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[ { "answer": "Ellen deGeneres", "passage": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.", "precise_score": -0.6492813229560852, "rough_score": -2.618213415145874, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Ellen deGeneres", "passage": "Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.429006099700928, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Ellen deGeneres", "passage": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4912896156311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" } ]

[ { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "A golf-like game is, apocryphally, recorded as taking place on 26 February 1297, in Loenen aan de Vecht, where the Dutch played a game with a stick and leather ball. The winner was whoever hit the ball with the least number of strokes into a target several hundred yards away. Some scholars argue that this game of putting a small ball in a hole in the ground using golf clubs was also played in 17th-century Netherlands and that this predates the game in Scotland. There are also other reports of earlier accounts of a golf-like game from continental Europe. ", "precise_score": 2.913116931915283, "rough_score": 0.23586437106132507, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "The modern game of golf is generally considered to be a Scottish invention. A spokesman for the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the oldest Scottish golf organisations, said \"Stick and ball games have been around for many centuries, but golf as we know it today, played over 18 holes, clearly originated in Scotland.\" ", "precise_score": 7.315664291381836, "rough_score": 5.242877960205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "Early golf in Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.917977333068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "The first documented mention of golf in Scotland appears in a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament, an edict issued by King James II of Scotland prohibiting the playing of the games of gowf and futball as these were a distraction from archery practice for military purposes. Bans were again imposed in Acts of 1471 and 1491, with golf being described as \"an unprofitable sport\". Mary, Queen of Scots was accused by her political enemies of playing golf after her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was murdered in 1567. George Buchanan subsequently wrote that she had been playing \"sports that were clearly unsuitable to women\". Golf was banned again by parliament under King James IV of Scotland, but golf clubs and balls were bought for him in 1502 when he was visiting Perth, and on subsequent occasions when he was in St Andrews and Edinburgh.[http://digital.nls.uk/golf-in-scotland Golf in Scotland 1457-1744]- National Library of Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.687798500061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "The oldest surviving rules of golf were written in 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which played at Leith Links. Their \"Articles and Laws in Playing at Golf, now preserved in the National Library of Scotland, became known as the Leith Rules and the document supports the club's claim to be the oldest golf club, though an almanac published about a century later is the first record of a rival claim that The Royal Burgess Golfing Society had been set up in 1735. The instructions in the Leith Rules formed the basis for all subsequent codes, for example requiring that \"Your Tee must be upon the ground\" and \"You are not to change the Ball which you strike off the Tee\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.184470176696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "In 1603 James VI of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England. His son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales and his courtiers played golf at Blackheath, London, from which the Royal Blackheath Golf Club traces its origins. There is evidence that Scottish soldiers, expatriates and immigrants took the game to British colonies and elsewhere during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the early 1770s, the first African golf course was built on Bunce Island, in Sierra Leone, by British slave traders. The Royal Calcutta Golf Club (1829), the Mauritius Gymkhana Club (1844) and the club at Pau (1856) in south western France are notable reminders of these excursions and are the oldest golf clubs outside of the British Isles. The club at Pau is the oldest in continental Europe. However, it was not until the late 19th century that Golf became more widely popular outside of its Scottish home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2579703330993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "The railways came to St Andrews in 1852. By the 1860s there were fast and regular services from London to Edinburgh. The royal enthusiasm for Scotland, the much improved transport links and the writings of Sir Walter Scott caused a boom for tourism in Scotland and a wider interest in Scottish history and culture outside of the country. This period also coincided with the development of the Gutty; a golf ball made of Gutta Percha which was cheaper to mass-produce, more durable and more consistent in quality and performance than the feather-filled leather balls used previously. Golf began to spread across the rest of the British Isles. In 1864 the golf course at the resort of Westward Ho! became the first new club in England since Blackheath, and the following year London Scottish Golf Club was founded on Wimbledon Common. In 1880 England had 12 courses, rising to 50 in 1887 and over 1000 by 1914. The game in England had progressed sufficiently by 1890 to produce its first English-born Open Champion, John Ball. The game also spread further across the empire. By the 1880s golf clubs had been established in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. Singapore followed in 1891. Courses were also established in several continental European resorts for the benefit of British visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.537751197814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" }, { "answer": "Scotland", "passage": "The history of golf is preserved and represented at several golf museums around the world, notably the British Golf Museum in the town of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, which is the home of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, the United States Golf Association Museum, located alongside the United States Golf Association headquarters in Far Hills, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.487658500671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of golf" } ]

[ { "answer": "United States", "passage": "Joshua Abraham Norton (1818  – January 8, 1880), known as Emperor Norton, was a citizen of San Francisco, California, who in 1859 proclaimed himself \"Norton I, Emperor of the United States\" and subsequently \"Protector of Mexico\". ", "precise_score": 7.540320873260498, "rough_score": 7.809455394744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "After losing a lawsuit in which he tried to void his rice contract, Norton became a less and less public figure. He reemerged in September 1859, laying claim to the position of Emperor of the United States. Although he had no political power, and his influence extended only so far as he was humored by those around him, he was treated deferentially in San Francisco, and currency issued in his name was honored in the establishments he frequented.", "precise_score": 5.125763416290283, "rough_score": 4.389392375946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "By 1859, Norton had become completely disgruntled with what he considered the inadequacies of the legal and political structures of the United States. On September 17, 1859, he took matters into his own hands and distributed letters to the various newspapers in the city, proclaiming himself \"Emperor of these United States\":", "precise_score": 7.1402974128723145, "rough_score": 5.84055757522583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "In his self-appointed role of emperor, Norton issued numerous decrees on matters of the state. After assuming absolute control over the country, he saw no further need for a legislature, and on October 12, 1859, he issued a decree formally abolishing the United States Congress. In it, Norton observed:", "precise_score": 5.537080764770508, "rough_score": 6.153254508972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Norton's orders were ignored by the Army, and Congress likewise continued without any formal acknowledgement of the decree. Further decrees in 1860 dissolved the republic and forbade the assembly of any members of the former Congress. Norton's battle against the elected leaders of America persisted throughout his reign, though it appears he eventually, if grudgingly, allowed Congress to exist without his permission. Hoping to resolve the many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War, in 1862 Norton issued a mandate ordering both the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly ordain him as \"Emperor\".", "precise_score": 1.6982545852661133, "rough_score": 1.9027611017227173, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "Norton was loved and revered by the citizens of San Francisco. Although penniless, he regularly ate at the finest restaurants in San Francisco; restaurateurs took it upon themselves to add brass plaques in their entrances declaring \"[by] Appointment to his Imperial Majesty, Emperor Norton I of the United States.\" Norton's self-penned Imperial seals of approval were prized and a substantial boost to trade. No play or musical performance in San Francisco would dare to open without reserving balcony seats for Norton.", "precise_score": 3.2179627418518066, "rough_score": 0.668175220489502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1867, a policeman named Armand Barbier arrested Norton to commit him to involuntary treatment for a mental disorder. The Emperor's arrest outraged the citizens and sparked scathing editorials in the newspapers. Police Chief Patrick Crowley ordered Norton released and issued a formal apology on behalf of the police force. Crowley wrote \"that he had shed no blood; robbed no one; and despoiled no country; which is more than can be said of his fellows in that line.\" Norton magnanimously granted an Imperial Pardon to the errant policeman. All police officers of San Francisco thereafter saluted Norton as he passed in the street.", "precise_score": 0.23285025358200073, "rough_score": 0.14063404500484467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Born in England, Norton spent most of his early life in South Africa. After the death of his mother in 1846 and his father in 1848, he emigrated to San Francisco with an inheritance from his father's estate, arriving in November 1849 aboard the Hamburg ship Franzeska with $40,000 (inflation adjusted to $ million in US Dollars). Norton initially made a living as a businessman, but he lost his fortune investing in Peruvian rice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.044519901275635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "Though some considered him insane or eccentric, citizens of San Francisco celebrated his regal presence and his proclamations, such as his order that the United States Congress be dissolved by force and his numerous decrees calling for a bridge crossing connecting San Francisco to Oakland, and a corresponding tunnel to be built under San Francisco Bay. Similar structures were built long after his death in the form of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube, and there have been campaigns to rename the bridge \"The Emperor Norton Bridge\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.334578990936279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Genealogical and other research indicates that Norton's parents were John Norton (d. August 1848) and Sarah Norden, English Jews — John, a farmer and merchant; Sarah, a daughter of Abraham Norden and a sister of Benjamin Norden, a successful Jewish merchant — who moved the family to South Africa in early 1820 as part of a government-backed colonization scheme whose participants came to be known as the 1820 Settlers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.543131351470947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Norton emigrated from South Africa to San Francisco in 1849 after receiving a bequest from his father's estate. He enjoyed a good deal of success in the real estate market, and by the early 1850s had parlayed an initial nest egg of $40,000 into a fortune of $250,000. Norton thought he saw a business opportunity when China, facing a severe famine, placed a ban on the export of rice, causing the price of rice in San Francisco to skyrocket from four to thirty-six cents per pound (9 to 79 cents/kg). When he heard the Glyde, which was returning from Peru, was carrying 200000 lb of rice, he bought the entire shipment for $25,000 (or twelve and a half cents per pound), hoping to corner the market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.606290340423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Shortly after he signed the contract, several other shiploads of rice arrived from Peru, causing the price of rice to plummet to three cents a pound. Norton tried to void the contract, stating the dealer had misled him as to the quality of rice to expect. From 1853 to 1857, Norton and the rice dealers were involved in a protracted litigation. Although Norton prevailed in the lower courts, the case reached the Supreme Court of California, which ruled against Norton. Later, the Lucas Turner and Company Bank foreclosed on his real estate holdings in North Beach to pay Norton's debt. He filed for bankruptcy and by 1858 was living in reduced circumstances at a working class boarding house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.741428375244141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "The announcement was first reprinted for humorous effect by the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin. Norton would later add \"Protector of Mexico\" to this title. Thus commenced his unprecedented and whimsical 21-year \"reign\" over America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6930060386657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Norton ordered all interested parties to assemble at Platt's Music Hall in San Francisco in February 1860 to \"remedy the evil complained of\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.427577495574951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "In an imperial decree the following month, Norton summoned the Army to depose the elected officials of the U.S. Congress:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.987204551696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "Us of a", "passage": "His attempts to overthrow the elected government having been ignored, Norton turned his attention to other matters, both political and social. On August 12, 1869, \"being desirous of allaying the dissensions of party strife now existing within our realm\", he abolished the Democratic and Republican parties. The failure to treat Norton's adopted home city with appropriate respect is the subject of a particularly stern edict that often is cited as having been written by Norton in 1872 — although evidence for the authorship, date or source of this decree remains elusive: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1607508659362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Norton was occasionally a visionary, and some of his Imperial Decrees exhibited profound foresight. He issued instructions to form a League of Nations, and he explicitly forbade any form of conflict between religions or their sects. Norton saw fit to decree the construction of a suspension bridge or tunnel connecting Oakland and San Francisco, his later decrees becoming increasingly irritated at the lack of prompt obedience by the authorities:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5532653331756592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "Norton spent his days inspecting San Francisco's streets in an elaborate blue uniform with gold-plated epaulettes, given to him by officers of the United States Army post at the Presidio of San Francisco. He also wore a beaver hat decorated with a peacock feather and a rosette. He frequently enhanced this regal posture with a cane or umbrella. During his inspections, Norton would examine the condition of the sidewalks and cable cars, the state of repair of public property, and the appearance of police officers. Norton would also frequently give lengthy philosophical expositions on a variety of topics to anyone within earshot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7840800285339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "A rumor started by the devoted Norton caricaturist Ed Jump claims he had two dogs, Bummer and Lazarus, which were also San Francisco celebrities. Though he did not own the dogs, Norton ate at free lunch counters where he shared his meals with the dogs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.443685531616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "U.S.", "passage": "Norton did receive some tokens of recognition for his position. The 1870 U.S. census lists Joshua Norton as 50 years old and residing at 624 Commercial Street; his occupation was listed as . It also noted he was insane. Norton also issued his own money to pay for his debts, and it became an accepted local currency in San Francisco. These notes came in denominations between fifty cents and ten dollars; the few surviving notes are collector's items. The city of San Francisco also honored Norton. When his uniform began to look shabby, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors bought him a suitably regal replacement. Norton sent a gracious thank you note and issued a \"patent of nobility in perpetuity\" for each supervisor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.08729973435401917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "During the later years of Norton's reign, he was the subject of considerable speculation. One popular story suggested he was the son of Emperor Napoleon III, and that his claim of coming from South Africa was a ruse to prevent persecution. Another popular story suggested Norton was planning to marry Queen Victoria. While this claim is unsupported, Norton did write to the Queen on several occasions, and he is reported to have met Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Rumors also circulated that Norton was supremely wealthy—only affecting poverty because he was miserly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7089109420776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "A number of decrees that were probably fraudulent were submitted and duly printed in local newspapers, and it is believed that in at least a few cases, newspaper editors themselves drafted fictitious edicts to suit their own agendas. The San Francisco Museum and Historical Society maintains a list of the decrees believed to be genuine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35188102722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "On the evening of January 8, 1880, Norton collapsed on the corner of California Street and Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue) in front of Old St. Mary's Church while on his way to a lecture at the California Academy of Sciences. His collapse was immediately noticed and \"the police officer on the beat hastened for a carriage to convey him to the City Receiving Hospital.\" Norton died before a carriage could arrive. The following day the San Francisco Chronicle published his obituary on its front page under the headline \"Le Roi est Mort\" (\"The King is Dead\"). In a tone tinged with sadness, the article respectfully reported that, \"[o]n the reeking pavement, in the darkness of a moon-less night under the dripping rain..., Norton I, by the grace of God, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life\". The Morning Call, another leading San Francisco newspaper, published a front-page article using an almost identical sentence as a headline: \"Norton the First, by the grace of God Emperor of these United States and Protector of Mexico, departed this life.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2728493213653564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It quickly became evident that, contrary to the rumors, Norton had died in complete poverty. Five or six dollars in small change had been found on his person, and a search of his room at the boarding house on Commercial Street turned up a single gold sovereign, then worth around $2.50; his collection of walking sticks; his rather battered saber; a variety of headgear (including a stovepipe, a derby, a red-laced Army cap, and another cap suited to a martial band-master); an 1828 French franc; and a handful of the Imperial bonds he sold to tourists at a fictitious 7% interest. There were fake telegrams purporting to be from Emperor Alexander II of Russia, congratulating Norton on his forthcoming marriage to Queen Victoria, and from the President of France, predicting that such a union would be disastrous to world peace. Also found were his letters to Queen Victoria and 98 shares of stock in a defunct gold mine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.584317684173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Initial funeral arrangements were for a pauper's coffin of simple redwood. However, members of the Pacific Club, a San Francisco businessman's association, established a funeral fund that provided for a handsome rosewood casket and arranged a suitably dignified farewell. Norton's funeral on Sunday, January 10, was solemn, mournful, and large. Paying their respects were members of \"...all classes from capitalists to the pauper, the clergyman to the pickpocket, well-dressed ladies and those whose garb and bearing hinted of the social outcast.\" Some accounts say as many as 10,000 people lined the streets, and that the funeral cortège was two miles (3 km) long. San Francisco's total population at the time was 230,000. Norton was buried in the Masonic Cemetery, at the expense of the City of San Francisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948392868041992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "In 1934, Emperor Norton's remains were transferred, as were all graves in the city, to a grave site of moderate splendor at Woodlawn Cemetery, in Colma. The grave is marked by a large stone inscribed \"Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8307464122772217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Since 1974, there has been an annual memorial service at his grave in Colma, just outside San Francisco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229510307312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "United States", "passage": "\"the one and only Emperor of the United States.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.019566535949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1939, the group E Clampus Vitus commissioned and dedicated a plaque commemorating Emperor Norton's call for the construction of a suspension bridge between San Francisco and Oakland, via Yerba Buena Island (formerly Goat Island). The group's intention was that the plaque be placed on the newly opened San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge itself. This was not approved by the bridge authorities, however; and, sometime shortly after World War II, the plaque was installed at the Cliff House. In the 1990s, the plaque was moved to the Transbay Terminal. When the Terminal was closed and demolished in 2010, as part of the project to construct a new Transbay Transit Center, the plaque was placed in storage, where it remains. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.537946701049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In June 2013, eight members of the California Assembly, joined by two members of the California Senate, introduced a concurrent resolution to name the western span of the bridge for former California state Speaker and San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown. In response, there have been public efforts seeking to revive the earlier Emperor Norton effort. One effort, an online petition, was started in August 2013 and calls for the entire bridge to be named for Emperor Norton. This petition has received coverage from local media. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5185484886169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Emperor's Bridge Campaign is carrying forward the bridge-naming effort. The Campaign is using the example of numerous California state-owned bridges that have multiple names to call for an \"Emperor Norton\" name simply to be added as a second name for the Bay Bridge, rather than for the bridge to be renamed altogether. The organization is exploring the possibility of offering state ballot proposition to this effect in 2018, the 200th anniversary of Emperor Norton's birth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.882623672485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emperor Norton" } ]

[ { "answer": "5", "passage": "The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States of America. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the US. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner.", "precise_score": 3.936586380004883, "rough_score": 2.7493302822113037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50-star flag was ordered by former president Eisenhower on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest-used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over years. ", "precise_score": 0.3446348011493683, "rough_score": -0.002792462706565857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull. ", "precise_score": 4.104067325592041, "rough_score": 2.9525134563446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", later known as \"The Star Spangled Banner\", which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, \"The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem\" at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.", "precise_score": -1.8267230987548828, "rough_score": -3.2093899250030518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag. ", "precise_score": 0.315410315990448, "rough_score": -1.141100525856018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became the version of the flag in longest use, surpassing the 48-star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959.", "precise_score": 0.7474422454833984, "rough_score": -1.2737195491790771, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* Diameter of star: K = 0.0616 (L × 4/5, four-fifths of the stripe width, the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077)", "precise_score": -4.638650894165039, "rough_score": -3.0352256298065186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.", "precise_score": -1.8841995000839233, "rough_score": -2.424700975418091, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, Scott catalog number 1094. Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps.", "precise_score": 0.0026838018093258142, "rough_score": -3.3098645210266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "A \"regular star polygon\" is a self-intersecting, equilateral equiangular polygon, created by connecting one vertex of a simple, regular, p-sided polygon to another, non-adjacent vertex and continuing the process until the original vertex is reached again. Alternatively for integers p and q, it can be considered as being constructed by connecting every qth point out of p points regularly spaced in a circular placement. For instance, in a regular pentagon, a five-pointed star can be obtained by drawing a line from the first to the third vertex, from the third vertex to the fifth vertex, from the fifth vertex to the second vertex, from the second vertex to the fourth vertex, and from the fourth vertex to the first vertex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.519466400146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star polygon" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "These polygons are often seen in tiling patterns. The parametric angle α (degrees or radians) can be chosen to match internal angles of neighboring polygons in a tessellation pattern. Johannes Kepler in his 1619 work Harmonices Mundi, including among other period tilings, nonperiodic tilings like that three regular pentagons, and a regular star pentagon (5.5.5.5/2) can fit around a vertex, and related to modern penrose tilings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811992645263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star polygon" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "*The {5/2} star pentagon is also known as a pentagram, pentalpha or pentangle, and historically has been considered by many magical and religious cults to have occult significance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679265022277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star polygon" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to the King of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\" John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.326987266540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a naval flag designer, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a \"Quarter Cask of the Public Wine\" as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of the United States, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the \"great Naval Flag of the United States\" in the first bill; the \"Naval Flag of the United States\" in the second bill; and \"the Naval Flag of the States\" in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed, that is, a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson's flag for the United States had seven white stripes, and six red ones – in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas, his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Hopkinson's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag. Remnants of Hopkinson's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President's seal. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Furthermore, a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10, 1779, documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army's use in battle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18676471710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag. Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. According to rumor, the Washington family coat of arms, shown in a 15th-century window of Selby Abbey, was the origin of the stars and stripes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.89192533493042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "1 Chinese English Dictionary]Olsen, Kay Melchisedech, Chinese Immigrants: 1850–1900 (2001), p. 7.\"[http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id190 Philadelphia's Chinatown: An Overview]\", The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.Leonard, Dr. George, \"[http://www.georgeleonard.com/angelisland.html The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America: the Angel Island Poems]\". Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America, for example (\"Flower Flag\"). Chinese now refer to the United States as . Měi is short for Měilìjiān (a Chinese pronunciation of \"America\") and \"guó\" means \"country\", so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the \"flower flag\" terminology persists in some places today: for example, American Ginseng is called in Chinese, and Citibank, which opened a branch in China in 1902, is known as .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.137495040893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft. He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio. He received a B− on the project. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.686957836151123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* Hoist (height) of the canton (\"union\"): C = 0.5385 (A × 7/13, spanning seven stripes)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525724411010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* Fly (width) of the canton: D = 0.76 (B × 2/5, two-fifths of the flag width)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.653295040130615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": " 0.0538 (C/10, One-tenth of the height of the canton)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24976634979248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "These specifications are contained in an executive order which, strictly speaking, governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government. In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width-to-height ratio; common sizes are or (flag ratio 1.5), or (1.6), or or (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes. Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as \"G-spec\" (for \"government specification\") flags.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.257298469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: \"The color of the official wool bunting [of the blue field] is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570083618164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Sometimes, Pantone Matching System (PMS) approximations to the flag colors are used. One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002.[https://web.archive.org/web/19980128102638/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rcflags.html In 1998, \"U.S. Flag Facts\"] at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 (presumably PMS solid coated colors). [https://web.archive.org/web/20021016055710/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rcflags.html By October 2002], these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281. These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations, such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation's [http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/press/branding/branding-mcc/index.shtml website]. See also [http://www.fotw.us/flags/us.html \"United States of America\"], Flags of the World.The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041021021046/http://stockholm.usembassy.gov/usflag/colors.html \"Colors of the U.S. Flag\"]. United States Embassy Stockholm. November 2001.The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document, [http://www.militarymuseum.org/Flags_Over_Ca.pdf \"Flags over California, a history and guide\"]. In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be \"(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107826232910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The 49- and 50-star unions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446820259094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "Of these proposals, one created by 17-year-old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B– for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959. According to Heft, his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project. Both the 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time ever at Fort McHenry on Independence Day one year apart, 1959 and 1960 respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.274436950683594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) \"... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ...\" as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe. Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion, most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew, a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade, color guard and indoor display, while the Sea Services (Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard) use a fringeless National Color for all uses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.235013961791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in Baltimore, Maryland: Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.527216672897339, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "*Slover Mountain (Colton Liberty Flag), in Colton, California. July 4, 1917 to circa. 1952 & 1997 to 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783926010131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "*December: 25 (Christmas Day)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475319862365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; statewide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half-staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.91589069366455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* May 15: Peace Officers Memorial Day (unless it is the third Saturday in May, Armed Forces Day, then full-staff) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514890670776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284191131591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* The flag of the Republic of Texas is very similar as well and flew for seven years from 1839 to 1846 as the country flag and for over 150 years from 1846–present day as the state flag.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.975838661193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "five", "passage": "* The flag of Togo resembles a Liberian flag with five stripes, though the colors are Pan-African colors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912551879882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* The very short lived first flag of the Republic of Brazil (November 15–19, 1889) resembles the U.S. flag, but uses green, yellow, and blue, the colors of the royal houses of Portugal and the Habsburgs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.156569480895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "* The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912. A different flag was in use, based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.168399333953857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "File:Flag of Brazil 15-19 November.svg|Provisional Flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil (November 15–19, 1889)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.93443775177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "File:Flag of El Salvador (April 1865).svg|Flag of El Salvador 1839–1875", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046907424926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "File:Flag of El Salvador (1875-1877).svg|Flag of El Salvador 1875–1912", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002531051635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "File:Flag of Puerto Rico (1952-1995).svg|Flag of Puerto Rico (currently a U.S. commonwealth)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.752208709716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "5", "passage": "File:CSA_FLAG_4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg|1st National Flag of the Confederate States of America", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.656530380249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Go West", "passage": "It was first stated by John Babsone Lane Soule in an 1851 editorial in the Terre Haute Express, \"Go west young man, and grow up with the country.\"", "precise_score": 1.8461275100708008, "rough_score": 6.183348655700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Go West, young man" }, { "answer": "Go West", "passage": "Greeley was born to a poor family in New Hampshire. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrison's successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase \"Go West, young man, and grow up with the country,\" although it is uncertain whether it originated with him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.509884834289551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horace Greeley" }, { "answer": "Go West", "passage": "\"Go West, young man\" is a phrase often credited to the American author and newspaper editor Horace Greeley concerning America's expansion westward, related to the then-popular concept of Manifest Destiny.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.446942329406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Go West, young man" }, { "answer": "Go West", "passage": "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations gives the full quotation as, \"Go West, young man, and grow up with the country\", from Hints toward Reforms (1850) by Horace Greeley. The phrase does not actually occur in that book, however.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.588231086730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Go West, young man" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star, including the Earth's Sun and over 97% of the other stars in the Milky Way., §1. After the hydrogen-fusing period of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass ends, such a star will expand to a red giant during which it fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core by the triple-alpha process. If a red giant has insufficient mass to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon, around 1 billion K, an inert mass of carbon and oxygen will build up at its center. After a star sheds its outer layers and forms a planetary nebula, it will leave behind this core, which is the remnant white dwarf. Usually, therefore, white dwarfs are composed of carbon and oxygen. If the mass of the progenitor is between 8 and 10.5 solar masses (), the core temperature is sufficient to fuse carbon but not neon, in which case an oxygen–neon–magnesium white dwarf may form. Stars of very low mass will not be able to fuse helium, hence, a helium white dwarf may form by mass loss in binary systems.", "precise_score": -1.1650314331054688, "rough_score": -3.4839529991149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The first white dwarf discovered was in the triple star system of 40 Eridani, which contains the relatively bright main sequence star 40 Eridani A, orbited at a distance by the closer binary system of the white dwarf 40 Eridani B and the main sequence red dwarf 40 Eridani C. The pair 40 Eridani B/C was discovered by William Herschel on 31 January 1783; , p. 73 it was again observed by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve in 1825 and by Otto Wilhelm von Struve in 1851. In 1910, Henry Norris Russell, Edward Charles Pickering and Williamina Fleming discovered that, despite being a dim star, 40 Eridani B was of spectral type A, or white. In 1939, Russell looked back on the discovery: , p. 1", "precise_score": -5.121947288513184, "rough_score": -4.001859664916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The visible radiation emitted by white dwarfs varies over a wide color range, from the blue-white color of an O-type main sequence star to the red of an M-type red dwarf. White dwarf effective surface temperatures extend from over 150,000 K to barely under 4,000 K. In accordance with the Stefan–Boltzmann law, luminosity increases with increasing surface temperature; this surface temperature range corresponds to a luminosity from over 100 times the Sun's to under 1/10,000 that of the Sun's. Hot white dwarfs, with surface temperatures in excess of 30,000 K, have been observed to be sources of soft (i.e., lower-energy) X-rays. This enables the composition and structure of their atmospheres to be studied by soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet observations. ", "precise_score": -1.5401506423950195, "rough_score": -1.2589890956878662, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Around 25-33% of white dwarfs have metal lines in their spectra, which is unusual because any heavy elements in a white dwarf should sink into the star's interior in just a small fraction of the star's lifetime. The prevailing explanation for metal-rich white dwarfs is that they have recently accreted rocky planetesimals. The bulk composition of the accreted object can be measured from the strengths of the metal lines. For example, a 2015 study of the white dwarf Ton 345 concluded that its metal abundances were consistent with those of a differentiated, rocky planet whose mantle had been eroded by the host star's wind during its asymptotic giant branch phase. ", "precise_score": -3.787914514541626, "rough_score": -4.790231704711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Early calculations suggested that there might be white dwarfs whose luminosity varied with a period of around 10 seconds, but searches in the 1960s failed to observe this., § 7.1.1; The first variable white dwarf found was HL Tau 76; in 1965 and 1966, and was observed to vary with a period of approximately 12.5 minutes. The reason for this period being longer than predicted is that the variability of HL Tau 76, like that of the other pulsating variable white dwarfs known, arises from non-radial gravity wave pulsations., § 7. Known types of pulsating white dwarf include the DAV, or ZZ Ceti, stars, including HL Tau 76, with hydrogen-dominated atmospheres and the spectral type DA;, pp. 891, 895 DBV, or V777 Her, stars, with helium-dominated atmospheres and the spectral type DB;, p. 3525 and GW Vir stars (sometimes subdivided into DOV and PNNV stars), with atmospheres dominated by helium, carbon, and oxygen. GW Vir stars are not, strictly speaking, white dwarfs, but are stars which are in a position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram between the asymptotic giant branch and the white dwarf region. They may be called pre-white dwarfs. These variables all exhibit small (1%–30%) variations in light output, arising from a superposition of vibrational modes with periods of hundreds to thousands of seconds. Observation of these variations gives asteroseismological evidence about the interiors of white dwarfs. ", "precise_score": -2.718651533126831, "rough_score": -5.547455787658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "White dwarfs are thought to represent the end point of stellar evolution for main-sequence stars with masses from about 0.07 to 10 . The composition of the white dwarf produced will depend on the initial mass of the star.", "precise_score": -1.5321792364120483, "rough_score": -5.628064155578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Type Ia supernovae, that involve one or two previous white dwarfs, have been proposed to be a channel for transformation of this type of stellar remnant. In this scenario, the carbon detonation produced in a Type Ia supernova is too weak to destroy the white dwarf, expelling just a small part of its mass as ejecta, but produces an asymmetric explosion that kicks the star to high speeds of a Hypervelocity star. The matter processed in the failed detonation is re-accreted by the white dwarf with the heaviest elements such as iron falling to its core where it accumulates. ", "precise_score": -5.738935947418213, "rough_score": -5.661051273345947, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses ()) in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature as low as 5,000 K and lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow-orange to red, including the spectral types K and M, but also class S stars and most carbon stars.", "precise_score": 0.6806490421295166, "rough_score": -2.8799848556518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The most common red giants are stars on the red-giant branch (RGB) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core. Other red giants are the red-clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch, fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple-alpha process; and the asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon–oxygen core, and a hydrogen burning shell just beyond that.", "precise_score": 0.08746273815631866, "rough_score": 0.5956151485443115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and have begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a reddish-orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red-giant-branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (), spectral types of K or M, have surface temperatures of 3,000–4,000 K, and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (). Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around . Asymptotic-giant-branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase.", "precise_score": 0.20206961035728455, "rough_score": -2.641663074493408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply-defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well-defined photosphere, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a 'corona'. The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with molecular lines, emission features, and sometimes masers, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars.", "precise_score": -3.147157669067383, "rough_score": -5.507171630859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, whose feature cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.", "precise_score": -0.5625190734863281, "rough_score": -3.351839780807495, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about to around . When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of \"metals\" (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.", "precise_score": -2.826573133468628, "rough_score": -4.374599933624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "If the star has about 0.2 to , it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium. These \"intermediate\" stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red-giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red-giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic-giant-branch star and then become a white dwarf.", "precise_score": -2.7127623558044434, "rough_score": -4.500606060028076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Many of the well known bright stars are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common. The asymptotic giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M class giant star at 88 light years. The K0 red giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light years away.", "precise_score": -2.2262673377990723, "rough_score": -1.7629194259643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A blue straggler is a main-sequence star in an open or globular clusters that is more luminous and bluer than stars at the main-sequence turn-off point for the cluster. Blue stragglers were first discovered by Allan Sandage in 1953 while performing photometry of the stars in the globular cluster M3. Standard theories of stellar evolution hold that the position of a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram should be determined almost entirely by the initial mass of the star and its age. In a cluster, stars all formed at approximately the same time, and thus in an H–R diagram for a cluster, all stars should lie along a clearly defined curve set by the age of the cluster, with the positions of individual stars on that curve determined solely by their initial mass. With masses two to three times that of the rest of the main-sequence cluster stars, blue stragglers seem to be exceptions to this rule. The resolution of this problem is likely related to interactions between two or more stars in the dense confines of the clusters in which blue stragglers are found.", "precise_score": 0.9457598924636841, "rough_score": 1.7704297304153442, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Several explanations have been put forth to explain the existence of blue stragglers. The simplest is that blue stragglers formed later than the rest of the stars in the cluster, but evidence for this is limited. Another simple proposal is that blue stragglers are either field stars which are not actually members of the clusters to which they seem to belong, or are field stars which were captured by the cluster. This too seems unlikely, as blue stragglers often reside at the very center of the clusters to which they belong. Another theory is that blue stragglers are the result of stars that come too close to another star or similar mass object and collide.", "precise_score": -0.15451078116893768, "rough_score": 0.37491339445114136, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The two most viable explanations put forth for the existence of blue stragglers both involve interactions between cluster members. One explanation is that they are current or former binary stars that are in the process of merging or have already done so. The merger of two stars would create a single more massive star, potentially with a mass larger than that of stars at the main-sequence turn-off point. While a star born with a mass larger than that of stars at the turn-off point would have already evolved off of the main sequence, a more massive star which formed via merger would not have evolved as quickly. There is evidence in favor of this view, notably that blue stragglers appear to be much more common in dense regions of clusters, especially in the cores of globular clusters. Since there are more stars per unit volume, collisions and close encounters are far more likely in clusters than among field stars and calculations of the expected number of collisions are consistent with the observed number of blue stragglers.", "precise_score": -1.5442554950714111, "rough_score": -2.300642490386963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "One way to test this hypothesis is to study the pulsations of variable blue stragglers. The asteroseismological properties of merged stars may be measurably different from those of typical pulsating variables of similar mass and luminosity. However, the measurement of pulsations is very difficult, given the scarcity of variable blue stragglers, the small photometric amplitudes of their pulsations and the crowded fields in which these stars are often found. Some blue stragglers have been observed to rotate quickly, with one example in 47 Tucanae observed to rotate 75 times faster than the Sun, which is consistent with formation by collision. ", "precise_score": -3.175685405731201, "rough_score": -3.016981840133667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Overall, there is evidence in favor of both collisions and mass transfer between binary stars. In M3, 47 Tucanae and NGC 6752, both mechanisms seem to be operating, with collisional blue stragglers occupying the cluster cores and mass transfer blue stragglers at the outskirts. The discovery of low-mass white dwarf companions around two blue stragglers in the Kepler field suggests these two blue stragglers gained mass via stable mass transfer. ", "precise_score": 0.9076846837997437, "rough_score": 2.2103497982025146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "\"Yellow stragglers\" or \"red stragglers\" are stars with colors between that of the turnoff and the red giant branch but brighter than the subgiant branch. Such stars have been identified in open and globular star clusters. These stars may be former blue straggler stars that are now evolving toward the giant branch.", "precise_score": 4.236907005310059, "rough_score": 6.18894624710083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In the MK system, a luminosity class is added to the spectral class using Roman numerals. This is based on the width of certain absorption lines in the star's spectrum, which vary with the density of the atmosphere and so distinguish giant stars from dwarfs. Luminosity class 0 or Ia+ stars for hypergiants, class I stars for supergiants, class II for bright giants, class III for regular giants, class IV for sub-giants, class V for main-sequence stars, class sd for sub-dwarfs, and class D for white dwarfs. The full spectral class for the Sun is then G2V, indicating a main-sequence star with a temperature around 5,800 K.", "precise_score": -5.909404754638672, "rough_score": -4.915757656097412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The conventional color descriptions are traditional in astronomy, and represent colors relative to the mean color of an A-class star, which is considered to be white. The apparent color descriptions are what the observer would see if trying to describe the stars under a dark sky without aid to the eye, or with binoculars. However, most stars in the sky, except the brightest ones, appear white or bluish white to the unaided eye because they are too dim for color vision to work. Red supergiants are cooler and redder than dwarfs of the same spectral type, and stars with particular spectral features such as carbon stars may be far redder than any black body.", "precise_score": -4.00300407409668, "rough_score": -5.039637088775635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* D (prefix) white dwarfs.Use a different set of spectral types from element-burning stars Example: van Maanen 2 (DZ8) ", "precise_score": -2.360393762588501, "rough_score": -2.6026611328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "K-type stars are orangish stars that are slightly cooler than the Sun. They make up about 12%, nearly one in eight, of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood. There are also giant K-type stars, which range from hypergiants like RW Cephei, to giants and supergiants, such as Arcturus, whereas orange dwarfs, like Alpha Centauri B, are main-sequence stars.", "precise_score": -4.906268119812012, "rough_score": -4.708187103271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Although most class M stars are red dwarfs, most giants and some supergiants such as VY Canis Majoris, Antares and Betelgeuse are also class M. Furthermore, the hotter brown dwarfs are late class M. This is usually in the range of M6.5 to M9.5. The spectrum of a class M star contains lines from oxide molecules, especially TiO, in the visible and all neutral metals, but absorption lines of hydrogen are usually absent. TiO bands can be strong in class M stars, usually dominating their visible spectrum by about M5. vanadium(II) oxide bands become present by late M.", "precise_score": -2.22092604637146, "rough_score": -3.167271852493286, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The new spectral types L, T and Y were created to classify infrared spectra of cool stars. This includes both red dwarfs and brown dwarfs that are very faint in the visual spectrum. ", "precise_score": -2.7118287086486816, "rough_score": -3.9916043281555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Due to low surface gravity in giant stars, TiO- and VO-bearing condensates never form. Thus, L-type stars larger than dwarfs can never form in an isolated environment. It may be possible for these L-type supergiants to form through stellar collisions, however. An example of which is V838 Monocerotis while in the height of its luminous red nova eruption.", "precise_score": -5.015200614929199, "rough_score": -5.769937038421631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A different set of spectral peculiarity symbols are used for white dwarfs than for other types of stars:", "precise_score": -1.640758991241455, "rough_score": -4.830077171325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to that of the Sun, while its volume is comparable to that of Earth. A white dwarf's faint luminosity comes from the emission of stored thermal energy; no fusion takes place in a white dwarf wherein mass is converted to energy. The nearest known white dwarf is Sirius B, at 8.6 light years, the smaller component of the Sirius binary star. There are currently thought to be eight white dwarfs among the hundred star systems nearest the Sun. The unusual faintness of white dwarfs was first recognized in 1910. The name white dwarf was coined by Willem Luyten in 1922. The universe has not existed long enough to experience a white dwarf releasing all of its energy as it will take close to a trillion years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.799100399017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The material in a white dwarf no longer undergoes fusion reactions, so the star has no source of energy. As a result, it cannot support itself by the heat generated by fusion against gravitational collapse, but is supported only by electron degeneracy pressure, causing it to be extremely dense. The physics of degeneracy yields a maximum mass for a non-rotating white dwarf, the Chandrasekhar limit—approximately 1.46 —beyond which it cannot be supported by electron degeneracy pressure. A carbon-oxygen white dwarf that approaches this mass limit, typically by mass transfer from a companion star, may explode as a type Ia supernova via a process known as carbon detonation. (SN 1006 is thought to be a famous example.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.706846237182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "A white dwarf is very hot when it forms, but because it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate its energy and cool. This means that its radiation, which initially has a high color temperature, will lessen and redden with time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool and its material will begin to crystallize (starting with the core). The star's low temperature means it will no longer emit significant heat or light, and it will become a cold black dwarf. The length of time it takes for a white dwarf to reach this state is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe (approximately 13.8 billion years), and it is thought that no black dwarfs yet exist. The oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand kelvin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.465573310852051, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "I was visiting my friend and generous benefactor, Prof. Edward C. Pickering. With characteristic kindness, he had volunteered to have the spectra observed for all the stars—including comparison stars—which had been observed in the observations for stellar parallax which Hinks and I made at Cambridge, and I discussed. This piece of apparently routine work proved very fruitful—it led to the discovery that all the stars of very faint absolute magnitude were of spectral class M. In conversation on this subject (as I recall it), I asked Pickering about certain other faint stars, not on my list, mentioning in particular 40 Eridani B. Characteristically, he sent a note to the Observatory office and before long the answer came (I think from Mrs Fleming) that the spectrum of this star was A. I knew enough about it, even in these paleozoic days, to realize at once that there was an extreme inconsistency between what we would then have called \"possible\" values of the surface brightness and density. I must have shown that I was not only puzzled but crestfallen, at this exception to what looked like a very pretty rule of stellar characteristics; but Pickering smiled upon me, and said: \"It is just these exceptions that lead to an advance in our knowledge\", and so the white dwarfs entered the realm of study!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027799606323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The white dwarf companion of Sirius, Sirius B, was next to be discovered. During the nineteenth century, positional measurements of some stars became precise enough to measure small changes in their location. Friedrich Bessel used position measurements to determine that the stars Sirius (α Canis Majoris) and Procyon (α Canis Minoris) were changing their positions periodically. In 1844 he predicted that both stars had unseen companions: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082696914672852, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "If we were to regard Sirius and Procyon as double stars, the change of their motions would not surprise us; we should acknowledge them as necessary, and have only to investigate their amount by observation. But light is no real property of mass. The existence of numberless visible stars can prove nothing against the existence of numberless invisible ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320696830749512, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Bessel roughly estimated the period of the companion of Sirius to be about half a century; C. A. F. Peters computed an orbit for it in 1851. It was not until 31 January 1862 that Alvan Graham Clark observed a previously unseen star close to Sirius, later identified as the predicted companion. Walter Adams announced in 1915 that he had found the spectrum of Sirius B to be similar to that of Sirius. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338926315307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In 1917, Adriaan van Maanen discovered Van Maanen's Star, an isolated white dwarf. These three white dwarfs, the first discovered, are the so-called classical white dwarfs., p. 2 Eventually, many faint white stars were found which had high proper motion, indicating that they could be suspected to be low-luminosity stars close to the Earth, and hence white dwarfs. Willem Luyten appears to have been the first to use the term white dwarf when he examined this class of stars in 1922; the term was later popularized by Arthur Stanley Eddington. Despite these suspicions, the first non-classical white dwarf was not definitely identified until the 1930s. 18 white dwarfs had been discovered by 1939., p. 3 Luyten and others continued to search for white dwarfs in the 1940s. By 1950, over a hundred were known, and by 1999, over 2,000 were known. Since then the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has found over 9,000 white dwarfs, mostly new. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.432979583740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Although white dwarfs are known with estimated masses as low as 0.17 and as high as 1.33 , the mass distribution is strongly peaked at 0.6 , and the majority lie between 0.5 and 0.7 . The estimated radii of observed white dwarfs are typically 0.8–2 % the radius of the Sun; this is comparable to the Earth's radius of approximately 0.9% solar radius. A white dwarf, then, packs mass comparable to the Sun's into a volume that is typically a million times smaller than the Sun's; the average density of matter in a white dwarf must therefore be, very roughly, 1,000,000 times greater than the average density of the Sun, or approximately 106 g/cm3, or 1 tonne per cubic centimetre. A typical white dwarf has a density of between 10 7 and 1011 kg per cubic meter. White dwarfs are composed of one of the densest forms of matter known, surpassed only by other compact stars such as neutron stars, black holes and, hypothetically, quark stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.421522617340088, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "White dwarfs were found to be extremely dense soon after their discovery. If a star is in a binary system, as is the case for Sirius B or 40 Eridani B, it is possible to estimate its mass from observations of the binary orbit. This was done for Sirius B by 1910, yielding a mass estimate of 0.94 . (A more modern estimate is 1.00 .) Since hotter bodies radiate more energy than colder ones, a star's surface brightness can be estimated from its effective surface temperature, and that from its spectrum. If the star's distance is known, its absolute (overall) luminosity can also be estimated. From the absolute luminosity and distance, the star's surface area and its radius can be calculated. Reasoning of this sort led to the realization, puzzling to astronomers at the time, that Sirius B and 40 Eridani B must be very dense. When Ernst Öpik estimated the density of a number of visual binary stars in 1916, he found that 40 Eridani B had a density of over 25,000 times the Sun's, which was so high that he called it \"impossible\". As Arthur Stanley Eddington put it later in 1927: , p. 50", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.089062690734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "We learn about the stars by receiving and interpreting the messages which their light brings to us. The message of the Companion of Sirius when it was decoded ran: \"I am composed of material 3,000 times denser than anything you have ever come across; a ton of my material would be a little nugget that you could put in a matchbox.\" What reply can one make to such a message? The reply which most of us made in 1914 was—\"Shut up. Don't talk nonsense.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417030334472656, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The existence of a limiting mass that no white dwarf can exceed (beyond which it becomes a neutron star) is another consequence of being supported by electron degeneracy pressure. These masses were first published in 1929 by Wilhelm Anderson and in 1930 by Edmund C. Stoner. The modern value of the limit was first published in 1931 by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in his paper \"The Maximum Mass of Ideal White Dwarfs\". For a non-rotating white dwarf, it is equal to approximately , where is the average molecular weight per electron of the star. , eq. (63) As the carbon-12 and oxygen-16 which predominantly compose a carbon-oxygen white dwarf both have atomic number equal to half their atomic weight, one should take equal to 2 for such a star, leading to the commonly quoted value of 1.4 . (Near the beginning of the 20th century, there was reason to believe that stars were composed chiefly of heavy elements,, p. 955 so, in his 1931 paper, Chandrasekhar set the average molecular weight per electron, , equal to 2.5, giving a limit of 0.91 .) Together with William Alfred Fowler, Chandrasekhar received the Nobel prize for this and other work in 1983. The limiting mass is now called the Chandrasekhar limit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.277715682983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "If a white dwarf were to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit, and nuclear reactions did not take place, the pressure exerted by electrons would no longer be able to balance the force of gravity, and it would collapse into a denser object called a neutron star. Carbon-oxygen white dwarfs accreting mass from a neighboring star undergo a runaway nuclear fusion reaction, which leads to a Type Ia supernova explosion in which the white dwarf may be destroyed, before it reaches the limiting mass. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4626264572143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The kinetic energy of the unit mass, , will primarily come from the motion of electrons, so it will be approximately , where is the average electron momentum, is the electron mass, and is the number of electrons per unit mass. Since the electrons are degenerate, we can estimate to be on the order of the uncertainty in momentum, , given by the uncertainty principle, which says that is on the order of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. will be on the order of the average distance between electrons, which will be approximately , i.e., the reciprocal of the cube root of the number density, , of electrons per unit volume. Since there are electrons in the white dwarf, where is the star's mass and its volume is on the order of , will be on the order of . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194140434265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "For a more accurate computation of the mass-radius relationship and limiting mass of a white dwarf, one must compute the equation of state which describes the relationship between density and pressure in the white dwarf material. If the density and pressure are both set equal to functions of the radius from the center of the star, the system of equations consisting of the hydrostatic equation together with the equation of state can then be solved to find the structure of the white dwarf at equilibrium. In the non-relativistic case, we will still find that the radius is inversely proportional to the cube root of the mass., eq. (80) Relativistic corrections will alter the result so that the radius becomes zero at a finite value of the mass. This is the limiting value of the mass—called the Chandrasekhar limit—at which the white dwarf can no longer be supported by electron degeneracy pressure. The graph on the right shows the result of such a computation. It shows how radius varies with mass for non-relativistic (blue curve) and relativistic (green curve) models of a white dwarf. Both models treat the white dwarf as a cold Fermi gas in hydrostatic equilibrium. The average molecular weight per electron, , has been set equal to 2. Radius is measured in standard solar radii and mass in standard solar masses. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.668549537658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "These computations all assume that the white dwarf is non-rotating. If the white dwarf is rotating, the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium must be modified to take into account the centrifugal pseudo-force arising from working in a rotating frame. For a uniformly rotating white dwarf, the limiting mass increases only slightly. If the star is allowed to rotate nonuniformly, and viscosity is neglected, then, as was pointed out by Fred Hoyle in 1947, there is no limit to the mass for which it is possible for a model white dwarf to be in static equilibrium. Not all of these model stars will be dynamically stable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.819423198699951, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "As was explained by Leon Mestel in 1952, unless the white dwarf accretes matter from a companion star or other source, its radiation comes from its stored heat, which is not replenished. , §2.1. White dwarfs have an extremely small surface area to radiate this heat from, so they cool gradually, remaining hot for a long time. As a white dwarf cools, its surface temperature decreases, the radiation which it emits reddens, and its luminosity decreases. Since the white dwarf has no energy sink other than radiation, it follows that its cooling slows with time. The rate of cooling has been estimated for a carbon white dwarf of 0.59 with a hydrogen atmosphere. After initially taking approximately 1.5 billion years to cool to a surface temperature of 7,140 K, cooling approximately 500 more kelvins to 6,590 K takes around 0.3 billion years, but the next two steps of around 500 kelvins (to 6,030 K and 5,550 K) take first 0.4 and then 1.1 billion years. , Table 2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974442481994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Most observed white dwarfs have relatively high surface temperatures, between 8,000 K and 40,000 K. A white dwarf, though, spends more of its lifetime at cooler temperatures than at hotter temperatures, so we should expect that there are more cool white dwarfs than hot white dwarfs. Once we adjust for the selection effect that hotter, more luminous white dwarfs are easier to observe, we do find that decreasing the temperature range examined results in finding more white dwarfs. This trend stops when we reach extremely cool white dwarfs; few white dwarfs are observed with surface temperatures below 4,000 K, and one of the coolest so far observed, WD 0346+246, has a surface temperature of approximately 3,900 K. The reason for this is that the Universe's age is finite, there has not been enough time for white dwarfs to cool below this temperature. The white dwarf luminosity function can therefore be used to find the time when stars started to form in a region; an estimate for the age of our Galactic disk found in this way is 8 billion years. A white dwarf will eventually, in many trillion years, cool and become a non-radiating black dwarf in approximate thermal equilibrium with its surroundings and with the cosmic background radiation. No black dwarfs are thought to exist yet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.807483673095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Although white dwarf material is initially plasma—a fluid composed of nuclei and electrons—it was theoretically predicted in the 1960s that at a late stage of cooling, it should crystallize, starting at its center. The crystal structure is thought to be a body-centered cubic lattice. In 1995 it was suggested that asteroseismological observations of pulsating white dwarfs yielded a potential test of the crystallization theory, and in 2004, observations were made that suggested approximately 90% of the mass of BPM 37093 had crystallized. Other work gives a crystallized mass fraction of between 32% and 82%. As a white dwarf core undergoes crystallization into a solid phase, latent heat is released which provides a source of thermal energy that delays its cooling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.754083633422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Low-mass helium white dwarfs (with a mass , §5–6 This atmosphere, the only part of the white dwarf visible to us, is thought to be the top of an envelope which is a residue of the star's envelope in the AGB phase and may also contain material accreted from the interstellar medium. The envelope is believed to consist of a helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100 of the star's total mass, which, if the atmosphere is hydrogen-dominated, is overlain by a hydrogen-rich layer with mass approximately 1/10,000 of the stars total mass. , §4–5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.10949993133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Magnetic fields in white dwarfs with a strength at the surface of ~1 million gauss (100 teslas) were predicted by P. M. S. Blackett in 1947 as a consequence of a physical law he had proposed which stated that an uncharged, rotating body should generate a magnetic field proportional to its angular momentum. This putative law, sometimes called the Blackett effect, was never generally accepted, and by the 1950s even Blackett felt it had been refuted. , pp. 39–43 In the 1960s, it was proposed that white dwarfs might have magnetic fields due to conservation of total surface magnetic flux that existed in its progenitor star phase. A surface magnetic field of ~100 gauss (0.01 T) in the progenitor star would thus become a surface magnetic field of ~100·1002 1 million gauss (100 T) once the star's radius had shrunk by a factor of 100., §8; , p. 484 The first magnetic white dwarf to be observed was GJ 742, which was detected to have a magnetic field in 1970 by its emission of circularly polarized light. It is thought to have a surface field of approximately 300 million gauss (30 kT)., §8 Since then magnetic fields have been discovered in well over 100 white dwarfs, ranging from to 109 gauss (0.2 T to 100 kT). Only a small number of white dwarfs have been examined for fields, and it has been estimated that at least 10% of white dwarfs have fields in excess of 1 million gauss (100 T). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.506814002990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The magnetic fields in a white dwarf may allow for the existence of a new type of chemical bond, perpendicular paramagnetic bonding, in addition to ionic and covalent bonds, resulting in what has been initially described as \"magnetized matter\" in research published in 2012.[http://www.nature.com/news/stars-draw-atoms-closer-together-1.11045 Stars draw atoms closer together : Nature News & Comment]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.631034851074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Stars with very low mass ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216201782226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "If the mass of a main-sequence star is lower than approximately half a solar mass, it will never become hot enough to fuse helium in its core. It is thought that, over a lifespan that considerably exceeds the age of the Universe (~13.8 billion years), such a star will eventually burn all its hydrogen and end its evolution as a helium white dwarf composed chiefly of helium-4 nuclei. Due to the very long time this process takes, it is not thought to be the origin of the observed helium white dwarfs. Rather, they are thought to be the product of mass loss in binary systems ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645926475524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Stars with low to medium mass ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309158325195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "If the mass of a main-sequence star is between 0.5 and 8 , its core will become sufficiently hot to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen via the triple-alpha process, but it will never become sufficiently hot to fuse carbon into neon. Near the end of the period in which it undergoes fusion reactions, such a star will have a carbon-oxygen core which does not undergo fusion reactions, surrounded by an inner helium-burning shell and an outer hydrogen-burning shell. On the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, it will be found on the asymptotic giant branch. It will then expel most of its outer material, creating a planetary nebula, until only the carbon-oxygen core is left. This process is responsible for the carbon-oxygen white dwarfs which form the vast majority of observed white dwarfs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.664535522460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Stars with medium to high mass ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321735382080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "If a star is massive enough, its core will eventually become sufficiently hot to fuse carbon to neon, and then to fuse neon to iron. Such a star will not become a white dwarf, because the mass of its central, non-fusing core, initially supported by electron degeneracy pressure, will eventually exceed the largest possible mass supportable by degeneracy pressure. At this point the core of the star will collapse and it will explode in a core-collapse supernova which will leave behind a remnant neutron star, black hole, or possibly a more exotic form of compact star. Some main-sequence stars, of perhaps 8 to 10 , although sufficiently massive to fuse carbon to neon and magnesium, may be insufficiently massive to fuse neon. Such a star may leave a remnant white dwarf composed chiefly of oxygen, neon, and magnesium, provided that its core does not collapse, and provided that fusion does not proceed so violently as to blow apart the star in a supernova Although a few white dwarfs have been identified which may be of this type, most evidence for the existence of such comes from the novae called ONeMg or neon novae. The spectra of these novae exhibit abundances of neon, magnesium, and other intermediate-mass elements which appear to be only explicable by the accretion of material onto an oxygen-neon-magnesium white dwarf. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.495835304260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A white dwarf is stable once formed and will continue to cool almost indefinitely, eventually to become a black dwarf. Assuming that the Universe continues to expand, it is thought that in 1019 to 1020 years, the galaxies will evaporate as their stars escape into intergalactic space. , §IIIA. White dwarfs should generally survive galactic dispersion, although an occasional collision between white dwarfs may produce a new fusing star or a super-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf which will explode in a Type Ia supernova., §IIIC, IV. The subsequent lifetime of white dwarfs is thought to be on the order of the lifetime of the proton, known to be at least 1034-1035 years. Some grand unified theories predict a proton lifetime between 1030 and 1036 years. If these theories are not valid, the proton may decay by complicated nuclear reactions or through quantum gravitational processes involving a virtual black hole; in these cases, the lifetime is estimated to be no more than 10200 years. If protons do decay, the mass of a white dwarf will decrease very slowly with time as its nuclei decay, until it loses enough mass to become a nondegenerate lump of matter, and finally disappears completely., §IV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.036418914794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "A white dwarf can also be cannibalized or evaporated by a companion star, causing the white dwarf to lose so much mass that it becomes a planetary mass object. The resultant object, orbiting the former companion, now host star, could be a helium planet or diamond planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.421371459960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "A white dwarf's stellar and planetary system is inherited from its progenitor star and may interact with the white dwarf in various ways. Infrared spectroscopic observations made by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope of the central star of the Helix Nebula suggest the presence of a dust cloud, which may be caused by cometary collisions. It is possible that infalling material from this may cause X-ray emission from the central star. Similarly, observations made in 2004 indicated the presence of a dust cloud around the young white dwarf G29-38 (estimated to have formed from its AGB progenitor about 500 million years ago), which may have been created by tidal disruption of a comet passing close to the white dwarf. Some estimations based on the metal content of the atmospheres of the white dwarfs consider that at least a 15% of them may be orbited by planets and/or asteroids, or at least their debris. Another suggested idea is that white dwarfs could be orbited by the stripped cores of rocky planets, that would have survived the red giant phase of their star but losing their outer layers and, given those planetary remnants would likely be made of metals, to attempt to detect them looking for the signatures of their interaction with the white dwarf's magnetic field. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.833909511566162, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The metal-rich white dwarf WD 1145+017 is the first white dwarf observed with a disintegrating minor planet which transits the star. The disintegration of the planetesimal generates a debris cloud which passes in front of the star every 4.5 hours, causing a 5-minute-long fade in the star's optical brightness. The depth of the transit is highly variable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.145503997802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "It has been proposed that white dwarfs with surface temperatures of less than 10,000 Kelvin could harbor a habitable zone at a distance between ~0.005 to 0.02 AU that would last upwards of 3 billion years. The goal is to search for transits of hypothetical Earth-like planets that could have migrated inward and/or formed there. As a white dwarf has a size similar to that of a planet, these kinds of transits would produce strong eclipses. Newer research casts some doubts on this idea, given that the close orbits of those hypothetical planets around their parent stars would subject them to strong tidal forces that could render them unhabitable by triggering a greenhouse effect. Another suggested constraint to this idea is the origin of those planets. Leaving aside in-situ formation on an accretion disk surrounding the white dwarf, there are two ways a planet could end in a close orbit around stars of this kind: by surviving being engulfed by the star during its red giant phase, and then spiraling towards its core, or inward migration after the white dwarf has formed. The former case is implausible for low-mass bodies, as they are unlikely to survive being absorbed by their stars. In the latter case, the planets would have to expel so much orbital energy as heat, through tidal interactions with the white dwarf, that they would likely end as uninhabitable embers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512707710266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Binary stars and novae ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253690719604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "If a white dwarf is in a binary star system and is accreting matter from its companion, a variety of phenomena may occur, including novae and Type Ia supernovae. It may also be a super-soft x-ray source if it is able to take material from its companion fast enough to sustain fusion on its surface.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.905086994171143, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": " A close binary system of two white dwarfs can radiate energy in the form of gravitational waves, causing their mutual orbit to steadily shrink until the stars merge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.55388069152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The mass of an isolated, nonrotating white dwarf cannot exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of ~1.4 . (This limit may increase if the white dwarf is rotating rapidly and nonuniformly.) White dwarfs in binary systems can accrete material from a companion star, increasing both their mass and their density. As their mass approaches the Chandrasekhar limit, this could theoretically lead to either the explosive ignition of fusion in the white dwarf or its collapse into a neutron star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.232177734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Accretion provides the currently favored mechanism called the single-degenerate model for Type Ia supernovae. In this model, a carbon–oxygen white dwarf accretes mass and compresses its core by pulling mass from a companion star., p. 14. It is believed that compressional heating of the core leads to ignition of carbon fusion as the mass approaches the Chandrasekhar limit. Because the white dwarf is supported against gravity by quantum degeneracy pressure instead of by thermal pressure, adding heat to the star's interior increases its temperature but not its pressure, so the white dwarf does not expand and cool in response. Rather, the increased temperature accelerates the rate of the fusion reaction, in a runaway process that feeds on itself. The thermonuclear flame consumes much of the white dwarf in a few seconds, causing a Type Ia supernova explosion that obliterates the star. In another possible mechanism for Type Ia supernovae, the double-degenerate model, two carbon-oxygen white dwarfs in a binary system merge, creating an object with mass greater than the Chandrasekhar limit in which carbon fusion is then ignited., p. 14.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.652425289154053, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Observations have failed to note signs of accretion leading up to Type Ia supernovae, and this is now thought to be because the star is first loaded up to above the Chandrasekhar limit while also being spun up to a very high rate by the same process. Once the accretion stops the star gradually slows until the spin is no longer enough to prevent the explosion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015324592590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Before accretion of material pushes a white dwarf close to the Chandrasekhar limit, accreted hydrogen-rich material on the surface may ignite in a less destructive type of thermonuclear explosion powered by hydrogen fusion. These surface explosions can be repeated as long as the white dwarf's core remains intact. This weaker kind of repetitive cataclysmic phenomenon is called a (classical) nova. Astronomers have also observed dwarf novae, which have smaller, more frequent luminosity peaks than the classical novae. These are thought to be caused by the release of gravitational potential energy when part of the accretion disc collapses onto the star, rather than through a release of energy due to fusion. In general, binary systems with a white dwarf accreting matter from a stellar companion are called cataclysmic variables. As well as novae and dwarf novae, several other classes of these variables are known, including polars and intermediate polars, both of which feature highly magnetic white dwarfs. Both fusion- and accretion-powered cataclysmic variables have been observed to be X-ray sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.280800819396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "White dwarf" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge-up. The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.547456741333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue and so the core begins to contract due to its own gravity. This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where the temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core. The higher temperatures lead to increasing reaction rates, enough to increase the star's luminosity by a factor of 1,000–10,000. The outer layers of the star then expand greatly, thus beginning the red-giant phase of the star's life. As the star expands, the energy produced in the burning shell of the star is spread over a much larger surface area, resulting in a lower surface temperature and a shift in the star's visible light output towards the red – hence it becomes a red giant. In actuality, though, the color usually is orange. At this time, the star is said to be ascending the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram. The outer layers carry the energy evolved from fusion to the surface by way of convection. This causes material exposed to nuclear \"burning\" in the star's interior (but not its core) to be brought to the star's surface for the first time in its history, an event called the first dredge-up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.283286094665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red-giant branch, that ends finally with the complete collapse of the core, depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is degenerate, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 108 K, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple-alpha process. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so-called helium flash. In more-massive stars, the collapsing core will reach 108 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash. Once the star is fusing helium in its core, it contracts and is no longer considered a red giant. The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the horizontal branch in metal-poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called red clump in the H–R diagram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728578567504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In stars massive enough to ignite helium fusion, an analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in an outer shell to begin fusing. At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch, a second red-giant phase. The helium fusion results in the build up of a carbon–oxygen core. A star below about will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon–oxygen core. Instead, at the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a white dwarf. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red-giant phase of the star's evolution. The red-giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red-giant branch. The horizontal-branch and asymptotic-giant-branch phases proceed tens of times faster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0325608253479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Stars that do not become red giants", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.156378746032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Very low mass stars are fully convective and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more-massive main-sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50% and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73143482208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Very-high-mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the HR diagram, at the right end constituting red supergiants. These usually end their life as a type II supernova. The most massive stars can become Wolf–Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.536073684692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 109 years at 2 AU out to around 108 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 109 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a star the habitable zone lasts from 108 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars one to for one that orbits at Saturn's distance to the Sun, the maximum time () corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for and respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.559765338897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "As of June 2014, 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars therefore the planets could be growing in mass during the stars' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass-transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.116519927978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red giant" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The other explanation relies on mass transfer between two stars born in a binary star system. The more massive of the two stars in the system will evolve first and as it expands, will overflow its Roche lobe. Mass will quickly transfer from the initially more massive companion on to the less massive and like the collision hypothesis, would explain why there would be main-sequence stars more massive than other stars in the cluster which have already evolved off of the main sequence. Observations of blue stragglers have found that some have significantly less carbon and oxygen in their photospheres than is typical, which is evidence of their outer material having been dredged up from the interior of a companion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.438010215759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue straggler" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics. Electromagnetic radiation from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a spectrum exhibiting the rainbow of colors interspersed with absorption lines. Each line indicates an ion of a certain chemical element, with the line strength indicating the abundance of that ion. The relative abundance of the different ions varies with the temperature of the photosphere. The spectral class of a star is a short code summarizing the ionization state, giving an objective measure of the photosphere's temperature and density.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.894315719604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Most stars are currently classified under the Morgan–Keenan (MK) system using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, a sequence from the hottest (O type) to the coolest (M type). Each letter class is then subdivided using a numeric digit with 0 being hottest and 9 being coolest (e.g. A8, A9, F0, F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler). The sequence has been expanded with classes for other stars and star-like objects that do not fit in the classical system, such as class D for white dwarfs and class C for carbon stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80971908569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The conventional color description takes into account only the peak of the stellar spectrum. However, in actuality stars radiate in all parts of the spectrum, and because all spectral colors combined appear white, the actual apparent colors the human eye would observe are lighter than the conventional color descriptions. This means that the simplified assignment of colors of the spectrum can be misleading. There are no green, indigo, or violet stars. And the \"brown\" dwarfs are not literally brown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.633029460906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The modern classification system is known as the Morgan–Keenan (MK) classification. Each star is assigned a spectral class from the older Harvard spectral classification and a luminosity class using Roman numerals as explained below, forming the star's spectral type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.741697311401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The Harvard classification system is a one-dimensional classification scheme using single letters of the alphabet, optionally with numeric subdivisions, to group stars according to their spectral characteristics. Main-sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000 K, whereas more-evolved stars can have temperatures above 100,000 K. Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063814163208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The spectral classes O through M, as well as other more specialized classes discussed later, are subdivided by Arabic numerals (0–9), where 0 denotes the hottest stars of a given class. For example, A0 denotes the hottest stars in the A class and A9 denotes the coolest ones. Fractional numbers are allowed; for example, the star Mu Normae is classified as O9.7. The Sun is classified as G2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873201370239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "O-, B-, and A-type stars are sometimes called \"early type\", whereas K and M stars are said to be \"late type\". This stems from an early 20th-century model of stellar evolution in which stars were powered by gravitational contraction via the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism whereby stars start their lives as very hot \"early-type\" stars, and then gradually cool down, evolving into \"late-type″ stars. This mechanism provided ages of the Sun that were much smaller than what is observed, and was rendered obsolete by the discovery that stars are powered by nuclear fusion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243675231933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The fact that the Harvard classification of a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature (or more precisely, its effective temperature) was not fully understood until after its development, though by the time the first Hertzsprung–Russell diagram was formulated (by 1914), this was generally suspected to be true. In the 1920s, the Indian physicist Meghnad Saha derived a theory of ionization by extending well-known ideas in physical chemistry pertaining to the dissociation of molecules to the ionization of atoms. First he applied it to the solar chromosphere, then to stellar spectra. The Harvard astronomer Cecilia Helena Payne (later to become Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin) then demonstrated that the OBAFGKM spectral sequence is actually a sequence in temperature. Because the classification sequence predates our understanding that it is a temperature sequence, the placement of a spectrum into a given subtype, such as B3 or A7, depends upon (largely subjective) estimates of the strengths of absorption features in stellar spectra. As a result, these subtypes are not evenly divided into any sort of mathematically representable intervals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814497947692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The Yerkes spectral classification, also called the MKK system from the authors' initials, is a system of stellar spectral classification introduced in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan, Philip C. Keenan, and Edith Kellman from Yerkes Observatory. This two-dimensional (temperature and luminosity) classification scheme is based on spectral lines sensitive to stellar temperature and surface gravity, which is related to luminosity (whilst the Harvard classification is based on just surface temperature). Later, in 1953, after some revisions of list of standard stars and classification criteria, the scheme was named the Morgan–Keenan classification, or MK (by William Wilson Morgan and Philip C. Keenan's initials), and this system remains the system in modern use today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480223655700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Denser stars with higher surface gravity exhibit greater pressure broadening of spectral lines. The gravity, and hence the pressure, on the surface of a giant star is much lower than for a dwarf star because the radius of the giant is much greater than a dwarf of similar mass. Therefore, differences in the spectrum can be interpreted as luminosity effects and a luminosity class can be assigned purely from examination of the spectrum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.66343879699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* V main-sequence stars (dwarfs). Example: Achernar (B6Vep) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.582549095153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Marginal cases are allowed; for example, a star may be either a supergiant or a bright giant, or may be in between the subgiant and main-sequence classifications. In these cases, two special symbols are used: a slash (/) means that a star is either one class or the other, and a dash (-) means that the star is in between the two classes. For example, a star classified as A3-4III/IV would be in between spectral types A3 and A4, while being either a giant star or a subgiant. Sub-dwarf classes have also been used: VI for sub-dwarfs, stars slightly less luminous than the main sequence; VII and sometimes higher numerals for white dwarf or \"hot sub-dwarf\" classes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.781393051147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* Class I: white and blue stars with broad heavy hydrogen lines, such as Vega and Altair. This includes the modern class A and early class F.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.49009895324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "*: Class I, Orion subtype: a subtype of class I with narrow lines in place of wide bands, such as Rigel and Bellatrix. In modern terms, this corresponds to early B-type stars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76880931854248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* Class II: yellow stars—hydrogen less strong, but evident metallic lines, such as the Sun, Arcturus, and Capella. This includes the modern classes G and K as well as late class F.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68216609954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* Class III: orange to red stars with complex band spectra, such as Betelgeuse and Antares. This corresponds to the modern class M.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99492073059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In 1868, he discovered carbon stars, which he put into a distinct group: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326693534851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* Class IV: red stars with significant carbon bands and lines (carbon stars.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.283172607421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* Class V: emission-line stars, such as γ Cassiopeiae and Sheliak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32072925567627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In the 1880s, the astronomer Edward C. Pickering began to make a survey of stellar spectra at the Harvard College Observatory, using the objective-prism method. A first result of this work was the Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra, published in 1890. Williamina Fleming classified most of the spectra in this catalogue. It used a scheme in which the previously used Secchi classes (I to IV) were divided into more specific classes, given letters from A to N. Also, the letters O, P and Q were used, O for stars whose spectra consisted mainly of bright lines, P for planetary nebulae, and Q for stars not fitting into any other class. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986509323120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so forth. Finally, by 1912, Cannon had changed the types B, A, B5A, F2G, etc. to B0, A0, B5, F2, etc. This is essentially the modern form of the Harvard classification system. A common mnemonic for remembering the spectral type letters is \"Oh, Be A Fine Guy/Girl, Kiss Me\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.403629302978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "O-type stars are very hot and extremely luminous, with most of their radiated output in the ultraviolet range. These are the rarest of all main-sequence stars. About 1 in 3,000,000 (0.00003%) of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are O-type stars.These proportions are fractions of stars brighter than absolute magnitude 16; lowering this limit will render earlier types even rarer, whereas generally adding only to the M class. Some of the most massive stars lie within this spectral class. O-type stars frequently have complicated surroundings that make measurement of their spectra difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.762296676635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "O-type stars have dominant lines of absorption and sometimes emission for He II lines, prominent ionized (Si IV, O III, N III, and C III) and neutral helium lines, strengthening from O5 to O9, and prominent hydrogen Balmer lines, although not as strong as in later types. Because they are so massive, O-type stars have very hot cores and burn through their hydrogen fuel very quickly, so they are the first stars to leave the main sequence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481537818908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "B-type stars are very luminous and blue. Their spectra have neutral helium, which are most prominent at the B2 subclass, and moderate hydrogen lines. As O- and B-type stars are so energetic, they only live for a relatively short time. Thus, due to the low probability of kinematic interaction during their lifetime, they are unable to stray far from the area in which they formed, apart from runaway stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.816965103149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The transition from class O to class B was originally defined to be the point at which the He II λ4541 disappears. However, with today's better equipment, the line is still apparent in the early B-type stars. Today for main-sequence stars, the B-class is instead defined by the intensity of the He I violet spectrum, with the maximum intensity corresponding to class B2. For supergiants, lines of silicon are used instead; the Si IV λ4089 and Si III λ4552 lines are indicative of early B. At mid B, the intensity of the latter relative to that of Si II λλ4128-30 is the defining characteristic, while for late B, it is the intensity of Mg II λ4481 relative to that of He I λ4471.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729318618774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "These stars tend to be found in their originating OB associations, which are associated with giant molecular clouds. The Orion OB1 association occupies a large portion of a spiral arm of the Milky Way and contains many of the brighter stars of the constellation Orion. About 1 in 800 (0.125%) of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are B-type main-sequence objects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.430662155151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Massive yet non-supergiant entities known as \"Be stars\" are main-sequence stars that notably have, or had at some time, one or more Balmer lines in emission, with the hydrogen-related electromagnetic radiation series projected out by the stars being of particular interest. Be stars are generally thought to feature unusually strong stellar winds, high surface temperatures, and significant attrition of stellar mass as the objects rotate at a curiously rapid rate. Objects known as B(e) star|\"B(e)\" or \"B[e]\" stars possess distinctive neutral or low ionisation emission lines that are considered to have 'forbidden mechanisms', undergoing processes not normally allowed under current understandings of quantum mechanics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873459815979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A-type stars are among the more common naked eye stars, and are white or bluish-white. They have strong hydrogen lines, at a maximum by A0, and also lines of ionized metals (Fe II, Mg II, Si II) at a maximum at A5. The presence of Ca II lines is notably strengthening by this point. About 1 in 160 (0.625%) of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are A-type stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.851112365722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "F-type stars have strengthening H and K lines of Ca II. Neutral metals (Fe I, Cr I) beginning to gain on ionized metal lines by late F. Their spectra are characterized by the weaker hydrogen lines and ionized metals. Their color is white. About 1 in 33 (3.03%) of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are F-type stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370171546936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "G-type stars, including the Sun have prominent H and K lines of Ca II, which are most pronounced at G2. They have even weaker hydrogen lines than F, but along with the ionized metals, they have neutral metals. There is a prominent spike in the G band of CH molecules. Class G main-sequence stars make up about 7.5%, nearly one in thirteen, of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603497505187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "G is host to the \"Yellow Evolutionary Void\". Supergiant stars often swing between O or B (blue) and K or M (red). While they do this, they do not stay for long in the yellow supergiant G classification as this is an extremely unstable place for a supergiant to be.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.631756782531738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "They have extremely weak hydrogen lines, if they are present at all, and mostly neutral metals (Mn I, Fe I, Si I). By late K, molecular bands of titanium oxide become present. There is a suggestion that K Spectrum stars may potentially increase the chances of life developing on orbiting planets that are within the habitable zone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063055038452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Class M stars are by far the most common. About 76% of the main-sequence stars in the solar neighborhood are class M stars.This rises to 78.6% if we include all stars. (See the above note.) However, class M main-sequence stars (red dwarfs) have such low luminosities that none are bright enough to be seen with the unaided eye, unless under exceptional conditions. The brightest known M-class main-sequence star, M0V Lacaille 8760, with magnitude 6.6 (the limiting magnitude for typical naked-eye visibility under good conditions is typically quoted as 6.5) and it is extremely unlikely that any brighter examples will be found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.021024703979492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "A number of new spectral types have been taken into use from newly discovered types of stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.256621360778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Hot blue emission star classes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.001492500305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Spectra of some very hot and bluish stars exhibit marked emission lines from carbon or nitrogen, or sometimes oxygen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15764331817627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Class W or WR represents the Wolf–Rayet stars, notable for spectra lacking hydrogen lines. Instead their spectra are dominated by broad emission lines of highly ionized helium, nitrogen, carbon and sometimes oxygen. They are thought to mostly be dying supergiants with their hydrogen layers blown away by stellar winds, thereby directly exposing their hot helium shells. Class W is further divided into subclasses according to the relative strength of nitrogen and carbon emission lines in their spectra (and outer layers).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611544609069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** Extended WN classes WN10 and WN11 sometimes used for the Ofpe/WN9 stars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417860984802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "* WN/C, WN stars plus strong CarbonIV lines, intermediate between WN and WC stars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260809898376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Although the central stars of most planetary nebulae (CSPNe) show O-type spectra, around 10% are hydrogen-deficient and show WR spectra. These are low-mass stars and to distinguish them from the massive Wolf Rayet stars, their spectra are enclosed in square brackets: e.g. [WC]. Most of these show [WC] spectra, some [WO], and very rarely [WN].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831270217895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The \"Slash\" stars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435973167419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The slash stars are O-type stars with WN-like lines in their spectra. The name \"slash\" comes from the their printed spectral type having a slash in it (e.g. \"Of/WNL\" ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05596923828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "There is a secondary group found with this spectra, a cooler, \"intermediate\" group designated \"Ofpe/WN9\". These stars have also been referred to as WN10 or WN11, but that has become less popular with the realisation of the evolutionary difference from other Wolf–Rayet stars. Recent discoveries of even rarer stars have extended the range of slash stars as far as O2-3.5If*/WN5-7, which are even hotter than the original slash stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84668254852295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Brown dwarfs, whose energy comes from gravitational attraction alone, cool as they age and so progress to later spectral types. Brown dwarfs start their lives with M-type spectra and will cool through the L, T, and Y spectral classes; faster the less massive they are—the highest-mass brown dwarfs cannot have cooled to Y or even T dwarfs within the age of the universe. Because this leads to a degeneracy between mass and age for a given effective temperature and luminosity, no unique values can be assigned to a given spectral type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.218060493469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Class L dwarfs get their designation because they are cooler than M stars and L is the remaining letter alphabetically closest to M. Some of these objects have masses large enough to support hydrogen fusion and are therefore stars, but most are of substellar mass and are therefore brown dwarfs. They are a very dark red in color and brightest in infrared. Their atmosphere is cool enough to allow metal hydrides and alkali metals to be prominent in their spectra. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.76701545715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Classes T and L could be more common than all the other classes combined if recent research is accurate. Study of the number of proplyds (protoplanetary discs, clumps of gas in nebulae from which stars and planetary systems are formed) indicates that the number of stars in the galaxy should be several orders of magnitude higher than what we know about. It is theorized that these proplyds are in a race with each other. The first one to form will become a proto-star, which are very violent objects and will disrupt other proplyds in the vicinity, stripping them of their gas. The victim proplyds will then probably go on to become main-sequence stars or brown dwarfs of the L and T classes, which are quite invisible to us. Because brown dwarfs can live so long, these smaller bodies accumulate over time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.026337623596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Brown dwarfs of spectral class Y are cooler than those of spectral class T and have qualitatively different spectra from them. A total of 17 objects have been placed in class Y as of August 2013. Although such dwarfs have been modelled and detected within forty light years by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)[http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/ Stars as Cool as the Human Body] there is no well-defined spectral sequence yet with prototypes. Nevertheless, several objects have been assigned spectral classes Y0, Y1, and Y2. The spectra of these objects display absorption around 1.55 micrometers. Delorme et al. has suggested that this feature is due to absorption from ammonia and that this should be taken as indicating the T–Y transition, making these objects of type Y0. In fact, this ammonia-absorption feature is the main criterion that has been adopted to define this class. However, this feature is difficult to distinguish from absorption by water and methane, and other authors have stated that the assignment of class Y0 is premature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.933116912841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "Carbon-related late giant-star classes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.956628799438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Carbon-related stars are stars whose spectra indicate production of carbon by helium triple-alpha fusion. With increased carbon abundance, and some parallel s-process heavy element production, the spectra of these stars become increasingly deviant from the usual late spectral classes G, K and M. The giants among those stars are presumed to produce this carbon themselves, but not too few of this class of stars are believed to be double stars whose odd atmosphere once was transferred from a former carbon star companion that is now a white dwarf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.687419414520264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Class C: carbon stars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17219066619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Originally classified as R and N stars, these are also known as 'carbon stars'. These are red giants, near the end of their lives, in which there is an excess of carbon in the atmosphere. The old R and N classes ran parallel to the normal classification system from roughly mid G to late M. These have more recently been remapped into a unified carbon classifier C with N0 starting at roughly C6. Another subset of cool carbon stars are the J-type stars, which are characterized by the strong presence of molecules of 13CN in addition to those of 12CN. A few main-sequence carbon stars are known, but the overwhelming majority of known carbon stars are giants or supergiants. There are several subclasses:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.447013854980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** C-R: Formerly a class on its own representing the carbon star equivalent of late G to early K-type stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73994255065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** C-N: Formerly a class on its own representing the carbon star equivalent of late K to M stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116308212280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** C-J: A subtype of cool C stars with a high content of 13C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048991203308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** C-H: Population II analogues of the C-R stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38129997253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "** C-Hd: Hydrogen-deficient carbon stars, similar to late G supergiants with CH and C2 bands added.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276764869689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Class-S stars form a continuum between class-M stars and carbon stars. Those most similar to class-M stars have strong ZrO absorption bands analogous to the TiO bands of class-M stars, whereas those most similar to carbon stars have strong sodium D lines and weak C2 bands. Class-S stars have excess amounts of zirconium and other elements produced by the s-process, and have more similar carbon and oxygen abundances than class-M or carbon stars. Like carbon stars, nearly all known class-S stars are asymptotic-giant-branch stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0476713180542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The spectral type is formed by the letter S and a number between zero and ten. This number corresponds to the temperature of the star and approximately follows the temperature scale used for class-M giants. The most common types are S3 to S5, and S10 has only been used for the star χ Cygni when at an extreme minimum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.241848945617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The basic classification is usually followed by an abundance indication, following one of several schemes: S2,5; S2/5; S2 Zr4 Ti2; or S2*5. A number following a comma is a scale between 1 and 9 based on the ratio of ZrO and TiO. A number following a slash is a more recent but less common scheme designed to represent the ratio of carbon to oxygen on a scale of 1 to 10, where a 0 would be an MS star. Intensities of zirconium and titanium may be indicated explicitly. Also occasionally seen is a number following an asterisk, which represents the strength of the ZrO bands on a scale from 1 to 5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069418907165527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "In between the M and S classes, border cases are named MS stars. In a similar way, border cases between the S and C-N classes are named SC or CS. The sequence M → MS → S → SC → C-N is believed to be a sequence of increased carbon abundance with age for carbon stars in the asymptotic giant branch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05069637298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "The class D (for Degenerate) is the modern classification used for white dwarfs – low-mass stars that are no longer undergoing nuclear fusion and have shrunk to planetary size, slowly cooling down. Class D is further divided into spectral types DA, DB, DC, DO, DQ, DX, and DZ. The letters are not related to the letters used in the classification of other stars, but instead indicate the composition of the white dwarf's visible outer layer or atmosphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.185952663421631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Star", "passage": "The type is followed by a number giving the white dwarf's surface temperature. This number is a rounded form of 50400/Teff, where Teff is the effective surface temperature, measured in kelvins. Originally, this number was rounded to one of the digits 1 through 9, but more recently fractional values have started to be used, as well as values below 1 and above 9. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.501949310302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" }, { "answer": "Stars", "passage": "Stellar remnants are objects associated with the death of stars. Because the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is observational in nature, these remnants cannot easily be plotted on the diagram, or cannot be placed at all. Neutron stars are relatively small and cold, and would fall far on the left side of the diagram. Planetary nebulae are dynamic and tend to quickly fade in brightness as the progenitor star transitions to the white dwarf branch. If shown, a planetary nebula would be plotted to the left of the diagram's upper left quadrant. A black hole emits no visible light of its own, and therefore would not appear on the diagram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.147270202636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stellar classification" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mayflower", "passage": "The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank. ", "precise_score": -4.0404510498046875, "rough_score": -4.776343822479248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Plymouth" }, { "answer": "Mayflower", "passage": "A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.702869415283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Plymouth" }, { "answer": "Mayflower", "passage": "File:MayflowerSteps.jpg|The Mayflower Steps Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324015617370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Plymouth" } ]

