qaeda. The U.S. Treasury claimed that Nuaimi, currently enjoying impunity in Qatar, \"has facilitated significant financial support to al-Qa'ida in Iraq, and served as an interlocutor between al-Qa'ida in Iraq leaders and Qatar-based donors.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.682077407836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Nuaimi was also accused of overseeing a $2 million monthly transfer to al-Qaeda in Iraq for a period of time as part of his role as mediator between Iraq-based al-Qaeda senior officers and Qatari citizens. He also allegedly entertained relationships with Abu-Khalid al-Suri, al-Qaeda’s top envoy in Syria, who processed a $600,000 transfer to al-Qaeda in 2013. Moreover, Nuaimi is known to be associated with Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman al-Humayqani, a Yemeni politician and founding member of Alkarama listed as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) by the U.S. Treasury in 2013. The U.S. authorities claimed that Humayqani exploited his role in Alkarama to fundraise on behalf of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). A prominent figure among AQAP ranks, he was also reported to have facilitated the flow of funding to AQAP affiliates based in Yemen. Nuaimi was accused of investing funds in the charity directed by Humayqani to ultimately fund AQAP. About ten months after being sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury, Nuaimi was also restrained from doing business in the UK. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.110883712768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Another Qatari citizen, Kalifa Mohammed Turki Subayi, was sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury on June 5, 2008 for his activities as a “Gulf-based al-Qaeda financier.”(10) Subayi’s name was added to the UN Security Council’s Sanctions List in 2008 upon charges of providing financial and material support to al-Qaeda senior leadership. Subayi allegedly moved al-Qaeda recruits to South Asia-based training camps. He also supported financially Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a Pakistani national and senior al-Qaeda officer who is believed to be the mastermind behind the September 11 attack according to the 9/11 Commission Report. Besides the activities of key facilitators, Qatar’s financial support to al-Qaeda has been channeled through Qatar’s largest NGO, the Qatar Charitable Society currently known as Qatar Charity. Al-Qaeda defector al-Fadl, who was also a former member of Qatar Charity, testified in court that Abdullah Mohammed Yusef, who served as Qatar Charity’s director, was affiliated to al-Qaeda and simultaneously to the National Islamic Front, a political group that gave al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden harbor in Sudan in the early 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.129515647888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Qatar Charity’s track record of terror financing includes support to al-Qaeda terrorists in Chechnya, an accusation publicly denied by Hamad bin Nasser al-Thani. In 1999 Qatar Charity supposedly funneled money to Chechnya-based al-Qaeda affiliates. Furthermore, Qatar Charity is among the NGOs allegedly channelling funds to Ansar Dine in North Mali, a piece of information confirmed by French military intelligence reports dating back to France’s intervention in the country in early 2013. The terrorist group has long been suspected of having ties with al-Qaeda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.572786331176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Today, Qatar’s enduring financing of al-Qaeda’s enterprises mostly benefits al-Qaeda’s affiliate in Syria Jabhat al-Nusra and is channeled primarily through kidnapping for ransom. The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF) reported that the Gulf country has thus funded al-Nusra since 2013. Al-Awsat estimated that Qatar disbursed $25 million in support of al-Nusra through kidnapping for ransom. In addition to this strategy, Qatar has also launched fundraising campaigns on behalf of al-Nusra. The Washington Post reporter Joby Warrick wrote in December 2013 that al-Nusra acknowledged a Qatar-sponsored campaign (\"Madid [sic] Ahl al-Sham\") \"as one of the preferred conduits for donations intended for the group.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.447274208068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "On March 11, 2005, Al-Quds Al-Arabi published extracts from Saif al-Adel's document \"Al Qaeda's Strategy to the Year 2020\". Abdel Bari Atwan summarizes this strategy as comprising five stages to rid the Ummah from all forms of oppression:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.607952117919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# Convert al-Qaeda into an ideology and set of operating principles that can be loosely franchised in other countries without requiring direct command and control, and via these franchises incite attacks against the US and countries allied with the US until they withdraw from the conflict, as happened with the 2004 Madrid train bombings, but which did not have the same effect with the July 7, 2005 London bombings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82423210144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# The US economy will finally collapse by the year 2020, under the strain of multiple engagements in numerous places, making the worldwide economic system, which is dependent on the U.S., also collapse, leading to global political instability, which in turn leads to a global jihad led by al-Qaeda, and a Wahhabi Caliphate will then be installed across the world, following the collapse of the U.S. and the rest of the Western world countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.173599243164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "According to Fouad Hussein, a Jordanian journalist and author who has spent time in prison with Al-Zarqawi, Al Qaeda's strategy plan consists of 7 phases and is similar to the plan described in Al Qaeda's Strategy to the year 2020: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335936546325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# Opening Eyes This phase was supposed to last from 2003 to 2006. The goal of this phase was to recruit young men to the cause and to transform the al-Qaeda group into a movement. Iraq was supposed to become the center of all operations with financial and military support for bases in other states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.337528228759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# Arising and Standing up, was supposed to last from 2007 to 2010. In this phase, al-Qaeda wanted to execute additional attacks and focus their attention on Syria. Hussein believed that other countries in the Arabian Peninsula were also in danger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526626586914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# In the fourth phase, al-Qaeda expected a steady growth among their ranks and territories due to the declining power of the regimes in the Arabian Peninsula. The main focus of attack in this phase was supposed to be on oil suppliers and Cyberterrorism, targeting the US economy and military infrastructure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348355293273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "# The fifth phase is the declaration of an Islamic Caliphate, which was projected between 2013 and 2016. In this phase, al-Qaeda expected the resistance from Israel to be heavily reduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451936721801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "El-Qaida", "passage": "In Arabic, al-Qaeda has four syllables (', or). However, since two of the Arabic consonants in the name (the voiceless uvular plosive and the voiced pharyngeal fricative) are not phones found in the English language, the common naturalized English pronunciations include, and. Al-Qaeda's name can also be transliterated as al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida, or el-Qaida. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.220561981201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.088531494140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The radical Islamist movement in general and al-Qaeda in particular developed during the Islamic revival and Islamist movement of the last three decades of the 20th century, along with less extreme movements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.189408302307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Some have argued that \"without the writings\" of Islamic author and thinker Sayyid Qutb, \"al-Qaeda would not have existed.\" In the 1950s-60s, Qutb preached that because of the lack of sharia law, the Muslim world was no longer Muslim, having reverted to pre-Islamic ignorance known as jahiliyyah. To restore Islam, he said a vanguard movement of righteous Muslims was needed to establish \"true Islamic states\", implement sharia, and rid the Muslim world of any non-Muslim influences, such as concepts like socialism and nationalism. Enemies of Islam in Qutb's view included \"treacherous Orientalists\" and \"world Jewry,\" who plotted \"conspiracies\" and \"wicked[ly]\" opposed Islam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.88672161102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Qutb had an even greater influence on bin Laden's mentor and another leading member of al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri. Zawahiri's uncle and maternal family patriarch, Mafouz Azzam, was Qutb's student, then protégé, then personal lawyer, and finally executor of his estate—one of the last people to see Qutb before his execution. \"Young Ayman al-Zawahiri heard again and again from his beloved uncle Mahfouz about the purity of Qutb's character and the torment he had endured in prison.\" Zawahiri paid homage to Qutb in his work Knights under the Prophet's Banner. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940727233886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "From 1986, MAK began to set up a network of recruiting offices in the US, the hub of which was the Al Kifah Refugee Center at the Farouq Mosque on Brooklyn's Atlantic Avenue. Among notable figures at the Brooklyn center were \"double agent\" Ali Mohamed, whom FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called \"bin Laden's first trainer,\" and \"Blind Sheikh\" Omar Abdel-Rahman, a leading recruiter of mujahideen for Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda evolved from MAK. Azzam and bin Laden began to establish camps in Afghanistan in 1987. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.075925827026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Toward the end of the Soviet military mission in Afghanistan, some foreign mujahideen wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Palestine and Kashmir. A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed, to further those aspirations. One of these was the organization that would eventually be called al-Qaeda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.647978782653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Zawahiri and the EIJ, who served as the core of al-Qaeda but also engaged in separate operations against the Egyptian government, had bad luck in Sudan. In 1993, a young schoolgirl was killed in an unsuccessful EIJ attempt on the life of the Egyptian prime minister, Atef Sedki. Egyptian public opinion turned against Islamist bombings, and the police arrested 280 of al-Jihad's members and executed 6. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58266544342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "According to Ahmed Rashid, five leaders of the Taliban were graduates of Darul Uloom Haqqania, a madrassa in the small town of Akora Khattak. The town is situated near Peshawar in Pakistan, but largely attended by Afghan refugees. This institution reflected Salafi beliefs in its teachings, and much of its funding came from private donations from wealthy Arabs. Bin Laden's contacts were still laundering most of these donations, using \"unscrupulous\" Islamic banks to transfer the money to an \"array\" of charities which serve as front groups for al-Qaeda, or transporting cash-filled suitcases straight into Pakistan. Another four of the Taliban's leaders attended a similarly funded and influenced madrassa in Kandahar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479369163513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "After the Sudanese made it clear, in May 1996, that bin Laden would never be welcome to return, Taliban-controlled Afghanistan—with previously established connections between the groups, administered with a shared militancy, and largely isolated from American political influence and military power—provided a perfect location for al-Qaeda to relocate its headquarters. Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and a measure of legitimacy as part of their Ministry of Defense, although only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.665639877319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "While in Afghanistan, the Taliban government tasked al-Qaeda with the training of Brigade 055, an elite part of the Taliban's army from 1997–2001. The Brigade was made up of mostly foreign fighters, many veterans from the Soviet Invasion, and all under the same basic ideology of the mujahideen. In November 2001, as Operation Enduring Freedom had toppled the Taliban government, many Brigade 055 fighters were captured or killed, and those that survived were thought to head into Pakistan along with bin Laden. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.602155685424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "By the end of 2008, some sources reported that the Taliban had severed any remaining ties with al-Qaeda, while others cast doubt on this. According to senior US military intelligence officials, there were fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remaining in Afghanistan in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784064292907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Around 1994, the Salafi groups waging Salafi jihadism in Bosnia entered into a seemingly irreversible decline. As they grew less and less aggressive, groups such as EIJ began to drift away from the Salafi cause in Europe. Al-Qaeda stepped in and assumed control of around 80% of the terrorist cells in Bosnia in late 1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371236801147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "At the same time, al-Qaeda ideologues instructed the network's recruiters to look for Jihadi international Muslims who believed that extremist-jihad must be fought on a global level. The concept of a \"global Salafi jihad\" had been around since at least the early 1980s. Several groups had formed for the explicit purpose of driving non-Muslims out of every Muslim land at the same time and with maximum carnage. This was, however, a fundamentally defensive strategy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.817975044250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 1996, al-Qaeda announced its jihad to expel foreign troops and interests from what they considered Islamic lands. Bin Laden issued a fatwa (binding religious edict), which amounted to a public declaration of war against the US and its allies, and began to refocus al-Qaeda's resources on large-scale, propagandist strikes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.54443073272705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "US and Iraqi officials accused AQI of trying to slide Iraq into a full-scale civil war between Iraq's majority Shiites and minority Sunni Arabs, with an orchestrated campaign of civilian massacres and a number of provocative attacks against high-profile religious targets. With attacks such as the 2003 Imam Ali Mosque bombing, the 2004 Day of Ashura and Karbala and Najaf bombings, the 2006 first al-Askari Mosque bombing in Samarra, the deadly single-day series of bombings in which at least 215 people were killed in Baghdad's Shiite district of Sadr City, and the second al-Askari bombing in 2007, they provoked Shiite militias to unleash a wave of retaliatory attacks, resulting in death squad-style killings and spiraling further sectarian violence which escalated in 2006 and brought Iraq to the brink of violent anarchy in 2007. In 2008, sectarian bombings blamed on al-Qaeda in Iraq killed at least 42 people at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala in March, and at least 51 people at a bus stop in Baghdad in June.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.073323249816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In Somalia, al-Qaeda agents had been collaborating closely with its Somali wing, which was created from the al-Shabaab group. In February 2012, al-Shabaab officially joined al-Qaeda, declaring loyalty in a joint video. The Somalian al-Qaeda actively recruit children for suicide-bomber training, and export young people to participate in military actions against Americans at the AfPak border. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.116191864013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The percentage of terrorist attacks in the West originating from the Afghanistan-Pakistan (AfPak) border declined considerably from almost 100% to 75% in 2007, and to 50% in 2010, as al-Qaeda shifted to Somalia and Yemen. While al-Qaeda leaders are hiding in the tribal areas along the AfPak border, the middle-tier of the movement display heightened activity in Somalia and Yemen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.38739013671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In January 2009, al-Qaeda's division in Saudi Arabia merged with its Yemeni wing to form al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Centered in Yemen, the group takes advantage of the country's poor economy, demography and domestic security. In August 2009, they made the first assassination attempt against a member of the Saudi royal dynasty in decades. President Obama asked his Yemen counterpart Ali Abdullah Saleh to ensure closer cooperation with the US in the struggle against the growing activity of al-Qaeda in Yemen, and promised to send additional aid. Because of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US was unable to pay sufficient attention to Somalia and Yemen, which could cause problems in the near future. In December 2011, US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta said that the US operations against al-Qaeda \"are now concentrating on key groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa.\" Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility for the 2009 bombing attack on Northwest Airlines Flight 253 by Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab. The group released photos of Abdulmutallab smiling in a white shirt and white Islamic skullcap, with the al-Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula banner in the background. The AQAP declared the Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen in 31 of March 2011 after capturing the most of the Abyan Governorate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.163984298706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": "As the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen escalated in July 2015, The Guardian wrote: \"As another 50 civilians die in the forgotten war, only Isis and al-Qaida are gaining from a conflict tearing Yemen apart and leaving 20 million people in need of aid.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.551666259765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2003, President Bashar al-Assad revealed in an interview with a Kuwaiti newspaper that he doubted al-Qaeda even existed. He was quoted as saying, \"Is there really an entity called al-Qaeda? Was it in Afghanistan? Does it exist now?\" He went on further to remark about bin Laden commenting, he \"cannot talk on the phone or use the Internet, but he can direct communications to the four corners of the world? This is illogical.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.009214401245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Following the mass protests that took place later in 2011 demanding the resignation of al-Assad, al-Qaeda affiliated groups and Sunni sympathizers soon began to constitute the most effective fighting force in the Syrian opposition. Until then, al-Qaeda's presence in Syria was not worth mentioning, but its growth thereafter was rapid. Groups such as the al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS; sometimes ISIL) have recruited many foreign Mujahideen to train and fight in what has gradually become a highly sectarian war. Ideologically, the Syrian Civil War has served the interests of al-Qaeda as it pits a mainly Sunni opposition against a Shia backed government. Viewing Shia Islam as heretical, al-Qaeda and other fundamentalist Sunni militant groups have invested heavily in the civil conflict, actively backing and supporting the Syrian Opposition despite its clashes with moderate opposition groups such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.032877922058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "On February 2, 2014, al-Qaeda distanced itself from ISIS and its actions in Syria, but ISIS and al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front are still able to occasionally cooperate with each other when they fight against the Syrian government. The Saudi/Turkish-backed al-Nusra launched many attacks and bombings, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government. In October 2015, Russian air strikes targeted positions held by al-Nusra Front. In early 2016, a leading ISIL ideologue described al-Qaeda as the \"Jews of jihad\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.197432518005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": "In September 2014 al-Zawahiri announced al-Qaeda was establishing a front in India to \"wage jihad against its enemies, to liberate its land, to restore its sovereignty, and to revive its Caliphate.\" He nominated India as a beachhead for regional jihad taking in neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Bangladesh. The motivation for the video was questioned in some quarters where it was seen the militant group was struggling to remain relevant in light of the emerging prominence of ISIS. Reaction amongst Muslims in India to the formation of the new wing, to be known as \"Qaedat al-Jihad fi'shibhi al-qarrat al-Hindiya\" or al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent [AQIS], was one of fury. Leaders of several Indian Muslim organizations rejected al-Zawahiri's pronouncement, saying they could see no good coming from it, and viewed it as a threat to Muslim youth in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.493825912475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda has carried out a total of six major terrorist attacks, four of them in its jihad against America. In each case the leadership planned the attack years in advance, arranging for the shipment of weapons and explosives and using its privatized businesses to provide operatives with safehouses and false identities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.292552947998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda usually does not disburse funds for attacks, and very rarely makes wire transfers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031641006469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The bombings were an attempt to eliminate American soldiers on their way to Somalia to take part in the international famine relief effort, Operation Restore Hope. Internally, al-Qaeda considered the bombing a victory that frightened the Americans away, but in the US, the attack was barely noticed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.033844947814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "No Americans were killed because the soldiers were staying in a different hotel altogether, and they went on to Somalia as scheduled. However, two people were killed in the bombing, an Australian tourist and a Yemeni hotel worker. Seven others, mostly Yemenis, were severely injured.. Two fatwas are said to have been appointed by the most theologically knowledgeable of al-Qaeda's members, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, to justify the killings according to Islamic law. Salim referred to a famous fatwa appointed by Ibn Taymiyyah, a 13th-century scholar much admired by Wahhabis, which sanctioned resistance by any means during the Mongol invasions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31375789642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "On October 12, 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen bombed the missile destroyer USS Cole in a suicide attack, killing 17 U.S. servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the U.S. itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.508447647094727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The attacks were conducted by al-Qaeda, acting in accord with the 1998 fatwa issued against the U.S. and its allies by persons under the command of bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, and others. Evidence points to suicide squads led by al-Qaeda military commander Mohamed Atta as the culprits of the attacks, with bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Hambali as the key planners and part of the political and military command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021203994750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Evidence has since come to light that the original targets for the attack may have been nuclear power stations on the east coast of the U.S. The targets were later altered by al-Qaeda, as it was feared that such an attack \"might get out of hand\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.741227149963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "* Turkey designated Al-Qaeda's Turkish branch ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224443435668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the US government responded militarily, and began to prepare its armed forces to overthrow the Taliban regime it believed was harboring al-Qaeda. Before the US attacked, it offered Taliban leader Mullah Omar a chance to surrender bin Laden and his top associates. The first forces to be inserted into Afghanistan were Paramilitary Officers from the CIA's elite Special Activities Division (SAD).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879777908325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "As a result of the US using its special forces and providing air support for the Northern Alliance ground forces, both Taliban and al-Qaeda training camps were destroyed, and much of the operating structure of al-Qaeda is believed to have been disrupted. After being driven from their key positions in the Tora Bora area of Afghanistan, many al-Qaeda fighters tried to regroup in the rugged Gardez region of the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.367391586303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Again, under the cover of intense aerial bombardment, US infantry and local Afghan forces attacked, shattering the al-Qaeda position and killing or capturing many of the militants. By early 2002, al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow to its operational capacity, and the Afghan invasion appeared an initial success. Nevertheless, a significant Taliban insurgency remains in Afghanistan, and al-Qaeda's top two leaders, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri, evaded capture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.718047142028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Debate raged about the exact nature of al-Qaeda's role in the 9/11 attacks, and after the US invasion began, the US State Department also released a videotape showing bin Laden speaking with a small group of associates somewhere in Afghanistan shortly before the Taliban was removed from power. Although its authenticity has been questioned by a couple of people, the tape definitively implicates bin Laden and al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks and was aired on many television channels all over the world, with an accompanying English translation provided by the U.S. Defense Department. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.833555221557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": "By the end of 2004, the U.S. government proclaimed that two-thirds of the most senior al-Qaeda figures from 2001 had been captured and interrogated by the CIA: Abu Zubaydah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in 2002; Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in 2003; and Saif al Islam el Masry in 2004. Mohammed Atef and several others were killed. The West was criticised for not being able to comprehend or deal with Al-Qaida despite more than a decade of the war. This also meant no progress has been made in global state security. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948352813720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda involvement in Africa has included a number of bombing attacks in North Africa, as well as supporting parties in civil wars in Eritrea and Somalia. From 1991 to 1996, bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders were based in Sudan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2249174118042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "Islamist rebels in the Sahara calling themselves al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb have stepped up their violence in recent years. French officials say the rebels have no real links to the al-Qaeda leadership, but this is a matter of some dispute in the international press and amongst security analysts. It seems likely that bin Laden approved the group's name in late 2006, and the rebels \"took on the al Qaeda franchise label\", almost a year before the violence began to escalate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.240520477294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In Mali, the Ansar Dine faction was also reported as an ally of Al-Qaeda in 2013. The Ansar al Dine faction aligned themselves with the AQIM. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940011024475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Following the Libyan Civil War, the removal of Gaddafi and the ensuing period of post-civil war violence in Libya allowed various Islamist militant groups affiliated with Al-Qaeda to expand their operations in the region. The 2012 Benghazi attack, which resulted in the death of US Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and 3 other Americans, is suspected of having been carried out by various Jihadist networks, such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Ansar al-Sharia and several other Al-Qaeda affiliated groups. The capture of Nazih Abdul-Hamed al-Ruqai, a senior Al-Qaeda operative wanted by the United States for his involvement in the 1998 United States embassy bombings, on October 5, 2013 by US Navy Seals, FBI and CIA agents illustrates the importance the US and other Western allies have placed on North Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.149951934814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "Prior to the September 11 attacks, Al-Qaeda was present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its members were mostly former veterans of the El Mudžahid detachment of the Bosnian Muslim Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three members of al Qaeda carried out the Mostar car bombing in 1997. They were closely linked to and financed by the Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina founed by then-prince King Salman of Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.091445922851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Before the 9/11 attacks and the US invasion of Afghanistan, recruits at Al-Qaeda training camps who had Western backgrounds were especially sought after by Al-Qaeda's military wing for conducting operations overseas. Language skills and knowledge of Western culture were generally found among recruits from Europe, such was the case with Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian national studying in Germany at the time of his training, and other members of the Hamburg Cell. Osama bin Laden and Mohammed Atef would later designate Atta as the ringleader of the 9/11 hijackers. Following the attacks, Western intelligence agencies determined that Al-Qaeda cells operating in Europe had aided the hijackers with financing and communications with the central leadership based in Afghanistan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.756380081176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2003, Islamists carried out a series of bombings in Istanbul killing fifty-seven people and injuring seven hundred. Seventy-four people were charged by the Turkish authorities. Some had previously met bin Laden, and though they specifically declined to pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda they asked for its blessing and help. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.218066215515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2009, three Londoners, Tanvir Hussain, Assad Sarwar and Ahmed Abdullah Ali, were convicted of conspiring to detonate bombs disguised as soft drinks on seven airplanes bound for Canada and the U.S. The massively complex police and MI5 investigation of the plot involved more than a year of surveillance work conducted by over two hundred officers. British and U.S. officials said the plot—unlike many similar homegrown European Islamic militant plots—was directly linked to al-Qaeda and guided by senior al-Qaeda members in Pakistan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412169456481934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2012, Russian Intelligence indicated that al-Qaeda had given a call for \"forest jihad\" and has been starting massive forest fires as part of a strategy of \"thousand cuts\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387489318847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "Following Yemeni unification in 1990, Wahhabi networks began moving missionaries into the country in an effort to subvert the capitalist north. Although it is unlikely bin Laden or Saudi al-Qaeda were directly involved, the personal connections they made would be established over the next decade and used in the USS Cole bombing. Concerns grow over Al Qaeda's group in Yemen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35245132446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": "In Iraq, al-Qaeda forces loosely associated with the leadership were embedded in the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad group commanded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Specializing in suicide operations, they have been a \"key driver\" of the Sunni insurgency. Although they played a small part in the overall insurgency, between 30% and 42% of all suicide bombings which took place in the early years were claimed by Zarqawi's group. Reports have indicated that oversights such as the failure to control access to the Qa'qaa munitions factory in Yusufiyah have allowed large quantities of munitions to fall into the hands of al-Qaida. In November 2010, the Islamic State of Iraq militant group, which is linked to al-Qaeda in Iraq, threatened to \"exterminate Iraqi Christians\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68397045135498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Significantly, it was not until the late 1990s that al-Qaeda began training Palestinians. This is not to suggest that resistance fighters are underrepresented in the network as a number of Palestinians, mostly coming from Jordan, wanted to join and have risen to serve high-profile roles in Afghanistan. Rather, large groups such as Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad—which cooperate with al-Qaeda in many respects—have had difficulties accepting a strategic alliance, fearing that al-Qaeda will co-opt their smaller cells. This may have changed recently, as Israeli security and intelligence services believe al-Qaeda has managed to infiltrate operatives from the Occupied Territories into Israel, and is waiting for the right time to mount an attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107728004455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": ", Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey are openly supporting the Army of Conquest,\"[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx Gulf allies and ‘Army of Conquest’]\". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015. an umbrella rebel group fighting in the Syrian Civil War against the Syrian government that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615976333618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "Bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri consider India to be a part of the 'Crusader-Zionist-Hindu' conspiracy against the Islamic world. According to the 2005 report 'Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment' by Congressional Research Service, bin Laden was involved in training militants for Jihad in Kashmir while living in Sudan in the early nineties. By 2001, Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had become a part of the al-Qaeda coalition. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees al-Qaeda was thought to have established bases in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (in Azad Kashmir, and to some extent in Gilgit–Baltistan) during the 1999 Kargil War and continued to operate there with tacit approval of Pakistan's Intelligence services. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.588363647460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Many of the militants active in Kashmir were trained in the same Madrasahs as Taliban and al-Qaeda. Fazlur Rehman Khalil of Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was a signatory of al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of Jihad against America and its allies.[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9135/ Kashmir Militant Extremists], Council on Foreign Relations, July 9, 2009 In a 'Letter to American People' written by bin Laden in 2002 he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support to India on the Kashmir issue. In November 2001, Kathmandu airport went on high alert after threats that bin Laden planned to hijack a plane from there and crash it into a target in New Delhi. In 2002, US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, on a trip to Delhi, suggested that al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir though he did not have any hard evidence. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/13/1023864326179.html Rumsfeld offers US technology to guard Kashmir border], The Sydney Morning Herald, June 14, 2002 He proposed hi tech ground sensors along the line of control to prevent militants from infiltrating into Indian administered Kashmir.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.625507354736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence In 2002, a special team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian Administered Kashmir to hunt for bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen which had previously been responsible for 1995 Kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir. Britain's highest ranking al-Qaeda operative Rangzieb Ahmed had previously fought in Kashmir with the group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and spent time in Indian prison after being captured in Kashmir. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315032958984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "US officials believe that al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India, thereby relieving pressure on al-Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan. In 2006 al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this has worried the Indian government. However the Indian Army Lt. Gen. H.S. Panag, GOC-in-C Northern Command, said to reporters that the army has ruled out the presence of al-Qaeda in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir; furthermore he said that there is nothing that can verify reports from the media of al-Qaeda presence in the state. He however stated that al-Qaeda had strong ties with Kashmiri militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed based in Pakistan. It has been noted that Waziristan has now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants fighting NATO in support of al-Qaeda and Taliban. Dhiren Barot, who wrote the Army of Madinah in Kashmir and was an al-Qaeda operative convicted for involvement in the 2004 financial buildings plot, had received training in weapons and explosives at a militant training camp in Kashmir. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334165573120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Maulana Masood Azhar, the founder of another Kashmiri group Jaish-e-Mohammed, is believed to have met bin Laden several times and received funding from him. In 2002, Jaish-e-Mohammed organized the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl in an operation run in conjunction with al-Qaeda and funded by bin Laden. According to American counter-terrorism expert Bruce Riedel, al-Qaeda and Taliban were closely involved in the 1999 hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 to Kandahar which led to the release of Maulana Masood Azhar & Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh from an Indian prison in exchange for the passengers. This hijacking, Riedel stated, was rightly described by then Indian Foreign minister Jaswant Singh as a 'dress rehearsal' for September 11 attacks. Bin Laden personally welcomed Azhar and threw a lavish party in his honor after his release, according to Abu Jandal, bodyguard of bin Laden. Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, who had been in Indian prison for his role in 1994 kidnappings of Western tourists in India, went on to murder Daniel Pearl and was sentenced to death by Pakistan. Al-Qaeda operative Rashid Rauf, who was one of the accused in 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, was related to Maulana Masood Azhar by marriage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.810136795043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Kashmiri militant group which is thought to be behind 2008 Mumbai attacks, is also known to have strong ties to senior al-Qaeda leaders living in Pakistan. In Late 2002, top al-Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah was arrested while being sheltered by Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safe house in Faisalabad.[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122834970727777709.html Lashkar-e-Taiba Served as Gateway for Western Converts Turning to Jihad], The Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2008 The FBI believes that al-Qaeda and Lashkar have been 'intertwined' for a long time while the CIA has said that al-Qaeda funds Lashkar-e-Taiba. French investigating magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière, who was the top French counter-terrorism official, told Reuters in 2009 that 'Lashkar-e-Taiba is no longer a Pakistani movement with only a Kashmir political or military agenda. Lashkar-e-Taiba is a member of al-Qaeda.' ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97039794921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In a video released in 2008, senior al-Qaeda operative American-born Adam Yahiye Gadahn stated that \"victory in Kashmir has been delayed for years; it is the liberation of the jihad there from this interference which, Allah willing, will be the first step towards victory over the Hindu occupiers of that Islam land.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463884353637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In September 2009, a US drone strike reportedly killed Ilyas Kashmiri who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel as a 'prominent' al-Qaeda member while others have described him as head of military operations for al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was also charged by the US in a plot against Jyllands-Posten, the Danish newspaper which was at the center of Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. US officials also believe that Kashmiri was involved in the Camp Chapman attack against the CIA. In January 2010, Indian authorities notified Britain of an al-Qaeda plot to hijack an Indian airlines or Air India plane and crash it into a British city. This information was uncovered from interrogation of Amjad Khwaja, an operative of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, who had been arrested in India. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.211240768432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In January 2010, US Defense secretary Robert Gates, while on a visit to Pakistan, stated that al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675257682800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Timothy L. Thomas claims that in the wake of its evacuation from Afghanistan, al-Qaeda and its successors have migrated online to escape detection in an atmosphere of increased international vigilance. As a result, the group's use of the Internet has grown more sophisticated, encompassing financing, recruitment, networking, mobilization, publicity, as well as information dissemination, gathering and sharing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503767967224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Abu Ayyub al-Masri's al-Qaeda movement in Iraq regularly releases short videos glorifying the activity of jihadist suicide bombers. In addition, both before and after the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq), the umbrella organization to which al-Qaeda in Iraq belongs, the Mujahideen Shura Council, has a regular presence on the Web.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.200307846069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The range of multimedia content includes guerrilla training clips, stills of victims about to be murdered, testimonials of suicide bombers, and videos that show participation in jihad through stylized portraits of mosques and musical scores. A website associated with al-Qaeda posted a video of captured American entrepreneur Nick Berg being decapitated in Iraq. Other decapitation videos and pictures, including those of Paul Johnson, Kim Sun-il, and Daniel Pearl, were first posted on jihadist websites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405261039733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda turned to the Internet for release of its videos in order to be certain it would be available unedited, rather than risk the possibility of al Jazeera editors editing the videos and cutting out anything critical of the Saudi royal family. Bin Laden's December 2004 message was much more vehement than usual in this speech, lasting over an hour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048625946044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In the past, Alneda.com and Jehad.net were perhaps the most significant al-Qaeda websites. Alneda was initially taken down by American Jon Messner, but the operators resisted by shifting the site to various servers and strategically shifting content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954253196716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The US charged a British information technology specialist, Babar Ahmad, on terrorism charges related to his operating a network of English-language al-Qaeda websites, such as Azzam.com. He was convicted and sentenced to 12-and-a-half years in prison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.281490325927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2007, al-Qaeda released Mujahedeen Secrets, encryption software used for online and cellular communications. A later version, Mujahideen Secrets 2, was released in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986660957336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Al-Qaeda is believed to be operating a clandestine aviation network including \"several Boeing 727 aircraft\", turboprops and executive jets, according to a 2010 Reuters story. Based on a U.S. Department of Homeland Security report, the story said that al-Qaeda is possibly using aircraft to transport drugs and weapons from South America to various unstable countries in West Africa. A Boeing 727 can carry up to 10 tons of cargo. The drugs eventually are smuggled to Europe for distribution and sale, and the weapons are used in conflicts in Africa and possibly elsewhere. Gunmen with links to al-Qaeda have been increasingly kidnapping some Europeans for ransom. The profits from the drug and weapon sales, and kidnappings can, in turn, fund more militant activities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.932353019714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "The following is a list of military conflicts in which Al-Qaeda and its direct affiliates have taken part militarily.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010528564453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": " Experts debate whether or not the al-Qaeda attacks were an indirect result from the American CIA's \"Operation Cyclone\" program to help the Afghan mujahideen. Robin Cook, British Foreign Secretary from 1997 to 2001, has written that al-Qaeda and bin Laden were \"a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies\", and that \"Al-Qaida, literally 'the database', was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.701004028320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-Qaid", "passage": "Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, was inspired by al-Qaeda, calling it \"the most successful revolutionary movement in the world.\" While admitting different aims, he sought to \"create a European version of al-Qaida.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354548454284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "According to a number of sources there has been a \"wave of revulsion\" against al-Qaeda and its affiliates by \"religious scholars, former fighters and militants\" alarmed by al-Qaeda's takfir and killing of Muslims in Muslim countries, especially Iraq. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.50993824005127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Noman Benotman, a former Afghan Arab and militant of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, went public with an open letter of criticism to Ayman al-Zawahiri in November 2007 after persuading imprisoned senior leadership of his former group to enter into peace negotiations with the Libyan regime. While Ayman al-Zawahiri announced the affiliation of the group with al-Qaeda in November 2007, the Libyan government released 90 members of the group from prison several months later after \"they were said to have renounced violence.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58312702178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "My brother Osama, how much blood has been spilt? How many innocent people, children, elderly, and women have been killed... in the name of al-Qaeda? Will you be happy to meet God Almighty carrying the burden of these hundreds of thousands or millions [of victims] on your back?.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976330757141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "According to Pew polls, support for al-Qaeda has been slightly dropped for parts of the Muslim world in the years before 2008. The numbers supporting suicide bombings in Indonesia, Lebanon, and Bangladesh, for instance, have dropped by half or more in the last five years. In Saudi Arabia, only 10 percent now have a favorable view of al-Qaeda, according to a December poll by Terror Free Tomorrow, a Washington-based think tank. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.863306999206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "In 2007, the imprisoned Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, an influential Afghan Arab, \"ideological godfather of al-Qaeda\", and former supporter of takfir, sensationally withdrew his support from al-Qaeda with a book Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam (Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.122198104858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al-qaeda", "passage": "Although once associated with al-Qaeda, in September 2009 LIFG completed a new \"code\" for jihad, a 417-page religious document entitled \"Corrective Studies\". Given its credibility and the fact that several other prominent Jihadists in the Middle East have turned against al-Qaeda, the LIFG's about face may be an important step toward staunching al-Qaeda's recruitment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.323339462280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al-Qaeda" }, { "answer": "Al Qaeda", "passage": "American and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to Al Qaeda, although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations. Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Wahhabi clerics, consider Hezbollah to be apostate. But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon. However, Michel Samaha, Lebanon's minister of information, has said that Hezbollah has been an important ally of the government in the war against terrorist groups, and described the \"American attempt to link Hezbollah to al-Qaeda\" to be \"astonishing\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84220027923584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hezbollah" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "The Green Mountain Boys were a militia organization first established in the late 1760s in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire, known as the New Hampshire Grants (which later became the state of Vermont). Headed by Ethan Allen and members of his extended family, they were instrumental in resisting New York's attempts to control the territory, over which it had won de jure control in a territorial dispute with New Hampshire.", "precise_score": -0.5757114887237549, "rough_score": -1.891780138015747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green Mountain Boys" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Some companies served in the American Revolutionary War, including notably when the Green Mountain Boys led by Ethan Allen captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain on May 10, 1775; and invaded Canada later in 1775. In early June of 1775, Ethan Allen and his then subordinate, Seth Warner, induced the Continental Congress at Philadelphia to create a Continental Army ranger regiment from the then New Hampshire Grants. Having no treasury, the Congress directed that New York's revolutionary Congress pay for the newly authorized regiment. In July of 1775, Allen's militia was granted support from the New York revolutionary Congress.", "precise_score": 0.6970096230506897, "rough_score": 4.1899213790893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green Mountain Boys" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "With several hundred members, the Green Mountain Boys effectively controlled the area where New Hampshire grants had been issued. They were led by Ethan Allen, his brother Ira Allen, and their cousins Seth Warner and Remember Baker. They were based at the Catamount Tavern in Bennington. By the 1770s, the Green Mountain Boys had become an armed military force and de facto government that prevented New York from exercising its authority in the northeast portion of the Province of New York. New York authorities had standing warrants for the arrest of the leaders of the rebellious Vermonters, but were unable to exercise them. New York surveyors and other officials attempting to exercise their authority were prevented from doing so and in some cases were severely beaten, and settlers arriving to clear and work land under New York–issued grants were forced off their land, and sometimes had their possessions destroyed. At the same time, New York sought to extend its authority over the territory. During an event once known as the Westminster massacre, anti-Yorkers occupied the courthouse in Westminster to prevent a New York judge from holding court, and two men were killed in the ensuing standoff. Ethan Allen then went to Westminster with a band of Boys, and organized a convention calling for the territory's independence from New York.", "precise_score": -0.1727600395679474, "rough_score": -2.6555447578430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green Mountain Boys" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "When the American Revolutionary War started in 1775, Ethan Allen and a troop of his men, along with Connecticut Colonel Benedict Arnold, marched up to Lake Champlain and captured the strategically important British military posts at Fort Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort George, all in New York. The Boys also briefly held St. John's in Québec, but retreated on word of arriving British regulars. The Green Mountain Boys later formed the basis of the Vermont militia that selected Seth Warner as its leader. Some of the Green Mountain Boys preferred to stick with Ethan Allen and were captured along with Allen in August 1775 in a bungled attempt to capture the city of Montreal. Some members of this unit were Congressman Matthew Lyon and Lieutenant Benjamin Tucker. Benjamin Tucker joined the British Military during his capture; because of this, his name was rebuked by Ethan Allen and his men.", "precise_score": 2.3793437480926514, "rough_score": 4.582934856414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green Mountain Boys" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Three weeks after the siege of Boston began, the Green Mountain Boys, a group of militia volunteers led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga, a strategically important point on Lake Champlain between New York and the Province of Quebec. After that action they also raided Fort St. John's, not far from Montreal, which alarmed the population and the authorities there. In response, Quebec's governor Guy Carleton began fortifying St. John's, and opened negotiations with the Iroquois and other Native American tribes for their support. These actions, combined with lobbying by both Allen and Arnold and the fear of a British attack from the north, persuaded the Congress, on 27 June 1775, to authorize an invasion of Quebec, with the goal of driving the British military from that province. (Quebec was then frequently referred to as Canada, as most of its territory included the former French Province of Canada.) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3202314376831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "* Ethan Allen – militia leader (general)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933237075805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green Mountain Boys" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Ethan Allen ( – February 12, 1789) was a farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, lay theologian, and American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of the U.S. state of Vermont, and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the American Revolutionary War along with Benedict Arnold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.484862804412842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Ethan Allen was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the first-born child of Joseph and Mary Baker Allen, both of English and Puritan descent. The family moved to the town of Cornwall shortly after his birth. The move to Cornwall grew out of Allen's father's quest for freedom of religion during a time of turmoil: the Great Awakening, when Puritans were separating into churches with differing dogmas, in particular about the proper form of conversion: by works or by grace. His lifelong interest in philosophy and ideas emerged against the backdrop of his father's involvement in these Puritan debates and his father's refusal to convert to the covenant by grace. As a boy Allen already excelled at quoting the Bible and was known for disputing the meaning of passages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770864486694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "In January 1776, Allen and his men were put on board HMS Soledad, which sailed for Cork, Ireland. The people of Cork, when they learned that the famous Ethan Allen was in port, took up a collection to provide him and his men with clothing and other supplies. Much of the following year was spent on prison ships off the American coast. At one point, while aboard HMS Mercury, she anchored off New York, where, among other visitors, the captain entertained William Tryon; Allen reports that Tryon glanced at him without any sign of recognition, although it is likely the New York governor knew who he was. In August 1776, Allen and other prisoners were temporarily put ashore in Halifax, owing to extremely poor conditions aboard ship; due to food scarcity, both crew and prisoners were on short rations, and scurvy was rampant. By the end of October, Allen was again off New York, where the British, having secured the city, moved the prisoners on-shore, and, as he was considered an officer, gave Allen limited parole. With the financial assistance of his brother Ira, he lived comfortably, if out of action, until August 1777. He then learned of the death of his young son Joseph due to smallpox. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453514099121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "In 1779 Allen published the account of his time in captivity, A Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity ... Containing His Voyages and Travels, With the most remarkable Occurrences respecting him and many other Continental Prisoners of Observations. Written by Himself and now published for the Information of the Curious in all Nations. First published as a serial by the Pennsylvania Packet, the book was an instant best-seller;Holbrook, pp. 158–59 it is still available today. While largely accurate, it notably omits Benedict Arnold from the capture of Ticonderoga, and Seth Warner as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11837387084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Allen's widow Fanny gave birth to a son, Ethan Alphonso, on October 24, 1789. She eventually remarried. Allen's two youngest sons went on to graduate from West Point and serve in the United States Army. His daughter Fanny achieved notice when she converted to Roman Catholicism and entered a convent. His grandson, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, served as a Union Army general in the American Civil War, and was claimed by his mother to bear a strong resemblance to her father. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405348777770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "No likenesses of Allen made from life have been found, in spite of numerous attempts to locate them. Efforts by members of the Vermont Historical Society and other historical groups through the years have followed up on rumored likenesses, only to come up empty. Photographs of his grandson, General Ethan Allen Hitchcock, are extant, and, of course, Hitchcock's mother said that he resembled Allen. The nearest potential images included one claimed to be by noted Revolutionary War era engraver Pierre Eugene du Simitiere that turned out to be a forgery, and a reference to a portrait possibly by Ralph Earl that has not been found (as of Stewart Holbrook's writing in 1940). Alexander Graydon, with whom Allen was paroled during his captivity in New York, described him like this:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.628656387329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Allen's final home, on the Onion River (now called the Winooski River), is a part of the Ethan Allen Homestead and Museum. Situated in Burlington, Allen's homestead is available for viewing via guided tours. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309734344482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "Two ships of the United States Navy were named USS Ethan Allen in his honor, as were two 19th-century fortifications: a Civil War fort in Arlington, Virginia and a cavalry outpost in Colchester and Essex, Vermont. A statue of Allen represents Vermont in National Statuary Hall of the United States Capitol. A city park in the Montreal borough of Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve commemorating his capture bears his name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.175514221191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "The Spirit of Ethan Allen III is a tour boat operating on Lake Champlain. Allen's name is the trademark of the furniture and housewares manufacturer, Ethan Allen Inc., which was founded in 1932 in Beecher Falls, Vermont. The Ethan Allen Express, an Amtrak train line running from New York City to Rutland, Vermont, is also named after him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.840950965881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" }, { "answer": "Ethan Allen", "passage": "The Ethan Allen School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35659408569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethan Allen" } ]

[ { "answer": "U.S. Department of Agriculture", "passage": "The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, provides food-purchasing assistance for low- and no-income people living in the U.S. It is a federal aid program, administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), though benefits are distributed by each U.S. state's Division of Social Services or Children and Family Services.", "precise_score": 8.294496536254883, "rough_score": 8.782893180847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "United states department of agriculture", "passage": "According to the United States Department of Agriculture (based on a study of data gathered in Fiscal Year 2010), statistics for the food stamp program are as follows: ", "precise_score": 1.7831103801727295, "rough_score": 1.8631268739700317, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "Studies are inconclusive as to whether SNAP has a direct effect on the nutritional quality of food choices made by participants. Unlike other federal programs that provide food subsidies, i.e. the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), SNAP does not have nutritional standards for purchases. Critics of the program suggest that this lack of structure represents a missed opportunity for public health advancement and cost containment. In April, 2013, the USDA research body, the Economic Research Service (ERS), published a study that examined diet quality in SNAP participants compared to low-income nonparticipants. The study revealed a difference in diet quality between SNAP participants and low-income nonparticipants, finding that SNAP participants score slightly lower on the [http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/HealthyEatingIndex.htm Healthy Eating Index] (HEI) than nonparticipants. The study also concluded that SNAP increases the likelihood that participants will consume whole fruit by 23 percentage points. However, the analysis also suggests that SNAP participation decreases participants' intake of dark green/orange vegetables by a modest amount.", "precise_score": -3.837219476699829, "rough_score": -4.806726455688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "Periodically, proposals have been raised to restrict SNAP benefits from being used to purchase various categories or types of food which have been criticized as \"junk food\" or \"luxury items.\" However, Congress and the Department of Agriculture have repeatedly rejected such proposals on both administrative burden and personal freedom grounds. The Food and Nutrition Service noted in 2007 that no federal standards exist to determine which foods should be considered \"healthy\" or not, that \"vegetables, fruits, grain products, meat and meat alternatives account for nearly three-quarters of the money value of food used by food stamp households\" and that \"food stamp recipients are no more likely to consume soft drinks than are higher-income individuals, and are less likely to consume sweets and salty snacks.\" Thomas Farley and Russell Sykes argued that the USDA should reconsider the possibility of restricting \"junk food\" purchases with SNAP in order to encourage healthy eating, along with incentivizing the purchase of healthy items through a credit or rebate program that makes foods such as fresh vegetables and meats cheaper. They also noted that many urban food stores do a poor job of stocking healthy foods and instead favor high-profit processed items.[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/opinion/see-no-junk-buy-no-junk.html?_r", "precise_score": -3.5975396633148193, "rough_score": -5.304495811462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "As per USDA rules, households can use SNAP benefits to purchase:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50679874420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "However, the USDA clearly mentions that households cannot use SNAP benefits to purchase the following:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495141983032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "States are allowed under federal law to administer SNAP in different ways. As of April 2015, the USDA had published eleven periodic State Options Reports outlining variations in how states have administered the program. The USDA's most recent State Options Report, published in April 2015, summarizes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293540000915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "According to January 2015 figures reported by the Census Bureau and USDA and compiled by USA Today, the states and district with the most food stamp recipients per capita are: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7500176429748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "According to June 2009 figures reported by the state agencies, the USDA, and Census Bureau, and compiled by the New York Times, the individual counties with the highest levels of SNAP usage were:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02254867553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "The USDA's Economic Research Service explains: \"SNAP is a counter-cyclical government assistance program—it provides assistance to more low-income households during an economic downturn or recession and to fewer households during an economic expansion. The rise in SNAP participation during an economic downturn results in greater SNAP expenditures which, in turn, stimulate the economy.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.606035232543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "In 2011, Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack gave a statement regarding SNAP benefits: \"Every dollar of SNAP benefits generates $1.84 in the economy in terms of economic activity.\" Vilsack's estimate was based on a 2002 USDA study which found that \"ultimately, the additional $5 billion of FSP (Food Stamp Program) expenditures triggered an increase in total economic activity (production, sales, and value of shipments) of $9.2 billion and an increase in jobs of 82,100,\" or $1.84 stimulus for every dollar spent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.097599029541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "A 2010 report by Kenneth Hanson published by the USDA's Economic Research Service estimated that a $1 billion increase in SNAP expenditures increases economic activity (GDP) by $1.79 billion (i.e., the GDP multiplier is 1.79). The same report also estimated that the \"preferred jobs impact ... are the 8,900 full-time equivalent jobs plus self-employed or the 9,800 full-time and part-time jobs plus self-employed from $1 billion of SNAP benefits.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171799659729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "In March 2012, the USDA published its fifth report in a series of periodic analyses to estimate the extent of trafficking in SNAP; that is, selling or otherwise converting SNAP benefits for cash payouts. Although trafficking does not increase costs to the Federal Government, it diverts benefits from their intended purpose of helping low-income families access a nutritious diet. The FNS aggressively acts to control trafficking by using SNAP purchase data to identify suspicious transaction patterns, conducting undercover investigations, and collaborating with other investigative agencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761737823486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "The USDA report released in August 2013 says the dollar value of trafficking increased to 1.3 percent, up from 1 percent in the USDA's 2006-2008 survey, and \"About 18 percent of those stores classified as convenience stores or small groceries were estimated to have trafficked. For larger stores (supermarkets and large groceries), only 0.32 percent were estimated to have trafficked. In terms of redemptions, about 17 percent of small groceries redemptions and 14 percent of convenience store redemptions were estimated to have been trafficked. This compares with a rate of 0.2 percent for large stores.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19638442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "The USDA, in December 2011, announced new policies to attempt to curb waste, fraud, and abuse. These changes will include stiffer penalties for retailers who are caught participating in illegal or fraudulent activities. “The department is proposing increasing penalties for retailers and providing states with access to large federal databases they would be required to use to verify information from applicants. SNAP benefit fraud, generally in the form of store employees buying EBT cards from recipients is widespread in urban areas, with one in seven corner stores engaging in such behavior, according to a recent government estimate. There are in excess of 200,000 stores, and we have 100 agents spread across the country. Some do undercover work, but the principal way we track fraud is through analyzing electronic transactions” for suspicious patterns, USDA Under Secretary Kevin Concannon told The Washington Times. Also, states will be given additional guidance that will help develop a tighter policy for those seeking to effectively investigate fraud and clarifying the definition of trafficking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361679077148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" }, { "answer": "USDA", "passage": "The USDA only reports direct fraud and trafficking in benefits, which was officially estimated at $858 million in 2012. The Cato Institute reports that there was another $2.2 billion in erroneous payouts in 2009. Cato also reported that the erroneous payout rate dropped significantly from 5.6 percent in 2007 to 3.8 percent in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345769882202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program" } ]

[ { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "The \"Man in the Arena\" passage was quoted by another US president, Richard Nixon, both in his victory speech on November 6, 1968, and in his resignation address to the nation on August 8, 1974: ", "precise_score": -0.5615070462226868, "rough_score": -8.714917182922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizenship in a Republic" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. ", "precise_score": -5.706879138946533, "rough_score": -8.855064392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1945, Republicans in California's 12th congressional district, frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis, sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him. They formed a \"Committee of 100\" to decide on a candidate, hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to Voorhis victories. After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, Whittier's Bank of America branch manager, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war. Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore. After a night of excited talk between the Nixons, the naval officer responded to Perry with enthusiasm. Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where Nixon began a year of intensive campaigning. He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a congressman and suggested that Voorhis's endorsement by a group linked to communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views. Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis' 49,994.", "precise_score": -7.493509769439697, "rough_score": -9.105855941772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis. The media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses. Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of possible conflict of interest. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, the senator went on television to deliver an address to the nation on September 23, 1952. The address, later termed the Checkers speech, was heard by about 60 million Americans—including the largest television audience up to that point. Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret, nor had donors received special favors. He painted himself as a man of modest means (his wife had no mink coat; instead she wore a \"respectable Republican cloth coat\") and a patriot. The speech would be remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back: \"a little cocker spaniel dog … sent all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers.\" The speech was a masterpiece and prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket, which proved victorious in the November election.", "precise_score": -5.844479560852051, "rough_score": -6.075760841369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term. On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack; his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the Vice President had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had \"earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power\".", "precise_score": -7.187052249908447, "rough_score": -8.347766876220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy; Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world, and the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests. At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, Six Crises, which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.", "precise_score": -6.413959980010986, "rough_score": -8.339247703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard M. Nixon", "passage": "Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 election. Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race. The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping-stone for another presidential run, some opposition from the far-right of the party, and his own lack of interest in being California's governor. Nixon hoped that a successful run would confirm him in his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career. In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election, Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, \"You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference\". The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11, 1962, episode of ABC's Howard K. Smith: News and Comment entitled \"The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon\". Alger Hiss appeared on the program, and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to allow a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air, and public sympathy for Nixon grew.", "precise_score": -6.640890598297119, "rough_score": -7.7733917236328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and independent candidate former Alabama Governor George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by nearly 500,000 votes (seven-tenths of a percentage point), with 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace. In his victory speech, Nixon pledged that his administration would try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\"", "precise_score": -7.0733866691589355, "rough_score": -9.2483491897583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam, and the war was broadly unpopular in the United States, with violent protests against the war ongoing. The Johnson administration had agreed to suspend bombing in exchange for negotiations without preconditions, but this agreement never fully took force. According to Walter Isaacson, soon after taking office, Nixon had concluded that the Vietnam War could not be won and he was determined to end the war quickly. Conversely, Black argues that Nixon sincerely believed he could intimidate North Vietnam through the \"Madman theory\". Nixon sought some arrangement which would permit American forces to withdraw, while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack.", "precise_score": -8.821084022521973, "rough_score": -8.644851684570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "As part of the Nixon Doctrine that the U.S. would avoid direct combat assistance to allies where possible, instead giving them assistance to defend themselves, the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East—particularly Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia—during the Nixon administration. The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel, an American ally in the Middle East, but the support was not unconditional. Nixon believed that Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the United States should encourage it. The president believed that—except during the Suez Crisis—the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. However, the Arab-Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon's attention during his first term—for one thing, he felt that no matter what he did, American Jews would oppose his reelection.", "precise_score": -8.838066101074219, "rough_score": -9.175891876220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment. The Democratic \"Solid South\" had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions. Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners. Nixon's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace's candidacy. Through his first term, he pursued a Southern Strategy with policies, such as his desegregation plans, that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites, encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil Rights era. He nominated two Southern conservatives, Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court, but neither was confirmed by the Senate.", "precise_score": -8.289156913757324, "rough_score": -9.276680946350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. Those activities included \"dirty tricks,\" or bugging the offices of political opponents and the harassment of activist groups and political figures. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. The Washington Post picked up on the story; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as \"Deep Throat\"—later revealed to be Mark Felt, associate director at the FBI—to link the men to the Nixon administration. Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, calling news articles biased and misleading. A series of revelations made it clear that the Committee to Re-elect President Nixon, and later the White House, was involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats. Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing.", "precise_score": -8.65401554107666, "rough_score": -8.581790924072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. These tapes were subpoenaed by Watergate Special Counsel Archibald Cox; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes, citing executive privilege. With the White House and Cox at loggerheads, Nixon had Cox fired in October in the \"Saturday Night Massacre\"; he was replaced by Leon Jaworski. In November, Nixon's lawyers revealed that an audio tape of conversations, held in the White House on June 20, 1972, featured an 18½ minute gap. Rose Mary Woods, the President's personal secretary, claimed responsibility for the gap, alleging that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape, though her tale was widely mocked. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up.", "precise_score": -7.836737632751465, "rough_score": -8.620843887329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office. He insisted that he had made mistakes, but had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned —unrelated to Watergate— and was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland. Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew.", "precise_score": -7.310094833374023, "rough_score": -8.303936004638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. However, one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the \"Smoking Gun Tape\" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had a lapse of memory. He met with Republican congressional leaders soon after, and was told he faced certain impeachment in the House and had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate— far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office.", "precise_score": -8.263834953308105, "rough_score": -9.369682312011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty of impeachment, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic:", "precise_score": -1.3847582340240479, "rough_score": -5.618655204772949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing. It was termed \"a masterpiece\" by Conrad Black, one of his biographers. Black opined that \"What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president, Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office.\"", "precise_score": -5.5718512535095215, "rough_score": -9.070564270019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, California. According to his biographer, Aitken, after his resignation, \"Nixon was a soul in torment\". Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7 a.m.—with little to do. His former press secretary, Ron Ziegler, sat with him alone for hours each day.", "precise_score": -5.413858890533447, "rough_score": -9.418790817260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition; Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a \"full, free, and absolute pardon\", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:", "precise_score": -5.924099445343018, "rough_score": -9.135568618774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders ... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice. ", "precise_score": -5.517053127288818, "rough_score": -9.331297874450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Upon Nixon's death, almost all of the news coverage mentioned Watergate, but for the most part, the coverage was favorable to the former president. The Dallas Morning News stated, \"History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives.\" This offended some; columnist Russell Baker complained of \"a group conspiracy to grant him absolution\". Cartoonist Jeff Koterba of the Omaha World-Herald depicted History before a blank canvas, his subject Nixon, as America looks on eagerly. The artist urges his audience to sit down; the work will take some time to complete, as \"this portrait is a little more complicated than most\".", "precise_score": -7.845668792724609, "rough_score": -9.55301284790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon, \"How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?\" Nixon's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by history. According to Ambrose, \"Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation.\" Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional career, suggests that \"he was remarkable among his congressional peers, a success story in a troubled era, one who steered a sensible anti-Communist course against the excess of McCarthy\". Aitken feels that \"Nixon, both as a man and as a statesman, has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible.\"", "precise_score": -7.987790584564209, "rough_score": -7.2461137771606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's Southern Strategy is credited by some historians as causing the South to become a Republican stronghold, though others deem economic factors more important to the change. Throughout his career, he was instrumental in moving his party away from the control of isolationists, and as a congressman was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism. According to his biographer, Herbert Parmet, \"Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans.\"", "precise_score": -8.915276527404785, "rough_score": -9.45970344543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon saw his policies regarding Vietnam, China, and the Soviets as key to his place in history. George McGovern, Nixon's onetime opponent, commented in 1983, \"President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history.\" Political scientist Jussi M. Hanhimäki disagrees, saying Nixon's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the Cold War policy of containment, using diplomatic rather than military means. Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that \"Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making, Nixon's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships with both Communist China and the Soviet Union.\"", "precise_score": -8.92058277130127, "rough_score": -8.71807861328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Milhous Nixon", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.502360343933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated Hubert Humphrey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.214792251586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home. At the same time, he ended military draft. Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year. His administration generally transferred power from Washington to the states. He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race. He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.665558815002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Milhous Nixon", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, in a house his father built. He was the son of Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith; Nixon's upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers: Harold (1909–33), Donald (1914–87), Arthur (1918–25), and Edward (born 1930). Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.842692375183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: \"We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it\". The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 after a short illness. At the age of twelve, Richard was found to have a spot on his lung and, with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. Eventually, the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679533958435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Young Richard attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. His parents believed that attendance at Whittier High School had caused Richard's older brother Harold to live a dissolute lifestyle before the older boy fell ill of tuberculosis (he died of the disease in 1933). Instead, they sent Richard to the larger Fullerton Union High School. He had to ride a school bus for an hour each way during his freshman year and he received excellent grades. Later, he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week. He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, even though he was rarely used in games. He had greater success as a debater, winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. Nixon later remembered Sheller's words, \"Remember, speaking is conversation ... don't shout at people. Talk to them. Converse with them.\" Nixon stated that he tried to use the conversational tone as much as possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.606637001037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "His parents permitted Richard to transfer to Whittier High School for his junior year, beginning in September 1928. At Whittier High, Nixon suffered his first electoral defeat, for student body president. He generally rose at 4 a.m., to drive the family truck into Los Angeles and purchase vegetables at the market. He then drove to the store to wash and display them, before going to school. Harold had been diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona in the hopes of improving his health, the demands on Richard increased, causing him to give up football. Nevertheless, Richard graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207 students.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.223164558410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but Harold's continued illness and the need for their mother to care for him meant Richard was needed at the store. He remained in his hometown and attended Whittier College, his expenses there covered by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, but lacked the size to play. He remained on the team as a substitute, and was noted for his enthusiasm. Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins; many members of the Franklins were from prominent families but Nixon was not. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society. In addition to the society, schoolwork, and work at the store, Nixon found time for a large number of extracurricular activities, becoming a champion debater and gaining a reputation as a hard worker. In 1933, he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief. The two broke up in 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567892074584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After his graduation from Whittier in 1934, Nixon received a full scholarship to attend Duke University School of Law. The school was new and sought to attract top students by offering scholarships. It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations. The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, forcing recipients into intense competition. Nixon not only kept his scholarship but was elected president of the Duke Bar Association, inducted into the Order of the Coif, and graduated third in his class in June 1937.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660796165466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After graduating from Duke, Nixon initially hoped to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He received no response to his letter of application and learned years later that he had been hired, but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts. Instead, he returned to California and was admitted to the bar in 1937. He began practicing with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in Whittier, working on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, as well as on wills. In later years, Nixon proudly stated that he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney. Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women. In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California, and became a full partner in the firm the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86345100402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma \"Pat\" Ryan. Nixon described it in his memoirs as \"a case of love at first sight\"—for Nixon only, as Pat Ryan turned down the young lawyer several times before agreeing to date him. Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. They wed at a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier. They had two daughters, Tricia (born 1946) and Julie (born 1948).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03768253326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In January 1942, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration. In his political campaigns, Nixon would suggest that this was his response to Pearl Harbor, but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier. He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later, applied to join the United States Navy. As a birthright Quaker, he could have claimed exemption from the draft; he might also have been deferred because he worked in government service. But instead of exploiting his circumstance, Nixon opted to enlist in the Navy. His application to enlist was successful, and was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the U.S Naval Reserve (U.S. Navy Reserve) on June 15, 1942. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319872856140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In October 1942, he was assigned as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943. On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to lieutenant. Seeking more excitement, he requested sea duty and was reassigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command, supporting the logistics of operations in the South West Pacific theater; he was the Officer in Charge of the Combat Air Transport Command at Guadalcanal in the Solomons and in March 1944 at Green Island (Nissan island) just north of Bougainville. His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for C-47 operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the cargo aircraft. For this service, he received a Navy Letter of Commendation (awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal) from his commanding officer for \"meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202848434448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California. In January 1945, he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy for \"meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty\". Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty. He resigned his commission on New Year's Day 1946. On June 1, 1953, he was promoted to commander. He retired in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846446990966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In Congress, Nixon supported the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and served on the Education and Labor Committee. He was part of the Herter Committee, which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee, and the only Westerner. Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358976364135742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon first gained national attention in 1948 when his investigation, as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), broke the Alger Hiss spy case. While many doubted Whittaker Chambers' allegations that Hiss, a former State Department official, had been a Soviet spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. Under suit for defamation filed by Hiss, Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations. These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after having hidden them overnight in a field; they became known as the \"Pumpkin Papers\". Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers. In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries, and was comfortably reelected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219935417175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Tricky Dick", "passage": "In 1949, Nixon began to consider running for the United States Senate against the Democratic incumbent, Sheridan Downey, and entered the race in November of that year. Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced his retirement in March 1950. Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue. Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas' liberal voting record. As part of that effort, a \"Pink Sheet\" was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that, as Douglas' voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio (believed by some to be a communist), their political views must be nearly identical. Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points. During this campaign, Nixon was first called \"Tricky Dick\" by his opponents for his campaign tactics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.190064430236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism, traveling frequently and speaking out against the threat. He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist, the controversial Wisconsin senator, Joseph McCarthy, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations. Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War. He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia. He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946022033691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. He had no strong preference for a vice presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a \"smoke-filled room\" and recommended Nixon to the general, who agreed to the senator's selection. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and political base in California—one of the largest states—were all seen as vote-winners by the leaders. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke to his plans for the country, leaving the negative campaigning to his running mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640327453613281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Eisenhower gave Nixon responsibilities during his term as vice president—more than any previous vice president. Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them when Eisenhower was absent. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and prompted Nixon to appreciate the potential of the region as an industrial center. He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina. On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the amount of time he devoted to foreign relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185358047485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55264663696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration. Nixon, however, believed such an action would destroy his political career. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, stating that it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the President in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.871275901794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In the spring of 1957, Nixon undertook another major foreign trip, this time to Africa. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Nixon advised the President to sign the bill, which he did. Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923447608947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon embarked on a goodwill tour of South America. In Montevideo, Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the campus, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him. In Caracas, Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe-wielding mob. According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct \"caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.65829086303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. On July 24, while touring the exhibits with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the \"Kitchen Debate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51624584197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States. He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate. His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy, and the race remained close for the duration. Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower–Nixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the \"missile gap\"). A new political medium was introduced in the campaign: televised presidential debates. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a five o'clock shadow, in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy. Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought that Nixon had won. Nixon lost the election narrowly, with Kennedy ahead by only 120,000 votes (0.2 percent) in the popular vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.739641189575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited. The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander. Nixon had pledged, when announcing his California campaign, not to run for president in 1964; even if he had not, he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy, or after his assassination, Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson. In 1964, he supported Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination for president; when Goldwater was successful in gaining the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce the candidate to the convention. Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win, Nixon campaigned for him loyally. The election was a disaster for the Republicans; Goldwater's landslide loss to Johnson was matched by heavy losses for the party in Congress and among state governors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.949085235595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the 1966 congressional elections. He campaigned for many Republicans seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains in the midterm election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799866676330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Although Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life (for example, she had been embarrassed by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech), she was supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War, a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.823176383972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "One of the most tumultuous primary election seasons ever began as the Tet Offensive was launched, followed by the withdrawal of President Johnson as a candidate after doing unexpectedly poorly in the New Hampshire primary; it concluded with the assassination of one of the Democratic candidates, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney, though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot. He selected Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.569013595581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who was nominated at a convention marked by violent protests. Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during a period of national unrest and upheaval. He appealed to what he later called the \"silent majority\" of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.023480415344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras. He stressed that the crime rate was too high, and attacked what he perceived as a surrender by the Democrats of the United States' nuclear superiority. Nixon promised \"peace with honor\" in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that \"new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific\". He did not release specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a \"secret plan\". His slogan of \"Nixon's the One\" proved to be effective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.833269119262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Johnson's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam prior to the election. Nixon received astute analysis on the talks from Henry Kissinger, then a consultant to U.S. negotiator Averell Harriman, and his campaign was in regular contact with Anna Chennault in Saigon. She advised South Vietnamese president Thieu not to go to Paris to join the talks, hinting that Nixon would give him a better deal if elected. Johnson was aware of what was going on, as he had both Chennault and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Washington bugged, and was enraged by what he considered an attempt by Nixon to undermine U.S. foreign policy. On October 31, with no agreement, Johnson announced a unilateral halt to the bombing, and that peace negotiations would start in Paris on November 6, the day after Election Day. On November 2, after speaking with Chennault again, Thieu stated he would not go to Paris. Johnson telephoned Nixon, who denied any involvement; the President did not believe him. Johnson felt he could not publicly mention Chennault's involvement, which had been obtained by wiretapping, but told Humphrey, who chose not to use the information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.636746406555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.\" In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that \"the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker\"—a phrase that would later be placed on his gravestone. He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.074980735778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China even before he became president, writing in Foreign Affairs a year before his election: \"There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation.\" Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir—border clashes between the two took place during Nixon's first year in office—Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players. Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. On July 15, 1971, it was simultaneously announced by Beijing and by Nixon (on television and radio) that the President would visit China the following February. The announcements astounded the world. The secrecy allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.192889213562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China. Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and greeted Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva. Over 100 television journalists accompanied the president. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7218599319458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon and Kissinger met for an hour with Mao and Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues. Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon, whom he considered forthright, unlike the leftists and the Soviets. He said he was suspicious of Kissinger, though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his \"encounter with history\". A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China, and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification. When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders including the Forbidden City, Ming Tombs, and the Great Wall. Americans received their first glimpse into Chinese life through the cameras which accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.401254653930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon approved a secret bombing campaign of North Vietnamese and allied Khmer Rouge positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named Operation Menu), a policy begun under Johnson. These operations resulted in heavy bombing of Cambodia; by one measurement more bombs were dropped over Cambodia under Johnson and Nixon than the Allies dropped during World War II. In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to North Vietnamese leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. Initial talks, however, did not result in an agreement. In May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam also did so and for South Vietnam to hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592787742614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as \"Vietnamization\". He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals but authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail, used to supply North Vietnamese forces, that passed through Laos and Cambodia. Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia to the American public on April 30, 1970. His responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then-second-in-command, Nuon Chea. Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a \"credibility gap\" on the issue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437750816345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1971, excerpts from the \"Pentagon Papers\", which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post. When news of the leak first appeared, Nixon was inclined to do nothing; the Papers, a history of United States' involvement in Vietnam, mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations. He was persuaded by Kissinger that the papers were more harmful than they appeared, and the President tried to prevent publication. The Supreme Court eventually ruled for the newspapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.980836868286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; on taking office he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. These activities concerned the Soviets and Cubans, who feared Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev which had ended the missile crisis. In August 1970, the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding; despite his hard line against Castro, Nixon agreed. The process had not yet been completed when the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. A minor confrontation ensued, which was concluded with an understanding that the Soviets would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles. The final round of diplomatic notes, reaffirming the 1962 accord, were exchanged in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128497123718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred Nixon and Kissinger to pursue a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende, first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election and then messages to military officers in support of a coup. Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents. It was even alleged that \"Nixon personally authorized\" $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper. Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.949380874633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the head of state, among other leading Soviet officials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444295883178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev. Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of \"peaceful coexistence\". A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.425846099853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily. Nixon later described his strategy:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489716529846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening. Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and MIRVs. While he considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it. There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.229680061340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with tons of arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in what was known as the Yom Kippur War. Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis; when Israel gained the upper-hand, Egyptian President Sadat requested a joint U.S.-USSR peacekeeping mission, which the U.S. refused. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3, placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. This was the closest that the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon's actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41145133972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "After the war, and under Nixon's presidency, the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967. Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311120986938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first President to visit Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688919067382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent—its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency). According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon's economic record, the new president did little to alter Johnson's policies through the first year of his presidency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.60164737701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies, but believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition, and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection. As part of his \"New Federalism\" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. However, Nixon gained political credit for advocating them. In 1970, Congress had granted the President the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls through his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority. With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David. He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. Bowles points out, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.740324974060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents ... to criticize him. His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.183374404907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770162582397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After he won reelection, Nixon found inflation returning. He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy. The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443305015563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon advocated a \"New Federalism\", which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them. He eliminated the Cabinet-level United States Post Office Department, which in 1971 became the government-run United States Postal Service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940713882446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was a late convert to the conservation movement. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election; the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Nixon broke new ground by discussing environment policy in his State of the Union speech; other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects. Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972—objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.927400588989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate, federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children, and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973. In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921820640563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Concerned about the prevalence of drug use both domestically and among American soldiers in Vietnam, Nixon called for a War on Drugs, pledging to cut off sources of supply abroad, and to increase funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885884284973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for sickle-cell research, treatment, and education in February 1971 and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972. While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786741256713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South. Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Soon after his inauguration, he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force, which worked with local leaders—both white and black—to determine how to integrate local schools. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.934122085571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program. He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.045265197753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk. He called the conversation \"the most historic phone call ever made from the White House\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896485328674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon, however, was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high level seen through the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Nixon, however, rejected both proposals due to the expense. Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969, because unmanned spy satellites were shown to be a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443294525146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On March 7, 1970, Nixon announced the end of the Kennedy-Johnson era's massive efforts in the space race, stating \"We must think of [space activities] as part of a continuing process... and not as a series of separate leaps, each requiring a massive concentration of energy. Space expenditures must take their proper place within a rigorous system of national priorities... What we do in space from here on in must become a normal and regular part of our national life and must therefore be planned in conjunction with all of the other undertakings which are important to us.\" He then cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509697914123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, culminating in the 1975 joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linking in space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147765159606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection. Virtually assured the Republican nomination, the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy (brother of the late president), but he was largely removed from contention after the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident. Instead, Maine Senator Edmund Muskie became the front runner, with South Dakota Senator George McGovern in a close second place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56740951538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On June 10, McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination. The following month, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive. McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as abortion rights. With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for \"amnesty, abortion and acid\". McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received treatment for depression. Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle, and was reelected on November 7, 1972 in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history. He defeated McGovern with over 60 percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689425468444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "I'm not a crook", "passage": "On November 17, 1973, during a televised question and answer session with the press, Nixon said, \"People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.418309211730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides. The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721989631652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781518936157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis, the inflammation of the walls of a vein. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman—and The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the \"wrong foot\". Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926114082336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill-will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312796592712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "By early 1975, Nixon's health was improving. He maintained an office in a Coast Guard station 300 yards from his home, at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day; he mainly worked on his memoirs. He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly. He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February, which compelled him to part with many of his staff, including Ziegler. In August of that year, he met with British talk-show host and producer David Frost, who paid him $600,000 for a series of sit-down interviews, filmed and aired in 1977. They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. Nixon admitted that he had \"let down the country\" and that \"I brought myself down. I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. And they twisted it with relish. And, I guess, if I'd been in their position, I'd have done the same thing.\" The interviews garnered 45–50 million viewers—becoming the most-watched program of their kind in television history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.764327049255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The interviews helped improve Nixon's financial position—at one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bank—as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy Nixon friends such as Bebe Rebozo. In February 1976, Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao. Nixon had wanted to return to China, but chose to wait until after Ford's own visit in 1975. Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan. Ford won, but was defeated by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in the general election. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808384895324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1976, Nixon was disbarred in the state of New York for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair. Nixon chose not to present any defense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544478416442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In early 1978, Nixon went to the United Kingdom. He was shunned by American diplomats and by most ministers of the James Callaghan government. He was welcomed, however, by the Leader of the Opposition, Margaret Thatcher, as well as by former prime ministers Lord Home and Sir Harold Wilson. Two other former prime ministers, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath declined to meet him. Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.838815689086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "In 1978, Nixon published his memoirs, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, the first of ten books he was to author in his retirement. The book was a bestseller and attracted a generally positive critical response. Nixon journeyed to the White House in 1979, invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping. Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon, but Deng had stated he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited. Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451677322387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On August 10, 1979, the Nixons purchased a New York City townhouse at 817 Fifth Avenue after being rejected by two Manhattan co-ops. When the former Shah of Iran died in Egypt in July 1980, Nixon defied the State Department, which intended to send no U.S. representative, by attending the funeral. Though Nixon had no official credentials, as a former president he was seen as the American presence at its former ally's funeral. Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980, making television appearances portraying himself as, in biographer Stephen Ambrose's words, \"the senior statesman above the fray\". He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan's victory. After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84569263458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing, traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. On a trip to the Middle East, Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya, which attracted significant U.S. media attention; The Washington Post ran stories on Nixon's \"rehabilitation\". Nixon journeyed to the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Mikhail Gorbachev. Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.652271270751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. At the time, political pundit Elizabeth Drew wrote, \"Even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory, as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times.\" Newsweek ran a story on \"Nixon's comeback\" with the headline \"He's back\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.261605262756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, as well as their wives, Betty, Nancy, and Barbara. In January 1991, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the Center for the National Interest), a Washington policy think tank and conference center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297983169555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of emphysema and lung cancer. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. Former President Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a moving tribute to her inside the library building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652705192565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge, New Jersey home. A blood clot resulting from the atrial fibrillation he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart, broken off, and traveled to his brain. He was taken to New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg. Damage to the brain caused swelling (cerebral edema), and Nixon slipped into a deep coma. He died at 9:08 p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. He was 81 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98855972290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994 in Yorba Linda, California. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251720428466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Richard Nixon is buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. He was survived by his two daughters, Tricia and Julie, and four grandchildren. In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a full state funeral, though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service. Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly, wet weather to pay their respects. At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting to pay their respects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5372314453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654791831970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679017066955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not 'have Nixon to kick around anymore'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.229178428649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon's death, \"To everyone's amazement, except his, he's our beloved elder statesman.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235139846801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Nixon is given credit for his stance on domestic affairs, which resulted in the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. Historian Paul Charles Milazzo in his 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, points to Nixon's creation of the EPA and his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act, stating that \"though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661948204040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a negative legacy: fundamental mistrust of government with its roots in Vietnam and Watergate. During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct had been comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than those of the incumbent. Another legacy, for a time, was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. Olson suggests that grants of power to George W. Bush in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks restored the president's power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.63136100769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02626895904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone. Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being \"driven\" though also \"uneasy with himself in some ways\". According to Black, Nixon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02218246459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a \"smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents\". In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as \"a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts\". Nixon's presidency was doomed by his personality, Reeves argues:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05461597442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Even Bebe Rebozo, by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. Nixon stated of this,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13961124420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thing—saying, 'Gee, I couldn't sleep' ... I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. That's just the way I am. Some people are different. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts ... [and] reveal their inner psyche—whether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Not me. No way. When told that most Americans, even at the end of his career, did not feel they knew him, Nixon replied, \"Yeah, it's true. And it's not necessary for them to know.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689942359924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" } ]

[ { "answer": "San Andreas Fault", "passage": "As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state, in particular the San Andreas Fault.", "precise_score": -2.8523006439208984, "rough_score": -4.59404182434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" } ]

[ { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, including the controversial track \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" and the Rolling Stones responded later that year with Their Satanic Majesties Request. Pink Floyd produced what is usually seen as their best psychedelic work The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival, the latter helping to make major American stars of Jimi Hendrix and the Who, whose single \"I Can See for Miles\" delved into psychedelic territory. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's Surrealistic Pillow and the Doors' Strange Days. These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock festival, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts, but by the end of the decade psychedelic rock was in retreat. Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, Peter Green of Fleetwood Mac and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd were early \"acid casualties\", the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream broke up before the end of the decade and many surviving acts moved away from psychedelia into more back-to-basics \"roots rock\", the wider experimentation of progressive rock, or riff-laden heavy rock.", "precise_score": -10.742817878723145, "rough_score": -9.37152099609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "The American brand of progressive rock varied from the eclectic and innovative Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and Blood, Sweat & Tears, to more pop rock orientated bands like Boston, Foreigner, Kansas, Journey and Styx. These, beside British bands Supertramp and ELO, all demonstrated a prog rock influence and while ranking among the most commercially successful acts of the 1970s, issuing in the era of pomp or arena rock, which would last until the costs of complex shows (often with theatrical staging and special effects), would be replaced by more economical rock festivals as major live venues in the 1990s.", "precise_score": -8.662847518920898, "rough_score": -9.157005310058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "In 1968 Gram Parsons recorded Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band, arguably the first true country rock album.R. Unterberger, \"Country Rock\", in Bogdanov et.al., 2002, p. 1327. Later that year he joined the Byrds for Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968), generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre. The Byrds continued in the same vein, but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member Chris Hillman in forming the Flying Burrito Brothers who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre, before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career. Bands in California that adopted country rock included Hearts and Flowers, Poco, New Riders of the Purple Sage, the Beau Brummels, and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Some performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds, including: the Everly Brothers; one-time teen idol Rick Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band; former Monkee Mike Nesmith who formed the First National Band; and Neil Young. The Dillards were, unusually, a country act, who moved towards rock music. The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with artists including the Doobie Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Linda Ronstadt and the Eagles (made up of members of the Burritos, Poco, and Stone Canyon Band), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included Hotel California (1976).N. E. Tawa, Supremely American: Popular Song in the 20th Century: Styles and Singers and What They Said About America (Lanham, MA: Scarecrow Press, 2005), ISBN 0-8108-5295-0, p. 227–8.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207383155822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "If hardcore most directly pursued the stripped down aesthetic of punk, and new wave came to represent its commercial wing, post-punk emerged in the later 1970s and early 1980s as its more artistic and challenging side. Major influences beside punk bands were the Velvet Underground, the Who, Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, and the New York-based no wave scene which placed an emphasis on performance, including bands such as James Chance and the Contortions, DNA and Sonic Youth. Early contributors to the genre included the US bands Pere Ubu, Devo, the Residents and Talking Heads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441251754760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "Heartland rock ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031366348266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "American working-class oriented heartland rock, characterized by a straightforward musical style, and a concern with the lives of ordinary, blue-collar American people, developed in the second half of the 1970s. The term heartland rock was first used to describe Midwestern arena rock groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx, but which came to be associated with a more socially concerned form of roots rock more directly influenced by folk, country and rock and roll. It has been seen as an American Midwest and Rust Belt counterpart to West Coast country rock and the Southern rock of the American South. Led by figures who had initially been identified with punk and New Wave, it was most strongly influenced by acts such as Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Creedence Clearwater Revival and Van Morrison, and the basic rock of 1960s garage and the Rolling Stones..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08267879486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "Heartland rock faded away as a recognized genre by the early 1990s, as rock music in general, and blue collar and white working class themes in particular, lost influence with younger audiences, and as heartland's artists turned to more personal works. Many heartland rock artists continue to record today with critical and commercial success, most notably Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty and John Mellencamp, although their works have become more personal and experimental and no longer fit easily into a single genre. Newer artists whose music would perhaps have been labelled heartland rock had it been released in the 1970s or 1980s, such as Missouri's Bottle Rockets and Illinois' Uncle Tupelo, often find themselves labeled alt-country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639604568481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" }, { "answer": "Heart", "passage": "Metalcore, originally an American hybrid of thrash metal and hardcore punk, emerged as a commercial force in the mid-2000s. It was rooted in the crossover thrash style developed two decades earlier by bands such as Suicidal Tendencies, Dirty Rotten Imbeciles, and Stormtroopers of Death and remained an underground phenomenon through the 1990s; early bands include Earth Crisis, Ian Glasper, Terrorizer no. 171, June 2008, p. 78, \"here the term (metalcore) is used in its original context, referencing the likes of Strife, Earth Crisis, and Integrity ...\" Converge,Mudrian, Albert (2000). Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore. Feral House. ISBN 1-932595-04-X. p. 222–223 HatebreedRoss Haenfler, Straight Edge: Clean-living Youth, Hardcore Punk, and Social Change, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3852-1 p. 87–88 and Shai Hulud. Killswitch Engage's The End of Heartache and Shadows Fall's The War Within to debut at number 21 and number 20, respectively, on the Billboard album chart. Bullet for My Valentine, from Wales, broke into the top 5 in both the U.S. and British charts with Scream Aim Fire (2008). Metalcore bands have received prominent slots at Ozzfest and the Download Festival. Lamb of God, with a related blend of metal styles, reached number 2 on the Billboard charts in 2009 with Wrath. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121394157409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rock music" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Enola Gay, flown by Tibbets, dropped the first bomb, called Little Boy, on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Enola Gay is fully restored and on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, outside Dulles Airport in Washington, D.C. Bockscar dropped the second bomb, called Fat Man, on Nagasaki three days later. Bockscar is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.", "precise_score": 7.029901027679443, "rough_score": 5.929372787475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing B-29 Superfortress" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The B-29, Miss Marilyn Gay, which flew 27 successful bombing missions mainly over Japan during the Second World War, and five POW relief missions is displayed at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Georgia. There is a restored B-29A, Jack's Hack, located as part of the 58th Bomb Wing Memorial the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, CT. The Enola Gay (nose number 82) the B-29 that dropped the first atomic bomb, was fully restored and placed on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air & Space Museum near Washington Dulles International Airport in 2003. Similarly, the weapons delivery aircraft for the Nagasaki raid deploying the Fat Man, the Bockscar (nose number 77) is restored and on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.", "precise_score": 5.332859039306641, "rough_score": 5.758876800537109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing B-29 Superfortress" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bockscar, sometimes called Bock's Car, is the name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped a Fat Man nuclear weapon over the Japanese city of Nagasaki during World War II in the second – and last – nuclear attack in history. One of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 509th, Bockscar was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, at what is now Offutt Air Force Base, and delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945. It was assigned to the 393d Bombardment Squadron, 509th Composite Group to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah in April.", "precise_score": 8.893664360046387, "rough_score": 8.579936981201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bockscar was used in 13 training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped pumpkin bombs on industrial targets in Japan. On 9 August 1945, Bockscar, piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron's commander, Major Charles W. Sweeney, dropped a Fat Man nuclear bomb with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT over the city of Nagasaki. About 44% of the city was destroyed; 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured.", "precise_score": 7.472269535064697, "rough_score": 7.298006534576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bockscar was flown on 9 August 1945, by the crew of another B-29, The Great Artiste, and piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, commander of the 393d Bombardment Squadron. The plane was co-piloted by First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury, the normal aircraft commander of Crew C-15. The Great Artiste was designated as the observation, instrumentation support plane for the second mission, and another B-29, The Big Stink, flown by Group Operations Officer Major James I. Hopkins, Jr., as the photographic aircraft. The mission had as its primary target the city of Kokura, where the Kokura Arsenal was located. Its secondary target was Nagasaki, where two large Mitsubishi armament plants were located.", "precise_score": 6.469614028930664, "rough_score": 6.690043926239014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.", "precise_score": 5.865775108337402, "rough_score": -0.3768415153026581, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "At 03:49 on the morning of , Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged. ", "precise_score": 4.707748889923096, "rough_score": 3.151278257369995, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "\"Fat Man\" was the codename for the type of atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third-ever man-made nuclear explosion in history. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site and dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar. For the Fat Man mission, Bockscar was piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney.", "precise_score": 9.016104698181152, "rough_score": 8.230155944824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bockscar lifted off at 03:47 on the morning of 9 August 1945, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The weapon was already armed, but with the green electrical safety plugs still engaged. Ashworth changed them to red after ten minutes so that Sweeney could climb to 17000 ft in order to get above storm clouds. During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 USgal of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. 