[ { "answer": "Go Fish", "passage": "The object of Rummy, and various other melding or matching games, is to acquire the required groups of matching cards before an opponent can do so. In Rummy, this is done through drawing and discarding, and the groups are called melds. Mahjong is a very similar game played with tiles instead of cards. Non-Rummy examples of match-type games generally fall into the \"fishing\" genre and include the children's games Go Fish, Old Maid and Blue Canary.", "precise_score": -2.094959259033203, "rough_score": -6.339046478271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Card game" }, { "answer": "Go Fish", "passage": "Many games borrow elements from more than one type of game. The most common combination is that of matching and shedding, as in some variants of Rummy, Old Maid and Go Fish. However, many multi-genre games involve different stages of play for each hand. The most common multi-stage combination is a \"trick-and-meld\" game, such as Pinochle or Belote. Other multi-stage, multi-genre games include Poke, Flaps, Skitgubbe and Tichu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55488395690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Card game" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pacific", "passage": "An ocean (, the sea of classical antiquity ) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with \"ocean\" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land. ", "precise_score": 1.789062738418579, "rough_score": -2.8750979900360107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean" }, { "answer": "Pacific", "passage": "As the tectonic plates migrate, the ocean floor is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes continually recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than old in age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific, and has an estimated age of about . By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.075634002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earth" }, { "answer": "Pacific", "passage": "The seven major plates are the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and South American. Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate, the Caribbean Plate, the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and . The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm/year and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/year. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21 mm/year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.75772476196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earth" }, { "answer": "Pacific", "passage": "The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the \"Blue Planet\" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6791348457336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earth" }, { "answer": "Pacific", "passage": "The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10971 m (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the \"Challenger Deep\". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.136246681213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean" } ]

[ { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "As explained by Fangraphs: \"Technically called the 'Competitive Balance Tax', the Luxury Tax is the punishment that large market teams get for spending too much money. While MLB does not have a set salary cap, the luxury tax charges teams with high payrolls a considerable amount of money, giving teams ample reason to want to keep their payrolls below that level.\" ", "precise_score": 3.7469773292541504, "rough_score": 2.455839157104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "Only six teams have ever exceeded the luxury tax threshold, the San Francisco Giants, the Boston Red Sox, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, the Detroit Tigers, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the New York Yankees. Only the Red Sox, Dodgers and Yankees have exceeded it more than once. The LA Dodgers have exceed it two times. Boston has exceeded it six times. New York has exceeded it twelve times, every year since it has been in existence. In aggregate, the Yankees have paid out some $271.54 MM, 82.13% of the total fines assessed.", "precise_score": -1.8123115301132202, "rough_score": 1.6869864463806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "In addition to the soft cap, the NBA utilizes a luxury tax system that is applied if the team payroll exceeds a separate threshold higher than the salary cap. These teams pay a penalty for each dollar their team salary exceeds the tax level. From 2002 to 2013, if a team exceeded the luxury tax threshold, they must pay one dollar to the league for every dollar that they are over the limit. For the 2013-14 season and onward, teams paid an incremental rate based on their team salary. They also have to pay a repeat offender rate, which is an additional dollar for every dollar over. For 2014-15 teams pay the repeater rate if they also were taxpayers in all of the previous three seasons. For 2015-16 and all subsequent seasons, teams pay the repeater rate if they were taxpayers in at least three of the four previous seasons. The table of rates is shown below.", "precise_score": -4.302481174468994, "rough_score": -0.461213082075119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "A luxury tax in professional sports is a surcharge put on the aggregate payroll of a team to the extent to which it exceeds a predetermined guideline level set by the league. The ostensible purpose of this \"tax\" is to prevent teams in major markets with high incomes from signing almost all of the more talented players and hence destroying the competitive balance necessary for a sport to maintain fan interest. The money derived from the \"tax\" is either divided among the teams that play in the smaller markets, presumably to allow them to have more revenue to devote toward the contracts of high-quality players, or in the case of Major League Baseball, used by the league for other pre-defined purposes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9323006868362427, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "In North America, Major League Baseball has implemented the luxury tax system. The National Basketball Association also has a luxury tax provision; its utility is somewhat limited by the fact that the league also has a salary cap provision. The \"hard\" salary cap of the National Football League and the National Hockey League has prevented any need for a luxury tax arrangement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.557666778564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "In the Big 4 North American sports leagues (Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL)), there are three different methods employed to limit individual teams payroll: hard salary cap, soft salary cap with luxury tax, and luxury tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.587379455566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "Luxury tax", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695181846618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "A luxury tax system does not have a limit to how much money can be spent on player salaries. However, there is a tax levied on money spent above a threshold set by the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the players union and the owners. For every dollar a team spends above the tax threshold, they must also pay some fraction to the league. This system is used to discourage teams from greatly exceeding the tax threshold, with the goal of ensuring parity between large and small market teams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.696641445159912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "Luxury tax rules by league", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574798583984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "The threshold level for the luxury tax will be $189MM in 2014 (up from $178MM from 2011-2013) and will remain at $189MM through 2016. From 2012 through 2016, teams who exceed the threshold for the first time must pay 17.5% of the amount they are over, 30% for the second consecutive year over, 40% for the third consecutive year over, and 50% for four or more consecutive years over the cap. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595634460449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing, which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts. The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league, as is the case with the NBA, but rather is used for other purposes. The first $5 million is withheld to cover potential refunds, and is contributed to the Industry Growth Fund (IGF) if no refunds are forthcoming. The remaining money is divided as follows: 50% funds player benefits, 25% funds developing baseball in countries without high school baseball, and 25% goes to the IGF. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7684545516967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "There was no luxury tax implemented in the 2004-2005 season due to insufficient BRI.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98232364654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "The effectiveness of the luxury tax system at limiting the growth of players salaries is in question. Although exceeding the luxury tax threshold costs the team twice as much money, it does not seem to limit teams' willingness to spend big money on players. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.047734260559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "The National Football League and the National Hockey League both have hard salary caps, making it unnecessary to utilize the luxury tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.950794219970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" }, { "answer": "Luxury Tax", "passage": "Several other leagues in the United States and abroad use salary caps, but the luxury tax is uncommon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0166654586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Luxury tax (sports)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Good To Go!", "passage": "In 1998, voters in several Washington counties approved an advisory measure to create a second Narrows span. Construction of the new span, which carries eastbound traffic parallel to the current bridge, began on October 4, 2002, and was completed in July 2007. The Washington State Department of Transportation collects a toll before entering the eastbound span, at $5.00 for Good To Go! account holders with in-vehicle transponders, and a $6.00 toll for cash/credit card customers. The existing span had been free of tolls since 1965. The new bridge marks the first installation of the new Good To Go! electronic toll collection system.", "precise_score": -0.7643452286720276, "rough_score": -1.8171534538269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tacoma Narrows Bridge" }, { "answer": "Good To Go!", "passage": "All tolling is done automatically with no tollbooths. Tolling for people without Good To Go! passes is done by license plates. Toll readers were located on gantries at the east highrise, but additional gantries on the east mainland were added to facilitate tolling on the new bridge once opened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904801368713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Evergreen Point Floating Bridge" } ]

[ { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913.", "precise_score": 7.093243598937988, "rough_score": 7.10150146484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "On July 12, 1909, the resolution proposing the Sixteenth Amendment was passed by the Congress and was submitted to the state legislatures. Support for the income tax was strongest in the western and southern states and opposition was strongest in the northeastern states. Supporters of the income tax believed that it would be a much better method of gathering revenue than tariffs, which were the primary source of revenue at the time. From well before 1894, Democrats, Progressives, Populists and other left-oriented parties argued that tariffs disproportionately affected the poor, interfered with prices, were unpredictable, and were an intrinsically limited source of revenue. The South and the West tended to support income taxes because their residents were generally less prosperous, more agricultural and more sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices. A sharp rise in the cost of living between 1897 and 1913 greatly increased support for the idea of income taxes, including in the urban Northeast. A growing number of Republicans also began supporting the idea, notably Theodore Roosevelt and the \"Insurgent\" Republicans (who would go on to form the Progressive Party). These Republicans were driven mainly by a fear of the increasingly large and sophisticated military forces of Japan, Britain and the European powers, their own imperial ambitions and the perceived need to defend American merchant ships. Moreover, these progressive Republicans were, as the name suggests, convinced that central governments could play a positive role in national economies. A bigger government and a bigger military, of course, required a correspondingly larger and steadier source of revenue to support it.", "precise_score": -1.995271921157837, "rough_score": -4.517738342285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Three advocates for a federal income tax ran in the presidential election of 1912. On February 25, 1913, Secretary of State Philander Knox proclaimed that the amendment had been ratified by three-fourths of the states and so had become part of the Constitution. The Revenue Act of 1913 was enacted shortly thereafter.", "precise_score": 0.09139980375766754, "rough_score": 1.3919020891189575, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the \"source\" of the congressional power to tax incomes, at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes, a power the Congress had since 1789, but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations. In Penn Mutual Indemnity, the United States Tax Court stated: ", "precise_score": -1.4765849113464355, "rough_score": -2.675793170928955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended. Article One, Section 9, Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808, plus the fourth clause from that same section, which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations. These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808. On January 1, 1808, the first day it was permitted to do so, Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country. On February 3, 1913, with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. The third textually entrenched provision is Article One, Section 3, Clauses 1, which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate. The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute – \"no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate\" – but permanent.", "precise_score": 4.551144599914551, "rough_score": -1.4772268533706665, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "The Sixteenth Amendment (1913) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income. Specifically, the apportionment constraints delineated in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 4 have been removed by this amendment, which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision, in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., that declared a federal income tax on rents, dividends, and interest unconstitutional. This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since. ", "precise_score": 3.309326171875, "rough_score": 2.3387463092803955, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. Generally, both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills.", "precise_score": 4.847448825836182, "rough_score": 4.9660210609436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Congress" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Income taxes before the Pollock case", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3689603805542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Until 1913, customs duties (tariffs) and excise taxes were the primary sources of federal revenue. During the War of 1812, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas made the first public proposal for an income tax, but it was never implemented. The Congress did introduce an income tax to fund the Civil War through the Revenue Act of 1861. It levied a flat tax of three percent on annual income above $800. This act was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862, which levied a graduated tax of three to five percent on income above $600 and specified a termination of income taxation in 1866. The Civil War income taxes, which expired in 1872, proved to be both highly lucrative and drawing mostly from the more industrialized states, with New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts generating about 60 percent of the total revenue that was collected. During the two decades following the expiration of the Civil War income tax, the Greenback movement, the Labor Reform Party, the Populist Party, the Democratic Party and many others called for a graduated income tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.002153396606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "The Socialist Labor Party advocated a graduated income tax in 1887. The Populist Party \"demand[ed] a graduated income tax\" in its 1892 platform. The Democratic Party, led by William Jennings Bryan, advocated the income tax law passed in 1894, and proposed an income tax in its 1908 platform. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580631256103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Before Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., all income taxes had been considered to be indirect taxes imposed without respect to geography, unlike direct taxes, that have to be apportioned among the states according to population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275634765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "In 1894, an amendment was attached to the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act that attempted to impose a federal tax of two percent on incomes over $4,000 (equal to $,000 in ). The federal income tax was strongly favored in the South, and it was moderately supported in the eastern North Central states, but it was strongly opposed in the Far West and the Northeastern States (with the exception of New Jersey). The tax was derided as \"un-Democratic, inquisitorial, and wrong in principle.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.510965347290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "After Pollock, while income taxes on wages (as indirect taxes) were still not required to be apportioned by population, taxes on interest, dividends, and rental income were required to be apportioned by population. The Pollock ruling made the source of the income (e.g., property versus labor, etc.) relevant in determining whether the tax imposed on that income was deemed to be \"direct\" (and thus required to be apportioned among the states according to population) or, alternatively, \"indirect\" (and thus required only to be imposed with geographical uniformity). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335492134094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "On June 16, 1909, President William Howard Taft, in an address to the Sixty-first Congress, proposed a two percent federal income tax on corporations by way of an excise tax and a constitutional amendment to allow the previously enacted income tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.562873840332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "An income tax amendment to the Constitution was first proposed by Senator Norris Brown of Nebraska. He submitted two proposals, Senate Resolutions Nos. 25 and 39. The amendment proposal finally accepted was Senate Joint Resolution No. 40, introduced by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island, the Senate majority leader and Finance Committee Chairman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.326505184173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Opposition to the Sixteenth Amendment was led by establishment Republicans because of their close ties to wealthy industrialists, although not even they were uniformly opposed to the general idea of a permanent income tax. In 1910, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, shortly before becoming a Supreme Court Justice, spoke out against the income tax amendment. While he supported the idea of a federal income tax, Hughes believed the words \"from whatever source derived\" in the proposed amendment implied that the federal government would have the power to tax state and municipal bonds. He believed this would excessively centralize governmental power and \"would make it impossible for the state to keep any property\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.929721355438232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, , the Supreme Court ruled that (1) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes (such as taxes on income \"derived from real property\" that were the subject of the Pollock decision), be apportioned among the states according to population; (2) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law; (3) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.913796424865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., , the Supreme Court laid out what has become the modern understanding of what constitutes \"gross income\" to which the Sixteenth Amendment applies, declaring that income taxes could be levied on \"accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion.\" Under this definition, any increase in wealth — whether through wages, benefits, bonuses, sale of stock or other property at a profit, bets won, lucky finds, awards of punitive damages in a lawsuit, qui tam actions — are all within the definition of income, unless the Congress makes a specific exemption, as it has for items such as life insurance proceeds received by reason of the death of the insured party, gifts, bequests, devises and inheritances, and certain scholarships. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.008227348327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Income taxation of wages, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36108684539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "On July 3, 2007, the Court (through the original three-judge panel) ruled (1) that the taxpayer's compensation was received on account of a nonphysical injury or sickness; (2) that gross income under section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code does include compensatory damages for nonphysical injuries, even if the award is not an \"accession to wealth\", (3) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries is an indirect tax, regardless of whether the recovery is restoration of \"human capital\", and therefore the tax does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 9, Clause 4, that capitations or other direct taxes must be laid among the states only in proportion to the population; (4) that the income tax imposed on an award for nonphysical injuries does not violate the constitutional requirement of Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, that all duties, imposts and excises be uniform throughout the United States; (5) that under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, the Internal Revenue Service may not be sued in its own name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976232528686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Income tax", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417096138000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Personal income tax is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made soon after the end of the tax year. These corrections take one of two forms: payments to the government, for taxpayers who have not paid enough during the tax year; and tax refunds from the government for those who have overpaid. Income tax systems will often have deductions available that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income. They may allow losses from one type of income to be counted against another. For example, a loss on the stock market may be deducted against taxes paid on wages. Other tax systems may isolate the loss, such that business losses can only be deducted against business tax by carrying forward the loss to later tax years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397939682006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "In economics, a negative income tax (abbreviated NIT) is a progressive income tax system where people earning below a certain amount receive supplemental pay from the government instead of paying taxes to the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370983123779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Most jurisdictions imposing an income tax treat capital gains as part of income subject to tax. Capital gain is generally a gain on sale of capital assets—that is, those assets not held for sale in the ordinary course of business. Capital assets include personal assets in many jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions provide preferential rates of tax or only partial taxation for capital gains. Some jurisdictions impose different rates or levels of capital gains taxation based on the length of time the asset was held. Because tax rates are often much lower for capital gains than for ordinary income, there is widespread controversy and dispute about the proper definition of capital. Some tax scholars have argued that differences in the ways different kinds of capital and investment are taxed contribute to economic distortions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424089431762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "A small number of U.S. states rely entirely on sales taxes for state revenue, as those states do not levy a state income tax. Such states tend to have a moderate to large amount of tourism or inter-state travel that occurs within their borders, allowing the state to benefit from taxes from people the state would otherwise not tax. In this way, the state is able to reduce the tax burden on its citizens. The U.S. states that do not levy a state income tax are Alaska, Tennessee, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington state, and Wyoming. Additionally, New Hampshire and Tennessee levy state income taxes only on dividends and interest income. Of the above states, only Alaska and New Hampshire do not levy a state sales tax. Additional information can be obtained at the [http://www.taxadmin.org/ Federation of Tax Administrators] website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284957885742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "In the United States, there is a growing movement for the replacement of all federal payroll and income taxes (both corporate and personal) with a national retail sales tax and monthly tax rebate to households of citizens and legal resident aliens. The tax proposal is named FairTax. In Canada, the federal sales tax is called the Goods and Services tax (GST) and now stands at 5%. The provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island also have a provincial sales tax [PST]. The provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland & Labrador, and Ontario have harmonized their provincial sales taxes with the GST—Harmonized Sales Tax [HST], and thus is a full VAT. The province of Quebec collects the Quebec Sales Tax [QST] which is based on the GST with certain differences. Most businesses can claim back the GST, HST and QST they pay, and so effectively it is the final consumer who pays the tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056985855102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Consumption tax refers to any tax on non-investment spending, and can be implemented by means of a sales tax, consumer value added tax, or by modifying an income tax to allow for unlimited deductions for investment or savings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476073265075684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Taxes are sometimes referred to as \"direct taxes\" or \"indirect taxes\". The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion. An economic definition, by Atkinson, states that \"...direct taxes may be adjusted to the individual characteristics of the taxpayer, whereas indirect taxes are levied on transactions irrespective of the circumstances of buyer or seller.\" According to this definition, for example, income tax is \"direct\", and sales tax is \"indirect\". In law, the terms may have different meanings. In U.S. constitutional law, for instance, direct taxes refer to poll taxes and property taxes, which are based on simple existence or ownership. Indirect taxes are imposed on events, rights, privileges, and activities. Thus, a tax on the sale of property would be considered an indirect tax, whereas the tax on simply owning the property itself would be a direct tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197769165039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Some principalities taxed windows, doors, or cabinets to reduce consumption of imported glass and hardware. Armoires, hutches, and wardrobes were employed to evade taxes on doors and cabinets. In some circumstances, taxes are also used to enforce public policy like congestion charge (to cut road traffic and encourage public transport) in London. In Tsarist Russia, taxes were clamped on beards. Today, one of the most-complicated taxation systems worldwide is in Germany. Three quarters of the world's taxation literature refers to the German system. Under the German system, there are 118 laws, 185 forms, and 96,000 regulations, spending €3.7 billion to collect the income tax. In the United States, the IRS has about 1,177 forms and instructions, 28.4111 megabytes of Internal Revenue Code which contained 3.8 million words as of 1 February 2010, numerous tax regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations, and suppmentary material in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Today, governments in more advanced economies (i.e. Europe and North America) tend to rely more on direct taxes, while developing economies (i.e. India and several African countries) rely more on indirect taxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054462432861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Most taxes—including income tax and sales tax—can have significant deadweight costs. The only way to avoid deadweight costs in an economy that is generally competitive is to refrain from taxes that change economic incentives. Such taxes include the land value tax, where the tax is on a good in completely inelastic supply, a lump sum tax such as a poll tax (head tax) which is paid by all adults regardless of their choices. Arguably a windfall profits tax which is entirely unanticipated can also fall into this category.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476554870605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Income taxation has the worst effect on division of labor in the form of barter. Suppose that the person doing job B is actually interested in having job A done for him. Now suppose you could amazingly do job A four times over, selling half your work on the market for cash just to pay your tax bill. The other half of the work you do for somebody who does job B twice over but he has to sell off half to pay his tax bill. You're left with one unit of job B, but only if you were 400% as productive doing job A! In this case of 50% tax on barter income, anything less than 400% productivity will cause the division of labor to fail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50976848602295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Compulsory taxation of individuals, such as income tax, is often justified on grounds including territorial sovereignty, and the social contract. Defenders of business taxation argue that it is an efficient method of taxing income that ultimately flows to individuals, or that separate taxation of business is justified on the grounds that commercial activity necessarily involves use of publicly established and maintained economic infrastructure, and that businesses are in effect charged for this use. Georgist economists argue that all of the economic rent collected from natural resources (land, mineral extraction, fishing quotas, etc.) is unearned income, and belongs to the community rather than any individual. They advocate a high tax (the \"Single Tax\") on land and other natural resources to return this unearned income to the state, but no other taxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170998573303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" }, { "answer": "Income Tax", "passage": "Most governments take revenue which exceeds that which can be provided by non-distortionary taxes or through taxes which give a double dividend. Optimal taxation theory is the branch of economics that considers how taxes can be structured to give the least deadweight costs, or to give the best outcomes in terms of social welfare. The Ramsey problem deals with minimizing deadweight costs. Because deadweight costs are related to the elasticity of supply and demand for a good, it follows that putting the highest tax rates on the goods for which there is most inelastic supply and demand will result in the least overall deadweight costs. Some economists sought to integrate optimal tax theory with the social welfare function, which is the economic expression of the idea that equality is valuable to a greater or lesser extent. If individuals experience diminishing returns from income, then the optimum distribution of income for society involves a progressive income tax. Mirrlees optimal income tax is a detailed theoretical model of the optimum progressive income tax along these lines. Over the last years the validity of the theory of optimal taxation was discussed by many political economists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408016204833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tax" } ]

[ { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Denmark (; ) is a Scandinavian country in Europe. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway,The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. and bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark,. See also: Danish Realm is a sovereign state that comprises Denmark proper and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of , and a population of 5.7 million. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, of which around 70 are inhabited, with Zealand, the largest and featuring the capital and largest city Copenhagen. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate.", "precise_score": 0.2894732654094696, "rough_score": -0.8419865965843201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denmark" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Estonia (; ), officially the Republic of Estonia (), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45339 km2 of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.", "precise_score": 3.548065662384033, "rough_score": 3.3325374126434326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In 1989, during the \"Singing Revolution\", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.", "precise_score": -2.308044910430908, "rough_score": -3.866407632827759, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.", "precise_score": -3.0312817096710205, "rough_score": -4.208713531494141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration. ", "precise_score": 2.300712823867798, "rough_score": 2.076897382736206, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries. ", "precise_score": -3.3852427005767822, "rough_score": -2.3500993251800537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands. Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.", "precise_score": -4.072847366333008, "rough_score": -4.277178764343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Finland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Germany is in Western and Central Europe, with Denmark bordering to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the south-southwest, France, Luxembourg and Belgium lie to the west, and the Netherlands to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N and longitudes 5° and 16° E. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh-water Lake Constance, the third largest lake in Central Europe. German territory covers 357021 km2, consisting of 349223 km2 of land and 7798 km2 of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 62nd largest in the world. ", "precise_score": 0.5844252109527588, "rough_score": 0.38458478450775146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Germany" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia (), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, and Belarus to the southeast, as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden. Latvia has 2,070,371 inhabitants and a territory of 64589 km2. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. ", "precise_score": 2.241921901702881, "rough_score": 4.201207160949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Most of Latvia's territory is less than 100 m above sea level. Its largest lake, Lubāns, is , its deepest lake, Drīdzis, is . The longest river on Latvian territory is the Gauja, 452 km. The longest river flowing through Latvian territory is the Daugava, which has a total length of 1005 km, of which 352 km is on Latvian territory. Latvia's highest point is Gaiziņkalns, . The length of Latvia's Baltic coastline is 494 km. An inlet of the Baltic Sea, the shallow Gulf of Riga is situated in the northwest of the country. ", "precise_score": -3.6656320095062256, "rough_score": -0.8781793117523193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Latvia is a member of the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, IMF, and WTO. It is also a member of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and Nordic Investment Bank. It was a member of the League of Nations (1921–1946). Latvia is part of the Schengen Area and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2014.", "precise_score": -2.203756332397461, "rough_score": -3.7632975578308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Since the early 1990s, Latvia has been involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with its neighbours Estonia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU-related issues. Interparliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council was signed in 1992 and since 2006 annual meetings are held as well as regular meetings on other levels. Joint Nordic-Baltic co-operation initiatives include the education programme NordPlus and mobility programmes for public administration, business and industry and culture. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Riga. ", "precise_score": 2.23803448677063, "rough_score": 1.2436426877975464, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Latvia participates in the Northern Dimension and Baltic Sea Region Programme, European Union initiatives to foster cross-border co-operation in the Baltic Sea region and Northern Europe. The secretariat of the Northern Dimension Partnership on Culture (NDPC) will be located in Riga. In 2013 Riga hosted the annual Northern Future Forum, a two-day informal meeting of the prime ministers of the Nordic-Baltic countries and the UK. The Enhanced Partnership in Northern Europe or e-Pine is the U.S. Department of State diplomatic framework for co-operation with the Nordic-Baltic countries. ", "precise_score": -2.5078773498535156, "rough_score": -2.048347234725952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The sole official language of Latvia is Latvian, which belongs to the Baltic language group of the Indo-European language family. Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct Livonian language of the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law; Latgalian – referred to as either a dialect or a distinct separate language of Latvian – is also formally protected by Latvian law but only as a historical variation of the Latvian language. Russian, which was widely spoken during the Soviet period, is still the most widely used minority language by far (about 34% speak it at home, including people who are not ethnically Russian). ", "precise_score": -6.647952556610107, "rough_score": -4.032746315002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Lithuania (; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania (), is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, are the only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.", "precise_score": 1.3102245330810547, "rough_score": 4.776401519775391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772–95, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.", "precise_score": -2.192308187484741, "rough_score": -1.9780943393707275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Lithuania is also an active member in the cooperation among Northern Europe countries. Lithuania is a member of Baltic Council, since its establishment in 1993. Baltic Council is a permanent organisation of international cooperation, located in Tallinn. It operates through the Baltic Assembly and Baltic Council of Ministers.", "precise_score": -2.8271806240081787, "rough_score": -3.086024284362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was established in 1992 in Copenhagen as an informal regional political forum, which main aim is to promote integration process and to affiliate close contacts between the countries of the region. The members of CBSS are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia and European Commission. The observer states are Belarus, France, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, United States, United Kingdom, and Ukraine.", "precise_score": 2.8734359741210938, "rough_score": 0.5486702919006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (, ), is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine and Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea, Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is 312679 km2, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, as well as the most populous post-communist member of the European Union. Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions.", "precise_score": -1.3755203485488892, "rough_score": -1.0920813083648682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Forced to cede large areas of land in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea. With Sweden's lost influence, Russia emerged as an empire and became one of Europe's dominant nations. As the war finally ended in 1721, Sweden had lost an estimated 200,000 men, 150,000 of those from the area of present-day Sweden and 50,000 from the Finnish part of Sweden. ", "precise_score": -3.432570219039917, "rough_score": -3.4737374782562256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Situated in Northern Europe, Sweden lies west of the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia, providing a long coastline, and forms the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. To the west is the Scandinavian mountain chain (Skanderna), a range that separates Sweden from Norway. Finland is located to its north-east. It has maritime borders with Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and it is also linked to Denmark (south-west) by the Öresund Bridge. Its border with Norway (1,619 km long) is the longest uninterrupted border within Europe.", "precise_score": 4.488884925842285, "rough_score": 3.3923425674438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "About 15% of Sweden lies north of the Arctic Circle. Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, with increasing forest coverage northward. Around 65% of Sweden's total land area is covered with forests. The highest population density is in the Öresund Region in southern Sweden, along the western coast up to central Bohuslän, and in the valley of lake Mälaren and Stockholm. Gotland and Öland are Sweden's largest islands; Vänern and Vättern are its largest lakes. Vänern is the third largest in Europe, after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega in Russia. Combined with the third and fourth largest lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren, these lakes take up a significant part of the southern Sweden's area. Sweden's extensive waterway availability throughout the south was exploited with the building of the Göta Canal in the 19th century, shortening the potential distance between the Baltic Sea south of Norrköping and Gothenburg by using the lake and river network to facilitate the canal. ", "precise_score": -6.543365955352783, "rough_score": -4.309414863586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Sweden has also car ferry connections to several neighbouring countries. For instance to Finland from both the Stockholm area across Sea of Åland to Turku, Mariehamn and Helsinki and from Umeå across Kvarken to Vaasa, Estonia across the Baltic Sea, Latvia and to Poland also across the Baltic Sea both between Karlskrona and Gdynia as well as and from both Ystad and Trelleborg to Świnoujście. The most importaint ferry routes from Sweden is however the routes to Denmark and Germany. From Trelleborg goes three different routes with four lines to Germany. The Trelleborg – Sassnitz line started as a steam ferry route for trains in the 19th Century, and today's ferries still carries the trains of the Malmö to Berlin line during the summer. The route Trelleborg to Rostock is served by two shipping lines. The Trelleborg harbour is the most busy in Sweden when it comes to number of transpored weight with lorries Ferries to Travemünde also departures from Trelleborg but also from Malmö. The latter line doesn't just cross the Baltic Sea, but also the southern part of Øresund. To Germany also typical long \"Lorries only (or mainly)\" sails between Nynäshamn and Gdańsk as well as between Gothenburg and Kiel, the route goes across Kattegat and the Danish strait Great Belt. From Gothenburg ferries also departure to Frederikshavn and the Danish peninsula Jutland, by crossing the Kattegat. Despite the opening of the fixed link to Denmark, known as the Øresund Bridge, the busiest ferry route from any Swedish is still the HH Ferry route between Helsingborg and Helsingør where ferries departures more than seventy times in each direction every day. During daytime a ferry departs every 15 minutes. Ferries have previously also sailed to the United Kingdom from Gothenburg. (British destinations have been Immingham, Harwich and Newcastle.)", "precise_score": 0.27018383145332336, "rough_score": -2.4523653984069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic countries, and the North European Plain. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdańsk. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. A mediterranean sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund, the Great Belt, and the Little Belt.", "precise_score": -1.3383489847183228, "rough_score": -3.6945738792419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The lands on the Baltic's eastern shore were among the last in Europe to be converted to Christianity. This finally happened during the Northern Crusades: Finland in the twelfth century by Swedes, and what are now Estonia and Latvia in the early thirteenth century by Danes and Germans (Livonian Brothers of the Sword). The Teutonic Order gained control over parts of the southern and eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, where they set up their monastic state. Lithuania was the last European state to convert to Christianity.", "precise_score": -0.7948424816131592, "rough_score": -2.9817705154418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In the 13th to 17th centuries, the strongest economic force in Northern Europe was the Hanseatic League, a federation of merchant cities around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden fought wars for Dominium maris baltici (\"Lordship over the Baltic Sea\"). Eventually, it was Sweden that virtually encompassed the Baltic Sea. In Sweden the sea was then referred to as Mare Nostrum Balticum (\"Our Baltic Sea\"). The goal of Swedish warfare during the 17th century was to make the Baltic Sea an all-Swedish sea (Ett Svenskt innanhav), something that was accomplished except the rout between Riga in Latvia and Szczecin in Poland. However, it was the Dutch who dominated Baltic trade in the seventeenth century.", "precise_score": -2.323540449142456, "rough_score": -0.030065439641475677, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In the eighteenth century, Russia and Prussia became the leading powers over the sea. Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War brought Russia to the eastern coast. Russia became and remained a dominating power in the Baltic. Russia's Peter the Great saw the strategic importance of the Baltic and decided to found his new capital, Saint Petersburg, at the mouth of the Neva river at the east end of the Gulf of Finland. There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern England and the Netherlands: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax and hemp.", "precise_score": -3.2629263401031494, "rough_score": -2.470184326171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "An arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea is enclosed by Sweden and Denmark to the northwest, Finland to the northeast, the Baltic countries to the southeast, and the North European Plain to the southwest.", "precise_score": 0.2649049460887909, "rough_score": -1.934464693069458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Northern Baltic Sea lies between the Stockholm area, southwestern Finland and Estonia. The Western and Eastern Gotland Basins form the major parts of the Central Baltic Sea or Baltic proper. The Bornholm Basin is the area east of Bornholm, and the shallower Arkona Basin extends from Bornholm to the Danish isles of Falster and Zealand.", "precise_score": -0.5736150741577148, "rough_score": -2.9953291416168213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "On the long-term average, the Baltic Sea is ice-covered at the annual maximum for about 45% of its surface area. The ice-covered area during such a typical winter includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the archipelago west of Estonia, the Stockholm archipelago, and the Archipelago Sea southwest of Finland. The remainder of the Baltic does not freeze during a normal winter, with the exception of sheltered bays and shallow lagoons such as the Curonian Lagoon. The ice reaches its maximum extent in February or March; typical ice thickness in the northernmost areas in the Bothnian Bay, the northern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia, is about 70 cm for landfast sea ice. The thickness decreases farther south.", "precise_score": -3.6778512001037598, "rough_score": -4.170547962188721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "About 20% of the land is used for agriculture and pasture, mainly in Poland and around the edge of the Baltic Proper, in Germany, Denmark and Sweden. About 17% of the basin is unused open land with another 8% of wetlands. Most of the latter are in the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.", "precise_score": -1.092487096786499, "rough_score": -3.693878650665283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The rest of the land is heavily populated. About 85 million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15 million within 10 km of the coast and 29 million within 50 km of the coast. Around 22 million live in population centers of over 250,000. 90% of these are concentrated in the 10 km band around the coast. Of the nations containing all or part of the basin, Poland includes 45% of the 85 million, Russia 12%, Sweden 10% and the others less than 6% each.", "precise_score": -2.638784408569336, "rough_score": -4.053972244262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Construction of the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark (completed 1997) and the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel (completed 1999), linking Denmark with Sweden, provided a highway and railroad connection between Sweden and the Danish mainland (the Jutland Peninsula, precisely the Zealand). The undersea tunnel of the Øresund Bridge-Tunnel provides for navigation of large ships into and out of the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for export of Russian petroleum. Many of the countries neighboring the Baltic Sea have been concerned about this, since a major oil leak in a seagoing tanker would be disastrous for the Baltic—given the slow exchange of water. The tourism industry surrounding the Baltic Sea is naturally concerned about oil pollution.", "precise_score": -2.8679707050323486, "rough_score": -3.0628137588500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Much shipbuilding is carried out in the shipyards around the Baltic Sea. The largest shipyards are at Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, Poland; Kiel, Germany; Karlskrona and Malmö, Sweden; Rauma, Turku, and Helsinki, Finland; Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja, Latvia; Klaipėda, Lithuania; and Saint Petersburg, Russia.", "precise_score": -1.35944402217865, "rough_score": -3.4519901275634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea. Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The deterioration of the Kingdom of Norway, caused by the Black Death, made it possible for Denmark to inherit an expansive colonial empire from this union—of which the Faroe Islands and Greenland are remnants. Beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory; these culminated in the 1830s with a surge of nationalist movements, which were defeated in the 1864 Second Schleswig War. Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century that created the basis for the present welfare state model with a highly developed mixed economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.266422271728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denmark" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Located in Northern Europe, Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland and 443 named islands (1,419 islands above 100 m2 in total). Of these, 74 are inhabited (January 2015), with the largest being Zealand, the North Jutlandic Island, and Funen. The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the Øresund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. The largest cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.291386127471924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denmark" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects Zealand and Funen. It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Schenker Rail for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, will start in 2015. Copenhagen has a rapid transit system, the Copenhagen Metro, and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. In the four largest cities – Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg – light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61970329284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denmark" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Denmark is an historically homogeneous nation. However, as with its Scandinavian neighbours, Denmark has recently transformed from a nation of net emigration, up until World War II, to a nation of net immigration. Today, immigration to Denmark consists particularly of asylum seekers and persons who arrive as family dependants. In addition, Denmark annually receives a number of citizens from Western countries, notably Nordic countries, the EU, and North America, who seek residency to work or study for a definite period of time. Recently, substantial numbers of workers—several tens of thousands—from the new EU accession countries, especially Poland and the Baltic nations, have arrived to perform menial labour in construction, agriculture, consumer industries, and cleaning. Overall, the net migration rate in 2015 was 2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population, comparable to the United Kingdom and well below other North European countries, except the Baltic states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.823976516723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denmark" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "A more troubled and war-ridden middle Iron Age followed with external threats coming both from the Baltic tribes, who attacked across the southern land border, and from overseas. Several Scandinavian sagas refer to retaliatory campaigns against Estonia. Estonian Vikings conducted similar raids against the Scandinavian tribes, marking them as a dominant power in the Baltic region. The \"pagan raiders\" who sacked the Swedish town of Sigtuna during the early Middle Ages, in 1187, were Estonians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.625545024871826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (; ; ), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.296856880187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.600381851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (Pärnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.905518531799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "After the Second World War, as part of the goal to more fully integrate Baltic countries into the Soviet Union, mass deportations were conducted in the Baltic countries and the policy of encouraging Soviet immigration to the Baltic states continued. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.177931785583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 m and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 m. There is 3794 km of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.063482284545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from on the Baltic islands to inland in July, the warmest month, and from on the Baltic islands to inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is . The average precipitation in 1961–1990 ranged from 535 to per year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.867709636688232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "From the 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia, particularly in the coastal areas and on the islands (e.g., Hiiumaa, Vormsi, Ruhnu; in Swedish, known as Dagö, Ormsö, Runö, respectively) along the Baltic sea, communities which today have all but disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament, and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0408616065979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Estonia has two news agencies. The Baltic News Service (BNS), founded in 1990, is a private regional news agency covering Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The ETV24 is an agency owned by Eesti Rahvusringhääling who is a publicly funded radio and television organisation created on 30 June 2007 to take over the functions of the formerly separate Eesti Raadio and Eesti Televisioon under the terms of the Estonian National Broadcasting Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.222692489624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Estonia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The first known written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti (U 582). The third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi (G 319) and dates from the 13th century. The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD 98 (disputed meaning).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269733428955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Finland" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The name Suomi () has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, meaning \"land\". In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian. Alternatively, the Indo-European word *gʰm-on \"man\" (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo) has been suggested, being borrowed as *ćoma. The word originally referred only to the province of Finland Proper, and later to the northern coast of Gulf of Finland, with northern regions such as Ostrobothnia still sometimes being excluded until later. Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa (fen land) or suoniemi (fen cape), and parallels between saame (Sami, a Finno-Ugric people in Lapland), and Häme (a province in the inland) were drawn, but these theories are now considered outdated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.409738063812256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Finland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. In the Köppen climate classification, the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude, such as Alaska, Siberia, and southern Greenland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.66538143157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Finland" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm, and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. Finland is locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, living in the northern Lapland region. Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight. Lapland is so far north that the Aurora Borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.043106555938721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Finland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2962 m) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Germany's alpine glaciers are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land and water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.50312328338623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Germany" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Around 3000 BC, the proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Balts established trade routes to Rome and Byzantium, trading local amber for precious metals. By 900 AD, four distinct Baltic tribes inhabited Latvia: Curonians, Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians (in Latvian: kurši, latgaļi, sēļi and zemgaļi), as well as the Livonians (lībieši) speaking a Finnic language.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.270576477050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "During the 19th century, the social structure changed dramatically. A class of independent farmers established itself after reforms allowed the peasants to repurchase their land, but many landless peasants remained. There also developed a growing urban proletariat and an increasingly influential Latvian bourgeoisie. The Young Latvian () movement laid the groundwork for nationalism from the middle of the century, many of its leaders looking to the Slavophiles for support against the prevailing German-dominated social order. The rise in use of the Latvian language in literature and society became known as the First National Awakening. Russification began in Latgale after the Polish led the January Uprising in 1863: this spread to the rest of what is now Latvia by the 1880s. The Young Latvians were largely eclipsed by the New Current, a broad leftist social and political movement, in the 1890s. Popular discontent exploded in the 1905 Russian Revolution, which took a nationalist character in the Baltic provinces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.561357498168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The War of Independence that followed was part of a general chaotic period of civil and new border wars in Eastern Europe. By the spring of 1919, there were actually three governments—Ulmanis's government; the Latvian Soviet government led by Pēteris Stučka, whose forces, supported by the Red Army, occupied almost all of the country; and the Baltic German government of the United Baltic Duchy, headed by Andrievs Niedra and supported by the Baltische Landeswehr and the German Freikorps unit Iron Division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.942220687866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "After the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, most of the Baltic Germans left Latvia by agreement between Ulmanis' government and Nazi Germany under the Heim ins Reich programme. In total 50,000 Baltic Germans left by the deadline of December 1939, with 1,600 remaining to conclude business and 13,000 choosing to remain in Latvia. Most of those who remained left for Germany in summer 1940, when a second resettlement scheme was agreed. The racially approved being resettled mainly in Poland, being given land and businesses in exchange for the money they had received from the sale of their previous assets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.712801933288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the Occupation of the Baltic states, in which it declared the occupation \"not in accordance with law\", and not the \"will of the Soviet people\". Pro-independence Popular Front of Latvia candidates gained a two-thirds majority in the Supreme Council in the March 1990 democratic elections. On 4 May 1990, the Supreme Council adopted the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia, and the Latvian SSR was renamed Republic of Latvia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.190932750701904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Latvia lies in Northern Europe, on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea and northwestern part of the East European craton, between latitudes 55° and 58° N (a small area is north of 58°), and longitudes 21° and 29° E (a small area is west of 21°). Latvia has a total area of 64559 km2 of which 62157 km2 land, 18159 km2 agricultural land, 34964 km2 forest land and 2402 km2 inland water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.946420669555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Several species of flora and fauna are considered national symbols. Oak (Quercus robur, ), and linden (Tilia cordata, ) are Latvia's national trees and the daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, ) its national flower. The white wagtail (Motacilla alba, ) is Latvia's national bird. Its national insect is the two-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata, ). Amber, fossilized tree resin, is one of Latvia's most important cultural symbols. In ancient times, amber found along the Baltic Sea coast was sought by Vikings as well as traders from Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire. This led to the development of the Amber Road. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.21259880065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Latvia's foreign policy priorities include co-operation in the Baltic Sea region, European integration, active involvement in international organisations, contribution to European and transatlantic security and defence structures, participation in international civilian and military peacekeeping operations, and development co-operation, particularly the strengthening of stability and democracy in the EU's Eastern Partnership countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.404308319091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Since March 2004, when the Baltic states joined NATO, fighter jets of NATO members have been deployed on a rotational basis for the Baltic Air Policing mission at Šiauliai Airport in Lithuania to guard the Baltic airspace. Latvia participates in several NATO Centres of Excellence: Civil-Military Co-operation in the Netherlands, Cooperative Cyber Defence in Estonia and Energy Security in Lithuania. It plans to establish the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence in Riga. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.6570820808410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011, the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries. In November 2012, the three countries agreed to create a joint military staff in 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.239941596984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Three biggest ports of Latvia are located in Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja. Most transit traffic uses these and half the cargo is crude oil and oil products. Free port of Ventspils is the busiest port in the Baltic states. Apart from road and railway connections, Ventspils is also linked to oil extraction fields and transportation routes of Russian Federation via system of two pipelines from Polotsk, Belarus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.352670669555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Riga International Airport is the busiest airport in the Baltic states with 4.7 million passengers in 2012. It has direct flight to over 80 destinations in 30 countries. airBaltic is the Latvian flag carrier airline and a low-cost carrier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.151252746582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Latvia operates Inčukalns underground gas storage facility, one of the largest underground gas storage facilities in Europe and the only one in the Baltic states. Unique geological conditions at Inčukalns and other locations in Latvia are particularly suitable for underground gas storage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.623775482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In the 19th century, Latvian nationalist movements emerged. They promoted Latvian culture and encouraged Latvians to take part in cultural activities. The 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often regarded as a classical era of Latvian culture. Posters show the influence of other European cultures, for example, works of artists such as the Baltic-German artist Bernhard Borchert and the French Raoul Dufy. With the onset of World War II, many Latvian artists and other members of the cultural elite fled the country yet continued to produce their work, largely for a Latvian émigré audience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6384663581848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Latvian cuisine typically consists of agricultural products, with meat featuring in most main meal dishes. Fish is commonly consumed due to Latvia's location on the Baltic Sea. Latvian cuisine has been influenced by the neighbouring countries. Common ingredients in Latvian recipes are found locally, such as potatoes, wheat, barley, cabbage, onions, eggs and pork. Latvian food is generally quite fatty, and uses few spices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.609646320343018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Latvia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Lithuania is located in Northern Europe. It covers an area of 65200 km2. The country lies between latitudes 53° and 57° N, and mostly between longitudes 21° and 27° E (part of the Curonian Spit lies west of 21°). It has around 99 km of sandy coastline, of which only about 38 km face the open Baltic Sea and which is the shortest among the Baltic Sea countries; the rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania's major warm-water port, Klaipėda, lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių marios), a shallow lagoon extending south to Kaliningrad. The main and largest river, the Nemunas River, and some of its tributaries carry international shipping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.988750457763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The longest measured temperature records from the Baltic area cover about 250 years. The data show that there were warm periods during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th century warming culminated in the 1930s, followed by a smaller cooling that lasted until the 1960s. A warming trend has persisted since then. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688021659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The current Lithuanian head of state, Dalia Grybauskaitė was elected on 17 May 2009, becoming the first female President in the country's history and the second female head of state in the Baltic States after Latvia elected their first female political leader in 1999. Dalia Grybauskaitė was re-elected for a second term in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673293113708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Baltic Development Forum (BDF) is an independent nonprofit organization that unites large companies, cities, business associations, and institutions in the Baltic Sea region. In 2010 the 12th Summit of the BDF was held in Vilnius. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.738224029541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In March 2004, Lithuania became a full member of the NATO. Since then, fighter jets of NATO members are deployed in Zokniai airport and provide safety for the Baltic airspace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75843620300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Structurally, there is a gradual but consistent shift towards a knowledge-based economy with special emphasis on biotechnology (industrial and diagnostic). The major biotechnology companies and laser manufacturers (Ekspla, Šviesos Konversija) of the Baltics are concentrated in Lithuania. Also mechatronics and information technology (IT) are seen as prospective knowledge-based economy directions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53094482421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Port of Klaipėda is the only commercial port in Lithuania. In a record year for the port, in 2011 45.5 million tons of cargo were handled (including Būtingė oil terminal figures), making it one of the biggest in the Baltic Sea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.276253700256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Lithuania received its first railway connection in the middle of the 19th century, when the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway was constructed. It included a stretch from Daugavpils via Vilnius and Kaunas to Virbalis. The first and only still operating in the Baltic states Kaunas Railway Tunnel was completed in 1860. Lithuanian Railways' main network consists of 1749 km of 1520 mm broad gauge railway of which 122 km are electrified. They also operate 22 km of standard gauge lines. The Trans-European standard gauge Rail Baltica railway, linking Helsinki–Tallinn–Riga–Kaunas–Warsaw and continuing on to Berlin is under construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.464478015899658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The country's main primary source of electrical power is Elektrėnai Power Plant. Other primary sources of Lithuania's electrical power are Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant and Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant is the only in the Baltic states power plant to be used for regulation of the power system’s operation with generating capacity of 900 MW for at least 12 hours. , 63% of electrical power was imported. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.091463088989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Ethnic Lithuanians make up about five-sixths of the country's population and Lithuania has the most homogenous population in the Baltic States. According to the 2011 census, the population of Lithuania stands at 3,043,400, 84% of whom are ethnic Lithuanians who speak Lithuanian, which is the official language of the country. Several sizable minorities exist, such as Poles (6.6%), Russians (5.8%), Belarusians (1.2%) and Ukrainians (0.5%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.378515720367432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The World Bank designates the literacy rate of Lithuanian persons aged 15 years and older as 100% and, according to Eurostat Lithuania leads among other countries of EU by people with secondary education (93.3%). , 34% of the population aged 25 to 64 had completed tertiary education; 59.1% had completed upper secondary and post-secondary (non-tertiary) education. According to Invest in Lithuania, Lithuania has twice as many people with higher education than the EU-15 average and the proportion is the highest in the Baltic. Also, 90% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language and half of the population speaks two foreign languages, mostly Russian and English. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46331787109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": ", there were 15 public universities in Lithuania, 6 private institutions, 16 public colleges, and 11 private colleges. Vilnius University is one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe and the largest university in Lithuania. Kaunas University of Technology is the largest technical university in the Baltic States and the 2nd largest university in Lithuania. Other universities include Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre, Lithuanian University of Educology, Vytautas Magnus University, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, The General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Klaipėda University, Lithuanian Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Šiauliai University, Vilnius Academy of Art, and LCC International University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.714386463165283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Few Lithuanian athletes have found success in winter sports, although facilities are provided by several ice rinks and skiing slopes, including Snow Arena, the first indoor ski slope in the Baltics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64948844909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lithuania" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In 1109, Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth defeated the King of Germany Henry V at the Battle of Hundsfeld, stopping the German march into Poland. The significance of the event was documented by Gallus Anonymus in his 1118 chronicle. In 1138, Poland fragmented into several smaller duchies when Bolesław divided his lands among his sons. In 1226, Konrad I of Masovia, one of the regional Piast dukes, invited the Teutonic Knights to help him fight the Baltic Prussian pagans; a decision which led to centuries of warfare with the Knights. In 1264, the Statute of Kalisz or the General Charter of Jewish Liberties introduced numerous right for the Jews in Poland, leading to a nearly autonomous \"nation within a nation\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.938240051269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Jagiellon dynasty spanned the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era of Polish history. Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), the Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572) formed the Polish–Lithuanian union. The partnership brought vast Lithuania-controlled Rus' areas into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for the Poles and Lithuanians, who coexisted and cooperated in one of the largest political entities in Europe for the next four centuries. In the Baltic Sea region Poland's struggle with the Teutonic Knights continued and culminated in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), where a combined Polish-Lithuanian army inflicted a decisive victory against the Teutonic Knights, allowing for territorial expansion of both nations into the far north region of Livonia. In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War, King Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn, which created the future Duchy of Prussia, a Polish vassal. The Jagiellon dynasty at one point also established dynastic control over the kingdoms of Bohemia (1471 onwards) and Hungary. In the south, Poland confronted the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tatars (by whom they were attacked on 75 separate occasions between 1474 and 1569), and in the east helped Lithuania fight the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Some historians estimate that Crimean Tatar slave-raiding cost Poland-Lithuania one million of its population between the years of 1494 and 1694.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.27128267288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "During this period, Poland successfully managed to fuse the territories of the three former partitioning powers into a cohesive nation state. Railways were restructured to direct traffic towards Warsaw instead of the former imperial capitals, a new network of national roads was gradually built up and a major seaport was opened on the Baltic Coast, so as to allow Polish exports and imports to bypass the politically charged Free City of Danzig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.715651512145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Poland's territory extends across several geographical regions, between latitudes 49° and 55° N, and longitudes 14° and 25° E. In the north-west is the Baltic seacoast, which extends from the Bay of Pomerania to the Gulf of Gdańsk. This coast is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. The largely straight coastline is indented by the Szczecin Lagoon, the Bay of Puck, and the Vistula Lagoon. The centre and parts of the north lie within the North European Plain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.448339462280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Rising above these lowlands is a geographical region comprising the four hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakes formed during and after the Pleistocene ice age. These lake districts are the Pomeranian Lake District, the Greater Polish Lake District, the Kashubian Lake District, and the Masurian Lake District. The Masurian Lake District is the largest of the four and covers much of north-eastern Poland. The lake districts form part of the Baltic Ridge, a series of moraine belts along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.182991981506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea activity in Słowiński National Park created sand dunes which in the course of time separated the bay from the sea creating two lakes. As waves and wind carry sand inland the dunes slowly move, at a rate of 3 to meters per year. Some dunes reach the height of up to 30 m. The highest peak of the park is Rowokol (115 m above sea level).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332408905029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The longest rivers are the Vistula (), 1047 km long; the Oder () which forms part of Poland's western border, 854 km long; its tributary, the Warta, 808 km long; and the Bug, a tributary of the Vistula, 772 km long. The Vistula and the Oder flow into the Baltic Sea, as do numerous smaller rivers in Pomerania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.571378707885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Łyna and the Angrapa flow by way of the Pregolya to the Baltic, and the Czarna Hańcza flows into the Baltic through the Neman. While the great majority of Poland's rivers drain into the Baltic Sea, Poland's Beskids are the source of some of the upper tributaries of the Orava, which flows via the Váh and the Danube to the Black Sea. The eastern Beskids are also the source of some streams that drain through the Dniester to the Black Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.964392185211182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "The Polish Baltic coast is approximately 528 km long and extends from Świnoujście on the islands of Usedom and Wolin in the west to Krynica Morska on the Vistula Spit in the east. For the most part, Poland has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continual movement of sand by currents and winds. This continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs, dunes, and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to close off former lagoons, such as Łebsko Lake in Słowiński National Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1979522705078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the UN, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, European Space Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.088863849639893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Polish army consists of 65,000 active personnel, whilst the navy and air force respectively employ 14,300 and 26,126 servicemen and women. The Polish Navy primarily operates in the Baltic Sea and conducts operations such as maritime patrol, search and rescue for the section of the Baltic under Polish sovereignty, as well as hydrographic measurements and research. Also, the Polish Navy played a more international role as part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, providing logistical support for the United States Navy. The current position of the Polish Air Force is much the same; it has routinely taken part in Baltic Air Policing assignments, but otherwise, with the exception of a number of units serving in Afghanistan, has seen no active combat since the end of the Second World War. In 2003, the F-16C Block 52 was chosen as the new general multi-role fighter for the air force, the first deliveries taking place in November 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.347728729248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Poland's main tourist offerings include outdoor activities such as skiing, sailing and mountain hiking, as well as agrotourism, sightseeing historical monuments. Tourist destinations include the Baltic Sea coast in the north; the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy, the highest peak of Poland, and the famous Orla Perć mountain trail are located. The Pieniny and Bieszczady Mountains lie in the extreme south-east. There are over 100 castles in the country, many along the popular Trail of the Eagles' Nests. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.747989654541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "Seaports exist all along Poland's Baltic coast, with most freight operations using Szczecin, Świnoujście, Gdynia and Gdańsk as well as Police, Kołobrzeg and Elbląg as their base. Passenger ferries link Poland with Scandinavia all year round; these services are provided from Gdańsk and Świnoujście by Polferries, Stena Line from Gdynia and Unity Line from the Port of Świnoujście.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.976035118103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The architecture of Gdańsk is mostly of the Hanseatic variety, a Gothic style common among the former trading cities along the Baltic sea and in the northern part of Central Europe. The architectural style of Wrocław is mainly representative of German architecture, since it was for centuries located within the German states. The centre of Kazimierz Dolny on the Vistula is a good example of a well-preserved medieval town. Poland's ancient capital, Kraków, ranks among the best-preserved Gothic and Renaissance urban complexes in Europe. Meanwhile, the legacy of the Kresy Marchlands of Poland's eastern regions, where Wilno and Lwów (now Vilnius and Lviv) were recognised as two major centres for the arts, played a special role in the development of Polish architecture, with Catholic church architecture deserving special note.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9994049072265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poland" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the traders, warriors and settlers from the Baltic Sea region. Primarily they were Vikings of Scandinavian origin, who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. In 882 his successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kiev, which had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars, founding Kievan Rus'. Oleg, Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar khaganate and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.878820419311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. At the same time, the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, the only remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia. In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their Ottoman allies invaded central Russia and were even able to burn down parts of Moscow in 1571. But in the next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by Russians in the Battle of Molodi, forever eliminating the threat of an Ottoman–Crimean expansion into Russia. The slave raids of Crimeans, however, did not cease until the late 17th century though the construction of new fortification lines across Southern Russia, such as the Great Abatis Line, constantly narrowed the area accessible to incursions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.732390880584717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's \"Window to Europe\". Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.938522815704346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In August 1939, after another failure of attempts to establish an anti-Nazi alliance with Britain and France, the Soviet government decided to improve relations with Germany by concluding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, pledging non-aggression between the two countries and dividing Eastern Europe into their respective spheres of influence. While Hitler conquered Poland and France and other countries acted on a single front at the start of World War II, the USSR was able to build up its military and claim some of the former territories of the Russian Empire, Western Ukraine, Hertza region and Northern Bukovina as a result of the Soviet invasion of Poland, Winter War, occupation of the Baltic states and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.728230476379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over, as the Baltic republics chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, the USSR was dissolved into 15 post-Soviet states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415054321289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37000 km along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea and Caspian Sea. The Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other by the U.S.) are just 3 km apart, and Kunashir Island is about 20 km from Hokkaido, Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.745969295501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Sprawling from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, Russia has more than a fifth of the world's forests, which makes it the largest forest country in the world. However, according to a 2012 study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Government of the Russian Federation, the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than four percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.31317138671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Much of Russia's inland waterways, which total 102000 km, are made up of natural rivers or lakes. In the European part of the country the network of channels connects the basins of major rivers. Russia's capital, Moscow, is sometimes called \"the port of the five seas\", because of its waterway connections to the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.982611656188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Major sea ports of Russia include Rostov-on-Don on the Azov Sea, Novorossiysk on the Black Sea, Astrakhan and Makhachkala on the Caspian, Kaliningrad and St Petersburg on the Baltic, Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, Murmansk on the Barents Sea, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean. In 2008 the country owned 1,448 merchant marine ships. The world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers advances the economic exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf of Russia and the development of sea trade through the Northern Sea Route between Europe and East Asia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.700355529785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russia" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly from the 8th century to the 11th century. It is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Black Sea and even as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper south to Constantinople, on which they carried out numerous raids. The Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war, and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the Varangian Guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are believed to be the founding fathers of Kievan Rus'. The Arab traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.744344711303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "During the early stages of the Scandinavian Viking Age, Ystad in Danish province Scania and Paviken on Gotland, were flourishing centres of trade, but they were not parts of the early Swedish Kingdom. Remains of what is believed to have been a large market dating from 600–700 AD have been found in Ystad. In Paviken, an important centre of trade in the Baltic region during the 9th and 10th century, remains have been found of a large Viking Age harbour with shipbuilding yards and handicraft industries. Between 800 and 1000, trade brought an abundance of silver to Gotland, and according to some scholars, the Gotlanders of this era hoarded more silver than the rest of the population of Scandinavia combined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7142653465271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Except for the provinces of Scania, Blekinge and Halland, in the south-west of the Scandinavian peninsula which were parts of the Kingdom of Denmark during this time, feudalism never developed in Sweden as it did in the rest of Europe. The peasantry therefore remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history. Slavery (also called thralldom) was not common in Sweden, and what slavery there was tended to be driven out of existence by the spread of Christianity, the difficulty in obtaining slaves from the lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the 16th century. Indeed, both slavery and serfdom were abolished altogether by a decree of King Magnus IV in 1335. Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry, and some became labourers in the towns. Still, Sweden remained a poor and economically backward country in which barter was the means of exchange. For instance, the farmers of the province of Dalsland would transport their butter to the mining districts of Sweden and exchange it there for iron, which they would then take to the coast and trade for fish, which they consumed, while the iron would be shipped abroad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.723896026611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at Lübeck on the Baltic coast of Northern Germany in 1356. The Hanseatic League sought civil and commercial privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea. In exchange, they offered a certain amount of protection. Having their own navy, the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates. The privileges obtained by the Hansa included assurances that only Hansa citizens would be allowed to trade from the ports where they were located. They sought agreement to be free of all customs and taxes. With these concessions, Lübeck merchants flocked to Stockholm, where they soon came to dominate the city's economic life and made the port city of Stockholm into the leading commercial and industrial city of Sweden. Under the Hanseatic trade, two-thirds of Stockholm's imports consisted of textiles and one-third of salt. The main exports from Sweden were iron and copper. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5768890380859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In interest of re-establishing Swedish dominance in the Baltic Sea, Sweden allied itself against its traditional ally and benefactor, France, in the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden's role in the Battle of Leipzig gave it the authority to force Denmark–Norway, an ally of France, to cede Norway to the King of Sweden on 14 January 1814 in exchange for northern German provinces, at the Treaty of Kiel. The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, Charles XIII. He launched a military campaign against Norway on 27 July 1814, ending in the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden under the Swedish crown, which lasted until 1905. The 1814 campaign was the last time Sweden was at war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.127721786499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "During the last year of the war, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts, and many refugees, among them several thousand Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were rescued thanks to the Swedish rescue missions to internment camps and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees, primarily from the Nordic countries and the Baltic states. The Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg and his colleagues ensured the safety of tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews. Nevertheless, both Swedes and others have argued that Sweden could have done more to oppose the Nazis' war efforts, even if it meant increasing the risk of occupation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.584566116333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Temperatures vary greatly from north to south. Southern and central parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters, with average high temperatures of 20 to in the summer, and average temperatures of in the winter, while the northern part of the country has shorter, cooler summers and longer, colder and snowier winters, with temperatures that often drop below freezing from September to May. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sweden was 38 °C in Målilla in 1947, while the coldest temperature ever recorded was in Vuoggatjålme in 1966. Temperatures expected in Sweden are heavily influenced by the large Fennoscandian landmass, as well as continental Europe and western Russia, which allows hot or cool inland air to be easily transported to Sweden. That in turn renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain. In winter however the same high-pressure systems sometimes puts the entire country far below freezing temperatures. There is some maritime moderation from the Atlantic which renders the Swedish continental climate less severe than that of nearby Russia. Even though temperature patterns differ between north and south, the summer climate is surprisingly similar all through the entire country in spite of the large latitudal differences. This is due to the south being surrounded by a greater mass of water, with the wider Baltic Sea and the Atlantic air passing over lowland areas from the south-west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.304990768432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "During the early Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment and a low profile in international affairs with a security policy based on strong national defence. The function of the Swedish military was to deter attack. At the same time, the country maintained relatively close informal connections with the Western bloc, especially in the realm of intelligence exchange. In 1952, a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic Sea by a Soviet MiG-15 jet fighter. Later investigations revealed that the plane was actually gathering information for NATO. Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue plane, was sent out a few days later and shot down by the Soviets as well. Prime Minister Olof Palme made an official visit to Cuba during the 1970s, during which he denounced Fulgencio Batista's government and praised contemporary Cuban and Cambodian revolutionaries in a speech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.53912353515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sweden" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge, at the latitude 60°N, by the Åland islands and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga, and in the West by the South-Swedish part of the Scandinavian Peninsula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.141636848449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3262939453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area includes the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat, without calling Kattegat a part of the Baltic Sea, \"For the purposes of this Convention the \"Baltic Sea Area\" shall be the Baltic Sea and the Entrance to the Baltic Sea, bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak at 57°44.43'N.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.955467700958252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Historically, the Kingdom of Denmark collected Sound Dues from ships at the border between the ocean and the land-locked Baltic Sea. They were collected in the Øresund at Kronborg castle near Helsingør, in the Great Belt at Nyborg. In the Little Belt, the site of intake was moved to Fredericia, after that stronghold had been built. The narrowest part of Little Belt is the \"Middelfart Sund\" near Middelfart. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.125936508178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Geographers widely agree that the preferred physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill and Langeland. The Drogden Sill is situated north of Køge Bugt and connects Dragør in the south of Copenhagen to Malmö; it is used by the Øresund Bridge, including the Drogden Tunnel. By this definition, the Danish Straits are part of the entrance, but the Bay of Mecklenburg and the Bay of Kiel are parts of the Baltic Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.756326198577881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Kattegat and the southwestern Baltic Sea are well oxygenated and have a rich biology. The remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen and in species. Thus, statistically, the more of the entrance that is included in its definition, the healthier the Baltic appears; conversely, the more narrowly it is defined, the more endangered its biology appears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454400062561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "While Tacitus called it Mare Suebicum after the Germanic people called the Suebi, the first to name it the Baltic Sea (Mare Balticum) was the eleventh-century German chronicler Adam of Bremen. The origin of the latter name is speculative. It might be connected to the Germanic word belt, a name used for two of the Danish straits, the Belts, while others claim it to be directly derived from the source of the Germanic word, Latin balteus (belt). Adam of Bremen himself compared the sea with a belt, stating that it is so named because it stretches through the land as a belt (Balticus, eo quod in modum baltei longo tractu per Scithicas regiones tendatur usque in Greciam). He might also have been influenced by the name of a legendary island mentioned in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia (or Balcia) with reference to accounts of Pytheas and Xenophon. It is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia (\"kingdom\" or \"royal\") in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Baltia also might be derived from \"belt\" and mean \"near belt of sea (strait).\" Meanwhile, others have suggested that the name of the island originates from the Proto-Indo-European root [http://web.archive.org/web/20070225150051/http://starling.rinet.ru:80/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single1&basename", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.134428024291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In the Middle Ages the sea was known by variety of names. The name Baltic Sea became dominant only after 1600. Usage of Baltic and similar terms to denote the region east of the sea started only in 19th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.268498420715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea was known in ancient sources as Mare Suebicum or Mare Germanicum. It is also known by the equivalents of \"East Sea\", \"West Sea\", or \"Baltic Sea\" in different languages:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.249144554138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "* Baltic Sea is used in English; in the Baltic languages Latvian (Baltijas jūra) and Lithuanian (Baltijos jūra); in Latin (Mare Balticum) and the Romance languages French (Mer Baltique), Italian (Mar Baltico), Portuguese (Mar Báltico), Romanian (Marea Baltică) and Spanish (Mar Báltico); in Greek (Βαλτική Θάλασσα Valtikí Thálassa); in Albanian (Deti Balltik); in Welsh (Môr Baltig); in the Slavic languages Polish (Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk), Czech (Baltské moře or Balt), Croatian (Baltičko more), Slovenian (Baltsko morje), Bulgarian (Балтийско море Baltijsko More), Kashubian (Bôłt), Macedonian (Балтичко Море Baltičko More), Ukrainian (Балтійське море Baltijs′ke More), Belarusian (Балтыйскае мора Baltyjskaje Mora), Russian (Балтийское море Baltiyskoye More) and Serbian (Балтичко море Baltičko more); in Hungarian (Balti-tenger).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9472432136535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Ostsee", "passage": "* In Germanic languages, except English, East Sea is used: Afrikaans (Oossee), Danish (Østersøen), Dutch (Oostzee), German (Ostsee), Icelandic and Faroese (Eystrasalt), Norwegian (Østersjøen), and Swedish (Östersjön). In Old English it was known as Ostsæ, in Hungarian the former name was Keleti-tenger (due the German influence).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.467066764831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Itämeri", "passage": "* In addition, Finnish, a Baltic-Finnic language, has calqued the Swedish term as Itämeri \"East Sea\", disregarding the geography (the sea is west of Finland), though understandably since Finland was a part of Sweden from the Middle Ages until 1809.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.709641933441162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Läänemeri", "passage": "* In another Baltic-Finnic language, Estonian, it is called the West Sea (Läänemeri), with the correct geography (the sea is west of Estonia).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.644914627075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "At the time of the Roman Empire, the Baltic Sea was known as the Mare Suebicum or Mare Sarmaticum. Tacitus in his AD 98 Agricola and Germania described the Mare Suebicum, named for the Suebi tribe, during the spring months, as a brackish sea where the ice broke apart and chunks floated about. The Suebi eventually migrated south west to reside for a while in the Rhineland area of modern Germany, where their name survives in the historic region known as Swabia. Jordanes called it the Germanic Sea in his work, the Getica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.376367568969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In the early Middle Ages, Norse (Scandinavian) merchants built a trade empire all around the Baltic. Later, the Norse fought for control of the Baltic against Wendish tribes dwelling on the southern shore. The Norse also used the rivers of Russia for trade routes, finding their way eventually to the Black Sea and southern Russia. This Norse-dominated period is referred to as the Viking Age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.773053169250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Since the Viking age, the Scandinavians have referred to the Baltic Sea as Austmarr (\"Eastern Lake\"). \"Eastern Sea\", appears in the Heimskringla and Eystra salt appears in Sörla þáttr. Saxo Grammaticus recorded in Gesta Danorum an older name, Gandvik, -vik being Old Norse for \"bay\", which implies that the Vikings correctly regarded it as an inlet of the sea. Another form of the name, \"Grandvik\", attested in at least one English translation of Gesta Danorum, is likely to be a misspelling.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.201736450195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In addition to fish the sea also provides amber, especially from its southern shores. The bordering countries have traditionally exported lumber, wood tar, flax, hemp and furs by ship across the Baltic. Sweden had from early medieval times exported iron and silver mined there, while Poland had and still has extensive salt mines. Thus the Baltic Sea has long been crossed by much merchant shipping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7287983894348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "In the period between the 8th and 14th centuries, there was much piracy in the Baltic from the coasts of Pomerania and Prussia, and the Victual Brothers even held Gotland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329193115234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "Starting in the 11th century, the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic were settled by migrants mainly from Germany, a movement called the Ostsiedlung (\"east settling\"). Other settlers were from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Scotland. The Polabian Slavs were gradually assimilated by the Germans. Denmark gradually gained control over most of the Baltic coast, until she lost much of her possessions after being defeated in the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.021351337432861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "During the Crimean War, a joint British and French fleet attacked the Russian fortresses in the Baltic. They bombarded Sveaborg, which guards Helsinki; and Kronstadt, which guards Saint Petersburg; and they destroyed Bomarsund in the Åland Islands. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the whole southern coast became German. World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. After 1920 Poland was connected to the Baltic Sea by the Polish Corridor and enlarged the port of Gdynia in rivalry with the port of the Free City of Danzig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9754638671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "During World War II, Germany reclaimed all of the southern and much of the eastern shore by occupying Poland and the Baltic states. In 1945, the Baltic Sea became a mass grave for retreating soldiers and refugees on torpedoed troop transports. The sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff remains the worst maritime disaster in history, killing (very roughly) 9,000 people. In 2005, a Russian group of scientists found over five thousand airplane wrecks, sunken warships, and other material, mainly from World War II, on the bottom of the sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.095685005187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Since the end of World War II, various nations, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States, have disposed of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns of environmental contamination. Even now fishermen accidentally retrieve some of these materials: the most recent available report from the Helsinki Commission notes that four small scale catches of chemical munitions representing approximately 105 kg of material were reported in 2005. This is a reduction from the 25 incidents representing 1110 kg of material in 2003. Until now, the U.S. Government refuses to disclose the exact coordinates of the wreck sites. Rotting bottles leak Lost and other substances, thus slowly poisoning a substantial part of the Baltic Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.238571166992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "After 1945, the German population was expelled from all areas east of the Oder-Neisse line, making room for displaced Poles and Russians. Poland gained most of the southern shore. The Soviet Union gained another access to the Baltic with the Kaliningrad Oblast. The Baltic states on the eastern shore were annexed by the Soviet Union. The Baltic then separated opposing military blocs: NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Had war broken out, the Polish navy was prepared to invade the Danish isles. This border status restricted trade and travel. It ended only after the collapse of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.225357532501221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Since May 2004, with the accession of the Baltic states and Poland, the Baltic Sea has been almost entirely surrounded by countries of the European Union (EU). The only remaining non-EU shore areas are Russian: the Saint Petersburg area and the exclave of the Kaliningrad Oblast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.631524085998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Winter storms begin arriving in the region during October. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, and contributed to the extreme difficulties of rescuing passengers of the ferry M/S Estonia en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, in September 1994, which claimed the lives of 852 people. Older, wood-based shipwrecks such as the Vasa tend to remain well-preserved, as the Baltic's cold and brackish water does not suit the shipworm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.180737018585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Historic flood events were the All Saints' Flood of 1304 and other floods in the years 1320, 1449, 1625, 1694, 1784 and 1825. Little is known of their extent. From 1872, there exist regular and reliable records of water levels in the Baltic Sea. The highest was the flood of 1872 when the water was an average of above sea level at Warnemünde and a maximum of above sea level in Warnemünde. In the last very heavy floods the average water levels reached above sea level in 1904, in 1913, in January 1954, on 2–4 November 1995 and on 21 February 2002. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738295555114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea is one of the largest brackish inland seas by area, and occupies a basin (a zungenbecken) formed by glacial erosion during the last few ice ages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489618301391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Physical characteristics of the Baltic Sea, its main sub-regions, and the transition zone to the Skagerrak/North Sea area ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100240707397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Baltic Sea as follows: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121204376220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The northern part of the Baltic Sea is known as the Gulf of Bothnia, of which the northernmost part is the Bay of Bothnia or Bothnian Bay. The more rounded southern basin of the gulf is called Bothnian Sea and immediately to the south of it lies the Sea of Åland. The Gulf of Finland connects the Baltic Sea with Saint Petersburg. The Gulf of Riga lies between the Latvian capital city of Riga and the Estonian island of Saaremaa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.564779281616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In the south, the Bay of Gdańsk lies east of the Hel Peninsula on the Polish coast and west of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad Oblast. The Bay of Pomerania lies north of the islands of Usedom and Wolin, east of Rügen. Between Falster and the German coast lie the Bay of Mecklenburg and Bay of Lübeck. The westernmost part of the Baltic Sea is the Bay of Kiel. The three Danish straits, the Great Belt, the Little Belt and The Sound (Öresund/Øresund), connect the Baltic Sea with the Kattegat and Skagerrak strait in the North Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.618040084838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The ice extent depends on whether the winter is mild, moderate, or severe. Severe winters can lead to ice formation around southern Sweden and even in the Danish straits. According to the 18th-century natural historian William Derham, during the severe winters of 1703 and 1708, the ice cover reached as far as the Danish straits. Frequently, parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga. This description meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea was covered with ice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.092044353485107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "It is known that since 1720, the Baltic Sea has frozen over entirely a total of 20 times. The most recent case was in early 1987, which was the most severe winter in Scandinavia since that date. The ice then covered . During the winter of 2010–11, which was quite severe compared to those of the last decades, the maximum ice cover was , which was reached on 25 February 2011. The ice then extended from the north down to the northern tip of Gotland, with small ice-free areas on either side, and the east coast of the Baltic Sea was covered by an ice sheet about 25 to wide all the way to Gdańsk. This was brought about by a stagnant high-pressure area that lingered over central and northern Scandinavia from around 10 to 24 February. After this, strong southern winds pushed the ice further into the north, and much of the waters north of Gotland were again free of ice, which had then packed against the shores of southern Finland. The effects of the afore-mentioned high-pressure area did not reach the southern parts of the Baltic Sea, and thus the entire sea did not freeze over. However, floating ice was additionally observed near Świnoujście harbour in January 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.702764511108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "In recent years prior to 2011, the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea were frozen with solid ice near the Baltic coast and dense floating ice far from it. In 2008, there was almost no ice formation except for a short period in March. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787094116210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The ice cover is the main habitat for two large mammals, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and the Baltic ringed seal (Pusa hispida botnica), both of which feed underneath the ice and breed on its surface. Of these two seals, only the Baltic ringed seal suffers when there is not adequate ice in the Baltic Sea, as it feeds its young only while on ice. The grey seal is adapted to reproducing also with no ice in the sea. The sea ice also harbours several species of algae that live in the bottom and inside unfrozen brine pockets in the ice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196279525756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. A surface layer of brackish water discharges 940 km3 per year into the North Sea. Due to the difference in salinity, by salinity permeation principle, a sub-surface layer of more saline water moving in the opposite direction brings in 475 km3 per year. It mixes very slowly with the upper waters, resulting in a salinity gradient from top to bottom, with most of the salt water remaining below 40 to deep. The general circulation is anti-clockwise: northwards along its eastern boundary, and south along the western one .Alhonen, p. 88", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834179878234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The difference between the outflow and the inflow comes entirely from fresh water. More than 250 streams drain a basin of about 1600000 km2, contributing a volume of 660 km3 per year to the Baltic. They include the major rivers of north Europe, such as the Oder, the Vistula, the Neman, the Daugava and the Neva. Additional fresh water comes from the difference of precipitation less evaporation, which is positive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97924518585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "An important source of salty water are infrequent inflows of North Sea water into the Baltic. Such inflows, important to the Baltic ecosystem because of the oxygen they transport into the Baltic deeps, used to happen on average every four to five years until the 1980s. In recent decades they have become less frequent. The latest four occurred in 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2014 suggesting a new inter-inflow period of about ten years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533409118652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. However, tidal currents occur in narrow passages in the western parts of the Baltic Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74508285522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea's salinity is much lower than that of ocean water (which averages 3.5%), as a result of abundant freshwater runoff from the surrounding land, combined with the shallowness of the sea itself; indeed, runoff contributes roughly one-fortieth its total volume per year, as the volume of the basin is about and yearly runoff is about 500 km3. The open surface waters of the central basin have salinity of 0.5% to 0.8%, which makes the basin border-line or, nearly Freshwater. Drinking the water as a means of survival would actually hydrate the body instead of dehydrating, like that of ocean water. At the semi-enclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as head of Finnish Gulf with Neva mouth and head of Bothnian gulf with close mouths of Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower. Below 40 to, the salinity is between 1.0% and 1.5% in the open Baltic Sea, and more than this near Danish Straits, but this is still less than half that of ocean water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.675627708435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The flow of fresh water into the sea from approximately two-hundred rivers and the introduction of salt from the South builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic Sea. Near the Danish straits the salinity is close to that of the Kattegat, but still not fully oceanic, because the saltiest water that passes the straits is still already mixed with considerable amounts of outflow water. The salinity steadily decreases towards North and East. At the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia the water is no longer salty and many fresh water species live in the sea. The salinity gradient is paralleled by a temperature gradient. These two factors limit many species of animals and plants to a relatively narrow region of Baltic Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.709720611572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "The rating of mean discharges differs from the ranking of hydrological lengths (from the most distant source to the sea) and the rating of the nominal lengths. Göta älv, a tributary of the Kattegat, is not listed, as due to the northward upper low-salinity-flow in the sea, its water hardly reaches the Baltic proper:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554595947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.716899394989014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea somewhat resembles a riverbed, with two tributaries, the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia. Geological surveys show that before the Pleistocene, instead of the Baltic Sea, there was a wide plain around a great river paleontologists call the Eridanos. Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin. By the time of the last, or Eemian Stage (MIS 5e), the Eemian Sea was in place. Instead of a true sea, the Baltic can even today also be understood as the common estuary of all rivers flowing into it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.890254020690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Post-littorina Sea", "passage": "* Post-Littorina Sea 4,000–present", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776867866516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The Baltic Sea anomaly is a 60-metre (200 ft) diameter circular rock-like formation on the floor of the northern Baltic Sea at the center of the Bothnian Sea, discovered by Peter Lindberg, Dennis Åsberg and their Swedish \"Ocean X\" diving team in June 2011. The team reported that the formation rests on a pillar and includes a structure similar in appearance to a staircase, leading to a dark hole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24144458770752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "The fauna of the Baltic sea is a mixture of marine and freshwater species. Among marine fishes are cod, herring, hake, plaice, flounder, shorthorn sculpin, stickleback and turbot, and examples of freshwater species include perch, pike, whitefish and roach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755132675170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Since the Baltic Sea is so young there are only a few endemic species. The mostly asexually reproducing brown alga Fucus radicans seems to have evolved in the basin. Another endemic is the Copenhagen cockle Parvicardium hauniense. However, several marine species have populations in the Baltic Sea adapted to the low salinity, such as the Baltic Sea herring which is smaller than the Atlantic herring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.927164077758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "A peculiar feature of the fauna is that it contains a number of glacial relict species, isolated populations of arctic species which have remained in the Baltic Sea since the last glaciation, such as the large isopod Saduria entomon, the Baltic subspecies of ringed seal, and the fourhorn sculpin. Some of these relicts are derived from glacial lakes, such as Monoporeia affinis, which is a main element in the benthic fauna of the low-salinity Bothnian Bay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612821578979492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Cetaceans in Baltic Sea have been monitored by the ASCOBANS. Critically endangered populations of Atlantic white-sided dolphins and harbor porpoises inhabit the sea where white-colored porpoises have been recorded,[http://us.whales.org/news/2015/06/white-harbour-porpoise-sighting-in-baltic-sea White harbour porpoise sighting in Baltic Sea - WDC] and occasionally oceanic species such as bottlenose dolphins,[http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/217965,Baltic-dolphin-sightings-confirmed Baltic dolphin sightings confirmed - National] orcas,[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15421/0 Orcinus orca (Killer Whale, Orca)] and beaked whales[http://us.whales.org/news/2015/10/rare-sowerbys-beaked-whale-spotted-in-baltic-sea Rare Sowerby's beaked whale spotted in the Baltic Sea - WDC] visit the waters. In recent years, very small, but with an increasing rate, humpback whales migrate into Baltic sea including mother and calf pair.[http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,401331,whales-seen-again-in-the-waters-of-the-baltic-sea.html Whales seen again in the waters of the Baltic Sea | News | Science & Scholarship in Poland] Now extinct Atlantic grey whales and eastern population of North Atlantic right whales that is facing functional extinction[http://us.whales.org/species-guide/north-atlantic-right-whale North Atlantic Right Whale Species Guide - WDC] once migrated into Baltic Sea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235507011413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Strandings of Leatherback turtles have been recorded in Baltic Sea, too.[http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/09/rare-animals-are-mysteriously-turning-up-in-denmark/ Rare Animals Are Mysteriously Turning Up in Denmark | Mysterious Universe] Other notable megafauna include the basking sharks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713772773742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "Satellite images taken in July 2010 revealed a massive algal bloom covering 377000 sqkm in the Baltic Sea. The area of the bloom extended from Germany and Poland to Finland. Researchers of the phenomenon have indicated that algal blooms have occurred every summer for decades. Fertilizer runoff from surrounding agricultural land has exacerbated the problem and led to increased eutrophication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.389104843139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Approximately 100000 km2 of the Baltic's seafloor (a quarter of its total area) is a variable dead zone. The more saline (and therefore denser) water remains on the bottom, isolating it from surface waters and the atmosphere. This leads to decreased oxygen concentrations within the zone. It is mainly bacteria that grow in it, digesting organic material and releasing hydrogen sulfide. Because of this large anaerobic zone, the seafloor ecology differs from that of the neighbouring Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383502006530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "The Baltic", "passage": "Plans to artificially oxygenate areas of the Baltic that have experienced eutrophication have been proposed by the University of Gothenburg and Inocean AB. The proposal intends to use wind-driven pumps to inject oxygen (air) into waters at, or around, 130m below sea level. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.261874198913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "There are several cargo and passenger ferries that operate on the Baltic Sea, such as Scandlines, Silja Line, Polferries, the Viking Line, Tallink, and Superfast Ferries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635746955871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "European Route of Brick Gothic is a touristic route connecting cities with Brick Gothic architecture in three countries along the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Germany and Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.865285396575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic coast", "passage": "For the first time ever, all the sources of pollution around an entire sea were made subject to a single convention, signed in 1974 by the then seven Baltic coastal states. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405684471130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" }, { "answer": "Baltic Sea", "passage": "In the light of political changes and developments in international environmental and maritime law, a new convention was signed in 1992 by all the states bordering on the Baltic Sea, and the European Community. After ratification the Convention entered into force on 17 January 2000. The Convention covers the whole of the Baltic Sea area, including inland waters and the water of the sea itself, as well as the seabed. Measures are also taken in the whole catchment area of the Baltic Sea to reduce land-based pollution. The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.505941390991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltic Sea" } ]

[ { "answer": "1787", "passage": "Transmitted to the United States in Congress Assembled then sitting in New York City, the new Constitution was forwarded to the states by Congress recommending the ratification process outlined in the Constitution. Each state legislature was to call elections for a \"Federal Convention\" to ratify the new Constitution. They expanded the franchise beyond the Constitutional requirement to more nearly embrace \"the people\". Eleven ratified in 1787 or 1788, and all thirteen had done so by 1790. The Congress of the Confederation certified eleven states to begin the new government, and called the states to hold elections to begin operation. It then dissolved itself on March 4, 1789, the day the first session of the Congress of the United States began. George Washington was inaugurated as President two months later.", "precise_score": 1.270932912826538, "rough_score": -0.5766718983650208, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "Neither the Convention which drafted the Constitution, nor the Congress which sent it to the thirteen states for ratification in the autumn of 1787, gave it a lead caption. To fill this void, the document was most often titled \"A frame of Government\" when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public. This Frame of Government consisted of a preamble, seven articles and a signed closing endorsement.", "precise_score": -0.5852205157279968, "rough_score": -4.7727251052856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the \"sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation\". The convention was not limited to commerce; rather, it was intended to \"render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union.\" The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.034014701843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "1787 Drafting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664702415466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "On the appointed day, May 14, 1787, only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present, and so the convention's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum. A quorum of seven states met and deliberations began on May 25. Eventually twelve states were represented; 74 delegates were named, 55 attended and 39 signed. The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker Congress established by the Articles of Confederation. Their depth of knowledge and experience in self-government was remarkable. As Thomas Jefferson in Paris wrote to John Adams in London, \"It really is an assembly of demigods.\" According to one view, the Framers embraced the federal ambiguities in the constitutional text allowing for compromise and cooperation about broad concepts rather than dictating specific policies for the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.113054275512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "Article Five outlines the process for amending the Constitution. Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism. Amendment making power rested with the legislature in three of the states and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions. The Articles of Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all thirteen state legislatures. This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles, as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform. The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was, according to The Federalist No. 43, designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.480141639709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "1787", "passage": "The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.299400329589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "Smelling salts, also known as ammonia inhalants, spirit of hartshorn or sal volatile, are chemical compounds used for arousing consciousness.", "precise_score": 4.556997776031494, "rough_score": 2.5564630031585693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "Smelling salts have been used since Roman times and are mentioned in the writings of Pliny as Hammoniacus sal. Evidence exists of use in the 13th century by alchemists as sal ammoniac.", "precise_score": 1.1841572523117065, "rough_score": 0.9814667105674744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "The usual active compound is ammonium carbonate—a colorless-to-white, crystalline solid ((NH4)2CO3). Because most modern solutions are mixed with water, they should more properly be called \"aromatic spirits of ammonia.\" Modern solutions may also contain other products to perfume or act in conjunction with the ammonia, such as lavender oil or eucalyptus oil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7955315113067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "In the 17th century, the distillation of an ammonia solution from shavings of harts' (deer) horns and hooves led to the alternative name for smelling salts as spirit or salt of hartshorn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4954380989074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "Smelling salts release ammonia (NH3) gas, which triggers an inhalation reflex (that is, cause the muscles that control breathing to work faster) by irritating the mucous membranes of the nose and lungs. Additionally, the irritant elevates the heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity by activating the sympathetic nervous system. Fainting can be caused by excessive parasympathetic and vagal activity that slows the heart, and decreases perfusion of the brain. The sympathetic irritant effect is exploited to counteract these vagal parasympathetic effects and thereby reverse the faint. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5180567502975464, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "Ammonia gas is toxic in large concentrations for prolonged periods and can be fatal. Since smelling salts produce only a small amount of ammonia gas, no adverse health problems from their situational use have been reported. However, a high concentration of inhaled ammonia might burn the nasal or oral mucosa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.077326774597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" }, { "answer": "Ammonia", "passage": "The use of ammonia smelling salts to revive people injured during sport is not recommended because it may inhibit or delay a proper and thorough neurological assessment by a healthcare professional, such as after concussions when hospitalization may be advisable, and some governing bodies recommend specifically against it. The irritant nature of smelling salts means that they can exacerbate any pre-existing cervical spine injury by causing reflex withdrawal away from them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6838159561157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Smelling salts" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The program was established by Executive Order 10924, issued by President John F. Kennedy on March 1, 1961, announced by televised broadcast March 2, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 21, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Pub.L. 87–293). The act declares the program's purpose as follows:", "precise_score": 1.368655800819397, "rough_score": -4.424379348754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "To promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.", "precise_score": 0.23798143863677979, "rough_score": 3.1341257095336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "From 1961 to 2015, nearly 220,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps and served in 141 countries. ", "precise_score": -6.684338092803955, "rough_score": -7.9553422927856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Following the end of World War II, various members of the United States Congress proposed bills to establish volunteer organizations in developing countries. In December 1951 Representative John F. Kennedy (D-Massachusetts) suggested to a group that \"young college graduates would find a full life in bringing technical advice and assistance to the underprivileged and backward Middle East ... In that calling, these men would follow the constructive work done by the religious missionaries in these countries over the past 100 years.\" In 1952 Senator Brien McMahon (D-Connecticut) proposed an \"army\" of young Americans to act as \"missionaries of democracy\". Privately funded nonreligious organizations began sending volunteers overseas during the 1950s. While Kennedy is credited with the creation of the Peace Corps as president, the first initiative came from Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr. (D-Minnesota), who introduced the first bill to create the Peace Corps in 1957—three years before the University of Michigan speech. In his autobiography The Education of a Public Man, Humphrey wrote,", "precise_score": -8.206151008605957, "rough_score": -4.722019672393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity. The idea was popular among students, however, and Kennedy pursued it, asking respected academics such as Max Millikan and Chester Bowles to help him outline the organization and its goals. During his inaugural address, Kennedy again promised to create the program: \"And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country\". President Kennedy in a speech at the White House on June 22, 1962, \"Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa\", acknowledged that Operation Crossroads for Africa was the basis for the development of the Peace Corps. \"This group and this effort really were the progenitors of the Peace Corps and what this organization has been doing for a number of years led to the establishment of what I consider to be the most encouraging indication of the desire for service not only in this country but all around the world that we have seen in recent years\". The Peace Corps website answered the question \"Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps?\", acknowledging that the Peace Corps were based on Operation Crossroads Africa founded by Rev. James H. Robinson. ", "precise_score": -6.7491536140441895, "rough_score": -6.970722198486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the \"Ugly American\" and \"Yankee imperialism,\" especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia. Kennedy appointed his brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, to be the program's first director. Shriver fleshed out the organization with the help of Warren Wiggins and others. Shriver and his think tank outlined the organization's goals and set the initial number of volunteers. The Peace Corps began recruiting in July 1962; Bob Hope cut radio and television announcements hailing the program.", "precise_score": -4.368815898895264, "rough_score": -5.038332462310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Until about 1967, applicants had to pass a placement test of \"general aptitude\" (knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude. After an address from Kennedy, who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church, Disciples of Christ, on August 28, 1961, the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania. The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, and within two years over 7,300 volunteers were serving in 44 countries. This number increased to 15,000 in June 1966, the largest number in the organization's history. ", "precise_score": -3.973637104034424, "rough_score": -6.895613670349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "As part of an economic stimulus package in 2008, President Barack Obama proposed to double the size of the Peace Corps. However, as of 2010, the amount requested was insufficient to reach this goal by 2011. In fact, the number of applicants to the Peace Corps have declined steadily from a high of 15,384 in 2009 to 10,091 in 2012. Congress raised the 2010 appropriation from the US$373 million requested by the President to US$400 million, and proposed bills would raise this further for 2011 and 2012. According to former director Gaddi Vasquez, the Peace Corps is trying to recruit more diverse volunteers of different ages and make it look \"more like America\". A Harvard International Review article from 2007 proposes to expand the Peace Corps, revisit its mission and equip it with new technology. In 1961 only 1% of volunteers were over 50, compared with 5% today. Ethnic minorities currently comprise 19% of volunteers. 35% of the U.S. population are Hispanic or non-White.", "precise_score": -9.578927040100098, "rough_score": -7.500027179718018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Public laws are passed by Congress and the President and create or modify the U.S. Code. The first public law establishing Peace Corps in the US Code was The Peace Corps Act passed by the 87th Congress and signed into law on September 22, 1961. Several public laws have modified the Peace Corps Act, including:", "precise_score": 0.4228628873825073, "rough_score": -5.815096378326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "At a meeting of the House Foreign Affairs Committee in 2011, Peace Corps volunteers shared their experiences of violence and sexual assault. At this meeting, it was found that between 2000–2009 there have been several cases of rape or attempted rape, and about 22 women are sexually assaulted each year. The case of murdered Peace Corps volunteer Kate Puzey was discussed. The Peace Corps has gained attention in the media and their directors have been attacked for how they handled this situation. Kate Puzey's mother was one of those to make a comment at the meeting about how badly the situation with her daughter had been handled. One woman claimed that her country's director had blamed her for getting raped, while other victims have also been similarly blamed. Criticism of how Peace Corps has responded to sexual assaults against volunteers culminated in the appointment of Kellie Green as the agency's first Director of the Office Of Victims Advocacy in 2011. Green was eventually pushed out of her position in April 2015 for purportedly \"creating a hostile work environment\". Greene maintains that Peace Corps retaliated against her for pressing agency officials to fully comply with their responsibilities towards volunteers who have been victims of sexual assault. A Change.org petition demanding that Green be reinstated began circulating among former volunteers in December 2015. ", "precise_score": -9.678153991699219, "rough_score": -8.779302597045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "\"Many returned volunteers complain that the Peace Corps does little to promote or make use of their rich experiences once they return...[A] Peace Corps volunteer is sent in...[to] relieve...the local government from having to develop policies that assure equitable distribution of health care...During the early years there were many failures in structure and programming...Some critics charge that the Peace Corps is only a somewhat ineffective attempt to counter damage done to the U.S. image abroad by its aggressive military and its unscrupulous businesses...Many observers and some returned volunteers charge that, in addition to public relations for the United States, Peace Corps programs serve to legitimize dictators...When he began evaluating the Corps in the 1960s, Charlie Peters found \"they were training volunteers to be junior diplomats. Giving them a course in American studies, world affairs and communism...Although it seems unlikely that the Peace Corps is used in covert operations, wittingly or not it is often used in conjunction with U.S. military interests...In a review of the Peace Corps in March the House Select Committee on Hunger praised the agency for effective work in the areas of agriculture and conservation, while recommending that the Corps expand its African Food Systems Initiative, increase the number of volunteers in the field, recruit more women, and move to depoliticize country dictatorships.\"", "precise_score": -8.582265853881836, "rough_score": -7.109210968017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In a critique by The Future of Freedom Foundation, James Bovard mixes history of the Peace Corps with current interpretations. He writes that in the 1980s, \"The Peace Corps’s world-saving pretensions were a joke on American taxpayers and Third World folks who expected real help.\" He goes on to criticize the difference in rhetoric and action of Peace Corps volunteers, even attacking its establishment as \"the epitome of emotionalism in American politics.\" Using snippets of reports, accounts of those in countries affected by the Peace Corps and even concluded that at one point \"some Peace Corps agricultural efforts directly hurt Third World poor.\" At the end of the article, Bovard noted that all Peace Corps volunteers he had talked with conceded they have not helped foreigners ... but he acknowledges that \"Some Peace Corps volunteers, like some Americans who volunteer for religion missions abroad, have truly helped foreigners.\"", "precise_score": -8.690812110900879, "rough_score": -7.644184112548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. The stated mission of the Peace Corps includes providing technical assistance, helping people outside the United States to understand American culture, and helping Americans to understand the cultures of other countries. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Each program participant, a Peace Corps Volunteer, is an American citizen, typically with a college degree, who works abroad for a period of two years after three months of training.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955269813537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "John F. Kennedy first announced the idea for such an organization during the 1960 presidential campaign, at a late-night speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, October 14, 1960, on the steps of the Michigan Union. He later dubbed the proposed organization the \"Peace Corps.\" A brass marker commemorates the place where Kennedy stood. In the weeks after the 1960 election, the study group at Colorado State University, released their feasibility a few days before Kennedy's Presidential Inauguration in January 1961. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.292762756347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "A leading Peace Corps critic was U.S. Representative Otto Passman of Louisiana's 5th congressional district, based about Monroe. Critics called Passman \"Otto the Terrible\" for trying to thwart the program by reducing its funding to minimal levels. Ultimately, it would be President Nixon, who despite his previous skepticism rescued the Peace Corps after 1969 from Passman's congressional knife. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24277114868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In July 1971, President Richard Nixon, an opponent of the program, brought the Peace Corps under the umbrella agency ACTION. President Jimmy Carter, an advocate of the program, said that his mother, who had served as a nurse in the program, had \"one of the most glorious experiences of her life\" in the Peace Corps. In 1979, he made it fully autonomous in an executive order. This independent status was further secured by 1981 legislation making the organization an independent federal agency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.757060050964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In 1976, Deborah Gardner was found murdered in her home in Tonga, where she was serving in the Peace Corps. Dennis Priven, a fellow Peace Corps worker, was later charged with the murder by the Tonga government. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and was sentenced to serve time in a mental institution in Washington D.C. Privan was never admitted to any institution, and the handling of the case has been heavily criticized. The main criticism has been that the Peace Corps seems to have worked to keep one of its volunteers from being found guilty of murder, due to the reflection it would have on the organization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.096466064453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Although the earliest volunteers were typically thought of as generalists, the Peace Corps had requests for technical personnel from the start. For example, geologists were among the first volunteers requested by Ghana, an early volunteer host. An article in Geotimes (a trade publication) in 1963, reviewed the program, with a follow-up history of Peace Corps geoscientists appearing in that publication in 2004. During the Nixon Administration the Peace Corps included foresters, computer scientists, and small business advisors among its volunteers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.74246883392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In 2009, Casey Frazee, who was sexually assaulted while serving in South Africa, created First Response Action, an advocacy group for a stronger Peace Corps response for volunteers who are survivors or victims of physical and sexual violence. In 2010, concerns about the safety of volunteers were illustrated by a report, compiled from official public documents, listing hundreds of violent crimes against volunteers since 1989. In 2011, a 20/20 investigation found that \"more than 1,000 young American women have been raped or sexually assaulted in the last decade while serving as Peace Corps volunteers in foreign countries.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24543571472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "As of 2009, Peace Corps Volunteers are working in 68 countries:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241761207580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Corps launched its initiative to engage volunteers in malaria control efforts in 2011. The initiative, which grew out of malaria prevention programs in Peace Corps Senegal, now includes volunteers in 24 African countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496872901916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Peace Corps Response", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775712013244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Peace Corps Response, formerly named the Crisis Corps, was created by Peace Corps Director Mark Gearan in 1996.[http://www.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/former/hotline/hotline110102.pdf Peace Corps Hotline. \"Crisis Corps: Opportunity to serve again\" by Melinda Bridges. November 1, 2002.] (PDF) Gearan modeled the Crisis Corps after the National Peace Corps Association's successful Emergency Response Network (ERN) of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers willing to respond to crises when needed. ERN emerged in response to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. On November 19, 2007 Peace Corps Director Ronald Tschetter changed Crisis Corps's name to Peace Corps Response.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463825225830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The change to Peace Corps Response allowed Peace Corps to include projects that did not rise to the level of a crisis. The program deploys former volunteers on high-impact assignments that typically range from three to twelve months in duration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622693061828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Peace Corps Response volunteers generally receive the same allowances and benefits as their Peace Corps counterparts, including round-trip transportation, living and readjustment allowances, and medical care. Minimum qualifications include completion of at least one year of Peace Corps service, including training, in addition to medical and legal clearances. The Crisis Corps title was retained as a unique branch within Peace Corps Response, designed for volunteers who are deployed to true “crisis” situations, such as disaster relief following hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions and other catastrophes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.481612205505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps website makes available resources for teachers in the US and abroad, under the name of Coverdell Worldwise Schools. Resources include lesson plans, audio lessons in seven languages, guest speakers, and classroom-to-classroom correspondence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.281798362731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Laws governing the Peace Corps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664472579956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Peace Corps was originally established by Executive Order, and has been modified by several subsequent executive orders including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.747174263000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* 1961 – 10924 – Establishment and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State (Kennedy) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.983949661254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* 1962 – 11041 – Continuance and administration of the Peace Corps in the Department of State (Kennedy) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.642335891723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* 1963 – 11103 – Providing for the appointment of former Peace Corps volunteers to the civilian career services (Kennedy) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361647605895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* 1979 – 12137 – The Peace Corps (Carter) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434714317321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Federal laws governing the Peace Corps are contained in Title 22 of the United States Code – Foreign Relations and Intercourse, Chapter 34 – The Peace Corps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645500183105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* – The Peace Corps Act", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650979042053223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* – Peace Corps Act Amendments ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75712776184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* – A bill to amend the Peace Corps Act to authorize appropriations for the Peace Corps for FY1993 and to establish Peace Corps foreign exchange fluctuations account, and for other purposes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651802062988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "* – Peace Corps Act, FY2002, 2003 Authorization Bill ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.809040069580078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps is subject to Federal Regulations as prescribed by public law and executive order and contained in Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations under Chapter 3.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931838035583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Former members of the Peace Corps may not be assigned to military intelligence duties for a period of 4 years following Peace Corps service. Furthermore, they are forever prohibited from serving in a military intelligence posting to any country in which they volunteered. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.271368026733398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Peace Corps employees receive time-limited appointments, and most employees are limited to a maximum of five years of employment. This time limit was established to ensure that Peace Corps' staff remain fresh and innovative. A related rule specifies that former employees cannot be re-employed until after the same amount of time that they were employed. Volunteer service is not counted for the purposes of either rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340065002441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In July 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Carrie Hessler-Radelet as the 19th director of the Peace Corps. Since 2010, Hessler-Radelet had served as Peace Corps Deputy Director and Acting Director. From 1981–83, she served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Western Samoa with her husband, Steve. On June 5, 2014 the United States Senate confirmed her nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525060653686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps Office of Inspector General is authorized by law to review all programs and operations of the Peace Corps. The OIG is an independent entity within the Peace Corps. The inspector general (IG) reports directly to the Peace Corps Director. In addition, the IG reports to Congress semiannually with data on OIG activities. The OIG serves as the law enforcement arm of the Peace Corps and works closely with the Department of State, the Department of Justice, and other federal agencies OIG has three sections to conduct its functions:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12942886352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": " Audit – Auditors review functional activities of the Peace Corps, such as contract compliance and financial and program operations, to ensure accountability and to recommend improved levels of economy and efficiency;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778413772583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": " Evaluations – Evaluators analyze the management and program operations of the Peace Corps at both overseas posts and domestic offices. They identify best practices and recommend program improvements and ways to accomplish Peace Corps' mission and strategic goals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519427299499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": " Investigations – Investigators respond to allegations of criminal or administrative wrongdoing by Peace Corps Volunteers, Peace Corps personnel, including experts and consultants, and by those who do business with the Peace Corps, including contractors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752983093261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In 2009, the most recent year reported, 69% of Peace Corps crime victims were women, 88% were under 30, and 82% were Caucasian. Worldwide, there were 15 cases of rape/attempted rape and 96 cases of sexual assault reported for a total of 111 sexual crimes committed against female Peace Corps volunteers. This was all shared on ABC news 20/20. The majority of women who join the Peace Corps are in their mid-twenties. In 62% of the more than 2,900 assault cases since 1990, the victim was identified as being alone. In 59% of assault cases, the victim was identified as a woman in her 20s. At that time the media began to report all these numbers and facts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.906251907348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps has also been in the media for the topic of abortion. Women who have been raped in foreign countries while volunteering have wanted to get abortions. They then realize that Peace Corps had no program that would help them. Peace Corps volunteers get paid $200 to $350 a month. Abortions can typically cost around $470. This makes it difficult for women who want an abortion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088716506958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Since 1979, it has been prohibited for federal funds to cover abortion costs for Peace Corps volunteers. Even in instances of life endangerment, rape and incest, volunteers are not financially covered. 433 Peace Corps volunteers were interviewed and it was reported that many thought the funding ban on abortion coverage should be removed. This was a two-month interview with no eligibility restrictions. Abortion is such a controversial topic that this just made it much more difficult for the Peace Corps to handle. Volunteers do receive health care, including prescription medications, routine examinations, and emergency care, free of charge. These services are provided in-country through a Peace Corps Medical Officer. Peace Corps volunteers don't make much money, which adds to this issue in the news. The abortion topic is very active in the Peace Corps, because when volunteers become pregnant for any reason, they can no longer be volunteers, and a significant number of them want to remain volunteers. Many volunteers have the same or very similar story. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.508222579956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Critics and criticisms of Peace Corps include Robert L. Strauss of Foreign Policy., an article by a former volunteer describing assaults on volunteers from 1992 to 2010, an ABC news report on 20/20, an Huffington Post article on former Peace Corps volunteers speaking out on rapes, About.com's article on rape and assault in the Peace Corps, and a Congressional Research Service report titled \"The Peace Corps: Current Issues\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.058634757995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In the Reagan Administration, in 1986, an article in the Multinational Monitor looked critically at the Peace Corps. On a positive note, the writer praises the Corps for aspects saying that it is \"not in the business of transferring massive economic resources. Rather it concentrates on increasing productivity and encouraging self-reliance in villages that are often ignored by large-scale development agencies,\" and notes the \"heavy emphasis on basic education\" by the Corps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326159477233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The author suggests that \"the poor should be encouraged to organize a power base to gain more leverage with the powers-that-be\" by the Peace Corps and that \"The Peace Corps is the epitome of Kennedy's Camelot mythology. It is a tall order to expect a small program appended to an immense superpower, to make a difference, but it is a goal worth striving for.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38687801361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In December 2003, a report by the Brookings Institution praised the Peace Corps but proposed changes. These include relabeling Peace Corps volunteers in certain countries, greater host country ownership, reverse volunteers (have volunteers from the host country in the U.S.), and multilateral volunteers. The Brookings Institution wrote that a \"one-year service commitment [for the Baby Boom generation] could make the Peace Corps more attractive to older Americans, possibly combined with the option of returning to the same site or country after a three-month break\" and customized placement to a specific country would increase the amount of people volunteering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.954523086547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "BoingBoing editor Xeni Jardin describes criticism of the agency's response to assault: \"A growing number of ex-Peace Corps volunteers are speaking out about having survived rape and other forms of sexual assault while assigned overseas. They say the agency ignored their concerns for safety or requests for relocation, and tried to blame rape victims for their attacks. Their stories, and support from families and advocates, are drawing attention from lawmakers and promises of reform from the agency\". Among 8,655 volunteers there are on average 22 Peace Corps women reported being the victims of rape or attempted rape each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502266883850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention have a song named \"Who Needs the Peace Corps?\" on their 1968 album We're Only in It for the Money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901402473449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In popular culture, the Peace Corps has been used as a comedic plot device in such movies as Airplane!, Christmas with the Kranks, Shallow Hal, and Volunteers or used to set the scene for a historic era, as when Frances \"Baby\" Houseman tells the audience she plans to join the Peace Corps in the introduction to the movie Dirty Dancing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836795806884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "The Peace Corps has also been documented on film and examined more seriously and in more depth. The 2006 documentary film Death of Two Sons, directed by Micah Schaffer, juxtaposes the deaths of Amadou Diallo, a Guinean-American who was gunned down by four New York City policemen with 41 bullets, and Peace Corps volunteer Jesse Thyne who lived with Amadou's family in Guinea and died in a car crash there.New York Daily News. \"Disappointed Diallo ma\" by Nicole Bode. November 27, 2006. The [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/story/474932p-399522c.html original link] is dead. An archival link is available [http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2076163.html here.] Jimi Sir, released in 2007, is a documentary portrait of volunteer James Parks' experiences as a high school science, math and English teacher during the last 10 weeks of his service in Nepal. James speaks Nepali fluently and shows a culture where there are no roads, vehicles, electricity, plumbing, telephone or radio. The movie El Rey, directed and written by Antonio Dorado in 2004, attacks corrupt police, unscrupulous politicians and half-hearted revolutionaries but also depicts the urban legend of Peace Corps Volunteers \"training\" native Colombians how to process coca leaves into cocaine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.093337059020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "Miami Herald. \"Popular film revives Peace Corps rumors: The top movie in Colombia is about the origins of the cocaine trade with an unexpected villain: the U.S. Peace Corps.\" by Steven Dudley. November 6, 2004. [http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2024372.html Archive link].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556135177612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In the 1969 film, Yawar Mallku/Sangre de cóndor/Blood of the Condor, Bolivian director Jorge Sanjinés portrayed Peace Corps volunteers in the camp as arrogant, ethnocentric, and narrow-minded imperialists out to destroy Indian culture. One particularly powerful scene showed Indians attacking a clinic while the volunteers inside sterilized Indian women against their will. The film is thought to be at least partially responsible for the expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971. Peace Corps volunteer Fred Krieger who was serving in Bolivia at the time said, \"It was an effective movie – emotionally very arousing – and it directly targeted Peace Corps volunteers. I thought I would be lynched before getting out of the theatre. To my amazement, people around me smiled courteously as we left, no one commented, it was just like any other movie.\"Amigos de Bolivia y Peru. \"Sacrificial Llama? The Expulsion of the Peace Corps from Bolivia in 1971\" by James F. Siekmeier. The [http://www.amigosdeboliviayperu.org/Sangres1.htm original story] is a dead link. An archival copy is [http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/6056.html available here].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.38314437866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" }, { "answer": "Peace Corps", "passage": "In 2016, Peace Corps partnered with jewelry retailer Alex and Ani to create cord bracelets to raise money for the Peace Corps' Let Girls Learn Fund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037083625793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace Corps" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "Dead on arrival (DOA), also dead in the field and brought in dead (BID), is a term used to indicate that a patient was found to be already clinically dead upon the arrival of professional medical assistance, often in the form of first responders such as emergency medical technicians, paramedics, or police.", "precise_score": 2.51208758354187, "rough_score": -1.4340605735778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Colloquially, anything which is received in a non-operational (broken) state can be called 'DOA' or 'dead on arrival' (or, alternatively, 'defective on arrival'). If a new product, such as a computer, arrives \"DOA\" then it is likely that the recipient will call the supplier to get a return merchandise authorization (RMA), a transaction that acknowledges that (apparently defective) goods will be returned to the supplier for refund, replacement or credit. Sometimes it is difficult to actually detect a defective or DOA product. With computers, for instance, it might require a boot image to be installed and run through a test suite to detect any failed parts.", "precise_score": -0.7951338291168213, "rough_score": -4.018745422363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*In another context, \"dead on arrival\" may be used to describe an idea or product that is considered to be fundamentally flawed, and therefore viewed as an utter failure from the start. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2777681350708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*\"Dead On Arrival\" is a song from the 1984 album titled \"See You In Hell\" by Grim Reaper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513531684875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Fall Out Boy has a song from their album \"Take This to Your Grave\" titled \"Dead On Arrival\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.561613082885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Dead on Arrival, a heavy metal band from New York ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.548216819763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Dead On Arrival: NY Metal Marvels - Music Legend Trend ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.570358276367188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Dead On Arrival: A New 2013 Release From The NY Metal Marvels D.O.A. (Dead On Arrival) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56922721862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" }, { "answer": "Dead on Arrival", "passage": "*Dead On Arrival: title of the 9th chapter of Dead Space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560598373413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dead on arrival" } ]

[ { "answer": "Battle of Antietam", "passage": "Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North. General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.", "precise_score": 8.98125171661377, "rough_score": 6.305121421813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Civil War" }, { "answer": "Battle of Antietam", "passage": "Sharpsburg gained national recognition during the American Civil War, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland with his Army of Northern Virginia in the summer of 1862 and was intercepted near the city by Union General George B. McClellan with the Army of the Potomac. The rival armies met on September 17, in the Battle of Antietam (also called the Battle of Sharpsburg). It would be the bloodiest single day of the Civil War, and in American military annals, with a total of nearly 23,000 casualties to both sides. A few days earlier, the multi-sited Battle of South Mountain occurred at the three low-lying passes in South Mountain—Crampton's Gap, Turner's Gap, and Fox's Gap—where Lee's forces attempted to hold back the advancing Union regiments moving westward especially along the important National Road (now U.S. Route 40 Alternate) which is now a part of South Mountain State Battlefield Park.", "precise_score": 9.855728149414062, "rough_score": 8.827042579650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sharpsburg, Maryland" }, { "answer": "Antietam", "passage": "When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4828455448150635, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Civil War" }, { "answer": "Battle of Antietam", "passage": "The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers, and ensured that they would remain neutral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.653190612792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Civil War" }, { "answer": "Battle of Antietam", "passage": "In September 1862, the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that \"If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9423418045043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Civil War" }, { "answer": "Battle of Antietam", "passage": "During the American Civil War, the Battle of Antietam (or Battle of Sharpsburg) was fought on what is now Antietam National Battlefield, in the vicinity of Antietam Creek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.101856708526611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sharpsburg, Maryland" }, { "answer": "Antietam", "passage": "The town core was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 as the Sharpsburg Historic District. Also listed are the Antietam National Battlefield, William Chapline House, Good-Reilly House, William Hagerman Farmstead, Joseph C. Hays House, Jacob Highbarger House, Mount Airy, Piper House, Tolson's Chapel, Wilson-Miller Farm, and Woburn Manor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.760787010192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sharpsburg, Maryland" }, { "answer": "Antietam", "passage": "The Antietam National Battlefield is an important source of local tourism and activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853252410888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sharpsburg, Maryland" } ]

[ { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris (, alternatively Ausir, Asiri or Ausar, among other spellings), was an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead, but more appropriately as the god of transition, resurrection, and regeneration. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich feathers at either side, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.", "precise_score": 7.495230197906494, "rough_score": 6.040529251098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris was at times considered the oldest son of the earth god Geb, though other sources state his father is the sun-god Ra and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning \"Foremost of the Westerners\", a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. As ruler of the dead, Osiris was also sometimes called \"king of the living\": ancient Egyptians considered the blessed dead \"the living ones\". ", "precise_score": 3.5040946006774902, "rough_score": 2.5681564807891846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris is first attested in the middle of the Fifth dynasty of Egypt, although it is likely that he was worshipped much earlier; the Khenti-Amentiu epithet dates to at least the first dynasty, also as a pharaonic title. Most information available on the myths of Osiris is derived from allusions contained in the Pyramid Texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later New Kingdom source documents such as the Shabaka Stone and the Contending of Horus and Seth, and much later, in narrative style from the writings of Greek authors including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. ", "precise_score": 3.4896421432495117, "rough_score": 2.989405393600464, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris was considered not only a merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. He was described as the \"Lord of love\", \"He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful\" and the \"Lord of Silence\". The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death – as Osiris rose from the dead they would, in union with him, inherit eternal life through a process of imitative magic. By the New Kingdom all people, not just pharaohs, were believed to be associated with Osiris at death, if they incurred the costs of the assimilation rituals. ", "precise_score": 4.975531578063965, "rough_score": 4.906554222106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris is the mythological father of the god Horus, whose conception is described in the Osiris myth, a central myth in ancient Egyptian belief. The myth described Osiris as having been killed by his brother Set, who wanted Osiris' throne. Isis joined the fragmented pieces of Osiris, but the only body part missing was the phallus. Isis fashioned a golden phallus, and briefly brought Osiris back to life by use of a spell that she learned from her father. This spell gave her time to become pregnant by Osiris before he again died. Isis later gave birth to Horus. As such, since Horus was born after Osiris' resurrection, Horus became thought of as a representation of new beginnings and the vanquisher of the evil Set.", "precise_score": 5.357303619384766, "rough_score": 5.386148452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Diodorus Siculus gives another version of the myth in which Osiris was described as an ancient king who taught the Egyptians the arts of civilization, including agriculture, then travelled the world with his sister Isis, the satyrs, and the nine muses, before finally returning to Egypt. Osiris was then murdered by his evil brother Typhon, who was identified with Set. Typhon divided the body into twenty-six pieces, which he distributed amongst his fellow conspirators in order to implicate them in the murder. Isis and Hercules (Horus) avenged the death of Osiris and slew Typhon. Isis recovered all the parts of Osiris' body, except the phallus, and secretly buried them. She made replicas of them and distributed them to several locations, which then became centres of Osiris worship. ", "precise_score": 5.608127593994141, "rough_score": 3.3052589893341064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Through the hope of new life after death, Osiris began to be associated with the cycles observed in nature, in particular vegetation and the annual flooding of the Nile, through his links with the heliacal rising of Orion and Sirius at the start of the new year. Osiris was widely worshipped as Lord of the Dead until the suppression of the Egyptian religion during the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1883575916290283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris is a Latin transliteration of the Ancient Greek , which in turn is the Greek adaptation of the original theonym in the Egyptian language. In Egyptian hieroglyphs the name is written Wsjr, as the hieroglyphic writing does not restitute all the vowels, and Egyptologists transliterate the name variously as Asar, Yasar, Aser, Asaru, Ausar, Ausir, Wesir, Usir, Usire or Ausare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.31576207280158997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris is represented in his most developed form of iconography wearing the Atef crown, which is similar to the White crown of Upper Egypt, but with the addition of two curling ostrich feathers at each side (see also Atef crown (hieroglyph)). He also carries the crook and flail. The crook is thought to represent Osiris as a shepherd god. The symbolism of the flail is more uncertain with shepherds whip, fly-whisk, or association with the god Andjety of the ninth nome of Lower Egypt proposed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1620032787323, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Osiris' soul, or rather his Ba, was occasionally worshipped in its own right, almost as if it were a distinct god, especially in the Delta city of Mendes. This aspect of Osiris was referred to as Banebdjedet, which is grammatically feminine (also spelt \"Banebded\" or \"Banebdjed\"), literally \"the ba of the lord of the djed, which roughly means The soul of the lord of the pillar of continuity. The djed, a type of pillar, was usually understood as the backbone of Osiris, and, at the same time, as the Nile, the backbone of Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4048594236373901, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Since the ba was associated with power, and also happened to be a word for ram in Egyptian, Banebdjed was depicted as a ram, or as Ram-headed. A living, sacred ram was kept at Mendes and worshipped as the incarnation of the god, and upon death, the rams were mummified and buried in a ram-specific necropolis. Banebdjed was consequently said to be Horus' father, as Banebdjed was an aspect of Osiris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.946333646774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Regarding the association of Osiris with the ram, the god's traditional crook and flail are the instruments of the shepherd, which has suggested to some scholars also an origin for Osiris in herding tribes of the upper Nile. The crook and flail were originally symbols of the minor agricultural deity Andjety, and passed to Osiris later. From Osiris, they eventually passed to Egyptian kings in general as symbols of divine authority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.26866185665130615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Ancient Egyptians believed that death was in fact transition. They believed that the ka, or life-force, left the body at the point of death and even their practices of preserving the body further indicated their understanding of the continuance of life. Hence, Osiris is known as the God of Transition and also commonly well known as the God of Resurrection and Regeneration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5754086375236511, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In the Osirian temple at Denderah, an inscription (translated by Budge, Chapter XV, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection) describes in detail the making of wheat paste models of each dismembered piece of Osiris to be sent out to the town where each piece is discovered by Isis. At the temple of Mendes, figures of Osiris were made from wheat and paste placed in a trough on the day of the murder, then water was added for several days, until finally the mixture was kneaded into a mold of Osiris and taken to the temple to be buried (the sacred grain for these cakes were grown only in the temple fields). Molds were made from the wood of a red tree in the forms of the sixteen dismembered parts of Osiris, the cakes of 'divine' bread were made from each mold, placed in a silver chest and set near the head of the god with the inward parts of Osiris as described in the Book of the Dead (XVII).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.61741304397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Divine pardon at judgement was always a central concern for the Ancient Egyptians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.945341110229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Eventually, in Egypt, the Hellenic pharaohs decided to produce a deity that would be acceptable to both the local Egyptian population, and the influx of Hellenic visitors, to bring the two groups together, rather than allow a source of rebellion to grow. Thus Osiris was identified explicitly with Apis, while really an aspect of Ptah, who had already been identified as Osiris by this point, and a syncretism of the two was created, known as Serapis, and depicted as a standard Greek god. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1833709478378296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Osiris" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek. The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules. The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient). Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in Minoan or Egyptian civilization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9236048460006714, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deity" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egyptian deities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.674112319946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deity" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The ancient Egyptian culture had numerous deities. Egyptian records and inscriptions list the names of many whose nature is unknown, but they also make vague indirect references to other unnamed deities. The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts, whereas Christian Leitz estimates there are \"thousands upon thousands\" of Egyptian deities. The ancient Egyptian terms for deities were nṯr (god), and feminine nṯrt (goddess); however, these terms may have also applied to any being – spirits and deceased human beings, but not demons – who in some way were outside the sphere of everyday life. Egyptian deities typically had a cult, role and mythologies associated with them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.92464542388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deity" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Among the numerous deities, around 200 are prominent in the Pyramid texts and ancient temples of Egypt, many zoomorphic. Among these, were Min (fertility god), Neith (creator goddess), Anubis, Atum, Bes, Horus, Isis, Ra, Meretseger, Nut, Osiris, Shu, Sia and Thoth. Most Egyptian deities represented natural phenomenon, physical objects or social aspects of life, as hidden immanent forces within these phenomena. The deity Shu, for example represented the world's air; the goddess Meretseger represented parts of the earth, and the god Sia represented the abstract powers of perception. Some deities such as Ra and Osiris were associated with the judgement of the dead and their care during the permanent afterlife. Major gods often had many roles and were involved in multiple phenomena. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7840715646743774, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deity" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The first written evidence of deities in Egypt are from early 3rd millennium BCE, but these likely emerged from prehistoric Egyptian beliefs. However, deities became systematized and sophisticated after the formation of one Egyptian state under the Pharaohs and their treatment as sacred kings with exclusive right to interact with the gods, in the later part of the 3rd millennium BCE. Over time, through the early centuries of the common era, as Egyptians interacted and traded with neighboring cultures, foreign deities were adopted and venerated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6187024116516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deity" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In Greek religious practice, Pluto is sometimes seen as the \"chthonic Zeus\" (Zeus Chthonios or Zeus Catachthonios ), or at least as having functions or significance equivalent to those of Zeus but pertaining to the earth or underworld. In ancient Roman and Hellenistic religion, Pluto was identified with a number of other deities, including Summanus, the Roman god of nocturnal thunder; Februus, the Roman god from whose purification rites the month of February takes its name; the syncretic god Serapis, regarded as Pluto's Egyptian equivalent; and the Semitic god Muth (Μούθ). Muth was described by Philo of Byblos as the equivalent of both Thanatos (Death personified) and Pluto. The ancient Greeks did not regard Pluto as \"death\" per se. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9585691690444946, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pluto (mythology)" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "With the invention of modern myths such as urban legends, the mythological tradition will carry on to the increasing variety of mediums available in the twenty-first-century and beyond. The crucial idea is that myth is not simply a collection of stories permanently fixed to a particular time and place in history, but an ongoing social practice within every society. Nowadays, many authors use mythology as a basis for their books, such as Rick Riordan, whose Percy Jackson and the Olympians series is situated in a modern-day world where the Greek deities are manifest, as well as his Kane Chronicles with the Egyptian pantheon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7941179275512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mythology" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist Chalcolithic civilizations began to rise in various \"cradles\" from around 3300 BCE. Chalcolithic civilizations, as defined above, also developed in Pre-Columbian Americas and, despite an early start in Egypt, Axum and Kush, much later in Iron Age sub-Saharan Africa. The Bronze Age collapse was followed by the Iron Age around 1200 BCE, during which a number of new civilizations emerged, culminating in the Axial Age transition to Classical civilization. A major technological and cultural transition to modernity began approximately 1500 CE in Western Europe, and from this beginning new approaches to science and law spread rapidly around the world, incorporating earlier cultures into the industrial and technological civilisation of the present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.877176284790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Civilization" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges, and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres. Extensive trade routes, including the Silk Road through Central Asia and Indian Ocean sea routes linking the Roman Empire, Persian Empire, India, and China, were well established 2000 years ago, when these civilizations scarcely shared any political, diplomatic, military, or cultural relations. The first evidence of such long distance trade is in the ancient world. During the Uruk period Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan. Resin found later in the [http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/tombs/index.html Royal Tombs of Ur] it is suggested was traded northwards from Mozambique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.126008033752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Civilization" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Many theorists argue that the entire world has already become integrated into a single \"world system\", a process known as globalization. Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways. There is debate over when this integration began, and what sort of integration – cultural, technological, economic, political, or military-diplomatic – is the key indicator in determining the extent of a civilization. David Wilkinson has proposed that economic and military-diplomatic integration of the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations resulted in the creation of what he calls the \"Central Civilization\" around 1500 BCE. Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by the nineteenth century. According to Wilkinson, civilizations can be culturally heterogeneous, like the Central Civilization, or homogeneous, like the Japanese civilization. What Huntington calls the \"clash of civilizations\" might be characterized by Wilkinson as a clash of cultural spheres within a single global civilization. Others point to the Crusades as the first step in globalization. The more conventional viewpoint is that networks of societies have expanded and shrunk since ancient times, and that the current globalized economy and culture is a product of recent European colonialism. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.030879020690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Civilization" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Civilisations have generally ended in one of two ways; either through being incorporated into another expanding civilisation (e.g. As Ancient Egypt was incorporated into Hellenistic Greek, and subsequently Roman civilisations), or by collapse and reversion to a simpler form, as happens in what are called Dark Ages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679937362670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Civilization" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "* Peter Heather argues in his book The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a much more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the Han and Tang dynasties of China, to the Muslim Abbasid Caliphate, and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.360032081604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Civilization" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of Earth. ", "precise_score": -8.094781875610352, "rough_score": -7.940162658691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope (except for technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), uranium (atomic number 92) and plutonium (atomic number 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized.", "precise_score": -7.458339691162109, "rough_score": -7.533605098724365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94. These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large, in the spectra of stars and also supernovae, where short-lived radioactive elements are newly being made. The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system, or as naturally-occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium.", "precise_score": -7.988764762878418, "rough_score": -6.033316135406494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Lists of the elements are available by name, by symbol, by atomic number, by density, by melting point, and by boiling point as well as ionization energies of the elements. The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides, sorted by length of half-life for those that are unstable. One of the most convenient, and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements, is in the form of the periodic table, which groups together elements with similar chemical properties (and usually also similar electronic structures).", "precise_score": -7.671945095062256, "rough_score": -6.938483715057373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element. ", "precise_score": -7.4341607093811035, "rough_score": -7.944376468658447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Isotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having different numbers of neutrons. Most (66 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated to 12C, 13C, and 14C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of 12C (about 98.9%), 13C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per trillion of 14C.", "precise_score": -9.762211799621582, "rough_score": -7.5199875831604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The mass number of an element, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus. Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g., 238U). The mass number is always a simple whole number and has units of \"nucleons.\" An example of a referral to a mass number is \"magnesium-24,\" which is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).", "precise_score": -6.393659591674805, "rough_score": -3.9792702198028564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural (or whole) number, the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number for the mass of a particular isotope of the element, the unit being u. In general, when expressed in u it differs in value slightly from the mass number for a given nuclide (or isotope) since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and (finally) because of the nuclear binding energy. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine-37 is 36.966 u. However, the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number (always within 1%). The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is 12C, which by definition has a mass of exactly 12, because u is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon-12 atom in the ground state.", "precise_score": -9.353448867797852, "rough_score": -8.420570373535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The relative atomic mass (historically and commonly also called \"atomic weight\") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit (u). This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number due to being made of an average of 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37. Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1% from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect resulting from significant amounts of more than one isotope being naturally present in the sample of the element in question.", "precise_score": -9.404144287109375, "rough_score": -7.73199462890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive. The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered transient elements. (Plutonium is sometimes also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces.) Of these 10 transient elements, 5 (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are relatively common decay products of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. The remaining 5 transient elements (technetium, promethium, astatine, francium, and neptunium) occur only rarely, as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements.", "precise_score": -9.223393440246582, "rough_score": -8.302779197692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Elements with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all stable, while those with atomic numbers 41 through 82 (except technetium and promethium) are metastable. The half-lives of these metastable \"theoretical radionuclides\" are so long (at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected. Four of these elements, bismuth (element 83), thorium (element 90), uranium (element 92), and plutonium (element 94), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system. For example, at over 1.9 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and do not occur in nature.", "precise_score": -7.6019392013549805, "rough_score": -6.437138557434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Before chemistry became a science, alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds. These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules.", "precise_score": -7.8594279289245605, "rough_score": -7.258742809295654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an \"X\" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while \"R\" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter \"Q\" is reserved for \"heat\" in a chemical reaction. \"Y\" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. \"Z\" is also frequently used as a general variable group. \"E\" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron-withdrawing group. \"L\" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. \"M\" is also often used in place of a general metal.", "precise_score": -7.630311965942383, "rough_score": -8.21898078918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.", "precise_score": -10.17238712310791, "rough_score": -7.511959552764893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number.", "precise_score": -9.403973579406738, "rough_score": -8.845988273620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The concept of an \"element\" as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases: Classical definitions (such as those of the ancient Greeks), chemical definitions, and atomic definitions.", "precise_score": -7.7099127769470215, "rough_score": -8.92461109161377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth). ", "precise_score": -6.853885650634766, "rough_score": -7.5808610916137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom's atomic number, further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated, eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons per atomic nucleus). The use of atomic numbers, rather than atomic weights, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since these numbers are integers), and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry-based view due to varying properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element. Currently, IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10−14 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud. ", "precise_score": -7.333568096160889, "rough_score": -8.335497856140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The first transuranium element (element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name copernicium and the atomic symbol Cn were suggested for it. The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, ununoctium, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. IUPAC officially recognized flerovium and livermorium, elements 114 and 116, in June 2011 and approved their names in May 2012. In December 2015, IUPAC recognized elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, and announced the elements' proposed final names on 8 June 2016. The names, nihonium (113, Nh), moscovium (115, Mc), tennessine (117, Ts), and oganesson (118, Og), are expected to be approved by the end of 2016. ", "precise_score": -5.090250492095947, "rough_score": -3.7518908977508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It has a relative atomic mass of about 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen, following fluorine. The element is a yellow-green diatomic gas under standard conditions. Chlorine has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the reactive elements. For this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent. Free chlorine is rare on Earth, and is usually a result of direct or indirect oxidation by oxygen.", "precise_score": 3.1999878883361816, "rough_score": 5.931259632110596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "At standard temperature and pressure, two chlorine atoms form the diatomic molecule Cl2, a yellow-green gas with a strong, distinctive odor, familiar to most people from common household bleach. The bonding between the two atoms is relatively weak (only 242.580 ± 0.004 kJ/mol), which makes the Cl2 molecule highly reactive. The boiling point at standard pressure is around −34 ˚C, but it liquefies at room temperature at 740 kPa (107 psi). ", "precise_score": -5.93975305557251, "rough_score": -2.7760627269744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Elemental chlorine is yellow-green, but the chloride ion, in common with other halide ions, has no color in either minerals or solutions (example, table salt). As with other halogens, chlorine atoms impart no color to organic chlorides when they replace hydrogen atoms organic compounds, such as tetrachloromethane. The melting point and density of these compounds is increased by substitution of chlorine in place of hydrogen. Compounds of chlorine with other halogens are colored, as are many chlorine oxides.", "precise_score": -9.052722930908203, "rough_score": -8.37256145477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "At 25 °C and atmospheric pressure, one liter of water dissolves 3.26 g or 1.125 L of gaseous chlorine. Chlorine dissolves in water to produce dissolved chlorine (Cl2), and by reversible reaction, hydrochloric acid, and hypochlorous acid:", "precise_score": -9.4478120803833, "rough_score": -8.59688949584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine forms a variety of oxides: chlorine dioxide (ClO2), dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O), dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6), and dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7). The anionic derivatives of these same oxides are also well known and include hypochlorite (ClO−), chlorite (), chlorate (), and perchlorate (). The acid forms of these anions are hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorous acid (HClO2), chloric acid (HClO3) and perchloric acid (HClO4), respectively. The chloroxy cation chloryl (ClO2+) is known and has the same structure as chlorite but with a positive charge and chlorine in the +5 oxidation state. The compound \"chlorine trioxide\" does not occur, but is found in gas form as the dimeric dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6) with a +6 oxidation state. This compound in liquid or solid form disproportionates to a mixture of +5 and +7 oxidation states, occurring as the ionic compound chloryl perchlorate, .", "precise_score": -9.050715446472168, "rough_score": -7.857385635375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Several general approaches exist for the formation of C-Cl bonds. Like the other halogens, chlorine undergoes electrophilic addition reactions. Notable is the chlorination of alkenes and aromatic compounds with a Lewis acid catalyst. Industries often avoid using chlorine directly, preferring cheaper reagents such as hydrogen chloride, as deployed in hydrohalogenation and oxychlorination. The organochlorine compound produced on the largest scale is polyvinyl chloride, 23 billion kilograms of which were produced in 2000.Allsopp, M. W. and Vianello, G. (2012) \"Poly(Vinyl Chloride)\" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. .", "precise_score": -9.744294166564941, "rough_score": -7.780606746673584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy tried the same experiment again, and concluded that it is an element, and not a compound. He named this new element \"chlorine\", from the Greek word χλωρος (chlōros), meaning green-yellow. The name \"halogen\", meaning \"salt producer\", was originally used for chlorine in 1811 by Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger. This term was later used as a generic term to describe all the elements in the chlorine family (fluorine, bromine, iodine), after a suggestion by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in 1842. In 1823, Michael Faraday liquefied chlorine for the first time, and demonstrated that what was then known as \"solid chlorine\" had a structure of chlorine hydrate (Cl2·H2O).", "precise_score": -2.8370139598846436, "rough_score": -1.1522983312606812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Quantitatively, of all elemental chlorine produced, about 63% is used in the manufacture of organic compounds, and 18% in the manufacture of inorganic chlorine compounds. About 15,000 chlorine compounds are used commercially. The remaining 19% of chlorine produced is used for bleaches and disinfection products. The most significant of organic compounds in terms of production volume are 1,2-dichloroethane and vinyl chloride, intermediates in the production of PVC. Other particularly important organochlorines are methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, allyl chloride, epichlorohydrin, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, and trichlorobenzenes. The major inorganic compounds include HCl, Cl2O, HOCl, NaClO3, chlorinated isocyanurates, AlCl3, SiCl4, SnCl4, PCl3, PCl5, POCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3, SbCl5, BiCl3, S2Cl2, SCl2, SOCI2, ClF3, ICl, ICl3, TiCl3, TiCl4, MoCl5, FeCl3, ZnCl2, etc.", "precise_score": -10.513772010803223, "rough_score": -5.7652411460876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689570426940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41468334197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2504301071167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "All of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally. The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle. If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed \"stable\" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.632091522216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element. In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose atoms all (or in practice almost all) have the same atomic number, or number of protons. Nuclear scientists, however, define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964629173278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Several kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements, including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties, their states of matter under familiar conditions, their melting and boiling points, their densities, their crystal structures as solids, and their origins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003647804260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "A more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table. This system restricts the terms \"metal\" and \"nonmetal\" to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals, adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals. The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes: actinides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, lanthanides, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals, and noble gases. In this system, the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals, as well as the lanthanides and the actinides, are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense. Similarly, the polyatomic nonmetals, diatomic nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense. In some presentations, the halogens are not distinguished, with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.061982154846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures: cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, hexagonal, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and tetragonal. For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements, available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522931098937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 94 considered naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805063247680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000567436218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Nomenclature and symbols", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698135375976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "In the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.556724548339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107560157775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "During the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not. It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of roughly 75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron. Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. However, the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.843316078186035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The following graph (note log scale) shows the abundance of elements in our solar system. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass. Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the visible universe, however, scientist expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590778350830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499037742614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chloro", "passage": "The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.586921691894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Classical definitions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516436576843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Ancient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature. These elements originally referred to earth, water, air and fire rather than the chemical elements of modern science.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022048950195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "In 1661, Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter (atoms) and, choosing to side with neither Aristotle's view of the four elements nor Paracelsus' view of three fundamental elements, left open the question of the number of elements. The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 Elements of Chemistry, which contained thirty-three elements, including light and caloric. By 1818, Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the forty-nine then-accepted elements. Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table of 1869.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.077253341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Most of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138612747192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "* The halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256335258483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "* Most of the rare-earth elements, including cerium, lanthanum, gadolinium, and neodymium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95545482635498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "* The more common radioactive elements, including uranium, thorium, radium, and radon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592694282531738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.204821586608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "The following sortable table includes the 118 known chemical elements, with the names linking to the Wikipedia articles on each.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.587017059326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been known since ancient times. Around 1630, chlorine gas was first synthesized in a chemical reaction, but not recognized as a fundamentally important substance. Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it from .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824131965637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Nearly all chlorine in the Earth's crust is in the form of ionic chloride compounds, which includes table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis. The high oxidizing potential of elemental chlorine led to the development of commercial bleaches and disinfectants, and a reagent for many processes in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride, and many intermediates for production of plastics and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964712142944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In the form of chloride ions, chlorine is necessary to all known species of life. Other types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms, and artificially produced chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion. Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride to hypochlorite in neutrophils as part of the immune response against bacteria. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947108268737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all living organisms, and was used in World War I as the first gaseous chemical warfare agent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20047664642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Physical characteristics of chlorine and its compounds ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341545104980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Along with fluorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, chlorine is a member of the halogen series that forms the group 17 (formerly VII, VIIA, or VIIB) of the periodic table. Chlorine combines with almost all other elements to produce compounds that are usually called chlorides. Chlorine gas reacts with most organic compounds, and sluggishly supports the combustion of hydrocarbons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.145687103271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine exists in all odd numbered oxidation states from −1 to +7, as well as the elemental state and +4 in chlorine dioxide, with respective oxidation states of 0 and 4+ (see table below, and also structures in chlorite). Chlorine typically has a −1 oxidation state in compounds, except for compounds containing fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen, all of which are even more electronegative than chlorine. Progressing through the states, hydrochloric acid can be oxidized using manganese dioxide, or hydrogen chloride gas oxidized catalytically by air to form elemental chlorine gas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495315551757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Hydrolysis of free chlorine or disproportionation in water ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524578094482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711688041687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The conversion to the right is called disproportionation because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state. The solubility of chlorine in water is increased if the water contains dissolved alkali hydroxide, and in this way, chlorine bleach is produced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302780151367188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "Cl2 + 2 OH− → ClO− + Cl− + H2O", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241959571838379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Dissolved elemental chlorine gas is present only in a neutral or acidic solution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389327049255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Chlorides ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290675163269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine combines with almost all elements to produce chlorides. Compounds with oxygen, nitrogen, xenon, and krypton are known, but are not formed by direct reaction of the elements. Chloride is one of the most common anions in nature. Hydrogen chloride and its aqueous solution, hydrochloric acid, are commercially produced by the megaton annually as valued intermediates and as undesirable pollutants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.346741676330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine oxides ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433198928833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "In hot concentrated alkali solution, hypochlorite disproportionates:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364787101745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "2 ClO− → Cl− + ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879785537719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "ClO− + → Cl− + ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.988577842712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate can be crystallized from solutions formed by the above reactions. If their crystals are heated to a high temperature, they undergo a further, final disproportionation:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264822959899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "4 → Cl− + 3 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682694435119629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "This same progression from chloride to perchlorate can be accomplished by electrolysis. The anode reaction progression is: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351442337036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine forms a variety of interhalogen compounds, such as the chlorine fluorides, chlorine monofluoride (), chlorine trifluoride (), chlorine pentafluoride (). Chlorides of bromine and iodine are also known. Chlorine oxidizes bromide and iodide salts to bromine and iodine, respectively, but cannot oxidize fluoride salts to fluorine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86320686340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Organochlorine compounds ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445318222045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine often imparts desired properties to an organic compound, in part owing to the relative stability of the C-Cl bond. Organic chloride compounds tend to be less reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions than the corresponding bromide or iodide derivatives, but they tend to be cheaper. Chlorine is used extensively in polymers and in organic chemistry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.893573760986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Essentially no chlorine was created in the Big Bang. Chlorine in the universe is created and distributed through the interstellar medium from nucleosynthesis in supernovae, via the r-process. This source provided the chlorine found in the Solar System.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21762752532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In meteorites and on Earth, chlorine is found primarily as the chloride ion in minerals. In the Earth's crust, chlorine is present at average concentrations of about 126 parts per million, predominantly in such minerals as halite (sodium chloride), sylvite (potassium chloride), and carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768288612365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Chloride is a component of the salt deposited in the earth and dissolved in the oceans — about 1.9% of the mass of seawater is chloride ions. Higher concentrations of chloride are found in the Dead Sea and in underground brine deposits and evaporites. Most chloride salts are soluble in water; therefore, chloride-containing minerals are found in abundance only in dry climates or deep underground.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902362823486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "More than 2000 naturally occurring organic chlorine compounds are known. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358774185180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine has a wide range of isotopes. The two stable isotopes are 35Cl (75.77%) and 37Cl (24.23%). Together they give chlorine a relative atomic mass of 35.4527 g/mol. The half-integer value for chlorine's weight caused some confusion in the early days of chemistry, when chemists were working on the postulate that atoms were composed of units of hydrogen (see Proust's law) and the existence of isotopes was unsuspected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.231132507324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Radioactive 36Cl exists in the environment in a ratio with stable isotopes of about 7x10−13 to 1. 36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar from collisions of cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, 36Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35Cl or muon capture by 40Ca. 36Cl decays to 36S and to 36Ar, with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and groundwater, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen other uses in the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42045783996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; archaeologists have found evidence that rock salt was used as early as 3000 BC and brine as early as 6000 BC. Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Flemish chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.425772666931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Elemental chlorine was first prepared and studied in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and he is credited with the discovery. He called it \"dephlogisticated muriatic acid air\" since it is a gas (then called \"airs\") and it came from hydrochloric acid (then known as \"muriatic acid\"). He failed to establish chlorine as an element, mistakenly thinking that it was the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid (see phlogiston theory). He named the new element within this oxide as muriaticum. Regardless of what he thought, Scheele did isolate chlorine by reacting MnO2 (as the mineral pyrolusite) with HCl:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718445777893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "4 HCl + MnO2 → MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439367294311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Scheele observed several of the properties of chlorine: the bleaching effect on litmus, the deadly effect on insects, the yellow green color, and the smell similar to aqua regia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987555503845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Muriaticum", "passage": "Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (still sounding in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: sauerstoff or zuurstof, both translating into English as acid substance), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, muriaticum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758485794067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Muriaticum", "passage": "In 1809, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thénard tried to decompose dephlogisticated muriatic acid air by reacting it with charcoal to release the free element muriaticum (and carbon dioxide). They did not succeed and published a report in which they considered the possibility that dephlogisticated muriatic acid air is an element, but were not convinced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080856323242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine gas was first used by French chemist Claude Berthollet to bleach textiles in 1785. Modern bleaches resulted from further work by Berthollet, who first produced sodium hypochlorite in 1789 in his laboratory in the town of Javel (now part of Paris, France), by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. The resulting liquid, known as \"Eau de Javel\" (\"Javel water\"), was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite. This process was not very efficient, and alternative production methods were sought. Scottish chemist and industrialist Charles Tennant first produced a solution of calcium hypochlorite (\"chlorinated lime\"), then solid calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder). These compounds produced low levels of elemental chlorine, and could be more efficiently transported than sodium hypochlorite, which remained as dilute solutions because when purified to eliminate water, it became a dangerously powerful and unstable oxidizer. Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented a method of sodium hypochlorite production involving electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. This is known as the chloralkali process, first introduced on an industrial scale in 1892, and now the source of most elemental chlorine and sodium hydroxide. A related low-temperature electrolysis reaction, the Hooker process, is now used to produce bleach and sodium hypochlorite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56717300415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Elemental chlorine solutions dissolved in chemically basic water (sodium and calcium hypochlorite) were first used as anti-putrifaction agents and disinfectants in the 1820s, in France, long before the establishment of the germ theory of disease. This practice was pioneered by Antoine-Germain Labarraque, who adapted Berthollet's \"Javel water\" bleach and other chlorine preparations (for a more complete history, see below). Elemental chlorine has since served a continuous function in topical antisepsis (wound irrigation solutions and the like) and public sanitation, particularly in swimming and drinking water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954455375671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine gas was first used as a weapon on April 22, 1915, at Ypres by the German Army. The effect on the allies was devastating because the existing gas masks were difficult to deploy and had not been broadly distributed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716732025146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Historically important chlorine compounds ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421321868896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chloro", "passage": "In 1826, silver chloride was used to produce photographic images for the first time. Chloroform was first used as an anesthetic in 1847.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826001167297363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was invented in 1912, initially without a purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228434562683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In industry, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. This method, the chloralkali process industrialized in 1892, now provides most industrial chlorine gas. Along with chlorine, the method yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, which is the most valuable product. The process proceeds according to the following chemical equation:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198976516723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "2 NaCl + 2 H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38768482208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "The electrolysis of chloride solutions all proceed according to the following equations:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474528312683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "Anode: 2 Cl−(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2 e−", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03355598449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "Overall process: 2 NaCl (or KCl) + 2 H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH (or KOH)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.417498588562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In diaphragm cell electrolysis, an asbestos (or polymer-fiber) diaphragm separates a cathode and an anode, preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re-mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode. The salt solution (brine) is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the caustic alkali is produced and the brine is partially depleted. Diaphragm methods produce dilute and slightly impure alkali, but they are not burdened with the problem of mercury disposal and they are more energy efficient. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80491828918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Membrane cell electrolysis employs permeable membrane as an ion exchanger. Saturated sodium (or potassium) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment, leaving at a lower concentration. This method is more efficient than the diaphragm cell and produces very pure sodium (or potassium) hydroxide at about 32% concentration, but requires very pure brine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112878799438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "Oxidation of HCl ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471089363098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In the Deacon Process, hydrogen chloride recovered from the production of organochlorine compounds is recovered as chlorine. The process relies on oxidation using oxygen:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129321098327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl2", "passage": "4 HCl + O2 → 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284334182739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The reaction requires a catalyst. As introduced by Deacon, early catalysts were based on copper. Commercial processes, such as the Mitsui MT-Chlorine Process, have switched to chromium and ruthenium-based catalysts.Peter Schmittinger et al. \"Chlorine,\" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, 2006, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187171936035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Small batches of chlorine gas are prepared in the laboratory by combining hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide. In a second method, a strong acid such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid is reacted with sodium hypochlorite solution to release chlorine gas. In a third method, one of the same strong acids is reacted with sodium chlorate to produce chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide gas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220056533813477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is primarily used in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products and materials, including plastics, solvents for dry cleaning and metal degreasing, textiles, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, dyestuffs, and household cleaning products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991424560546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Many important industrial products are produced via organochlorine intermediates. Examples include polycarbonates, polyurethanes, silicones, polytetrafluoroethylene, carboxymethyl cellulose, and propylene oxide. Like the other halogens, chlorine participates in free-radical substitution reactions with hydrogen-containing organic compounds. When applied to organic substrates, reaction is often—but not invariably—non-regioselective, and, hence, may result in a mixture of isomeric products. It is often difficult to control the degree of substitution as well, so multiple substitutions are common. If the different reaction products are easily separated (by distillation or the like), substitutive free-radical chlorination (in some cases accompanied by concurrent thermal dehydrochlorination) may be a useful synthetic route. Industrial examples of this are the production of methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride from methane, allyl chloride from propylene, and trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene from 1,2-dichloroethane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.342370986938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In the past, pulp bleaching was often done with elemental chlorine, producing organochlorine pollution; today, that process is prohibited by environmental laws. Chlorine is used either in chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite stages in elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching, or not at all (total chlorine free or TCF bleaching).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101598739624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "In France (as elsewhere), animal intestines were processed to make musical instrument strings, Goldbeater's skin and other products. This was done in \"gut factories\" (boyauderies), and it was an odiferous and unhealthy process. In or about 1820, the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale offered a prize for the discovery of a method, chemical or mechanical, for separating the peritoneal membrane of animal intestines without putrefaction. The prize was won by Antoine-Germain Labarraque, a 44-year-old French chemist and pharmacist who had discovered that Berthollet's chlorinated bleaching solutions (\"Eau de Javel\") not only destroyed the smell of putrefaction of animal tissue decomposition, but also actually retarded the decomposition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07186508178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Labarraque's research resulted in the use of chlorides and hypochlorites of lime (calcium hypochlorite) and of sodium (sodium hypochlorite) in the boyauderies. The same chemicals were found to be useful in the routine disinfection and deodorization of latrines, sewers, markets, abattoirs, anatomical theatres, and morgues. They were successful in hospitals, lazarets, prisons, infirmaries (both on land and at sea), magnaneries, stables, cattle-sheds, etc.; and they were beneficial during exhumations, embalming, outbreaks of epidemic disease, fever, and blackleg in cattle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525945663452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Labarraque's chlorinated lime and soda solutions have been advocated since 1828 to prevent infection (called \"contagious infection\", presumed to be transmitted by \"miasmas\"), and to treat putrefaction of existing wounds, including septic wounds. In his 1828 work, Labarraque recommended that doctors breathe chlorine, wash their hands in chlorinated lime, and even sprinkle chlorinated lime about the patients' beds in cases of \"contagious infection\". In 1828, the contagion of infections was well known, even though the agency of the microbe was not discovered until more than half a century later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166852951049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "During the Paris cholera outbreak of 1832, large quantities of so-called chloride of lime were used to disinfect the capital. This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and by doing so, effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris. These \"putrid miasmas\" were thought by many to cause the spread of \"contagion\" and \"infection\" – both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and \"putrid matter\". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident.Vinten-Johansen, Peter, Howard Brody, Nigel Paneth, Stephen Rachman and Michael Rip. (2003). Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine. New York:Oxford University. One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the offal and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump—a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.431965827941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Perhaps the most famous application of Labarraque's chlorine and chemical base solutions was in 1847, when Ignaz Semmelweis used chlorine-water (chlorine dissolved in pure water, which was cheaper chlorinated lime solutions) to disinfect the hands of Austrian doctors, which Semmelweis noticed still carried the stench of decomposition from the dissection rooms to the patient examination rooms. Long before the germ theory of disease, Semmelweis theorized that \"cadaveric particles\" were transmitting decay from fresh medical cadavers to living patients, and he used the well-known \"Labarraque's solutions\" as the only known method to remove the smell of decay and tissue decomposition (which he found that soap did not). The solutions proved to be far more effective antiseptics than soap (Semmelweis was also aware of their greater efficacy, but not the reason), and this resulted in Semmelweis's celebrated success in stopping the transmission of childbed fever (\"puerperal fever\") in the maternity wards of Vienna General Hospital in Austria in 1847. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686966896057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlor", "passage": "Much later, during World War I in 1916, a standardized and diluted modification of Labarraque's solution containing hypochlorite (0.5%) and boric acid as an acidic stabilizer, was developed by Henry Drysdale Dakin (who gave full credit to Labarraque's prior work in this area). Called Dakin's solution, the method of wound irrigation with chlorinated solutions allowed antiseptic treatment of a wide variety of open wounds, long before the modern antibiotic era. A modified version of this solution continues to be employed in wound irrigation in modern times, where it remains effective against bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics (see Century Pharmaceuticals).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045886039733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "By 1918, the US Department of Treasury called for all drinking water to be disinfected with chlorine. Chlorine is presently an important chemical for water purification (such as in water treatment plants), in disinfectants, and in bleach. As a disinfectant in water, chlorine is more than three times as effective against Escherichia coli as bromine, and more than six times as effective as iodine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168246269226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is usually used (in the form of hypochlorous acid) to kill bacteria and other microbes in drinking water supplies and public swimming pools. In most private swimming pools, chlorine itself is not used, but rather sodium hypochlorite, formed from chlorine and sodium hydroxide, or solid tablets of chlorinated isocyanurates. The drawback of using chlorine in swimming pools is that the chlorine reacts with the proteins in human hair and skin (see Hypochlorous acid), and becomes chemically bonded. Even small water supplies are now routinely chlorinated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769091606140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "It is often impractical to store and use poisonous chlorine gas for water treatment, so alternative methods of adding chlorine are used. These include hypochlorite solutions, which gradually release chlorine into the water, and compounds like sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (dihydrate or anhydrous), sometimes referred to as \"dichlor\", and trichloro-s-triazinetrione, sometimes referred to as \"trichlor\". These compounds are stable while solid and may be used in powdered, granular, or tablet form. When added in small amounts to pool water or industrial water systems, the chlorine atoms hydrolyze from the rest of the molecule forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which acts as a general biocide, killing germs, micro-organisms, algae, and so on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.511140823364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine gas, also known as bertholite, was first used as a weapon in World War I by Germany on April 22, 1915 in the Second Battle of Ypres. As described by the soldiers, it had the distinctive smell of a mixture of pepper and pineapple. It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest. Chlorine reacts with water in the mucosa of the lungs to form hydrochloric acid, destructive to living tissue and potentially lethal. Human respiratory systems can be protected from chlorine gas by gas masks with activated charcoal or other filters, which makes chlorine gas much less lethal than other chemical weapons. It was pioneered by a German scientist later to be a Nobel laureate, Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, in collaboration with the German chemical conglomerate IG Farben, which developed methods for discharging chlorine gas against an entrenched enemy. Some say that Haber's role in the development of chlorine as a deadly weapon drove his wife, Clara Immerwahr, to suicide. After its first use, both sides in the conflict used chlorine as a chemical weapon, but it was soon replaced by the more deadly phosgene and mustard gas. Theodore Gray wrote in his book The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Atom in the Universe, \"Chlorine was used as a poison gas during the grueling trench-warfare phase. Soldiers would position a line of gas cylinders at the front lines, wait for the wind to shift towards the enemy, then open the valves and run like hell. This practice---sometimes overseen personally by Fritz Haber, a man whose positive contributions to humanity are listed under nitrogen (7)—was slowly phased out as experience showed that roughly equal numbers of soldiers on both sides died regardless of who set off the gas.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07056713104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine gas was also used by insurgents against the local population and coalition forces in the Iraq War in the form of chlorine bombs. On March 17, 2007, for example, three chlorine-filled trucks were detonated in the Anbar province killing two and sickening more than 350. Other chlorine bomb attacks resulted in higher death tolls, with more than 30 deaths on two separate occasions. Most of the deaths were caused by the force of the explosions rather than the effects of chlorine, since the toxic gas is readily dispersed and diluted in the atmosphere by the blast. The Iraqi authorities have tightened security for elemental chlorine, which is essential for providing safe drinking water to the population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.43958854675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "There have been allegations of chlorine gas attacks during the Syrian Civil War such as the 2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54062557220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "On October 24, 2014, it was reported that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had used chlorine gas in the town of Duluiyah, Iraq. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088696479797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Laboratory analysis of clothing and soil samples confirmed the use of chlorine gas against Kurdish Peshmerga Forces in a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device attack on January 23, 2015 at the Highway 47 Kiske Junction near Mosul. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186123847961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is a toxic gas that attacks the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. Because it is denser than air, it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces. Chlorine gas is a strong oxidizer, which may react with flammable materials. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273058891296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is detectable with measuring devices in concentrations as low as 0.2 parts per million (ppm), and by smell at 3 ppm. Coughing and vomiting may occur at 30 ppm and lung damage at 60 ppm. About 1000 ppm can be fatal after a few deep breaths of the gas. The IDLH (immediately dangerous to life and health) concentration is 10 ppm. Breathing lower concentrations can aggravate the respiratory system and exposure to the gas can irritate the eyes. The toxicity of chlorine comes from its oxidizing power. When chlorine is inhaled at concentrations greater than 30 ppm, it reacts with water and cellular fluid, producing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.735265731811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "When used at specified levels for water disinfection, the reaction of chlorine with water is not a major concern for human health. Other materials present in the water may generate disinfection by-products that are associated with negative effects on human health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221501350402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for elemental chlorine at 1 ppm, or 3 mg/m3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has designated a recommended exposure limit of 0.5 ppm over 15 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103131294250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Cl", "passage": "In the home, accidents occur when hypochlorite bleach solutions come into contact with certain acidic drain-cleaners. Hyperchlorite bleach (a popular laundry additive) combined with amonia (another popular laundry additive) produces chloramines, another toxic group of chemicals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308692932128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine-induced cracking in structural materials ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501957893371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine is widely used for purifying water, especially potable water supplies and water used in swimming pools. Several catastrophic collapses of swimming pool ceilings have occurred from chlorine induced stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel suspension rods. Some polymers are also sensitive to attack, including acetal resin and polybutene. Both materials were used in hot and cold water domestic plumbing, and stress corrosion cracking caused widespread failures in the USA in the 1980s and 1990s. The picture on the right shows a fractured acetal joint in a water supply system. The cracks started at injection molding defects in the joint and slowly grew until the part failed. The fracture surface shows iron and calcium salts that were deposited in the leaking joint from the water supply before failure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873321533203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Chlorine-iron fire ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468173027038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "The element iron can combine with chlorine at high temperatures in a strong exothermic reaction, creating a chlorine-iron fire. Chlorine-iron fires are a risk in chemical process plants, where much of the pipework that carries chlorine gas is made of steel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101993560791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Organochlorine compounds as pollutants ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41695785522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" }, { "answer": "Chlorine", "passage": "Some organochlorine compounds, either as industrial by-products or commercial end-products, are serious pollutants that persist in the environment, including some chlorinated pesticides and chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorine is added to pesticides and pharmaceuticals to make the molecules more resistant to enzymatic degradation by bacteria, insects, and mammals, but this property has the effect of reducing biodegradability and prolonging the residence time of these compounds in the environment. In this respect, chlorinated organics resemble fluorinated organics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193052291870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chlorine" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vanna White", "passage": "The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford, with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer. O'Donnell left in 1980, Woolery in 1981, and Stafford in 1982; they were replaced, respectively, by Jack Clark, Pat Sajak, and Vanna White. After Clark's death in 1988, M. G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989. O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation, and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010, when Jim Thornton succeeded him. Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show, and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke. Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS, then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether. The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception.", "precise_score": -9.785083770751953, "rough_score": -8.23091983795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Vanna White", "passage": "After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker, over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement. Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists, which consisted of Summer Bartholomew, former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty, and Vanna White. Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford's departure. In December 1982, Griffin named White as Stafford's successor, saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters (which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess) better than anyone else who had auditioned. White became highly popular among the young female demographic, and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe, in a phenomenon that has been referred to as \"Vannamania\". White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.608402252197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "A different version of events says that Wakefield is said to have been making chocolate cookies and on running out of regular baking chocolate, substituted broken pieces of semi-sweet chocolate from Nestlé thinking that they would melt and mix into the batter. They did not and the chocolate chip cookie was born.[http://www.women-inventors.com/Ruth-Wakefield.asp Famous Women Inventors - Ruth Wakefield, Chocolate Chip Cookie Inventor]. Retrieved 2014-02-24.", "precise_score": -4.904473304748535, "rough_score": -1.0227521657943726, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "Although the Nestlé's Toll House recipe is widely known, every brand of chocolate chips, or \"semi-sweet chocolate morsels\" in Nestlé parlance, sold in the U.S. and Canada bears a variant of the chocolate chip cookie recipe on its packaging. Almost all baking-oriented cookbooks will contain at least one type of recipe.", "precise_score": 7.963741779327393, "rough_score": 8.999190330505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" }, { "answer": "Nestle", "passage": "Multibranding strategy is when a company gives each product a distinct name. Multibranding is best used as an approach when each brand in intended for a different market segment. Multibranding is used in an assortment of ways with selected companies grouping their brands based on price-quality segments. Procter & Gamble (P&G), a multinational consumer goods company that offers over 100 brands, each suited for different consumer needs. For instance, Head & Shoulders that helps consumers prevent. Relieve dandruff in the form of a shampoo. Oral-B that offers inter-dental products. Vicks which offers cough and cold products and Downy which offers dryer sheets and fabric softeners. Other examples include Coca-Cola, Nestle, Kellogg’s, and Mars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50108814239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Brand" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "In March 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, whose members include Hershey's, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, began lobbying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to allow the substitution of \"safe and suitable vegetable fats and oils\" (including partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) for cocoa butter in addition to using \"any sweetening agent\" (including artificial sweeteners) and milk substitutes. Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as \"chocolate\" if the product contains any of these ingredients. To work around this restriction, products with cocoa substitutes are often branded or labeled as \"chocolatey\" or as in the case of Hershey's Mr. Goodbar containing vegetable oils, \"made with chocolate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.593618869781494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Types of chocolate" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "A still different history of the cookie derives from George Boucher, who was at one time head chef at the Toll House Inn, and his daughter, Carol Cavanagh, who also worked there. Contradicting Nestlé's claim that Wakefield put chunks of chocolate into cookie dough hoping they would melt, the daughter stated that the owner, already an accomplished chef and author of a cookbook, knew enough about the properties of chocolate to realize it would not melt and mix into the batter while baking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.320924282073975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "Boucher said that the vibrations from a large Hobart electric mixer dislodged bars of Nestlé's chocolate stored on the shelf above the mixer which caused the chocolate to fall into the sugar cookie dough mixing below. He claims to have overcome Wakefield's impulse to discard the dough as too badly ruined to waste effort baking them, leading to the discovery of the popular combination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.670548439025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "Nestlé marketing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313423156738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" }, { "answer": "Nestlé", "passage": "Every bag of Nestlé chocolate chips sold in North America has a variation (butter vs. margarine is now a stated option) of her original recipe printed on the back.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.637789726257324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chocolate chip cookie" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "The Baker Street Irregulars are fictional characters who appear in various Sherlock Holmes stories, as street children who are employed by Holmes as intelligence agents. The name has subsequently been adopted by other organizations, most notably a prestigious and exclusive literary society founded in the United States by Christopher Morley in 1934.", "precise_score": 4.583545207977295, "rough_score": 5.390379905700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "Baker Street Irregular", "passage": "The original Baker Street Irregulars are fictional characters featured in the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle. The group of street urchins is led by an older boy called Wiggins, whom Holmes paid a shilling per day (plus expenses), with a guinea prize (worth one pound and one shilling) for a vital clue, to collect data for his investigations.", "precise_score": 5.7069902420043945, "rough_score": 5.641439437866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "* The Irregulars appear as the main characters in Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars: The Fall of the Amazing Zalindas, a 2006 novel by Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin. Wiggins is again the leader. Other major characters include Ozzie, a scrivener's apprentice; Rohan, an Indian boy; Elliot, from an Irish tailor's family; Pilar, a Gypsy girl; and little Alfie. The Irregulars help solve the mysterious deaths of three tightrope walkers at a circus.", "precise_score": 1.2114146947860718, "rough_score": 2.812706708908081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "Baker Street Irregular", "passage": "* The sci-fi series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century features a trio of children who aid Holmes as the new Baker Street Irregulars, and are even led by a boy named Wiggins (who may or may not be a descendant of the original).", "precise_score": 0.8790344595909119, "rough_score": 3.2146167755126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "Beginning in 1881 Holmes has lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen steps. Until Watson's arrival Holmes worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass; these agents included a host of informants, and a group of street children he called \"the Baker Street Irregulars\". The Irregulars appear in three stories: A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of the Four and \"The Adventure of the Crooked Man\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8412122130393982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "Conan Doyle's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the \"canon\" by Holmes aficionados. Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York. Morley founded the Baker Street Irregulars—the first society devoted to the Holmes canon—in 1934. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5124053955078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society (in London) and the Baker Street Irregulars (in New York) were founded. Both are still active, although the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951. The London society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of Holmes adventures, such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8227189779281616, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by many more Holmesian circles, first in the U.S. (where they are known as \"scion societies\"—offshoots—of the Baker Street Irregulars) and then in England and Denmark. There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies worldwide, including Australia, India, and Japan (whose society has 80,000 members).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.754076957702637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "The group appears in the first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study In Scarlet (1887). They also appear in the next novel, The Sign of the Four (1890), in which one of the chapters is titled \"The Baker Street Irregulars\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8619474172592163, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "The Baker Street Irregulars (\"my Baker Street boys\") later appear in \"The Adventure of the Crooked Man\" (1893). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22347640991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "The Baker Street Irregulars is an organization of Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts founded in 1934 by Christopher Morley. The nonprofit organization numbers some 300 individuals worldwide. The group has published The Baker Street Journal — an \"irregular quarterly of Sherlockiana\" — since 1946.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1168293952941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "Notable members of the Baker Street Irregulars include the following: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926685333251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "* The Special Operations Executive (SOE), tasked by Winston Churchill to \"set Europe ablaze\" during World War II, had its headquarters at 64 Baker Street and were often called \"the Baker Street Irregulars\" after Sherlock Holmes's fictional group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3230221271514893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "Baker Street Irregular", "passage": "* Hazel Meade's troop of children serve as couriers and lookouts in the \"Baker Street Irregulars\" during the lunar revolution of Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174190521240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "* Two BBC television series have been made starring the Irregulars: The Baker Street Boys (1983) and Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.344634532928467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "* In June 2010 it was announced that Franklin Watts books, a part of Hachette Children's Books planned to release a series of four children's graphic novels in spring 2011 called Sherlock Holmes: The Baker Street Irregulars set during the three years that Sherlock Holmes was believed dead, between The Adventure of the Final Problem and The Adventure of the Empty House by writer Tony Lee and artist Dan Boultwood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0530920028686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" }, { "answer": "The Baker Street Irregulars", "passage": "* The Baker Street Irregulars are mentioned in Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child's Agent Pendergast novel, White Fire. During the plot of the novel, Agent Pendergast teams up with a fictional member of the group to find a \"lost\" Sherlock Holmes story entitled \"The Adventure of Aspern Hall\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.119713068008423, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baker Street Irregulars" } ]

[ { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "\"Who's on First?\" is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello. The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions. For example, the first baseman is named \"Who\"; thus, the utterance \"Who's on first\" is ambiguous between the question (\"Which person is the first baseman?\") and the answer (\"The name of the first baseman is 'Who'\").", "precise_score": 8.485504150390625, "rough_score": 5.641299724578857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "In February 1938, Abbott and Costello joined the cast of The Kate Smith Hour radio program, and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience that March. The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant, who became the team's writer, and Will Glickman, a staff writer on the radio show. Glickman may have added the nicknames of then-contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine's premise. This version, with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball team's players had \"strange nicknames\" that seemed to be questions, became known as \"Who's on First?\" Some versions continue with references to Enos Slaughter, which Costello misunderstands as \"He knows\" Slaughter. By 1944, Abbott and Costello had the routine copyrighted.", "precise_score": 4.80245304107666, "rough_score": 0.7249018549919128, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "Abbott and Costello performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition. They also performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode \"The Actor's Home\", widely considered the definitive version).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4402618408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "The skit was usually performed on the team's radio series at the start of the baseball season. In one instance it serves as a climax for a broadcast which begins with Costello receiving a telegram from Joe DiMaggio asking Costello to take over for him due to his injury. (In this case, the unidentified right fielder would have been Costello himself. While Joe DiMaggio was best known as a center fielder, when Abbott and Costello honed the sketch in 1936-7, Joe DiMaggio had played a number of games at right field (20 in 1936). )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.71140193939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "Numerous people over the years have claimed credit for writing the sketch, but such claims typically lack reasonable corroboration. For example, in a 1993 obituary of comedy sketch writer Michael J. Musto, it stated that shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up, they paid Musto $15 to write the script. Furthermore, several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.728982925415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "* The popular TV show How I Met Your Mother adapted the routine for a sixth season episode titled \"Hopeless\" where the group is trying to decide which night club to go to. However, the names of the clubs, such as \"Was\", \"Where\", \"Lame\", etc. lead to nothing but confusion. The skit references the Abbott and Costello routine when the oldest character, played by John Lithgow, blurts out, \"I don't know. Third base!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.280655860900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "* In a 2012 edition of NBC 's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, the host, joined by fellow comedians Billy Crystal and Jerry Seinfeld, performed a \"sequel\" to the Abbott and Costello bit, shown in black-and-white. In the routine, Crystal plays \"Who,\" while Seinfeld portrays \"I Don't Know.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.755086898803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" }, { "answer": "Abbott and costello", "passage": "*In September 2007, Los Angeles Dodgers shortstop Chin-Lung Hu, a late-season callup from Albuquerque, got his first major league hit against the Arizona Diamondbacks; upon stopping at first base, Dodgers announcer Vin Scully proclaimed \"Shades of Abbott and Costello, I can finally say Hu is on first base\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.081132888793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who's on First?" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jimmy Buffet", "passage": "Parrot Head or Parrothead is a commonly used nickname for fans of Jimmy Buffett. \"Parakeets\" or \"Keets\" is the term used for younger fans of Jimmy, or children of Parrotheads.", "precise_score": 3.700650453567505, "rough_score": -1.4511308670043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parrothead" }, { "answer": "Jimmy Buffet", "passage": "The term \"Parrot Head\" was coined in 1985 at a Jimmy Buffett concert at the Timberwolf Amphitheater in Cincinnati, OH. Buffett has said numerous times that he attributes much of his fame to this area. At the show, Jimmy commented about everyone wearing Hawaiian shirts and parrot hats and how they kept coming back to see his shows, just like Deadheads. Timothy B. Schmit, then a member of the Coral Reefer Band, coined the term \"Parrot Head\" to describe each of those fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.607397556304932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parrothead" } ]

[ { "answer": "St. Louis, Missouri", "passage": "The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is a park located in St. Louis, Missouri, near the starting point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It was designated as a National Memorial by Executive Order 7523, on December 21, 1935, and is maintained by the National Park Service (NPS).", "precise_score": 2.420689582824707, "rough_score": 1.4027845859527588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The memorial consists of a 91 acre park along the Mississippi River on the site of the earliest buildings of St. Louis; the Old Courthouse, a former state and federal courthouse that saw the origins of the Dred Scott case; the 45000 sqft Museum of Westward Expansion; and most notably the Gateway Arch, a steel catenary arch that has become the definitive icon of the city.", "precise_score": 1.9288781881332397, "rough_score": 2.2825815677642822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Underneath the Arch is a visitor center, entered from a descending outdoor ramp starting at either base. Within the center is the Museum of Westward Expansion, exhibits on the history of the St. Louis riverfront, and tram loading and unloading areas. Tucker Theater, finished in 1968 and renovated 30 years later, has about 285 seats and shows a documentary (Monument to the Dream) on the Arch's construction. Odyssey Theater, designed by Cox/Croslin Architects, Robert Cox and Charles Croslin, was completed in 1993 and has 255 seats. It was the first 70 mm film theater to be located on National Park Service grounds and operated by the NPS. The theater runs films from a rotating play list. Also located in the visitor center are retail operations run by the Jefferson National Parks Association, a not-for-profit partner.", "precise_score": -0.7395691275596619, "rough_score": 1.4227066040039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The memorial was developed largely through the efforts of St. Louis civic booster Luther Ely Smith who first pitched the idea in 1933, was the long-term chairman of the committee that selected the area and persuaded Franklin Roosevelt in 1935 to make it a national park after St. Louis passed a bond issue to begin building it, and who partially financed the 1947 architectural contest that selected the Arch. ", "precise_score": -2.2127463817596436, "rough_score": -6.418491840362549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Smith pitched the idea to Bernard Dickmann who quickly assembled a meeting of St. Louis civic leaders on December 15, 1933 at the Jefferson Hotel and they endorsed the plan and Smith became chairman of what would become the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association (a position he would hold until 1949 with a one-year exception).", "precise_score": -1.816077709197998, "rough_score": -6.528940200805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Memorial is separated from the rest of Downtown St. Louis by a sunken section of I-70. The city is considering a $90 million proposal to cover the interstate. The NPS, as part of their Centennial Initiative celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2016, is considering a plan to complete Saarinen's original master plan. The intention is to build the Gateway Arch Connector to link the Old Courthouse with the grounds of the Arch. In September 2010 Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates won a design contest to \"re-envision the visitor experience\" of the grounds. The projected completion of the project is planned for 2015 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the completion of the Arch. The plan includes: ", "precise_score": -0.8980145454406738, "rough_score": -2.937375068664551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Gateway Arch is a 630 ft monument in St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of an inverted, weighted catenary arch, it is the world's tallest arch, the tallest man-made monument in the Western Hemisphere, and Missouri's tallest accessible building. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and has become an internationally famous symbol of St. Louis.", "precise_score": 8.284638404846191, "rough_score": 9.344111442565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Around late 1933, civic leader Luther Ely Smith, returning to St. Louis from the George Rogers National Historical Park in Vincennes, Indiana, saw the St. Louis riverfront area and envisioned that building a memorial there would both revive the riverfront and stimulate the economy. He communicated his idea to mayor Bernard Dickmann, who on December 15, 1933, raised it in a meeting with city leaders. They sanctioned the proposal, and the nonprofit Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association (JNEMA—pronounced \"Jenny May\") was formed. Smith was appointed chairman and Dickmann vice chairman. The association's goal was to create:", "precise_score": -2.0585038661956787, "rough_score": -3.701467752456665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Because the Mississippi River played an essential role in establishing St. Louis' identity as the gateway to the west, a memorial commemorating it should be near the river. Railroad tracks that had been constructed in the 1930s on the levee obstructed views of the riverfront from the memorial site. When Ickes declared that the railway must be removed before he would allocate funds for the memorial, President of the St. Louis Board of Public Service Baxter Brown suggested that \"a new tunnel ... conceal the relocated tracks and re-grading of the site to elevate it over the tunnel. These modifications would eliminate the elevated and surface tracks and open up the views to the river.\" Although rejected by NPS architect Charles Peterson, Brown's proposal formed the basis for the ultimate settlement.", "precise_score": -6.3886213302612305, "rough_score": -5.553041934967041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The first proposal to illuminate the arch at night was announced on May 18, 1966, but the plan never came to fruition. In July 1998, funding for an arch lighting system was approved by St. Louis' Gateway Foundation, which agreed to take responsibility for the cost of the equipment, its installation, and its upkeep. In January 1999, MSNBC arranged a temporary lighting system for the arch so the monument could be used as the background for a visit by Pope John Paul II. Since November 2001, the arch has been bathed in white light between 10 p.m. and 1 a.m. via a system of floodlights. Designed by Randy Burkett, it comprises 44 lighting fixtures situated in four pits just below ground level.", "precise_score": -2.8540151119232178, "rough_score": -6.221594333648682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "On December 8, 2009, sponsored by nonprofit CityArchRiver2015, the international design competition \"Framing a Modern Masterpiece: The City + The Arch + The River 2015\" commenced. It aimed to \"design a plan to improve the riverfront park landscape, ease access for pedestrians across Memorial Drive and expand onto the East St. Louis riverfront,\" as well as to lure visitors. The contest consisted of three stages—portfolio assessment (narrowed down to 8–10 teams), team interviews (narrowed down to 4–5 teams), and review of design proposals. The competition received 49 applicants, which were narrowed down to five in the first two stages. On August 17, 2010, the designs of the five finalists were revealed to the public and exhibited at the theater below the arch. On August 26, the finalists made their cases to an eight-member jury, and on September 21, the winner was revealed—Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates. The company's plans include a gondola lift across the Mississippi River, using more land to the east of the river, and sealing Memorial Drive. The NPS' initial estimate of the cost ($305 million) was raised to $578 million. The execution of the design is set to be completed by October 28, 2015, the fiftieth anniversary of the arch's topping out.", "precise_score": -7.3821940422058105, "rough_score": -5.363062381744385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "City of St. Louis", "passage": "Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, the arch typifies \"the pioneer spirit of the men and women who won the West, and those of a latter day to strive on other frontiers.\" The arch has become the iconic image of St. Louis, appearing in many parts of city culture. In 1968, three years after the monument's opening, the St. Louis phone directory contained 65 corporations with \"Gateway\" in their title and 17 with \"Arch\". Arches also appeared over gas stations and drive-in restaurants. In the 1970s, a local sports team adopted the name \"Fighting Arches\"; St. Louis Community College would later (when consolidating all athletic programs under a single banner) name its sports teams \"Archers\". Robert S. Chandler, an NPS superintendent, said, \"Most [visitors] are awed by the size and scale of the Arch, but they don't understand what it's all about.... Too many people see it as just a symbol of the city of St. Louis.\"", "precise_score": 1.0256679058074951, "rough_score": 3.851330280303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Gateway Arch monument in St. Louis, clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a flattened catenary arch, is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, and the world's tallest arch. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and has become an internationally famous symbol of St. Louis and the Midwest.", "precise_score": 8.840472221374512, "rough_score": 9.284369468688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Old Courthouse is built on land originally deeded by St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau. It marks the location over which the arch reaches. Its dome was built during the American Civil War and is similar to the dome on the United States Capitol which was also built during the Civil War. It was the site of the local trials in the Dred Scott case.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.209904670715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Shortly after Thanksgiving in 1933 Smith who had been on the commission to build the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park in Indiana, was returning via train when he noticed the poor condition of the original platted location of St. Louis along the Mississippi. He thought that the memorial to Jefferson should be on the actual location that was symbolic of one of Jefferson's greatest triumphs—the Louisiana Purchase.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.227338790893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The originally platted area of St. Louis included:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892108917236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Almost all of the historic buildings associated with this period had been replaced by newer buildings. His idea was to raze all of the buildings in the original St. Louis platted area and replace it with a park with \"a central feature, a shaft, a building, an arch, or something which would symbolize American culture and civilization.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.965302467346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "City of St. Louis", "passage": "The Commission then defined the area, got cost estimates of $30 million to buy the land, clear the buildings and erect a park and monument. With promises from the federal government (via the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission) to join if the City of St. Louis could raise money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7227559089660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The only building in this area not included was the Old Cathedral, which is on the site of St. Louis first church and was opposite the home of St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau. The founders of the city were buried in its graveyard (but were moved in 1849 to Bellefontaine Cemetery during a cholera outbreak).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.279090881347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Taking away 40 blocks in the center of St. Louis was bitterly fought by some sources—particularly the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. On September 10, 1935, the voters of St. Louis approved a $7.5 million bond issue to buy the property.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90454387664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The buildings were bought for $7 million by the federal government via Eminent domain and was subject to considerable litigation but were ultimately bought at 131.99 percent of assessed valuation. Roosevelt inspected the memorial area on October 14, 1936 during the dedication of the St. Louis Soldiers Memorial. Included in the party was then Senator Harry S. Truman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.451910972595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The land was to be cleared by 1942. Among the buildings razed was the \"Old Rock House\" 1818 home of fur trader Manuel Lisa (now occupied by the stairs on the north side of the Arch) and the 1819 home of original St. Louis pioneer Jean Pierre Chouteau at First and Washington. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.431257247924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Among the five finalists was local St. Louis architect Harris Armstrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902165412902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In 1984, Congress authorized the enlargement of the Memorial to include up to 100 acre on the east bank of the Mississippi River in East St. Louis, Illinois. Funds were authorized to begin land acquisition, but Congress placed a moratorium upon NPS land acquisitions in fiscal year 1998. The moratorium continued into the 21st century, with expansion becoming less likely because of the construction of a riverboat gambling facility and related amenities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.296411514282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In 1999, the Arch tram queue areas were renovated at a cost of about $2.2 million. As well, the Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site in St. Louis County, Missouri, was put under the jurisdiction of the Superintendent of the Memorial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.895973205566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In 2007 St. Louis Mayor Francis Slay and former Missouri Senator John Danforth asked the National Park Service to create a more \"active\" use of the grounds of the memorial and model it on Millennium Park in Chicago including the possibility of an amphitheater, cafes and restaurants, fountains, bicycle rentals, sculptures and an aquarium. The National Park Service was not in favor of the plan noting that the only other overt development pressure on National Park property has been at the Jackson Hole Airport in Grand Teton National Park ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.048698425292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Image:St_Louis_Arch.jpg|The St. Louis Arch as seen from the lawn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489688873291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St Louis", "passage": "Image:St Louis night expblend.jpg|At night as seen from Illinois", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289628982543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The arch sits at the site of St. Louis' founding on the west bank of the Mississippi River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89514446258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The suggestion to renew the riverfront was not original, as previous projects were attempted but lacked popularity. The Jefferson memorial idea emerged amid the economic disarray of the Great Depression and promised new jobs. The project was expected to create 5,000 jobs for three to four years. Committee members began to raise public awareness by organizing fundraisers and writing pamphlets. They also engaged Congress by planning budgets and preparing bills, in addition to researching ownership of the land they had chosen, \"approximately one-half mile in length ... from Third Street east to the present elevated railroad.\" In January 1934, Senator Bennett Champ Clark and Representative John Cochran introduced to Congress an appropriation bill seeking $30 million for the memorial, but the bill failed to garner support due to the large amount of money solicited. In March of the same year, joint resolutions proposed the establishment of a federal commission to develop the memorial. Although the proposal aimed for only authorization, the bill incurred opposition because people suspected that JNEMA would later seek appropriation. On March 28 the Senate bill was reported out, and on April 5 it was turned over to the House Library Committee, which later reported favorably on the bills. On June 8, both the Senate and House bills were passed. On June 15, then President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law, instituting the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission. The commission comprised 15 members, chosen by Roosevelt, the House, the Senate, and JNEMA. It first convened on December 19 in St. Louis, where members examined the project and its planned location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.763896942138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Led by Paul Peters, adversaries of the memorial delivered to Congress a leaflet titled \"Public Necessity or Just Plain Pork\". The JNEMA's lawyer, Bon Geaslin, believed that the flyers did not taint the project, but motivated members of Congress to find out more about the same. Although Representative John Cochran wanted to ask Congress to approve more funds, Geaslin believed the association should \"keep a low profile, maintaining its current position during this session of Congress\". He advised the association to \"get a good strong editorial in one of the papers to the effect that a small group of tenants ... is soliciting funds [to fight] the proposed improvement, and stating that these efforts do not represent the consensus of opinion in St. Louis ..., and pointing out that such obstructions should be condemned\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58326530456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "On September 1, 1947, submissions for the first stage were received by the jury. The submissions were labeled by numbers only, and the names of the designers were kept anonymous. Upon four days of deliberation, the jury narrowed down the 172 submissions, which included Saarinen's father Eliel, to five finalists, and announced the corresponding numbers to the media on September 27. Saarinen's design (#144) was among the finalists, and comments written on it included \"relevant, beautiful, perhaps inspired would be the right word\" (Roland Wank) and \"an abstract form peculiarly happy in its symbolism\" (Charles Nagel). Hare questioned the feasibility of the design but appreciated the thoughtfulness behind it. Local St. Louis architect Harris Armstrong was also one of the finalists. The secretary who sent out the telegrams informing finalists of their advancement mistakenly sent one to Eliel rather than Eero. The family celebrated with champagne, and two hours later, a competition representative called to correct the mistake. Eliel \"'broke out a second bottle of champagne' to toast his son.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129599571228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "* Levee-Tunnel. Proposed by Frank J. McDevitt, president of the St. Louis Board of Public Service, it would lower the tracks into a tunnel concealed by walls and landscaping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811090469360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "On July 7, 1949, in Mayor Joseph Darst's office, city officials chose the Levee-Tunnel plan, rousing JNEMA members who held that the decision had been pressed through when Smith was away on vacation. Darst notified Secretary of the Interior Julius Krug of the city's selection. Krug planned to meet with Smith and JNEM but canceled the meeting and resigned on November 11. His successor, Oscar L. Chapman, rescheduled the meeting for December 5 in Washington with delegates from the city government, JNEM, railroad officials, and Federal government. A day after the conference, they ratified a memorandum of understanding about the plan: \"The five tracks on the levee would be replaced by three tracks, one owned by the Missouri Pacific Railroad (MPR) and two by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (TRRA) proceeding through a tunnel not longer than 3,000 feet. The tunnel would be approximately fifty feet west of the current elevated line.\" It would also have an overhead clearance of 18 ft, lower than the regular requirement of 22 ft. Chapman approved the document on December 22, 1949, and JNEM garnered the approval of the Missouri Public Service Commission on August 7, 1952. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298015594482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Moving the railroad tracks was the first stage of the project. On May 6, 1959, after an official conference, the Public Service Commission called for ventilation to accompany the tunnel's construction, which entailed \"placing 3,000 feet of dual tracks into a tunnel 105 feet west of the elevated railroad, along with filling, grading, and trestle work.\" Eight bids for the work were reviewed on June 8 in the Old Courthouse, and the MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis won with a bid of $2,426,115, less than NPS' estimate of the cost. At 10:30 a.m. on June 23, 1959, the groundbreaking ceremony occurred; Tucker spaded the first portion of earth. Wirth and Dickmann delivered speeches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785408020019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "On May 16, 1959, the Senate appropriations subcommittee received from St. Louis legislators a request for $2.4911 million, of which it granted only $133,000. Wirth recommended that they reseek the funds in January 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241581916809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The bidding date, originally December 20, 1961, was postponed to January 22, 1962, to clarify the details of the arch construction. About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations. Extending from $11,923,163 to $12,765,078, all four bids exceeded the engineer estimate of $8,067,000. Wirth had a committee led by George Hartzog determine the validity of the bids in light of the government's conditions. Following a meeting with the bidders, the committee affirmed the bids' reasonableness, and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder, MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis, the contract for the construction of the arch and the visitor center. On March 14, 1962, he signed the contract and received from Tucker $2,500,000, the city's subsidy for the phase. MacDonald reduced its bid $500,000 to $11,442,418. The Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.086853981018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In 1959 and 1960, ground was broken, and in 1961, the foundation of the structure was laid. Construction of the arch itself began on February 12, 1963, as the first steel triangle on the south leg was eased into place. These steel triangles, which narrowed as they spiraled to the top, were raised into place by a group of cranes and derricks. The arch was assembled of 142 12 ft prefabricated stainless steel sections. Once in place, each section had its double-walled skin filled with concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at 530 ft, later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis' bicentennial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.677156448364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Acosh (Bx). This makes it an inverted weighted catenary. Saarinen chose a weighted catenary over a normal catenary curve because it looked less pointed and less steep. In 1959, he caused some confusion about the actual shape of the arch when he wrote, \"This arch is not a true parabola, as is often stated. Instead it is a catenary curve—the curve of a hanging chain—a curve in which the forces of thrust are continuously kept within the center of the legs of the arch.\" William V. Thayer, a professor of mathematics at St. Louis Community College, later wrote to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch calling attention to the fact that the structure was a weighted catenary. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756221771240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "City of St. Louis", "passage": "Near the top of the Arch, passengers exit the tram compartment and climb a slight grade to enter the observation area. This arched deck, 65 ft long and 7 ft wide, can hold about 160 people, four trams' worth. Sixteen windows per side, each measuring 7 x, offer views up to 30 mi. to the east across the Mississippi River and southern Illinois with its prominent Mississippian culture mounds at Cahokia Mounds, and to the west over the city of St. Louis and St. Louis County beyond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525529861450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In 1973, Nikki Caplan was granted an FAA exception to fly a hot air balloon between the arch's legs as part of the Great Forest Park Balloon Race. During the flight, on which the St. Louis park director was a passenger, the balloon hit the arch and plummeted 70 feet before recovering. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833149909973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "On December 27, 1980, St. Louis television station KTVI reported receiving calls from supposed witnesses of another stunt landing. The alleged parachutist, who claimed to be a retired professional stuntman, was said to be wearing a Santa Claus costume when he jumped off an airplane around 8:00 a.m. CST, parachuted onto the arch, grasped the monument's beacon, and used the same chute to glide down unharmed. KTVI said it was told the feat was done as an act of homage to Swyers, and \"apparently was a combination of a dare, a drunk, and a tribute.\" On the day after the alleged incident, authorities declared the jump a hoax. A spokesperson for the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department said no calls were received about the jump until after it was broadcast on the news, and the Federal Aviation Administration said the two calls it had received were very similar. One caller also left an out-of-service phone number, while the other never followed up with investigators. Arch officials said they did not witness any such jump, and photos provided by the alleged parachutist were unclear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.567585945129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Vincent was also spotted mid-air by Deryl Stone, a Chief Ranger for the National Park Service. Stone reported seeing Vincent grab his parachute after landing and run to a nearby car, which quickly drove away. However, authorities were able to detain two men on the ground who had been videotaping the jump. Stone said 37-year-old Ronald Carroll and 27-year-old Robert Weinzetl, both St. Louis residents, were found with a wireless communication headset and a video camera, as well as a still camera with a telephoto lens. The two were also charged with two misdemeanors: disorderly conduct and commercial photography in a national park. Vincent later turned himself in and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges against him. However, he eventually accepted a guilty plea deal in which he testified against Carroll and Weinzetl, revealing that the two consented to recording the jump during a meeting of all three on the day before his stunt occurred. Federal magistrate judge David D. Noce ruled on January 28, 1993 that Carroll had been involved in a conspiracy and was guilty of both misdemeanor charges; the charges against Weinzetl had been dropped by federal attorneys. In his decision, Noce stated, \"There are places in our country where the sufficiently skilled can savor the exhilaration and personal satisfaction of accomplishing courageous and intrepid acts, of reaching dreamed-of heights and for coursing dangerous adventures,\" but added that other places are designed for \"the exhilaration of mere observation and for the appreciation of the imaginings and the works of others. The St. Louis Arch and the grounds of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial are in the latter category.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.51133394241333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The arch has also appeared as a symbol of the State of Missouri. On November 22, 2002, at the Missouri State Capitol, Lori Hauser Holden, wife of then Governor Bob Holden uncovered the winning design for a Missouri coin design competition as part of the Fifty States Commemorative Coin Program. Designed by watercolorist Paul Jackson, the coin portrays \"three members of the Lewis and Clark expedition paddling a boat on the Missouri River upon returning to St. Louis\" with the arch as the backdrop. Holden said that the arch was \"a symbol for the entire state .... Four million visitors each year see the Arch. [The coin] will help make it even more loved worldwide.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77855396270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Some have questioned whether St. Louis really was—as Saarinen said—the \"Gateway to the West\". Kansas City-born \"deadline poet\" Calvin Trillin wrote, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036535263061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "I know you're thinking that there are considerable differences between T.S. Eliot and me. Yes, it is true that he was from St. Louis, which started calling itself the Gateway to the West after Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch was erected, and I'm from Kansas City, where people think of St. Louis not as the Gateway to the West but as the Exit from the East.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.938446998596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "*The arch and its construction history features prominently in Jonathan Franzen's 1988 debut novel, The Twenty-Seventh City, a political thriller set in St. Louis, the \"twenty-seventh city.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.530261993408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "*Dutch composer Peter Schat wrote a 1997 work, Arch Music for St. Louis, Op. 44. for the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. It premiered on January 8, 1999, at the Powell Symphony Hall. Since Schat did not ascend the arch due to his fear of heights, he used his creativity to depict in music someone riding a tram to the top of the arch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.360221862792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gateway Arch" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country. Other large Midwest cities include (in order by population): Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan statistical area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit, Minneapolis–St. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cincinnati, Greater Cleveland, Kansas City metro area, and the Columbus metro area.Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico: 1990 and 2000 (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. December 30, 2003. Retrieved on November 20, 2007 from http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t29/tab03a.pdf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270442008972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St, Louis", "passage": "* Minnesota: Old Northwest, Louisiana Purchase, Mississippi River, part of Red River Colony before 1818, Great Lakes state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008980751037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis, Missouri", "passage": "Following the Paleo-Indian period is the Archaic period (8,000 BC to 1,000 BC), the Woodland Tradition (1,000 BC to 100 AD), and the Mississippian Period (900 to 1500 AD). Archaeological evidence indicates that Mississippian culture traits probably began in the St. Louis, Missouri area and spread northwest along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers and entered the state along the Kankakee River system. It also spread northward into Indiana along the Wabash, Tippecanoe, and White Rivers.[http://blogs.valpo.edu/midwestlit/2011/05/04/indian-american-culture-in-the-midwest-prior-to-the-arrival-of-europeans/ Midwestern Literature: Indian American Culture in the Midwest prior to the Arrival of Europeans]. Retrieved June 17, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382002830505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "While French control ended in 1763 after their defeat by Britain and Spain, most of the several hundred French settlers in small villages along the Mississippi River and its tributaries remained and were not disturbed by the new British government. By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Spain was given Louisiana; the area west of the Mississippi. St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve in Missouri were the main towns, but there was little new settlement. France regained Louisiana from Spain in exchange for Tuscany by the terms of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800. Napoleon had lost interest in reestablishing a French colonial empire in North America following the Haitian Revolution and together with the fact that France could not effectively defend Louisiana from Great Britain, he sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Meanwhile, the British maintained forts and trading posts in U.S. territory, not giving them up until the mid-1790s by the Jay Treaty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761966705322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Expedition returned east to St. Louis in the spring of 1806.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579691886901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "In the 20th century, African American migration from the Southern United States into the Midwestern states changed Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Cincinnati, Detroit, Omaha, Minneapolis and many other cities in the Midwest, as factories and schools enticed families by the thousands to new opportunities. Chicago alone gained hundreds of thousands of black citizens from the Great Migration and the Second Great Migration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.112473487854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "The Midwestern cities of Milwaukee, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. By 1900, the populations of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken, and Cincinnati were all more than 40 percent German American. Dubuque and Davenport, Iowa, had even larger proportions; in Omaha, Nebraska, the proportion of German Americans was 57 percent in 1910. In many other cities of the Midwest, such as Fort Wayne, Indiana, German Americans were at least 30 percent of the population. Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the \"Over-the-Rhine\" district in Cincinnati and \"German Village\" in Columbus, Ohio. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0845365524292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Many Midwestern universities, both public and private, are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), an international organization of leading public and private research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. Of the 62 members from the U.S. and Canada, 16 are located in the Midwest including private schools Case Western Reserve University, Northwestern University, Loyola University Chicago the University of Chicago, and Washington University in St. Louis. Member public institutions of the AAU include the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Indiana University Bloomington, the University of Iowa, Iowa State University, the University of Kansas, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Missouri, Ohio State University, Purdue University, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559699058532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Rock and roll music was first identified as a new genre in 1951 by Cleveland, Ohio, disc jockey Alan Freed who began playing this music style while popularizing the term \"rock and roll\" to describe it. By the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10629940032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "* St. Louis: Cardinals (MLB), Blues (NHL).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30932331085205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Successful teams include the St. Louis Cardinals (11 World Series titles), Chicago Bulls (6 NBA titles), the Green Bay Packers (4 Super Bowl titles, 13 total NFL championships), the Detroit Red Wings (11 Stanley Cup titles), and the Chicago Blackhawks (6 Stanley Cup titles).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08268928527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Missouri has elements of three dialects, specifically: Northern Midland, in the extreme northern part of the state, with a distinctive variation in St. Louis and the surrounding area; Southern Midland, in the majority of the state; and Southern, in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the state, with a bulge extending north in the central part, to include approximately the southern one-third. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784629821777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" }, { "answer": "St. Louis", "passage": "Missouri was historically considered a \"bellwether state\", having voted for the winner in every presidential election since 1904, with three exceptions: in 1956 for Democrat Adlai Stevenson II; in 2008 for Republican John McCain; and in 2012 for Republican Mitt Romney. Missouri's House delegation has generally been evenly divided, with the Democrats holding sway in the large cities at the opposite ends of the state, Kansas City and St. Louis (although the Kansas City suburbs are now trending Republican), and the Republicans controlling the rest of the state, save for a pocket of Democratic strength in Columbia, home to the University of Missouri. However, as a result of the 2012 elections, Republicans now have a 6–2 majority in the state's House delegation, with African-American Democrats representing the major cities. Missouri's Senate seats were mostly controlled by Democrats until the latter part of the 20th century, but the Republicans have held one or both Senate seats continuously since 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726064682006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Midwestern United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "Benedict Arnold, the American victor of Saratoga, grew increasingly disenchanted with struggle and decided to defect. In September 1780 he attempted to surrender the key American fort at West Point along the Hudson River to the British, but his plot was exposed. He escaped and continued to fight under the British army. He wrote an open letter justifying his actions by claiming he had only fought for a redress of grievances and since Britain had withdrawn those grievances (see above) there was no reason to continue shedding blood, particularly in an alliance with an ancient and tyrannical enemy like France. He led the last British attack in the north, a devastating raid against New London in September 1781.", "precise_score": 2.074148416519165, "rough_score": 4.020792484283447, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" }, { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778; and it is the oldest continuously-operating Army post in the United States. Between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. The Great Hudson River Chain and high ground above the narrow \"S\" curve in the river enabled the Continental Army to prevent British Royal Navy ships from sailing upriver and thus dividing the Colonies. As commander of the fortifications at West Point, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, attempting to sell the fort to the British. After Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance and military stores were left deposited at West Point. ", "precise_score": -0.16713398694992065, "rough_score": 3.7547473907470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Military Academy" }, { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "Three weeks after the siege of Boston began, the Green Mountain Boys, a group of militia volunteers led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga, a strategically important point on Lake Champlain between New York and the Province of Quebec. After that action they also raided Fort St. John's, not far from Montreal, which alarmed the population and the authorities there. In response, Quebec's governor Guy Carleton began fortifying St. John's, and opened negotiations with the Iroquois and other Native American tribes for their support. These actions, combined with lobbying by both Allen and Arnold and the fear of a British attack from the north, persuaded the Congress, on 27 June 1775, to authorize an invasion of Quebec, with the goal of driving the British military from that province. (Quebec was then frequently referred to as Canada, as most of its territory included the former French Province of Canada.) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.564947128295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" }, { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "Meanwhile, St. Leger—more than half of his force Native Americans led by Sayenqueraghta—had laid siege to Fort Stanwix. American militiamen and their Native American allies marched to relieve the siege but were ambushed and scattered at the Battle of Oriskany. When a second relief expedition approached, this time led by Benedict Arnold, St. Leger's Indian support abandoned him, forcing him to break off the siege and return to Quebec.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13034439086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" }, { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "Burgoyne's army had been reduced to about 6,000 men by the loss at Bennington and the need to garrison Ticonderoga, and he was running short on supplies. Despite these setbacks, he determined to push on towards Albany. An American army of 8,000 men, officially commanded by General Horatio Gates (but effectively being led by his subordinate Benedict Arnold), had entrenched about 10 miles (16 km) south of Saratoga, New York. Burgoyne tried to outflank the Americans but was checked at the first battle of Saratoga in September. Burgoyne's situation was desperate, but he now hoped that help from Howe's army in New York City might be on the way. It was not: Howe had instead sailed away on his expedition to capture Philadelphia. American militiamen flocked to Gates' army, swelling his force to 11,000 by the beginning of October. After being badly beaten at the second battle of Saratoga, Burgoyne surrendered on October 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320623397827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" }, { "answer": "Benedict Arnold", "passage": "Cornwallis proceeded from Wilmington north into Virginia, on the grounds that Virginia needed to be subdued in order to hold the southern colonies. Earlier, in January 1781, a small British raiding force under Benedict Arnold had landed there, and began moving through the countryside, destroying supply depots, mills, and other economic targets. In February, General Washington dispatched General Lafayette to counter Arnold, later also sending General Anthony Wayne. Arnold was reinforced with additional troops from New York in March, and his army was joined with that of Cornwallis in May. Lafayette skirmished with Cornwallis, avoiding a large-scale battle while gathering reinforcements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.704895973205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Revolutionary War" } ]

[ { "answer": "25", "passage": "The most common Bingo cards are flat pieces of cardboard or disposable paper which contain 25 squares arranged in five vertical columns and five side to side rows. Each space in the grid contains a number.", "precise_score": 7.0940752029418945, "rough_score": 7.2202677726745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bingo (U.S.)" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "In U-Pick 'Em bingo and other variants of bingo, players are issued three 25 number cards which contain all 75 numbers that may be drawn. Players then mark which numbers they wish to play and then daub those numbers according to the numbers drawn. In addition, double-action cards have two numbers in each square.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.849636554718018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bingo (U.S.)" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "In recent years bingo halls have seen a decline in attendance and revenue. In Ontario, revenue at charity bingos has declined from $250 million to $50 million in the past ten years alone. Reasons for this decline include the expansion of competing forms of entertainment, such as charity casinos, race tracks with slots, large commercial casinos, and even movie theatres. In order to compete in this competitive marketplace, bingo halls have turned to technology to stem the decline. Ontario alone has opened five eBingo centres which give players an option to play bingo on a computer, allowing them to play at their own pace. In addition, electronic bingo has managed to draw in a larger male audience. The bingo industry is now lobbying the Ontario government to expand the number of eBingo centres in hopes of seeing a rise in revenue and attendance at bingo halls. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.939857482910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bingo (U.S.)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Butterfinger", "passage": "Rising demand for peanuts in the early 20th century was due to a shortage of plant oils during World War I and the growing popularity of peanut butter, roasted peanuts, and peanut candies. Peanut products originating around the early 20th century include many brands still sold today such as Cracker Jack (1893), Planters peanuts (1906), Oh Henry! candy bar (1920), Baby Ruth candy bar (1920), Butterfinger candy bar (1923), Mr. Goodbar candy bar (1925), Reese's Peanut Butter Cup (1925), and Peter Pan (peanut butter) (1928).", "precise_score": -3.76871919631958, "rough_score": -5.339913845062256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanut" } ]

[ { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "On September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600 ft high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 mi. It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.", "precise_score": 7.555568695068359, "rough_score": 7.3576765060424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the National Park Service" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "* Devils Tower National Monument", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.396274566650391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7683563232421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pink", "passage": "When sweeteners are provided for restaurant customers to add to beverages such as tea and coffee themselves, they are often available in paper packets which can be torn and emptied. In North America, the colors are typically white for sucrose, blue for aspartame, pink for saccharin, yellow for sucralose (United States) or cyclamate (Canada), tan for turbinado, orange for monk fruit extract, and green for stevia. ", "precise_score": 2.4866995811462402, "rough_score": 4.162724494934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar substitute" }, { "answer": "Pink", "passage": "Although saccharin was commercialized not long after its discovery, until sugar shortages during World War I, its use had not become widespread. Its popularity further increased during the 1960s and 1970s among dieters, since saccharin is a calorie-free sweetener. In the United States, saccharin is often found in restaurants in pink packets; the most popular brand is \"Sweet'n Low\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7885570526123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Saccharin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "A large proportion of all life on Earth lives in the ocean. Exactly how large the proportion is unknown, since many ocean species are still to be discovered. The ocean is a complex three-dimensional world covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The habitats studied in marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in surface tension between the ocean and atmosphere, to the depths of the oceanic trenches, sometimes 10,000 meters or more beneath the surface of the ocean. Specific habitats include coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass meadows, the surrounds of seamounts and thermal vents, tidepools, muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and the open ocean (pelagic) zone, where solid objects are rare and the surface of the water is the only visible boundary. The organisms studied range from microscopic phytoplankton and zooplankton to huge cetaceans (whales) 30 m in length.", "precise_score": -4.951896667480469, "rough_score": -0.9296991229057312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" }, { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "Reefs comprise some of the densest and most diverse habitats in the world. The best-known types of reefs are tropical coral reefs which exist in most tropical waters; however, reefs can also exist in cold water. Reefs are built up by corals and other calcium-depositing animals, usually on top of a rocky outcrop on the ocean floor. Reefs can also grow on other surfaces, which has made it possible to create artificial reefs. Coral reefs also support a huge community of life, including the corals themselves, their symbiotic zooxanthellae, tropical fish and many other organisms.", "precise_score": 3.3827691078186035, "rough_score": 1.5697425603866577, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" }, { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "The observations made in the first studies of marine biology fueled the age of discovery and exploration that followed. During this time, a vast amount of knowledge was gained about the life that exists in the oceans of the world. Many voyages contributed significantly to this pool of knowledge. Among the most significant were the voyages of the HMS Beagle where Charles Darwin came up with his theories of evolution and on the formation of coral reefs. Another important expedition was undertaken by HMS Challenger, where findings were made of unexpectedly high species diversity among fauna stimulating much theorizing by population ecologists on how such varieties of life could be maintained in what was thought to be such a hostile environment. This era was important for the history of marine biology but naturalists were still limited in their studies because they lacked technology that would allow them to adequately examine species that lived in deep parts of the oceans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.756961822509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" }, { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "Over 1500 species of fungi are known from marine environments. These are parasitic on marine algae or animals, or are saprobes on algae, corals, protozoan cysts, sea grasses, wood and other substrata, and can also be found in sea foam. Spores of many species have special appendages which facilitate attachment to the substratum. A very diverse range of unusual secondary metabolites is produced by marine fungi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2047200202941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" }, { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "Marine habitats can be modified by their inhabitants. Some marine organisms, like corals, kelp and seagrasses, are ecosystem engineers which reshape the marine environment to the point where they create further habitat for other organisms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.549071192741394, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" }, { "answer": "Coral", "passage": "Much attention in marine biology is focused on coral reefs and the El Niño weather phenomenon. In 1998, coral reefs experienced the most severe mass bleaching events on record, when vast expanses of reefs across the world died because sea surface temperatures rose well above normal. Some reefs are recovering, but scientists say that between 50% and 70% of the world's coral reefs are now endangered and predict that global warming could exacerbate this trend. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3681814670562744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marine biology" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hikaru Sulu", "passage": "is an American actor, director, author, and activist. Takei is best known for his role as Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the in the television series Star Trek. He also portrayed the character in six Star Trek feature films and in an episode of Star Trek: Voyager.", "precise_score": 3.4461007118225098, "rough_score": -0.1495528370141983, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Takei" }, { "answer": "Lt. Sulu", "passage": " In 1965, producer Gene Roddenberry cast him as Lt. Sulu in the second Star Trek pilot and eventually the Star Trek television series. It was intended that Sulu's role be expanded in the second season, but Takei's role as Captain Nim, a South Vietnamese Army officer, alongside John Wayne's character in The Green Berets, meant that he only appeared in half the season. Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov substituted for him in the other episodes. When Takei returned, the two men had to share a dressing room and a single episode script. Takei admitted in an interview that he initially felt threatened by Koenig's presence, but later grew to be friends with him as the image of the officers sharing the ship's helm panel side-by-side became iconic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.644730806350708, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Takei" }, { "answer": "Hikaru Sulu", "passage": "Takei has since appeared in numerous TV and film productions, reprising as the voice of Sulu in Star Trek: The Animated Series from 1973-'74, including the first six Star Trek motion pictures, and today he is a regular on the science fiction convention circuit throughout the world. He has also acted and provided voice acting for several science fiction computer games, including Freelancer and numerous Star Trek games. In 1996, in honor of the 30th anniversary of Star Trek, he reprised his role as Captain Hikaru Sulu on an episode of Star Trek: Voyager, appearing as a memory of Lt. Tuvok, who served on the USS Excelsior under Sulu, during the events of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1426174640655518, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Takei" }, { "answer": "Hikaru Sulu", "passage": "Takei is also one of six actors (the other actors being Jonathan Frakes, Kate Mulgrew, Michael Dorn, Avery Brooks and Majel Barrett) to lend his voice to Star Trek: Captain's Chair, reprising his role of Captain Hikaru Sulu when users visit the bridge of the original Enterprise in the computer game. In the summer of 2007, Takei reprised his role of Sulu in the fan-made Internet based series Star Trek New Voyages: Phase II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3704568147659302, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Takei" }, { "answer": "Mr. Sulu", "passage": "::(7307) Takei = 1994 GT9 Discovered 1994 Apr. 13 by Y. Shimizu and T. Urata at Nachi-Katsuura. George Takei (b. 1937) is an actor best known for his role as Mr. Sulu in the original Star Trek television series. He also has a lengthy record of public service through his involvement with organizations such as the Japanese American Citizens League and the Human Rights Campaign. The name was suggested by T. H. Burbine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.566657066345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Takei" } ]

[ { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Peter Pevensie is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. Peter appears in three of the seven books; as a child and a principal character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian, and as an adult in The Last Battle. He is only mentioned in The Horse and His Boy in which he is away on the northern frontier fighting giants and in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in which he is studying under the tutelage of Professor Kirke.", "precise_score": 4.223143577575684, "rough_score": 5.305633068084717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pevensie" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Peter was born in 1927 and is 13 years old when he appears in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. As a monarch of Narnia's Golden Age, he rules with his brother and sisters for 15 years, reaching the approximate age of 28 before returning to the age of 13 in England at the end of Wardrobe. By The Last Battle he is a 22-year-old university student with his heart still in Narnia, though he had not been there since Prince Caspian, when he was 14 years old.", "precise_score": 2.764528274536133, "rough_score": 1.1838124990463257, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pevensie" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called \"Caspian the Seafarer\" and \"Caspian the Navigator\" — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian's ancestors the Telmarines. Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair.", "precise_score": 3.8008766174316406, "rough_score": 5.4131059646606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "The novel Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson has Leslie, one of the main characters, reveal to her co-protagonist Jesse her love of Lewis' books, subsequently lending him The Chronicles of Narnia so that he can learn how to behave like a king. Her book also features the island name \"Terabithia\", which sounds similar to Terebinthia, a Narnian island that appears in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia:", "precise_score": -0.11163272708654404, "rough_score": -0.39157700538635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "In Disney's live-action films, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian, Peter is portrayed by English actor William Moseley. Actor Noah Huntley portrays an older Peter at the end of the first film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3690767288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pevensie" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "In Prince Caspian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868330955505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pevensie" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "After the Pevensies arrive in the ruins of Cair Paravel, they find the castle's treasure chamber, where Peter, Susan and Lucy find the gifts they were given by Father Christmas. Peter takes his sword, Rhindon, and his shield, and again serves as the leader of the group. They eventually meet Trumpkin, a dwarf who helped protect Prince Caspian X from his uncle's Telmarine army, who accompanies them on their journey to meet Aslan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.77617073059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Pevensie" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but appeared (along with The Silver Chair) one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books (The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.998184204101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia (1951)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.581754446029663, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia. They are drawn back by the power of Susan's horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need. Narnia, as they knew it, is no more, as more than 1,000 years have passed and their castle is in ruins, while all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle, Miraz, who has usurped the throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5234607458114624, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "All four appear in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian; in the latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return, as they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy, and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy – Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, where Aslan tells them, too, that they are getting too old. Peter, Edmund, and Lucy appear in The Last Battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.96352481842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Prince Caspian / Caspian X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19275188446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian; he is one of Caspian's rescuers and a leading figure in the \"Old Narnian\" rebellion, and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea, and he appears briefly in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in The Silver Chair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.039614677429199, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "* Prince Caspian — Prince Caspian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84041976928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "In The Lion [the child protagonists] become monarchs under sovereign Jove; in Prince Caspian they harden under strong Mars; in The \"Dawn Treader\" they drink light under searching Sol; in The Silver Chair they learn obedience under subordinate Luna; in The Horse and His Boy they come to love poetry under eloquent Mercury; in The Magician's Nephew they gain life-giving fruit under fertile Venus; and in The Last Battle they suffer and die under chilling Saturn.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065546989440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Between 1988 and 1990, the first four books (as published) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials. They were also aired in America on the PBS/Disney show WonderWorks. They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards, including \"Outstanding Children's Program\", and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children's Programme (Entertainment / Drama) in 1988, 1989 and 1990. The serials were later edited into three feature-length films (the second of which combined Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader into one) and released on VHS and DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928200721740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "The first novel adapted was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005. Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the film was directed by Andrew Adamson, with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus. The movie was a critical and box-office success, grossing over $745 million worldwide and ranked 38th on the list of highest-grossing films in nominal terms. Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, released in May 2008, which grossed over $419 million worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0889739990234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia" }, { "answer": "Prince Caspian", "passage": "Film adaptations have been made of three of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4204771518707275, "source": "wiki", "title": "C. S. Lewis" } ]

[ { "answer": "Red", "passage": "American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada, and also known as gridiron, is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with control of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the team without control of the ball, the defense, aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team; if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.", "precise_score": -6.532759666442871, "rough_score": -6.803208827972412, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The European Football League (EFL), run by the European Federation of American Football (EFAF), is an annual invitational tournament between the champions or co-champions of competitions run by EFAF members. The league's championship game is the Eurobowl. Other EFAF tournaments include the EFAF Cup, played between the top teams from national leagues in a similar manner to the UEFA Cup, the Atlantic Cup, played between teams from the Atlantic region of Europe, and the Challenge Cup, played between teams from newer federations that are not eligible to play in the EFL or EFAF Cup. American football federations are also present in Asia, Oceania, and Pan America, and a total of 64 national football federations exist as of July 2012. The International Federation of American Football (IFAF), an international body composed of American football federations, runs tournaments such as the IFAF World Championship, which is held every four years since 1999, the IFAF Women's World Championship, the IFAF U-19 World Championship and the Flag Football World Championship. The IFAF also organizes the annual International Bowl game. At the international level, Canada, Mexico, and Japan are considered to be second-tier, while Austria, Germany, and France would rank among a third tier. All of these countries rank far below the United States, which is dominant at the international level.", "precise_score": -7.2561235427856445, "rough_score": -5.809764862060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Football is not an Olympic sport, but it was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Summer Olympics. The IFAF has received provisional recognition from the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and a vote on making it an Olympic sport could be held as early as 2017. Several major obstacles hinder the IFAF goal of achieving status as an Olympic sport, such as the predominant participation of men in international play and the short three-week Olympic schedule. Large team sizes are an additional difficulty, due to the Olympics' set limit of 10,500 athletes and coaches. American football also has the issue of global visibility. Nigel Melville, the CEO of USA Rugby, noted that \"American football is recognized globally as a sport, but it's not played globally\". In order to solve these concerns, major effort has been put into promoting flag football, a modified version of American football, at the international level.", "precise_score": -6.380888938903809, "rough_score": -7.128748893737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Canadian football, the predominant form of football in Canada, is closely related to American football - both sports developed from rugby, and the two sports are considered to be the chief variants of gridiron football. Although the two games share a similar set of rules, there are several key rule differences: for example, in Canadian football the field measures 150 yards (137 m) by 65 (59 m) yards, including two 20-yard end zones (for a distance between goal lines of 110 yards), teams have three downs instead of four, there are twelve players on each side instead of eleven, fair catches are not allowed, and a rouge, worth a single point is scored if the offensive team kicks the ball out of the defense's end zone. The Canadian Football League (CFL) is the major Canadian league and is the second-most popular sporting league in Canada, behind only the National Hockey League. ", "precise_score": -7.800560474395752, "rough_score": -7.599898815155029, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A major variant of football is arena football, played by the Arena Football League (AFL). Arena football has eight-player teams and uses an indoor field 50 yards (46 m) in length, excluding end zones, and 28.3 yards (25.9 m) wide. Punting is illegal, and kickoffs are attempted from the goal line. Large overhead nets deflect forward passes and kicks that hit them, and deflected kicks are live balls that may be recovered by either team. ", "precise_score": -6.697197437286377, "rough_score": -6.47694730758667, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There are several non-contact variants of American football, such as flag football. In flag football the ballcarrier is not tackled; instead, defenders aim to pull a flag tied around his waist. Another variant, touch football, simply requires the ballcarrier to be touched to be considered downed. A game of touch football may require that the player be touched with either one or two hands to be considered down, depending on the rules used.", "precise_score": -2.53999400138855, "rough_score": -1.627371072769165, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the United States, American football is referred to as \"football.\" The term \"football\" was officially established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season, when the sport first shifted from soccer-style rules to rugby-style rules; although it could easily have been called \"rugby\" at this point, Harvard, one of the primary proponents of the rugby-style game, compromised and did not request the name of the sport be changed to \"rugby\". In English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, the terms \"gridiron\" or \"American football\" are favored instead. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.599815368652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams. The game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, with the ultimate goal being to advance it into the opponent's goal. Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for several years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19, 1873 to create a standard set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of were specified. Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.663613319396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes. These players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to \"selling refrigerators to Eskimos.\" Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to intercollegiate play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879. Yale player Walter Camp, now regarded as the \"Father of American Football,\" secured rule changes in 1880 that reduced the size of each team from 15 to 11 players and instituted the snap to replace the chaotic and inconsistent scrum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.464762687683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A rule change was necessary to prevent this strategy from taking hold, and a reversion to the scrum was considered. However, Camp successfully proposed a rule in 1882 that limited each team to three downs, or tackles, to advance the ball five yards. Failure to advance the ball the required distance within those three downs would result in control of the ball being forfeited to the other team. This change effectively made American football a separate sport from rugby, and the resulting five-yard lines added to the field to measure distances made it resemble a gridiron in appearance. Other major rule changes included a reduction of the field size to , and the adoption of a scoring system that awarded four points for a touchdown, two for a safety and a goal following a touchdown, and five for a goal from field; additionally, tackling below the waist was legalized. The last, and arguably most important innovation, which would at last make American football uniquely \"American\", was the legalization of interference, or blocking, a tactic which was highly illegal under the rugby-style rules.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.794750213623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The legal forward pass was introduced in 1906, although its impact was initially limited due to the restrictions placed on its use. Other rule changes introduced that year included the reduction of the time of play from 70 to 60 minutes and the increase of the distance required for a first down from . To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams, the neutral zone was created along the width of the football. Scoring was also adjusted: field goals were lowered to three points in 1909 and touchdowns were raised to six points in 1912. The field was also reduced to 100 yd long, but two 10-yard-long end zones were created, and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yd. The roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented in 1914, and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field in 1918. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.314723014831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "On November 12, 1892, when William \"Pudge\" Heffelfinger was paid $500 to play a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association in a match against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. This is the first recorded instance of a player being paid to participate in a game of American football, although many athletic clubs in the 1880s offered indirect benefits, such as helping players attain employment, giving out trophies or watches that players could pawn for money, or paying double in expense money. Despite these extra benefits, the game had a strict sense of amateurism at the time, and direct payment to players was frowned upon, if not outright prohibited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.683021545410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Over time, professional play became increasingly common, and with it came rising salaries and unpredictable player movement, as well as the illegal payment of college players who were still in school. The National Football League (NFL), a group of professional teams that was originally established in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, aimed to solve these problems. This new league's stated goals included an end to bidding wars over players, prevention of the use of college players, and abolition of the practice of paying players to leave another team. By 1922, the NFL had established itself as the premier professional football league. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.624844551086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The dominant form of football at the time was played at the collegiate level, but the upstart NFL received a boost to its legitimacy in 1925 when an NFL team, the Pottsville Maroons, defeated a team of Notre Dame all-stars in an exhibition game. A greater emphasis on the passing game helped professional football to further distinguish itself from the college game during the late 1930s. Football in general became increasingly popular following the 1958 NFL Championship game, a match between the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants that is still referred to as the \"Greatest Game Ever Played\". The game, a 23–17 overtime victory by the Colts, was seen by millions of television viewers and had a major impact on the popularity of the sport. This, along with the innovations introduced by the new American Football League (AFL) in the early 1960s, helped football to become the most popular sport in the United States by the mid-1960s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.602935791015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A football game is played between two teams of 11 players each. Playing with more on the field is punishable by a penalty. Teams may substitute any number of their players between downs; this \"platoon\" system replaced the original system, which featured limited substitution rules, and has resulted in teams utilizing specialized offensive, defensive and special teams squads. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018351554870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Individual players in a football game must be designated with a uniform number between 1 and 99. NFL teams are required to number their players by a league-approved numbering system, and any exceptions must be approved by the Commissioner. NCAA and NFHS teams are \"strongly advised\" to number their offensive players according to a league-suggested numbering scheme. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198834419250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The offensive team must line up in a legal formation before they can snap the ball. An offensive formation is considered illegal if there are more than four players in the backfield or fewer than five players numbered 50-79 on the offensive line. Players can temporarily line up in a position whose eligibility is different from what their number permits as long as they immediately report the change to the referee, who then informs the defensive team of the change. Neither team's players, with the exception of the snapper, are allowed to line up in or cross the neutral zone until the ball is snapped. Interior offensive linemen are not allowed to move until the snap of the ball. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713944435119629, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In American football, the winner is the team that has scored the most points at the end of the game. There are multiple ways to score in a football game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.708003044128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The touchdown (TD), worth six points, is the most valuable scoring play in American football. A touchdown is scored when a live ball is advanced into, caught in, or recovered in the end zone of the opposing team. The scoring team then attempts a try or conversion, more commonly known as the point(s)-after-touchdown (PAT), which is a single scoring opportunity. A PAT is most commonly attempted from the two- or three-yard line, depending on the level of play. If scored by a placekick or dropkick through the goal posts, it is worth one point, and is typically called the extra point. If it is scored by what would normally be a touchdown, it is called the two-point conversion and is worth two points. For the 2015 season, the NFL adopted a rule on extra points that stated the placekick must be kicked at the 15 yard line, however for a two-point conversion teams were still eligible to scrimmage from the two-yard line. No points are awarded on a failed extra point or two-point conversion attempt. In general, the extra point is almost always successful in professional play and is only slightly less successful at amateur levels, while the two-point conversion is a much riskier play with a higher probability of failure; accordingly, extra point attempts are far more common than two-point conversion attempts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507606506347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A field goal (FG), worth three points, is scored when the ball is placekicked or dropkicked through the uprights and over the crossbars of the defense's goalposts. After a PAT attempt or successful field goal the scoring team must kick the ball off to the other team. A safety is scored when the ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone. Safeties are worth two points, which are awarded to the defense. In addition, the team that conceded the safety must kick the ball to the scoring team via a free kick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858155250549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Games last longer than their defined length due to play stoppages - the average NFL game lasts slightly over three hours. Time in a football game is measured by the game clock. An operator is responsible for starting, stopping and operating the game clock based on the direction of the appropriate official. A separate clock, the play clock, is used to determine if a delay of game infraction has been committed. If the play clock expires before the ball has been snapped or free-kicked, a delay of game foul is called on the offense. The play clock is set to 40 seconds in professional and college football and to 25 seconds in high school play or following certain administrative stoppages in the former levels of play. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.892837524414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "On a kickoff, the ball is placed at the 35-yard line of the kicking team in professional and college play and at the 40-yard line in high school play. The ball may be drop-kicked or place-kicked. If a place kick is chosen, the ball can be placed on the ground or on a tee, and a holder may be used in either case. On a safety kick, the kicking team kicks the ball from their own 20-yard line. They can punt, drop-kick or place-kick the ball, but a tee may not be used in professional play. Any member of the receiving team may catch or advance the ball, and the ball may be recovered by the kicking team once it has gone at least ten yards and has touched the ground or has been touched by any member of the receiving team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813985824584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The three types of scrimmage kicks are place kicks, drop kicks, and punts. Only place kicks and drop kicks can score points. The place kick is the standard method used to score points, because the pointy shape of the football makes it difficult to reliably drop kick. Once the ball has been kicked from a scrimmage kick, it can be advanced by the kicking team only if it is caught or recovered behind the line of scrimmage. If it is touched or recovered by the kicking team beyond this line, it becomes dead at the spot where it was touched. The kicking team is prohibited from interfering with the receiver's opportunity to catch the ball, and the receiving team has the option of signaling for a fair catch. This prohibits the defense from blocking into or tackling the receiver, but the play ends as soon as the ball is caught and the ball may not be advanced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344282150268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "*The back judge is positioned deep in the defensive backfield, behind the umpire. He ensures that the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and determines whether catches are legal, whether field goal or extra point attempts are good, and whether a pass interference violation occurred.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582189559936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "*The line judge is positioned on the end of the line of scrimmage, opposite the head linesman. He supervises player substitutions, the line of scrimmage during punts, and game timing. He notifies the referee when time has expired at the end of a quarter and notifies the head coach of the home team when five minutes remain for halftime. In the NFL, the line judge also alerts the referee when two minutes remain in the half. If the clock malfunctions or becomes inoperable, the line judge becomes the official timekeeper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297550201416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Another set of officials, the chain crew, are responsible for moving the chains. The chains, consisting of two large sticks with a 10-yard-long chain between them, are used to measure for a first down. The chain crew stays on the sidelines during the game, but if requested by the officials they will briefly bring the chains on to the field to measure. A typical chain crew will have at least three people - two members of the chain crew will hold either of the two sticks, while a third will hold the down marker. The down marker, a large stick with a dial on it, is flipped after each play to indicate the current down, and is typically moved to the approximate spot of the ball. The chain crew system has been used for over 100 years and is considered to be an accurate measure of distance, rarely subject to criticism from either side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382234573364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Football is a full-contact sport, and injuries are relatively common. Most injuries occur during training sessions, particularly ones that involve contact between players. To try to prevent injuries, players are required to wear a set of equipment. At a minimum players must wear a football helmet and a set of shoulder pads, but individual leagues may require additional padding such as thigh pads and guards, knee pads, chest protectors, and mouthguards. Most injuries occur in the lower extremities, particularly in the knee, but a significant number also affect the upper extremities. The most common types of injuries are strains, sprains, bruises, fractures, dislocations, and concussions. Repeated concussions can increase a person's risk in later life for chronic traumatic encephalopathy and mental health issues such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression. Concussions are often caused by helmet-to-helmet or upper-body contact between opposing players, although helmets have prevented more serious injuries such as skull fractures. Various programs are aiming to reduce concussions by reducing the frequency of helmet-to-helmet hits; USA Football's \"Heads Up Football\" program is aiming to reduce concussions in youth football by teaching coaches and players about the signs of a concussion, the proper way to wear football equipment and ensure it fits, and proper tackling methods that avoid helmet-to-helmet contact. However, a study in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine found that Heads Up Football was ineffective. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.682584762573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Other attempts to start rival leagues have been far less successful. The World Football League (WFL) played for two seasons, in 1974 and 1975, but faced monetary issues so severe that the league could not pay its players. In its second and final season the WFL attempted to establish a stable credit rating, but the league disbanded before its second season could be completed. The United States Football League (USFL) operated for three seasons from 1983 to 1985 but collapsed due to poor business decisions and monetary problems. A subsequent USD $1.5 billion antitrust lawsuit against the NFL was successful in court, but the league was awarded only three dollars in damages. The XFL was created in 2001 by Vince McMahon and lasted for only one season. Despite television contracts with NBC and UPN and high expectations, the XFL suffered from poor television ratings and a low quality of play. The United Football League (UFL) began in 2009, but folded after suspending its 2012 season, due to financial issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.775681495666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "American football also plays a significant role in American culture. The Super Bowl is considered a de facto national holiday, and in parts of the country like Texas, the sport has been compared to a religion. Football is also linked to other holidays; New Year's Day is traditionally the date for several college football bowl games, including the Rose Bowl. However, if New Year's Day is on a Sunday, the bowl games are moved to another date to not conflict with the typical NFL Sunday schedule. Thanksgiving football is an American tradition, hosting many high school, college, and professional games. Steve Deace of USA Today wrote that Americans are passionate about football \"because it embodies everything we love about American exceptionalism. Merit is rewarded, not punished. Masculinity is celebrated, not feminized. People of various beliefs and backgrounds — a melting pot, if you will — must unify for a common goal for the team to be successful\". Implicit rules such as playing through pain and sacrificing for the better of the team are promoted in football culture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199113845825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The sport is played in European countries such as Switzerland, which has American football clubs in every major city, and Germany, where the sport has around 45,000 registered amateur players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54224681854248, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bob Ross", "passage": "The Joy of Painting is an American half-hour instructional television show hosted by painter Bob Ross which ran from January 11, 1983, until May 17, 1994. In each episode, Ross taught techniques for landscape oil painting, completing a painting in each session.", "precise_score": 1.1317832469940186, "rough_score": -2.095182180404663, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Joy of Painting" }, { "answer": "Happy little trees", "passage": "Each 30-minute show usually begins with Ross standing in front of a blank canvas against a white or black background. Within the 30-minute program, Ross painted an imaginary landscape, using the wet-on-wet oil painting technique, in which the painter continues adding paint on top of still-wet paint rather than waiting for each layer of paint to dry. Combining this method with the use of two-inch and other types of brushes, as well as painting knives, allowed him to paint trees, water, clouds, and mountains in a matter of seconds. Each painting would start with simple strokes that appeared to be nothing more than colored smudges. As he added more and more strokes, the blotches transformed into intricate landscapes. As he painted, he instructed viewers regarding the techniques he was using, he added comments describing the \"happy little clouds\" and \"happy little trees\" that he was creating. He would also mention snippets of his own life, including his military career and the time he spent in Alaska, family anecdotes, and his affection for small animals, which he raised and set free. The show would occasionally feature a video of Ross with a baby squirrel or deer. Each program was shot in real time with two cameras: a medium shot of Ross and his canvas, and a close-up shot of the canvas or palette.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97851276397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Joy of Painting" }, { "answer": "Bob Ross", "passage": "In 2015, full episodes of The Joy of Painting were added to the official Bob Ross YouTube channel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.545965671539307, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Joy of Painting" } ]