509th Composite Group Commander Colonel Paul Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission.", "precise_score": 5.847660064697266, "rough_score": 3.3009560108184814, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "After securing airfields in Saipan and Guam in the summer of 1944, the United States Army Air Forces undertook an intense strategic bombing campaign, using incendiary bombs, burning Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's industry and shatter its morale. The Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo on the night of March 9–10, 1945, led to the deaths of approximately 100,000 civilians. Approximately 350,000–500,000 civilians died in 66 other Japanese cities as a result of the incendiary bombing campaign on Japan. Concurrent to these attacks, Japan's vital coastal shipping operations were severely hampered with extensive aerial mining by the U.S.'s Operation Starvation. Regardless, these efforts did not succeed in persuading the Japanese military to surrender. In mid-August 1945, the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These atomic bombings were the first and only used against the enemy in warfare. These two bombs killed approximately 120,000 to 140,000 combatants and non-combatants in a matter of minutes, and as many again died as a result of nuclear radiation in the following weeks, months and years. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945.", "precise_score": 2.545584201812744, "rough_score": 0.3031937777996063, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "*1945: U.S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). Admiral Kantarō Suzuki becomes prime minister (April 7). Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9), The Soviet Union and Mongolia invade Japanese colonies of Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands (August 9–September 2). Japan surrenders (September 2): Allied occupation begins.", "precise_score": 3.3026463985443115, "rough_score": 2.5912516117095947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing which was flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. It was one of the largest aircraft operational during World War II and featured state of the art technology. It was the single most expensive weapons project undertaken by the United States in World War II, exceeding the cost of the Manhattan Project by between 1 and 1.7 billion dollars. It featured a pressurized cabin, all dual wheeled, tricycle landing gears, and a remote, computer-controlled fire-control system that directed four machine gun turrets that could be operated by a single gunner and a fire-control officer. A manned tail gun installation was semi-remote. The name \"Superfortress\" continued the pattern Boeing started with its well-known predecessor, the B-17 Flying Fortress. Designed for the high-altitude strategic bomber role, the B-29 also excelled in low-altitude nighttime incendiary bombing missions. One of the B-29's final roles during World War II was carrying out the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3507866859436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing B-29 Superfortress" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Kokura and Nagasaki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.066863059997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bockscar took off from Tinian's North Field at 03:49. The mission profile directed the B-29s to fly individually to the rendezvous point, changed because of bad weather from Iwo Jima to Yakushima Island, and at 17000 ft cruising altitude instead of the customary 9000 ft, increasing fuel consumption. Bockscar began its climb to the 30000 ft bombing altitude a half hour before rendezvous. Before the mission, Tibbets had warned Sweeney to take no more than fifteen minutes at the rendezvous before proceeding to the target. Bockscar reached the rendezvous point and assembled with The Great Artiste, but after circling for some time, The Big Stink failed to appear. As they orbited Yakushima, the weather planes Enola Gay and Laggin' Dragon reported both Kokura and Nagasaki within the accepted parameters for the required visual attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.909976840019226, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The increasingly critical fuel shortage resulted in the decision by Sweeney and Ashworth to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to the secondary target, Nagasaki. The approach to Nagasaki twenty minutes later indicated that the heart of the city's downtown was also covered by dense cloud. Ashworth decided to bomb Nagasaki using radar, but, according to Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, a small opening in the clouds at the end of the three-minute bomb run permitted him to identify target features. Bockscar visually dropped the Fat Man at 10:58 local time. It exploded 43 seconds later with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT at an altitude of 1650 ft, approximately northwest of the planned aiming point, resulting in the destruction of 44% of the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5524331331253052, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The failure to drop the Fat Man at the precise bomb aim point caused the atomic blast to be confined to the Urakami Valley. As a consequence, a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills, but even so, the bomb was dropped over the city's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. An estimated 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured during the bombing at Nagasaki. Of those killed, 23,200-28,200 were Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese soldiers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.648043155670166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "At Davis-Monthan it was placed on display as the aircraft that bombed Nagasaki, but in the markings of The Great Artiste. In September 1946, title was passed to the Air Force Museum (now the National Museum of the United States Air Force) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The aircraft was flown to the Museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored. Bockscar is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio. This display, a primary exhibit in the Museum's Air Power gallery, includes a replica of a Fat Man bomb and signage that states that it was \"The aircraft that ended WWII\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6615705490112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "In 2005, a short documentary was made about Charles Sweeney's recollections of the Nagasaki mission aboard Bockscar, including details of the mission preparation, titled \"Nagasaki: The Commander's Voice.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.976712226867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Crew C-13 (manned The Great Artiste on the Nagasaki mission): ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.232048034667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Nagasaki mission crew", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755599021911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bockscar" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "On , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type atomic bomb (Little Boy) on the city of Hiroshima. American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan's surrender 16 hours later, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth\". Three days later, on , the U.S. dropped a plutonium implosion-type bomb (Fat Man) on the city of Nagasaki. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.454188346862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "On , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On , it signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The bombings' role in Japan's surrender and their ethical justification are still debated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.318044662475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": " On , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance. Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list. Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July, but Stimson remained adamant. On , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055296897888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35, the 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay (named after Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, served as the photography aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.292542934417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Nagasaki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276901245117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Nagasaki during World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.285067558288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. Although an important industrial city, Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN/APQ-13 radar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11586856842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff's directive, and was bombed on a small scale five times. During one of these raids on , a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. By early August, the city was defended by the IJA 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.479234218597412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.351722717285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bombing of Nagasaki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.167190551757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "After three runs over the city, and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump, they headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki. Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa, which had become entirely Allied-occupied territory only six weeks earlier. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth ruled that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.076177597045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the \"all clear\" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53, the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.660345077514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "At 11:01, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscars bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about of plutonium, was dropped over the city's industrial valley at . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1650 ±, above a tennis court halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north. This was nearly 3 km northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills. The resulting explosion had a blast yield equivalent to 21 ±. The explosion generated heat estimated at 3900 C and winds that were estimated at 1005 km/h. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2428346872329712, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 soldiers were killed instantly, including thirty-six from the IJA 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division. At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died, including a British citizen, Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw, and seven Dutch POWs. One American POW, Joe Kieyoomia, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell. There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864913940429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi, followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi south of the bomb. About 58% of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78% of the Mitsubishi Steel Works. The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10% structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone. The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519886016845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "In his \"Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors\" delivered on , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the bombs. Hirohito met with General MacArthur on , saying to him that \"[t]he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized\". Furthermore, the \"Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors\" speech he told MacArthur about was just personal, not political, and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender. In fact, a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Hirohito ordered his advisers, primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu, Kawada Mizuho, and Masahiro Yasuoka, to write up a surrender speech. In Hirohito's speech, days before announcing it on radio on , he gave three major reasons for surrender: Tokyo's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan, Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans, and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race. Despite the Soviet intervention, Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.884841918945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Lieutenant Daniel McGovern, used a film crew to document the results in early 1946. The film crew's work resulted in a three-hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb; it showed burned out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified \"secret\" for the next 22 years. During this time in America, it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films, magazines, and newspapers. The total of 90000 ft of film shot by McGovern's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009. According to Greg Mitchell, with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb, a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public \"in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.916409015655518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945. On , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. All Nippon Eigasha's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities. These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government, declassified, and saved from oblivion. Some black-and-white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970. The public release of film footage of the city post attack, and some research about the human effects of the attack, was restricted during the occupation of Japan, and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.058534622192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "In the spring of 1948, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in a control city, Kure, located 18 mi south of Hiroshima, in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure. Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings. The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure. Among the observed birth defects there was a higher incidence of brain malformation in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, including microencephaly and anencephaly, about 2.75 times the rate seen in Kure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.983999252319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "In 1985, Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were common among the survivors. Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel's study, historian Ronald E. Powaski wrote that Hiroshima experienced \"an increase in stillbirths, birth defects, and infant mortality\" following the atomic bomb. Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6579008102417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The survivors of the bombings are called , a Japanese word that literally translates to \"explosion-affected people\". , 183,519 hibakusha were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, the memorials record the names of more than 460,000 hibakusha; 297,684 in Hiroshima and 168,767 in Nagasaki. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.948410034179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Hibakusha and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness, with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious. This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.307577133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "On , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha. He was confirmed to be 3 km from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on , the day before Fat Man was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. He died on , at the age of 93, after a battle with stomach cancer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.47737455368042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha (lit. double explosion-affected people), and was screened at the United Nations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.206306457519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor. Between 40,000 and 50,000 Koreans were killed by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. Most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410676956176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view, among them: a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral, that the bombings counted as war crimes, that they were militarily unnecessary, that they constituted state terrorism, and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people. Another popular view among critics of the bombings, originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks, is the idea of atomic diplomacy: that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War. The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign. This, together with the sea blockade and the collapse of Germany (with its implications regarding redeployment), could also have led to a Japanese surrender. At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria. \"The Soviet entry into the war\", argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, \"played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.054783821105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Bombing of Nagasaki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.167190551757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "The first plutonium core, along with its polonium-beryllium Urchin initiator, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium-field carrying-case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper. The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C-54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 26 July, and arrived at North Field on Tinian on 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s; two, Luke the Spook and Laggin' Dragon, from the 509th Composite Group's 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th AAF Base Unit, and transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August. Upon arrival, F31 was partly disassembled in order to check all its components. F33 was expended near Tinian during a final rehearsal on 8 August, and F31 was the bomb dropped on Nagasaki. F32 presumably would have been used for a third attack or its rehearsal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.965968608856201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Sweeney then proceeded to the alternative target, Nagasaki. It too was obscured by cloud, and Ashworth ordered Sweeney to make a radar approach. At the last minute, the bombardier, Captain Kermit K. Beahan, found a hole in the clouds. The Fat Man was dropped and, following a 43-second duration free fall, it exploded at 11:02 local time, at an altitude of about . Because of poor visibility due to cloud cover, the bomb missed its intended detonation point by almost two miles, and damage was somewhat less extensive than that in Hiroshima.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.335223197937012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "An estimated 35,000–40,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki. A total of 60,000–80,000 fatalities resulted, including from long-term health effects, the strongest of which was leukemia, with an attributable risk of 46% for bomb victims. Others died later from related blast and burn injuries, and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb's initial radiation. Most of the direct deaths and injuries sustained from the bombing were munitions or industrial workers. Mitsubishi's industrial production in the city were also severed by the attack; the dockyard would have produced at 80 percent of its full capacity within three to four months, the steel works would have required a year to get back to substantial production, the electric works would have resumed some production within two months and been back at capacity within six months, and the restoration of the arms plant to 60 to 70 percent of former capacity would have required 15 months. The Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, the factory that manufactured the type 91 torpedoes released in the attack on Pearl Harbor, was destroyed in the blast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471303939819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Man" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Nuclear weapons have been used twice in nuclear warfare, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb codenamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. The bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from acute injuries sustained from the explosions. The ethics of the bombings and their role in Japan's surrender remain the subject of scholarly and popular debate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8351378440856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nuclear weapon" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for the purposes of testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and acknowledge possessing them—are (chronologically by date of first test) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also believed to possess nuclear weapons, though in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands are nuclear weapons sharing states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.911626815795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nuclear weapon" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "After several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War, the Empire also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples it conquered. After suffering many defeats and following the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan and invasion of Manchuria, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the Empire surrendered to the Allies on August 15, 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement in 1947, officially dissolving the Empire. Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the \"State of Japan\" or simply rendered \"Japan\" in English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3307867050170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Having ignored (mokusatsu) the Potsdam Declaration, the Empire of Japan surrendered and ended World War II, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a declaration of war by the Soviet Union. In a national radio address on August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people by Gyokuon-hōsō.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.891330718994141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Empire of Japan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Yachting", "passage": "In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens, a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club (NYYC), formed a six-person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money competing in yachting regattas and match races. The syndicate contracted with pilot-boat designer George Steers for a 101 ft schooner, which was christened America and launched on 3 May 1851.", "precise_score": -3.248755931854248, "rough_score": -5.450128078460693, "source": "wiki", "title": "America's Cup" } ]

[ { "answer": "Guinness World Records", "passage": "Alan Ross McWhirter (12 August 1925 – 27 November 1975) was, with his twin brother, Norris, the co-founder of Guinness World Records and a contributor to The Record Breakers. He was murdered by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1975. ", "precise_score": 3.3232803344726562, "rough_score": 6.297494888305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ross McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "While building up their accounts, they both worked as sports journalists. One of the athletes they knew and covered was runner Christopher Chataway, an employee at Guinness who recommended them to Hugh Beaver. After an interview in 1954 in which the Guinness directors enjoyed testing the twins' knowledge of records and unusual facts, the brothers agreed to start work on the book that would become The Guinness Book of Records. In August 1955, the first slim green volume – 198 pages long – was at the bookstalls, and in four more months it was the UK's number one non-fiction best-seller. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.149071216583252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ross McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "Both brothers were regulars on the BBC show The Record Breakers. They were noted for their encyclopedic memories, enabling them to provide detailed answers to questions from the audience about entries in The Guinness Book of Records. Norris continued on the programme after Ross's death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.330314636230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ross McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "* The Guinness Book of Records (1955–1975, with Norris McWhirter)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4809898138046265, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ross McWhirter" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.", "precise_score": 1.772750735282898, "rough_score": 6.940086364746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In 1900 the brothers went to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to begin their manned gliding experiments. In his reply to Wilbur's first letter, Octave Chanute had suggested the mid-Atlantic coast for its regular breezes and soft sandy landing surface. Wilbur also requested and examined U.S. Weather Bureau data, and decided on Kitty Hawk after receiving information from the government meteorologist stationed there. Kitty Hawk, although remote, was closer to Dayton than other places Chanute had suggested, including California and Florida. The spot also gave them privacy from reporters, who had turned the 1896 Chanute experiments at Lake Michigan into something of a circus. Chanute visited them in camp each season from 1901 to 1903 and saw gliding experiments, but not the powered flights.", "precise_score": -2.556769609451294, "rough_score": 1.399782657623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The brothers flew the glider for only a few days in the early autumn of 1900 at Kitty Hawk. In the first tests, probably on October 3, Wilbur was aboard while the glider flew as a kite not far above the ground with men below holding tether ropes. Most of the kite tests were unpiloted, with sandbags or chains and even a local boy as ballast. ", "precise_score": -0.9798085689544678, "rough_score": 0.9613596200942993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In camp at Kill Devil Hills, they endured weeks of delays caused by broken propeller shafts during engine tests. After the shafts were replaced (requiring two trips back to Dayton), Wilbur won a coin toss and made a three-second flight attempt on December 14, 1903, stalling after takeoff and causing minor damage to the Flyer. (Because December 13, 1903, was a Sunday, the brothers did not make any attempts that day, even though the weather was good.) In a message to their family, Wilbur referred to the trial as having \"only partial success\", stating \"the power is ample, and but for a trifling error due to lack of experience with this machine and this method of starting, the machine would undoubtedly have flown beautifully.\" Following repairs, the Wrights finally took to the air on December 17, 1903, making two flights each from level ground into a freezing headwind gusting to 27 mph. The first flight, by Orville at 10:35 am, of 120 ft in 12 seconds, at a speed of only over the ground, was recorded in a famous photograph. The next two flights covered approximately 175 and, by Wilbur and Orville respectively. Their altitude was about 10 ft above the ground. The following is Orville Wright's account of the final flight of the day:", "precise_score": -0.8573204278945923, "rough_score": 2.665177822113037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Facing much skepticism in the French aeronautical community and outright scorn by some newspapers that called him a \"bluffeur\", Wilbur began official public demonstrations on August 8, 1908 at the Hunaudières horse racing track near the town of Le Mans, France. His first flight lasted only one minute 45 seconds, but his ability to effortlessly make banking turns and fly a circle amazed and stunned onlookers, including several pioneer French aviators, among them Louis Blériot. In the following days, Wilbur made a series of technically challenging flights, including figure-eights, demonstrating his skills as a pilot and the capability of his flying machine, which far surpassed those of all other pioneering aircraft and pilots of the day. ", "precise_score": 0.4530680477619171, "rough_score": 5.574103832244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "On October 7, 1908, Edith Berg, the wife of the brothers' European business agent, became the first American woman passenger when she flew with Wilbur—-one of many passengers who rode with him that autumn. Wilbur also became acquainted with Léon Bollée and his family. Bollée was the owner of an automobile factory where Wilbur would assemble the Flyer and where he would be provided with hired assistance. Bollée would fly that autumn with Wilbur. Madame Bollée had been in the latter stages of pregnancy when Wilbur arrived in LeMans in June 1908 to assemble the Flyer. Wilbur promised her that he would make his first European flight the day her baby was born which he did, August 8, 1908. ", "precise_score": 1.5388673543930054, "rough_score": 4.15718936920166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Deeply shocked and upset by the accident, Wilbur determined to make even more impressive flight demonstrations; in the ensuing days and weeks he set new records for altitude and duration. In January 1909 Orville and Katharine joined him in France, and for a time they were the three most famous people in the world, sought after by royalty, the rich, reporters and the public. The kings of Great Britain, Spain and Italy came to see Wilbur fly. The Wrights traveled to Pau, in the south of France, where Wilbur made many more public flights, giving rides to a procession of officers, journalists and statesmen—and his sister Katharine on February 15. He trained two French pilots, then transferred the airplane to the French company. In April the Wrights went to Italy where Wilbur assembled another Flyer, giving demonstrations and training more pilots. An Italian cameraman Federico Valle climbed aboard and filmed the first motion picture from an airplane.", "precise_score": -1.6476529836654663, "rough_score": 3.1973631381988525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "On May 25, 1910, back at Huffman Prairie, Orville piloted two unique flights. First, he took off on a six-minute flight with Wilbur as his passenger, the only time the Wright brothers ever flew together. They received permission from their father to make the flight. They had always promised Milton they would never fly together to avoid the chance of a double tragedy and to ensure one brother would remain to continue their experiments. Next, Orville took his 82-year-old father on a nearly seven-minute flight, the only one of Milton Wright's life. The aircraft rose to about 350 ft while the elderly Wright called to his son, \"Higher, Orville, higher!\" ", "precise_score": -0.698115885257721, "rough_score": 3.9837236404418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Neither brother married. Wilbur once quipped that he did not have time for both a wife and an airplane. Following a brief training flight in Berlin he gave to a German pilot in June 1911, Wilbur never flew again. He gradually became occupied with business matters for the Wright Company and dealing with different lawsuits. Upon dealing with the patent lawsuits, which had put great strain on both brothers, Wilbur had written in a letter to a French friend, \"When we think what we might have accomplished if we had been able to devote this time to experiments, we feel very sad, but it is always easier to deal with things than with men, and no one can direct his life entirely as he would choose.\" Wilbur spent the next year before his death traveling, where he spent a full six months in Europe attending to various business and legal matters. Wilbur urged American cities to emulate the European – particularly Parisian – philosophy of apportioning generous public space near every important public building. He was also constantly back and forth between New York, Washington and Dayton. All of the stresses were taking a toll on Wilbur physically. Orville would remark that he would \"come home white\". ", "precise_score": -2.8022377490997314, "rough_score": 2.4342410564422607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Wright brothers were two of seven children born to Milton Wright (1828–1917), of English and Dutch ancestry, and Susan Catherine Koerner (1831–1889), of German and Swiss ancestry. Wilbur was born near Millville, Indiana, in 1867; Orville in Dayton, Ohio, in 1871. The brothers never married. The other Wright siblings were Reuchlin (1861–1920), Lorin (1862–1939), Katharine (1874–1929), and twins Otis and Ida (born 1870, died in infancy). In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was once expelled. The direct paternal ancestry goes back to a Samuel Wright (b. 1606 in Essex, England) who sailed to America and settled in Massachusetts in 1636. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.594046115875244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In 1878 their father, who traveled often as a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, brought home a toy helicopter for his two younger sons. The device was based on an invention of French aeronautical pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. Made of paper, bamboo and cork with a rubber band to twirl its rotor, it was about a foot long. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, and then built their own. In later years, they pointed to their experience with the toy as the spark of their interest in flying. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.190230369567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Both brothers attended high school, but did not receive diplomas. The family's abrupt move in 1884 from Richmond, Indiana to Dayton, Ohio, where the family had lived during the 1870s, prevented Wilbur from receiving his diploma after finishing four years of high school. The diploma was awarded posthumously to Wilbur on April 16, 1994, which would have been his 127th birthday. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.5497465133667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In late 1885 or early 1886 Wilbur was struck in the face by a hockey stick while playing an ice-skating game with friends, resulting in the loss of his front teeth. He had been vigorous and athletic until then, and although his injuries did not appear especially severe, he became withdrawn. He had planned to attend Yale. Instead, he spent the next few years largely housebound. During this time he cared for his mother who was terminally ill with tuberculosis, read extensively in his father's library and ably assisted his father during times of controversy within the Brethren Church, but also expressed unease over his own lack of ambition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.467605590820312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Orville dropped out of high school after his junior year to start a printing business in 1889, having designed and built his own printing press with Wilbur's help. Wilbur joined the print shop, and in March the brothers launched a weekly newspaper, the West Side News. Subsequent issues listed Orville as publisher and Wilbur as editor on the masthead. In April 1890 they converted the paper to a daily, The Evening Item, but it lasted only four months. They focused on commercial printing afterward. One of their clients for printing jobs was Orville's friend and classmate in high school, Paul Laurence Dunbar, who rose to international acclaim as a ground-breaking African-American poet and writer. For a brief period the Wrights printed the Dayton Tattler, a weekly newspaper that Dunbar edited. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.558752536773682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Capitalizing on the national bicycle craze (spurred by the invention of the safety bicycle and its substantial advantages over the penny-farthing design), in December 1892 the brothers opened a repair and sales shop (the Wright Cycle Exchange, later the Wright Cycle Company) and in 1896 began manufacturing their own brand. They used this endeavor to fund their growing interest in flight. In the early or mid-1890s they saw newspaper or magazine articles and probably photographs of the dramatic glides by Otto Lilienthal in Germany. 1896 brought three important aeronautical events. In May, Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley successfully flew an unmanned steam-powered fixed-wing model aircraft. In mid-year, Chicago engineer and aviation authority Octave Chanute brought together several men who tested various types of gliders over the sand dunes along the shore of Lake Michigan. In August, Lilienthal was killed in the plunge of his glider. These events lodged in the consciousness of the brothers. In May 1899 Wilbur wrote a letter to the Smithsonian Institution requesting information and publications about aeronautics. Drawing on the work of Sir George Cayley, Chanute, Lilienthal, Leonardo da Vinci, and Langley, they began their mechanical aeronautical experimentation that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.08373431861400604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Wright brothers always presented a unified image to the public, sharing equally in the credit for their invention. Biographers note that Wilbur took the initiative in 1899–1900, writing of \"my\" machine and \"my\" plans before Orville became deeply involved when the first person singular became the plural \"we\" and \"our\". Author James Tobin asserts, \"it is impossible to imagine Orville, bright as he was, supplying the driving force that started their work and kept it going from the back room of a store in Ohio to conferences with capitalists, presidents, and kings. Will did that. He was the leader, from the beginning to the end.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.231302261352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "On the basis of observation, Wilbur concluded that birds changed the angle of the ends of their wings to make their bodies roll right or left. The brothers decided this would also be a good way for a flying machine to turn—to \"bank\" or \"lean\" into the turn just like a bird—and just like a person riding a bicycle, an experience with which they were thoroughly familiar. Equally important, they hoped this method would enable recovery when the wind tilted the machine to one side (lateral balance). They puzzled over how to achieve the same effect with man-made wings and eventually discovered wing-warping when Wilbur idly twisted a long inner-tube box at the bicycle shop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770936012268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In July 1899 Wilbur put wing warping to the test by building and flying a biplane kite with a five-foot (1.5m) wingspan. When the wings were warped, or twisted, one end of the wings produced more lift and the other end less lift. The unequal lift made the wings tilt, or bank: the end with more lift rose, while the other end dropped, causing a turn in the direction of the lower end. The warping was controlled by four cords attached to the kite, which led to two sticks held by the kite flyer, who tilted them in opposite directions to twist the wings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.365891933441162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The wooden uprights between the wings of the Wright glider were braced by wires in their own version of Chanute's modified Pratt truss, a bridge-building design he used for his biplane glider (initially built as a triplane). The Wrights mounted the horizontal elevator in front of the wings rather than behind, apparently believing this feature would help to avoid, or protect them, from a nosedive and crash like the one that killed Lilienthal. Wilbur incorrectly believed a tail was not necessary, and their first two gliders did not have one. According to some Wright biographers, Wilbur probably did all the gliding until 1902, perhaps to exercise his authority as older brother and to protect Orville from harm as he did not want to have to explain to Bishop Wright if Orville got injured. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.664031028747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "They tested wing-warping using control ropes from the ground. The glider was also tested unmanned while suspended from a small homemade tower. Wilbur, but not Orville, made about a dozen free glides on only a single day, October 20. For those tests the brothers trekked four miles (6 km) south to the Kill Devil Hills, a group of sand dunes up to 100 ft high (where they made camp in each of the next three years). Although the glider's lift was less than expected, the brothers were encouraged because the craft's front elevator worked well and they had no accidents. However, the small number of free glides meant they were not able to give wing-warping a true test.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.516058921813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Hoping to improve lift, they built the 1901 glider with a much larger wing area and made dozens of flights in July and August for distances of 50 to. The glider stalled a few times, but the parachute effect of the forward elevator allowed Wilbur to make a safe flat landing, instead of a nose-dive. These incidents wedded the Wrights even more strongly to the canard design, which they did not give up until 1910. The glider, however, delivered two major disappointments. It produced only about one-third the lift calculated and sometimes pointed opposite the intended direction of a turn–a problem later known as adverse yaw–when Wilbur used the wing-warping control. On the trip home a deeply dejected Wilbur remarked to Orville that man would not fly in a thousand years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3607151508331299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Wrights used this equation to calculate the amount of lift that a wing would produce. Over the years a wide variety of values had been measured for the Smeaton coefficient; Chanute identified up to 50 of them. Wilbur knew that Langley, for example, had used a lower number than the traditional one. Intent on confirming the correct Smeaton value, Wilbur performed his own calculations using measurements collected during kite and free flights of the 1901 glider. His results correctly showed that the coefficient was very close to 0.0033 (similar to the number Langley used), not the traditional 0.0054, which would significantly exaggerate predicted lift. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6792683601379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Before the detailed wind tunnel tests Wilbur traveled to Chicago at Chanute's invitation to give a lecture to the Western Society of Engineers on September 18, 1901. He presented a thorough report about the 1900–01 glider experiments and complemented his talk with a lantern slide show of photographs. Wilbur's speech was the first public account of the brothers' experiments. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.346312046051025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Wilbur made a March 1903 entry in his notebook indicating the prototype propeller was 66% efficient. Modern wind tunnel tests on reproduction 1903 propellers show they were more than 75% efficient under the conditions of the first flights, \"a remarkable feat\", and actually had a peak efficiency of 82%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.250970363616943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Wilbur started the fourth and last flight at just about 12 o'clock. The first few hundred feet were up and down, as before, but by the time three hundred ft had been covered, the machine was under much better control. The course for the next four or five hundred feet had but little undulation. However, when out about eight hundred feet the machine began pitching again, and, in one of its darts downward, struck the ground. The distance over the ground was measured to be 852 feet; the time of the flight was 59 seconds. The frame supporting the front rudder was badly broken, but the main part of the machine was not injured at all. We estimated that the machine could be put in condition for flight again in about a day or two. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.753811836242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "At Huffman Prairie, lighter winds made takeoffs harder, and they had to use a longer starting rail than the 60 ft rail used at Kitty Hawk. The first flights in 1904 revealed problems with longitudinal stability, solved by adding ballast and lengthening the supports for the elevator. During the spring and summer they suffered many hard landings, often damaging the aircraft and causing minor injuries. On August 13, making an unassisted takeoff, Wilbur finally exceeded their best Kitty Hawk effort with a flight of 1300 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3134036064147949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Then they decided to use a weight-powered catapult to make takeoffs easier and tried it for the first time on September 7. On September 20, 1904, Wilbur flew the first complete circle in history by a manned heavier-than-air powered machine, covering 4080 ft in about a minute and a half. Their two best flights were November 9 by Wilbur and December 1 by Orville, each exceeding five minutes and covering nearly three miles in almost four circles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.02362307533621788, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "These modifications greatly improved stability and control, enabling a series of six dramatic \"long flights\" ranging from 17 to 38 minutes and 11 to 24 mi around the three-quarter mile course over Huffman Prairie between September 26 and October 5. Wilbur made the last and longest flight, in 38 minutes and 3 seconds, ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out. The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.708093643188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "In France Wilbur met Frank P. Lahm, a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Aeronautical Division. Writing to his superiors, Lahm smoothed the way for Wilbur to give an in-person presentation to the U.S. Board of Ordnance and Fortification in Washington, D.C. when he returned to the U.S. This time, the Board was favorably impressed, in contrast to its previous indifference. With further input from the Wrights, the U.S. Army Signal Corps issued Specification #486 in December 1907, inviting bids for construction of a flying machine under military contract. The Wrights submitted their bid in January.The Board was surprised when it received 41 bids, having expected only one. None of the other bids amounted to a serious proposal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.356040000915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Their contracts required them to fly with a passenger, so they modified the 1905 Flyer by installing two seats and adding upright control levers. After tests with sandbags in the passenger seat, Charlie Furnas, a helper from Dayton, became the first fixed-wing aircraft passenger on a few short flights May 14, 1908. For safety, and as a promise to their father, Wilbur and Orville did not fly together. However, several newspaper accounts at the time mistakenly took Orville's flight with Furnas as both brothers flying together. Later that day after flying solo seven minutes, Wilbur suffered his worst crash when—still not well-acquainted with the two new control levers—he apparently moved one the wrong way and slammed the Flyer into the sand at between 40 and. He emerged with only bruises and a cut nose, but the accident ended the practice flights—and the airplane's flying career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0136024951934814, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The brothers' contracts with the U.S. Army and a French syndicate depended on successful public flight demonstrations that met certain conditions. The brothers had to divide their efforts. Wilbur sailed for Europe; Orville would fly near Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.732446193695068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The French public was thrilled by Wilbur's feats and flocked to the field by the thousands, and the Wright brothers instantly became world-famous. Former doubters issued apologies and effusive praise. L'Aérophile editor Georges Besançon wrote that the flights \"have completely dissipated all doubts. Not one of the former detractors of the Wrights dare question, today, the previous experiments of the men who were truly the first to fly ...\" Leading French aviation promoter Ernest Archdeacon wrote, \"For a long time, the Wright brothers have been accused in Europe of bluff ... They are today hallowed in France, and I feel an intense pleasure ... to make amends.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1456191539764404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "After their return to the U.S., the brothers and Katharine were invited to the White House where President Taft bestowed awards upon them. Dayton followed up with a lavish two-day homecoming celebration. In July 1909 Orville, with Wilbur assisting, completed the proving flights for the U.S. Army, meeting the requirements of a two-seater able to fly with a passenger for an hour at an average of speed of 40 miles an hour (64 km/h) and land undamaged. They sold the airplane to the Army's Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps for $30,000 (which included a $5,000 bonus for exceeding the speed specification). Wilbur climaxed an extraordinary year in early October when he flew at New York City's Hudson-Fulton celebrations, circling the Statue of Liberty and making a 33-minute flight up and down the Hudson River alongside Manhattan in view of up to one million New Yorkers. These flights solidly established the fame of the Wright brothers in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.6872663497924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The patent illustrates a non-powered flying machine—namely, the 1902 glider. The patent's importance lies in its claim of a new and useful method of controlling a flying machine, powered or not. The technique of wing-warping is described, but the patent explicitly states that other methods instead of wing-warping could be used for adjusting the outer portions of a machine's wings to different angles on the right and left sides to achieve lateral (roll) control. The concept of varying the angle presented to the air near the wingtips, by any suitable method, is central to the patent. The patent also describes the steerable rear vertical rudder and its innovative use in combination with wing-warping, enabling the airplane to make a coordinated turn, a technique that prevents hazardous adverse yaw, the problem Wilbur had when trying to turn the 1901 glider. Finally, the patent describes the forward elevator, used for ascending and descending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.991124153137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "European companies which bought foreign patents the Wrights had received sued other manufacturers in their countries. Those lawsuits were only partly successful. Despite a pro-Wright ruling in France, legal maneuvering dragged on until the patent expired in 1917. A German court ruled the patent not valid because of prior disclosure in speeches by Wilbur Wright in 1901 and Chanute in 1903. In the U.S. the Wrights made an agreement with the Aero Club of America to license airshows which the Club approved, freeing participating pilots from a legal threat. Promoters of approved shows paid fees to the Wrights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.430061340332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "From 1910 until his death from typhoid fever in 1912, Wilbur took the leading role in the patent struggle, traveling incessantly to consult with lawyers and testify in what he felt was a moral cause, particularly against Curtiss, who was creating a large company to manufacture aircraft. The Wrights' preoccupation with the legal issue stifled their work on new designs, and by 1911 Wright airplanes were considered inferior to those of European makers. Indeed, aviation development in the U.S. was suppressed to such an extent that when the U.S. entered World War I no acceptable American-designed airplanes were available, and U.S. forces were compelled to use French machines. Orville and Katharine Wright believed Curtiss was partly responsible for Wilbur's premature death, which occurred in the wake of his exhausting travels and the stress of the legal battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.667332410812378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Wright Company was incorporated on November 22, 1909. The brothers sold their patents to the company for $100,000 and also received one-third of the shares in a million dollar stock issue and a 10 percent royalty on every airplane sold. With Wilbur as president and Orville as vice president, the company set up a factory in Dayton and a flying school/test flight field at Huffman Prairie; the headquarters office was in New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2441298961639404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "There were not many customers for airplanes, so in the spring of 1910 the Wrights hired and trained a team of salaried exhibition pilots to show off their machines and win prize money for the company—despite Wilbur's disdain for what he called \"the mountebank business\". The team debuted at the Indianapolis Speedway on June 13. Before the year was over, pilots Ralph Johnstone and Arch Hoxsey died in air show crashes, and in November 1911 the brothers disbanded the team on which nine men had served (four other former team members died in crashes afterward). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6116712093353271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "The Smithsonian hoped to salvage Langley's aeronautical reputation by proving the Aerodrome could fly; Curtiss wanted to prove the same thing to defeat the Wrights' patent lawsuits against him. The tests had no effect on the patent battle, but the Smithsonian made the most of them, honoring the Aerodrome in its museum and publications. The Institution did not reveal the extensive Curtiss modifications, but Orville Wright learned of them from his brother Lorin and a close friend of his and Wilbur's, Griffith Brewer, who both witnessed and photographed some of the tests. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.38305139541626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Wilbur", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.972355842590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "It was decided by the family that a new and far grander house would be built, using the money that the Wrights had earned through their inventions and business. Called affectionately Hawthorn Hill, building had begun in the Dayton suburb of Oakwood, Ohio, while Wilbur was in Europe. Katharine and Orville oversaw the project in his absence. Wilbur's one known expression upon the design of the house was that he have a room and bathroom of his own. The brothers hired Schenck and Williams, an architectural firm, to design the house, along with input from both Wilbur and Orville. Wilbur did not live to see its completion in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.954444885253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "He became ill on a business trip to Boston in April 1912, the illness sometimes attributed to eating bad shellfish at a banquet. After returning to Dayton in early May 1912, worn down in mind and body, he fell ill again and was diagnosed with typhoid fever. He lingered on, his symptoms relapsing and remitting for many days. Wilbur died, at age 45, at the Wright family home on May 30. His father wrote about Wilbur in his diary: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250866889953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" }, { "answer": "Wilbur", "passage": "Orville succeeded to the presidency of the Wright Company upon Wilbur's death. Sharing Wilbur's distaste for business but not his brother's executive skills, Orville sold the company in 1915. After 42 years living at their residence on 7 Hawthorn Street, Orville, Katharine and their father, Milton, moved to Hawthorn Hill in the spring of 1914. Milton died in his sleep on April 3, 1917, at the age of 88. Up until his death, Milton had been very active, preoccupied with reading, writing articles for religious publications and enjoying his morning walks. He had also marched in a Dayton Woman's Suffrage Parade, along with Orville and Katharine. Orville made his last flight as a pilot in 1918 in a 1911 Model B. He retired from business and became an elder statesman of aviation, serving on various official boards and committees, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), predecessor agency to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce (ACCA), predecessor to the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA). Katharine married Henry Haskell of Kansas City, a former Oberlin classmate, in 1926. Orville was furious and inconsolable, feeling he had been betrayed by Katharine. He refused to attend the wedding or even communicate with her. He finally agreed to see her, apparently at Lorin's insistence, just before she died of pneumonia on March 3, 1929.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5227181911468506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wright brothers" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000. The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network, including the associated Nick Jr. channel. It aired on CBS until September 2006. A Spanish-dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal-owned Telemundo through September 2006; since April 2008, this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block. The series is co-produced by Nickelodeon Productions and Nickelodeon Animation Studio. Dora the Explorer is one of the longest-running shows of Nick Jr. During the sixth season, the show became the Nick Jr. series with most episodes, surpassing Blue's Clues with 143 episodes, having 144 after it had completed broadcasting on television. It won a Peabody Award in 2003 \"for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers.\" ", "precise_score": -7.420202255249023, "rough_score": -4.411694526672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Swiper", "passage": "The series centers around Dora, an American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots). Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with \"assistance\" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting. Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox who steals the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall-breaking interaction with the viewer. To stop Swiper, Dora must say \"Swiper no swiping\" three times. However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items. Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the \"Grumpy Old Troll\" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer's help. Known for the constant breaking of the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way. The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the \"We Did It!\" song with Boots in triumph.", "precise_score": 1.1361234188079834, "rough_score": -4.102081298828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Swiper", "passage": "On numerous occasions, television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced. Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger, more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled, or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through. They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task (such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is not featured in average episodes, or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved (such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid). Sometimes, the specials have involved the debut of new characters, such as the birth of Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests.", "precise_score": -5.553352355957031, "rough_score": -6.234730243682861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America, the first being \"City of Lost Toys\", and the second being \"Dora's Pirate Adventure\". Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio. Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters. Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series. City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora, while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots. Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song \"Get On Your Feet\" as the final number of the show. Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe.", "precise_score": -6.147980690002441, "rough_score": -6.514337062835693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer: Journey to the Purple Planet is an action-adventure video game, developed by Monkey Bar Games, published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine. The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13, 2005, and later in PAL regions on December 16, 2005. The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2, 2005, and later in North America in February 9, 2006. The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet. However, to take them home, she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate, leading to the saturn planet. The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words. The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars. Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music. In order to capture the star, the player must complete a hide-and-seek activity. These activities include maze navigation, matching games, side-scrolling race games, a \"Frogger\"-type game, a complete-the-pattern activity and a song playing game. ", "precise_score": -6.912576675415039, "rough_score": -6.080540180206299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "* Dora Márquez (aka Dora the Explorer): Kathleen Herles (2000–2008), Caitlin Sanchez (2008–2010), Fátima Ptacek (2011–2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.734389305114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Alexandria Suarez", "passage": "* Backpack: Sasha Toro (2000–2004), Alexandria Suarez (2007–2010)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.019673347473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Swiper", "passage": "* Swiper: Marc Weiner (2000–2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9496612548828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Tico the Squirrel", "passage": "* Tico the Squirrel: Jose Zelaya (2002–2004), Jean Carlos Celi (2007–2010)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12340259552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide. It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases (mostly English, interspersed with a local language (e.g. Norwegian, Russian, Hindi, or German), with occasional use of Spanish (used in the Gaelic, Serbian, and Turkish versions)) through its simplicity and use of repetition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.616231918334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "*Italian - The Italian language version broadcasts on Italia 1 and on Nickelodeon. The bilingualism is Italian-English. The series is called Dora l'esploratrice (\"Dora the Explorer\"). Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202850341796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "*Macedonian - The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia. The title is \"Дора истражува\" (or Dora the Explorer). The bilingualism is Macedonian-English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219536781311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "*Tamil - In the Tamil language version Dora The Explorer, the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed. It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55682373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer merchandise", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94774341583252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters, including Dora the Explorer. Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce \"third-party monitoring\" of all manufacturers of products under its brands. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61839485168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer series", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.523016929626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released. In Canada, Cheerios offered a free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages. However, packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version. Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US. It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory. Dora the Explorer: Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004. It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.136740684509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "Dora the Explorer: Dora's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS. It was published by 2K Play in 2010. In the game, players have to chop veggies, stir soups, top pizzas, and more using math skills. They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197568893432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "* Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073456764221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "* Dora the Explorer: Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7919340133667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" }, { "answer": "Dora the Explorer", "passage": "In 2013, Nickelodeon announced that it will have a spin-off to Dora the Explorer titled as Dora and Friends: Into the City!. It will star the Latina heroine Dora as a 10-year-old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls, accompanied by a male pal named Pablo. The series has been picked up for 20 episodes and aired on Nickelodeon on August 18, 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.050535202026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dora the Explorer" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Lady with the Lamp", "passage": "She came to prominence while serving as a manager of nurses trained by her during the Crimean War, where she organised the tending to wounded soldiers. She gave nursing a highly favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of \"The Lady with the Lamp\" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night. ", "precise_score": 5.759855270385742, "rough_score": 7.223326683044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Some recent commentators have asserted Nightingale's achievements in the Crimean War were exaggerated by the media at the time, to satisfy the public's need for a hero. Nevertheless, critics agree on the decisive importance of her follow-up achievements in professionalising nursing roles for women. In 1860, Nightingale laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, now part of King's College London. In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the world on her birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish prostitution laws that were over-harsh to women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.", "precise_score": 1.2529879808425903, "rough_score": 0.6514929533004761, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai Smith, and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning) were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her friend Mary Clarke. They were deployed about 295 nmi across the Black Sea from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British camp was based.", "precise_score": 2.7286441326141357, "rough_score": 3.9549405574798584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "The Lady with the Lamp", "passage": "The Lady with the Lamp ", "precise_score": -1.5719661712646484, "rough_score": -2.1391305923461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "The Lady with the Lamp", "passage": "During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname \"The Lady with the Lamp\" from a phrase in a report in The Times:", "precise_score": 2.6180665493011475, "rough_score": 3.6204166412353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "In 1912, the International Committee of the Red Cross instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, which is awarded every two years to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding service. It is the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve and is awarded to nurses or nursing aides for \"exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, sick or disabled or to civilian victims of a conflict or disaster\" or \"exemplary services or a creative and pioneering spirit in the areas of public health or nursing education\". Since 1965, International Nurses Day has been celebrated on her birthday (12 May) each year. The President of India honours nursing professionals with the \"National Florence Nightingale Award\" every year on International Nurses Day. The award, established in 1973, is given in recognition of meritorious services of nursing professionals characterised by devotion, sincerity, dedication and compassion.", "precise_score": -4.423203945159912, "rough_score": -2.6468513011932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "The Lady with the Lamp", "passage": "The first theatrical representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in the title role. It did not portray her as an entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians. It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1951. In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale entitled The Voyage of the Lass was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines.", "precise_score": -1.5652141571044922, "rough_score": -2.687682628631592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs. The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the British Isles was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.", "precise_score": 1.0166430473327637, "rough_score": -2.235198736190796, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale, (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.740232467651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, in Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61590576171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Now called the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, the school is part of King's College London. She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's home, Claydon House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.504706382751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Nightingale School of Nursing", "passage": "Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and organising the nursing profession. In the introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: \"The book was the first of its kind ever to be written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.461015701293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system in Britain from the 1860s onwards. This meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff. In the first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found no other job and therefore were forced to earn their living by this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his 1842-1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Sarah Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt. According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Nightingale Museum, “When she [Nightingale] started out there was no such thing as nursing. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.473905324935913, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair, London. The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives and she is buried in the graveyard at St Margaret's Church in East Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park. She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes that were previously unpublished.Kelly, Heather (1998). [http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/126/ Florence Nightingale's autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. 45844 (England)] (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University A memorial monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.139336585998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutorship of her father. Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. She used methods such as the pie chart, which had first been developed by William Playfair in 1801. While taken for granted now, it was at the time a relatively novel method of presenting data. (alternative pagination depending on country of sale: 98–107. Bibliography on p.114) [http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci708/ online article – see documents link at left]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457051277160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism. She wrote some 200 books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety. An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11 Privately printed by Nightingale in 1860. of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. The best known of these essays, called \"Cassandra\", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4628214836120605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration. The first official nurses' training programme, her Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in 1860. In addition to the continued operation of the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London, the Nightingale Building in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Southampton is also named after her. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.246865749359131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign, established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. They will declare: The International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World–2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. As of 2016, the Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 25,000 signatories from 106 countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361970901489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Hospital in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital in Kadiköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983607292175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "An appeal is being considered for the former Derbyshire Royal Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Nightingale. The suggested new name will be either Nightingale Community Hospital or Florence Nightingale Community Hospital. The area in which the hospital lies in Derby has recently been referred to as the \"Nightingale Quarter\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789514541625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "A statue of Florence Nightingale stands in Waterloo Place, Westminster, London, just off The Mall. There are three statues of Nightingale in Derby – one outside the London Road Community Hospital formerly known as the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one in St Peter's Street, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. A public house named after her stands close to the DRI. The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby Hospital, formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798112869262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital in London reopened in May 2010 in time for the centenary of Nightingale's death. Another museum devoted to her is at her sister's family home, Claydon House, now a property of the National Trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595403671264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and to commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit with a school poster competition to promote some events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42417049407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "In Istanbul, the northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is now the Florence Nightingale Museum. and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78460693359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription: \"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession.\" Other monuments of Nightingale include a statue at Chiba University in Chiba, Japan, and a bust at Tarlac State University, Tarlac City, Philippines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7921693325042725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Library Sound Archive. The recording, made in aid of the Light Brigade Relief Fund and available to hear online, says:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43238639831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "When I am no longer even a memory, just a name, I hope my voice may perpetuate the great work of my life. God bless my dear old comrades of Balaclava and bring them safe to shore. Florence Nightingale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364498138427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "In 1912, a biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale, was released, followed in 1915 by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. In 1936, Kay Francis played Nightingale in the film titled The White Angel. In 1951, The Lady With the Lamp starred Anna Neagle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.26011848449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Portrayals of Nightingale on television, in documentary as in fiction, vary – the BBC's 2008 Florence Nightingale emphasised her independence and feeling of religious calling, but in Channel 4's 2006 Mary Seacole: The Real Angel of the Crimea she is portrayed as narrow-minded and opposed to Seacole's efforts. In 1985, a TV biopic Florence Nightingale, starring Jaclyn Smith, was produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.394932746887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Florence Nightingale's image appeared on the reverse of £10 Series D banknotes issued by the Bank of England from 1975 until 1994. As well as a standing portrait, she was depicted on the notes in a field hospital, holding her lamp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.815791130065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "Nightingale had a principled objection to having photographs taken or her portrait painted. An extremely rare photograph of her, taken at Embley on a visit to her family home in May 1858, was discovered in 2006 and is now at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. A black-and-white photograph taken in about 1907 by Lizzie Caswall Smith at Nightingale's London home in South Street, Park Lane, was auctioned on 19 November 2008 by Dreweatts auction house in Newbury, Berkshire, England, for £5,500. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16755485534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "The first biography of Nightingale was published in England in 1855. In 1911, Edward Tyas Cook was authorised by Nightingale's executors to write the official life, published in two volumes in 1913. Lytton Strachey based much of his chapter on Nightingale in Eminent Victorians on Cook, and Cecil Woodham-Smith also relied heavily on Cook's Life in her 1950 biography, though she did have access to new family material preserved at Claydon. In 2008, Mark Bostridge published a major new life of Nightingale, almost exclusively based on unpublished material from the Verney Collections at Claydon and from archival documents from about 200 archives around the world, some of which had been published by Lynn McDonald in her projected sixteen-volume edition of the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale (2001 to date).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482885360717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "A KLM McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCD) was also named in her honour. Nightingale has appeared on international postage stamps, including, the UK, Australia, Belgium, Dominica, Hungary (showing the Florence Nightingale medal awarded by the International Red Cross), and Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522601127624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "File:Items belonging to Florence Nightingale, Nelson and Livingstone. (9663810240).jpg|Nightingale's moccasins that she wore in the Crimean War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860658645629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": "File:Flornce Nightingale exhibit.jpg|Florence Nightingale exhibit at Malvern Museum 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124784469604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Florence Nightingale" }, { "answer": "Florence Nightingale", "passage": " As the memory of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.020404815673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" } ]

[ { "answer": "Washington Territory", "passage": "The growing populace of Oregon Territory north of the Columbia River formally requested a new territory, which was granted by the U.S. government in 1853. The boundary of Washington Territory initially extended farther east than the present state's, including what is now the Idaho Panhandle and parts of western Montana, and picked up more land to the southeast that was left behind when Oregon was admitted as a state. The creation of Idaho Territory in 1863 established the final eastern border. A Washington State constitution was drafted and ratified in 1878, but it was never officially adopted. Although never approved by Congress, the 1878 constitution is an important historical document which shows the political thinking of the time. It was used extensively during the drafting of Washington State's 1889 constitution, the one and only official Constitution of the State of Washington. Washington became the 42nd state in the United States on November 11, 1889. ", "precise_score": 4.945308685302734, "rough_score": 3.8216238021850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Washington (state)" }, { "answer": "Washington Territory", "passage": "Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Named after George Washington, the first President of the United States, the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory, which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S., which is often shortened to Washington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.276876449584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Washington (state)" }, { "answer": "Washington Territory", "passage": "The Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was originally part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. Incidentally, the area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, which contains the city of Washington. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.03608512878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Washington (state)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Little Bo Peep", "passage": "Humpty Dumpty has become a highly popular nursery rhyme character. American actor George L. Fox (1825–77) helped to popularise the character in nineteenth-century stage productions of pantomime versions, music, and rhyme. The character is also a common literary allusion, particularly to refer to a person in an insecure position, something that would be difficult to reconstruct once broken, or a short and fat person. Humpty Dumpty has been used in a large range of literary works in addition to his appearance as a character in Through the Looking-Glass, including L. Frank Baum's Mother Goose in Prose (1901), where the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the king, having witnessed Humpty's \"death\" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him. In Neil Gaiman's early short story The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds, the Humpty Dumpty story is turned into a film noir-style hardboiled crime story, involving also Cock Robin, the Queen of Hearts, Little Bo Peep, Old Mother Hubbard, and other characters from popular nursery rhymes. Robert Rankin used Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy-tale character murderer in The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse (2002). Jasper Fforde included Humpty Dumpty in his novels The Well of Lost Plots (2003) and The Big Over Easy (2005), which use him respectively as a ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike and as the victim of a murder.", "precise_score": -6.5247626304626465, "rough_score": -6.162751197814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humpty Dumpty" } ]

[ { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "The fear of the number 13 has been given a scientific name: \"triskaidekaphobia\"; and on analogy to this the fear of Friday the 13th is called paraskevidekatriaphobia, from the Greek words Paraskeví (Παρασκευή, meaning \"Friday\"), and dekatreís (δεκατρείς, meaning \"thirteen\").", "precise_score": 6.338307857513428, "rough_score": 4.166696548461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Tuesday the 13th", "passage": "In Spanish-speaking countries, instead of Friday, Tuesday the 13th (martes trece) is considered a day of bad luck. The Greeks also consider Tuesday (and especially the 13th) an unlucky day. Tuesday is considered dominated by the influence of Ares, the god of war (Mars in Roman mythology). A connection can be seen in the Roman etymology of the name in some European languages (Mardi in French or martes in Spanish). The fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade occurred on Tuesday, April 13, 1204, and the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans happened on Tuesday, 29 May 1453, events that strengthen the superstition about Tuesday. In addition, in Greek the name of the day is Triti (Τρίτη) meaning literally the third (day of the week), adding weight to the superstition, since bad luck is said to \"come in threes\".", "precise_score": -10.980674743652344, "rough_score": -10.778142929077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "In Italian popular culture, Friday the 17th (and not the 13th) is considered a day of bad luck. The origin of this belief could be traced in the writing of number 17, in Roman numerals: XVII. By shuffling the digits of the number one can easily get the word VIXI (\"I have lived\", implying death in the present), an omen of bad luck. In fact, in Italy, 13 is generally considered a lucky number. However, due to Americanization, young people consider Friday the 13th unlucky as well. ", "precise_score": -11.124786376953125, "rough_score": -10.971529960632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in Western superstition. It occurs when the 13th day of the month in the Gregorian calendar falls on a Friday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064162254333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday 13", "passage": "An early documented reference in English occurs in Henry Sutherland Edwards' 1869 biography of Gioachino Rossini, who died on a Friday 13th:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188559532165527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday 13", "passage": "He [Rossini] was surrounded to the last by admiring friends; and if it be true that, like so many Italians, he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that on Friday 13th of November he passed away. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064078330993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "It is possible that the publication in 1907 of Thomas W. Lawson's popular novel Friday, the Thirteenth, contributed to disseminating the superstition. In the novel, an unscrupulous broker takes advantage of the superstition to create a Wall Street panic on a Friday the 13th.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087188720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Tuesday the 13th", "passage": "Tuesday the 13th in Hispanic and Greek culture", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089280128479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday The Thirteenth", "passage": "The 2000 parody film Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth was released in Italy with the title Shriek – Hai impegni per venerdì 17? (\"Shriek – Do You Have Something to Do on Friday the 17th?\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202101707458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "In Finland, a consortium of governmental and nongovernmental organizations led by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health promotes the National Accident Day, which always falls on a Friday the 13th. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097373008728027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "A study in the British Medical Journal, published in 1993, concluded that there \"is a significant level of traffic-related incidences on Friday the 13th as opposed to a random day, such as Friday the 6th, in the UK.\" However, the Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics (CVS) on 12 June 2008 stated that \"fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday than on other Fridays, because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home. Statistically speaking, driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th, at least in the Netherlands; in the last two years, Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday; but the average figure when the 13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16295051574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "The following months have a Friday the 13th:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434514045715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "This sequence, given here for 1900–2099, follows a 28-year cycle from 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100. The months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the Dominical letter (G, F, GF, etc.) of the year. Any month that starts on a Sunday contains a Friday the 13th, and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year. There can be as many as three Friday the 13ths in a single calendar year; either in February, March and November in a common year starting on Thursday (such as 2009, 2015 or 2026) (D), or January, April and July in a leap year starting on Sunday (such as 2012) (AG).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254464149475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": "The longest period that can occur without a Friday the 13th is fourteen months, either from July to September the following year being a common year starting on Tuesday (e.g., between 2001–02, 2012–13, and 2018–19), or from August to October the following year being a leap year starting on Saturday (e.g., between 1999–2000 or 2027–28).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343466758728027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" }, { "answer": "Friday the 13th", "passage": " 20,871 weeks. Thus, each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the week (and thus the same pattern of Fridays that are on the 13th). The 13th day of the month is slightly more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week. On average, there is a Friday the 13th once every 212.35 days (compared to Thursday the 13th, which occurs only once every 213.59 days).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404848098754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Friday the 13th" } ]

[ { "answer": "9", "passage": "Throughout the Baroque era, the harpsichord was one of the main instruments used in chamber music. The harpsichord used quills to pluck strings, and it had a delicate sound. Due to the design of the harpsichord, the attack or weight with which the performer played the keyboard did not change the volume or tone. In between about 1750 and the late 1700s, the harpsichord gradually fell out of use. By the late 1700s, the pianoforte become more popular as an instrument for performance. Even though the pianoforte was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori at the beginning of the 1700s, it did not become widely used until the end of that century, when technical improvements in its construction made it a more effective instrument. Unlike the harpsichord, the pianoforte could play soft or loud dynamics and sharp sforzando attacks depending on how hard or soft the performer played the keys. The improved pianoforte was adopted by Mozart and other composers, who began composing chamber ensembles with the piano playing a leading role. The piano was to become more and more dominant through the 19th century, so much so that many composers, such as Franz Liszt and Frédéric Chopin, wrote almost exclusively for solo piano (or solo piano with orchestra).", "precise_score": -10.409460067749023, "rough_score": -7.8043131828308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "In the years 1805 to 1806, Beethoven composed the three Op. 59 quartets on a commission from Count Razumovsky, who played second violin in their first performance. These quartets, from Beethoven's middle period, were pioneers in the romantic style. Besides introducing many structural and stylistic innovations, these quartets were much more difficult technically to perform – so much so that they were, and remain, beyond the reach of many amateur string players. When first violinist Ignaz Schuppanzigh complained of their difficulty, Beethoven retorted, \"Do you think I care about your wretched violin when the spirit moves me?\" Among the difficulties are complex syncopations and cross-rhythms; synchronized runs of sixteenth, thirty-second, and sixty-fourth notes; and sudden modulations requiring special attention to intonation. In addition to the Op. 59 quartets, Beethoven wrote two more quartets during his middle period – Op. 74, the \"Harp\" quartet, named for the unusual harp-like effect Beethoven creates with pizzicato passages in the first movement, and Op. 95, the \"Serioso\".", "precise_score": -9.625151634216309, "rough_score": -6.0186591148376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Thousands of quartets were published by hundreds of composers; between 1770 and 1800, more than 2000 quartets were published, and the pace did not decline in the next century. Throughout the 19th century, composers published string quartets now long neglected: George Onslow wrote 36 quartets and 35 quintets; Gaetano Donizetti wrote dozens of quartets, Antonio Bazzini, Anton Reicha, Carl Reissiger, Joseph Suk and others wrote to fill an insatiable demand for quartets. In addition, there was a lively market for string quartet arrangements of popular and folk tunes, piano works, symphonies, and opera arias. ", "precise_score": -8.449905395507812, "rough_score": -6.2535786628723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "All told, Brahms published 24 works of chamber music, including three string quartets, five piano trios, the quintet for piano and strings, Op. 34, and other works. Among his last works were the clarinet quintet, Op. 115, and a trio for clarinet, cello and piano. He wrote a trio for the unusual combination of piano, violin and horn, Op. 40. He also wrote two songs for alto singer, viola and piano, Op. 91, reviving the form of voice with string obbligato that had been virtually abandoned since the Baroque.", "precise_score": -9.278929710388184, "rough_score": -6.315358638763428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Czech composer Antonín Dvořák created in his chamber music a new voice for the music of his native Bohemia. In 14 string quartets, three string quintets, two piano quartets, a string sextet, four piano trios, and numerous other chamber compositions, Dvořák incorporates folk music and modes as an integral part of his compositions. For example, in the piano quintet in A major, Op. 81, the slow movement is a Dumka, a Slavic folk ballad that alternates between a slow expressive song and a fast dance. Dvořák's fame in establishing a national art music was so great that the New York philanthropist and music connoisseur Jeannette Thurber invited him to America, to head a conservatory that would establish an American style of music. There, Dvořák wrote his string quartet in F major, Op. 96, nicknamed \"The American\". While composing the work, Dvořák was entertained by a group of Kickapoo Indians who performed native dances and songs, and these songs may have been incorporated in the quartet. ", "precise_score": -9.800368309020996, "rough_score": -7.9040069580078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Regardless of whether the number of amateur players has grown or shrunk, the number of chamber music concerts in the west has increased greatly in the last 20 years. Concert halls have largely replaced the home as the venue for concerts. Baron suggests that one of the reasons for this surge is \"the spiraling costs of orchestral concerts and the astronomical fees demanded by famous soloists, which have priced both out of the range of most audiences.\" The repertoire at these concerts is almost universally the classics of the 19th century. However, modern works are increasingly included in programs, and some groups, like the Kronos Quartet, devote themselves almost exclusively to contemporary music and new compositions; and ensembles like the Turtle Island String Quartet, that combine classical, jazz, rock and other styles to create crossover music. Cello Fury and Project Trio offer a new spin to the standard chamber ensemble. Cello Fury consists of three cellists and a drummer and Project Trio includes a flutist, bassist, and cellist.", "precise_score": -9.174015998840332, "rough_score": -7.262419700622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "nine", "passage": "Different traditions and genres of poetry tend to use different meters, ranging from the Shakespearean iambic pentameter and the Homeric dactylic hexameter to the anapestic tetrameter used in many nursery rhymes. However, a number of variations to the established meter are common, both to provide emphasis or attention to a given foot or line and to avoid boring repetition. For example, the stress in a foot may be inverted, a caesura (or pause) may be added (sometimes in place of a foot or stress), or the final foot in a line may be given a feminine ending to soften it or be replaced by a spondee to emphasize it and create a hard stop. Some patterns (such as iambic pentameter) tend to be fairly regular, while other patterns, such as dactylic hexameter, tend to be highly irregular. Regularity can vary between language. In addition, different patterns often develop distinctively in different languages, so that, for example, iambic tetrameter in Russian will generally reflect a regularity in the use of accents to reinforce the meter, which does not occur, or occurs to a much lesser extent, in English. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795255661010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poetry" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "The villanelle is a nineteen-line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain; the poem is characterized by having two refrains, initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza, and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain, which is concluded by the two refrains. The remaining lines of the poem have an a-b alternating rhyme. The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, and Elizabeth Bishop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.945738792419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poetry" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku, or opening verse of a renku. Generally written in a single vertical line, the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji, structured in a 5-7-5 pattern. Traditionally, haiku contain a kireji, or cutting word, usually placed at the end of one of the poem's three sections, and a kigo, or season-word. The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694). An example of his writing: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705863952636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poetry" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story (a.k.a. the \"short short story\", \"flash fiction\"). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-century France, where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as The Prose Poem: An International Journal, Contemporary Haibun Online, and Haibun Today devoted to that genre and its hybrids. Latin American poets of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include Octavio Paz and Giannina Braschi ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140823364257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poetry" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Mozart introduced the newly invented clarinet into the chamber music arsenal, with the Kegelstatt Trio for viola, clarinet and piano, K. 498, and the Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet, K. 581. He also tried other innovative ensembles, including the quintet for violin, two violas, cello, and horn, K. 407, quartets for flute and strings, and various wind instrument combinations. He wrote six string quintets for two violins, two violas and cello, which explore the rich tenor tones of the violas, adding a new dimension to the string quartet conversation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.972143173217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "The turn of the 19th century saw dramatic changes in society and in music technology which had far-reaching effects on the way chamber music was composed and played.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059295654296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "At the beginning of the 19th century, luthiers developed new methods of constructing the violin, viola and cello that gave these instruments a richer tone, more volume, and more carrying power. Also at this time, bowmakers made the violin bow longer, with a thicker ribbon of hair under higher tension. This improved projection, and also made possible new bowing techniques. In 1820, Louis Spohr invented the chinrest, which gave violinists more freedom of movement in their left hands, for a more nimble technique. These changes contributed to the effectiveness of public performances in large halls, and expanded the repertoire of techniques available to chamber music composers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.836514472961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "nine", "passage": "Ludwig van Beethoven straddled this period of change as a giant of Western music. Beethoven transformed chamber music, raising it to a new plane, both in terms of content and in terms of the technical demands on performers and audiences. His works, in the words of Maynard Solomon, were \"...the models against which nineteenth-century romanticism measured its achievements and failures.\" His late quartets, in particular, were considered so daunting an accomplishment that many composers after him were afraid to try composing quartets; Johannes Brahms composed and tore up 20 string quartets before he dared publish a work that he felt was worthy of the \"giant marching behind\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.197894096374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Schubert's music, as his life, exemplified the contrasts and contradictions of his time. On the one hand, he was the darling of Viennese society: he starred in soirées that became known as Schubertiaden, where he played his light, mannered compositions that expressed the gemütlichkeit of Vienna of the 1820s. On the other hand, his own short life was shrouded in tragedy, wracked by poverty and ill health. Chamber music was the ideal medium to express this conflict, \"to reconcile his essentially lyric themes with his feeling for dramatic utterance within a form that provided the possibility of extreme color contrasts.\" The String Quintet in C, D.956, is an example of how this conflict is expressed in music. After a slow introduction, the first theme of the first movement, fiery and dramatic, leads to a bridge of rising tension, peaking suddenly and breaking into the second theme, a lilting duet in the lower voices. The alternating Sturm und Drang and relaxation continue throughout the movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.286979675292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Unlike Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn had a life of peace and prosperity. Born into a wealthy Jewish family in Hamburg, Mendelssohn proved himself a child prodigy. By the age of 16, he had written his first major chamber work, the String Octet, Op. 20. Already in this work, Mendelssohn showed some of the unique style that was to characterize his later works; notably, the gossamer light texture of his scherzo movements, exemplified also by the Canzonetta movement of the String Quartet, Op. 12, and the scherzo of the Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor, Op. 49.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.330777168273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "The composers of the first half of the 19th century were acutely aware of the conversational paradigm established by Haydn and Mozart. Schumann wrote that in a true quartet \"everyone has something to say ... a conversation, often truly beautiful, often oddly and turbidly woven, among four people.\" Their awareness is exemplified by composer and virtuoso violinist Louis Spohr. Spohr divided his 36 string quartets into two types: the quatuor brillant, essentially a violin concerto with string trio accompaniment; and quatuor dialogue, in the conversational tradition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97998046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Chamber music and society in the 19th century", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98411750793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "The middle of the 19th century saw more changes in society and in musical tastes, which had their impact on chamber music composition and performance. While improvements in instruments led to more public performances of chamber music, it remained very much a type of music to be played as much as performed. Amateur quartet societies sprang up throughout Europe, and no middling-sized city in Germany or France would be without one. These societies sponsored house concerts, compiled music libraries, and encouraged the playing of quartets and other ensembles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.141396522521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "But opposing forces were at work. The middle of the 19th century saw the rise of superstar virtuosi, who drew attention away from chamber music toward solo performance. Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt presented \"recitals\" – a term coined by Liszt – that drew crowds of ecstatic fans who swooned at the sound of their playing. The piano, which could be mass-produced, became an instrument of preference, and many composers, like Chopin and Liszt, composed primarily if not exclusively for piano. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.996841430664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Although amateur playing thrived throughout the 19th century, this was also a period of increasing professionalization of chamber music performance. Professional quartets began to dominate the chamber music concert stage. The Hellmesberger Quartet, led by Joseph Hellmesberger, and the Joachim Quartet, led by Joseph Joachim, debuted many of the new string quartets by Brahms and other composers. Another famous quartet player was Vilemina Norman Neruda, also known as Lady Hallé. Indeed, during the last third of the century, women performers began taking their place on the concert stage: an all-women string quartet led by Emily Shinner, and the Lucas quartet, also all women, were two notable examples. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.029958724975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "The exploration of tonality and of structure begun by Brahms was continued by composers of the French school. César Franck's piano quintet in F minor, composed in 1879, further established the cyclic form first explored by Schumann and Mendelssohn, reusing the same thematic material in each of the three movements. Claude Debussy's string quartet, Op. 10, is considered a watershed in the history of chamber music. The quartet uses the cyclic structure, and constitutes a final divorce from the rules of classical harmony. \"Any sounds in any combination and in any succession are henceforth free to be used in a musical continuity\", Debussy wrote. Pierre Boulez said that Debussy freed chamber music from \"rigid structure, frozen rhetoric and rigid aesthetics\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55196475982666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Bedřich Smetana, another Czech, wrote a piano trio and string quartet, both of which incorporate native Czech rhythms and melodies. In Russia, Russian folk music permeated the works of the late 19th-century composers. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky uses a typical Russian folk dance in the final movement of his string sextet, Souvenir de Florence, Op. 70. Alexander Borodin's second string quartet contains references to folk music, and the slow Nocturne movement of that quartet recalls Middle Eastern modes that were current in the Muslim sections of southern Russia. Edvard Grieg used the musical style of his native Norway in his string quartet in G minor, Op. 27.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.7227783203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Since the invention of electrical telecommunication devices in the 19th century, players of a string quartet can even conduct a conversation when they are flying over the audience in four separate helicopters, as in the Helicopter String Quartet by Karlheinz Stockhausen. When the piece was performed in 1995, the players had earphones with a click track to enable them to play at the right time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159841537475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Composers seek new timbres, remote from the traditional blend of strings, piano and woodwinds that characterized chamber music in the 19th century. This search led to the incorporation of new instruments in the 20th century, such as the theremin and the synthesizer in chamber music compositions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495583534240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "Many composers sought new timbres within the framework of traditional instruments. \"Composers begin to hear new timbres and new timbral combinations, which are as important to the new music of the twentieth century as the so-called breakdown of functional tonality,\" writes music historian James McCalla. Examples are numerous: Bartók's Sonata for two pianos and percussion (1937), Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, Charles Ives's Quartertone Pieces for two pianos tuned a quartertone apart. Other composers used electronics and extended techniques to create new sonorities. An example is George Crumb's Black Angels, for electric string quartet (1970). The players not only bow their amplified instruments, they also beat on them with thimbles, pluck them with paper clips and play on the wrong side of the bridge or between the fingers and the nut. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74917221069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "A study by the European Music Office in 1996 suggests that not only older people are playing music. \"The number of adolescents today to have done music has almost doubled by comparison with those born before 1960\", the study shows. While most of this growth is in popular music, some is in chamber music and art music, according to the study.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42119312286377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "* the [http://www.ottawachamberfest.com Ottawa Chamber Music Society], a non-profit organization that encourages public involvement and appreciation of chamber music. The OCMS has organized Ottawa Chamber Music Festival, the largest chamber music festival in the world, since 1994. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742149353027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "* ISBN 9781906857820 and ISBN 978-1906857844.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403509140014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" }, { "answer": "9", "passage": "* The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.918730735778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chamber music" } ]

[ { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "In August 1944, to reduce the number of forest fires, the Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council began distributing fire education posters featuring a black bear. The poster campaign was a success; the black bear would later be named \"Smokey Bear\", and would, for decades, be the \"spokesbear\" for the Forest Service. Smokey Bear has appeared in innumerable TV commercials; his popular catch phrase, \"Only YOU can prevent forest fires\", is one of the most widely recognized slogans in the United States. A recent study found that 95% of the people surveyed could complete the phrase when given the first few words. ", "precise_score": 5.545723915100098, "rough_score": 6.096840858459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Forest Service" }, { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "* Wildfire Prevention (1944–present) The Ad Council’s longest running campaign, Smokey Bear and his tagline, \"Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires,\" was created in 1944 to educate Americans about the harm wildfires could cause the war effort, and the danger that the Japanese might deliberately start forest fires by shelling the West Coast of the United States. It was 1947 when the iconic Smokey Bear phrase was finally coined: \"Remember...only YOU can prevent forest/wild fires!\" The Forest Fire Prevention campaign has helped reduce the number of acres lost annually to wildfire from 22 million to 8.4 million (in 2000). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.553858757019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ad Council" }, { "answer": "Smokey Bear", "passage": "Several recent Ad Council PSA campaigns have involved partnerships with film production companies, including Warner Bros., Sony Pictures Entertainment, and Disney. Examples include a partnership with Warner Bros. featuring characters from Where the Wild Things Are in PSAs to counteract childhood obesity, PSAs for child passenger safety featuring clips from Warner Bros. The Wizard of Oz, a partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment's The Smurfs 2 to encourage children to explore nature, and Disney characters such as Baby Einstein for the LATCH System for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pinocchio and The Jungle Book for MyPyramid, Bambi, Sleeping Beauty, and Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears for Smokey Bear, Cinderella for child booster seats by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Little Einsteins for art instruction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53183650970459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ad Council" } ]

[ { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "precise_score": 4.557083606719971, "rough_score": 5.05308723449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. ", "precise_score": 4.637855529785156, "rough_score": -2.4630582332611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty of impeachment, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic:", "precise_score": 6.090159893035889, "rough_score": -0.41574135422706604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening. Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and MIRVs. While he considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it. There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3143110275268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first President to visit Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.510329723358154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "After he won reelection, Nixon found inflation returning. He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy. The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.823134422302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate, federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children, and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973. In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.212763786315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides. The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.259707450866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.137479782104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. However, one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the \"Smoking Gun Tape\" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had a lapse of memory. He met with Republican congressional leaders soon after, and was told he faced certain impeachment in the House and had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate— far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.011823654174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition; Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a \"full, free, and absolute pardon\", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.638589859008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis, the inflammation of the walls of a vein. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman—and The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the \"wrong foot\". Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.765701770782471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "1974", "passage": "In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill-will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3594970703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Guinness world record", "passage": "Norris Dewar McWhirter, CBE (12 August 1925 - 19 April 2004) was a British writer, political activist, co-founder of The Freedom Association, and a television presenter. He and his twin brother, Ross, were known internationally for the founding of Guinness World Records, a book they wrote and annually updated together between 1955 and 1975. After Ross's assassination by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), Norris carried on alone as editor. ", "precise_score": 5.122753143310547, "rough_score": 5.612110614776611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" }, { "answer": "Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "* Guinness Book of Records (1955–1975, with Ross McWhirter)", "precise_score": -3.6983754634857178, "rough_score": -2.754608154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "One of the athletes covered was runner Christopher Chataway, the employee at Guinness who recommended them to Sir Hugh Beaver. After an interview in which the Guinness directors enjoyed testing the twins' knowledge of records and unusual facts, the brothers agreed to start work on the book that became The Guinness Book of Records in 1954. In August 1955, the first slim green volume – 198 pages long – was at the bookstalls, and in four more months it was Britain's No. 1 nonfiction best-seller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3314714431762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "Both brothers were regulars on the BBC show Record Breakers. They were noted for their photographic memory, enabling them to provide detailed answers to any questions from the audience about entries in the Guinness Book of Records. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770627975463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" }, { "answer": "The Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "He retired from The Guinness Book of Records in 1985, though he continued in an advisory role until 1996, when he was ousted by the company. He continued to write, editing a new reference book, Norris McWhirter's Book of Millennium Records, in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.316435813903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" }, { "answer": "Guinness Book of Records", "passage": "* Guinness Book of Records (1976–1985)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.637824058532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norris McWhirter" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called Clermont. That steamboat went with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, a round trip of 300 miles, in 62 hours in 1807. In 1800, he was commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte to design the \"Nautilus\", which was the first practical submarine in history. He is also credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy. ", "precise_score": 4.315418243408203, "rough_score": 4.588145732879639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Fulton" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Fulton designed the first working submarine, the \"Nautilus\" between 1793 and 1797, while living in France. When tested his submarine went underwater for 17 minutes in 25 feet of water. He asked the government to subsidize its construction but he was turned down twice. Eventually he approached the Minister of Marine himself and in 1800 was granted permission to build. The shipyard Perrier in Rouen built it and it sailed first in July 1800 on the Seine River in the same city.", "precise_score": 4.0376505851745605, "rough_score": 3.3119630813598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Fulton" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo, one of the best known antiheroes in fiction, is a mysterious figure. The son of an Indian Raja, he is a scientific genius who roams the depths of the sea in his submarine, the Nautilus, which was built in pieces all over the world and shipped to the builder. Nemo tries to project a stern, controlled confidence, but he is driven by a thirst for vengeance and a hatred of imperialism focused on the British Empire. He is also wracked by remorse over the deaths of his crew members and even by the deaths of enemy sailors.", "precise_score": -7.585007667541504, "rough_score": -4.467199802398682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "In The Mysterious Island, Captain Nemo identifies himself as Prince Dakkar, son of the Hindu Raja of Bundelkund, and also a descendant of the Muslim Sultan Syed walSharif Fateh Ali Khan Tipu of the Kingdom of Mysore, famous for the Anglo-Mysore Wars. After the First Indian War of Independence of 1857, in which Dakkar lost his family and his kingdom, he devoted himself to scientific research and developed the Nautilus, wherein he and a crew of followers cruise the seas. They gather bullion from various shipwrecks in the oceans, most notably the wrecks of the Spanish treasure fleet in Bay of Vigo, sunk during the Battle of Vigo Bay. He claims to have no interest in the affairs of the world above, but occasionally he intervenes to aid the oppressed, such as by giving salvaged treasure to participants in the Cretan Revolt (1866-1869) against the island's Turkish rulers and by saving (both physically and financially) a Ceylonese or Tamil pearl hunter from a diving accident, or by saving the castaways from drowning in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and covertly protecting another set of castaways in The Mysterious Island.", "precise_score": -7.228123188018799, "rough_score": -0.8497844934463501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The Nautilus goes down in the Maelstrom on June 2, 1868, according to 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea, but may have survived. (The Mysterious Island gives this date as June 22, 1867.) Captain Nemo dies on the Nautilus under Lincoln Island in The Mysterious Island on October 15, 1868. Therefore, some chronological inconsistencies still exist: Cyrus and Gideon knew of Captain Nemo years before Aronnax published his story, Nemo being trapped under Lincoln Island all during the time in 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea.", "precise_score": -8.95824909210205, "rough_score": -5.853419780731201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Ned, Aronnax and Conseil are spotted, and as they attempt to leave in their lifeboat, the crew returns to their submarine and capture the castaways. The captain introduces himself as Nemo (James Mason), master of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck, while offering Aronnax, whose name he recognizes from Aronnax's scientific work and research, the chance to stay. When Nemo discovers that Aronnax is willing to die with his companions, he finds out what he needed to know and allows Ned and Conseil to stay aboard.", "precise_score": -7.624719142913818, "rough_score": -5.529070854187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Disneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo. In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Mystères du Nautilus, opened, and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001. ", "precise_score": -6.4315185546875, "rough_score": -4.491744041442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "On January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, a.k.a. \"McG\", attached to direct. The film serves as an origin story for the central character, Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus. McG has remarked that it will be \"much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel\" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it will reveal \"what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself.\" It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites. The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision. ", "precise_score": -9.391294479370117, "rough_score": -1.0850319862365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The secret of the island is revealed when it is discovered to be Captain Nemo's hideout, and home port of the Nautilus. Having escaped the Maelstrom at the end of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, the Nautilus sailed the oceans of the world until all its crew except Nemo had died. Now an old man with a beard, Nemo returned the Nautilus to its secret port within Lincoln Island. Nemo had been the mysterious benefactor of the settlers, providing them with the box of equipment, sending the message revealing Ayrton, planting the mine that destroyed the pirate ship, and killing the pirates with an \"electric gun\". On his death bed Captain Nemo reveals his true identity as the lost Indian Prince Dakkar, son of a Raja of the then independent territory of Bundelkund and a nephew of the Indian hero Tippu-Sahib. After taking part in the failed Indian Rebellion of 1857, Prince Dakkar escaped to a deserted island with twenty of his compatriots and commenced the building of the Nautilus and adopted the new name of \"Captain Nemo\". Nemo also tells his life story to Cyrus Smith and his friends. Before he dies, he gives them a box of diamonds and pearls as a keepsake. Afterwards, he dies, crying \"God and my country!\" (\"Independence!\", in Verne's original manuscript). The Nautilus is scuttled and serves as Captain Nemo's tomb.", "precise_score": -8.722561836242676, "rough_score": -2.8558120727539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mysterious Island" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "* 3 August 1958 – Nautilus used an inertial navigation system to reach the North Pole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774821281433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Submarine" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Like many actual Indian princes of the era, Nemo had a European or English education, in which (he states) he spent his youth studying and touring Europe. In his first meeting with Professor Aronnax and his companions, they speak to him in French, English, Latin and German; Nemo later reveals that he is fluent in all of these. Aronnax comments that Nemo's French was perfect, and relies on his intuition and knowledge of ethnology to infer that he was from southern latitudes; but is unable to determine his origin. The Nautiluss library and art collection reveal Nemo to be familiar with European culture and arts. Further, he was an accomplished player of the organ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.852779388427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo is said to have died of old age, on board the Nautilus, at Dakkar Grotto on Lincoln Island in the South Pacific. Funeral rites were administered by Cyrus Smith, one of the castaways protected by Nemo himself, and his vessel was then submerged in the waters of the grotto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.964845180511475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo is devoted to his crew and grieves deeply when one is killed in the giant squid attack in the Caribbean Sea, or after a midnight encounter with a surface ship. He shows the same compassion in his treatment of the castaways in The Mysterious Island, and retains a strong attachment to his deceased wife and children. Though short-tempered, he rarely expresses his anger. He is also a man of immense courage, in the forefront of every activity, from releasing the Nautilus from the Antarctic ice to fighting squid in the Caribbean; and notable for having worked consecutive eight-hour shifts without a break, with little oxygen, to free the Nautilus from the ice. He was also identified as having discovered Atlantis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.057798385620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "An extraordinary engineer, Nemo has designed and built the Nautilus, besides inventing her electric propulsion and navigation systems. He has an exceptional mastery of underwater navigation, taking upon himself the most difficult submarine passages, such as those under the Isthmus of Suez and the Antarctic ice sheet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.45571231842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "He has a comprehensive knowledge of marine biology, and it is his respect for Professor Aronnax's expertise in the field which led to his befriending the professor when the latter was cast upon the Nautilus. Further, he is said to have read and annotated all the books he possessed in the Nautiluss vast library.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47447681427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "He has very fine taste in art, possessing several masterpieces of both painting and sculpture, from ancient and modern European masters, all of which are housed in the Grand Salon of the Nautilus, along with his collection of pearls, corals and other such marine products, which he had gathered himself. In the opinion of Professor Aronnax, the collection of the Grand Salon far outstrips that of the Louvre. Despite the opulence visible all through the Nautilus, Nemo's cabin was furnished with little beside a bed and the navigational instruments integral to the Nautilus. Captain Nemo is believed to be extremely affluent, in that while he never states exactly how much he is worth, he claims that 'without missing it, he could pay the national debt of France'. At the time of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas publication, this was worth 4.6 billion francs, or $16.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.493975639343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo tells Professor Aronnax that his intention was to have his autobiography sealed in an unsinkable casket and thrown overboard by the last survivor of the Nautiluss crew, in the hope that it would be washed up somewhere. Accordingly an unsinkable casket does wash up in The Mysterious Island (wherein is revealed Nemo's background story), containing tools, guns, navigation instruments, an atlas, books, blank paper, and even clothing. The crate is lashed to empty barrels, and the contents sealed in a waterproof zinc envelope, showing careful preparation and packing. Throughout the same book, Nemo acts as an agent of Divine Providence, as when the sailor Pencroff laments the absence of tobacco, and a hunting party discover a plant that the young naturalist Harbert identifies as such. The other castaways keep the discovery secret until they can dry and cure the leaves. One evening, Pencroff is offered some coffee by his friends. When he declines, they say, \"A pipe, then?\" and produce a homemade pipe stuffed full, with a coal to light it. Pencroff exclaims, \"O, divine Providence! sacred Author of all things!...Nothing more is now wanting to our island\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.93270206451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "His emblem, as given in a description of the flag he raised when claiming Antarctica, is a large golden N on a black field. The motto of the Nautilus was Mobilis in mobili, which may be roughly translated from Latin as, \"moving amidst mobility\", \"moving within the moving element\", or \"changing in the changes\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620384216308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea was written between 1869 and 1870 and records the voyages of the Nautilus between 1866 and 1868. The Mysterious Island was written in 1874 but is set immediately after the American Civil War, from 1865 to 1867. This would mean that Captain Nemo who appeared in The Mysterious Island dies before Captain Nemo who appeared in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea sets out on the undersea travels. Also, when Captain Nemo is finally seen in The Mysterious Island, he mentions having met Aronnax 16 years previously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.930900573730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo is the official file manager for the Cinnamon desktop environment; the name plays off of the Nautilus file manager from which it was forked. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.104114532470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000_Nemo_Aronnax_plans.jpg|Captain Nemo and Professor Aronnax discussing the plans of the Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.767983436584473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000 Nautilus Nemo room.jpg|Captain Nemo's room aboard the Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.23538875579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000 Nautilus Library Nemo Aronnax.jpg|The library of the Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708113670349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000 Nautilus engines.jpg|Engine room of the Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077033042907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000 squid Nautilus viewbay.jpg|The commencement of the attack of the squids at the Bahamas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02212905883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:20000 squid Nautilus door.jpg|Captain Nemo fighting a giant squid aboard the Nautilus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81714916229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:Nautilus wrecks.jpg|The silhouette of the Nautilus in the distance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185118675231934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "File:Nautilus Ile mysterieuse.jpg|The Nautilus in Dakkar Grotto, as pictured in The Mysterious Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.676474571228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Nemo" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "In the 1960s and 1970s, thanks in large part to a sustained wave of serious literary study from well-known French scholars and writers, Verne's reputation skyrocketed in France. Roland Barthes' seminal essay \"Nautilus et Bateau Ivre\" (\"The Nautilus and the Drunken Boat\") was influential in its exegesis of the Voyages extraordinares as a purely literary text, while book-length studies by such figures as Marcel Moré and Jean Chesneaux considered Verne from a multitude of thematic vantage points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.059391021728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jules Verne" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Nemo takes Aronnax to the penal colony island of Rura Penthe. Nemo reveals he was once a prisoner there, as were many of his crew. The prisoners are loading an ammunition ship. The Nautilus later rams and sinks the ship at sea, destroying its cargo and killing its crew. An anguished Nemo tells Arronax that his actions have saved thousands from death in war; he also discloses that this \"hated nation\" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force from him the secrets of his advanced work. Ned discovers the coordinates of Nemo's secret base, Vulcania, and releases messages in bottles containing the island's isolated location, hoping somebody will find and free them from captivity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.034887313842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Off the coast of New Guinea, the Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Ned is surprised when Nemo allows him to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens. Ned goes off alone to explore avenues of escape. While kneeling at a pool to drink, he sees a number of human skulls on stakes. Realizing his danger, Ned runs for his life and rejoins Conseil as they are chased back to the Nautilus by cannibals. Despite remaining aground, Nemo is unconcerned, and the cannibals are repelled from the ship by electrical charges through the outer hull. Nemo is furious with Ned for not following his orders and confines him to the submarine's brig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.458441734313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "A warship approaches, firing on the Nautilus. It slides off the reef and down into the depths, where it attracts the attention of a giant squid. An electric hull charge fails to repel the creature, so Nemo and his men surface during a violent storm to dislodge the beast. Nemo is quickly caught in one of the squid's tentacles. Ned, having escaped from captivity during the struggle, harpoons the creature, killing it, and jumps to Nemo's rescue, saving his captor from drowning as the dead squid sinks away. As a result, Nemo has a change of heart and decides to make peace with the outside world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.655964851379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "As the Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships, whose marines are converging on his hidden base in an interior lagoon. As Nemo goes ashore, Ned attempts to identify himself as the author of the bottled messages. Aronnax realizes this and becomes furious, recognizing that Nemo will soon destroy all evidence of his discoveries. Nemo triggers a time bomb in his large complex but is badly wounded from a bullet to his back while returning to the Nautilus. After haphazardly navigating the submarine away from Vulcania, Nemo announces he will be \"taking the Nautilus down for the last time\". Nemo's crew declare they will accompany their captain in death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.777368545532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins. The Nautilus' crew also retreat to their cabins at Nemo's instructions. Ned breaks loose and manages to surface the Nautilus, hitting a reef in the process, causing the boat to begin flooding. Nemo staggers to his grand salon's viewing port, and as he looks into the depths of his beloved ocean he succumbs to his fatal rifle shot wound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20189380645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Aronnax tries to retrieve his journal, which contains an account of their voyage, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. From the Nautilus' skiff, the companions witness Vulcania destroyed by an enormous explosion, and Ned apologizes to Aronnax for hitting him. As the now adrift Nautilus is swamped, it disappears beneath the waves, as Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: \"There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass, in God's good time\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.156445503234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "* Robert J. Wilke as Nautiluss First Mate ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2320661544799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Audiences remember it primarily for its giant-squid battle sequence as well as the Nautilus itself and James Mason's portrayal of Nemo. The film currently holds an 89% approval rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: \"One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.825295448303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "The film's primary art designer, Harper Goff, who designed the Nautilus, was not a member of the Art Directors Union in 1954 and therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, he was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.348965644836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases. Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel. Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being \"cracked\" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone and even having him sing sea chanties with his crew. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life. In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.803881645202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "A single for the film's most memorable song \"A Whale of a Tale\", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song \"And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter\", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack. In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03137493133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "* 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film): This classic American silent feature combines 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and The Mysterious Island into a single narrative, shifting back and forth between the Nautilus and the island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44926643371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mysterious Island" }, { "answer": "Nautilus", "passage": "*The computer game Return to Mysterious Island (2004) is an adventure game sequel to the story. Its heroine, Mina, is shipwrecked alone on the uncharted island, and finds the body of the previous inhabitant, Captain Nemo (whom she buries). She finally escapes by locating the Nautilus and disabling the island's defenses. On November 25, 2008 Microïds (Anuman Interactive's adventure games label) announced that a sequel was being made, Return to Mysterious Island II. It has been in development by Kheops Studio since April 2008, and was released on PC and Apple iPhone on August 14, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.803137302398682, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mysterious Island" } ]