[ { "answer": "White", "passage": "1994-96 monochrome trucks are XLT Sport models offered in black, red, and white. In 1991, Ford offered a 1992 Nite edition bronco with an all black exterior and gray interior.", "precise_score": 1.6575714349746704, "rough_score": -1.4046729803085327, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Bronco" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The Ford Bronco entered American popular culture on June 17, 1994, when a 1993 model owned and driven by Al Cowlings containing O. J. Simpson as a passenger, attempted to elude the Los Angeles Police Department in a low-speed chase. At the time, Simpson was wanted for the murders of his ex-wife and her friend. It is considered to be one of the most bizarre events in U.S. television history. The scene showed dozens of Los Angeles County police and California Highway Patrol cars following, not quite chasing, a white Bronco with Simpson reportedly holding a gun to his head and crowds massing along the route. The major broadcast networks and cable systems preempted their television shows for live coverage of this unfolding drama. Despite trying to maintain objectivity by the news commentators, the presence of television irrevocably altered the events, raising questions such as \"would the LAPD so respectfully follow Simpson's Bronco without the escort of the media?\" With an estimated television audience of 95 million, the event was described \"as the most famous ride on American shores since Paul Revere's\". ", "precise_score": 6.029090404510498, "rough_score": 6.976146221160889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Bronco" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Cowlings is most famous for his role in Simpson's capture on June 17, 1994, after a low-speed chase by police on Los Angeles freeways, after the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman several days before. Cowlings, who was driving a white 1993 Ford Bronco, claims that Simpson pointed a gun to his own head, demanding Cowlings drive him to Simpson's Rockingham estate in Brentwood, or Simpson would kill himself. The slow-speed chase was televised on live TV from helicopter cameras, and it was viewed by approximately 95 million people in the U.S. alone. During the chase, Cowlings famously told the police: \"My name is AC. You know who I am, God damn it!\" The chase ended at Simpson's mansion, where Simpson then surrendered to police. ", "precise_score": 6.2748589515686035, "rough_score": 7.087655067443848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Cowlings" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "On June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were found stabbed to death outside Nicole's condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of interest in their murders. On June 17, after failing to turn himself in, he became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white Ford Bronco SUV that interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. The trial, often characterized as the Trial of the Century because of its international publicity, similar to that of Sacco and Vanzetti and the Lindbergh kidnapping, culminated on October 3, 1995, in a jury verdict of \"not guilty\" for the two murders. An estimated 100 million people nationwide tuned in to watch or listen to the verdict announcement. Following Simpson's acquittal, the crime remains unsolved to this day.", "precise_score": 0.297765851020813, "rough_score": -1.4790995121002197, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "At around 6:20 p.m., a motorist in Orange County saw Simpson riding in a white Ford Bronco, driven by longtime friend Al Cowlings, and notified police. The police then tracked calls placed from Simpson on his cellular telephone. At 6:45 p.m., a police officer saw the Bronco going north on Interstate 405. When the officer approached the Bronco with sirens blaring, Cowlings yelled that Simpson was in the back seat of the vehicle and had a gun to his own head. The officer backed off, but followed the vehicle at 35 mph, with up to 20 police cars participating in the chase.", "precise_score": 4.274486064910889, "rough_score": 4.56162166595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In 1965, racecar builder Bill Stroppe assembled a team of Broncos for long-distance off-road competition for Ford. Partnering with Holman-Moody, the Stroppe/Holman/Moody (SHM) Broncos competed in the Mint 400, Baja 500, and Mexican 1000 (later named the Baja 1000). In 1969, SHM again entered a team of six Broncos in the Baja 1000. In 1971, a \"Baja Bronco\" package was marketed through Ford dealers, featuring quick-ratio power steering, automatic transmission, fender flares covering Gates Commando tires, a roll bar, reinforced bumpers, a padded steering wheel, and distinctive red, white, blue, and black paint. Priced at US$5,566, versus the standard V8 Bronco price of $3,665, only 650 were sold over the next four years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.461543560028076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Bronco" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Another limited edition color offered on the mid-1990s XLTs was a two-tone light teal green and white exterior with a charcoal gray interior. Only about 600 of the teal and white two-tone were produced each year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570963859558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Bronco" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Although Ford would not produce a factory-built competitor for the Chevrolet Suburban until the introduction of the Expedition and Excursion, a four-door version of the fourth and fifth-generation Bronco was produced as the Centurion Classic, constructed by Centurion Vehicles, a converter specializing in Ford trucks based in White Pigeon, Michigan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.914622783660889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Bronco" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "In 2006, Simpson starred in his own improv, hidden-camera prank TV show called \"Juiced\". Typical of the genre, Simpson would play a prank on everyday people while secretly filming them and at the end of each prank he would shout, \"You've been Juiced!\" Less typical, each episode opened with topless strippers dancing around Simpson who is dressed as pimp and sings his own rap song: \"Don't you know there's no stopping the Juice / When I'm on the floor I'm like a lion on the loose / Better shoot me with a tranquilizer dart / Don't be stupid, I'm not a Simpson named Bart.\" In one episode, Simpson is at a used car lot in Las Vegas where he attempts to sell his infamous white Bronco which includes a bullet hole in the front of the SUV circled with his autograph, with this pitch: \"If you ever get into some trouble and have to get away, it has escapability.\" In another sketch called \"B-I-N-G-O.J.\", Simpson pretends to be having an affair with another guy's girlfriend and he transforms into an old, white guy whose dying wish is to call for a Bingo game. \"Juiced\" aired as a one-time special on pay-per-view television and was later released on DVD. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.650567054748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for its division along racial lines: a poll of Los Angeles County residents showed that most African-Americans there felt that justice had been served by the \"not guilty\" verdict, while the majority of whites and Latinos there expressed an opinion that it had not. O.J. Simpson's integrated defense counsel included Johnnie Cochran, Robert Kardashian, Robert Shapiro, and F. Lee Bailey; the prosecution team was led by Marcia Clark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416482925415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Simpson hired a high-profile defense team, initially led by Robert Shapiro and subsequently led by Johnnie Cochran, and that also included F. Lee Bailey, Alan Dershowitz, Robert Kardashian, Shawn Holley, Carl E. Douglas and Gerald Uelmen, with two more attorneys specializing in DNA evidence: Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. Los Angeles County believed it had a strong prosecution case, but Cochran was able to persuade the jurors that there was reasonable doubt about the DNA evidence (a relatively new form of evidence in trials at the time) – including that the blood-sample evidence had allegedly been mishandled by lab scientists and technicians – and about the circumstances surrounding other court exhibits. Cochran and the defense team also alleged other misconduct by the Los Angeles Police Department. Simpson's celebrity and the lengthy televised trial riveted national attention on the so-called \"trial of the century\". By the end of the criminal trial, national surveys showed dramatic differences in the assessment of Simpson's guilt or innocence between black and white Americans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0738525390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Detectives went to Simpson's Rockingham estate to inform him that his ex-wife had been murdered. In the back of his home, they discovered a white Ford Bronco with blood in and on it. Detective Mark Fuhrman then climbed over an external wall and unlocked the gate to allow the other three detectives to enter the estate. The detectives argued that they entered without a search warrant because of exigent circumstances—specifically, a fear that Simpson may also have been injured. Simpson was not present when detectives arrived in the early morning; he had taken a flight to Chicago late the previous night. Detectives briefly interviewed Kato Kaelin, who was staying in Simpson's guest house. A walk-around of the premises by Fuhrman discovered a second bloody glove that was later determined to be the mate of the glove found at the murder scene. Through DNA testing, the blood on the glove was later determined to have come from both victims. This—together with other evidence collected at both scenes—was determined to be adequate evidence to issue an arrest warrant for Simpson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2190165519714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Thousands of spectators and on-lookers packed overpasses along the procession's journey waiting for the white Bronco. In a festival-like atmosphere, many had signs urging Simpson to flee. They and the millions watching the chase on television felt part of a \"common emotional experience\", one author wrote, as they \"wonder[ed] if O. J. Simpson would commit suicide, escape, be arrested, or engage in some kind of violent confrontation. Whatever might ensue, the shared adventure gave millions of viewers a vested interest, a sense of participation, a feeling of being on the inside of a national drama in the making.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4076380729675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "According to media reports, prosecutor Marcia Clark thought that women, regardless of race, would sympathize with the domestic violence aspect of the case and connect with her personally. On the other hand, the defense's research suggested that women generally were more likely to acquit than men, that jurors did not respond well to Clark's combative style of litigation. The defense also speculated that black women would not be as sympathetic as white women to the victim. Both sides accepted a disproportionate number of female jurors. From an original jury pool of 40% white, 28% black, 17% Hispanic, and 15% Asian, the final jury for the trial had 10 women and two men, of which there were nine black people, two white people, and one Hispanic person. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042428016662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "According to the prosecution, Simpson was last seen in public at 9:36 p.m. that evening when he returned to the front gate of his house with Brian \"Kato\" Kaelin, a bit-part actor and family friend who lived with Nicole until he was given the use of a guest house on Simpson's estate. Simpson was not seen again until 10:54 p.m., an hour and 18 minutes later, when he came out of the front door of his house to a waiting limousine hired to take him to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to fly to a Hertz convention in Chicago. Both the defense and prosecution agreed that the murders took place between 10:15 and 10:40 p.m., with the prosecution saying that Simpson drove his white Bronco the five minutes to and from the murder scene. They presented a witness in the area of Bundy Drive who saw a car similar to Simpson's Bronco speeding away from the area at 10:35 p.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.42076301574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "According to his testimony, limousine driver Allan Park arrived at Simpson's estate at 10:24 p.m. Driving past the Rockingham gate, he did not see Simpson's white Bronco parked at the curb. Park testified that he had been looking for and had seen the house number, and the prosecution presented exhibits to show that the position in which the Bronco was found the next morning was right next to the house number (implying that Park would surely have noticed the Bronco if it had been there at that time). According to Simpson's version of events, the Bronco had been parked in that position for several hours. Meanwhile, Kaelin was in his guest house and on the telephone to his friend, Rachel Ferrara. Park parked opposite the Ashford street gate, then drove back to the Rockingham street gate to check which driveway would have the best access for the limo. Deciding that the Rockingham entrance was too tight, he returned to the Ashford gate and began to buzz the intercom at 10:40, getting no response. Park got out of the limousine and looked through the Ashford gate and saw the house dark with no lights on, save for a dim light coming from one of the second floor windows, which was Simpson's bedroom. While smoking a cigarette, Park then made a series of phone calls from his cellular to the pager of his boss, Dale St. John, and then to Park's home, trying to get St. John's home phone number from his mother in an attempt to get the phone number for Simpson's house. At approximately 10:50, Kaelin (who was still on the phone to Ferrara) heard three thumps against the outside wall of his guest house. Kaelin hung up the phone and ventured outside to investigate the noises but decided not to venture directly down the dark south pathway from which the thumps came. Instead, he walked to the front of the property where he saw Park's limousine outside the Ashford gate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05739688873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Simpson's initial claim that he was asleep at the time of the murders was replaced by a series of different stories. According to defense lawyer Johnnie Cochran, Simpson had never left his house that night and he was alone in his house packing to travel to Chicago. Cochran claimed that Simpson went outside through the back door to hit a few golf balls into the children's sandbox in the front garden, one or more of which made the three loud thumps on the wall of Kaelin's bungalow. Cochran produced a potential alibi witness, Rosa Lopez, a neighbor's Spanish-speaking housekeeper who testified that she had seen Simpson's car parked outside his house at the time of the murders. But Lopez's testimony, which was not presented to the jury, was pulled apart under intense cross-examination by Clark, when Lopez was forced to admit that she could not be sure of the precise time she saw Simpson's white Bronco outside his house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.084531784057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Then the prosecution turned to the events of the evening of June 12, 1994, where Karen Lee Crawford, the manager of the Mezzaluna restaurant where Brown ate that Sunday night, was called to testify. She recounted that Nicole's mother phoned the restaurant at 9:37 p.m. about her lost eyeglasses, and how Crawford found them and put them in a white envelope, and that waiter Goldman departed from the restaurant after his shift was over. He left the restaurant at 9:50 p.m., to drop them off at Brown's house. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646540641784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Police officer Robert Riske was the first officer at the crime scene. He testified that he found a barefoot woman in a black dress lying face down in a puddle of blood on the walkway that led to the front door of her house. He then saw Goldman's body lying on its side beside a tree a short distance away, off the walkway. Riske also described seeing a white envelope, which was later proven to contain Brown's mother's glasses that had been left at the restaurant. He also saw Goldman's beeper, a black leather glove, and a dark blue knit ski cap on the ground near the bodies. The front door of Brown's house was wide open, but there were no signs of forced entry nor any evidence that anyone had entered the premises and nothing inside was out of the ordinary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.529744148254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "*Jill Shively testified to the 1994 grand jury that she saw a white Ford Bronco speeding away from Bundy Drive in such a hurry that it almost collided with another car at an intersection. She talked to the television show Hard Copy for $5,000, after which prosecutors declined to use her testimony at trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.264581680297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Discussion of the racial elements of the case continued long after the trial's end. Some polls and some commentators have concluded that many blacks, while having their doubts as to Simpson's innocence, were nonetheless more inclined to be suspicious of the credibility and fairness of the police and the courts, and thus more likely to question the evidence. After the civil trial verdict against Simpson, most whites believed justice had been served and most blacks (75%) disagreed with the verdict and believed the verdict to be racially motivated. An NBC poll taken in 2004 reported that, although 77% of 1,186 people sampled thought Simpson was guilty, only 27% of blacks in the sample believed so, compared to 87% of whites. Whatever the exact nature of the \"racial divide,\" the Simpson case continues to be assessed through the lens of race.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808174133300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" } ]

[ { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Time-travel stories have antecedents in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first major time-travel novel was Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. The most famous is H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine, which uses a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively, while Twain's time traveler is struck in the head. The term time machine, coined by Wells, is now universally used to refer to such a vehicle. Back to the Future is one of the most popular movie franchises in this category; Doctor Who is a similarly popular long-running television franchise. Stories of this type are complicated by logical problems such as the grandfather paradox, as exemplified in the classic Robert Heinlein story \"—All You Zombies—\" and the Futurama episode \"Roswell That Ends Well.\" Time travel continues to be a popular subject in modern science fiction, in print, movies, and television.", "precise_score": -2.2670624256134033, "rough_score": -0.9556599855422974, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "The Invisible Man is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells. Originally serialized in Pearson's Weekly in 1897, it was published as a novel the same year. The Invisible Man of the title is Griffin, a scientist who has devoted himself to research into optics and invents a way to change a body's refractive index to that of air so that it neither absorbs nor reflects light and thus becomes invisible. He successfully carries out this procedure on himself, but fails in his attempt to reverse it.", "precise_score": -4.622645378112793, "rough_score": -0.35166415572166443, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Invisible Man" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Hugo Gernsback, who was one of the first in using the term \"science fiction\", described his vision of the genre: \"By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.009954452514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Then with the dawn of new technologies such as electricity, the telegraph, and new forms of powered transportation, writers including H. G. Wells and Jules Verne created a body of work that became popular across broad cross-sections of society. Wells' The War of the Worlds (1898) describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry. It is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.772911548614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "* Steampunk is based on the idea of futuristic technology existing in the past, usually the 19th century, and often set in Victorian era England—but with prominent elements of either science fiction or fantasy, such as fictional technological inventions like those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne, or real technological developments like the computer occurring at an earlier date. Popular examples include The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, Leviathan series by Scott Westerfeld, Bas-Lag series by China Miéville, as well as Girl Genius web comic by Phil and Kaja Foglio, although seeds of the subgenre may be seen in certain works of Michael Moorcock, Philip José Farmer and Steve Stiles, and in such games as Space: 1889 and Marcus Rowland's Forgotten Futures. Machines are most often powered by steam in this genre (hence the name). Terry Gilliam's 1985 film Brazil is seen as inspiration for writers and artists of the steampunk sub-culture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7606730461120605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Time travel is the concept of movement (such as by a human) between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space, typically using a hypothetical device known as a time machine, in the form of a vehicle or of a portal connecting distant points in time. Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, but traveling to an arbitrary point in time has a very limited support in theoretical physics, and usually only in conjunction with quantum mechanics or Einstein–Rosen bridges. In a more narrow sense, one-way time travel into the future via time dilation is a proven phenomenon in relativistic physics, but traveling any significant \"distance\" requires motion at speeds close to the speed of light, which is not feasible for human travel with current technology. The concept was touched upon in various earlier works of fiction, but was popularized by H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine, which moved the concept of time travel into the public imagination, and it remains a popular subject in science fiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.966456413269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Time travel" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "Washington Irving's \"Rip Van Winkle\" (1819) depicts a man who takes a twenty-year nap on a mountain, waking up in a future where he has been forgotten, his wife has died, and his daughter has grown. Sleep is also used as a means of time travel in H.G. Wells's The Sleeper Awakes, in which a man wakes up after a two-hundred year hibernation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.453380584716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Time travel" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau's El Anacronópete (1887) may have been the first story to feature a vessel engineered to travel through time. Andrew Sawyer has commented that the story \"does seem to be the first literary description of a time machine noted so far\", adding that \"Edward Page Mitchell's story 'The Clock That Went Backward' (1881) is usually described as the first time-machine story, but I'm not sure that a clock quite counts.\" H. G. Wells's The Time Machine (1895) popularized the concept of time travel by mechanical means. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.950669288635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Time travel" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "* Classic Monster Novels Condensed by Joseph Lanzara includes an abridged version of The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells, along with short adaptations of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, and Dracula by Bram Stoker. 2012. New Arts Library. ISBN 978-1-4791-9322-6.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.940950393676758, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Invisible Man" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Freestyle wrestling is a style of amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world. Along with Greco-Roman, it is one of the two styles of wrestling contested in the Olympic games. American high school and college wrestling is conducted under different rules and is termed scholastic and collegiate wrestling.", "precise_score": 1.9424564838409424, "rough_score": 3.8124098777770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Freestyle wrestling, like collegiate wrestling, has its greatest origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling and, in both styles, the ultimate goal is to throw and pin your opponent to the mat, which results in an immediate win. Freestyle and collegiate wrestling, unlike Greco-Roman, allow the use of the wrestler's or his opponent's legs in offense and defense. Freestyle wrestling is the most complete style of standup wrestling and brings together traditional wrestling, judo, and sambo techniques.", "precise_score": 1.34905207157135, "rough_score": 0.9185856580734253, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "According to the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA), freestyle wrestling is one of the four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling that are practiced internationally today. The other main forms of wrestling are Greco-Roman and grappling (also called submission wrestling). The Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recommended dropping wrestling as a sport from the 2020 Olympic Games, but the decision was later reversed by the IOC.", "precise_score": 2.0417966842651367, "rough_score": 2.6427109241485596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Because of the widespread interest in and esteem of professional Greco-Roman wrestling and its popularity in many international meets in nineteenth century Europe, freestyle wrestling (and wrestling as an amateur sport in general) had a tough time gaining ground on the continent. The 1896 Olympic Games had only one wrestling bout, a heavyweight Greco-Roman match. Freestyle wrestling first emerged as an Olympic sport in the Saint Louis Olympics of 1904. All 40 wrestlers who participated in the 1904 Olympics were American. The 1904 Olympics sanctioned the rules commonly used for catch-as-catch can, but imposed some restrictions on dangerous holds. Wrestling by seven weight classes: 47.6 kg (104.9 lb), 52.2 kg (115.1 lb), 56.7 kg (125.0 lb), 61.2 kg (134.9 lb), 65.3 kg (143.9 lb), 71.7 kg (156.7 lb), and greater than was an important innovation in the Summer Olympics.", "precise_score": -1.703336238861084, "rough_score": -1.5729215145111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Nineteenth century wrestling matches were particularly long, and especially Greco-Roman bouts (where holds below the waist and the use of the legs are not allowed) could last as many as eight to nine hours, and even then, it was only decided by a draw. In the 20th century, time limits were set for matches.\"Wrestling, Freestyle\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1191, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996) For more than forty years into the twentieth century, freestyle and its American counterpart, collegiate wrestling, did not have a scoring system that decided matches in the absence of a fall. The introduction of a point system by Oklahoma State University wrestling coach Art Griffith that gained acceptance in 1941 influenced the international styles as well. By the 1960s international wrestling matches in Greco-Roman and freestyle were scored by a panel of three judges in secret, who made the final decision by raising colored paddles at the match's end. Dr. Albert de Ferrari from San Francisco who became vice president of FILA, lobbied for a visible scoring system and a rule for \"controlled fall\", which would recognize a fall only when the offensive wrestler had done something to cause it. These were soon adopted internationally in Greco-Roman and freestyle.", "precise_score": -1.7169512510299683, "rough_score": -1.2844195365905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In Greco-Roman and freestyle, the format is two three-minute sessions. Before each match, each wrestler's name is called, and the wrestler takes his place at the corner of the mat assigned to his color. The referee then calls both of them to his side at the center of the mat, shakes hands with them, inspects their apparel, and checks for any perspiration, oily or greasy substances, and any other infractions. The two wrestlers then greet each other, shake hands, and the referee blows his whistle to start the session. ", "precise_score": 0.7908166646957397, "rough_score": 0.10524829477071762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In freestyle wrestling, as well as in Greco-Roman wrestling, points are awarded mostly on the basis of explosive action and risk. For example, when one wrestler performs a grand amplitude throw that brings his opponent into the danger position, he is awarded the greatest number of points that can be scored in one instance. Also, a wrestler who takes the risk to briefly roll on the mat (with his shoulders in contact with the mat) could give a certain number of points to his opponent. Scoring can be accomplished in the following ways:", "precise_score": -1.10723078250885, "rough_score": -1.079263687133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Women's freestyle wrestling", "precise_score": -5.619248867034912, "rough_score": -5.526118755340576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Greco-Roman (US) or Graeco-Roman (UK) wrestling is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide. It was contested at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been included in every edition of the summer Olympics held since 1908. Two wrestlers are scored for their performance in three two-minute periods, which can be terminated early by a pin (or fall). This style of wrestling forbids holds below the waist; this is the major difference from freestyle wrestling, the other form of wrestling at the Olympics. This restriction results in an emphasis on throws because a wrestler cannot use trips to take an opponent to the ground, or avoid throws by hooking or grabbing the opponent's leg.", "precise_score": 1.9894119501113892, "rough_score": -1.0927966833114624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Arm drags, bear hugs, and headlocks, which can be found in Freestyle, have even greater prominence in Greco-Roman. In particular, a throw known as a suplex is used, in which the offensive wrestler lifts his opponent in a high arch while falling backward on his own neck to a bridge in order to bring his opponent's shoulders down to the mat. Even on the mat, a Greco-Roman wrestler must still find several ways to turn his opponent's shoulders to the mat for a fall without legs, including (but not limited to) techniques known as the bodylock and the gut-wrench.\"Wrestling, Greco-Roman\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1196, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).", "precise_score": 1.4337948560714722, "rough_score": 2.584651470184326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "According to United World Wrestling (UWW; formerly known as the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles, or FILA), Greco-Roman wrestling is one of the six main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practised internationally today. The other five forms are Freestyle wrestling, Grappling/Submission wrestling, Beach wrestling, Pankration athlima, Alysh/Belt wrestling and Traditional/Folk wrestling.[http://www.fila-wrestling.com Fila Wrestling : site de la Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées] In February 2013, the International Olympic Committee voted to exclude freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling from the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, but shortlisted it to be considered for reinclusion. In September 2013, at the 125th Session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), wrestling was elected as an additional sport. ", "precise_score": 2.43998646736145, "rough_score": 3.1155972480773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The name \"Greco-Roman\" was applied to this style of wrestling as a way of purporting it to be similar to the wrestling formerly found in the ancient civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean Sea especially at ancient Greek olympics. It is speculated that many styles of European folk wrestling may have spurred the origins of Greco-Roman wrestling.\"Wrestling, Greco-Roman\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1194, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996). According to UWW, a Napoleonic soldier named Jean Exbrayat first developed the style. Exbrayat performed in fairs and called his style of wrestling \"flat hand wrestling\" to distinguish it from other forms of hand-to-hand combat that allowed striking. In 1848, Exbrayat established the rule that no holds below the waist were to be allowed; neither were painful holds or torsions that would hurt the opponent. \"Flat hand wrestling\" or \"French wrestling\" (as the style became known) developed all throughout Europe and became a popular sport. The Italian wrestler Basilio Bartoletti first coined the term \"Greco-Roman\" for the sport to underline the interest in \"ancient values.\"", "precise_score": -2.1029539108276367, "rough_score": -3.9660303592681885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The British never really enjoyed Greco-Roman wrestling in comparison to its less restrictive counterpart, freestyle, and despite ", "precise_score": -0.549102246761322, "rough_score": 3.7863526344299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "But on the continent, the style was highly promoted. Almost all the continental European capital cities hosted international Greco-Roman tournaments in the 19th century, with much prize money given to the place winners. For example, the Czar of Russia paid 500 francs for wrestlers to train and compete in his tournament, with 5,000 francs awarded as a prize to the tournament winner. Greco-Roman wrestling soon became prestigious in continental Europe and was the first style registered at the modern Olympic Games, beginning in Athens in 1896 with one heavyweight bout, and grew in popularity during the 20th century. It has always been featured in the Olympic Games, except during the Paris Olympic Games in 1900 and the St. Louis Olympic Games of 1904, when freestyle first emerged as an Olympic sport.", "precise_score": -2.7575602531433105, "rough_score": -0.1922907531261444, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Perhaps, the most well-known of Greco-Roman wrestlers in the 19th century was Georg Hackenschmidt born in Dorpat, Russian Empire, and nicknamed \"The Russian Lion.\" Hackenschmidt in 1898 at the age of 21 and with 15 months of training defeated the experienced Paul Pons in a match in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 1900, he won professional tournaments in Moscow and St. Petersburg and a series of international tournaments after that. After defeating Tom Jenkins (from the United States) in both freestyle and Greco-Roman matches in England, Georg Hackenschmidt wrestled exclusively freestyle in order to compete better against English, Australian, and American opponents. Winning more than 2,000 victories in Greco-Roman and freestyle, Hackenschmidt served as the physical education adviser to the House of Lords after his retirement.\"Wrestling, Greco-Roman\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1195, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996).", "precise_score": -1.6627647876739502, "rough_score": -1.5672954320907593, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Professional matches in Greco-Roman wrestling were known for their great brutality. Body slams, choke-holds, and head-butting was allowed, and even caustic substances were used to weaken the opponent. ", "precise_score": -2.972080707550049, "rough_score": -4.831622123718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In Olympic competition, countries of the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Turkey, South Korea, Romania, Japan, Sweden, and Finland have had great success. Carl Westergren of Sweden won three Greco-Roman gold medals in 1920, 1924, and 1932, and was the first Greco-Roman wrestler to do so. Alexander Karelin did the same in 1988, 1992, and 1996. Ivar Johansson of Sweden won gold medals in Greco-Roman in 1932 and 1936 and also a gold medal in freestyle in 1932. The United States Olympic delegation (exclusively wrestling freestyle before) first entered Greco-Roman wrestling in 1952 and has taken three gold medals, won by Steve Fraser and Jeffrey Blatnick in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, and by Rulon Gardner at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.", "precise_score": -3.127750873565674, "rough_score": -3.1660704612731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Currently, international Greco-Roman wrestling is divided into four main age categories: schoolboys, cadets, juniors, and seniors.", "precise_score": -2.025557518005371, "rough_score": -2.6640496253967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": " Cadets (young men ages 16–17; or age 15 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 39 to 100 kg. Juniors (young men ages 18 to 20; or age 17 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in eight weight classes ranging from 46 to 120 kg. Seniors (men ages 20 and up) wrestle in seven weight classes ranging from 50 to 120 kg. For men, there is also a special category for some Greco-Roman competitions, \"Veterans\", for men ages 35 and older, presumably featuring the same weight classes as seniors. Also, all of the men's age categories and weight classes can be applied to freestyle wrestling. Wrestlers after weigh-in may only wrestle in their own weight class. Wrestlers in the senior age category may wrestle up a weight class except for the heavyweight division (which starts at a weight more than 96 kg for the men). Different nations may have different weight classes and different age categories for their levels of Greco-Roman competition.", "precise_score": -4.842998027801514, "rough_score": -5.6807050704956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In Greco-Roman and freestyle, the format is now three two-minute periods. Before each match, each wrestler's name is called, and the wrestler takes his place at the corner of the mat assigned to his color. The referee then calls both of them to his side at the center of the mat, shakes hands with them, inspects their apparel, and checks for any perspiration, oily or greasy substances, and any other infractions. The two wrestlers then greet each other, shake hands, and the referee blows his whistle to start the period. ", "precise_score": 0.04082038626074791, "rough_score": 1.0134989023208618, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In Greco-Roman wrestling, as well as in freestyle wrestling, points are awarded mostly on the basis of explosive action and risk. For example, when one wrestler performs a grand amplitude throw that brings his opponent into the danger position, he is awarded the greatest number of points that can be scored in one instance. Also, a wrestler who takes the risk to briefly roll on the mat (with his shoulders in contact with the mat) could give a certain number of points to his opponent. Scoring can be accomplished in the following ways:", "precise_score": -1.274845004081726, "rough_score": -2.740828275680542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* Win by fall: The object of the entire wrestling match is to attain victory by what is known as the fall. A fall, also known as a pin, occurs when one wrestler holds both of his opponents' shoulders on the mat simultaneously. In Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, the two shoulders of the defensive wrestler must be held long enough for the referee to \"observe the total control of the fall\" (usually ranging from one half-second to about one or two seconds). Then either the judge or the mat chairman concurs with the referee that a fall is made. (If the referee does not indicate a fall, and the fall is valid, the judge and the mat chairman can concur together and announce the fall.) A fall ends the match entirely regardless of when it occurs. In the United States, for the Kids freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling division (wrestlers ages 8 to 14) in competitions sponsored by USA Wrestling, it is specified that a fall must be held for two seconds. ", "precise_score": -2.8990540504455566, "rough_score": -4.352056980133057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Modern freestyle wrestling, according to the FILA, is said to have originated in Great Britain and the United States by the name of \"catch-as-catch-can\" wrestling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.949158191680908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": " \"Catch-as-catch-can\" wrestling had a particular following in Great Britain and the variant developed in Lancashire had a particular effect on freestyle wrestling.\"Wrestling, Freestyle\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1190, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996). \"Catch-as-catch-can\" wrestling gained great popularity in fairs and festivals during the 19th century. In catch-as-catch-can wrestling, both contestants started out standing and then a wrestler sought to hold his opponent's shoulder to the ground (known as a fall). If no fall was scored, both wrestlers continued grappling on the ground, and almost all holds and techniques were allowable. A Scottish variant of Lancashire wrestling also became popular which began with both wrestlers standing chest to chest, grasping each other with locked arms around the body and, if no fall was made, with the match continuing on the ground. Also, there was the Irish collar-and-elbow style, where wrestlers started out on their feet with both wrestlers grasping each other by the collar with one hand and by the elbow with the other. If neither wrestler then achieved a fall, the contestants would continue both standing and on the ground until a fall was made. Irish immigrants later brought this style of wrestling to the United States, where it soon became widespread, especially because of the success of the wrestling champion of the Army of the Potomac, George William Flagg from Vermont. Catch-as-catch can was the style performed by at least a half dozen U.S. presidents, including George Washington, Zachary Taylor, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, and Theodore Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.167533874511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Since 1921, the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA), which has its headquarters near Lausanne, Switzerland, has set the \"Rules of the Game\", with regulations for scoring and procedures that govern tournaments such as the World Games and the competition at the Summer Olympics. These were later adopted by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) for its freestyle matches. Freestyle wrestling gained great popularity in the United States after the Civil War. By the 1880s, tournaments drew hundreds of wrestlers. The rise of cities, increased industrialization, and the closing of the frontier provided the affable environment for amateur wrestling, along with boxing, to increase in esteem and popularity. Amateur wrestling teams soon emerged, such as the wrestling team of the New York Athletic Club, which had its first tournament in 1878. Professional wrestling also developed, and by the 1870s, professional championship matches offered allowances of up to $1,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.46119499206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": " By 1996, before a major overhaul of FILA rules, an international freestyle match consisted of two three-minute periods, with a one-minute rest between periods. Today, wrestlers from Post-Soviet states, Iran, U.S., Bulgaria, Cuba, Turkey, and Japan, have had the strongest showings. Alexander Medved of Belarus won 10 world championships and three Olympic gold medals, in the period of 1964-1972. Many collegiate wrestlers have moved on to freestyle competition, particularly internationally with great success. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.20238208770752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In the spring of 2013, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted wrestling out of the core sports for the summer Olympics beginning in 2020 As a result of this news the wrestling community started a massive campaign in order to reinstate the sport. A largely online group called 2020 vision lead the movement. They had several campaigns as well as Facebook and Twitter pages that spread awareness and gathered support for the cause of wrestling's return to the Olympics. They had a mission of gaining 2,000,020 signatures (online and offline) in support of wrestling's return to the Olympic Games. In September 2013 the IOC voted to allow wrestling back into theOlympics for 2020 and 2024 as a probationary sport. In order to achieve this FILA, the international governing body of wrestling made several changes to the rules as well as changes to the weight classes. There are also discussions about uniform changes as well as changes to the competition mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020915031433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Currently, international men's freestyle wrestling is divided into six main age categories: schoolboys, cadets, novice, juvenile, juniors, and seniors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.072575092315674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": " Schoolboys (young men ages 14–15; or age 13 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 29 to(-).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2034273147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": " Cadets (young men ages 16–17; or age 15 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 39 to. Juniors (young men ages 18 to 20; or age 17 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in eight weight classes ranging from 46 to(-). Seniors (men ages 20 and up) wrestle in seven weight classes ranging from 50 to. For men, there is also a special category for some freestyle competitions, \"Veterans\", for men ages 35 and older, presumably featuring the same weight classes as seniors. Also, all of the men's age categories and weight classes can be applied to Greco-Roman wrestling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.362171173095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Women currently compete in freestyle wrestling in one of four age categories on an international level: schoolgirls, cadets, juniors, and seniors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.623021125793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": " Schoolgirls (young women ages 14–15; or age 13 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 28 to(-). Cadets (young women ages 16–17; or age 15 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 36 to(-). Juniors (young women ages 18 to 20; or age 17 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in eight weight classes ranging from 40 to(-). Seniors (women ages 20 and up) wrestle in seven weight classes ranging from 44 to(-). Wrestlers after weigh-in may only wrestle in their own weight class. Wrestlers in the senior age category may wrestle up a weight class except for the heavyweight division (which starts at a weight more than 96 kg for the men and more than 67 kg for the women). Different nations may have different weight classes and different age categories for their levels of freestyle competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413761138916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "A typical international wrestling tournament takes place by direct elimination with an ideal number of wrestlers (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc.) in each weight class and age category competing for placement. The competition in each weight class takes place in one day. The day before the wrestling in a scheduled weight class and age category takes place, all the applicable wrestlers are examined by a physician and weighed-in. Each wrestler after being weighed on the scale then draws a token randomly that gives a certain number. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991410255432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "If an ideal number is not reached to begin elimination rounds, a qualification round will take place to eliminate the excess number of wrestlers. For example, 22 wrestlers may weigh-in over the ideal number of 16 wrestlers. The six wrestlers who drew the highest numbers after 16 and the six wrestlers who drew the six numbers immediately before 17 would then wrestle in six matches in the qualification round. The winners of those matches would then go on to the elimination round. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335848808288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In the elimination round or \"blood round\", the ideal number of wrestlers then pair off and compete in matches until two victors emerge who will compete in the finals for first and second place. All of the wrestlers who lost to the two finalists then have the chance to wrestle in a repechage round. The repechage round begins with the wrestlers who lost to the two finalists at the lowest level of competition in the elimination round. The matches are paired off by the wrestlers who lost to one finalist and the wrestlers who lost to the other. The two wrestlers who win after every level of competition are the victors of the repechage round. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205550193786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In all rounds of the tournament, the wrestlers compete in matches paired off in the order of the numbers they drew after the weigh-in. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713579177856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "After the finals match, the awards ceremony will take place. The first place and second place wrestlers will receive a gold and silver medal, respectively. (At the FILA World Championships, the first place wrestler will receive the World Championship Belt.) The two repechage round winners will each be awarded third place with a bronze medal. The two wrestlers who lost in the finals for the third place are awarded fifth place. From seventh place down, the wrestlers are ranked according to the classification points earned for their victories or losses. If there is a tie among wrestlers for classification points, the ranking is determined in this order from the highest to the lowest:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278969764709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Wrestlers who remained tied after that will be awarded placements \"ex aequo.\" Wrestlers classified from the fifth to the 10th place will receive a special diploma. The wrestling tournaments in the Olympic Games and the Senior and Junior World Championships are designed to take place over three days on three mats. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133207321166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The match takes place on a thick rubber mat that is shock-absorbing to ensure safety. For the Olympic Games, all World Championships, and World Cups, the mat has to be new. The main wrestling area has a nine-meter diameter and is surrounded by a border of the same thickness known as the protection area. Inside the nine meter in diameter circle is a red band of one meter (3 ft 3 in) in width that is on the outer edge of the circle and is known as the red zone. The red zone is used to help indicate passivity on the part of a wrestler; thus, it is also known as the passivity zone. Inside the red zone is the central wrestling area which is seven meters 7 m in diameter. In the middle of the central surface of wrestling is the central circle, which is one meter in diameter. The central circle is surrounded by a band 10 centimeters (4 in) wide and is divided in half by a red line eight centimeters (3  in) in width. The diagonally opposite corners of the mat are marked with the wrestlers' colors, red and blue. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.469109535217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* A singlet is a one-piece wrestling garment made of spandex that should provide a tight and comfortable fit for the wrestler. It is made from nylon or lycra and prevents an opponent from using anything on the wrestler as leverage. One wrestler usually competes in a red singlet and the other in a blue singlet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938604354858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* A special pair of shoes is worn by the wrestler to increase his mobility and flexibility. Wrestling shoes are light and flexible in order to provide maximum comfort and movement. Usually made with rubber soles, they help give the wrestler's feet a better grip on the mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951260566711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* A handkerchief, also called a bloodrag, is carried in the singlet. In the event of bleeding, the wrestler will remove the cloth from his singlet and attempt to stop the bleeding or clean up any bodily fluids that may have gotten onto the mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186677932739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Headgear, equipment worn around the ears to protect the wrestler, is optional in freestyle. Headgear is omitted at the participant's own risk, as there is the potential to develop cauliflower ear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.041448593139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "A match is a competition between two individual wrestlers of the same weight class. In freestyle wrestling, a jury (or team) of three officials (referees) is used. The referee controls the action in the center, blowing the whistle to start and stop the action, and supervises the scoring of holds and infractions. The judge sits at the side of the mat, keeps score, and occasionally gives his approval when needed by the referee for various decisions. The mat chairman sits at the scoring table, keeps time, is responsible for declaring technical superiority, and supervises the work of the referee and judge. To call a fall, two of the three officials must agree (usually, the referee and either the judge or the mat chairman). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.124497413635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "A wrestler wins the match when he has outscored his opponent at the end of the two three-minute sessions. For example, if one competitor were to score four points in the first session and his opponent two, and then two in the second session, his opponent zero, the competitor would win. Only a fall, injury default, or disqualification terminates the match; all other modes of victory result only in session termination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21536636352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "In freestyle, if no wrestler scores in two minutes, the referee of the match will then identify the more passive wrestler, and that wrestler will be given a thirty-second window of opportunity to score, and if he doesn't, then his opponent will be awarded a point. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317232131958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "When the session (or match) has concluded, the referee stands at the center of the mat facing the officials' table. Both wrestlers then approach each other, shake hands, and stand on either side of the referee to await the decision. The referee then proclaims the winner by raising the winner's hand. At the end of the match, each wrestler then shakes hands with the referee and returns to shake hands with his opponent's coach. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30084228515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Takedown (2 to 5 points): A wrestler is awarded points for a takedown when the wrestler gains control over his opponent on the mat from a neutral position (when the wrestler is on his feet). At least three points of contact have to be controlled on the mat (e.g. two arms and one knee; two knees and one arm or the head; or two arms and the head). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341511726379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(5 points):5 points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a throw of grand amplitude (a throw in which a wrestler brings his opponent off of the mat and controls him so that his feet go directly above his head) either from the standing or par terre position into a direct and immediate danger position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380546569824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(3 points): Generally, three points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a short amplitude throw that does not bring his opponent in a direct and immediate danger position or for a takedown in which a wrestler's opponent is taken from his feet or his stomach to his back or side (a throw of short amplitude) so that he is in the danger position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330114364624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(2 points ):Two points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a wrestler taking his opponent from his feet to his stomach or side such that his back or shoulders are not exposed to the mat and while in this position holding him down with control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367976188659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Reversal (1 point): A wrestler is awarded one point for a reversal when the wrestler gains control over his opponent from a defensive position (when the wrestler is being controlled by his opponent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287471771240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Exposure also called the Danger Position (2 or 3 points): A wrestler is awarded points for exposure when the wrestler exposes his opponent's back to the mat for several seconds. Points for exposure are also awarded if one's back is to the mat but the wrestler is not pinned. Criteria for exposure or the danger position is met when 1) a wrestler's opponent is in a bridge position to avoid being pinned, 2) a wrestler's opponent is on one or both elbows with his back to the mat and avoids getting pinned, 3) a wrestler holds one of his opponent's shoulders to the mat and the other shoulder at an acute angle (less than 90 degrees), 4) a wrestler's opponent is in an \"instantaneous fall\" position (where both of his shoulders are on the mat for less than one second), or 5) the wrestler's opponent rolls on his shoulders. A wrestler in the danger position allows his opponent to score two points. An additional hold-down point may be earned by maintaining the exposure continuously for five seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83660888671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Penalty (1 or 2 points): Under the 2004-2005 changes to the international styles, a wrestler whose opponent takes an injury time-out receives one point unless the injured wrestler is bleeding. Other infractions (e.g. fleeing a hold or the mat, striking the opponent, acting with brutality or intent to injure, using illegal holds, etc.) are penalized by an award of either one or two points, a Caution, and a choice of position to the opponent. A wrestler whose opponent regularly refuses to take an ordered hold is awarded a point. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17796802520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Out-of-Bounds(1 point): Whenever a wrestler places his foot in the protection area, the match is stopped, and one point is awarded to his opponent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227679252624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Passivity (1 point): A point awarded to the attacking wrestler whose opponent flees the hold or refuses to start.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392298698425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Classification points are also awarded in an international wrestling tournament, which give most points to the winner and in some cases, one point to the loser depending on the outcome of the match and how the victory was attained. For example, a victory by fall would give the winner five classification points and the loser no points, while a match won by technical superiority with the loser scoring technical points would award three points to the winner and one point to loser. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335793495178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The full determinations for scoring are found [http://www.fila-wrestling.com/images/documents/lutte/wr230107.pdf on pages 34 to 40 of the FILA International Wrestling Rules].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382938385009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* Win by Fall: The object of the entire wrestling match is to attain victory by what is known as the fall. A fall, also known as a pin, occurs when one wrestler holds both of his opponents' shoulders on the mat simultaneously. In Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, the two shoulders of the defensive wrestler must be held long enough for the referee to \"observe the total control of the fall\" (usually ranging from one half-second to about one or two seconds). Then either the judge or the mat chairman concurs with the referee that a fall is made. (If the referee does not indicate a fall, and the fall is valid, the judge and the mat chairman can concur together and announce the fall.) A fall ends the match entirely regardless of when it occurs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620729446411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by Technical Superiority (Also called Technical Fall): If at any point during the match, a wrestler gains a ten-point lead over his opponent, the wrestler would win the match by technical fall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280674934387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by Decision: If neither wrestler achieves either a fall or technical superiority, the wrestler who scored more points during match is declared the winner. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396751403808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by Default: If one wrestler is unable to continue participating for any reason or fails to show up on the mat after his name was called three times before the match begins, his opponent is declared the winner of the match by default, forfeit, or withdrawal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415630340576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "* Win by Injury: If one wrestler is injured and unable to continue, the other wrestler is declared the winner. This is also referred to as a medical forfeit or injury default. The term also encompasses situations where wrestlers become ill, take too many injury time-outs, or bleed uncontrollably. If a wrestler is injured by his opponent's illegal maneuver and cannot continue, the wrestler at fault is disqualified. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344985008239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by Disqualification: Normally, if a wrestler is assessed three Cautions for breaking the rules, he is disqualified. Under other circumstances, such as flagrant brutality, the match may be ended immediately and the wrestler disqualified and removed from the tournament. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315583229064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In an international wrestling tournament, teams enter one wrestler at each weight class and score points based on the individual performances. For example, if a wrestler at the 60 kg weight class finishes in first place, then his team will receive 10 points. If he were to finish in tenth place, then the team would only receive one. At the end of the tournament, each team's score is tallied, and the team with the most points wins the team competition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320257186889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "A team competition or dual meet is a meeting between (typically two) teams in which individual wrestlers at a given weight class compete against each other. A team receives one point for each victory in a weight class regardless of the outcome. The team that scores the most points at the end of the matches wins the team competition. If there are two sets of competitions with one team winning the home competition and one winning the away competition, a third competition may take place to determine the winner for ranking purposes, or the ranking may take place by assessing in order: 1) the most victories by adding the points of the two matches; 2) the most points by fall, default, forfeit, or disqualification; 3) the most matches won by technical superiority; 4) the most periods won by technical superiority; 5) the most technical points won in all the competition; 6) the least technical points won in all the competition. This works similarly when more than two teams are involved in this predicament. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160057067871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "At the collegiate, world, and Olympic levels, women wrestle freestyle. During competition the wrestlers will either wear a red singlet or blue singlet depending on where they are placed in the bracket. All female competitors are required to wear a women’s cut singlet with proper fitting to minimize any distracting incidents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.030295372009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The United States is still behind Canada with regard to the acceptance of Women’s Wrestling. The USA struggles with implementing high school teams for girls. As a result, many high school girls participate on the boys' team where they wrestle American Freestyle. However, the United States has made strides amongst universities boasting 14 schools registered on the Women’s Collegiate Wrestling Association website offering opportunities to continue wrestling while getting an education. Gator Wrestling Club, Titan Mercury Wrestling Club, New York Athletic Club, Army World Class Athlete Program, Sunkist Kids, and the Pennsylvania Wrestling Club are domestic sponsors that support many of the nations top girls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854326248168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In addition to colleges and universities, there are programs like the Beat the Streets-[http://www.nycwomenswrestling.com Girls Wrestling Program]. This organization is highly successful at targeting inner city kids and introducing them to the world of wrestling at no cost. Other notable organizations include [http://www.chickwrestler.com Chick Wrestler], which was created in January 2012 to market and promote women’s wrestling at the Olympic Level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339439392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Women’s wrestling made its Olympic Debut in Athens 2004. Typically the females have 7 weight classes (48 kg, 51 kg, 55 kg, 59 kg, 63 kg, 67 kg, 72 kg) that compete in a World Championships. Though, during the Olympic year, the weights are reduced to only 4 (48 kg, 55 kg, 63 kg, and 72 kg). Only one representative from each weight class is permitted to enter Olympic Competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.423355102539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freestyle wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Many others in the 18th and 20th centuries sought to add value to their contemporary athletic practices by finding some connections with ancient counterparts. The 18th century work Gymnastics for Youth by Johann Friedrich Guts Muths described a form of schoolboy wrestling called \"orthopale\" (used by Plato to describe the standing part of wrestling) that did not mention any lower-body holds. Real ancient wrestling was quite different; see Greek wrestling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65982437133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "the efforts of William Muldoon (a successful New York barroom freestyle wrestler who served in the Franco-Prussian War and learned the style in France) to promote it in the United States after the Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06434440612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "William Muldoon's bout with Clarence Whistler at the Terrace Garden Theater in New York lasted eight hours before ending in a draw. Even in the 1912 Olympics, a match between Anders Ahlgren of Sweden and Ivar Boehling of Finland lasted for nine hours before a draw was called and both wrestlers awarded the silver medal. The International Amateur Wrestling Federation (IAWF) took over the regulation of Greco-Roman wrestling in 1921. Since then matches have been dramatically cut short, and today all movements that put the life or limb of the wrestler in jeopardy are forbidden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.816278457641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": " Schoolboys (young men ages 14–15; or age 13 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 29 to 85 kg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178152084350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "A typical international wrestling tournament takes place by direct elimination with an ideal number of wrestlers (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc.) in each weight class and age category competing for placement. The competition in each weight class takes place in one day. The day before the wrestling in a scheduled weight class and age category takes place, all the applicable wrestlers are examined by a physician and weighed-in. Each wrestler after being weighed on the scale then draws a token randomly that gives a certain number. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991410255432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "If an ideal number is not reached to begin elimination rounds, a qualification round will take place to eliminate the excess number of wrestlers. For example, 22 wrestlers may weigh-in over the ideal number of 16 wrestlers. The six wrestlers who drew the highest numbers after 16 and the six wrestlers who drew the six numbers immediately before 17 would then wrestle in six matches in the qualification round. The winners of those matches would then go on to the elimination round. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335848808288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In the elimination round, the ideal number of wrestlers then pair off and compete in matches until two victors emerge who will compete in the finals for first and second place. All of the wrestlers who lost to the two finals then have the chance to wrestle in a repechage round. The repechage round begins with the wrestlers who lost to the two finalists at the lowest level of competition in the elimination round. The matches are paired off by the wrestlers who lost to one finalist and the wrestlers who lost to the other. The two wrestlers who win after every level of competition are the victors of the repechage round. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20351505279541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "In all rounds of the tournament, the wrestlers compete in matches paired off in the order of the numbers they drew after the weigh-in. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713579177856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "After the finals match, the awards ceremony will take place. The first place and second place wrestlers will receive a gold and silver medal, respectively. (At the FILA World Championships, the first place wrestler will receive the World Championship Belt.) The two repechage round winners will each be awarded third place with a bronze medal. The two wrestlers who lost in the finals for the third place are awarded fifth place. From seventh place down, the wrestlers are ranked according to the classification points earned for their victories or losses. If there is a tie among wrestlers for classification points, the ranking is determined in this order from the highest to the lowest:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278969764709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Wrestlers who remained tied after that will be awarded placements \"ex aequo.\" Wrestlers classified from the fifth to the 10th place will receive a special diploma. The wrestling tournaments in the Olympic Games and the Senior and Junior World Championships are designed to take place over three days on three mats. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133207321166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The match takes place on a thick rubber mat that is shock-absorbing to ensure safety. For the Olympic Games, all World Championships, and World Cups, the mat has to be new. The main wrestling area has a nine-meter diameter and is surrounded by a 1.5 meter border of the same thickness known as the protection area. Inside the nine meter in diameter circle is a red band of one meter in width that is on the outer edge of the circle and is known as the red zone. The red zone is used to help indicate passivity on the part of a wrestler; thus, it is also known as the passivity zone. Inside the red zone is the central wrestling area which is seven meters in diameter. In the middle of the central wrestling area is the central circle, which is one meter in diameter. The central circle is surrounded by a band 10 centimeters wide and is divided in half by a red line eight centimeters in width. The diagonally opposite corners of the mat are marked with the wrestlers' colors, red and blue. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.510482788085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* A singlet is a one-piece wrestling garment made of spandex that should provide a tight and comfortable fit for the wrestler. It is made from nylon or lycra and prevents an opponent from using anything on the wrestler as leverage. One wrestler usually competes in a red singlet and the other in a blue singlet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938604354858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "* A special pair of shoes is worn by the wrestler to increase his mobility and flexibility. Wrestling shoes are light and flexible in order to provide maximum comfort and movement. Usually made with rubber soles, they help give the wrestler's feet a better grip on the mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951260566711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* A handkerchief, also called a bloodrag is carried in the singlet. In the event of bleeding, the wrestler will remove the cloth from his singlet and attempt to stop the bleeding or clean up any bodily fluids that may have gotten onto the mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187525749206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "*Headgear, equipment worn around the ears to protect the wrestler, is optional in Greco-Roman. Headgear is omitted at the participant's own risk, as there is the potential to develop cauliflower ear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.172403812408447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "A match is a competition between two individual wrestlers of the same weight class. In Greco-Roman wrestling, a jury (or team) of three officials (referees) is used. The referee controls the action in the center, blowing the whistle to start and stop the action, and supervises the scoring of holds and infractions. The judge sits at the side of the mat, keeps score, and occasionally gives his approval when needed by the referee for various decisions. The mat chairman sits at the scoring table, keeps time, is responsible for declaring technical superiority, and supervises the work of the referee and judge. To call a fall, two of the three officials must agree (usually, the referee and either the judge or the mat chairman). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.567793846130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "A wrestler wins the match when he has won two out of three periods. For example, if one competitor were to win the first period 1-0 and the second period 1-0, the match would be over. However, if the other competitor were to win the second period, then a third and deciding period would result. Only a fall, injury default, or disqualification terminates the match; all other modes of victory result only in period termination. One side effect of this format is that it is possible for the losing wrestler to outscore the winner. For example, periods may be scored 3-2, 0-4, 1-0, leading to a total score of 4-6 but a win for the wrestler scoring fewer points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237719535827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "As of 2005, each Greco-Roman period is broken up into a phase for wrestling from the neutral position and a maximum of two par terre (ground wrestling) phases. During the wrestling phase from the neutral position, both wrestlers compete for takedowns and points for 60 seconds as usual. At the end of the first minute, in general, the wrestler who has scored the most points will receive the advantage in an Olympic lift from an open par terre position on the other wrestler. This position is known as The Clinch. If neither wrestler at this point has any points, the referee will toss a colored disk, with a red-colored side and a blue-colored side. The wrestler who won the colored disk toss will receive the advantage in the Olympic lift.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9838361740112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "The wrestler who lost the colored disk toss then places his hands and knees in the center circle, with the hands and knees at least 20 centimeters apart and the distance between the hands a maximum of 30 centimeters. The arms of that wrestler would be stretched out, the feet would not be crossed, and the thighs would be stretched out forming a 90 degree angle with the mat. The wrestler who won the colored disk toss would then be allowed to step beside the wrestler on the bottom, not touching him with his legs. If the wrestler who won the colored disk toss wished, he could place one knee on the mat. The top wrestler would then wrap his hands and arms around the bottom wrestler's waist and execute the Olympic lift (called an upside-down belt hold) at the beginning of the first 30 seconds. The bottom wrestler could then attempt to defend himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93233585357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "At the end of first thirty seconds, the clinch position is reversed with the other wrestler receiving the Olympic lift, and the period continuing for the remaining 30 seconds. The period is decided by who accumulated the most points during both standing and ground phases. During each ground phase, if the top wrestler cannot score, the other wrestler is awarded one point. In the case of no scoring moves being executed during either ground phase the score will be 1-1, and in this case generally the wrestler to score last will be awarded the period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262919425964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "When the period (or match) has concluded, the referee stands at the center of the mat facing the officials' table. Both wrestlers then come, shake hands, and stand on either side of the referee to await the decision. The referee then proclaims the winner by raising the winner's hand. At the end of the match, each wrestler then shakes hands with the referee and returns to shake hands with his opponent's coach. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292961120605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Takedown (1 to 5 points): A wrestler is awarded points for a takedown when the wrestler gains control over his opponent on the mat from a neutral position (when the wrestler is on his feet). At least three points of contact have to be controlled on the mat (e.g. two arms and one knee; two knees and one arm or the head; or two arms and the head).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34521770477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(5 points) - Five points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a throw of grand amplitude (a throw in which a wrestler brings his opponent off of the mat and controls him so that his feet go directly above his head) either from the standing or par terre position into a direct and immediate danger position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372605323791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(3 points) - Generally, three points are awarded for a takedown brought about by a grand amplitude throw that does not bring his opponent in a direct and immediate danger position or for a takedown in which a wrestler's opponent is taken from his feet or his stomach to his back or side (a throw of short amplitude) so that he is in the danger position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322701454162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": ":(1 point) - One point is awarded for a takedown brought about by a wrestler taking his opponent from his feet to his stomach or side such that his back or shoulders are not exposed to the mat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27369499206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Reversal (1 point): A wrestler is awarded one point for a reversal when the wrestler gains control over his opponent from a defensive position (when the wrestler is being controlled by his opponent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287471771240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Exposure also called the Danger Position (2 or 3 points): A wrestler is awarded points for exposure when the wrestler exposes his opponent's back to the mat for several seconds. Points for exposure are also awarded if a wrestler's back is to the mat but the wrestler is not pinned. Criteria for exposure or the danger position is met when 1) a wrestler's opponent is in a bridge position to avoid being pinned, 2) a wrestler's opponent is on one or both elbows with his back to the mat and avoids getting pinned, 3) a wrestler holds one of his opponent's shoulders to the mat and the other shoulder at an acute angle (less than 90 degrees), 4) a wrestler's opponent is in an \"instantaneous fall\" position (where both of his shoulders are on the mat for less than one second), or 5) the wrestler's opponent rolls on his shoulders. A wrestler in the danger position allows his opponent to score two points. An additional hold-down point may be earned by maintaining the exposure continuously for five seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826433181762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Penalty (1 or 2 points): Under the 2004–2005 changes to the international styles, a wrestler whose opponent takes an injury time-out receives one point unless the injured wrestler is bleeding. Other infractions (e.g. fleeing a hold or the mat, striking the opponent, acting with brutality or intent to injure, using illegal holds, etc.) are penalized by an award of either one or two points, a Caution, and a choice of position to the opponent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144675254821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Out-of-Bounds (1 point): Whenever a wrestler places his foot in the protection area, the match is stopped, and one point is awarded to his opponent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227679252624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "Classification points are also awarded in an international wrestling tournament, which give most points to the winner and in some cases, one point to the loser depending on the outcome of the match and how the victory was attained. For example, a victory by fall would give the winner five classification points and the loser no points, while a match won by technical superiority with the loser scoring technical points would award three points to the winner and one point to loser. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335793495178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "The full determinations for scoring are found [http://www.fila-wrestling.com/images/documents/lutte/wr230107.pdf on pages 34 to 40 of the FILA International Wrestling Rules].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382938385009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by technical superiority (Also called Technical Fall): If a fall is not secured to end the match, a wrestler can win a period simply by points. If one wrestler gains a six-point lead over his opponent at any time in the period, scores a five-point throw (a throw where the person's feet go directly above his head, also called a throw of grand amplitude), or scores two three point takedowns (taking an opponent from his feet to his back or sides so that there is shoulder exposure), the current period is declared over and he is declared the winner of that period by technical superiority. If a wrestler wins two out of three periods in this way, he is then the winner of the match by technical superiority. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241080284118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by decision: If neither wrestler achieves either a fall or technical superiority, the wrestler who scored more points during the period is declared the winner of that period. If the score is tied at 1-1 at the end of both standing and ground phases, the winner is determined by certain criteria. First, the number of cautions given to each wrestler for penalties; next, the value of points gained (that is, whether a wrestler gained points based on a one-, two-, or three-point move); and finally, the last scored technical point are taken into account to determine the winner of the period. Generally, the wrestler who scored the last technical point will be awarded the period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274968147277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by default: If one wrestler is unable to continue participating for any reason or fails to show up on the mat after his name was called three times before the match begins, his opponent is declared the winner of the match by default, forfeit, or withdrawal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415630340576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "* Win by injury: If one wrestler is injured and unable to continue, the other wrestler is declared the winner. This is also referred to as a medical forfeit or injury default. The term also encompasses situations where wrestlers become ill, take too many injury time-outs, or bleed uncontrollably. If a wrestler is injured by his opponent's illegal maneuver and cannot continue, the wrestler at fault is disqualified. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344985008239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestle", "passage": "* Win by disqualification: Normally, if a wrestler is assessed three cautions for breaking the rules, he is disqualified. Under other circumstances, such as flagrant brutality, the match may be ended immediately and the wrestler disqualified and removed from the tournament. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315583229064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestling", "passage": "In an international wrestling tournament, teams enter one wrestler at each weight class and score points based on the individual performances. For example, if a wrestler at the 60 kg weight class finishes in first place, then his team will receive 10 points. If he were to finish in tenth place, then the team would only receive one. At the end of the tournament, each team's score is tallied, and the teams are then placed first, second, third, etc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294245719909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" }, { "answer": "Wrestlers", "passage": "A team competition or dual meet is a meeting between (typically two) teams in which individual wrestlers at a given weight class compete against each other. A team receives one point for each victory in a weight class regardless of the outcome. The team that scores the most points at the end of the matches wins the team competition. If there are two sets of competitions with one team winning the home competition and one winning the away competition, a third competition may take place to determine the winner for ranking purposes, or the ranking may take place by assessing in order: 1) the most victories by adding the points of the two matches; 2) the most points by fall, default, forfeit, or disqualification; 3) the most matches won by technical superiority; 4) the most periods won by technical superiority; 5) the most technical points won in all the competition; 6) the least technical points won in all the competition. This works similarly when more than two teams are involved in this predicament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160057067871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling" } ]

[ { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Egg white is the common name for the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around fertilized or unfertilized egg yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo (when fertilized).", "precise_score": 6.886465549468994, "rough_score": 6.415812969207764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Egg white consists primarily of about 90% water into which is dissolved 10% proteins (including albumins, mucoproteins, and globulins). Unlike the yolk, which is high in lipids (fats), egg white contains almost no fat, and carbohydrate content is less than 1%. Egg whites contain just over 50% of the protein in the egg. Egg white has many uses in food (e.g. mousse) and also many other uses (e.g. in the preparation of vaccines such as those for influenza).", "precise_score": -8.467936515808105, "rough_score": -6.272284984588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Conalbumin/Ovotransferrin is a glycoprotein which has the capacity to bind the bi- and trivalent metal cations into complex and is more heat sensitive than ovalbumin. At its isoelectric pH (6.5) it can bind two cations and assume a red or yellow color. These metal complexes are more heat stable than the native state. Ovomucoid is the major allergen from egg white and is a heat resistant glycoprotein found to be a trypsin inhibitor. Lysozyme is a holoprotein which can lyse the wall of certain gram positive bacteria and is found at high levels in the chalaziferous layer and the chalazae which anchor the yolk towards the middle of the egg. Ovomucin is a glycoprotein which may contribute to the gel-like structure of thick albumen. The amount of ovomucin in the thick albumen is four times greater than in the thin albumen. ", "precise_score": -8.92233657836914, "rough_score": -7.299776554107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Egg white makes up around two-thirds of a chicken egg by weight. Water constitutes 92% of this, with protein, trace minerals, fatty material, vitamins, and glucose contributing the remaining 8%. A raw U.S. large egg contains around 33 grams of egg white with 3.6 grams of protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains approximately 148 different proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.304277420043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Ovoglobulin G2", "passage": "* 4%Ovoglobulin G2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490398406982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Albumen", "passage": "Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein. During storage ovalbumin converts into s-ovalbumin (5% of the time of laying) can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denatured temperature is around 84 °Celsius, but can be easily denatured by physical stresses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.078070640563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "The physical stress of beating egg whites can create a foam. Two types of physical stress are caused by beating them with a whisk, the first of which occurs as the whisk drags the liquid through itself, creating a force that unfolds the protein molecules. This process is called denaturation. The second stress comes from the mixing of air into the whites, which causes the proteins to come out of their natural state. These denatured proteins gather together where the air and water meet and create multiple bonds with the other unraveled proteins, and thus become a foam, holding the incorporated air in place. This is because the proteins consist of amino acids; some are hydrophilic (attracted to water) and some are hydrophobic (repelled by water). This process is called coagulation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92475414276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "When beating egg whites, they are classified in three stages according to the peaks they form when the beater is lifted: soft, firm, and stiff peaks. Overbeaten eggs take on a dry appearance, and will eventually collapse. Egg whites will not beat up correctly if they are exposed to any form of fat, such as cooking oils or the fats contained in egg yolk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.843247413635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Copper bowls have been used in France since the eighteenth century to stabilize egg foams. The copper in the bowl assists in creating a tighter bond in reactive sulfur items such as egg whites. The bond created is so tight that the sulfurs are prevented from reacting with any other material. A silver-plated bowl will have the same result as the copper bowl as will a pinch of powdered copper supplement from a health store used in a glass bowl. Drawbacks of the copper bowl include the expense of the bowl itself, as well as the fact that the bowls are difficult to keep clean. Copper contamination from the bowl is minimal, as a cup of foam will contain a tenth of one's daily normal intake level. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980777740478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Although egg whites are prized as a source of low-fat, high-protein nutrition, a small number of people cannot eat them. Egg allergy is more common among infants than adults, and most children will outgrow it by the age of five. Allergic reactions against egg white are more common than reactions against egg yolks. In addition to true allergic reactions, some people experience a food intolerance to egg whites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.720788955688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Eggs are susceptible to Salmonella contamination. Thorough cooking eliminates the direct threat (i.e. cooked egg whites that are solid and not runny), but the threat of cross-contamination remains if people handle contaminated eggs and then touch other foods or items in the kitchen, thus spreading the bacteria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74688720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "Egg white is a fining agent that can be used in the clarification and stabilization of wine. Whites can also be added to shaken cocktails to create a delicate froth. Some protein powders also use egg whites as a primary source of protein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699440002441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" }, { "answer": "Egg white", "passage": "In the 1750s, egg whites were believed to prevent swelling, and were used for that purpose. To help soothe areas of skin that were afflicted, egg white mixed with Armenic bole could help restore the fibers. Egg whites were also used in the bookbinding process, to attach the gold to a bound spine, known as glairing, and also to give a book cover shine.Vandenesse, Urbain de. \"Egg White.\" The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Abigail Wendler Bainbridge. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2011. Web. Accessed 31 March 2015. . Trans. of \"Blanc d'oeuf,\" Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 2. Paris, 1752.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.511336326599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Egg white" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nintendo of America", "passage": "On April 27, 2016, Nintendo of America issued a press release stating it would sell most shares it held of Seattle Mariners ownership to First Avenue Entertainment limited partnership. Nintendo will retain a 10% ownership of the team once the sale is ratified by Major League Baseball and completed in August 2016. ", "precise_score": -0.38841894268989563, "rough_score": -8.66156005859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Mariners" } ]

[ { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas) or shoulder blade is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones the scapulae are paired, with the scapula on the left side of the body being roughly a mirror image of the right scapula. In early Roman times, people thought the bone resembled a trowel, a small shovel. The shoulder blade is also called omo in Latin medical terminology.", "precise_score": 6.096690654754639, "rough_score": 4.341465950012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The name scapula as synonym of shoulder blade is of Latin origin. It is commonly used in medical English and is part of the current official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica. In classical Latin scapula is only used in its plural scapulae. Although some sources mention that scapulae is used to refer during Roman antiquity to the shoulders or to the shoulder blades, others persist in that the Romans used scapulae only to refer to the back, in contrast to the pectus, the Latin name for breast or chest.", "precise_score": 7.009355068206787, "rough_score": 7.298461437225342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus that lived during the beginning of the era, also used scapulae to refer to the back. He used os latum scapularum to refer to the shoulder blade. This expressions can be translated as broad (Latin: latum) bone (Latin: os) of the back (Latin: scapularum). A similar expression in ancient Greek can be seen in the writings of the Greek philosopher Aristoteles and in the writings of the Greek physician Galen. They both use the name ὠμοπλάτη to refer to the shoulder blade. This compound consists of ancient Greek ὦμος, shoulder and πλάτη, blade or flat or broad object. Πλάτη in its plural πλάται without ὦμο- was also used in ancient Greek to refer to the shoulder blades. In anatomic Latin, ὠμοπλάτη is Latinized as omoplata. ", "precise_score": 3.449342966079712, "rough_score": 3.5145044326782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The Latin word umerus is related to ὦμος. The Romans referred with umerus to what is now commonly known in English as the humerus or the upper bone of the arm, the clavicle or the collarbone and the scapula or the shoulder blade. The spelling humerus is actually incorrect in classical Latin. Those three bones were referred to as the ossa (Latin: bones) umeri (Latin: of the umerus). Umerus was also used to refer specifically to the shoulder. This mirrors the use of ὦμος in ancient Greek as that could refer to the shoulder with the upper arm or to the shoulder alone. Since Celsus, the os umeri could refer specifically to the upper bone of the arm. The 16th century antomists Andreas Vesalius used humerus to refer to the clavicle. Besides the aforementioned os latum scapularum, Celsus used os latum umeri to refer to the shoulder blade. Similarly, Laurentius used the expression latitudo umeri (Latitudo ", "precise_score": 0.03955976292490959, "rough_score": 0.6848263144493103, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Shoulder blade", "passage": " breadth, width ) to refer to the shoulder blade.", "precise_score": -0.01710566319525242, "rough_score": 3.2097723484039307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Shoulder blade", "passage": "The Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus (5th century) used pala to refer to the shoulder blade. The name pala is normally used to refer to a spade in Latin and was therefore probably used by Caelius Aurelianus to describe the shoulder blade, as both exhibit a flat curvature.", "precise_score": 6.582087993621826, "rough_score": 7.03433895111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "During the Middle Ages spathula was used to refer to the shoulder blade. Spathula is a diminutive of spatha, with the latter originally meaning broad, two-edged sword without a point, broad, flat, wooden instrument for stirring any liquid, a spattle, spatula or spathe of the palm tree and its diminutive used in classical and late Latin for referring to a leg of pork or a little palmbranch. The English word spatula is actually derived from Latin spatula, an orthographic variant of spathula. Oddly enough, classical Latin non-diminutive spatha can be translated as English spatula, while its Latin diminutive spatula is not translated as English spatula. Latin spatha is derived from ancient Greek σπάθη. Therefore, the form spathula is more akin to its origin than spatula. Ancient Greek σπάθη has a similar meaning as Latin spatha, as any broad blade, and can also refer to a spatula or to the broad blade of a sword., but also to the blade of an oar. The aforementioned πλάται for shoulder blades was also used for blades of an oar. Concordantly σπάθη was also used to refer to the shoulder blade. Interestingly, the English word spade, as well as the Dutch equivalent spade is cognate with σπάθη. Please notice, that the aforementioned term pala as applied by Roman physician Caelius Aurelianus, also means spade. Pala is probably related to the Latin verb pandere, to spread out, and to extend. This verb is thought to be derived from an earlier form spandere, with the root spa-. Σπάθη is actually derived from the similar root spē(i), that means to extend. It seems that os latum scapularum, ὠμοπλάτη, πλάται, pala, spathula and σπάθη all refer to the same aspect of the shoulder blade, i.e. being a flat, broad blade, with the latter three words etymological related to each other.", "precise_score": -1.269759178161621, "rough_score": -0.13361717760562897, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "After the Middle Ages, the name scapula for shoulder blade became dominant. The word scapula can etymologically be explained by its relatedness to ancient Greek verb σκάπτειν, to dig. This relatedness give rise to several possible explanations. First, the noun σκάπετος, trench derived from this verb, and the to scapula related noun σκαφη, similarly derived from the aforementioned verb, might connect scapula to the notion of (con)cavity. The name scapula might be related that due to existence of the spine of the scapula a concavity exist in the scapula. Otherwise, the designation scapulae is also seen as synonym of ancient Greek συνωμία, the space between the shoulder blades, that is obviously concave. Συνωμία consists of σύν, together with, and ὦμος, shoulder. Second, scapula, due to its relatedness to σκάπτειν might originally meant shovel. Similarly to the resemblance between the Latin pala (spade) and the shoulder blade, a resemblance might be felt between the shape of a shovel and the shoulder blade. Alternatively, the shoulder blade might be used originally for digging and shoveling.", "precise_score": 1.5304241180419922, "rough_score": 3.01196026802063, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Shoulder blade", "passage": "Shoulder blade ", "precise_score": -0.22763757407665253, "rough_score": 6.373805522918701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Shoulder blade", "passage": "Shoulder blade is derived from shoulder and blade. Shoulder is cognate to German and Dutch equivalents Schulter and schouder. There are a few etymological explanations for shoulder. The first supposes that shoulder can be literally translated as that which shields or protects, as its possibly related to Icelandic skioldr, shield and skyla, to cover, to defend. The second explanation relates shoulder to ancient Greek σκέλος, leg. The latter spots the possible root skel-, meaning to bend, to curve. The third explanation links the root skel- to to cleave. This meaning could refer to the shape of the shoulder blade.", "precise_score": 2.8190102577209473, "rough_score": 4.138419151306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the glenoid. The scapula serves as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles.", "precise_score": -3.4010989665985107, "rough_score": -3.1090633869171143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The scapula forms the back of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.232074737548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "It is a wide, flat bone lying on the thoracic wall that provides an attachment for three different groups of muscles. The intrinsic muscles of the scapula include the muscles of the rotator cuff- the subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus. These muscles attach to the surface of the scapula and are responsible for the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint, along with humeral abduction. The extrinsic muscles include the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscles and attach to the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and spine of the scapula. These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles and attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.852887153625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The front of the scapula (also known as the costal or ventral surface) has a broad concavity called the subscapular fossa, to which the subscapularis muscle attaches. The medial two-thirds of the fossa have several oblique ridges, which run outward and upward. The ridges give attachment to the tendinous insertions, and the surfaces between them to the fleshy fibers, of the subscapularis muscle. The lateral third of the fossa is smooth and covered by the fibers of this muscle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98121452331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "At the upper part of the fossa is a transverse depression, where the bone appears to be bent on itself along a line at right angles to and passing through the center of the glenoid cavity, forming a considerable angle, called the subscapular angle; this gives greater strength to the body of the bone by its arched form, while the summit of the arch serves to support the spine and acromion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159749031066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The costal surface superior of the scapula is the origin of 1st digitation for the serratus anterior origin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445734977722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The back of the scapula (also called the dorsal or posterior surface) is arched from above downward, and is subdivided into two unequal parts by the spine of the scapula. The portion above the spine is called the supraspinous fossa, and that below it the infraspinous fossa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94217586517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Axillary border", "passage": "* The infraspinous fossa is much larger than the preceding; toward its vertebral margin a shallow concavity is seen at its upper part; its center presents a prominent convexity, while near the axillary border is a deep groove which runs from the upper toward the lower part. The medial two-thirds of the fossa give origin to the Infraspinatus; the lateral third is covered by this muscle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259239196777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "There is a ridge on the outer part of the back of the scapula. This runs from the lower part of the glenoid cavity, downward and backward to the vertebral border, about 2.5 cm above the inferior angle. Attached to the ridge is a fibrous septum, which separates the infraspinatus muscle from the Teres major and Teres minor muscles. The upper two-thirds of the surface between the ridge and the axillary border is narrow, and is crossed near its center by a groove for the scapular circumflex vessels; the Teres minor attaches here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11994743347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Axillary border", "passage": "The broad and narrow portions above alluded to are separated by an oblique line, which runs from the axillary border, downward and backward, to meet the elevated ridge: to it is attached a fibrous septum which separates the Teres muscles from each other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286974906921387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Its lower third presents a broader, somewhat triangular surface, the Inferior angle of the scapula, which gives origin to the Teres major, and over which the Latissimus dorsi glides; frequently the latter muscle takes origin by a few fibers from this part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294245719909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "There are three borders of the scapula:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512910842895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": ":At its lateral part is a deep, semicircular notch, the scapular notch, formed partly by the base of the coracoid process. :This notch is converted into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular ligament, and serves for the passage of the suprascapular nerve; sometimes the ligament is ossified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286861419677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Superior border of left scapula01.png|Costal surface of left scapula. Superior border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.545726776123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Superior border of left scapula - animation01.gif|Left scapula. Superior border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553746223449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Superior border of scapula - animation02.gif|Animation. Superior border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522828102111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Axillary border", "passage": "* The axillary border (or \"lateral border\") is the thickest of the three. It begins above at the lower margin of the glenoid cavity, and inclines obliquely downward and backward to the inferior angle. It is referred to as the caudal border in animals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16043472290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": ":Immediately below the glenoid cavity is a rough impression, the infraglenoid tuberosity, about . in length, which gives origin to the long head of the triceps brachii; in front of this is a longitudinal groove, which extends as far as the lower third of this border, and affords origin to part of the subscapularis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28341007232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": ":The inferior third is thin and sharp, and serves for the attachment of a few fibers of the Teres major behind, and of the Subscapularis in front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24134349822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Lateral border of left scapula01.png|Dorsal surface of left scapula. Lateral border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535348892211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Lateral border of left scapula - animation.gif|Left scapula. Lateral border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.538603782653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "File:Lateral border of scapula - animation.gif|Animation. Lateral border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536123275756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": ":Four muscles attach to the medial border. Serratus anterior has a long attachment on the anterior lip. Three muscles insert along the posterior lip, the levator scapulae (uppermost), rhomboid minor (middle), and to the rhomboid major (lower middle).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303884506225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": " File:Medial boder of left scapula - animation.gif|Left scapula. Medial border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508946418762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": " File:Medial boder of scapula - animation.gif|Animation. Medial border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48661994934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": " File:Medial border of scapula01.png|Still image. Medial border shown in red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525249481201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": " File:Levator scapulae.png|Levator scapulae muscle (red)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350546836853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The scapula is ossified from 7 or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone forming, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth. After birth, the cartilaginous components would undergo endochondral ossification. The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondral ossification. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96364688873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous. From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283982276916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The following muscles attach to the scapula:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457003593444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Movements of the scapula are brought about by scapular muscles:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446954727172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Because of its sturdy structure and protected location, fractures of the scapula are uncommon. When they do occur, they are an indication that severe chest trauma has occurred. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410201072692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "A winged scapula is a condition in which the sides of the scapula nearest the spine is positioned outward and backward. The appearance of the upper back is said to be wing-like. In addition, any condition causing weakness of the serratus anterior muscle may cause scapular \"winging\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0418062210083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "The scapula plays an important role in shoulder impingement syndrome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.602463722229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Abnormal scapular function is called scapular dyskinesis. One action the scapula performs during a throwing or serving motion is elevation of the acromion process in order to avoid impingement of the rotator cuff tendons. If the scapula fails to properly elevate the acromion, impingement may occur during the cocking and acceleration phase of an overhead activity. The two muscles most commonly inhibited during this first part of an overhead motion are the serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. These two muscles act as a force couple within the glenohumeral joint to properly elevate the acromion process, and if a muscle imbalance exists, shoulder impingement may develop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.177207946777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Scapula/Scapulae ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405617713928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Os latum scapularum and related ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43515682220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "Scapula after the middle ages ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529928207397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "In fish, the scapular blade is a structure attached to the upper surface of the articulation of the pectoral fin, and is accompanied by a similar coracoid plate on the lower surface. Although sturdy in cartilagenous fish, both plates are generally small in most other fish, and may be partially cartilagenous, or consist of multiple bony elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.259363174438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "In the early tetrapods, these two structures respectively became the scapula and a bone referred to as the procoracoid (commonly called simply the \"coracoid\", but not homologous with the mammalian structure of that name). In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb. In such animals, the scapula is usually a relatively simple plate, lacking the projections and spine that it possesses in mammals. However, the detailed structure of these bones varies considerably in living groups. For example, in frogs, the procoracoid bones may be braced together at the animal's underside to absorb the shock of landing, while in turtles, the combined structure forms a Y-shape in order to allow the scapula to retain a connection to the clavicle (which is part of the shell). In birds, the procoracoids help to brace the wing against the top of the sternum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849695205688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" }, { "answer": "Scapula", "passage": "In the fossil therapsids, a third bone, the true coracoid, formed just behind the procoracoid. The resulting three-boned structure is still seen in modern monotremes, but in all other living mammals, the procoracoid has disappeared, and the coracoid bone has fused with the scapula, to become the coracoid process. These changes are associated with the upright gait of mammals, compared with the more sprawling limb arrangement of reptiles and amphibians; the muscles formerly attached to the procoracoid are no longer required. The altered musculature is also responsible for the alteration in the shape of the rest of the scapula; the forward margin of the original bone became the spine and acromion, from which the main shelf of the shoulder blade arises as a new structure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389074325561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scapula" } ]

[ { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Jared Scot Fogle (born August 23, 1977), also known as \"the Subway Guy\", is an American former spokesman for Subway restaurants and actor. After his significant weight loss attributed to eating Subway sandwiches, Fogle was made a spokesperson for the company's advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015. ", "precise_score": 6.594919681549072, "rough_score": 6.7893967628479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Fogle changed his eating habits upon the switch to eating at Subway by eating smaller portions that were free of high calorie condiments such as mayonnaise. While following this diet, he lost over 200 pounds. A Chicago-area Subway franchisee took Fogle's story to Subway's Chicago-based advertising agency.", "precise_score": 3.5413033962249756, "rough_score": 0.5887435078620911, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "As a test, the company ran a regional television advertising campaign. The first ad aired on January 1, 2000, introducing Fogle and his story with the following disclaimer: \"The Subway diet, combined with a lot of walking, worked for Jared. We're not saying this is for everyone. You should check with your doctor before starting any diet program. But it worked for Jared.\" ", "precise_score": 1.072412371635437, "rough_score": -1.909119725227356, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Because the introductory test-ads were a success, Fogle subsequently appeared in more television commercials as well as sponsored in-store appearances throughout the United States. He gave talks on the benefits of fitness and healthy eating.[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/02/48hours/main603484.shtml \"The Subway Diet: Jared Fogle Becomes A Celebrity By Losing Weight\"]. 48 Hours. CBS, September 3, 2004, Retrieved February 18, 2008. ", "precise_score": 1.6542876958847046, "rough_score": 2.754373073577881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Subway campaign", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403443336486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "In February 2008, a Subway campaign called \"Tour de Pants\" celebrated Fogle maintaining his weight loss for a decade. As part of the campaign, Fogle made an announcement that he would retire his pair of 62 in pants to a museum at the end of the advertising tour.York, Emily Bryson (February 18, 2008). [http://adage.com/article?article_id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.691784381866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "125142 \"Subway Can't Stop Jonesing for Jared\"]. Advertising Age. Retrieved February 18, 2008. Beginning in 2008, Fogle's presence in Subway advertisements decreased due to the company placing a new emphasis on its \"$5 Footlong\" promotion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.269260883331299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Fogle's role in Subway afforded him some other opportunities, such as appearances in WWE in 2009 and 2011.[http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-15/results Raw results: California scheming] (with [http://www.wwe.com/videos/raw-the-miz-proclaims-his-passion-for-championships-and-oven-baked-sandwiches-25030467 video]) by James Wortman 15 August 2011 (retrieved [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926015519/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-15/results 26 September 2011]): The Miz might have a distaste for most things, but he evidently loves to “eat fresh.” Taking aim at Subway’s weight-loss wunderkind Jared Fogle, who was sitting in the front row, The Awesome One remarked that he could be a better spokesperson[http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-22/miz-truth-conspiracy-victims “C-O-N-spiracy” victims assemble!] 25 August 2011 by James Wortman (retrieved [http://web.archive.org/web/20140702183248/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-22/miz-truth-conspiracy-victims 2 July 2014]): Truth’s strong belief in a so-called “C-O-N-spiracy” against him has ensnared The Cleveland Screamer, who has gone from successfully defending the WWE Championship at WrestleMania to waging fruitless wars of words with Subway spokesman Jared Fogle on Raw. By 2013, Fogle had filmed more than 300 commercials and continued to make appearances and speeches for the company. Subway attributed one third to one half of its growth in sales to Fogle, with revenue having tripled from 1998 to 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.30369234085083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Fogle has also made appearances in the Sharknado film series, appearing in Sharknado 2: The Second One; he also planned to appear in Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!. His cameo appearance was cut off a week before the premiere, when he was arrested. Both Subway and Fogle agreed this was the best thing to do. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.396469116210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "In January 2010, People magazine reported that Fogle had gained 40 pounds and planned to lose weight by way of his Subway weight loss program for his upcoming wedding. Fogle and McLaughlin married in August 2010 and had two children together, a son and a daughter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0969104766845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "On July 7, 2015, the FBI and Indiana State Police investigators raided Fogle's Zionsville, Indiana, residence; computers and other electronic equipment were removed from his home. The same day, a spokesperson for Subway announced that the company and Fogle mutually agreed to suspend their business relationship. Subsequently, Subway removed all references to Fogle from its website. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9095683097839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "Following Fogle's arrest, the FBI also subpoenaed a series of text messages made in 2008 between Fogle and a female Subway franchisee with whom he was having a sexual relationship, in which Fogle asked her to arrange for him to have sex with her 16-year-old cousin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.349740982055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "According to documents released by federal prosecutors, Fogle has also agreed to pay a total of $1.4 million in restitution—$100,000 to each victim. Fogle faced up to 50 years in prison had he gone to trial; however, as part of the plea deal—which was not binding on the sentencing judge—prosecutors agreed to seek no more than 12 and a half years. In return, Fogle agreed to a minimum sentence of five years. Soon after the plea deal was announced, Subway announced via Twitter that it had completely severed ties with Fogle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.161380767822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "On December 18, Fogle was transferred to FCI Englewood.Stanley, Deb. \"[http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/front-range/englewood/former-subway-pitchman-jared-fogle-moved-to-colorado-prison-englewood-fci Former Subway pitchman Jared Fogle moved to Colorado prison - Englewood FCI]\" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6dzpgSskO Archive]). The Denver Channel, ABC Denver. December 18, 2015. Retrieved on December 24, 2015. Fogle's BOP number is 12919-028. His earliest possible release date is July 11, 2029, a month before his 52nd birthday. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.003289222717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jared Fogle" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "The employment rate for Australians working in the fast food industry is increasingly high with 17% of people working within the fast food sector in Australia. In 2007 17.000 Australian fast food outlets sold approximately 1.64 billion take away meals in that year. incredibly there are now more than 1250 Subways, 845 Domino’s, 780 McDonald’s, 300 Hungry Jacks and 600 KFCs in Australia and New Zealand. It is expected that more than $37 billion will be spent in takeaway food in Australia this year, making Australia the 11th biggest-spending fast-food nation in the world. This figure is an increase of $4 billion in just 3 years (primeskills statistics, 2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.344249725341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" }, { "answer": "Subway", "passage": "There are numerous other fast food restaurants located all over the world. Burger King has more than 11,100 restaurants in more than 65 countries. KFC is located in 25 countries. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with approximately 39,129 restaurants in 90 countries as of May 2009, the first non-US location opening in December 1984 in Bahrain. Wienerwald has spread from Germany into Asia and Africa. Pizza Hut is located in 97 countries, with 100 locations in China. Taco Bell has 278 restaurants located in 14 countries besides the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463664054870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Webb relaunched Dragnet in 1966, with NBC once again chosen to air the series. He tried to persuade Ben Alexander to rejoin him as Frank Smith. Alexander was then committed to an ABC police series, Felony Squad, and the producers would not release him. Webb reluctantly came up with a new character to take the role of Joe Friday's partner, calling upon his longtime friend Harry Morgan to play Officer Bill Gannon. Morgan had previously portrayed rooming house proprietor Luther Gage in the 1949 radio series episode \"James Vickers\". George Fenneman returned as the show's primary announcer with John Stephenson replacing Hal Gibney in the role of announcing the trial dates and subsequent punishments for the offenders. Fenneman replaced Stephenson in that role during the fourth season. Unlike the previous Dragnet series, the revival was produced and aired in color.", "precise_score": -6.988485336303711, "rough_score": -3.22084379196167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Webb produced a TV movie pilot for the new version of the show for Universal Television, although the pilot was not aired until January 1969. NBC bought the show on the strength of the movie and it debuted as a midseason replacement for the sitcom The Hero on Thursday nights in January 1967. To distinguish it from the original, the year was included in the title of the show (i.e., Dragnet 1967). Although Friday had been promoted to lieutenant in the final episode of the 1950s production, Webb chose to have Friday revert to sergeant with his familiar badge, \"714\".", "precise_score": -3.691538095474243, "rough_score": -2.3552370071411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "When real-life LAPD Sergeant Dan Cooke, Webb's contact in the department during production of the revived Dragnet series, was promoted to lieutenant, he arranged to carry the same lieutenant's badge, number 714, as worn by Joe Friday. Cooke was technical advisor to the KNBC documentary \"Police Unit 2A-26\", directed by John Orland. He brought that to the attention of Webb, who hired Orland to direct and film the \"This is the City\", a series of minidocumentaries about Los Angeles that preceded most TV episodes during the 1969 and 1970 seasons. The show had good ratings on NBC's schedule for four seasons, although its popularity did not exceed that of the 1950s version.", "precise_score": -4.933193683624268, "rough_score": -4.965070724487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet 1966 is a made-for-TV movie that initiated the return of the Dragnet series to television. It was intended as the TV pilot of Dragnet 1967 but was not aired as planned. It was eventually broadcast in 1969. The movie stars Jack Webb as Sgt. Friday and Harry Morgan as Officer Bill Gannon. The story focuses on crime more typical of the 1960s than of the previous Dragnet era; the detectives are assigned to find a voyeuristic serial killer similar to Harvey Glatman (played by Vic Perrin, who appeared in the 1954 film as an assistant district attorney). Also appearing is Virginia Gregg, who had a role in the 1954 feature and was a frequent guest actor in the 1951-59 series and the 1967-70 episodes, and John Roseboro, a catcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers who dabbled in acting in the off season; Roseboro played a plainclothes detective who had been the target of racial slurs by a child molester until Friday came to his aid.", "precise_score": -1.2303311824798584, "rough_score": -1.1831789016723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "In 1987, a comedy movie version of Dragnet appeared starring Dan Aykroyd as the stiff Joe Friday (the original Detective Friday's nephew), and Tom Hanks as partner Pep Streebeck. The film contrasted the terse, clipped character of Friday, a hero from another age, with the 'real world' of Los Angeles in 1987 to broad comedic effect. Beyond Aykroyd's imitation of Webb's Joe Friday and Harry Morgan's small role reprising Bill Gannon, this film version shares little with previous incarnations.the film was more a parody, and a hit with audiences, though no follow-up films were produced. LAPD Lieutenant Dan Cooke, who served as technical advisor for the Jack Webb series, was technical advisor for this production.", "precise_score": -8.602765083312988, "rough_score": -5.231077194213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* A 1956 Looney Tunes short, Rocket Squad, starred Daffy Duck and Porky Pig as Sgt. Joe Monday and Det. Schmoe Tuesday, respectively. Daffy narrated, giving a running timeline in the manner of Sgt. Friday. This police adventure ends with both officers convicted and imprisoned for false arrest. The opening title reads: \"Ladies and Gentlemen, The story you are about to see is true. The drawings have been changed to protect the Innocent\". Another short Tree Cornered Tweety, featured Tweety imitating the narrator of Dragnet as he is being pursued by Sylvester again.", "precise_score": -2.334824323654175, "rough_score": -1.7886831760406494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Detective Sergeant Joseph \"Joe\" Friday is a fictional detective in the Los Angeles Police Department. The character was created (and portrayed) by Jack Webb as the lead for his Dragnet series, and first appeared on June 3, 1949 in the premiere of the NBC radio drama that launched the series. Webb played the character on radio and later television from 1949-1959 and again from 1967-1970, also appearing as Friday in a 1954 theatrical release and a 1966 made-for-TV film that aired three years later.", "precise_score": -0.9708670973777771, "rough_score": 4.420564651489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "A common misattributed catchphrase to Friday is \"Just the facts, ma'am\". In fact, Friday never actually said this in an episode, but it was featured in Stan Freberg's works parodying Dragnet.", "precise_score": -0.8706654906272888, "rough_score": -1.3502545356750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Ed O'Neill starred as Joe Friday in Wolf Films' 2003 revival of Dragnet. Since LAPD had discontinued the rank of Detective Sergeant, replacing it with the rank of Detective Three, or D-3, the rank banner on Friday's badge now said \"Detective\" instead of \"Sergeant,\" and Friday was referred to as \"Detective Friday\" instead of \"Sergeant Friday.\" During the first season of the series, Friday's partner was named \"Frank Smith,\" but unlike the character played by Alexander and Ellis on the original series, this Frank Smith, as played by Ethan Embry, was not an experienced, veteran officer, but a young detective being mentored by Friday. On one episode of this show, Friday actually spoke the phrase, \"Just the facts.\"", "precise_score": -4.5611467361450195, "rough_score": -5.078071117401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet was an American radio, television and motion picture series, enacting the cases of a dedicated Los Angeles police detective, Sergeant Joe Friday, and his partners. The show takes its name from the police term \"dragnet\", meaning a system of coordinated measures for apprehending criminals or suspects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4121527671813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet is perhaps the most famous and influential police procedural drama in media history. The series gave audience members a feel for the danger and heroism of police work. Dragnet earned praise for improving the public opinion of police officers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.30951976776123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Actor and producer Jack Webb's aims in Dragnet were for realism and unpretentious acting; he achieved both goals, and Dragnet remains a key influence on subsequent police dramas in many media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412096977233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The show's cultural impact is such that after five decades, elements of Dragnet are familiar to those who have never seen or heard the program:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853767395019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "*Another Dragnet trademark is the show's opening narration: \"Ladies and gentlemen: the story you are about to hear is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent.\" This underwent minor revisions over time. The \"only\" and \"ladies and gentlemen\" were dropped at some point, and for the television version \"hear\" was changed to \"see\". Variations on this narration have been featured in subsequent crime dramas, and in parodies of the dramas (e.g. \"Only the facts have been changed to protect the guilty\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880268096923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Much as was done 11 years earlier, Webb decided voluntarily to discontinue Dragnet after its fourth season to focus on producing and directing his other projects through Mark VII Limited. The first of these projects was a spinoff of Dragnet titled Adam-12, a 30-minute police procedural like its parent series, but focusing on patrol officers rather than detectives. The series premiered in the fall of 1968 and ran for seven seasons, coming to an end in 1975. Adam-12, in turn, spawned its own spinoff in early 1972 called Emergency!; running as a weekly series until 1977 and as a series of made-for-television movies for two years after that, Emergency! was centered around a fictitious Los Angeles County Fire Department paramedic rescue unit, Squad 51, the latter of which was a relatively new and different concept.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.246465682983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet currently airs Monday through Friday on Me-TV. The show is part of the \"CriMe TV\" morning block with Perry Mason and The Rockford Files, with Dragnet airing back to back from 11:00 am until 12:00 pm. In December 2014, Me-TV added a third airing of Dragnet to its late-night lineup; the series airs at 12:30 am following a second episode of Perry Mason. Me-TV ended the run of Dragnet on January 1, 2015, whereupon it became part of Cozi TV's regular lineup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.357725143432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Webb had begun working on a revival of Dragnet in 1982, writing and producing five scripts and keeping his role as Joe Friday. Once again he needed to create a new character for Friday's partner; Ben Alexander had died in 1969 and Harry Morgan was tied up with his commitments to M*A*S*H and its already greenlit followup AfterMASH. Webb decided on Kent McCord, the former Adam-12 star who had several guest appearances early in the 1967 revival series, to fill the undefined role; no indication was given whether McCord would be playing a totally new character or his Jim Reed character from Adam-12. Webb died suddenly from a heart attack on December 23, 1982, and the revival was scrapped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.902557373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet (1954)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.613992691040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "In 1954, a theatrical feature film entitled Dragnet, an adaptation of the series, was released with Webb, Alexander, and Richard Boone. Dennis Weaver plays R. A. Lohrman, a detective captain. The film begins with the shooting of small-time hood Miller Starkie (Dub Taylor) on orders from his boss, Max Troy (Stacy Harris). Friday's and Smith's superior is LAPD Intelligence Division Captain Jim Hamilton (Boone), a department member and the film's technical advisor. The Intelligence Division focused on the pursuit of organized-crime figures, and some of Max Troy's habits resemble that of Mickey Cohen, the known Los Angeles underworld boss; for example, Troy's LAPD file reads that he could be found at \"Sunset Strip taverns and joints,\" as could Cohen. The film depicts the working relationship between the LAPD and the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office; Friday and Smith work to gather evidence that the DA's office deems sufficient to gain the indictment and ultimate conviction of Troy and his fellows. One scene contains a violent fist-fight involving the two detectives, with the close-up cinematic technique typical of Webb's style of direction. The movie's ending represents a departure from most \"Dragnet' stories; no arrest is made at the story's conclusion. Chester Davitt (Willard Sage), Troy's underling and Starkie's killer, is killed by underworld figures, and Troy succumbs to cancer before the detectives, having gathered sufficient evidence against him, can make the arrest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.498898983001709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet 1966 (aired 1969)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.79550838470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet (1987)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579367637634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The 1989 series: The New Dragnet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.216035842895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The show returned to television in the fall of 1989 as The New Dragnet in first-run syndication, featuring new characters, and airing in tandem with The New Adam-12, a remake of another Webb-produced police drama, Adam-12. The New Dragnet starred Jeff Osterhage and Bernard White as the detectives, and Don Stroud as their captain. Fifty-two episodes were aired over two seasons. The first 26 episodes aired between October 24, 1989 and January 21, 1990, with the second season of 26 episodes, airing between April 19 and September 9, 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.917751312255859, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The 2003 series: L.A. Dragnet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.252142906188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "In 2003, a Dragnet series was produced by Dick Wolf, the producer of NBC's Law & Order series and spin-offs strongly influenced by Dragnet. It aired on ABC, and starred Ed O'Neill as Joe Friday and Ethan Embry as Frank Smith. After a 12-episode season that followed the traditional formula, the format of the series was changed to an ensemble crime drama in an attempt to boost ratings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.800808906555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Retitled L.A. Dragnet, Friday was promoted to Lieutenant with less screen time and Frank Smith was written out, in favor of younger and ethnically diverse cast played by Eva Longoria, Desmond Harrington, Evan Dexter Parke, and Christina Chang. Roselyn Sanchez was added to the regular cast, in a few episodes. With the Dragnet formula no longer in place, the program had the feel of a typical procedural drama. It was canceled five episodes into its second season. Three episodes premiered on USA Network in early 2004, with the final two on the Sleuth channel in 2006. In places such as the Netherlands, the show is retitled Murder Investigation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.411665916442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The theme from Dragnet has been recorded by many artists, achieving popular success. Artists who charted with it include Ray Anthony (1953) and The Art of Noise (1987).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.978250503540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* St. George and the Dragonet, a 1953 short audio satire by Stan Freberg, was a smash hit reaching #1 on both the Billboard and the Cash Box record charts. In this satire, Freberg used the line \"Just the facts, ma'am\", which entered popular lexicography as an actual catchphrase from Dragnet despite the line never being used on the show. Freberg followed St. George... with Little Blue Riding Hood and Christmas Dragnet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.944623947143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* The 1954 Woody Woodpecker cartoon Under the Counter Spy was a parody of Dragnet. At the beginning, a narrator says, \"The story you are about to see is a big fat lie. No names have been changed to protect anybody!\" At the end, a hammer and stamp make the words \"THE END\", and the hammerer hits his thumb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.086359977722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* The 1955 Three Stooges short film \"Blunder Boys\" parodies Dragnet. In place of the familiar \"Dragnet\" theme, the first four notes of \"The Song of the Volga Boatmen\", which is in the public domain, is used. At the end of the film, Moe stamps Larry's head with a hammer; Larry's forehead then reads, \"VII 1/2 The End\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.507671356201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* A segment of the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon show called \"Bullwinkle's Corner\", which featured Bullwinkle Moose in a poetry reading of \"Tom, Tom the Piper's Son,\" parodied Dragnet as Bullwinkle is apprehended in the act of stealing a pig by two detectives who interrogate Bullwinkle using a terse, clipped monotone similar in style to Joe Friday and Frank Smith (\"You got a name?\" \"I'm Tom, Tom the Piper's Son.\" \"All right, Piperson, what were you going to do with the pig?\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525057792663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* The final segment of each episode of PBS's Square One was titled Mathnet and opened with the Dragnet theme and an arrangement of the lines \"The story you're about to see is a fib — but it's short. The names are made up, but the problems are real.\" Each story arc of the show's five-season run lasted five daily episodes (one week) and featured detectives Kate Monday (seasons 1–3) or Pat Tuesday (seasons 4–5) and George Ernest Frankly (all five seasons), of the LAPD in the first two of the show's five seasons and the New York Police Department in the last three seasons, using mathematics to solve crimes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5251054763793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* In 1983, \"Prog #310\" of UK sci-fi comic 2000AD featured a time-travelling parody of Dragnet in the story \"Chrono Cops\", written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons. In five pages, \"Joe Saturday\" and \"Ed Thursday\" encounter several time-travel \"tropes\", including a character attempting to kill his own great-grandfather. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.570058345794678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* Dragnet is parodied at the end of the episode of The New Adventures of Winnie-the-Pooh entitled: Sorry, Wrong Slusher. Winnie-the-Pooh performs a closing narration as a mug shot of Christopher Robin is shown on screen, in the style of Dragnet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.259668350219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "* Craig Lancaster's novel 600 Hours of Edward features a title character with Asperger's syndrome who watches Dragnet religiously every day and relates much of his life back to it. Dragnet is also mentioned in the sequel Edward Adrift.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393553733825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet feature film (1954)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.491437911987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet pilot movie (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33517837524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "This movie is a bonus feature on Shout! Factory's \"Dragnet 1968: Season Two\" (Release Date: July 6, 2010).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319387435913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet (1967–70)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128690719604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "The New Dragnet (1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.869504928588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "L.A. Dragnet (2003)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.295957565307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Universal Studios Home Entertainment was going to release the first season of this short-lived remake on DVD on November 11, 2003, but this release was cancelled. It is not known if the set will be released,[http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=731 Dragnet DVD news: Dragnet (2003) DVD Cancelled | TVShowsOnDVD.com] though it is available for viewing on Hulu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.891176223754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dragnet (franchise)" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet used Joe Friday's police badge, with the numbers \"714\", as its title logo. It has been suggested that Jack Webb wanted badge 714 because he was a big fan of Babe Ruth, who slugged 714 home runs in his career; however, this is an urban legend. In My Name's Friday,\" the book-length history of Dragnet by TV commentator Micharl J. Hayde, it was asserted that Friday originally wanted the badge number to be \"777,\" tripling the lucky number 7, but decided instead to add the last two digits together to get \"14,\" thus making the badge number \"714.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.21679401397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "Dragnet and spinoff Adam-12 were the only television shows to use real LAPD badges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.328007698059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" }, { "answer": "Dragnet", "passage": "In 1987, actor Dan Aykroyd starred as Joe Friday, the original Joe Friday's nephew, in the comedy film Dragnet while Harry Morgan reprised his television role as Bill Gannon, now Captain, and Tom Hanks as Ackroyd's partner Pep Streebek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.121764659881592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joe Friday" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune", "passage": "Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.", "precise_score": -1.1349048614501953, "rough_score": -7.841246604919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune", "passage": "Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.858122825622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune", "passage": "Acknowledging the problem, the IAU set about creating the definition of planet, and produced one in August 2006. The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and a new class of dwarf planets was created, initially containing three objects (Ceres, Pluto and Eris). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244953155517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "On September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600 ft high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 mi. It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.", "precise_score": 8.591988563537598, "rough_score": 7.497249603271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the National Park Service" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "* Devils Tower National Monument", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.831423759460449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6032586097717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "The first use of the Act protected a large geographic feature – President Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower National Monument on September 24, 1906. President Roosevelt also used it to create the Grand Canyon National Monument – the first step in protecting that place of great historic and scientific interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.989534378051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antiquities Act" } ]

[ { "answer": "President Ford", "passage": "Moore's assassination attempt took place in San Francisco on September 22, 1975, just 17 days after Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme's attempted assassination of Ford. She was about 40 feet away from President Ford when she fired a single shot at him with a different firearm, a .38 caliber revolver. She was standing in the crowd across the street from the St. Francis Hotel. She was using a gun she bought in haste that same morning and did not know the sights were six inches off the point-of-impact at that distance and she narrowly missed. FBI case agent Richard Vitamanti measured the location the next day. After realizing she had missed, she raised her arm again, and Oliver Sipple, a Marine no longer on active duty, dived towards her, knocking her arm the second time, perhaps saving President Ford's life. U.S. District Judge Samuel Conti, still on the bench in 2010, spoke on the record, that Moore would have killed President Ford had she had her own gun, and it was only \"because her gun was faulty\" that the President's life was spared. During her second attempt, Sipple grabbed Moore's arm and then pulled her to the ground. Sipple said at the time: \"I saw [her gun] pointed out there and I grabbed for it. [...] I lunged and grabbed the woman's arm and the gun went off.\" The further single shot which Moore did fire from her .38 caliber revolver ricocheted and hit John Ludwig, a 42-year-old taxi driver. Ludwig survived. ", "precise_score": 7.380876541137695, "rough_score": 5.85386848449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sara Jane Moore" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "The St. Francis became the hotel where Republican presidents stayed when in San Francisco, while Democratic presidents usually stayed at the Fairmont. President Gerald Ford was almost shot while leaving the hotel in September 1975 by a woman named Sara Jane Moore. A former Marine named Oliver Sipple moved her hand so that Ford was not hit. President Ronald Reagan was a frequent guest of the hotel. The St. Francis also hosted many world leaders, including Queen Elizabeth II and Emperor Hirohito of Japan.", "precise_score": 3.9892759323120117, "rough_score": 4.2759785652160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Westin St. Francis" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Sara Jane Moore (née Kahn; born February 15, 1930) is an American citizen best known for attempting to assassinate US President Gerald Ford in 1975. She was given a life sentence for the attempted assassination and was released from prison on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. Moore and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme hold the distinction of being the only two women who have ever attempted to assassinate an American president, both of their attempts being on Gerald Ford and both taking place in California within three weeks of one another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.686227321624756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sara Jane Moore" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714669227600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sara Jane Moore" }, { "answer": "President Ford", "passage": "In an interview in 2004, former President Ford described Moore as \"off her mind\" and said that he continued making public appearances, even after two attempts on his life within such a short time, because \"a President has to be aggressive, has to meet the people.\" Moore had the Federal Bureau of Prisons register number 04851-180. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68139934539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sara Jane Moore" }, { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568602561950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "In the 1920s, national advertising in magazines and radio broadcasts played a key role in the emergence of the fourth big cereal manufacturer, General Mills. In 1921, James Ford Bell, president of a Minneapolis wheat milling firm, began experimenting with rolled wheat flakes. After tempering, steaming, cracking wheat, and processing it with syrup, sugar, and salt, it was prepared in a pressure cooker for rolling and then dried in an electric oven. By 1925, Wheaties had become the \"Breakfast of Champions\". In 1928, four milling companies consolidated as the General Mills Company in Minneapolis. The new firm expanded packaged food sales with heavy advertising, including sponsorship of radio programs such as \"Skippy\", \"Jack Armstrong, The All-American Boy\", and baseball games. Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, and others verified the \"Breakfast of Champions\" slogan. By 1941 Wheaties had won 12% percent of the cereal market. Experiments with the puffing process produced Kix, a puffed corn cereal, and Cheerios, a puffed oats cereal. Further product innovation and diversification brought total General Mills sales to over $500 million annually (18% in packaged foods) by the early 1950s. ", "precise_score": -4.273787975311279, "rough_score": -4.717686653137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Breakfast cereal" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "The slogan \"Kid Tested. Mother Approved.\" was introduced in 1978. During the 1980s, television commercials included the jingle \"Kids love Kix for what Kix has got. Moms love Kix for what Kix has not.\"", "precise_score": 7.492481708526611, "rough_score": 8.324483871459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kix (cereal)" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "In the 1930s, the first puffed cereal, Kix, went on the market. After World War II, the big breakfast cereal companies – now including General Mills, who entered the market in 1924 with Wheaties – increasingly started to target children. The flour was refined to remove fiber, which at the time was considered to undermine digestion and absorption of nutrients, and sugar was added to improve the flavor for children. The new breakfast cereals began to look starkly different from their ancestors. As one example, Kellogg's Sugar Smacks, created in 1953, had 56% sugar by weight. Different mascots were introduced, such as the Rice Krispies elves and later pop icons like Tony the Tiger and the Trix Rabbit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485121726989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Breakfast cereal" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "Kix® (stylized as KiX) is a brand of American cold breakfast cereal introduced in 1937 by the General Mills company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The product is an extruded, expanded puffed-grain cereal made with cornmeal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.52098274230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kix (cereal)" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "General Mills introduced Berry Berry Kix in 1992 and Honey Kix in 2009. In Original Kix, total sugars are about 10% by weight, which is about 3 grams of sugar per serving. Honey Kix has 6 grams of sugar, Berry Berry Kix 7 grams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470789909362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kix (cereal)" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "The grain is processed and expanded (water is added and the corn is pulverized). Cooking of Kix occurs in the extruder, then the dough is formed into the desired shape by extrusion through a die. It was the first cereal to be manufactured using this process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65031909942627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kix (cereal)" }, { "answer": "Kix", "passage": "In 1947, Kix offered a Lone Ranger atomic bomb ring in exchange for a box top and 15 cents. The ring contained a spinthariscope, so that when the red base (which served as a \"secret message compartment\") was taken off, and after a period of time for dark adaptation, you could look through a small plastic lens at scintillations caused by polonium alpha particles striking a zinc sulfide screen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198308944702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kix (cereal)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "The daily syndicated version of Jeopardy! is produced by Sony Pictures Television (previously known as Columbia TriStar Television, the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises). The copyright holder is Jeopardy Productions, which, like SPT, operates as a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment. The rights to distribute the program on television in the United States are owned by CBS Television Distribution, which absorbed original distributor King World Productions in 2007.", "precise_score": -0.9655984044075012, "rough_score": 3.3933768272399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister would play Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a \"hook\". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always \"drawn to\" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel. ", "precise_score": 5.036627292633057, "rough_score": 6.093242645263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television (previously known as Columbia TriStar Television; the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises). The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions, Inc., which like SPT has Sony Pictures Entertainment for its active registered agent, and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm. The rights to distribute the show on American television are owned by CBS Television Distribution, into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007.", "precise_score": -0.6247681379318237, "rough_score": 2.779219150543213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Mervyn Edward \"Merv\" Griffin, Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was an American television host, musician, singer, actor, and media mogul. He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway. From 1965 to 1986 Griffin hosted his own talk show, The Merv Griffin Show. He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies, Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment. During his lifetime, Griffin was considered an entertainment business magnate.", "precise_score": 6.624692916870117, "rough_score": 7.166894435882568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Jeopardy! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in the form of questions. The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30, 1964, and aired until January 3, 1975. A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975, and a revival, The All-New Jeopardy!, ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979. The current version, a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television, premiered on September 10, 1984 and is still airing, making it by far the program's most successful incarnation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9274813532829285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "In a 1964 Associated Press profile released shortly before the original Jeopardy! series premiered, Merv Griffin offered the following account of how he created the quiz show:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.020821571350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Wheel of Fortune (often known simply as Wheel) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.20005688071250916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery, who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25, 1981, save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place. Woolery's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin, and his contract was not renewed. On December 28, 1981, Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel. Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his \"odd\" sense of humor. NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak, who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC-TV, was \"too local\" for a national audience. Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host, and Silverman acquiesced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7368515729904175, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "In addition to \"Changing Keys\", Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show's early years. Among them were \"Frisco Disco\" (earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy! which aired in 1978 and 1979), \"A Time for Tony\" (whose basic melody evolved into \"Think!\", the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ), \"Buzzword\" (later used as the theme for Merv Griffin's Crosswords), \"Nightwalk\", \"Struttin' on Sunset\", and an untitled vacation cue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.053615093231201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "By 1945, Griffin had earned enough money to form his own record label, Panda Records, which produced Songs by Merv Griffin, the first U.S. album ever recorded on magnetic tape. In 1947, he had a 15-minute Monday–Friday singing program on KHJ in San Francisco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993880271911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "In 1965, Griffin launched a syndicated talk show for Group W (Westinghouse Broadcasting) titled The Merv Griffin Show. The show aired in a variety of time slots throughout North America; many stations ran it in the daytime, others aired it in prime-time and a few broadcast it opposite Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show. Griffin's announcer/sidekick was the veteran British character actor Arthur Treacher, who had been his mentor. After Treacher left the show in 1970, Griffin would do the announcing himself, and walk on stage with the phrase: \"And now..., here I come!\" According to an obituary article on August 24, 2007 in Entertainment Weekly, The Merv Griffin Show was on the air for 21 years and won eleven Emmy Awards during its run.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.637146949768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Griffin's best friend since the sixth grade, Robert (Bob) Murphy, was the producer of The Merv Griffin Show, and eventually became president of Merv Griffin Enterprises.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.992959976196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Upon his retirement, Griffin sold his production company, Merv Griffin Enterprises, to Columbia Pictures Television, at the time a unit of The Coca-Cola Company, for US$250 million on May 6, 1986, the largest acquisition of an entertainment company owned by a single individual at that time. Following the sale, Forbes named him the richest Hollywood performer in history. He retained the title of creator of both his game shows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1224284172058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "In 2007, Griffin's production company, Merv Griffin Entertainment, began production on a new syndicated game show Merv Griffin's Crosswords (originally titled Let's Play Crosswords and Let's Do Crosswords). The show taped in Los Angeles after initial reports that it would be produced at WMAQ-TV in Chicago. The show was produced in association with Program Partners and the William Morris Agency and began airing September 10, 2007. NBC-owned-and-operated stations in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Dallas carried the show, with many stations airing two episodes per day. The show lasted only one season, ending on May 16, 2008 in first-run and September 5, 2008 in reruns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9225006103515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "An active desert resident, he was a supporter of the La Quinta Arts Festival and the owner of the Merv Griffin Givenchy Resort & Spa in Palm Springs, now The Parker. He owned a ranch near La Quinta, California where he raised thoroughbred racehorses, as well as St. Clerans Manor, a boutique hotel, set in an eighteenth-century estate once owned by director John Huston, near Craughwell, in County Galway, Ireland. In the 1980s, Griffin purchased the Paradise Island Resort and Casino in the Bahamas for US$400 million from Trump, but he later sold it for just US$125 million. Griffin sold his empire to The Coca-Cola Company for $250 million in 1986, then went on a buying spree of hotels, so that his wealth in 2003 was said to be around $1.2 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273615837097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merv Griffin" }, { "answer": "Merv Griffin", "passage": "Jeopardy! is an American television quiz show created by Merv Griffin, in which contestants are presented with trivia clues in the form of answers and must phrase their responses in the form of a question. The show has experienced a long life in several incarnations over the course of nearly a half-century, spending more than 11 years as a daytime network program and having currently run in syndication for 30 seasons. It has also gained a worldwide following with a multitude of international adaptations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5192927718162537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy! broadcast information" } ]

[ { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Moroni, according to the Book of Mormon, was the last Nephite prophet, historian, and military commander who lived in the Americas in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. He is later known as the Angel Moroni, who presented the golden plates to Joseph Smith, who said he translated the plates upon which the Book of Mormon was originally written.", "precise_score": 4.218568801879883, "rough_score": 3.0609755516052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "According to Latter Day Saint belief, the golden plates (also called the gold plates or in some 19th-century literature, the golden bible) are the source from which Joseph Smith said he translated the Book of Mormon, a sacred text of the faith. Some witnesses described the plates as weighing from 30 to, being golden in color, and being composed of thin metallic pages engraved on both sides and bound with three D-shaped rings.", "precise_score": -1.895679235458374, "rough_score": -4.937300682067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "The story of the golden plates consists of how, according to Joseph Smith and his contemporaries, the plates were found, received from the angel Moroni, translated, and returned to the angel prior to the publication of the Book of Mormon. Smith is the only source for a great deal of the story because much of it occurred at times when he was the only human witness. Nevertheless, Smith told the story to his family, friends, and acquaintances, and many of these provided second-hand accounts. Other parts of the story are derived from the statements of those who knew Smith, including several witnesses who said they saw the golden plates.", "precise_score": 2.849879503250122, "rough_score": 2.953610897064209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "According to Joseph Smith, he was seventeen years of age when an angel of God named Moroni appeared to him and said that a collection of ancient writings was buried in a nearby hill in present-day Wayne County, New York, engraved on golden plates by ancient prophets. The writings were said to describe a people whom God had led from Jerusalem to the Western hemisphere 600 years before Jesus' birth. According to the narrative, Moroni was the last prophet among these people and had buried the record, which God had promised to bring forth in the latter days. Smith stated that this vision occurred on the evening of September 21, 1823 and that on the following day, via divine guidance, he located the burial location of the plates on this hill; was instructed by Moroni to meet him at the same hill on September 22 of the following year to receive further instructions; and that, in four years from this date, the time would arrive for \"bringing them forth\", i.e., translating them. Smith's description of these events recounts that he was allowed to take the plates on September 22, 1827, exactly four years from that date, and was directed to translate them into English. ", "precise_score": 7.164900779724121, "rough_score": 7.831940650939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "During the Second Great Awakening, Joseph Smith lived on his parents' farm near Palmyra, New York. At the time churches in the region contended so vigorously for souls that western New York became known as the \"burned-over district\" because the fires of religious revivals had burned over it so often. Western New York was also noted for its participation in a \"craze for treasure hunting.\" Beginning as a youth in the early 1820s, Smith was periodically hired, for about $14 per month, as a scryer, using what were termed \"seer stones\" in attempts to locate lost items and buried treasure. Smith's contemporaries described his method for seeking treasure as putting the stone in a white stovepipe hat, putting his face over the hat to block the light, and then \"seeing\" the information in the reflections of the stone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018052101135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Different people estimated the weight of the plates differently. According to Smith's one-time-friend Willard Chase, Smith told him in 1827 that the plates weighed between 40 and 60 pounds (18–27 kg), most likely the latter. Smith's father Joseph Smith, Sr., who was one of the Eight Witnesses, reportedly weighed them and said in 1830 that they \"weighed thirty pounds\" (14 kg). Smith's brother William, who had lifted the plates, thought they \"weighed about sixty pounds [27 kg] according to the best of my judgment\". Others who lifted the plates while they were wrapped in cloth or enclosed in a box thought that they weighed about 60 pounds [27 kg]. Martin Harris said that he had \"hefted the plates many times, and should think they weighed forty or fifty pounds [18–23 kg]\". Smith's wife Emma never estimated the weight of the plates but said they were light enough for her to \"move them from place to place on the table, as it was necessary in doing my work\". None of the witnesses specified the exact size of the plates or the number of leaves contained in them, but one scholar speculates that, had the plates been made of 24-karat gold (which Smith never claimed), they would have weighed about 140 pounds (64 kg), while LDS writers have speculated that the plates were made of a copper-gold alloy like tumbaga, which would have weighed significantly less. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.404906272888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "The Book of Mormon is a sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement, which adherents believe contains writings of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent from approximately 2200 BC to AD 421. It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.105935573577881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Joseph Smith ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.848593711853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Joseph Smith characterized the Book of Mormon as the \"keystone\" of Mormonism, and claimed that it was \"the most correct of any book on earth\". Smith produced a written revelation in 1832 that condemned the \"whole church\" for treating the Book of Mormon lightly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.436776161193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "There are a number of other churches that are part of the Latter Day Saint movement. Most of these churches were created as a result of issues ranging from differing doctrinal interpretations and acceptance of the movement's scriptures, including the Book of Mormon, to disagreements as to who was the divinely chosen successor to Joseph Smith. These groups all have in common the acceptance of the Book of Mormon as scripture. It is this acceptance which distinguishes the churches of the Latter Day Saint movement from other Christian denominations. Separate editions of the Book of Mormon have been published by a number of churches in the Latter Day Saint movement, along with private individuals and foundations not endorsed by any specific denomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.704963684082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Most adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement consider the Book of Mormon to generally be a historically accurate account.\"The limited success so far in swaying popular LDS opinion is a constant source of frustration for Mormon apologists...It appears that Mormons are generally content to picture the Book of Mormon story in a setting that is factually wrong. For most Mormons, the limited geography models create more problems than they solve. They run counter to the dominant literal interpretation of the text and contradict popular folklore as well as the clear pronouncements of all church presidents since the time of Joseph Smith\", Simon G. Southerton (2004, Signature Books), Losing a Lost Tribe, pp. 164-165.\"Some of the [Community of Christ]'s senior leadership consider the Book of Mormon to be inspired historical fiction. For leaders of the Utah church, this is still out of the question. [The leadership], and most Mormons, believe that the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon is what shores up Joseph Smith's prophetic calling and the divine authenticity of the Utah church\", Southerton (2004), pg. 201.Quotations from temple dedicatory sermons and prayers in Central and South America by President Gordon B. Hinckley in 1999-2000 continually refer to Native LDS members in attendance as \"children of Lehi\" (Southerton [2004], pp. 38-39).\"Latter-Day Saints believe their scripture to be history, written by ancient prophets\", Grant Hardy (2009, Yale University Press), \"Introduction,\" The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text, ed. Royal Skousen, pg. x. Within the Latter Day Saint movement there are several apologetic groups that disagree with the skeptics and seek to reconcile the discrepancies in diverse ways. Among these apologetic groups, much work has been published by Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS), and Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR), defending the Book of Mormon as a literal history, countering arguments critical of its historical authenticity, or reconciling historical and scientific evidence with the text. One of the more common recent arguments is the limited geography model, which states that the people of the Book of Mormon covered only a limited geographical region in either Mesoamerica, South America, or the Great Lakes area. The LDS Church has published material indicating that science will support the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.43210220336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "The Book of Mormon was dictated by Joseph Smith to several scribes over a period of 13 months, resulting in three manuscripts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.074516296386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "In 1989, scholars at Brigham Young University began work on a critical text edition of the Book of Mormon. Volumes 1 and 2, published in 2001, contain transcriptions of all the text variants of the English editions of the Book of Mormon, from the original manuscript to the newest editions. Volume 4, which is being published in parts, is a critical analysis of all the text variants. Volume 3, which is not yet published, will describe the history of all the English-language texts from Joseph Smith to today. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.890810012817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Book of Mormon" }, { "answer": "Joseph Smith, Jr", "passage": "Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.969742298126221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Joseph Smith, Jr", "passage": "Joseph Smith, Jr. was born on December 23, 1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr., a merchant and farmer. After suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith hobbled around on crutches for three years. In 1816–17, after an ill-fated business venture and three years of crop failures, the Smith family moved to the western New York village of Palmyra, and eventually took a mortgage on a 100 acre farm in the nearby town of Manchester.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.846502304077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "Memorials to Smith include the Joseph Smith Memorial Building in Salt Lake City, Utah, the Joseph Smith Building on the campus of Brigham Young University, and a granite obelisk marking his birth place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.239136695861816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "The two strongest succession candidates were Brigham Young, senior member and president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and Sidney Rigdon, the senior member of the First Presidency. In a church-wide conference on August 8, most of the Latter Day Saints elected Young, who led them to the Utah Territory as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Membership in Young's denomination surpassed 14 million members in 2010. Smaller groups followed Sidney Rigdon and James J. Strang, who had based his claim on an allegedly-forged letter of appointment. Others followed Lyman Wight and Alpheus Cutler. Many members of these smaller groups, including most of Smith's family, eventually coalesced in 1860 under the leadership of Joseph Smith III and formed what was known for more than a century as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ), which now has about 250,000 members. , members of the denominations originating from Smith's teachings number approximately 15 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.211336135864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "The first of Smith's wives, Emma Hale, gave birth to nine children during their marriage, five of whom died before the age of two. The eldest, Alvin (born in 1828), died within hours of birth, as did twins Thaddeus and Louisa (born in 1831). When the twins died, the Smiths adopted another set of twins, Julia and Joseph, whose mother had recently died in childbirth; Joseph died of measles in 1832. In 1841, Don Carlos, who had been born a year earlier, died of malaria. In 1842, Emma gave birth to a stillborn son. Joseph and Emma had four sons who lived to maturity: Joseph Smith III, Frederick Granger Williams Smith, Alexander Hale Smith, and David Hyrum Smith (born in 1844 after Smith's death). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.468318939208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Joseph smith", "passage": "After Smith's death, Emma Smith quickly became alienated from Brigham Young and the church leadership. Young, whom Emma feared and despised, was suspicious of her desire to preserve the family's assets from inclusion with those of the church, and thought she would be even more troublesome because she openly opposed plural marriage. When most Latter Day Saints moved west, she stayed in Nauvoo, married a non-Mormon, Major Lewis C. Bidamon, and withdrew from religion until 1860, when she affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, first headed by her son, Joseph Smith III. Emma never denied Smith's prophetic gift or repudiated her belief in the authenticity of the Book of Mormon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5120210647583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" } ]

[ { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "The Battle of the Sexes is a title given to three notable tennis matches between a male and a female player. The first match was between Bobby Riggs and Margaret Court, over the best of three sets. The second was a nationally televised match between Riggs and Billie Jean King, over the best of five sets. The Riggs v King match was officially dubbed The Battle of the Sexes. The final match was between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, over the best of three sets and hybrid rules favoring the female player, which was dubbed The Battle of Champions.", "precise_score": 5.9698896408081055, "rough_score": 5.261066436767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Sexes (tennis)" }, { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "Riggs first challenged Billie Jean King, but when she declined, Margaret Court stepped in. At the time Court was 30 years old and the top female player in the world. On the day of their match, May 13, 1973, 5000 fans came to Mother's Day match in Ramona, California. Bobby Riggs came out on court and presented Margaret Court with Mother's Day flowers, which she accepted while curtsying. During the match, Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep Court off balance. His 6–2, 6–1 victory landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time magazine. ", "precise_score": 4.080928325653076, "rough_score": 2.6148455142974854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Sexes (tennis)" }, { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "In 2001, ABC aired a television film about the match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.620399475097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Sexes (tennis)" }, { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "* Billie Jean King (12)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23281478881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" }, { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "Steffi Graf is considered by some to be the greatest female player. Billie Jean King said in 1999, \"Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time.\" Martina Navratilova has included Graf on her list of great players. In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press. Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, named her as the best female player of the 20th century, directly followed by Martina Navratilova. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.671355247497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" }, { "answer": "Billie Jean King", "passage": "Tennis magazine selected Martina Navratilova as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005. Tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins has called Navratilova \"arguably, the greatest player of all time.\" Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006, \"She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.074516296386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" } ]

[ { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Time-travel stories have antecedents in the 18th and 19th centuries. The first major time-travel novel was Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. The most famous is H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine, which uses a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively, while Twain's time traveler is struck in the head. The term time machine, coined by Wells, is now universally used to refer to such a vehicle. Back to the Future is one of the most popular movie franchises in this category; Doctor Who is a similarly popular long-running television franchise. Stories of this type are complicated by logical problems such as the grandfather paradox, as exemplified in the classic Robert Heinlein story \"—All You Zombies—\" and the Futurama episode \"Roswell That Ends Well.\" Time travel continues to be a popular subject in modern science fiction, in print, movies, and television.", "precise_score": -6.366421699523926, "rough_score": -4.9973931312561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "H. G. Wells was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction. His writing career spanned more than sixty years, and his early science fiction novels earned him the title (along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback) of \"The Father of Science Fiction\". ", "precise_score": 3.065385580062866, "rough_score": -2.3625926971435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "The Invisible Man is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells. Originally serialized in Pearson's Weekly in 1897, it was published as a novel the same year. The Invisible Man of the title is Griffin, a scientist who has devoted himself to research into optics and invents a way to change a body's refractive index to that of air so that it neither absorbs nor reflects light and thus becomes invisible. He successfully carries out this procedure on himself, but fails in his attempt to reverse it.", "precise_score": -3.599781036376953, "rough_score": -1.7035949230194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Invisible Man" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "The Island of Doctor Moreau is an 1896 science fiction novel by H. G. Wells, who called it \"an exercise in youthful blasphemy\". The text of the novel is the narration of Edward Prendick, a shipwrecked man rescued by a passing boat who is left on the island home of Doctor Moreau, who creates human-like hybrid beings from animals via vivisection. The novel deals with a number of philosophical themes, including pain and cruelty, moral responsibility, human identity, and human interference with nature. ", "precise_score": -0.9274382591247559, "rough_score": 3.5137901306152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Island of Doctor Moreau" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "*The Madman's Daughter trilogy, written by Megan Shepherd, tells the story of Dr. Moreau's daughter, Juliet. However, each book is based on a different classic novel: the first book is based on this novel by H.G. Wells, the second one on Robert Louis Stevenson's Jekyll and Hyde (1886), and the final book is based on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). ", "precise_score": -6.959737300872803, "rough_score": -1.2789162397384644, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Island of Doctor Moreau" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)—known as H. G. Wells", "precise_score": 1.6427687406539917, "rough_score": -2.3514997959136963, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "Herbert George Wells", "passage": "Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 46 High Street, Bromley, in Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called \"Bertie\" in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and professional cricketer) and his wife, Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant). An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper: the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop and he received an unsteady amount of money from playing professional cricket for the Kent county team. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played.", "precise_score": -1.7956664562225342, "rough_score": -3.6064329147338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Wells is portrayed in the 1985 story Timelash from the 22nd season of the BBC science-fiction television series Doctor Who. In this story, Herbert, an enthusiastic temporary companion to the Doctor, is revealed to be a young H. G. Wells. The plot is loosely based upon the themes and characters of The Time Machine with references to The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau. The story jokingly suggests that Wells's inspiration for his later novels came from his adventure with the Sixth Doctor. ", "precise_score": -5.733371734619141, "rough_score": -4.548126220703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Hugo Gernsback, who was one of the first in using the term \"science fiction\", described his vision of the genre: \"By 'scientifiction' I mean the Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Edgar Allan Poe type of story—a charming romance intermingled with scientific fact and prophetic vision.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.684768676757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "Then with the dawn of new technologies such as electricity, the telegraph, and new forms of powered transportation, writers including H. G. Wells and Jules Verne created a body of work that became popular across broad cross-sections of society. Wells' The War of the Worlds (1898) describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry. It is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446080207824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "* Steampunk is based on the idea of futuristic technology existing in the past, usually the 19th century, and often set in Victorian era England—but with prominent elements of either science fiction or fantasy, such as fictional technological inventions like those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne, or real technological developments like the computer occurring at an earlier date. Popular examples include The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, Leviathan series by Scott Westerfeld, Bas-Lag series by China Miéville, as well as Girl Genius web comic by Phil and Kaja Foglio, although seeds of the subgenre may be seen in certain works of Michael Moorcock, Philip José Farmer and Steve Stiles, and in such games as Space: 1889 and Marcus Rowland's Forgotten Futures. Machines are most often powered by steam in this genre (hence the name). Terry Gilliam's 1985 film Brazil is seen as inspiration for writers and artists of the steampunk sub-culture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.036503314971924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "Reginald Bliss", "passage": "*Boon (1915) (as Reginald Bliss)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.385004997253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Great Thoughts From H. G. Wells (1912)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.155025482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Thoughts From H. G. Wells (1912)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.190445899963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Selections From the Early Prose Works of H. G. Wells (1931)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.564945220947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "*H.G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction (1975)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.358983993530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "Septimus Browne", "passage": "*\"A Talk with Gryllotalpa\" Science Schools Journal (February 1887) – published under the pseudonym Septimus Browne", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.436846733093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "Sosthenes Smith", "passage": "*\"A Vision of the Past\" (1887) – signed S.S. for \"Sosthenes Smith\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.225423812866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "Reginald Bliss", "passage": "*Boon, The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump (1915) – first edition published under the pseudonym Reginald Bliss", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.687247276306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*The Short Stories of H. G. Wells (1927)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926212310791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*The Famous Short Stories of H. G. Wells (aka The Favorite Short Stories of H. G. Wells) (1937)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.496383666992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Short Stories by H. G. Wells (1940)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819549560546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Three Prophetic Science Fiction Novels of H. G. Wells (1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.237346172332764, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Best Science Fiction Stories of H. G. Wells (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.55063247680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*The Complete Short Stories of H. G. Wells (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.075006484985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "*H.G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction (1975)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.358983993530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*The Man with the Nose and Other Uncollected Stories of H. G. Wells (1984)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.185503005981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "*Selected Stories of H. G. Wells (2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41118049621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells bibliography" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "\"The Land Ironclads\" is a short story by H.G. Wells that originally appeared in the December 1903 issue of the Strand Magazine. It features \"land ironclads,\" 100 ft machines that are equipped with remote-controlled guns and that carry riflemen, engineers, and a captain. (The term \"ironclad\" was coined in the mid-19th century for steam-propelled warships protected by iron or steel armour plates.) The land ironclads are described as \"essentially long, narrow, and very strong steel frameworks carrying the engines, and borne on eight pairs of big pedrail wheels, each about ten feet in diameter, each a driving wheel and set upon long axles free to swivel around a common axis. . . . the captain . . . had look-out points at small ports all round the upper edge of the adjustable skirt of twelve-inch ironplating which protected the whole affair, and . . . could also raise or depress a conning-tower set above the port-holes through the center of the iron top cover.\" Riflemen are installed in cabins \"slung along the sides of and behind and before the great main framework,\" and operate mechanically targeting automatic rifles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.634494781494141, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Land Ironclads" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "The story opens with an unnamed war correspondent and a young lieutenant surveying the calm of the battlefield and reflecting upon the war between two unidentified armies. The opponents are dug into trenches, each waiting for the other to attack, and the men on the war correspondent's side are confident they will prevail, because they are all strong outdoor-types —men who know how to use a rifle and fight—while their enemies are townspeople,\"a crowd of devitalised townsmen . . . They're clerks, they're factory hands, they're students, they're civilised men. They can write, they can talk, they can make and do all sorts of things, but they're poor amateurs at war.\"The Land Ironclads, H. G. Wells, 1909 The men agree that their \"open air life\" produces men better suited to war than their opponents' \"decent civilization.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288392066955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Land Ironclads" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "In War and the Future, H. G. Wells specifically acknowledges M. Diplock's pedrail as the origin for his idea of an all-terrain armoured vehicle in The Land Ironclads:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.344507217407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Land Ironclads" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "* Classic Monster Novels Condensed by Joseph Lanzara includes an abridged version of The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells, along with short adaptations of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, and Dracula by Bram Stoker. 2012. New Arts Library. ISBN 978-1-4791-9322-6.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.597330570220947, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Invisible Man" }, { "answer": "Herbert George Wells", "passage": "Wells's parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant and his father a freethinker. When his mother returned to work as a lady's maid (at Uppark, a country house in Sussex), one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other. As a consequence, Herbert's personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemist's assistant. Fortunately for Herbert, Uppark had a magnificent library in which he immersed himself, reading many classic works, including Plato's Republic, and More's Utopia. This would be the beginning of Herbert George Wells's venture into literature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.14010238647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "According to James Gunn, one of Wells' major contributions to the science fiction genre was his approach, which he referred to as his \"new system of ideas\". In his opinion the author should always strive to make the story as credible as possible, even if both the writer and the reader knew certain elements are impossible, allowing the reader to accept the ideas as something that could really happen, today referred to as \"the plausible impossible\" and \"suspension of disbelief\". While neither invisibility nor time travel was new in speculative fiction, Wells added a sense of realism to the concepts which the readers were not familiar with. In \"Wells's Law\", a science fiction story should contain only a single extraordinary assumption. Being aware the notion of magic as something real had disappeared from society, he therefore used scientific ideas and theories as a substitute for magic to justify the impossible. Wells's best-known statement of the \"law\" appears in his introduction to The Scientific Romances of H.G. Wells (1933),", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5891852378845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "H. G. Wells", "passage": "In 2000, A. B. McKillop, a professor of history at Carleton University and a leading Canadian historian, produced a book on the Deeks versus Wells case, called The Spinster & The Prophet: Florence Deeks, H. G. Wells, and the Mystery of the Purloined Past. McKillop had been researching another Canadian historical figure when he came across information relating to this, and intrigued, followed through with this book. According to McKillop, the lawsuit was unsuccessful due to the prejudice against a woman suing a well-known and famous male author; McKillop paints a detailed story based on the circumstantial evidence of the case, and suggests that in a more modern court, she would have been successful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.175592422485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "HG Wells", "passage": "*In the 2006 television docudrama HG Wells: War with the World, Wells is played by Michael Sheen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113452911376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "H.G. Wells", "passage": "*H.G. Wells as a young boy appears in the Legends of Tomorrow episode \"The Magnificent Eight\". In this story, the boy Wells is dying of consumption, but is cured by a time-travelling Martin Stein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744637489318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (;Tolkien pronounced his surname, see his phonetic transcription published on the illustration in The Return of the Shadow: The History of The Lord of the Rings, Part One. [Edited by] Christopher Tolkien. London: Unwin Hyman, [25 August] 1988. (The History of Middle-earth; 6) ISBN 0-04-440162-0. In General American the surname is also pronounced. This pronunciation no doubt arose by analogy with such words as toll and polka, or because General American speakers realise as, while often hearing British as; thus or General American become the closest possible approximation to the Received Pronunciation for many American speakers. Wells, John. 1990. Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow: Longman, ISBN 0-582-05383-8 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973), known by his pen name J. R. R. Tolkien, was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as the author of the classic high-fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.", "precise_score": -3.0115506649017334, "rough_score": -1.2860970497131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "During his time at Pembroke College Tolkien wrote The Hobbit and the first two volumes of The Lord of the Rings, whilst living at 20 Northmoor Road in North Oxford (where a blue plaque was placed in 2002). He also published a philological essay in 1932 on the name \"Nodens\", following Sir Mortimer Wheeler's unearthing of a Roman Asclepeion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in 1928. ", "precise_score": -1.4524832963943481, "rough_score": -1.1128448247909546, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien wrote of being impressed as a boy by S. R. Crockett's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer (Sauron) on its villain, Gilles de Retz. Incidents in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel, and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as an influence on Tolkien. ", "precise_score": -2.4798779487609863, "rough_score": -1.3445868492126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called The Hobbit, which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm George Allen & Unwin, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication. However, when it was published a year later, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel.", "precise_score": 0.7386033535003662, "rough_score": 1.0412226915359497, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic novel The Lord of the Rings (originally published in three volumes 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for The Lord of the Rings, during which time he received the constant support of the Inklings, in particular his closest friend C. S. Lewis, the author of The Chronicles of Narnia. Both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are set against the background of The Silmarillion, but in a time long after it.", "precise_score": -0.9120891690254211, "rough_score": -1.9441717863082886, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In 1980 Christopher Tolkien published a collection of more fragmentary material, under the title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth. In subsequent years (1983–1996) he published a large amount of the remaining unpublished materials, together with notes and extensive commentary, in a series of twelve volumes called The History of Middle-earth. They contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative, and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress for Tolkien and he only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not complete consistency between The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, the two most closely related works, because Tolkien never fully integrated all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing The Hobbit for a third edition, that he would have preferred to completely rewrite the book because of the style of its prose. ", "precise_score": -1.2779344320297241, "rough_score": -0.5005704164505005, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Unlike other authors of the genre, Tolkien never favoured signing his works. Owing to his popularity, handsigned copies of his letters or of the first editions of his individual writings have however achieved high values at auctions, and forged autographs may occur on the market. In particular, the signed first hardback edition of The Hobbit from 1937 has reportedly been offered for $85,000. Collectibles also include non-fiction books with hand-written annotations from Tolkien's private library. ", "precise_score": -0.29840606451034546, "rough_score": -1.7042855024337769, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is a children's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature.", "precise_score": 8.636187553405762, "rough_score": 7.127050399780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In a 1955 letter to W. H. Auden, Tolkien recollects that he began work on The Hobbit one day early in the 1930s, when he was marking School Certificate papers. He found a blank page. Suddenly inspired, he wrote the words, \"In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.\" By late 1932 he had finished the story and then lent the manuscript to several friends, including C. S. Lewis and a student of Tolkien's named Elaine Griffiths. In 1936, when Griffiths was visited in Oxford by Susan Dagnall, a staff member of the publisher George Allen & Unwin, she is reported to have either lent Dagnall the book or suggested she borrow it from Tolkien. In any event, Dagnall was impressed by it, and showed the book to Stanley Unwin, who then asked his 10-year-old son Rayner to review it. Rayner's favourable comments settled Allen & Unwin's decision to publish Tolkien's book. ", "precise_score": -1.5895004272460938, "rough_score": 1.213034987449646, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "George Allen & Unwin Ltd. of London published the first edition of The Hobbit on 21 September 1937 with a print run of 1,500 copies, which sold out by December because of enthusiastic reviews. This first printing was illustrated in black and white by Tolkien, who designed the dust jacket as well. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York reset type for an American edition, to be released early in 1938, in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937. Despite the book's popularity, paper rationing brought on by wartime conditions and not ending until 1949 meant that the Allen & Unwin edition of the book was often unavailable during this period. ", "precise_score": 4.513076305389404, "rough_score": 4.146059513092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In December 1937, The Hobbit publisher, Stanley Unwin, asked Tolkien for a sequel. In response Tolkien provided drafts for The Silmarillion, but the editors rejected them, believing that the public wanted \"more about hobbits\". Tolkien subsequently began work on The New Hobbit, which would eventually become The Lord of the Rings, a course that would not only change the context of the original story, but lead to substantial changes to the character of Gollum.", "precise_score": 1.9791080951690674, "rough_score": -1.3810126781463623, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "After an unauthorized paperback edition of The Lord of the Rings appeared from Ace Books in 1965, Houghton Mifflin and Ballantine asked Tolkien to refresh the text of The Hobbit to renew the US copyright. This text became the 1966 third edition. Tolkien took the opportunity to align the narrative even more closely to The Lord of the Rings and to cosmological developments from his still unpublished Quenta Silmarillion as it stood at that time. These small edits included, for example, changing the phrase \"elves that are now called Gnomes\" from the first and second editions on page 63, to \"High Elves of the West, my kin\" in the third edition. Tolkien had used \"gnome\" in his earlier writing to refer to the second kindred of the High Elves—the Noldor (or \"Deep Elves\")—thinking \"gnome\", derived from the Greek gnosis (knowledge), was a good name for the wisest of the elves. However, because of its common denotation of a garden gnome, derived from the 16th-century Paracelsus, Tolkien abandoned the term. ", "precise_score": -1.396986484527588, "rough_score": -1.7321385145187378, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "On first publication in October 1937, The Hobbit was met with almost unanimously favourable reviews from publications both in the UK and the US, including The Times, Catholic World and The New York Post. C. S. Lewis, friend of Tolkien (and later author of The Chronicles of Narnia between 1949 and 1954), writing in The Times reports:", "precise_score": 2.912156820297241, "rough_score": 0.47907835245132446, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda, and Middle-earth\"Middle-earth\" is derived via Middle English ' from ', an Anglo-Saxon cognate of Old Norse , the land inhabited by humans in Norse mythology. within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9296979904174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the \"father\" of modern fantasy literature —or, more precisely, of high fantasy. In 2008, The Times ranked him sixth on a list of \"The 50 greatest British writers since 1945\". Forbes ranked him the 5th top-earning \"dead celebrity\" in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.211201190948486, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien vocally opposed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party prior to the Second World War, and was known to especially despise Nazi racist and anti-Semitic ideology. In 1938, the publishing house Rütten & Loening Verlag was preparing to release The Hobbit in Nazi Germany. To Tolkien's outrage, he was asked beforehand whether he was of Aryan origin. In a letter to his British publisher Stanley Unwin, he condemned Nazi \"race-doctrine\" as \"wholly pernicious and unscientific\". He added that he had many Jewish friends and was considering \"letting a German translation go hang\". He provided two letters to Rütten & Loening and instructed Unwin to send whichever he preferred. The more tactful letter was sent and was lost during the later bombing of Germany. In the unsent letter, Tolkien makes the point that \"Aryan\" is a linguistic term, denoting speakers of Indo-Iranian languages. He continued,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8497681617736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Edward Wyke-Smith's The Marvellous Land of Snergs, with its \"table-high\" title characters, strongly influenced the incidents, themes, and depiction of Bilbo's race in The Hobbit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35530948638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "As well as his fiction, Tolkien was also a leading author of academic literary criticism. His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf by literary critics. The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day. Beowulf is one of the most significant influences upon Tolkien's later fiction, with major details of both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings being adapted from the poem. The piece reveals many of the aspects of Beowulf which Tolkien found most inspiring, most prominently the role of monsters in literature, particularly that of the dragon which appears in the final third of the poem:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.969362735748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In addition to his mythopoeic compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as The Father Christmas Letters). Other stories included Mr. Bliss and Roverandom (for children), and Leaf by Niggle (part of Tree and Leaf), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, On Fairy-Stories, Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham. Roverandom and Smith of Wootton Major, like The Hobbit, borrowed ideas from his legendarium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.076117038726807, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Hobbit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81287956237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien at first intended The Lord of the Rings to be a children's tale in the style of The Hobbit, but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to The Hobbit, it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense backstory of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in The Silmarillion and other volumes. Tolkien's influence weighs heavily on the fantasy genre that grew up after the success of The Lord of the Rings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5287396907806396, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "One of Tolkien's least-known short works is the children's storybook Mr. Bliss, published in 1982. It tells the story of Mr. Bliss and his first ride in his new motor-car. Many adventures follow: encounters with bears, angry neighbours, irate shopkeepers, and assorted collisions. The story was inspired by Tolkien's own vehicular mishaps with his first car, purchased in 1932. The bears were based on toy bears owned by Tolkien's sons. Tolkien was both author and illustrator of the book. He submitted it to his publishers as a balm to readers who were hungry for more from him after the success of The Hobbit. The lavish ink and coloured-pencil illustrations would have made production costs prohibitively expensive. Tolkien agreed to redraw the pictures in a simpler style, but then found he did not have time to do so. The book was published in 1982 as a facsimile of Tolkien's difficult-to-read illustrated manuscript, with a typeset transcription on each facing page.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.193868637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Before his death Tolkien negotiated the sale of the manuscripts, drafts, proofs and other materials related to his then-published works – including The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit and Farmer Giles of Ham – to the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Marquette University's John P. Raynor, S.J., Library in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After his death his estate donated the papers containing Tolkien's Silmarillion mythology and his academic work to Oxford University's Bodleian Library. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.608057498931885, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "However, Tolkien was not fond of all the artistic representation of his works that were produced in his lifetime, and was sometimes harshly disapproving. In 1946, he rejected suggestions for illustrations by Horus Engels for the German edition of The Hobbit as \"too Disnified ... Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.000265121459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien went on to criticize the script scene by scene (\"yet one more scene of screams and rather meaningless slashings\"). He was not implacably opposed to the idea of a dramatic adaptation, however, and sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1968. United Artists never made a film, although director John Boorman was planning a live-action film in the early 1970s. In 1976 the rights were sold to Tolkien Enterprises, a division of the Saul Zaentz Company, and the first movie adaptation of The Lord of the Rings appeared in 1978, an animated rotoscoping film directed by Ralph Bakshi with screenplay by the fantasy writer Peter S. Beagle. It covered only the first half of the story of The Lord of the Rings. In 1977 an animated TV production of The Hobbit was made by Rankin-Bass, and in 1980 they produced an animated The Return of the King, which covered some of the portions of The Lord of the Rings that Bakshi was unable to complete.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2174601554870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "A series of three films based on The Hobbit, with Peter Jackson serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer, were released in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The first instalment, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey was released in December 2012, and the second, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug was released in December 2013. The last instalment The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies was released in December 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.575166702270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In the field of taxonomy, over 80 taxa (genera and species) have been given scientific names honouring, or deriving from, characters or other fictional elements from The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and other works set in Middle-earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945035934448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "There are seven blue plaques in England that commemorate places associated with Tolkien: one in Oxford, one in Bournemouth, four in Birmingham and one in Leeds. One of the Birmingham plaques commemorates the inspiration provided by Sarehole Mill, near which he lived between the ages of four and eight, while two mark childhood homes up to the time he left to attend Oxford University and the other marks a hotel he stayed at before leaving for France during World War I. The plaque in West Park, Leeds, commemorates the five years Tolkien enjoyed at Leeds as Reader and then Professor of English Language at the University. The Oxford plaque commemorates the residence where Tolkien wrote The Hobbit and most of The Lord of the Rings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1839728355407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. R. R. Tolkien" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Set in a time \"Between the Dawn of Færie and the Dominion of Men\", The Hobbit follows the quest of home-loving hobbit Bilbo Baggins to win a share of the treasure guarded by the dragon, Smaug. Bilbo's journey takes him from light-hearted, rural surroundings into more sinister territory. The story is told in the form of an episodic quest, and most chapters introduce a specific creature, or type of creature, of Tolkien's geography. By accepting the disreputable, romantic, fey and adventurous sides of his nature and applying his wits and common sense, Bilbo gains a new level of maturity, competence and wisdom. The story reaches its climax in the Battle of the Five Armies, where many of the characters and creatures from earlier chapters re-emerge to engage in conflict.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250876426696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Encouraged by the book's critical and financial success, the publisher requested a sequel. As Tolkien's work on the successor The Lord of the Rings progressed, he made retrospective accommodations for it in The Hobbit. These few but significant changes were integrated into the second edition. Further editions followed with minor emendations, including those reflecting Tolkien's changing concept of the world into which Bilbo stumbled. The work has never been out of print. Its ongoing legacy encompasses many adaptations for stage, screen, radio, board games and video games. Several of these adaptations have received critical recognition on their own merits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5919528007507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the 19th century Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris. Tolkien wished to imitate Morris's prose and poetry romances, following the general style and approach of the work. The Desolation of Smaug as portraying dragons as detrimental to landscape, has been noted as an explicit motif borrowed from Morris. Tolkien wrote also of being impressed as a boy by Samuel Rutherford Crockett's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer—Sauron—on its villain, Gilles de Retz. Incidents in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel, and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as having had an influence on Tolkien. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.313701868057251, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien's portrayal of goblins in The Hobbit was particularly influenced by George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin. However, MacDonald influenced Tolkien more profoundly than just to shape individual characters and episodes; his works further helped Tolkien form his whole thinking on the role of fantasy within his Christian faith. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.360126495361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has cataloged a lengthy series of parallels between The Hobbit and Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth. These include, among other things, a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.300917625427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "his academic career in Germanic philology. The Hobbit is no exception to this; the work shows influences from northern European literature, myths and languages and the strong influence of Norse mythology, especially from the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. Examples include the names of some characters, such as Fili, Kili, Oin, Gloin, Bifur, Bofur, Bombur, Dori, Nori, Dwalin, Balin, Dain, Nain, Thorin Oakenshield and Gandalf (deriving from the Old Norse names Fíli, Kíli, Oin, Glói, Bivör, Bávörr, Bömburr, Dori, Nóri, Dvalinn, Bláin, Dain, Nain, Þorin Eikinskialdi and Gandálfr). But whilst their names are from Old Norse, the characters of the dwarves are more directly taken from fairy tales such as Snow White and Snow-White and Rose-Red as collected by the Brothers Grimm. The latter of these tales may have also influenced the character of Beorn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.262409210205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien's use of descriptive personal and place names such as Misty Mountains and Bag End echoes the descriptive names used in Old Norse sagas. The names of the dwarf-friendly ravens are also derived from Old Norse for 'raven' and 'rook', but their characters are unlike the typical war-carrion from Old Norse and Old English literature. Tolkien, however, is not simply skimming historical sources for effect: linguistic styles, especially the relationship between the modern and ancient, has been seen to be one of the major themes explored by the story. Another characteristic of The Hobbit found in Old Norse sagas is maps accompanying the text of the story. Several of the author's illustrations (including the dwarven map, the frontispiece and the dust jacket) make use of Anglo-Saxon runes, an English extension of the Germanic runic alphabets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871023178100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Themes found in Old English literature, and specifically in the poem Beowulf, have a heavy presence in defining the ancient world Bilbo stepped into. Tolkien, an accomplished Beowulf scholar, claims the poem to be among his \"most valued sources\" in writing The Hobbit. Tolkien is credited with being the first critic to expound on Beowulf as a literary work with value beyond merely historical, and his 1936 lecture Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics is still required in some Old English courses. The Beowulf poem contains several elements that Tolkien borrowed for The Hobbit, including a monstrous, intelligent dragon. Certain descriptions in The Hobbit seem to have been lifted straight out of Beowulf with some minor rewording, such as when each dragon stretches out its neck to sniff for intruders. Likewise, Tolkien's descriptions of the lair as accessed through a secret passage mirror those in Beowulf. Other specific plot elements and features in The Hobbit that show similarities to Beowulf include the title thief as Bilbo is called by Gollum and later by Smaug, and Smaug's personality which leads to the destruction of Lake-town. Tolkien refines parts of Beowulf plot that he appears to have found less than satisfactorily described, such as details about the cup-thief and the dragon's intellect and personality. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.593931198120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The representation of the dwarves in The Hobbit was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regarding the Jewish people and their history. The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their ancient homeland at the Lonely Mountain, and living among other groups whilst retaining their own culture are all derived from the medieval image of Jews, whilst their warlike nature stems from accounts in the Hebrew Bible. The Dwarven calendar invented for The Hobbit reflects the Jewish calendar in beginning in late autumn. And although Tolkien denied allegory, the dwarves taking Bilbo out of his complacent existence has been seen as an eloquent metaphor for the \"impoverishment of Western society without Jews.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.014791488647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Subsequent editions in English were published in 1951, 1966, 1978 and 1995. The novel has been reprinted frequently by many publishers. In addition, The Hobbit has been translated into over forty languages, with more than one published version for some languages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.124566555023193, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In the first edition of The Hobbit, Gollum willingly bets his magic ring on the outcome of the riddle-game, and he and Bilbo part amicably. In the second edition edits, to reflect the new concept of the ring and its corrupting abilities, Tolkien made Gollum more aggressive towards Bilbo and distraught at losing the ring. The encounter ends with Gollum's curse, \"Thief! Thief, Thief, Baggins! We hates it, we hates it, we hates it forever!\" This presages Gollum's portrayal in The Lord of the Rings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.820428848266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien began a new version in 1960, attempting to adjust the tone of The Hobbit to its sequel. He abandoned the new revision at chapter three after he received criticism that it \"just wasn't The Hobbit\", implying it had lost much of its light-hearted tone and quick pace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.461133003234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Since the author's death, two editions of The Hobbit have been published with commentary on the creation, emendation and development of the text. In The Annotated Hobbit Douglas Anderson provides the entire text of the published book, alongside commentary and illustrations. Later editions added the text of The Quest of Erebor. Anderson's commentary shows many of the sources Tolkien brought together in preparing the text, and chronicles in detail the changes Tolkien made to the various published editions. Alongside the annotations, the text is illustrated by pictures from many of the translated editions, including images by Tove Jansson. The edition also presents a number of little-known texts such as the 1923 version of Tolkien's poem \"Iumonna Gold Galdre Bewunden\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7106542587280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "With The History of The Hobbit, published in two parts in 2007, John Rateliff provides the full text of the earliest and intermediary drafts of the book, alongside commentary that shows relationships to Tolkien's scholarly and creative works, both contemporary and later. Rateliff moreover provides the abandoned 1960s retelling and previously unpublished illustrations by Tolkien. The book keeps Rateliff's commentary separate from Tolkien's text, allowing the reader to read the original drafts as contained stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.15752649307251, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "Thror's Map", "passage": "Even the maps, of which Tolkien originally proposed five, were considered and debated. He wished Thror's map to be tipped in (that is, glued in after the book has been bound) at first mention in the text, and with the moon-letters (Anglo-Saxon runes) on the reverse so they could be seen when held up to the light. In the end the cost, as well as the shading of the maps, which would be difficult to reproduce, resulted in the final design of two maps as endpapers, Thror's map, and the Map of Wilderland, both printed in black and red on the paper's cream background. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.766629219055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Hobbit takes cues from narrative models of children's literature, as shown by its omniscient narrator and characters that young children can relate to, such as the small, food-obsessed, and morally ambiguous Bilbo. The text emphasizes the relationship between time and narrative progress and it openly distinguishes \"safe\" from \"dangerous\" in its geography. Both are key elements of works intended for children, as is the \"home-away-home\" (or there and back again) plot structure typical of the Bildungsroman. While Tolkien later claimed to dislike the aspect of the narrative voice addressing the reader directly, the narrative voice contributes significantly to the success of the novel. Emer O'Sullivan, in her Comparative Children's Literature, notes The Hobbit as one of a handful of children's books that has been accepted into mainstream literature, alongside Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World (1991) and J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series (1997–2007). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.086861610412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien intended The Hobbit as a \"fairy-story\" and wrote it in a tone suited to addressing children although he said later that the book was not specifically written for children but had rather been created out of his interest in mythology and legend. Many of the initial reviews refer to the work as a fairy story. However, according to Jack Zipes writing in \"The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales\", Bilbo is an atypical character for a fairy tale. The work is much longer than Tolkien's ideal proposed in his essay On Fairy-Stories. Many fairy tale motifs, such as the repetition of similar events seen in the dwarves' arrival at Bilbo's and Beorn's homes, and folklore themes, such as trolls turning to stone, are to be found in the story. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.940723896026611, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The book is popularly called (and often marketed as) a fantasy novel, but like Peter Pan and Wendy by J. M. Barrie and The Princess and the Goblin by George MacDonald, both of which influenced Tolkien and contain fantasy elements, it is primarily identified as being children's literature. The two genres are not mutually exclusive, so some definitions of high fantasy include works for children by authors such as L. Frank Baum and Lloyd Alexander alongside the works of Gene Wolfe and Jonathan Swift, which are more often considered adult literature. The Hobbit has been called \"the most popular of all twentieth-century fantasies written for children.\" Chance, however, considers the book to be a children's novel only in the sense that it appeals to the child in an adult reader. Sullivan credits the first publication of The Hobbit as an important step in the development of high fantasy, and further credits the 1960s paperback debuts of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings as essential to the creation of a mass market for fiction of this kind as well as the fantasy genre's current status.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5298702716827393, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Tolkien's prose is unpretentious and straightforward, taking as given the existence of his imaginary world and describing its details in a matter-of-fact way, while often introducing the new and fantastic in an almost casual manner. This down-to-earth style, also found in later fantasy such as Richard Adams' Watership Down and Peter Beagle's The Last Unicorn, accepts readers into the fictional world, rather than cajoling or attempting to convince them of its reality. While The Hobbit is written in a simple, friendly language, each of its characters has a unique voice. The narrator, who occasionally interrupts the narrative flow with asides (a device common to both children's and Anglo-Saxon literature), has his own linguistic style separate from those of the main characters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.710040092468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The overcoming of greed and selfishness has been seen as the central moral of the story. Whilst greed is a recurring theme in the novel, with many of the episodes stemming from one or more of the characters' simple desire for food (be it trolls eating dwarves or dwarves eating Wood-elf fare) or a desire for beautiful objects, such as gold and jewels, it is only by the Arkenstone's influence upon Thorin that greed, and its attendant vices \"coveting\" and \"malignancy\", come fully to the fore in the story and provide the moral crux of the tale. Bilbo steals the Arkenstone—a most ancient relic of the dwarves—and attempts to ransom it to Thorin for peace. However, Thorin turns on the Hobbit as a traitor, disregarding all the promises and \"at your services\" he had previously bestowed. In the end Bilbo gives up the precious stone and most of his share of the treasure to help those in greater need. Tolkien also explores the motif of jewels that inspire intense greed that corrupts those who covet them in the Silmarillion, and there are connections between the words \"Arkenstone\" and \"Silmaril\" in Tolkien's invented etymologies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.694610118865967, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Hobbit employs themes of animism. An important concept in anthropology and child development, animism is the idea that all things—including inanimate objects and natural events, such as storms or purses, as well as living things like animals and plants—possess human-like intelligence. John D. Rateliff calls this the \"Doctor Dolittle Theme\" in The History of the Hobbit, and cites the multitude of talking animals as indicative of this theme. These talking creatures include ravens, a thrush, spiders and the dragon Smaug, alongside the anthropomorphic goblins and elves. Patrick Curry notes that animism is also found in Tolkien's other works, and mentions the \"roots of mountains\" and \"feet of trees\" in The Hobbit as a linguistic shifting in level from the inanimate to animate. Tolkien saw the idea of animism as closely linked to the emergence of human language and myth: \"...The first men to talk of 'trees and stars' saw things very differently. To them, the world was alive with mythological beings... To them the whole of creation was 'myth-woven and elf-patterned'.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.286201477050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "As in plot and setting, Tolkien brings his literary theories to bear in forming characters and their interactions. He portrays Bilbo as a modern anachronism exploring an essentially antique world. Bilbo is able to negotiate and interact within this antique world because language and tradition make connections between the two worlds. For example, Gollum's riddles are taken from old historical sources, while those of Bilbo come from modern nursery books. It is the form of the riddle game, familiar to both, which allows Gollum and Bilbo to engage each other, rather than the content of the riddles themselves. This idea of a superficial contrast between characters' individual linguistic style, tone and sphere of interest, leading to an understanding of the deeper unity between the ancient and modern, is a recurring theme in The Hobbit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.812909126281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Just as Tolkien's literary theories have been seen to influence the tale, so have Tolkien's experiences. The Hobbit may be read as Tolkien's parable of World War I with the hero being plucked from his rural home and thrown into a far-off war where traditional types of heroism are shown to be futile. The tale as such explores the theme of heroism. As Janet Croft notes, Tolkien's literary reaction to war at this time differed from most post-war writers by eschewing irony as a method for distancing events and instead using mythology to mediate his experiences. Similarities to the works of other writers who faced the Great War are seen in The Hobbit, including portraying warfare as anti-pastoral: in \"The Desolation of Smaug\", both the area under the influence of Smaug before his demise and the setting for The Battle of the Five Armies later are described as barren, damaged landscapes. The Hobbit makes a warning against repeating the tragedies of World War I, and Tolkien's attitude as a veteran may well be summed up by Bilbo's comment: \"Victory after all, I suppose! Well, it seems a very gloomy business.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.564846515655518, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Lewis compares the book to Alice in Wonderland in that both children and adults may find different things to enjoy in it, and places it alongside Flatland, Phantastes, and The Wind in the Willows. W. H. Auden, in his review of the sequel The Fellowship of the Ring calls The Hobbit \"one of the best children's stories of this century\". Auden was later to correspond with Tolkien, and they became friends. The Hobbit was nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction of the year (1938). More recently, the book has been recognized as \"Most Important 20th-Century Novel (for Older Readers)\" in the Children's Books of the Century poll in Books for Keeps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.826908111572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Publication of the sequel The Lord of the Rings altered many critics' reception of the work. Instead of approaching The Hobbit as a children's book in its own right, critics such as Randell Helms picked up on the idea of The Hobbit as being a \"prelude\", relegating the story to a dry-run for the later work. Countering a presentist interpretation are those who say this approach misses out on much of the original's value as a children's book and as a work of high fantasy in its own right, and that it disregards the book's influence on these genres. Commentators such as Paul Kocher, John D. Rateliff and C. W. Sullivan encourage readers to treat the works separately, both because The Hobbit was conceived, published, and received independently of the later work, and also to prevent the reader from having false expectations of tone and style dashed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.008451461791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "While The Hobbit has been adapted and elaborated upon in many ways, its sequel The Lord of the Rings is often claimed to be its greatest legacy. The plots share the same basic structure progressing in the same sequence: the stories begin at Bag End, the home of Bilbo Baggins; Bilbo hosts a party that sets the novel's main plot into motion; Gandalf sends the protagonist into a quest eastward; Elrond offers a haven and advice; the adventurers escape dangerous creatures underground (Goblin Town/Moria); they engage another group of elves (The Elvenking’s realm/Lothlórien); they traverse a desolate region (Desolation of Smaug/the Dead Marshes); they are received and nourished by a small settlement of men (Lake-town/Ithilien); they fight in a massive battle (The Battle of Five Armies/Battle of Pelennor Fields); their journey climaxes within an infamous mountain peak (Lonely Mountain/Mount Doom); a descendant of kings is restored to his ancestral throne (Bard/Aragorn); and the questing party returns home to find it in a deteriorated condition (having possessions auctioned off/the scouring of the Shire). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.198750495910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Lord of the Rings contains several more supporting scenes, and has a more sophisticated plot structure, following the paths of multiple characters. Tolkien wrote the later story in much less humorous tones and infused it with more complex moral and philosophical themes. The differences between the two stories can cause difficulties when readers, expecting them to be similar, find that they are not. Many of the thematic and stylistic differences arose because Tolkien wrote The Hobbit as a story for children, and The Lord of the Rings for the same audience, who had subsequently grown up since its publication. Further, Tolkien's concept of Middle-earth was to continually change and slowly evolve throughout his life and writings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.916614532470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The style and themes of the book have been seen to help stretch young readers' literacy skills, preparing them to approach the works of Dickens and Shakespeare. By contrast, offering advanced younger readers modern teenage-oriented fiction may not exercise their reading skills, while the material may contain themes more suited to adolescents. As one of several books that have been recommended for 11- to 14-year-old boys to encourage literacy in that demographic, The Hobbit is promoted as \"the original and still the best fantasy ever written.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471527099609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Several teaching guides and books of study notes have been published to help teachers and students gain the most from the book. The Hobbit introduces literary concepts, notably allegory, to young readers, as the work has been seen to have allegorical aspects reflecting the life and times of the author. Meanwhile, the author himself rejected an allegorical reading of his work. This tension can help introduce readers to readerly and writerly interpretations, to tenets of New Criticism, and critical tools from Freudian analysis, such as sublimation, in approaching literary works. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274080276489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The first authorized adaptation of The Hobbit appeared in March 1953, a stage production by St. Margaret's School, Edinburgh. The Hobbit has since been adapted for other media many times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.00410270690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The first motion picture adaptation of The Hobbit, a 12-minute film of cartoon stills, was commissioned from Gene Deitch by William L. Snyder in 1966, as related by Deitch himself. This film was publicly screened in New York City. In 1969 (over 30 years after first publication), Tolkien sold the film and merchandising rights to The Hobbit to United Artists under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £10,000 plus a 7.5% royalty after costs, payable to Allen & Unwin and the author. In 1976 (three years after the author's death) United Artists sold the rights to Saul Zaentz Company, who trade as Tolkien Enterprises. Since then all \"authorized\" adaptations have been signed-off by Tolkien Enterprises. In 1997 Tolkien Enterprises licensed the film rights to Miramax, which assigned them in 1998 to New Line Cinema. The heirs of Tolkien, including his son Christopher Tolkien, filed suit against New Line Cinema in February 2008 seeking payment of profits and to be \"entitled to cancel... all future rights of New Line... to produce, distribute, and/or exploit future films based upon the Trilogy and/or the Films... and/or... films based on The Hobbit.\" In September 2009, he and New Line reached an undisclosed settlement, and he has withdrawn his legal objection to The Hobbit films. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.46614933013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The BBC Radio 4 series The Hobbit radio drama was an adaptation by Michael Kilgarriff, broadcast in eight parts (four hours in total) from September to November 1968. It starred Anthony Jackson as narrator, Paul Daneman as Bilbo and Heron Carvic as Gandalf. The series was released on audio cassette in 1988 and on CD in 1997. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.342720985412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "The Hobbit, an animated version of the story produced by Rankin/Bass, debuted as a television movie in the United States in 1977. In 1978, Romeo Muller won a Peabody Award for his teleplay for The Hobbit. The film was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, but lost to Star Wars. The adaptation has been called \"execrable\" and confusing for those not already familiar with the plot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75083065032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "In Decembers of 2012, 2013, and 2014, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and New Line Cinema released one part each of a three-part live-action film version produced and directed by Peter Jackson. The titles were The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503976821899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "Several computer and video games, both licensed and unlicensed, have been based on the story. One of the most successful was The Hobbit, an award-winning computer game published in 1982 by Beam Software and published by Melbourne House with compatibility for most computers available at the time. A copy of the novel was included in each game package. The game does not retell the story, but rather sits alongside it, using the book's narrative to both structure and motivate gameplay. The game won the Golden Joystick Award for Strategy Game of the Year in 1983 and was responsible for popularizing the phrase, \"Thorin sits down and starts singing about gold.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.885893821716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" }, { "answer": "The Hobbit", "passage": "While reliable figures are difficult to obtain, estimated global sales of The Hobbit run between 35 and 100 million copies since 1937. In the UK The Hobbit has not retreated from the top 5,000 books of Nielsen BookScan since 1995, when the index began, achieving a three-year sales peak rising from 33,084 (2000) to 142,541 (2001), 126,771 (2002) and 61,229 (2003), ranking it at the 3rd position in Nielsens' \"Evergreen\" book list. The enduring popularity of The Hobbit makes early printings of the book attractive collectors' items. The first printing of the first English-language edition can sell for between £6,000 and £20,000 at auction, although the price for a signed first edition has reached over £60,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.564224243164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hobbit" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater", "passage": "\"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13497.", "precise_score": -0.7938849925994873, "rough_score": 0.38870951533317566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater" }, { "answer": "Peter, Peter pumpkin eater", "passage": "Peter, Peter pumpkin eater,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46135139465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater" }, { "answer": "Peter, Peter pumpkin eater", "passage": "Peter, Peter pumpkin eater,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46135139465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater" } ]

[ { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The definitions of legendary and mythological have been debated with no widely agreed upon application. Some legendary creatures have their origin in traditional mythology and were believed to be real creatures, for example dragons, griffins, and unicorns. Others were based on real encounters, originating in garbled accounts of travelers' tales, such as the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary, which supposedly grew tethered to the earth (and was actually a type of fern). ", "precise_score": -4.07924747467041, "rough_score": -6.994724273681641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Legendary creature" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn, or γρύπων, grýpōn, early form γρύψ, grýps; ) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. The griffin was also thought of as king of all creatures. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. ", "precise_score": 7.914817810058594, "rough_score": 7.570487976074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Most statues have bird-like talons, although in some older illustrations griffins have a lion's forelimbs; they generally have a lion's hindquarters. Its eagle's head is conventionally given prominent ears; these are sometimes described as the lion's ears, but are often elongated (more like a horse's), and are sometimes feathered.", "precise_score": -2.36373233795166, "rough_score": -5.647225379943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Infrequently, a griffin is portrayed without wings, or a wingless eagle-headed lion is identified as a griffin. In 15th-century and later heraldry such a beast may be called an alce or a keythong.", "precise_score": -1.3695446252822876, "rough_score": -2.449144124984741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In heraldry, a griffin always has forelegs like an eagle's hind-legs. A type of griffin with the four legs of a lion was distinguished by perhaps only one English herald of later heraldry as the Opinicus where it also had a camel-like neck and a short tail that almost resembles a camel's tail.", "precise_score": -5.2386298179626465, "rough_score": -7.467154026031494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In Central Asia the griffin appears about a thousand years after Bronze Age Crete, in the 5th–4th centuries BC, probably originating from the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The Achaemenids considered the griffin \"a protector from evil, witchcraft and secret slander\". The modern generalist calls it the lion-griffin, as for example, Robin Lane Fox, in Alexander the Great, 1973:31 and notes p. 506, who remarks a lion-griffin attacking a stag in a pebble mosaic [http://greecefsp2009.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/dsc_0175.jpg Dartmouth College expedition] at Pella, perhaps as an emblem of the kingdom of Macedon or a personal one of Alexander's successor Antipater.", "precise_score": -6.671135902404785, "rough_score": -7.358434677124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Several ancient mythological creatures are similar to the griffin. These include the Lamassu, an Assyrian protective deity, often depicted with a bull or lion's body, eagle's wings, and human's head.", "precise_score": 3.6090126037597656, "rough_score": -2.270634174346924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "By the 12th century the appearance of the griffin was substantially fixed: \"All its bodily members are like a lion's, but its wings and mask are like an eagle's.\" It is not yet clear if its forelimbs are those of an eagle or of a lion. Although the description implies the latter, the accompanying illustration is ambiguous. It was left to the heralds to clarify that.", "precise_score": -4.713278293609619, "rough_score": -7.318139553070068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In heraldry, the griffin's amalgamation of lion and eagle gains in courage and boldness, and it is always drawn to powerful fierce monsters. It is used to denote strength and military courage and leadership. Griffins are portrayed with rear body of a lion, an eagle's head, with erect ears, and feathered breast, with forelegs of an eagle, including claws. These features indicate a combination of intelligence and strength. ", "precise_score": -1.1646926403045654, "rough_score": -5.367517471313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In architectural decoration the griffin is usually represented as a four-footed beast with wings and the head of an eagle with horns, or with the head and beak of an eagle.", "precise_score": -3.398714542388916, "rough_score": -8.315702438354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Imaginary or not, animals served allegorical functions for people in this time period. Physical detail was not the central focus of the artists depicting them, and medieval bestiaries were not proper biological categorizations. Creatures like the unicorn and griffin were not categorized in a separate \"mythological\" section in medieval bestiaries. Such a distinction was irrelevant as the symbolic implications were of primary importance. Animals we know to have existed were still presented with a fantastical approach. It seems the religious and moral implications of animals were far more significant than matching a physical likeness in these renderings. In The Medieval Artist’s Dilemma in Depicting Animals, Nona C. Flores explains, \"By the tenth century, artists were increasingly bound by allegorical interpretation, and abandoned naturalistic depictions.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.73584270477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Legendary creature" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Adrienne Mayor, a classical folklorist, proposes that the griffin was an ancient misconception derived from the fossilized remains of the Protoceratops found in gold mines in the Altai mountains of Scythia, in present-day southeastern Kazakhstan, or in Mongolia, though this hypothesis has been strongly contested as it ignores pre-Mycenaean accounts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688223838806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "While griffins are most common in the art and lore of Ancient Greece, there is evidence of representations of griffins in Ancient Persian and Ancient Egyptian art dating back to before 3000 BC. In Egypt, a griffin can be seen in a cosmetic palette from Hierakonpolis, known as the \"Two Dog Palette\", which is dated to ca. 3300-3100 BC. In Persia, griffins appeared on cylinder seals from Susa as early as 3000 BC. Griffin depictions appear in the Levant, Syria, and Anatolia in the Middle Bronze Age, dated at about 1950-1550 BC. Early depictions of griffins in Ancient Greek art are found in the 15th century BC frescoes in the Throne Room of the Bronze Age Palace of Knossos, as restored by Sir Arthur Evans. It continued being a favored decorative theme in Archaic and Classical Greek art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.041400909423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The Pisa Griffin is a large bronze sculpture which has been in Pisa in Italy since the Middle Ages, though it is of Islamic origin. It is the largest bronze medieval Islamic sculpture known, at over three feet tall (42.5 inches, or 1.08 m.), and was probably created in the 11th century in Al-Andaluz (Islamic Spain). From about 1100 it was placed on a column on the roof of Pisa Cathedral until replaced by a replica in 1832; the original is now in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo (Cathedral Museum), Pisa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.586502075195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In ancient Crete, griffins became very popular, and were portrayed in various media. A similar creature is the Minoan Genius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864350318908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In legend, griffins not only mated for life, but if either partner died, then the other would continue the rest of its life alone, never to search for a new mate. The griffin was thus made an emblem of the Church's opposition to remarriage. A Hippogriff is a legendary creature, supposedly the offspring of a griffin and a mare. Being a union of a terrestrial beast and an aerial bird, it was seen in Christendom to be a symbol of Jesus, who was both human and divine. As such it can be found sculpted on some churches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.774252891540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "According to Stephen Friar's New Dictionary of Heraldry, a griffin's claw was believed to have medicinal properties and one of its feathers could restore sight to the blind. Goblets fashioned from griffin claws (actually antelope horns) and griffin eggs (actually ostrich eggs) were highly prized in medieval European courts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.764945983886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "When it emerged as a major seafaring power in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, griffins commenced to be depicted as part of the Republic of Genoa's coat of arms, rearing at the sides of the shield bearing the Cross of St. George.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.244240760803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In British heraldry, a male griffin is shown without wings, its body covered in tufts of formidable spikes, with a short tusk emerging from the forehead, as for a unicorn. The female griffin with wings is more commonly used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.652545928955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The statues that mark the entrance to the City of London are sometimes mistaken for griffins, but are in fact (Tudor) dragons, the supporters of the city's arms. They are most easily distinguished from griffins by their membranous, rather than feathered, wings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938279151916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "For fictional characters named Griffin, see Griffin (surname)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25053596496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Griffins are used widely in Persian poetry; Rumi is one such poet who writes in reference to griffins.The Essential Rumi, translated from Persian by Coleman Barks, p 257", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11203384399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, after Dante and Virgil's journey through Hell and Purgatory has concluded, Dante meets a chariot dragged by a Griffin in Earthly Paradise. Immediately afterwards, Dante is reunited with Beatrice. Dante and Beatrice then start their journey through Paradise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91058349609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "John Milton, in Paradise Lost II, refers to the legend of the griffin in describing Satan:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.802504539489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In The Son of Neptune by Rick Riordan, Percy Jackson, Hazel Levesque, and Frank Zhang are attacked by griffins in Alaska.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437171936035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "In the Harry Potter series, the character Albus Dumbledore has a griffin-shaped knocker. Also, the character Godric Gryffindor's surname is a variation on the French griffon d'or (\"golden griffon\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873115539550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Pomponius Mela- \" In Europe, constantly falling snow makes those places contiguous with the Riphean Mountains so impassable that, in addition, they prevent those who deliberately travel here from seeing anything. After that comes a region of very rich soil but quite uninhabitable because griffins, a savage and tenacious breed of wild beasts, love- to an amazing degree- the gold that is mined from deep within the earth there, and because they guard it with an amazing hostility to those who set foot there.\" (Romer, 1998.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.135652542114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "\"Griffin\".eaudrey.com., n.p., 14 Mar. 2013 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904504776000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The griffin is the symbol of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; bronze castings of them perch on each corner of the museum's roof, protecting its collection. Similarly, prior to the mid-1990s a griffin formed part of the logo of Midland Bank (now HSBC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849034309387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The griffin is the logo of United Paper Mills, Vauxhall Motors, and of Scania and its former group partners SAAB-Aircraft and Saab Automobile. The latest fighter produced by the SAAB-Aircraft company bears the name of \"Gripen\" (Griffin), but as a result of public competition. During World War II, the Heinkel firm named its heavy bomber design for the Luftwaffe after the legendary animal, as the Heinkel He 177 Greif, the German form of \"griffin\". General Atomics has used the term \"Griffin Eye\" for its intelligence surveillance platform based on a Hawker Beechcraft King Air 35ER civilian aircraft ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.871024131774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Griffins, like many other fictional creatures, frequently appear within works under the fantasy genre. Examples of fantasy-oriented franchises that feature griffins include Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Warcraft, Heroes of Might and Magic, Dungeons and Dragons (see Griffon (Dungeons & Dragons)), Ragnarok Online, Harry Potter, The Spiderwick Chronicles, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, and The Battle for Wesnoth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.965715408325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Three gryphons form the crest of Trinity College, Oxford (founded 1555), originating from the family crest of founder Sir Thomas Pope. The college's debating society is known as The Gryphon, and the notes of its master emeritus show it to be one of the oldest debating institutions in the country, significantly older than the more famous Oxford Union Society. Griffins are also mascots for VU University Amsterdam, Reed College, Sarah Lawrence College, the University of Guelph, and Canisius College.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738249778747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The College of William and Mary in Virginia changed its mascot to the griffin in April 2010. The griffin was chosen because it is the combination of the British lion and the American eagle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.843304634094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The 367th Training Support Squadron's and 12th Combat Aviation Brigade feature griffins in their unit patches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02618408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The emblem of the Greek 15th Infantry Division features an axe-wielding griffin on its unit patch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15878677368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The mascot of Charles G. Fraser Junior Public School in Toronto is the Griffin, and an illustration of a griffin forms the school's logo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25900936126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Gryphons", "passage": "The mascot of Glebe Collegiate Institute in Ottawa is the Gryphon, and the team name is the Glebe Gryphons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251461029052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The griffin is the official mascot of Chestnut Hill College in Pennsylvania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097257614135742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The griffin is the official mascot of Gwynedd Mercy College in Pennsylvania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98686408996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Also Griffin is the Official mascot of Maria Clara High School, known as the Blue Griffins in PobCaRan cluster of Caloocan City Philippines, which excels in Cheerleading.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922703742980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The mascot of Leadership High School in San Francisco, CA was chosen by the student body by popular vote to be the Griffin after the Golden Gate University Griffins, where they operated out of from 1997-2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758248329162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "A griffin appears in the official seal of the Municipality of Heraklion, Greece.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.606470108032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "The Grand Rapids Griffins professional ice hockey team of the American Hockey League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38041877746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Suwon Samsung Bluewings's mascot 'Aguileon' is Griffin. Name 'Aguileon' is compound using the Spanish, aguila means eagle, leon means lion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.514945983886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Busch Gardens Williamsburg's highlight attraction is a dive coaster called \"Griffon\", which opened in 2007. In 2013, Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, Ohio opened the \"GateKeeper\" steel roller coaster which features a griffin as its mascot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875406265258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Film and television company, Merv Griffin Entertainment uses a griffin for its production company. Merv Griffin Entertainment was founded by entrepreneur Merv Griffin and is based in Beverly Hills, California. His former company Merv Griffin Enterprises also used a griffin for its logo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170877456665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "Some large species of Old World vultures are called griffines, including the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). The scientific name for the Andean condor is Vultur gryphus, Latin for \"griffin-vulture\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.403626441955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "A theory, postulated primarily by Adrienne Mayor, is that the griffin originated with ancient paleontological observations brought by long-distance traders to Europe along the Silk Road from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, where white fossils of Protoceratops are naturally exposed against reddish ground. Such fossils, seen by ancient observers, may have been interpreted as evidence of a half-bird-half-beast. Over repeated retelling and drawing recopying its bony neck frill (which is rather fragile and may have been frequently broken or entirely weathered away) may become large mammal-type external ears, and its beak may be treated as evidence of part-bird nature and lead to bird-type wings being added. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.01089859008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" }, { "answer": "Griffin", "passage": "However, the paleontologist Mark Witton has contested this hypothesis, as it relies on ignorance of pre-Greek griffin accounts and art, which have occurred considerably before the Central Asian trade scenario.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823101043701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Griffin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Milton \"Gummo\" Marx (October 23, 1892 – April 21, 1977) was an American vaudeville performer and theatrical agent. He was the second youngest of the five Marx Brothers. Born in New York City, he worked with his brothers on the vaudeville circuit, but left acting when he was drafted into the U.S. Army during World War I (years before his brothers Chico, Harpo, Groucho and Zeppo began their film career).", "precise_score": 2.526892900466919, "rough_score": 5.513654708862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gummo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Zeppo's comic persona is further highlighted in the \"letter scene\" of Animal Crackers. In his book Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Sometimes Zeppo, Joe Adamson analyzes the scene, showing how it reveals Zeppo's ability to one-up Groucho with simple, plain-English rebuttals. In the scene, Zeppo is told to take a letter to Groucho's lawyer. Adamson notes,", "precise_score": 3.8363029956817627, "rough_score": 4.284847259521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeppo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Thank goodness for Zeppo, who never really cracked a joke on screen. At least not directly. He just took it from Groucho, in more ways than one. ... If Groucho, Chico and Harpo were the funny guys, Zeppo was the Everyman, the loser who'd come running out of the grocery store only to find the meter maid sticking the parking ticket on his Hungadunga. ", "precise_score": 4.392899513244629, "rough_score": 3.3234176635742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeppo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The group are almost universally known today by their stage names: Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo Marx. The core of the act was the three elder brothers: Chico, Harpo, and Groucho. Each developed a highly distinctive stage persona.", "precise_score": 4.632658958435059, "rough_score": 5.244805812835693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Harpo and Chico \"more or less retired\" after 1949, while Groucho went on to begin a second career in television. The two younger brothers Gummo and Zeppo did not develop their stage characters to the same extent. The two eventually left the act to pursue business careers at which they were successful, as well as a large theatrical agency for a time, through which they represented their brothers and others. Gummo was not in any of the movies; Zeppo appeared in the first five films in relatively straight (non-comedic) roles. The performing lives of the brothers were brought about by their mother Minnie Marx, who also acted as their manager.", "precise_score": 4.502529144287109, "rough_score": 5.666727066040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The act slowly evolved from singing with comedy to comedy with music. The brothers' sketch \"Fun in Hi Skule\" featured Groucho as a German-accented teacher presiding over a classroom that included students Harpo, Gummo, and Chico. The last version of the school act was titled Home Again and was written by their uncle Al Shean. The Home Again tour reached Flint, Michigan in 1915, where 14-year-old Zeppo joined his four brothers for what is believed to be the only time that all five Marx Brothers appeared together on stage. Then Gummo left to serve in World War I, reasoning that \"anything is better than being an actor!\" Zeppo replaced him in their final vaudeville years and in the jump to Broadway, and then to Paramount films.", "precise_score": 2.7943992614746094, "rough_score": 4.648488521575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico, and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. He was the youngest and had grown up watching his brothers, so he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. \"He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in Animal Crackers] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience\", Groucho recalled. (Zeppo did impersonate Groucho in the film version of Animal Crackers. Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure, which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.) In December 1917 the Marx brothers were noted in a advertisement playing in a musical comedy act \"Home Again\". ", "precise_score": 2.9783663749694824, "rough_score": 4.296335697174072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Out of their distinctive costumes, the brothers looked alike, even down to their receding hairlines. Zeppo could pass for a younger Groucho, and played the role of his son in Horse Feathers. A scene in Duck Soup finds Groucho, Harpo, and Chico all appearing in the famous greasepaint eyebrows, mustache, and round glasses while wearing nightcaps. The three are indistinguishable, enabling them to carry off the \"mirror scene\" perfectly.", "precise_score": 2.7986698150634766, "rough_score": 3.60469651222229, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The reasons behind Chico's and Harpo's stage names are undisputed, and Gummo's is fairly well established. Groucho's and Zeppo's are far less clear. Arthur was named Harpo because he played the harp, and Leonard became Chico (pronounced \"Chick-o\") because he was, in the slang of the period, a \"chicken chaser\". (\"Chickens\"—later \"chicks\"—was period slang for women. \"In England now,\" said Groucho, \"they were called 'birds'.\") ", "precise_score": 3.154318332672119, "rough_score": 4.7816572189331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "After expiration of the Paramount contract Zeppo left the act to become an agent. He and brother Gummo went on to build one of the biggest talent agencies in Hollywood, helping the likes of Jack Benny and Lana Turner get their starts. Groucho and Chico did radio, and there was talk of returning to Broadway. At a bridge game with Chico, Irving Thalberg began discussing the possibility of the Marxes joining Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. They signed, now billed as \"Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Marx Bros.\" ", "precise_score": 3.7009122371673584, "rough_score": 5.06184720993042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Leonard Marx (March 22, 1887 – October 11, 1961), known professionally as Chico Marx, was an American comedian, musician, bandleader, actor and film star, individually and as a member of the Marx Brothers. His persona in the act was that of a charming, dim-witted albeit crafty con artist, seemingly of rural Italian origin, who wore shabby clothes and sported a curly-haired wig and Tyrolean hat. In virtually every film that includes the main trio of the Marx Brothers, Chico is seen working with Harpo Marx, usually as partners in crime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.400967597961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Chico was a talented pianist. He originally started playing with only his right hand and fake playing with his left, as his teacher did so herself. Chico eventually acquired a better teacher and learned to play the piano correctly. As a young boy, he gained jobs playing piano to earn money for the Marx family. Sometimes Chico even worked playing in two places at the same time. He would acquire the first job with his piano-playing skills, work for a few nights, and then substitute Harpo on one of the jobs. (During their boyhood, Chico and Harpo looked so much alike that they were often mistaken for each other.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.283873081207275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "In a record album about the Marx Brothers, narrator Gary Owens stated that \"although Chico's technique was limited, his repertoire was not.\" The opposite was true of Harpo, who reportedly could play only two tunes on the piano, which typically thwarted Chico's scam and resulted in both brothers' being fired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.49729061126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "For a while in the 1930s and 1940s, Chico led a big band. Singer Mel Tormé began his professional career singing with the Chico Marx Orchestra. Through the 1950s, Chico occasionally appeared on a variety of television anthology shows and some television commercials, most memorably with Harpo in \"The Incredible Jewelry Robbery\", a pantomime episode of General Electric Theater in 1959.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.09221887588501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "As well as being a compulsive womanizer, Chico had a lifelong gambling habit. His favorite gambling pursuits were card games as well as horse racing, dog racing, and various sports betting. His addiction cost him millions of dollars by his own account. When an interviewer in the late 1930s asked him how much money he had lost from gambling, he answered, \"Find out how much money Harpo's got. That's how much I've lost.\" Gummo Marx, in an interview years after Chico's death, said: \"Chico's favorite people were actors who gambled, producers who gambled, and women who screwed.\" Chico's lifelong gambling addiction compelled him to continue in show business long after his brothers had retired in comfort from their Hollywood income, and in the early 1940s he found himself playing in the same small, cheap halls in which he had begun his career 30 years earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.773377776145935, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Chico had a reputation as a world-class pinochle player, a game he and Harpo learned from their father. Groucho said Chico would throw away good cards (with the knowledge of spectators) to make the play \"more interesting.\" Chico's last public appearance was in 1960, playing cards on the television show Championship Bridge. He and his partner lost the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5771100521087646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chico Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Marx stated that he was born in a room above a butcher's shop on East 78th Street in New York City, \"Between Lexington & 3rd\", as told to Dick Cavett in a 1969 television interview. The Marx children grew up on East 93rd Street off Lexington Avenue in a neighborhood now known as Carnegie Hill on the Upper East Side of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The turn-of-the-century building that his brother Harpo called \"the first real home they ever knew\" (in his memoir Harpo Speaks) was populated with European immigrants, mostly artisans. Just across the street were the oldest brownstones in the area, owned by people such as the well-connected Loew Brothers and William Orth. The Marx family lived at this location \"for about 14 years\", Groucho also told Cavett.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.705422401428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "After a few stabs at entry-level office work and jobs suitable for adolescents, Julius took to the stage as a boy singer in 1905. Marx reputedly claimed that he was \"hopelessly average\" as a vaudevillian, but this was typically Marx, wisecracking in his true form. By 1909 Minnie Marx had assembled her sons into a forgettable-quality vaudeville singing group billed as \"The Four Nightingales\". The brothers Julius, Milton (Gummo Marx) and Arthur (originally Adolph, from 1911 Harpo Marx) and another boy singer, Lou Levy, traveled the U.S. vaudeville circuits to little fanfare. After exhausting their prospects in the East the family moved to La Grange, Illinois, to play the Midwest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400238037109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Groucho Marx made 26 movies, 13 of them with his brothers Chico and Harpo. Marx developed a routine as a wisecracking hustler with a distinctive chicken-walking lope, an exaggerated greasepaint mustache and eyebrows, and an ever-present cigar, improvising insults to stuffy dowagers (often played by Margaret Dumont) and anyone else who stood in his way. As the Marx Brothers, he and his brothers starred in a series of popular stage shows and movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2114635705947876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "In public and off-camera, Harpo and Chico were hard to recognize, without their wigs and costumes, but it was almost impossible for fans to recognize Groucho without his trademark eyeglasses, fake eyebrows, and mustache.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4608099162578583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The greasepaint mustache and eyebrows originated spontaneously prior to a vaudeville performance in the early 1920s when he did not have time to apply the pasted-on mustache he had been using (or, according to his autobiography, simply did not enjoy the removal of the mustache every night because of the effects of tearing an adhesive bandage off the same patch of skin every night). After applying the greasepaint mustache, a quick glance in the mirror revealed his natural hair eyebrows were too undertoned and did not match the rest of his face, so Marx added the greasepaint to his eyebrows and headed for the stage. The absurdity of the greasepaint was never discussed on-screen, but in a famous scene in Duck Soup, where both Chicolini (Chico) and Pinky (Harpo) disguise themselves as Groucho, they are briefly seen applying the greasepaint, implicitly answering any question a viewer might have had about where he got his mustache and eyebrows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.237948417663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Groucho was denied membership in an informal symphonietta of friends (including Harpo) organized by Ben Hecht, because he could play only the mandolin. When the group began its first rehearsal at Hecht's home, Groucho rushed in and demanded silence from the \"lousy amateurs\". The musicians discovered him conducting a recorded performance of Tannhäuser in Hecht's living room. Groucho was allowed to join the symphonietta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.125488758087158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "On the 1974 Academy Awards telecast, Marx's final major public appearance, Jack Lemmon presented him with an honorary Academy Award to a standing ovation. Noticeably frail, Groucho took a bow for his deceased brothers. \"I wish that Harpo and Chico could be here to share with me this great honor,\" he said. He also praised the late Margaret Dumont as a great straight woman who never understood any of his jokes. Groucho's final appearance was a brief sketch with George Burns in the Bob Hope television special Joys in 1976. His health continued to decline the following year; he was never told of his brother Gummo's death, at age 84 on April 21, 1977, for fear of eliciting still further deterioration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8842365741729736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The BBC remade the radio sitcom Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel, with contemporary actors playing the parts of the original cast. The series was repeated on digital radio station BBC7. Scottish playwright Louise Oliver wrote a play named Waiting for Groucho about Chico and Harpo waiting for Groucho to turn up for the filming of their last project together. This was performed by Glasgow theatre company Rhymes with Purple Productions at the Edinburgh Fringe and in Glasgow and Hamilton in 2007–08. Groucho was played by Scottish actor Frodo McDaniel.[http://www.rhymeswithpurple.net/waitingforgroucho Rhymes with Purple Productions – Theatre, Cabaret, Burlesque].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0892568826675415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Groucho Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "As with all of the Marx Brothers, there are different theories as to where Zeppo got his stage name: Groucho said in his Carnegie Hall concert in 1972 that the name was derived from the Zeppelin airship. Zeppo's ex-wife Barbara Sinatra repeats this in her 2011 book, Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank. His brother Harpo offers a different account in his 1961 autobiography, Harpo Speaks!, claiming (p. 130) that there was a popular trained chimpanzee named Mr. Zippo, and that \"Herbie\" was tagged with the name \"Zippo\" because he liked to do chinups and acrobatics, as the chimp did in its act. The youngest brother objected to this nickname, and it was altered to \"Zeppo.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.436767339706421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeppo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "\"One of the handicaps to the thorough enjoyment of the Marx Brothers in their merry escapades is the plight of poor Zeppo Marx. While Groucho, Harpo and Chico are hogging the show, as the phrase has it, their brother hides in an insignificant role, peeping out now and then to listen to plaudits in which he has no share.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4107189178466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeppo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Indeed, Zeppo is a link between the audience and Groucho, Harpo and Chico. In a sense, he is us on the screen. He knows who those guys are and what they are capable of. As he ambles out of a scene, perhaps it is to watch them do their business, to come back in as necessary to move the film along, and again to join in the celebration of the finish. Further, Zeppo is crucial to the absurdity of the Paramount films. The humor is in his incongruity. Typically he dresses like a normal person, in stark contrast to Groucho's greasepaint and 'formal' attire, Harpo's rags, and Chico's immigrant hand-me-downs. By most accounts, he is the handsomest of the brothers, yet that handsomeness is distorted by his familial resemblance to the others—sure, he's handsome, but it is a decidedly peculiar, Marxian handsomeness. By making the group four, Zeppo adds symmetry, and in the surrealistic worlds of the Paramount films, this symmetry upsets rather than confirms balance: it is chaos born of symmetry. That he is a plank in a maelstrom, along with the very concept of 'this guy' who is there for no real reason, who joins in and is accepted by these other three wildmen while the narrative offers no explanation, are wonderful in their pure absurdity. 'To string things together in a seemingly purposeless way,' said Mark Twain, 'and to be seemingly unaware that they are absurd, is the mark of American humor.' The 'sense' injected into the nonsense only compounds the nonsense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.677866220474243, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeppo Marx" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "The brothers were from a family of artists, and their musical talent was encouraged from an early age. Harpo was particularly talented, learning to play an estimated six different instruments throughout his career. He became a dedicated harpist, which gave him his nickname. Chico was an excellent pianist, Groucho a guitarist and singer, and Zeppo a vocalist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6596322059631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "They got their start in vaudeville, where their uncle Albert Schönberg performed as Al Shean of Gallagher and Shean. Groucho's debut was in 1905, mainly as a singer. By 1907, he and Gummo were singing together as \"The Three Nightingales\" with Mabel O'Donnell. The next year, Harpo became the fourth Nightingale and by 1910, the group briefly expanded to include their mother Minnie and their Aunt Hannah. The troupe was renamed \"The Six Mascots\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.476958751678467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "One evening in 1912, a performance at the Opera House in Nacogdoches, Texas was interrupted by shouts from outside about a runaway mule. The audience hurried out to see what was happening. Groucho was angered by the interruption and, when the audience returned, he made snide comments at their expense, including \"Nacogdoches is full of roaches\" and \"the jackass is the flower of Tex-ass\". Instead of becoming angry, the audience laughed. The family then realized that it had potential as a comic troupe. (However, in his autobiography Harpo Speaks, Harpo Marx states that the runaway mule incident occurred in Ada, Oklahoma. A 1930 article in the San Antonio Express newspaper states that the incident took place in Marshall, Texas. )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.79049015045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "By this time, \"The Four Marx Brothers\" had begun to incorporate their unique style of comedy into their act and to develop their characters. Both Groucho's and Harpo's memoirs say that their now-famous on-stage personae were created by Al Shean. Groucho began to wear his trademark greasepaint mustache and to use a stooped walk. Harpo stopped speaking onstage and began to wear a red fright wig and carry a taxi-cab horn. Chico spoke with a fake Italian accent, developed off-stage to deal with neighborhood toughs, while Zeppo adopted the role of the romantic (and \"peerlessly cheesy\", according to James Agee) straight man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1398391723632812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "By the 1920s, the Marx Brothers had become one of America's favorite theatrical acts, with their sharp and bizarre sense of humor. They satirized high society and human hypocrisy, and they became famous for their improvisational comedy in free-form scenarios. A famous early instance was when Harpo arranged to chase a fleeing chorus girl across the stage during the middle of a Groucho monologue to see if Groucho would be thrown off. However, to the audience's delight, Groucho merely reacted by commenting, \"First time I ever saw a taxi hail a passenger\". When Harpo chased the girl back in the other direction, Groucho calmly checked his watch and ad-libbed, \"The 9:20's right on time. You can set your watch by the Lehigh Valley.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.429323196411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "In his autobiography, Harpo explains that Milton became Gummo because he crept about the theater like a gumshoe detective. Other sources report that Gummo was the family's hypochondriac, having been the sickliest of the brothers in childhood, and therefore wore rubber overshoes, called gumshoes, in all kinds of weather. Still others report that Milton was the troupe's best dancer, and dance shoes tended to have rubber soles. Groucho stated that the source of the name was Gummo wearing galoshes. Whatever the details, the name relates to rubber-soled shoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.661098003387451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "* The grouch bag: This explanation appears in Harpo's biography; it was voiced by Chico in a TV appearance included on The Unknown Marx Brothers; and it was offered by George Fenneman, Groucho's sidekick on his TV game show You Bet Your Life. A grouch bag was a small drawstring bag worn around the neck in which a traveler could keep money and other valuables so that it would be very difficult for anyone to steal them. Most of Groucho's friends and associates stated that Groucho was extremely stingy, especially after losing all his money in the 1929 stock market crash, so naming him for the grouch bag may have been a comment on this trait. Groucho insisted that this was not the case in chapter six of his first autobiography:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7193782329559326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "* Harpo's explanation: Harpo said in Harpo Speaks! that the brothers had named Herbert for Mr. Zippo, a chimpanzee that was part of another performer's act. Herbert found the nickname very unflattering, and when it came time for him to join the act, he put his foot down and refused to be called \"Zippo\". The brothers compromised on \"Zeppo\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.942162036895752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Horse Feathers (1932), in which the brothers satirized the American college system and Prohibition, was their most popular film yet, and won them the cover of Time. It included a running gag from their stage work, in which Harpo produces a ludicrous array of props from his coat, including a wooden mallet, a fish, a coiled rope, a tie, a poster of a woman in her underwear, a cup of hot coffee, a sword; and, just after Groucho warns him that he \"can't burn the candle at both ends,\" a candle burning at both ends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.516883850097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Unlike the free-for-all scripts at Paramount, Thalberg insisted on a strong story structure that made the brothers more sympathetic characters, interweaving their comedy with romantic plots and non-comic musical numbers, and targeting their mischief-making at obvious villains. Thalberg was adamant that scripts include a \"low point\", where all seems lost for both the Marxes and the romantic leads. He instituted the innovation of testing the film's script before live audiences before filming began, to perfect the comic timing, and to retain jokes that earned laughs and replace those that did not. Thalberg restored Harpo's harp solos and Chico's piano solos, which had been omitted from Duck Soup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49848747253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "From the 1940s onward Chico and Harpo appeared separately and together in nightclubs and casinos. Chico fronted a big band, the Chico Marx Orchestra (with 17-year-old Mel Tormé as a vocalist). Groucho made several radio appearances during the 1940s and starred in You Bet Your Life, which ran from 1947 to 1961 on NBC radio and television. He authored several books, including Groucho and Me (1959), Memoirs of a Mangy Lover (1964) and The Groucho Letters (1967).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9854209423065186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Groucho and Chico briefly appeared together in a 1957 short film promoting the Saturday Evening Post entitled \"Showdown at Ulcer Gulch,\" directed by animator Shamus Culhane, Chico's son-in-law. Groucho, Chico, and Harpo worked together (in separate scenes) in The Story of Mankind (1957). In 1959, the three began production of Deputy Seraph, a TV series starring Harpo and Chico as blundering angels, and Groucho (in every third episode) as their boss, the \"Deputy Seraph.\" The project was abandoned when Chico was found to be uninsurable (and incapable of memorizing his lines) due to severe arteriosclerosis. On March 8 of that year, Chico and Harpo starred as bumbling thieves in The Incredible Jewel Robbery, a half-hour pantomimed episode of the General Electric Theater on CBS. Groucho made a cameo appearance—uncredited, because of constraints in his NBC contract—in the last scene, and delivered the only line of dialogue (\"We won't talk until we see our lawyer!\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3776990175247192, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "According to a September 1947 article in Newsweek, Groucho, Harpo, Chico and Zeppo all signed to appear as themselves in a biopic entitled The Life and Times of the Marx Brothers. In addition to being a non-fiction biography of the Marxes, the film would have featured the brothers reenacting much of their previously unfilmed material from both their vaudeville and Broadway eras. The film, had it been made, would have been the first performance by the Brothers as a quartet since 1933.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0153937339782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Around 1960, the acclaimed director Billy Wilder considered writing and directing a new Marx Brothers film. Tentatively titled A Day at the U.N., it was to be a comedy of international intrigue set around the United Nations building in New York. Wilder had discussions with Groucho and Gummo, but the project was put on hold because of Harpo's ill-health and abandoned when Chico died in 1961. He was 74. Three years later, on September 28, 1964, Harpo died at the age of 75 of a heart attack one day after heart surgery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.047820188105106354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "In 1970, the four Marx Brothers had a brief reunion of sorts in the animated ABC television special The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians, produced by Rankin-Bass animation (of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer fame). The special featured animated reworkings of various famous comedians' acts, including W. C. Fields, Jack Benny, George Burns, Henny Youngman, the Smothers Brothers, Flip Wilson, Phyllis Diller, Jack E. Leonard, George Jessel and the Marx Brothers. Most of the comedians provided their own voices for their animated counterparts, except for Fields and Chico Marx (both had died), and Zeppo Marx (who had left show business in 1933). Voice actor Paul Frees filled in for all three (no voice was needed for Harpo). The Marx Brothers' segment was a reworking of a scene from their Broadway play I'll Say She Is, a parody of Napoleon which Groucho considered among the brothers' funniest routines. The sketch featured animated representations, if not the voices, of all four brothers. Romeo Muller is credited as having written special material for the show, but the script for the classic \"Napoleon Scene\" was probably supplied by Groucho.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5928456783294678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Bugs Bunny impersonated Groucho Marx in the 1947 cartoon Slick Hare and in a later cartoon he again impersonated Groucho hosting a TV show called \"You Beat Your Wife,\" asking Elmer Fudd if he had stopped beating his wife. Tex Avery's cartoon Hollywood Steps Out (1941) featured appearances by Harpo and Groucho. They appeared, sometimes with Chico and Zeppo caricatured, in cartoons starring Mickey Mouse, Flip the Frog and others. In the Airwolf episode 'Condemned', four anti-virus formulae for a deadly plague were named after the four Marx Brothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.544435977935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "In All in the Family, Rob Reiner often did imitations of Groucho, and Sally Struthers dressed as Harpo in one episode in which she (as Gloria Stivic) and Rob (as Mike Stivic) were going to a Marx Brothers film festival, with Reiner dressing as Groucho. Gabe Kaplan did many Groucho imitations on his sit-com Welcome Back, Kotter and Robert Hegyes sometimes imitated both Chico and Harpo on the show. In Woody Allen's film Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Woody's character, after an unsuccessful suicide attempt, is inspired to go on living after seeing a revival showing of Duck Soup. In Manhattan (1979), he names the Marx Brothers as something that makes life worth living. In an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show Murray calls the new station owner at home late at night to complain when the song \"Hooray for Captain Spaulding\" is cut from a showing of Animal Crackers because of the new owners' policy to cut more and more from shows to sell more ad time, putting his job on the line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.45551684498786926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "Harpo Marx appeared as himself in a sketch on I Love Lucy in which he and Lucille Ball reprised the mirror routine from Duck Soup, with Lucy dressed up as Harpo. Lucy had worked with the Marxes when she appeared in a supporting role in an earlier Marx Brothers film, Room Service. Chico once appeared on I've Got a Secret dressed up as Harpo; his secret was shown in a caption reading, \"I'm pretending to be Harpo Marx (I'm Chico)\". The Marx Brothers were spoofed in the second act of the Broadway Review A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.348991394042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "*The Incredible Jewel Robbery (1959), an episode of the TV series General Electric Theater starring Harpo and Chico with an uncredited Groucho in a cameo role", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2599226236343384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" }, { "answer": "Harpo", "passage": "*Harpo:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714333534240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" } ]

[ { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with UN Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.", "precise_score": -2.252732276916504, "rough_score": -3.2936415672302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "On Saturday, 24 June 1950, U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea. Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act, paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler's aggressions in the 1930s, with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated. Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials, labor, capital, production facilities, and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War. However, President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):", "precise_score": 0.264792263507843, "rough_score": -3.4749436378479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".", "precise_score": -0.17249207198619843, "rough_score": -2.267862558364868, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "In the U.S., the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a \"police action\" as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. It has been referred to in the Anglosphere as \"The Forgotten War\" or \"The Unknown War\" because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war, and in relation to the global scale of World War II, which preceded it, and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War, which succeeded it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.661787986755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion. Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson. Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia. At the same time, the Administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.464853286743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: \"The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.934966087341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "A major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the US intervened. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea. At the same time, \"[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]\". Yugoslavia–a possible Soviet target because of the Tito-Stalin Split—was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece, and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council's post-North Korea invasion list of \"chief danger spots\". Truman believed if aggression went unchecked a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere. The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.20454740524292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve. The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea. The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.785373687744141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that \"Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.949943542480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to \"neutralize\" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as \"armed aggression on Chinese territory.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.148780345916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort. President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912613868713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "On 20 August 1950, Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that \"Korea is China's neighbor... The Chinese people cannot but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question\". Thus, through neutral-country diplomats, China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security, they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea. President Truman interpreted the communication as \"a bald attempt to blackmail the UN\", and dismissed it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.111647605895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, \"if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter\" without air force protection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.146505355834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978. The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.132149696350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Korean War" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Flintstones", "passage": "On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. In 2004, The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States. In 2009, The Simpsons surpassed The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriets record of 435 episodes and is now recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count). In October 2004, Scooby-Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes. However, network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season. In May 2007, The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons. For example, the Japanese anime series Sazae-san has over 7,000 episodes to its credit.", "precise_score": 9.38748550415039, "rough_score": 7.710234642028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons" } ]

[ { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": ", CBS Daytime airs two daytime soap operas each weekday: the hour-long series The Young and the Restless and half-hour series The Bold and the Beautiful. CBS has aired the most soap operas out of the Big Three networks, carrying 3½ hours of soaps on its daytime lineup from 1982 to 2009. After Guiding Light ended in September 2009, ABC overtook CBS as the network with the most daily hours dedicated to soap operas; however, CBS reclaimed this distinction in January 2012, following the conclusion of two of ABC's three remaining soap operas, All My Children and One Life to Live, which were cancelled the year before. Other than Guiding Light, notable daytime soap operas that once aired on CBS include As the World Turns, Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow, The Secret Storm, The Edge of Night and Capitol.", "precise_score": 1.875664234161377, "rough_score": 5.374225616455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "CBS" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "Several of America's most established soaps ended between 2009 and 2012. The longest-running drama in television and radio history, Guiding Light, barely reached 2.1 million daily viewers in 2009 and ended on September 18 of that year, after a 57-year run. As the World Turns aired its final episode on September 17, 2010 after a 54-year run. As the World Turns was the last of 20 soap operas produced by Procter & Gamble, the soap and consumer goods company from which the genre got its name. As The World Turns and Guiding Light were also among the last of the soaps that originated from New York City. All My Children, another New York-based soap, moved its production out to Los Angeles in an effort to reduce costs and raise sagging ratings; however, it along with One Life to Live, each with a four-decade-plus run, were both cancelled in 2011. All My Children aired its network finale in September 2011 with One Life to Live following suit in January 2012. Both All My Children and One Life to Live were briefly revived online in 2013, before being canceled again that same year.", "precise_score": 4.279719352722168, "rough_score": 3.4417951107025146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap opera" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and ran another 57 years; Burns & Allen, back \"home\" from NBC, made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later; Our Miss Brooks in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated Jack Benny Program ended its radio run in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday night show went off the air in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money,Bergreen, p. 230 it was clear where the future lay. When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air on November 25, 1960, only eight, relatively minor series remained. Prime time radio ended on September 30, 1962, when Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and Suspense aired for the final time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1231679916381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "CBS" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "Many long-running U.S. soap operas established particular environments for their stories. The Doctors and General Hospital, in the beginning, told stories almost exclusively from inside the confines of a hospital. As the World Turns dealt heavily with Chris Hughes' law practice and the travails of his wife Nancy who, tired of being \"the loyal housewife\" in the 1970s, became one of the first older women on the American serials to enter the workforce. Guiding Light dealt with Bert Bauer (Charita Bauer) and her alcoholic husband Bill, and their endless marital troubles. When Bert's status shifted to caring mother and town matriarch, her children's marital troubles were showcased. Search for Tomorrow mostly told its story through the eyes of Joanne Gardner (Mary Stuart). Even when stories revolved around other characters, Joanne was frequently a key player in their storylines. Days of our Lives initially focused on Dr. Tom Horton and his steadfast wife Alice. The show later branched out to focus more on their five children. The Edge of Night featured as its central character Mike Karr, a police detective (later an attorney), and largely dealt with organized crime. The Young and the Restless first focused on two families, the prosperous Brooks family with four daughters, and the working class Foster family of a single working mother with three children. Its storylines explored realistic problems including cancer, mental illness, poverty and infidelity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.866785049438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap opera" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "The American soap opera Guiding Light (originally titled The Guiding Light until 1975) started as a radio drama in January 1937 and subsequently transferred to television in June 1952. With the exception of several years in the late 1940s when the show's creator Irna Phillips was involved in a dispute with Procter & Gamble, Guiding Light was heard or seen nearly every weekday since it began, until 2009 making it the longest story ever told in a broadcast medium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8498996496200562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap opera" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "The first exotic location shoot was made by All My Children, to St. Croix in 1978. Many other soap operas planned lavish storylines after the success of the All My Children shoot. Soap operas Another World and Guiding Light both went to St. Croix in 1980, the former show culminating a long-running storyline between popular characters Mac, Rachel and Janice, and the latter to serve as an exotic setting for Alan Spaulding and Rita Bauer's torrid affair. Search for Tomorrow taped for two weeks in Hong Kong in 1981. Later that year, some of the cast and crew ventured to Jamaica to tape a love consummation storyline between the characters of Garth and Kathy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1123738288879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap opera" }, { "answer": "Guiding Light", "passage": "* Few U.S. daytime soap operas routinely feature location or exterior-shot footage (Guiding Light began shooting many of its scenes outdoors in its final two seasons). Often an outdoor locale is recreated in the studio. Australian and UK daily soap operas invariably feature a certain amount of exterior shot footage in every episode. This is usually shot in the same location and often on a purpose-built set, with new exterior locations for particular events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48653793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap opera" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gianni Versace", "passage": "Andrew Phillip Cunanan (August 31, 1969 – July 23, 1997) was an American serial killer who murdered at least five people, including fashion designer Gianni Versace, during a three-month period in 1997. On June 12, 1997, Cunanan became the 449th fugitive to be listed by the FBI on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. The killing spree ended with Cunanan's suicide. He was 27 years old.", "precise_score": 7.598685264587402, "rough_score": 7.405391693115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Andrew Cunanan" }, { "answer": "Gianni Versace", "passage": "On July 15, 1997, Cunanan murdered fashion designer Gianni Versace. A witness attempted to pursue him but could not catch him. The vehicle he used, as well as the clothes he had just been wearing, an alternative passport, and newspaper clippings of his murders, were found in a nearby garage by the police who responded. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.6221022605896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Andrew Cunanan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), in Asia, is the world's most populous state, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China based in the capital of Beijing. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower. ", "precise_score": 7.674905776977539, "rough_score": 8.107427597045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "China had the largest economy in the world for most of the past two thousand years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. , it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). China is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the BCIM and the G-20.", "precise_score": -1.3356945514678955, "rough_score": -2.806746482849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "China has over 160 cities with a population of over one million, including the seven megacities (cities with a population of over 10 million) of Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Shenzhen, and Wuhan. By 2025, it is estimated that the country will be home to 221 cities with over a million inhabitants. The figures in the table below are from the 2010 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists when considering the total municipal populations (which includes suburban and rural populations). The large \"floating populations\" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult; the figures below include only long-term residents.", "precise_score": 5.569434642791748, "rough_score": 6.5392608642578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "In recent decades, China has played an increasing role in calling for free trade areas and security pacts amongst its Asia-Pacific neighbours. In 2004, it proposed an entirely new East Asia Summit (EAS) framework as a forum for regional security issues. The EAS, which includes ASEAN Plus Three, India, Australia and New Zealand, held its inaugural summit in 2005. China is also a founding member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), along with Russia and the Central Asian republics. China became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 11 December 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.481691360473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "In addition to Taiwan, China is also involved in other international territorial disputes. Since the 1990s, China has been involved in negotiations to resolve its disputed land borders, including a disputed border with India and an undefined border with Bhutan. China is additionally involved in multilateral disputes over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as the Senkaku Islands and the Scarborough Shoal. On 21 May 2014 President Xi, speaking at a conference in Shanghai, pledged to settle China's territorial disputes peacefully. \"China stays committed to seeking peaceful settlement of disputes with other countries over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests\", he said. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.204045295715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "China's high-speed rail (HSR) system, built entirely since the early 2000s, had 11028 km of track in 2013 and was the longest HSR network in the world. The network includes the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen High-Speed Railway, the single longest HSR line in the world, and the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, which has three of longest railroad bridges in the world. The HSR track network is set to reach approximately 16000 km by 2020. The Shanghai Maglev Train, which reaches 431 km/h, is the fastest commercial train service in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.899353981018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "As of May 2014, 20 Chinese cities have urban mass transit systems in operation, with a dozen more to join them by 2020. The Shanghai Metro, Beijing Subway, Guangzhou Metro, Hong Kong MTR and Shenzhen Metro are among the longest and busiest in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.939975738525391, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "There were 182 commercial airports in China in 2012. With 82 new airports planned to open by 2015, more than two-thirds of the airports under construction worldwide in 2013 were in China, and Boeing expects that China's fleet of active commercial aircraft in China will grow from 1,910 in 2011 to 5,980 in 2031. With rapid expansion in civil aviation, the largest airports in China have also joined the ranks of the busiest in the world. In 2013, Beijing's Capital Airport ranked second in the world by passenger traffic (it was 26th in 2002). Since 2010, the Hong Kong International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport have ranked first and third in air cargo tonnage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.186666488647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "China has over 2,000 river and seaports, about 130 of which are open to foreign shipping. In 2012, the Ports of Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Guangzhou, Qingdao, Tianjin, Dalian ranked in the top in the world in container traffic and cargo tonnage . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.984418869018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": "There are as many as 292 living languages in China. The languages most commonly spoken belong to the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which contains Mandarin (spoken natively by 70% of the population), and other Chinese varieties: Wu (including Shanghainese), Yue (including Cantonese and Taishanese), Min (including Hoochew, Hokkien and Teochew), Xiang, Gan, and Hakka. Languages of the Tibeto-Burman branch, including Tibetan, Qiang, Naxi and Yi, are spoken across the Tibetan and Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. Other ethnic minority languages in southwest China include Zhuang, Thai, Dong and Sui of the Tai-Kadai family, Miao and Yao of the Hmong–Mien family, and Wa of the Austroasiatic family. Across northeastern and northwestern China, minority ethnic groups speak Altaic languages including Manchu, Mongolian and several Turkic languages: Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Salar and Western Yugur. Korean is spoken natively along the border with North Korea. Sarikoli, the language of Tajiks in western Xinjiang, is an Indo-European language. Taiwanese aborigines, including a small population on the mainland, speak Austronesian languages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.100501537322998, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" }, { "answer": "Shanghai", "passage": ", 94% of the population over age 15 are literate, compared to only 20% in 1950. In 2009, Chinese students from Shanghai achieved the world's best results in mathematics, science and literacy, as tested by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a worldwide evaluation of 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance. Despite the high results, Chinese education has also faced both native and international criticism for its emphasis on rote memorization and its gap in quality from rural to urban areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.464057922363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "China" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "While in his early teens, the family moved to Radlett, Hertfordshire. There, Michael attended Bushey Meads School in the neighbouring town of Bushey, where he befriended his future Wham! partner Andrew Ridgeley. The two had the same career ambition of being musicians. Michael would busk on the London Underground, performing songs such as \"'39\" by Queen. His involvement in the music business began with his working as a DJ, playing at clubs and local schools around Bushey, Stanmore, and Watford. This was followed by the formation of a short-lived ska band called The Executive with Ridgeley, Ridgeley's brother Paul, Andrew Leaver, and David Mortimer (AKA David Austin). ", "precise_score": -3.753537178039551, "rough_score": -4.507387638092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Michael first found success after forming the duo Wham! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. The band's first album Fantastic reached No. 1 in the UK in 1983 and produced a series of top 10 singles including \"Young Guns\", \"Wham Rap!\" and \"Club Tropicana\". Their second album, Make It Big reached No. 1 on the charts in the US. Singles from that album included \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" (No. 1 in the UK and US), \"Freedom\", \"Everything She Wants\", and \"Careless Whisper\" which reached No. 1 in nearly 25 countries, including the UK and US, and was Michael's first solo effort as a single.", "precise_score": -2.375779151916504, "rough_score": -5.859910488128662, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "For Michael, it became his third consecutive solo number one in the UK from three releases, after 1984's \"Careless Whisper\" (though the single was actually from the Wham! album Make It Big) and 1986's \"A Different Corner\". The single was also the first Michael had recorded as a solo artist which he had not written himself. The co-writer, Simon Climie, was unknown at the time, although he would have success as a performer with the band Climie Fisher in 1988.", "precise_score": -5.70354700088501, "rough_score": -7.740338325500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In February 2003 George Michael unexpectedly recorded another song in protest against the looming Iraq war, Don McLean's The Grave. The original was written by McLean in 1971 and was a protest against the Vietnam War. Michael performed the song on numerous top rated TV shows including \"Top of the Pops\" and \"So Graham Norton\". The video featured extensively on MTV. It was released as part of the War Child charity album Hope. Michael also performed the song on long-running British chart show Top of the Pops on BBC Television on 7 March 2003, introduced by the writer and stand-up comedian (and fan of George Michael) Ben Elton. It was Michael's first appearance on the show since 1986, when he performed \"The Edge of Heaven\" as one half of Wham!. He ran into conflict with the show's producers for an anti-war, anti Blair T-shirt worn by some members of his band.", "precise_score": -4.5511474609375, "rough_score": -5.945385932922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "The album contains songs chiefly from George Michael's solo career but also from his earlier days in Wham! It comes in two formats: two CDs or a limited edition three-CD set. The 2-CD set contained 26 tracks, including four recorded with Wham! and three new songs: \"An Easier Affair\"; \"This Is Not Real Love\" (a duet with Mutya Buena, formerly of Sugababes, which peaked at No.15 in the UK Charts); and a new version of \"Heal the Pain\" recorded with Paul McCartney. The limited edition three-CD version contains an additional 14 lesser known tracks, including one from Wham! and another completely new song, \"Understand\". ", "precise_score": -5.349477767944336, "rough_score": -7.356346130371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Twenty Five was released in North America on 1 April 2008 as a 29-song, two-CD set featuring several new songs (including duets with Paul McCartney and Mary J. Blige and a song from the short-lived TV series Eli Stone) in addition to many of Michael's successful songs from both his solo and Wham! career. To commemorate the Twenty Five album, George Michael toured North America for the first time in 17 years, playing large venues in major cities including New York, Los Angeles, St. Paul/Minneapolis, Tampa/St. Pete, Chicago and Dallas. The DVD version of Twenty Five contains 40 videos on two discs, including seven with Wham!. ", "precise_score": -6.0411834716796875, "rough_score": -7.501594066619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Wham! were an English musical duo formed by members George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley in the early 1980s. They were briefly known in the United States as Wham! UK due to a naming conflict with an American band. Wham! sold more than 25 million certified records worldwide from 1982 to 1986. ", "precise_score": 4.116228103637695, "rough_score": 3.7218756675720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Michael and Ridgeley met at Bushey Meads School in Bushey near the town of Watford in Hertfordshire. The two at first performed in a short-lived ska band called The Executive, alongside three of their former school friends David (Austin) Mortimer, Harry Tadayon and Andrew Leaver. When this group split, Michael and Ridgeley eventually formed Wham!, signing with Innervision Records.", "precise_score": -1.2433069944381714, "rough_score": -6.906035423278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "1981–86: Wham!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048044204711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Wham!'s tour of China in April 1985, the first visit to China by a Western popular music act, generated worldwide media coverage, much of it centred on Michael. Before Wham!'s appearance in China, many kinds of music in the country were forbidden. The audience included members of the Chinese government, and Chinese television presenter, Kan Lijun, who was the on stage host, spoke of Wham!'s historic performance; \"No-one had ever seen anything like that before. All the young people were amazed and everybody was tapping their feet. Of course the police weren't happy and they were scared there would be riots.\" The tour was documented by film director Lindsay Anderson and producer Martin Lewis in their film Foreign Skies: Wham! In China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.469053268432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "With the success of Michael's solo singles, \"Careless Whisper\" (1984) and \"A Different Corner\" (1986), rumours of an impending break up of Wham! intensified. The duo officially separated during the summer of 1986, after releasing a farewell single, \"The Edge of Heaven\" and a singles compilation, The Final, plus a sell-out concert at Wembley Stadium that included the world premiere of the China film. The Wham! partnership ended officially with the commercially successful single \"The Edge of Heaven\", which reached No. 1 on the UK chart in June 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.946220397949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In 1988, Michael embarked on a world tour. The nightly set list included from the Wham! era \"Everything She Wants\" and \"I'm Your Man\", as well as covers of \"Lady Marmalade\" or \"Play That Funky Music\". In Los Angeles, Michael was joined on stage by Aretha Franklin for \"I Knew You Were Waiting\". It was the second highest grossing event of 1988, earning $17.7 million. In February 1989, Faith won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 31st Grammy Awards. At the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards on 6 September in Los Angeles, Michael received the Video Vanguard Award. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.687453269958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "On 25 March 2008, a third part of the 25 Live Tour was announced for North America. This part included 21 dates in the United States and Canada. This was Michael's first tour of North America in 17 years. Following news of Michael's North American tour, Twenty Five was released in North America on 1 April 2008 as a 29-song, 2-CD set featuring several new songs (including duets with Paul McCartney and Mary J. Blige and a song from the short-lived TV series, Eli Stone) in addition to many of Michael's successful songs from both his solo and Wham! career. In addition, a companion 2-disc DVD of 40 videos was also made available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940824508666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham", "passage": "On 19 June 2012, George Michael released a single \"White Light\" in order the celebrate the 30 years since the release of Wham Rap. The single also contains a cover version of \"Song to the Siren\", and two remixes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.726726531982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Michael's album Symphonica was released on 17 March 2014, and became his 7th solo number one album in the UK, and 9th overall including his Wham! chart-toppers. The album was produced by Phil Ramone (his last production credit) and Michael. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.160392761230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Speaking about his time with Wham! in the 1980s, Michael said: \"I used to sleep with women quite a lot in the Wham! days but never felt it could develop into a relationship because I knew that, emotionally, I was a gay man. I didn't want to commit to them but I was attracted to them. Then I became ashamed that I might be using them.\" In 2009, Michael said: \"My depression at the end of Wham! was because I was beginning to realise I was gay, not bisexual.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.272043228149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In November 1984, Michael joined other British and Irish pop stars of the era and formed Band Aid, singing on the charity song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" for famine relief in Ethiopia. This single became the UK Christmas number one in December 1984, holding Michael's own song, \"Last Christmas\" by Wham!, at No. 2. \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" sold 3.75 million copies in the UK and became the biggest selling single in UK Chart history, a title it held until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", released in tribute to Princess Diana following her death (Michael would attend Diana's funeral with Elton John). Michael donated the royalties from \"Last Christmas\" to Band Aid and subsequently sang with Elton John at Live Aid (the Band Aid charity concert) in 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.758575439453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "George Michael" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Michael took on the majority of roles and responsibilities within the band—composer, producer, singer, and occasional instrumentalist. Still teenagers, they promoted themselves as hedonistic youngsters, proud to live a carefree life without work or commitment. This was reflected in their earliest singles which, part-parody, part-social comment, briefly earned Wham! a reputation as a dance protest group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.435720443725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham", "passage": "The debut record to be released by the band was \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)\" in June 1982. It was a double A-side including the Social Mix and the Anti-Social Mix. The record was not playlisted by BBC Radio 1 in the UK, partly because of the profanity in the Anti-Social Mix. Separate videos were recorded for each set of lyrics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364665985107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham", "passage": "\"Wham Rap!\" did not chart for the group, but in October 1982 \"Young Guns (Go for It!)\" was issued. Initially, it also stalled outside the UK Top 40 but the band got lucky when the BBC programme Top of the Pops scheduled them after another act unexpectedly pulled out of the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660791397094727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Wham!'s first manager was Bryan Morrison. The effect of Wham! on the public, especially teenage girls, was felt from the moment they finished their début performance of \"Young Guns (Go for It!)\" on Top of the Pops. Michael wore espadrilles, an open suede jacket, and rolled-up denim jeans. Ridgeley stood behind him, flanked by backing dancers Dee C. Lee and Shirlie Holliman. Afterwards, the song shot into the Top 40 at No. 24 and peaked at No. 3 in December. The following year (1983), Dee C. Lee began her work with Paul Weller in The Style Council, and was replaced by Pepsi DeMacque. Holliman and DeMacque would later record as Pepsi & Shirlie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.776636123657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Wham! followed up \"Young Guns (Go for It!)\" with a reissue of \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)\", \"Bad Boys\" and \"Club Tropicana\". By the end of 1983, Wham! were competing against pop rivals Duran Duran and Culture Club as Britain's biggest pop act. Their début LP Fantastic spent two weeks at No. 1 in the UK album charts in 1983. Notoriety and increased newspaper and magazine coverage were duly achieved with their antics of placing shuttlecocks down their shorts during performances on their first tour, the Club Fantastic Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965167999267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Soon after this Ridgeley became conscious of legal problems with their initial contract at Innervision. While the legal battle raged, Innervision released a medley of non-single album tracks from Fantastic, entitled \"Club Fantastic Megamix\". Wham! publicly denounced the release and urged fans not to buy it. After all the legal wrangling, Innervision admitted there were royalty discrepancies with Wham!'s contract, the fall-out of which led to the bankruptcy and eventual dissolution of Innervision altogether in 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04299259185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Now signed to Epic Records (and other CBS Records imprints around the world), Wham! returned in 1984 with an updated pop image. These changes helped to propel Wham!'s next single, \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\", to the top of the charts around the world. It became their first UK #1 single and rose to that position in the USA as well, accompanied by a memorable video of the duo with Pepsi and Shirlie, all wearing Katharine Hamnett T-shirts with the slogans \"CHOOSE LIFE\" and \"GO GO\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.996895790100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "The next single \"Careless Whisper\" was issued as a George Michael solo piece, yet unlike any Wham! single except \"Wham Rap!\" and \"Club Tropicana\", it was co-written by Ridgeley. The song, about a remorseful two-timer, had more emotional depth than previous releases. It quickly reached No. 1, selling over 1.3 million copies in the UK. \"Careless Whisper\" marked a new phase in George Michael's career, as he somewhat distanced himself from Wham!'s playboy image. In the U.S.—so as not to confuse American listeners just being exposed to Wham!—the single was billed as \"Wham! featuring George Michael\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.519070625305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In the autumn of 1984, Wham! returned as a duo with \"Freedom\", another UK chart-topper and the first single for quite some time to reach #1 in the UK without an accompanying video. Wham! subsequently decided to use a video edited together from footage of their tour of China in time for \"Freedom's\" U.S. single release. The group by then had achieved three number-one singles in a row. In November, they released their second album, Make It Big, which quickly climbed to #1 on the album charts, and the band set off on an arena tour at the end of 1984. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73097038269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "The double A-side single \"Last Christmas/Everything She Wants\" became the highest-selling single ever to peak at No. 2 in the UK charts. It stayed at No. 2 for five weeks and, to date, is the 24th best-selling single of all time in the United Kingdom, selling over 1.4 million copies in the UK. Wham! donated all their royalties from the single to the Ethiopian famine appeal to coincide with the fund-raising intentions of Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\", the song which kept them out of the top spot. Nevertheless, Band Aid's success meant that Michael had achieved #1 status in the UK within three separate entities in 1984—as a solo artist, as one half of a duo, and as part of a charity ensemble. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665063858032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In March 1985, Wham! took a break from recording to embark on a lengthy world tour, including a ground-breaking 10-day visit to China, the first by a Western pop group. The China excursion was a publicity scheme devised by Simon Napier-Bell (one of their two managers—Jazz Summers being the other). It culminated in a concert at the Workers' Gymnasium in Beijing in front of 15,000 people. Wham!'s visit to China attracted huge media attention across the world. Napier-Bell later admitted that he used cunning tactics to sabotage the efforts of rock band Queen to be the first to play in China: he made two brochures for the Chinese authorities – one featuring Wham! fans as pleasant middle-class youngsters, and one portraying Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury in typically flamboyant poses. The Chinese opted for Wham! ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.490249633789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "British Director Lindsay Anderson was engaged to accompany Wham! to China and make a documentary film about the visit. The film was shot over two weeks of March and April and edited over late spring and summer 1985 in London. Anderson called his one-hour and 18 minute film If You Were There.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174173355102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In the final stages of editing, Anderson was dismissed by Wham!'s management, the editing team quit, and the film was entirely re-edited, renamed and released as Foreign Skies: Wham! In China. According to a 2006 interview with The Independent, Andy Stephens, manager for George Michael, says that the film [Anderson's version] was simply not good enough to be shown in public. \"It's a dreadful film ... It's 20 years old and it's rubbish. Why on earth should we allow it to be shown?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.242083549499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Sporting a beard, Michael appeared with Ridgeley onstage at Live Aid on 13 July 1985 (although they did not perform as Wham!). Michael sang \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" with Elton John while Ridgeley joined Kiki Dee in the row of backing singers. In September, Wham! released the single \"I'm Your Man\" which went to No. 1 in the UK charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.464041709899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Michael was keen to create music targeted at a more sophisticated adult market rather than the duo's primarily teenage audience and therefore, Michael and Ridgeley officially announced the breakup of Wham! in the spring of 1986. Before going their separate ways, a farewell single \"The Edge of Heaven\", and a greatest hits record titled The Final would be forthcoming, along with a farewell concert entitled The Final. Announcing the breakup, Michael said: \"I think it should be the most amicable split in pop history.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.917868614196777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "At London's Wembley Stadium on Saturday 28 June 1986, Wham! bade goodbye to their fans and each other with an emotional embrace at the end of its final concert. 72,000 people attended the eight-hour event, which included support artists, on a scorching hot day in London. The band had been together for five years, selling over 25 million albums and 15 million singles. Foreign Skies, the documentary of their tour of China, received its world premiere as part of the festivities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421760559082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Post-Wham!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397820472717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "For several years after becoming a solo artist, George Michael spoke negatively, in public, about his time with Wham!, partly because of the negativity of intense media coverage on Ridgeley. Michael complained of the constant pressure he felt, and he claimed that the duo had been mistreated financially. He also spoke disparagingly about some of the songs from the Wham! repertoire, especially the songs from the first album. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.773530006408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "However, his perspective on the era has softened somewhat in recent years. At his solo concerts he still performs \"I'm Your Man\" and \"Everything She Wants\", one of the more critically acclaimed songs from the Wham! era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142573356628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "Andrew Ridgeley moved to Monaco after Wham!'s break-up and tried his hand at Formula Three motor racing. Meeting with little success, Ridgeley moved to Los Angeles to pursue his singing/acting career, the failure of which caused him to return to England in 1990. Regardless, CBS Records, having taken up the option on Wham!'s contract that specified solo albums from Michael and Ridgeley, released a solo effort from Ridgeley, Son of Albert, in 1990. After poor sales, CBS declined the option of a second album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797879219055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "On 21 November 2009, there was a Wham!-themed night on television's The X Factor in the UK. Michael later appeared on the show's final episode, performing a duet of \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" with finalist and eventual winner Joe McElderry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.360954284667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" }, { "answer": "Wham!", "passage": "In 2012, Michael said that there was no truth in speculation that he and Ridgeley were set for a Wham! reunion to mark the 30th anniversary of the group's first record. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.786848068237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wham!" } ]

[ { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "In North America, autumn is usually considered to start with the September equinox and end with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in North America associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees shed their leaves. In traditional East Asian solar term, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Éireann, are September, October and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In Australia and New Zealand, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends on 31 May. ", "precise_score": -2.2191131114959717, "rough_score": 0.7241213917732239, "source": "wiki", "title": "Autumn" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "A solstice is an astronomical event that occurs twice each year (in June and December) as the Sun reaches its highest or lowest excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. The seasons of the year are directly connected to both the solstices and the equinoxes.", "precise_score": -0.8959566950798035, "rough_score": -3.3757810592651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Outside of the tropics, the maximum elevation occurs at the summer solstice and the minimum at the winter solstice. The path of the Sun, or ecliptic, sweeps north and south between the northern and southern hemispheres. The days are longer around the summer solstice and shorter around the winter solstice. When the Sun's path crosses the equator, the length of the nights at latitudes +L° and -L° are of equal length. This is known as an equinox. There are two solstices and two equinoxes in a tropical year. ", "precise_score": -2.9902632236480713, "rough_score": -4.845872402191162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* First point of Cancer and first point of Capricorn refer to the astrological signs that the sun is entering. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, however, the constellations where the solstices are currently located are Taurus and Sagittarius, respectively.", "precise_score": -4.73180627822876, "rough_score": -5.120728015899658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The solstices (as well as the equinoxes) mark the middle of the seasons in East Asian calendars. Here, the Chinese character 至 means \"extreme\", so the terms for the solstices directly signify the summits of summer and winter.", "precise_score": -0.6681029796600342, "rough_score": -5.585107326507568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The term solstice can also be used in a wider sense, as the date (day) that such a passage happens. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some languages they are considered to start or separate the seasons; in others they are considered to be centre points (in England, in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the period around the northern solstice is known as midsummer, and Midsummer's Day is 24 June, about three days after the solstice itself). Similarly 25 December is the start of the Christmas celebration, and is the day the Sun begins to return to the Northern Hemisphere.", "precise_score": -0.2874482572078705, "rough_score": -1.5605101585388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Many cultures celebrate various combinations of the winter and summer solstices, the equinoxes, and the midpoints between them, leading to various holidays arising around these events. For the southern solstice, Christmas is the most popular holiday to have arisen. In addition, Yalda, Saturnalia, Karachun, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and Yule (see winter solstice for more) are also celebrated around this time. For the northern solstice, Christian cultures celebrate the feast of St. John from June 23 to 24 (see St. John's Eve, Ivan Kupala Day, Midsummer), while Neopagans observe Midsummer, also known as Litha. For the vernal (spring) equinox, several spring-time festivals are celebrated, such as the Persian Nowruz, the observance in Judaism of Passover and in most Christian churches of Easter. The autumnal equinox has also given rise to various holidays, such as the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. At the midpoints between these four solar events, cross-quarter days are celebrated.", "precise_score": -2.8968050479888916, "rough_score": -2.432368755340576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "In many cultures, the solstices and equinoxes traditionally determine the midpoint of the seasons, which can be seen in the celebrations called midsummer and midwinter. In this vein, the Japanese celebrate the start of each season with an occurrence known as Setsubun. The cumulative cooling and warming that result from the tilt of the planet become most pronounced after the solstices, leading to the more recent custom of using them to mark the beginning of summer and winter in most countries of Central and Northern Europe, as well as in Canada, the United States and New Zealand.", "precise_score": -1.83892822265625, "rough_score": -4.7180280685424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "\"Equinox\" originally refers to a day when daytime and nighttime are of approximately equal duration. ", "precise_score": -2.93430757522583, "rough_score": -5.304393768310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The equinoxes, along with solstices, are directly related to the seasons of the year. In the northern hemisphere, the vernal equinox (March) conventionally marks the beginning of spring in most cultures and is considered the New Year in the Persian calendar or Iranian calendars as Nouroz (means new day), while the autumnal equinox (September) marks the beginning of autumn. In the southern hemisphere, the vernal equinox occurs in September and the autumnal equinox in March.", "precise_score": -0.30862563848495483, "rough_score": -1.1621544361114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "This drift induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar. The Pope wanted to continue to conform with the edicts concerning the date of Easter of the Council of Nicaea of AD 325, which means he wanted to move the vernal equinox to 21 March, which is the day allocated to it in the Easter table of the Julian calendar. However, the leap year intervals in his calendar were not smooth (400 is not an exact multiple of 97). This causes the equinox to oscillate by about 53 hours around its mean position. This in turn raised the possibility that it could fall on 22 March, and thus Easter Day might theoretically commence before the equinox. The astronomers chose the appropriate number of days to omit so that the equinox would swing from 19 to 21 March but never fall on the 22nd (although it can in a handful of years fall early in the morning of that day in the Far East).", "precise_score": -1.4581403732299805, "rough_score": -1.7537126541137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The same is true in western tropical astrology: the vernal equinox is the first point (i.e. the start) of the sign of Aries. In this system, it is of no significance that the equinoxes shift over time with respect to the fixed stars.", "precise_score": -4.52226448059082, "rough_score": -5.125299453735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* The Baha'i calendar is dated from the vernal equinox of the year the Báb proclaimed his religion (AD 1844). Years are grouped in Váḥids of 19 years, and Kull-i-Shay’s of 361 (19 x 19) years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.933384418487549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epoch (reference date)" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as \"mid-autumn\", while others with a longer temperature lag treat it as the start of autumn. Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.491049289703369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Autumn" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Unlike the equinox, the solstice time is not easy to determine. The changes in solar declination become smaller as the sun gets closer to its maximum/minimum declination. The days before and after the solstice, the declination speed is less than 30 arcseconds per day which is less than of the angular size of the sun, or the equivalent to just 2 seconds of right ascension.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.810614585876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solstice" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "An equinox is an astronomical event in which the plane of Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun, which occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.019247055053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "On an equinox, day and night are of approximately equal duration all over the planet. They are not exactly equal, however, due to the angular size of the sun and atmospheric refraction. To avoid this ambiguity, the word equilux is sometimes used to mean a day in which the durations of light and darkness are equal. This meaning of \"equilux\" is rather modern (c. 2006) and unusual. Technical references since the beginning of the 20th century (c. 1910) use the terms \"equilux\" and \"isophot\" to mean \"of equal illumination\" in the context of curves showing how intensely lighting equipment will illuminate a surface. See for instance John William Tudor Walsh, [https://books.google.com/books?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.11466646194458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equilux", "passage": "iC46AAAAMAAJ&qequilux+illumination&dq", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444549560546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equilux", "passage": "equilux+illumination Textbook of Illuminating Engineering (Intermediate Grade)], I. Pitman, 1947. See Length of equinoctial day and night for further discussion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.680806159973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Equinoxes on Earth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.024128913879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The equinoxes are the only times when the solar terminator (the \"edge\" between night and day) is perpendicular to the equator. As a result, the northern and southern hemispheres are equally illuminated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.84186315536499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "In other words, the equinoxes are the only times when the subsolar point is on the equator, meaning that the Sun is exactly overhead at a point on the equatorial line. The subsolar point crosses the equator moving northward at the March equinox and southward at the September equinox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.598933219909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Image:AxialTiltObliquity.png|Illumination of Earth by the Sun at the March equinox", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.779595375061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "When Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar in 45 BC, he set 25 March as the date of the spring equinox. Because the Julian year (365.25 days) is slightly longer than the tropical year, the calendar \"drifted\" with respect to the two equinoxes — such that in 300 AD the spring equinox occurred about 21 March. By 1500 AD, it had drifted backwards to 11 March.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.347279071807861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* Spring equinox and fall (or autumn) equinox: colloquial names based on the seasons. However, these can be ambiguous since the northern hemisphere's spring is the southern hemisphere's autumn, and vice versa. The Latinate names vernal equinox (spring) and autumnal equinox (fall) are often used to the same effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.237764358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* March equinox and September equinox: names referring to the months of the year they occur, with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context. They are still not universal, however, as not all cultures use a solar-based calendar where the equinoxes occur every year in the same month (as they do not in the Islamic calendar and Hebrew calendar, for example).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.98665714263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* Northward equinox and southward equinox: names referring to the apparent direction of motion of the Sun. The northward equinox occurs in March when the sun crosses the equator from south to north, and the southward equinox occurs in September when the sun crosses the equator from north to south. These terms can be used unambiguously for other planets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697981834411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* First Point of Aries and first point of Libra: names referring to the astrological signs the sun is entering. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, however, the constellations where the equinoxes are currently located are Pisces and Virgo, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.220847129821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Day is usually defined as the period when sunlight reaches the ground in the absence of local obstacles. On the day of the equinox, the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth, so night and day are about the same length. In reality, the day is longer than the night at an equinox. There are two reasons for this:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.711094379425049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "In sunrise/sunset tables, the assumed semidiameter (apparent radius) of the Sun is 16 minutes of arc and the atmospheric refraction is assumed to be 34 minutes of arc. Their combination means that when the upper limb of the Sun is on the visible horizon, its centre is 50 minutes of arc below the geometric horizon, which is the intersection with the celestial sphere of a horizontal plane through the eye of the observer. These effects make the day about 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator and longer still towards the poles. The real equality of day and night only happens in places far enough from the equator to have a seasonal difference in day length of at least 7 minutes, actually occurring a few days towards the winter side of each equinox. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.809111595153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "At the equinoxes, the rate of change for the length of daylight and night-time is the greatest. At the poles, the equinox marks the transition from 24 hours of nighttime to 24 hours of daylight (or vice versa).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.589273452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Also on the day of an equinox, the Sun rises everywhere on Earth (except at the poles) at about 06:00 and sets at about 18:00 (local solar time). These times are not exact for several reasons:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.97252893447876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* Most places on Earth use a time zone which differs from the local solar time by minutes or even hours. For example, if a location uses a time zone with reference meridian 15° to the East, the Sun will rise around 07:00 on the equinox and set 12 hours later around 19:00.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709850311279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* Day length is also affected by the variable orbital speed of the Earth around the sun. This combined effect is described as the equation of time. Thus even locations which lie on their time zone's reference meridian will not see sunrise and sunset at 6:00 and 18:00. At the March equinox they are 7-8 minutes later, and at the September equinox they are about 7-8 minutes earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.262272834777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* Sunrise and sunset are commonly defined for the upper limb of the solar disk, rather than its center. The upper limb is already up for at least a minute before the center appears, and the upper limb likewise sets later than the center of the solar disk. Also, when the Sun is near the horizon, atmospheric refraction shifts its apparent position above its true position by a little more than its own diameter. This makes sunrise more than two minutes earlier and sunset an equal amount later. These two effects combine to make the equinox day 12 h 7 min long and the night only 11 h 53 min. Note, however, that these numbers are only true for the tropics. For moderate latitudes, the discrepancy increases (e.g., 12 minutes in London); and closer to the poles it becomes very much larger (in terms of time). Up to about 100 km from either pole, the Sun is up for a full 24 hours on an equinox day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.513805389404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Some of the statements above can be made clearer by picturing the day arc (i.e., the path the Sun tracks along the celestial dome in its diurnal movement). The pictures show this for every hour on equinox day. In addition, some 'ghost' suns are also indicated below the horizon, up to 18° below it; the Sun in such areas still causes twilight. The depictions presented below can be used for both the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. The observer is understood to be sitting near the tree on the island depicted in the middle of the ocean; the green arrows give cardinal directions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.570056915283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "File:equinox-0.jpg |Day arc at 0° latitude (equator)The arc passes through the zenith, resulting in almost no shadows at high noon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.715068817138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "File:equinox-20.jpg|Day arc at 20° latitudeThe Sun culminates at 70° altitude and its path at sunrise and sunset occurs at a steep 70° angle to the horizon. Twilight still lasts about one hour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.607294082641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "File:equinox-50.jpg|Day arc at 50° latitudeTwilight lasts almost two hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.21461296081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "File:equinox-70.jpg|Day arc at 70° latitudeThe Sun culminates at no more than 20° altitude and its daily path at sunrise and sunset is at a shallow 20° angle to the horizon. Twilight lasts for more than four hours; in fact, there is barely any night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.62169075012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "File:equinox-90.jpg|Day arc at 90° latitude (pole)If it were not for atmospheric refraction, the Sun would be on the horizon all the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.325815200805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The vernal equinox occurs in March, about when the Sun crosses the celestial equator south to north. The term \"vernal point\" is used for the time of this occurrence and for the direction in space where the Sun is seen at that time, which is the origin of some celestial coordinate systems:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86103343963623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Vernal point", "passage": "* in the ecliptic coordinate system, the vernal point is the origin of the ecliptic longitude;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441940307617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Vernal point", "passage": "* in the equatorial coordinate system, the vernal point is the origin of the right ascension.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408947944641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Strictly speaking, at the equinox the Sun's ecliptic longitude is zero. Its latitude will not be exactly zero since the Earth is not exactly in the plane of the ecliptic. Its declination will not be exactly zero either. (The ecliptic is defined by the center of mass of the Earth and Moon combined.) The modern definition of equinox is the instants when the Sun's apparent geocentric longitude is 0° (northward equinox) or 180° (southward equinox). See the diagram to the right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565927505493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Because of the precession of the Earth's axis, the position of the vernal point on the celestial sphere changes over time, and the equatorial and the ecliptic coordinate systems change accordingly. Thus when specifying celestial coordinates for an object, one has to specify at what time the vernal point and the celestial equator are taken. That reference time is called the equinox of date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492838859558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "The autumnal equinox is at ecliptic longitude 180° and at right ascension 12h.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471405982971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Vernal point", "passage": "The upper culmination of the vernal point is considered the start of the sidereal day for the observer. The hour angle of the vernal point is, by definition, the observer's sidereal time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029122352600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the celestial equator – the equinoxes shift through the constellations as follows (expressed in astronomical year numbering in which the year 0 1 BC, −1 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.750880241394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year −1865, passed into Pisces in year −67, will pass into Aquarius in year 2597, will pass into Capricornus in year 4312. It passed along (but not into) a 'corner' of Cetus on 0°10' distance in year 1489.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227849960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "* The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year −729, will pass into Leo in year 2439.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.013285636901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "A number of traditional spring and autumn (harvest) festivals are celebrated on the date of the equinoxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.309836387634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Equinoxes on other planets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.505267143249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "Equinox is a phenomenon that can occur on any planet with a significant tilt to its rotational axis. Most dramatic of these is Saturn, where the equinox places its ring system edge-on facing the Sun. As a result, they are visible only as a thin line when seen from Earth. When seen from above – a view seen by humans during an equinox for the first time from the Cassini space probe in 2009 – they receive very little sunshine, indeed more planetshine than light from the Sun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.2915678024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "This lack of sunshine occurs once every 14.7 years. It can last a few weeks before and after the exact equinox. The most recent exact equinox for Saturn was on 11 August 2009. Its next equinox will take place on 30 April 2024.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.662309646606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" }, { "answer": "Equinox", "passage": "One effect of equinoctial periods is the temporary disruption of communications satellites. For all geostationary satellites, there are a few days around the equinox when the sun goes directly behind the satellite relative to Earth (i.e. within the beam-width of the ground-station antenna) for a short period each day. The Sun's immense power and broad radiation spectrum overload the Earth station's reception circuits with noise and, depending on antenna size and other factors, temporarily disrupt or degrade the circuit. The duration of those effects varies but can range from a few minutes to an hour. (For a given frequency band, a larger antenna has a narrower beam-width and hence experiences shorter duration \"Sun outage\" windows.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231491088867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equinox" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oscar Madison", "passage": "The Odd Couple is a play by Neil Simon. Following its premiere on Broadway in 1965, the characters were revived in a successful 1968 film and 1970s television series, as well as other derivative works and spin-offs. The plot concerns two mismatched roommates: the neat, uptight Felix Ungar and the slovenly, easygoing Oscar Madison. Simon adapted the play in 1985 to feature a pair of female roommates (Florence Ungar and Olive Madison) in The Female Odd Couple. An updated version of the 1965 show appeared in 2002 with the title Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple.", "precise_score": 2.7999424934387207, "rough_score": 1.3323277235031128, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "Oscar Madison", "passage": "Felix Ungar, a neurotic, neat freak newswriter (a photographer in the television series), is thrown out by his wife, and moves in with his friend Oscar Madison, a slovenly sportswriter. Despite Oscar's problems – careless spending, excessive gambling, a poorly kept house filled with spoiled food – he seems to enjoy life. Felix, however, seems utterly incapable of enjoying anything and only finds purpose in pointing out his own and other people's mistakes and foibles. Even when he tries to do so in a gentle and constructive way, his corrections and suggestions prove extremely annoying to those around him. Oscar, his closest friend, feels compelled to throw him out after only a brief time together, though he quickly realizes that Felix has had a positive effect on him.", "precise_score": 4.479135513305664, "rough_score": 5.656013011932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "Oscar Madison", "passage": "*Oscar Madison: A slovenly, recently divorced sportswriter.", "precise_score": -0.9178839325904846, "rough_score": -1.3878421783447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "Oscar Madison", "passage": "The Odd Couple premiered on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on March 10, 1965 and transferred to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre where it closed on July 2, 1967 after 964 performances and two previews. Directed by Mike Nichols, the cast starred Walter Matthau as Oscar Madison and Art Carney as Felix Ungar.[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.744236707687378, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "3230 The Odd Couple] Internet Broadway database, accessed April 12, 2012 The production gained Tony Awards for Walter Matthau, Best Actor (Play), Best Author (Play), Best Direction of a Play, and Best Scenic Design (Oliver Smith), and was nominated for Best Play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24770450592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1970, the McMaster Shakespearean Players performed The Odd Couple with Martin Short as Felix, Eugene Levy as Oscar, and Dave Thomas as Murray – before any of these performers were famous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.414636611938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2002, Simon wrote an updated version of The Odd Couple, titled Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple. This version incorporated updated references and elements into the original storyline. This production ran at the Geffen Playhouse (Los Angeles) from June 2002 to July 21, 2002 with a cast that starred Gregory Jbara (Vinnie ), John Larroquette (Oscar), Joe Regalbuto (Felix) and María Conchita Alonso (Ynes) and was directed by Peter Bonerz. The revival opened on Broadway at The Brooks Atkinson Theatre on October 27, 2005, and closed on June 4, 2006 after 249 performances. Matthew Broderick and Nathan Lane played Felix and Oscar, respectively. Lane was replaced for three performances in January 2006 due to illness by Brad Garrett who had previously played Murray. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.557918548583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2011, Cezary Żak and Artur Barciś (popular actors from the Polish hit TV series Ranczo) performed as Oscar and Felix in Dziwna Para, a Polish rendition of The Odd Couple. The play was performed in the U.S and in Toronto, Canada and received good reviews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.965094566345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 2013, The Dallas Theater Center performed a revival of The Odd Couple that was directed by Kevin Moriarty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441362380981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1985, Neil Simon revised The Odd Couple for a female cast. The Female Odd Couple was based on the same story line and same lead characters, now called Florence Ungar and Olive Madison. The poker game became Trivial Pursuit with their friends becoming the girlfriends: Mickey, Sylvie, Vera, and Renee. The Pigeon sisters became the Costazuela brothers, Manolo and Jesus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81091594696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Female Odd Couple", "passage": "The Female Odd Couple opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on June 11, 1985, and closed on February 23, 1986, after 295 performances and nine previews. Directed by Gene Saks the cast starred Sally Struthers and Rita Moreno as Florence (Felix) and Olive (Oscar), with Lewis J. Stadlen and Tony Shalhoub (in his Broadway debut) as the Costazuela brothers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26763916015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1968, The Odd Couple was made into a highly successful film starring Jack Lemmon as Felix and Walter Matthau (once more) as Oscar. Most of the script from the play is the same, although the setting is expanded: instead of taking place entirely in Oscar's apartment, some scenes take place at various outside locations. The film was also written by Simon (who was nominated for an Academy Award) and was directed by Gene Saks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.344427108764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In 1998, Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau reprised their roles for the film The Odd Couple II, produced by Neil Simon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311073303222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" }, { "answer": "The Odd Couple", "passage": "In December 2013, it was announced that Matthew Perry would be starring in, co-writing, and executive-producing a remake of The Odd Couple. The multi-camera comedy premiered on February 19, 2015. Perry stars as Oscar while Thomas Lennon stars as Felix. The show also features Wendell Pierce as Teddy, Oscar's agent, Yvette Nicole Brown as Dani, Oscar's assistant, Dave Foley as Roy (a holdover from the original play), and Leslie Bibb and Lindsay Sloane as Casey and Emily (taking over for the Pigeon sisters).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.106489181518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Odd Couple" } ]

[ { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "National Geographic, formerly The National Geographic Magazine, is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888, nine months after the Society itself was founded. It primarily contains articles about geography, history, and world culture. The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a yellow rectangular border and its extensive use of dramatic photographs.", "precise_score": 5.832266807556152, "rough_score": 6.410797119140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "The first issue of National Geographic Magazine was published in October 1888, nine months after the Society was founded. Starting with its January 1905 publication of several full-page pictures of Tibet in 1900–1901, the magazine changed from being a text-oriented publication closer to a scientific journal to featuring extensive pictorial content, and became well known for this style. Among its more recent issues, the June 1985 cover portrait of 13-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula, shot by photographer Steve McCurry, became one of the magazine's most recognizable images.", "precise_score": 1.7273472547531128, "rough_score": 4.714539051055908, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "The magazine began to feature some pages of color photography in the early 1930s, when this technology was still in its early development. During the mid-1930s, Luis Marden (1913–2003), a writer and photographer for National Geographic, convinced the magazine to allow its photographers to use the so-called \"miniature\" 35 mm Leica cameras loaded with Kodachrome film over bulkier cameras with heavy glass plates that required the use of tripods. In 1959, the magazine started publishing small photographs on its covers, later becoming larger photographs. National Geographic photography quickly shifted to digital photography for both its printed magazine and its website. In subsequent years, the cover, while keeping its yellow border, shed its oak leaf trim and bare table of contents, to allow for a full page photograph taken for one of the month's articles. Issues of National Geographic are often kept by subscribers for years and re-sold at thrift stores as collectibles. The standard for photography has remained high over the subsequent decades and the magazine is still illustrated with some of the highest-quality photojournalism in the world. In 2006, National Geographic began an international photography competition with over eighteen countries participating.", "precise_score": -0.9704515337944031, "rough_score": -2.1443381309509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In 2001, National Geographic released an eight-CD-ROM set containing all its maps from 1888 to December 2000. Printed versions are also available from the National Geographic website. ", "precise_score": -6.688905715942383, "rough_score": -7.406363010406494, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In 1995, National Geographic began publishing in Japanese, its first local language edition. The magazine is currently published in 37 local editions around the world, including one local English version in India.", "precise_score": -5.071163177490234, "rough_score": -5.22722864151001, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In association with Trends Publications in Beijing and IDG Asia, National Geographic has been authorized for \"copyright cooperation\" in China to publish the yellow border magazine, which launched with the July 2007 issue of the magazine with an event in Beijing on July 10, 2007 and another event on December 6, 2007 in Beijing also celebrating the 29th anniversary of normalization of U.S.–China relations featuring former President Jimmy Carter. The mainland China version is one of the two local-language editions that bump the National Geographic logo off its header in favor of a local-language logo; the other one is the Farsi version published under the name Gita Nama.", "precise_score": 2.5717170238494873, "rough_score": -0.7361529469490051, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "The magazine is published monthly, and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions. It is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition. On occasion, special editions of the magazine are issued. As of 2015, the magazine was circulated worldwide in nearly 40 local-language editions and had a global circulation of approximately 6.5 million per month according to data published by The Washington Post (down from about 12 million in the late 1980s) or 6.7 million according to National Geographic. This includes a US circulation of 3.5 million. From the 1970s though about 2010 the magazine was printed in Corinth, Mississippi, by private printers until that plant was finally closed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.845154285430908, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "On September 9, 2015, the National Geographic Society announced a deal with 21st Century Fox that would move the magazine to a new partnership, National Geographic Partners, controlled by 21st Century Fox. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193081855773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "The current Editor-in-Chief of the National Geographic Magazine is Susan Goldberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.10799789428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "Chris Johns is chief content officer. He oversees the print and digital expression of National Geographic’s editorial content across its media platforms. He is responsible for National Geographic magazine, News, Books, Traveler magazine, Maps and all digital content with the exception of National Geographic Kids. He reports to Gary Evan Knell, president and CEO of the National Geographic Society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963780403137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic, a digital compilation of all the past issues of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a collective work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases, and temporarily withdrew the availability of the compilation. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 it resumed publishing a compilation containing all issues through December 2008. The compilation was later updated to make more recent issues available, and the archive and digital edition of the magazine are available online to the magazine's subscribers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.395343780517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "National Geographic Kids, the children's version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.189961433410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "Editors-in-chief of the National Geographic Magazine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059026718139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "Editor and president of the National Geographic Society (1920–1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23992919921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "During the Cold War, the magazine committed itself to presenting a balanced view of the physical and human geography of nations beyond the Iron Curtain. The magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria, the Soviet Union, and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race, National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the race's connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also many articles in the 1930s, 40s and 50s about the individual states and their resources, along with supplement maps of each state. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich. There were also articles about biology and science topics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090066909790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In later years articles became outspoken on issues such as environmental issues, deforestation, chemical pollution, global warming, and endangered species. Series of articles were included focusing on the history and varied uses of specific products such as a single metal, gem, food crop, or agricultural product, or an archaeological discovery. Occasionally an entire month's issue would be devoted to a single country, past civilization, a natural resource whose future is endangered, or other theme. In recent decades, the National Geographic Society has unveiled other magazines with different focuses. Whereas in the past, the magazine featured lengthy expositions, recent issues have shorter articles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74003791809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In conservative Muslim countries like Iran and Malaysia, photographs featuring topless or scantily clad members of primitive tribal societies are often blacked out; buyers and subscribers often complain that this practice decreases the artistic value of the photographs for which National Geographic is world-renowned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189753532409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "File:Srirangam 1909.jpg|Srirangam Temple, India (National Geographic Magazine November 1909)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528998374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "File:Tajin1913.jpg|Pyramid of the Niches, El Tajin, (National Geographic Magazine February 1913)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320637702941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "File:ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg|Traditional butter making in Palestine, (National Geographic Magazine March 1914)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536130905151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "Image:Spanish Gypsy NGM-v31-p257.jpg|Spanish Gypsy (National Geographic Magazine March 1917)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534348487854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "File:KatmanduMarket1920.jpg|Kathmandu Market (National Geographic Magazine October 1920)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.076154708862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "File:Bulgarian Muslims from Rhodopes (1932).jpg|Bulgarian Muslims from Rhodopes (National Geographic Magazine October 1932)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917017936706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "National Geographic Maps (originally the Cartographic Division) became a division of the National Geographic Society in 1915. The first supplement map, which appeared in the May 1918 issue of the magazine, titled The Western Theatre of War, served as a reference for overseas military personnel and soldiers' families alike. On some occasions, the Society's map archives have been used by the United States government in instances where its own cartographic resources were limited. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797061920166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt's White House map room was filled with National Geographic maps. A National Geographic map of Europe is featured in the displays of the Winston Churchill museum in London showing Churchill's markings at the Yalta Conference where the Allied leaders divided post-war Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203858375549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In contrast to the United States, where membership in the National Geographic Society was until recently the only way to receive the magazine, the worldwide editions are sold on newsstands in addition to regular subscriptions. In several countries, such as Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Turkey and Ukraine National Geographic paved the way for a subscription model in addition to traditional newsstand sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590161323547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "On May 1, 2008, National Geographic won three National Magazine Awards—an award solely for its written content—in the reporting category for an article by Peter Hessler on the Chinese economy; an award in the photojournalism category for work by John Stanmeyer on malaria in the Third World; and a prestigious award for general excellence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335556983947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In May 2006, 2007, and 2011 National Geographic magazine won the American Society of Magazine Editors' General Excellence Award in the over two million circulation category. In 2010, National Geographic Magazine received the top ASME awards for photojournalism and essay. In 2011, National Geographic Magazine received the top-award from ASME—the Magazine of the Year Award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.62390422821045, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" }, { "answer": "National Geographic", "passage": "In April 2014, National Geographic received the National Magazine Award (\"Ellie\") for best tablet edition for its multimedia presentation of Robert Draper's story \"The Last Chase,\" about the final days of a tornado researcher who was killed in the line of duty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.403488159179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Geographic (magazine)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Victory", "passage": "The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan, Hurley International and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of \"Just Do It\" and the Swoosh logo.", "precise_score": 5.759959697723389, "rough_score": 7.156590461730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nike, Inc." } ]

[ { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The contras (some references use the capitalized form, \"Contras\") is a label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.", "precise_score": 4.397889614105225, "rough_score": 3.945797920227051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In April 1982, Edén Pastora (Comandante Cero), one of the heroes in the fight against Somoza, organized the Sandinista Revolutionary Front (FRS) – embedded in the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) – and declared war on the Sandinista government. Himself a former Sandinista who had held several high posts in the government, he had resigned abruptly in 1981 and defected, believing that the newly found power had corrupted the Sandinista's original ideas. A popular and charismatic leader, Pastora initially saw his group develop quickly. He confined himself to operate in the southern part of Nicaragua; after a press conference he was holding on 30 May 1984 was bombed, he \"voluntarily withdrew\" from the contra struggle.", "precise_score": 2.606208324432373, "rough_score": 1.6133897304534912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The US government viewed the leftist Sandinistas as a threat to economic interests of American corporations in Nicaragua and to the national security. US President Ronald Reagan stated in 1983 that “The defense of [the USA's] southern frontier” was at stake. \"In spite of the Sandinista victory being declared fair, the United States continued to oppose the left-wing Nicaraguan government.\" and opposed its ties to Cuba and the Soviet Union. Ronald Reagan, who had assumed the American presidency in January 1981, accused the Sandinistas of importing Cuban-style socialism and aiding leftist guerrillas in El Salvador. The Reagan administration continued to view the Sandinistas as undemocratic despite the 1984 Nicaraguan elections being generally declared fair by foreign observers. Throughout the 1980s the Sandinista government was regarded as \"Partly Free\" by Freedom House, an organization financed by the U.S. government. ", "precise_score": 3.334035634994507, "rough_score": 1.5140047073364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In 1984 the Sandinista government filed a suit in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against the United States (Nicaragua v. United States), which resulted in a 1986 judgment against the United States. The ICJ held that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. Regarding the alleged human rights violations by the contras, however, the ICJ took the view that the United States could only be held accountable for them if it would have been proven that the U.S. had effective control of the contra operations resulting in these alleged violations. Nevertheless, the ICJ found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare (Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas) and disseminating it to the contras. The manual, amongst other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians and recommended to hire professional killers for specific selective tasks. ", "precise_score": 2.7305173873901367, "rough_score": 2.8333866596221924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "By 1986 the contras were besieged by charges of corruption, human-rights abuses, and military ineptitude. A much-vaunted early 1986 offensive never materialized, and Contra forces were largely reduced to isolated acts of terrorism. In October 1987, however, the contras staged a successful attack in southern Nicaragua. Then on 21 December 1987, the FDN launched attacks at La Bonanza, La Siuna, and La Rosita in Zelaya province, resulting in heavy fighting. ARDE Frente Sur attacked at El Almendro and along the Rama road. These large-scale raids mainly became possible as the contras were able to use U.S.-provided Redeye missiles against Sandinista Mi-24 helicopter gunships, which had been supplied by the Soviets. Nevertheless, the Contras remained tenuously encamped within Honduras and weren't able to hold Nicaraguan territory. ", "precise_score": 4.9272661209106445, "rough_score": 2.4591362476348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "There were isolated protests among the population against the draft implemented by the Sandinista government, which even resulted in full-blown street clashes in Masaya in 1988. However, polls showed the Sandinista government still enjoyed strong support from Nicaraguans. Political opposition groups were splintered and the Contras began to experience defections, although United States aid maintained them as a viable military force. ", "precise_score": 3.2001354694366455, "rough_score": 0.8482022285461426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Possible explanations include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega regime as well as the fact that already in November 1989, the White House had announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would continue unless Violeta Chamorro won. Also, there had been reports of intimidation from the side of the contras, with a Canadian observer mission confirming 42 people killed by the contras in \"election violence\" in October 1989. This led many commentators to assume that Nicaraguans voted against the Sandinistas out of fear of a continuation of the contra war and economic deprivation.", "precise_score": 0.8711957335472107, "rough_score": -3.110581159591675, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Sandinista National Liberation Front (, FSLN) is now a democratic socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s. ", "precise_score": -0.7723478674888611, "rough_score": -2.5825133323669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending the Somoza dynasty, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Following their seizure of power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted a policy of mass literacy, devoted significant resources to health care, and promoted gender equality. A militia, known as the Contras was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the US Central Intelligence Agency. In 1984 elections were held but were boycotted by some opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes, and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987 and after years of fighting the Contras the FSLN lost what many consider the first truly democratic election in 1990 to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature.", "precise_score": 4.583687782287598, "rough_score": 2.4567062854766846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Sandinistas took their name from Augusto César Sandino (1895–1934), the charismatic leader of Nicaragua's nationalist rebellion against the US occupation of the country during the early 20th century (ca. 1922–1934). Sandino was assassinated in 1934 by the Nicaraguan National Guard (), the US-equipped police force of Anastasio Somoza, whose family ruled the country from 1936 until they were overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979.", "precise_score": 1.2633914947509766, "rough_score": 2.667980432510376, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN originated in the milieu of various oppositional organisations, youth and student groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The University of Léon, and the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN) in Managua were two of the principal centers of activity. Inspired by the Revolution and the FLN in Algeria, the FSLN itself was founded in 1961 by Carlos Fonseca, , Tomás Borge and others as The National Liberation Front (FLN). Only Tomás Borge lived long enough to see the Sandinista victory in 1979.", "precise_score": -3.224271774291992, "rough_score": -3.4487392902374268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In 1975, Somoza imposed a state of siege, censoring the press, and threatening all opponents with internment and torture. Somoza's National Guard also increased its violence against individuals and communities suspected of collaborating with the Sandinistas. Many of the FSLN guerrillas were killed, including its leader and founder Carlos Fonseca in 1976. Fonseca had returned to Nicaragua in 1975 from his exile in Cuba to try to reunite fractures that existed in the FSLN. He and his group were betrayed by a peasant who informed the National Guard that they were in the area. The guerrilla group was ambushed, and Fonseca was wounded in the process. The next morning Fonseca was executed by the National Guard. ", "precise_score": -2.254091262817383, "rough_score": -2.3715531826019287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN also established a Council of State, subordinate to the junta, which was composed of representative bodies. However, the Council of State only gave political parties twelve of forty-seven seats; the rest of the seats were given to Sandinista mass-organizations. Of the twelve seats reserved for political parties, only three were not allied to the FSLN. Due to the rules governing the Council of State, in 1980 both non-FSLN junta members resigned. Nevertheless, as of the 1982 State of Emergency, opposition parties were no longer given representation in the council. The preponderance of power also remained with the Sandinistas through their mass organizations, including the Sandinista Workers' Federation (), the Luisa Amanda Espinoza Nicaraguan Women's Association (), the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (), and most importantly the Sandinista Defense Committees (CDS). The Sandinista-controlled mass organizations were extremely influential over civil society and saw their power and popularity peak in the mid-1980s.", "precise_score": -1.6162939071655273, "rough_score": -1.904145359992981, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN also created neighborhood groups similar to the Cuban Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, called Sandinista Defense Committees ( or CDS). Especially in the early days following the overthrow of Somoza, the CDS's served as de facto units of local governance. Their obligations included political education, the organization of Sandinista rallies, the distribution of food rations, organization of neighborhood/regional cleanup and recreational activities, and policing to control looting, and the apprehension of counter-revolutionaries. The CDS's organized civilian defense efforts against Contra activities and a network of intelligence systems in order to apprehend their supporters. These activities led critics of the Sandinistas to argue that the CDS was a system of local spy networks for the government used to stifle political dissent, and the CDS did hold limited powers—such as the ability to suspend privileges such as driver licenses and passports—if locals refused to cooperate with the new government. After the initiation of heavier U.S. military involvement in the Nicaraguan conflict the CDS was empowered to enforce wartime bans on political assembly and association with other political parties (i.e., parties associated with the \"Contras\").", "precise_score": -1.1409351825714111, "rough_score": -2.908019781112671, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "By 1980, conflicts began to emerge between the Sandinista and non-Sandinista members of the governing junta. Violeta Chamorro and Alfonso Robelo resigned from the governing junta in 1980, and rumours began that members of the Ortega junta would consolidate power amongst themselves. These allegations spread, and rumors intensified that it was Ortega's goal to turn Nicaragua into a state modeled after Cuban socialism. In 1979 and 1980, former Somoza supporters and ex-members of Somoza's National Guard formed irregular military forces, while the original core of the FSLN began to splinter. Armed opposition to the Sandinista Government eventually divided into two main groups: The Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense (FDN), a U.S. supported army formed in 1981 by the CIA, U.S. State Department, and former members of the widely condemned Somoza-era Nicaraguan National Guard; and the Alianza Revolucionaria Democratica (ARDE) Democratic Revolutionary Alliance, a group that had existed since before the FSLN and was led by Sandinista founder and former FSLN supreme commander, Edén Pastora, a.k.a. \"Commander Zero\". and Milpistas, former anti-Somoza rural militias, which eventually formed the largest pool of recruits for the Contras. Although independent and often at conflict with each other, these guerrilla bands—along with several others—all became generally known as \"Contras\" (short for \"\", en. \"counter-revolutionaries\"). ", "precise_score": 2.8076980113983154, "rough_score": -2.529402732849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Contras operated out of camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica (see Edén Pastora cited below) to the south. As was typical in guerrilla warfare, they were engaged in a campaign of economic sabotage in an attempt to combat the Sandinista government and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's Corinto harbour, an action condemned by the International Court of Justice as illegal. The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and, as with Cuba, the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo. ", "precise_score": 4.0692291259765625, "rough_score": 1.113548755645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Despite limited resources and poor organization, the UNO coalition under Violeta Chamorro directed a campaign centered around the failing economy and promises of peace. Many Nicaraguans expected the country's economic crisis to deepen and the Contra conflict to continue if the Sandinistas remained in power. Chamorro promised to end the unpopular military draft, bring about democratic reconciliation, and promote economic growth. In the February 25, 1990, elections, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro carried 55 percent of the popular vote against Daniel Ortega's 41 percent.", "precise_score": 2.2239174842834473, "rough_score": -0.8731374144554138, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In 1987, due to a stalemate with the Contras, the Esquipulas II treaty was brokered by Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez. The treaty's provisions included a call for a cease-fire, freedom of expression, and national elections. After the February 26, 1990 elections, the Sandinistas lost and peacefully passed power to the National Opposition Union (UNO), an alliance of 14 opposition parties ranging from the conservative business organization COSEP to Nicaraguan communists. UNO's candidate, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, replaced Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua.", "precise_score": 1.9697606563568115, "rough_score": -2.4201276302337646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Reasons for the Sandinista loss in 1990 are disputed. Defenders of the defeated government assert that Nicaraguans voted for the opposition due to the continuing U.S. economic embargo and potential Contra threat. Others have alleged that the United States threatened to continue to support the Contras and continue the civil war if the regime was not voted out of power. ", "precise_score": 2.9102416038513184, "rough_score": 0.3244345188140869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In its eleven years in power, the Sandinista government never overcame most of the economic inequalities that it inherited from the Somoza era. Years of war, policy missteps, natural disasters, and the effects of the United States trade embargo all hindered economic development. The early economic gains of the Sandinistas were wiped out by seven years of sometimes precipitous economic decline, and in 1990, by most standards, Nicaragua and most Nicaraguans were considerably poorer than they were in the 1970s.", "precise_score": -0.4806656837463379, "rough_score": 2.428900718688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Sandinistas' relationship with the Roman Catholic Church deteriorated as the Contra War continued. The hierarchy refused to speak out against the counterrevolutionary activities of the contras and failed to denounce American military aid. State media accused the Catholic Church of being reactionary and supporting the Contras. According to former President Ortega, \"The conflict with the church was strong, and it costs us, but I don't think it was our fault. ... There were so many people being wounded every day, so many people dying, and it was hard for us to understand the position of the church hierarchy in refusing to condemn the contras.\" The hierarchy-state tensions were brought to the fore with Pope John Paul II 1983 visit to Nicaragua. Hostility to the Catholic Church became so great that at one point, FSLN militants shouted down Pope John Paul II as he tried to say Mass. Therefore, while the activities of the Catholic church contributed to the success of the Sandinista revolution, the hierarchy's opposition was a major factor in the downfall of the revolutionary government.", "precise_score": 1.837982416152954, "rough_score": 1.8694339990615845, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Human Rights Watch also stated in its 1989 report on Nicaragua that: \"Under the Reagan administration, U.S. policy toward Nicaragua's Sandinista government was marked by constant hostility. This hostility yielded, among other things, an inordinate amount of publicity about human rights issues. Almost invariably, U.S. pronouncements on human rights exaggerated and distorted the real human rights violations of the Sandinista regime, and exculpated those of the U.S.-supported insurgents, known as the contras.\" ", "precise_score": 0.995580792427063, "rough_score": -1.142058253288269, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Since the conflict with Nicaragua in the 1980s, variations of the term \"Sandinista\" are now sometimes used in the United States to refer to fanatical supporters of a certain cause. In the Spanish language, the suffix \"-ista\" is used to indicate a predilection towards the root and is the equivalent of \"-ist\" in English.", "precise_score": 2.3155596256256104, "rough_score": -0.825984537601471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*The English anarcho-punk band Chumbawamba recorded the song \"An Interlude: Beginning To Take It Back\" on their album Pictures of Starving Children Sell Records (1986). The song chronicles the history of the Sandinistas, as well as their conflict with the Contras, and reflects an optimistic hope for the future of Nicaragua.", "precise_score": 0.15432123839855194, "rough_score": -3.223379135131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "During their war against the Nicaraguan government, the Contras committed a large number of human rights violations and used terrorist tactics and carried out more than 1300 terrorist attacks. These actions were frequently carried out systematically as a part of the strategy of the contras. Supporters of the Contras tried to minimize these violations, particularly the Reagan administration in the US, which engaged in a campaign of white propaganda to alter public opinion in favor of the contras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.834209442138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Contras were not a monolithic group, but a combination of three distinct elements of Nicaraguan society:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.225028991699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "* Ex-guardsmen of the Nicaraguan National Guard and other right-wing figures who had fought for Nicaragua's ex-dictator Somoza —these later were especially found in the military wing of the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN). Remnants of the Guard later formed groups such as the Fifteenth of September Legion, the Anti-Sandinista Guerrilla Special Forces, and the National Army of Liberation. Initially however, these groups were small and conducted little active raiding into Nicaragua. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.282407760620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "* Anti-Somozistas who had supported the revolution but felt betrayed by the Sandinista government – e.g. Edgar Chamorro, prominent member of the political directorate of the FDN, or Jose Francisco Cardenal, who had briefly served in the Council of State before leaving Nicaragua out of disagreement with the Sandinista government's policies and founding the Nicaraguan Democratic Union (UDN), an opposition group of Nicaraguan exiles in Miami. Another example are the MILPAS (Milicias Populares Anti-Sandinistas), peasant militias led by disillusioned Sandinista veterans from the northern mountains. Founded by Pedro Joaquín González (known as \"Dimas\"), the Milpistas were also known as (green corn). Even after his death, other MILPAS bands sprouted during 1980–1981. The Milpistas were composed largely of (peasant) highlanders and rural workers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8394129276275635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Nicaraguans who had avoided direct involvement in the revolution but opposed the Sandinistas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.449026107788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The CIA and Argentine intelligence, seeking to unify the anti-Sandinista cause before initiating large-scale aid, persuaded 15 September Legion, the UDN and several former smaller groups to merge in September 1981 as the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, FDN). Although the FDN had its roots in two groups made up of former National Guardsmen (of the Somoza regime), its joint political directorate was led by businessman and former anti-Somoza activist Adolfo Calero Portocarrero. Edgar Chamorro later stated that there was strong opposition within the UDN against working with the Guardsmen and that the merging only took place because of insistence by the CIA. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.230498313903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Based in Honduras, Nicaragua's northern neighbor, under the command of former National Guard Colonel Enrique Bermúdez, the new FDN commenced to draw in other smaller insurgent forces in the north. Largely financed, trained, equipped, armed and organized by the U.S., it emerged as the largest and most active contra group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.421131134033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "A third force, Misurasata, appeared among the Miskito, Sumo and Rama Amerindian peoples of Nicaragua's Atlantic coast, who in December 1981 found themselves in conflict with the authorities following the government's efforts to nationalize Indian land. In the course of this conflict, forced removal of at least 10,000 Indians to relocation centers in the interior of the country and subsequent burning of some villages took place. The Misurasata movement split in 1983, with the breakaway Misura group of Stedman Fagoth Muller allying itself more closely with the FDN, and the rest accommodating themselves with the Sandinistas: On 8 December 1984 a ceasefire agreement known as the Bogota Accord was signed by Misurasata and the Nicaraguan government. A subsequent autonomy statute in September 1987 largely defused Miskito resistance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.776325225830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "U.S. officials were active in attempting to unite the Contra groups. In June 1985 most of the groups reorganized as the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO), under the leadership of Adolfo Calero, Arturo Cruz and Alfonso Robelo, all originally supporters of the anti-Somoza revolution. After UNO's dissolution early in 1987, the Nicaraguan Resistance (RN) was organized along similar lines in May.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1880998611450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In front of the International Court of Justice, Nicaragua claimed that the contras were altogether a creation of the U.S. This claim was rejected. However, the evidence of a very close relationship between the contras and the United States was considered overwhelming and incontrovertible. The U.S. played a very large role in financing, training, arming, and advising the contras over a long period, and the contras only became capable of carrying out significant military operations as a result of this support. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82754898071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In the fiscal year 1984, the U.S. Congress approved $24 million in contra aid. However, since the contras failed to win widespread popular support or military victories within Nicaragua, opinion polls indicated that a majority of the U.S. public was not supportive of the contras, the Reagan administration lost much of its support regarding its contra policy within Congress after disclosure of CIA mining of Nicaraguan ports, and a report of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research commissioned by the State Department found Reagan's allegations about Soviet influence in Nicaragua \"exaggerated\", Congress cut off all funds for the contras in 1985 by the third Boland Amendment. The Boland Amendment had first been passed by Congress in December 1982. At this time, it only outlawed U.S. assistance to the contras for the purpose of overthrowing the Nicaraguan government, while allowing assistance for other purposes. In October 1984, it was amended to forbid action by not only the Defense Department and the Central Intelligence Agency but all U.S. government agencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.566534519195557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Nevertheless, the case for support of the contras continued to be made in Washington, D.C., by both the Reagan administration and the Heritage Foundation, which argued that support for the contras would counter Soviet influence in Nicaragua. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.404377937316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "On 1 May 1985 President Reagan announced that his administration perceived Nicaragua to be \"an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States\", and declared a \"national emergency\" and a trade embargo against Nicaragua to \"deal with that threat\". On May 16, 1985, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega redeclared \"a position of nonalignment\" during his failed mission to try and collect military aid from France, Spain, and Italy. Ortega managed to gain warm words of political and economic support but military aid was ruled out. In 1982, France sold Nicaragua about $17 million worth of arms before U.S. anger made them terminate the deal. A French Foreign Ministry official explained that this reticence resulted, \"because we have limited power to maneuver in Central America, and after all, the region is in America's backyard.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752031326293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "According to the National Security Archive, Oliver North had been in contact with Manuel Noriega, the military leader of Panama later convicted on drug charges, whom he personally met. The issue of drug money and its importance in funding the Nicaraguan conflict was the subject of various reports and publications. The contras were funded by drug trafficking, of which the United States was aware. Senator John Kerry's 1988 Committee on Foreign Relations report on Contra drug links concluded that \"senior U.S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that drug money was a perfect solution to the Contras' funding problems\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2659912109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The United States, which did not participate in the merits phase of the proceedings, maintained that the ICJ's power did not supersede the Constitution of the United States and argued that the court did not seriously consider the Nicaraguan role in El Salvador, while it accused Nicaragua of actively supporting armed groups there, specifically in the form of supply of arms. The ICJ had found that evidence of a responsibility of the Nicaraguan government in this matter was insufficient. The U.S. argument was affirmed, however, by the dissenting opinion of ICJ member U.S. Judge Schwebel, who concluded that in supporting the contras, the United States acted lawfully in collective self-defence in El Salvador's support. The U.S. blocked enforcement of the ICJ judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation. The Nicaraguan government finally withdrew the complaint from the court in September 1992 (under the later, post-FSLN, government of Violeta Chamorro), following a repeal of the law requiring the country to seek compensation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.132943153381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "U.S. news media published several articles accusing Americas Watch and other bodies of ideological bias and unreliable reporting. It alleged that Americas Watch gave too much credence to alleged Contra abuses and systematically tried to discredit Nicaraguan human rights groups such as the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, which blamed the major human rights abuses on the Sandinistas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.821662425994873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "After a cutoff in U.S. military support and with both sides facing international pressure to bring an end to the conflict, the contras agreed to negotiations with the FSLN. With the help of five Central American Presidents, including Ortega, it was agreed that a voluntary demobilization of the contras should start in early December 1989, in order to facilitate free and fair elections in Nicaragua in February 1990 (even though the Reagan administration had pushed for a delay of contra disbandment). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.497005462646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Carla's Song, a fictional film by Ken Loach set in part against the backdrop of the conflict in Nicaragua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42190933227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "* Contra (video game series) While it is unclear whether the game was deliberately named after the Nicaraguan Contra rebels, the ending theme of the original game was titled , after the adversaries of the real-life Contras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640643119812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Contra (album), the second studio album by the American indie rock band Vampire Weekend, released in January 2010 on XL Recordings. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. The album title is intended as a thematic allegory and a complex reference to the Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries. The song “I Think Ur a Contra” is from this album. The 1980 album by The Clash, Sandinista!, and partially to the Contra video game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.305447578430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contras" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN remains one of Nicaragua's two leading parties. The FSLN often polls in opposition to the Constitutionalist Liberal Party, or PLC. In the 2006 Nicaraguan general election, former FSLN President Daniel Ortega was re-elected President of Nicaragua with 38.7% of the vote compared to 29% for his leading rival, bringing in the country's second Sandinista government after 16 years of the opposition winning elections. Ortega and the FSLN were re-elected again in the presidential election of November 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.382226943969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In December 1974, a guerrilla group affiliated with FSLN directed by Eduardo Contreras and Germán Pomares seized government hostages at a party in the house of the Minister of Agriculture in the Managua suburb Los Robles, among them several leading Nicaraguan officials and Somoza relatives. The siege was carefully timed to take place after the departure of the US ambassador from the gathering. At 10:50 pm, a group of 15 young guerrillas and their commanders, Pomares and Contreras, entered the house. They killed the Minister, who tried to shoot them, during the takeover. The guerrillas received US$2 million ransom, and had their official communiqué read over the radio and printed in the newspaper La Prensa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67723560333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Over the next year, the guerrillas also succeeded in getting 14 Sandinista prisoners released from jail, and with them, were flown to Cuba. One of the released prisoners was Daniel Ortega, who would later become the president of Nicaragua. The group also lobbied for an increase in wages for National Guard soldiers to 500 córdobas ($71 at the time). The Somoza government responded with further censorship, intimidation, torture, and murder. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8866963386535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "As a consequence of the repressive campaign of the National Guard, in 1975 a group within the FSLN's urban mobilization arm began to question the viability of the GPP. In the view of the young orthodox Marxist intellectuals, such as Jaime Wheelock, economic development had turned Nicaragua into a nation of factory workers and wage-earning farm laborers. Wheelock's faction was known as the \"Proletarian Tendency\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971390724182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In October 1977, a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen allied with the Terceristas to form \"El Grupo de los Doce\", (The Group of Twelve) in Costa Rica. The group's main idea was to organize a provisional government from Costa Rica. The new strategy of the Terceristas also included unarmed strikes and rioting by labor and student groups coordinated by the FSLN's \"United People's Movement\" (Movimiento Pueblo Unido – MPU).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710380554199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Terceristas carried out attacks in early February in several Nicaraguan cities. The National Guard responded by further increasing repression and using force to contain and intimidate all government opposition. The nationwide strike that paralyzed the country for ten days weakened the private enterprises and most of them decided to suspend their participation in less than two weeks. Meanwhile, Somoza asserted his intention to stay in power until the end of his presidential term in 1981. The United States government showed its displeasure with Somoza by suspending all military assistance to the regime, but continued to approve economic assistance to the country for humanitarian reasons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.791967391967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In August, the Terceristas staged a hostage-taking. Twenty-three Tercerista commandos led by Edén Pastora seized the entire Nicaraguan congress and took nearly 1,000 hostages, including Somoza's nephew José Somoza Abrego and cousin Luis Pallais Debayle. Somoza gave in to their demands and paid a $500,000 ransom, released 59 political prisoners (including GPP chief Tomás Borge), broadcast a communiqué with FSLN's call for general insurrection and gave the guerrillas safe passage to Panama. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07667350769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "A few days later six Nicaraguan cities rose in revolt. Armed youths took over the highland city of Matagalpa. Tercerista cadres attacked Guard posts in Managua, Masaya, León, Chinandega and Estelí. Large numbers of semi-armed civilians joined the revolt and put the Guard garrisons of the latter four cities under siege. The September Insurrection of 1978 was subdued at the cost of several thousand, mostly civilian, casualties. Members of all three factions fought in these uprisings, which began to blur the divisions and prepare the way for unified action. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128619194030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In early 1979, President Jimmy Carter and the United States no longer supported the Somoza regime, but did not want a left-wing government to take power in Nicaragua. The moderate \"Broad Opposition Front\" (Frente Amplio Opositor - FAO) which opposed Somoza was made up of a conglomeration of dissidents within the government as well as the \"Democratic Union of Liberation\" (UDEL) and the \"Twelve\", representatives of the Terceristas (whose founding members included Casimiro A. Sotelo, later to become Ambassador to the U.S. AND Canada representing the FSLN). The FAO and Carter came up with a plan that would remove Somoza from office but left no part in government power for the FSLN. The FAO's efforts lost political legitimacy, as Nicaraguans protested that they did not want \"Somocismo sin Somoza\" (Somocism without Somoza).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.550207138061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The \"Twelve\" abandoned the coalition in protest and formed the \"National Patriotic Front\" (Frente Patriotico Nacional – FPN) together with the \"United People's Movement\" (MPU). This strengthened the revolutionary organizations as tens of thousands of youths joined the FSLN and the fight against Somoza. A direct consequence of the spread of the armed struggle in Nicaragua was the official reunification of the FSLN that took place on 7 March 1979. Nine men, three from each tendency, formed the National Directorate which would lead the reunited FSLN. They were: Daniel Ortega, Humberto Ortega and Víctor Tirado (Terceristas); Tomás Borge, , and Henry Ruiz (GPP faction); and Jaime Wheelock, Luis Carrión and Carlos Núñez.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60446834564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Nicaraguan Revolution", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473295211791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "On June 4, a general strike was called by the FSLN to last until Somoza fell and an uprising was launched in Managua. On June 16, the formation of a provisional Nicaraguan government in exile, consisting of a five-member Junta of National Reconstruction, was announced and organized in Costa Rica. The members of the new junta were Daniel Ortega (FSLN), Moisés Hassan (FPN), Sergio Ramírez (the \"Twelve\"), Alfonso Robelo (MDN) and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, the widow of La Prensas director Pedro Joaquín Chamorro. By the end of that month, with the exception of the capital, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control, including León and Matagalpa, the two largest cities in Nicaragua after Managua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446745872497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "On July 19, the FSLN army entered Managua, culminating the first goal of the Nicaraguan revolution. The war left approximately 30,000-50,000 dead and 150,000 Nicaraguans in exile. The five-member junta entered the Nicaraguan capital the next day and assumed power, reiterating its pledge to work for political pluralism, a mixed economic system, and a nonaligned foreign policy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54202938079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN's literacy campaign sent teachers into the countryside and within six months, half a million people had been taught rudimentary reading, bringing the national illiteracy rate down from over 50% to just under 12%. Over 100,000 Nicaraguans participated as literacy teachers. One of the stated aims of the literacy campaign was to create a literate electorate which would be able to make informed choices at the promised elections. The successes of the literacy campaign was recognized by UNESCO with the award of a Nadezhda Krupskaya International Prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398110389709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Under the new \"Law for the Maintenance of Order and Public Security\" the \"Tribunales Populares Anti-Somozistas\" allowed for the indefinite holding of suspected counter-revolutionaries without trial. The State of Emergency, however, most notably affected rights and guarantees contained in the \"Statute on Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans\". Many civil liberties were curtailed or canceled such as the freedom to organize demonstrations, the inviolability of the home, freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and the freedom to strike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.914888381958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The FSLN lost power in the presidential election of 1990, when Daniel Ortega was defeated in an election for the Presidency of Nicaragua by Violetta Chamorro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414706230163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Contra war unfolded differently in the northern and southern zones of Nicaragua. Contras based in Costa Rica operated on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast, which is sparsely populated by indigenous groups including the Miskito, Sumo, Rama, Garifuna, and Mestizo. Unlike Spanish-speaking western Nicaragua, the Atlantic Coast is predominantly English-speaking and was largely ignored by the Somoza regime. The costeños did not participate in the uprising against Somoza and viewed Sandinismo with suspicion from the outset.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5321972370147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "A broad range of political parties, ranging in political orientation from far-left to far-right, competed for power. Following promulgation of a new populist constitution, Nicaragua held national elections in 1984. Independent electoral observers from around the world—including groups from the UN as well as observers from Western Europe—found that the elections had been fair. Several groups, however, disputed this, including: UNO, a broad coalition of anti-Sandinista activists; COSEP, an organization of business leaders; the Contra group \"FDN\", organized by former Somozan-era National Guardsmen; landowners; businessmen; peasant highlanders; and what some claimed as their patron, the U.S. government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.159252643585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Although initially willing to stand in the 1984 elections, the UNO, headed by Arturo Cruz (a former Sandinista) declined participation in the elections based on their own objections to the restrictions placed on the electoral process by the State of Emergency and the official advisement of President Ronald Reagan's State Department, who feared that their participation would legitimize the election process. Among other parties that abstained was COSEP, who had warned the FSLN that they would decline participation unless freedom of the press was reinstituted. Coordinadora Democrática (CD) also refused to file candidates and urged Nicaraguans not to take part in the election, the Independent Liberal Party (PLI), headed by Virgilio Godoy Reyes announced its refusal to participate in October. Consequently, when the elections went ahead the U.S. raised objections based upon political restrictions instituted by the State of Emergency (e.g., censorship of the press, cancellation of habeas corpus, and the curtailing of free assembly).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.55056619644165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Daniel Ortega and Sergio Ramírez were elected president and vice-president, and the FSLN won an overwhelming 61 out of 96 seats in the new National Assembly, having taken 67% of the vote on a turnout of 75%. Despite international validation of the elections by multiple political and independent observers (virtually all from among U.S. allies) the United States refused to recognize the elections, with President Ronald Reagan denouncing the elections as a sham. According to a study, since the 1984 election was for posts subordinate to the Sandinista Directorate, the elections were no more subject to approval by vote than the Central Committee of the Communist Party is in countries of the East Bloc. Daniel Ortega began his six-year presidential term on January 10, 1985. After the United States Congress turned down continued funding of the Contras in April 1985, the Reagan administration ordered a total embargo on United States trade with Nicaragua the following month, accusing the Sandinista government of threatening United States security in the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.965609073638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The elections of 1990, which had been mandated by the constitution passed in 1987, saw the Bush administration funnel $49.75 million of 'non-lethal' aid to the Contras, as well as $9 million to the opposition UNO—equivalent to $2 billion worth of intervention by a foreign power in a US election at the time, and proportionately five times the amount George Bush had spent on his own election campaign. When Violetta Chamorro visited the White House in November 1989, the US pledged to maintain the embargo against Nicaragua unless Violeta Chamorro won. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.929777145385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In August 1989, the month that campaigning began, the Contras redeployed 8,000 troops into Nicaragua, after a funding boost from Washington, continued their guerrilla war. 50 FSLN candidates were assassinated. The Contras also distributed thousands of UNO leaflets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.330162525177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Years of conflict had left 50,000 casualties and $12 billion of damages in a society of 3.5 million people and an annual GNP of $2 billion. After the war, a survey was taken of voters: 75.6% agreed that if the Sandinistas had won, the war would never have ended. 91.8% of those who voted for the UNO agreed with this. (William I Robinson, op cit) The Library of Congress Country Studies on Nicaragua states:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.106088638305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Daniel Ortega remained the head of the FSLN, but his brother Humberto resigned from the party and remained at the head of the Sandinista Army, becoming a close confidante and supporter of Chamorro. The party also experienced internal divisions, with prominent Sandinistas such as Ernesto Cardenal and Sergio Ramírez resigning to protest what they described as heavy-handed domination of the party by Daniel Ortega. Ramírez also founded a separate political party, the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS); his faction came to be known as the , who favor a more social democratic approach than the ortodoxos, or hardliners. In the 1996 Nicaraguan election, Ortega and Ramírez both campaigned unsuccessfully as presidential candidates on behalf of their respective parties, with Ortega receiving 43% of the vote while Arnoldo Alemán of the Constitutional Liberal Party received 51%. The Sandinistas won second place in the congressional elections, with 36 of 93 seats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.00015926361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Daniel Ortega was once again re-elected as leader of the FSLN in March 2002 and re-elected as president of Nicaragua in November 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443863868713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In 2006, Daniel Ortega was elected president with 38% of the vote (see Nicaraguan general election, 2006). This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway Sandinista Renovation Movement continued to oppose the FSLN, running former Mayor of Managua Herty Lewites as its candidate for president. However, Lewites died several months before the elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33759880065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Through the media and the works of FSLN leaders such as Carlos Fonseca, the life and times of Augusto César Sandino became its unique symbol in Nicaragua. The ideology of Sandinismo gained momentum in 1974, when a Sandinista initiated hostage situation resulted in the Somoza government adhering to FSLN demands and publicly printing and airing work on Sandino in well known newspapers and media outlets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.938265800476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*The / (TI, \"third way/insurrectionist\") faction, led by Humberto, Casimiro A. Sotelo, and Daniel Ortega, was ideologically eclectic, favoring a more rapid insurrectional strategy in alliance with diverse sectors of the country, including business owners, churches, students, the middle class, unemployed youth and the inhabitants of shantytowns. The also helped attract popular and international support by organizing a group of prominent Nicaraguan professionals, business leaders, and clergymen (known as \"the Twelve\"), who called for Somoza's removal and sought to organize a provisional government from Costa Rica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888714790344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Nevertheless, while ideologies varied between FSLN leaders, all leaders essentially agreed that Sandino provided a path for the Nicaragua masses to take charge, and the FSLN would act as the legitimate vanguard. The extreme end of the ideology links Sandino to Roman Catholicism and portrays him as descending from the mountains in Nicaragua knowing he would be betrayed and killed. Generally however, most Sandinistas associated Sandino on a more practical level, as a heroic and honest person who tried to combat the evil forces of imperialist national and international governments that existed in Nicaragua's history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.584543704986572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "For purposes of making sense of how to govern, the FSLN drew four fundamental principles from the work of Carlos Fonseca and his understanding of the lessons of Sandino. According to Bruce E. Wright, \"the Governing Junta of National Reconstruction agreed, under Sandinista leadership, that these principles had guided it in putting into practice a form of government that was characterized by those principles.\" It is generally accepted that these following principles have evolved the \"ideology of Sandinismo.\" Three of these (excluding popular participation, which was presumably contained in Article 2 of the Constitution of Nicaragua) were to ultimately be guaranteed by Article 5 of the Constitution of Nicaragua. They are as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9415202140808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "#Mixed Economy – Fonseca's understanding that Nicaragua was not, in spite of Browderist interpretations, simply a feudal country and that it had also never really developed its own capitalism made it clear that a simple feudalism-capitalism-socialism path was not a rational way to think about the future development of Nicaragua. The FSLN was not necessarily seen simply as the vanguard of the proletariat revolution. The proletariat was but a minor fraction of the population. A complex class structure in a revolution based on unity among people from various class positions suggested more that it made sense to see the FSLN as the \"vanguard of the people\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245969772338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "#International Non-alignment – This is a result of the fundamentally Bolivarist conceptions of Sandino as distilled through the modern understanding of Fonseca. The U.S. government and large U.S. economic entities were a significant part of the problem for Nicaragua. But experiences with the traditional parties allied with the Soviet Union had also been unsatisfactory. Thus it was clear that Nicaragua must seek its own road.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.107410430908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "It is perceived by some scholars that the period of the FSLN guiding the Nicaraguan revolution through the control of the state was a living experiment in an attempt to construct a truly democratic and revolutionary socialism. Bruce E. Wright claims that \"this was a crucial contribution from Fonseca's work that set the template for FSLN governance during the revolutionary years and beyond.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32753849029541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Beginning in 1967, the Cuban General Intelligence Directorate, or DGI, had begun to establish ties with Nicaraguan revolutionary organizations. By 1970 the DGI had managed to train hundreds of Sandinista guerrilla leaders and had vast influence over the organization. After the successful ousting of Somoza, DGI involvement in the new Sandinista government expanded rapidly. An early indication of the central role that the DGI would play in the Cuban-Nicaraguan relationship is a meeting in Havana on July 27, 1979, at which diplomatic ties between the two countries were re-established after more than 25 years. Julián López Díaz, a prominent DGI agent, was named Ambassador to Nicaragua. Cuban military and DGI advisors, initially brought in during the Sandinista insurgency, would swell to over 2,500 and operated at all levels of the new Nicaraguan government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.213372707366943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Cubans would like to have helped more in the development of Nicaragua towards socialism. Following the US invasion of Grenada, countries previously looking for support from Cuba saw that the United States was likely to take violent action to discourage this.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547853469848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The early years of the Nicaraguan revolution had strong ties to Cuba. The Sandinista leaders acknowledged that the FSLN owed a great debt to the socialist island. Once the Sandinistas assumed power, Cuba gave Nicaragua military advice, as well as aid in education, health care, vocational training and industry building for the impoverished Nicaraguan economy. In return, Nicaragua provided Cuba with grains and other foodstuffs to help Cuba overcome the effects of the US embargo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.955685615539551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In July 1961 during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 KGB chief Alexander Shelepin sent a memorandum to Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev containing proposals to create a situation in various areas of the world which would favor dispersion of attention and forces by the US and their satellites, and would tie them down during the settlement of the question of a German peace treaty and West Berlin. It was planned, inter alia, to organize an armed mutiny in Nicaragua in coordination with Cuba and with the \"Revolutionary Front Sandino\". Shelepin proposed to make appropriations from KGB funds in addition to the previous assistance $10,000 for purchase of arms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003800392150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Cuba was instrumental in the Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign. Nicaragua was a country with a very high rate of illiteracy, but the campaign succeeded in lowering the rate from 50% to 12%. The revolution in Cuban education since the ousting of the US-backed Batista regime not only served as a model for Nicaragua but also provided technical assistance and advice. Cuba played an important part in the Campaign, providing teachers on a yearly basis after the revolution. Prevost states that \"Teachers were not the only ones studying in Cuba, about 2,000 primary and secondary students were studying on the Isle of Youth and the cost was covered by the host country (Cuba)\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111395835876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The goals of the 1980 Literacy Campaign were socio-political, strategic as well as educational. It was the most prominent campaign with regards to the new education system. Illiteracy in Nicaragua was significantly reduced from 50.3% to 12.9%. One of the government's major concerns was the previous education system under the Somoza regime which did not see education as a major factor on the development of the country. As mentioned in the Historical Program of the FSLN of 1969, education was seen as a right and the pressure to stay committed to the promises made in the program was even stronger. 1980 was declared the \"Year of Literacy\" and the major goals of the campaign that started only 8 months after the FSLN took over. This included the eradication of illiteracy and the integration of different classes, races, gender and age. Political awareness and the strengthening of political and economic participation of the Nicaraguan people was also a central goal of the Literacy Campaign. The campaign was a key component of the FSLN's cultural transformation agenda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739026069641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Health care was another area where the Sandinistas made significant improvements and are widely recognized for this accomplishment, e.g. by Oxfam. In this area Cuba also played a role by again offering expertise to Nicaragua. Over 1,500 Cuban doctors worked in Nicaragua and provided more than five million consultations. Cuban personnel were essential in the elimination of polio, the decrease in whooping cough, rubella, measles and the lowering of the infant mortality rate. Gary Prevost states that Cuban personnel made it possible for Nicaragua to have a national health care system that reached the majority of its citizens. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.720885276794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Cuba has participated in the training of Nicaraguan workers in the use of new machinery imported to Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan revolution caused the United States to oppose the country's government; therefore the Sandinistas would not receive any aid from the United States. The United States embargo against Nicaragua, imposed by the Reagan administration in May 1985, made it impossible for Nicaragua to receive spare parts for US-made machines, so this led Nicaragua to look to other countries for help. Cuba was the best choice because of the shared language and proximity and also because it had imported similar machinery over the years. Nicaraguans went to Cuba for short periods of three to six months and this training involved close to 3,000 workers. Countries such as Canada and the UK, sent farm equipment to Nicaragua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.863908290863037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Cuba helped Nicaragua in large projects such as building roads, power plants and sugar mills. Cuba also attempted to help Nicaragua build the first overland route linking Nicaraguas Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The road was meant to traverse 260 miles of jungle, but completion of the road and usage was hindered by the Contra war, and it was never completed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.303647994995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "After the Nicaraguan revolution, the Sandinista government established a Ministry of Culture in 1980. The ministry was spearheaded by Ernesto Cardenal, a poet and priest. The ministry was established in order to socialize the modes of cultural production. This extended to art forms including dance, music, art, theatre and poetry. The project was created to democratize culture on a national level. The aim of the ministry was to \"democratize art\" by making it accessible to all social classes as well as protecting the right of the oppressed to produce, distribute and receive art. In particular, the ministry was devoted to the development of working class and campesino, or peasant culture. Therefore, the ministry sponsored cultural workshops throughout the country until October 1988 when the Ministry of Culture was integrated into the Ministry of Education because of financial troubles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.236541271209717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The objective of the workshops was to recognize and celebrate neglected forms of artistic expression. The ministry created a program of cultural workshops known as, Casas de Cultura and Centros Populares de Cultura. The workshops were set up in poor neighbourhoods and rural areas and advocated universal access and consumption of art in Nicaragua. The ministry assisted in the creation of theatre groups, folklore and artisanal production, song groups, new journals of creation and cultural criticism, and training programs for cultural workers. The ministry created a Sandinista daily newspaper named Barricada and its weekly cultural addition named Ventana along with the Television Sandino, Radio Sandino and the Nicaraguan film production unit called the INCINE. There were existing papers which splintered after the revolution and produced other independent, pro-Sandinista newspapers, such as El Nuevo Diario and its literary addition Nuevo Amanecer Cultural. Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, a state publishing house for literature, was also created. The ministry collected and published political poetry of the revolutionary period, known as testimonial narrative, a form of literary genre that recorded the experiences of individuals in the course of the revolution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.332883834838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The ministry developed a new anthology of Rubén Darío, a Nicaraguan poet and writer, established a Rubén Darío prize for Latin American writers, the Leonel Rugama prize for young Nicaraguan writers, as well as public poetry readings and contests, cultural festivals and concerts. The Sandinista regime tried to keep the revolutionary spirit alive by empowering its citizens artistically. At the time of its inception, the Ministry of Culture needed according to Cardenal, \"to bring a culture to the people who were marginalized from it. We want a culture that is not the culture of an elite, of a group that is considered ‘cultivated,’ but rather of an entire people.\" Nevertheless, the success of the Ministry of Culture had mixed results and by 1985 criticism arose over artistic freedom in the poetry workshops. The poetry workshops became a matter for criticism and debate. Critics argued that the ministry imposed too many principles and guidelines for young writers in the workshop, such as, asking them to avoid metaphors in their poetry and advising them to write about events in their everyday life. Critical voices came from established poets and writers represented by the Asociacion Sandinista de Trabajadores de la Cultura (ASTC) and from the Ventana both of which were headed by Rosario Murillo. They argued that young writers should be exposed to different poetic styles of writing and resources developed in Nicaragua and elsewhere. Furthermore, they argued that the ministry exhibited a tendency that favored and fostered political and testimonial literature in post-revolutionary Nicaragua.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.652722358703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Economic growth was uneven in the 1980s. Restructuring of the economy and the rebuilding immediately following the end of the civil war caused the GDP to rise about 5 percent in 1980 and 1981. Each year from 1984 to 1990, however, showed a drop in the GDP. Reasons for the contraction included the reluctance of foreign banks to offer new loans, the diversion of funds to fight the new insurrection against the government, and, after 1985, the total embargo on trade with the United States, formerly Nicaragua's largest trading partner. After 1985 the government chose to fill the gap between decreasing revenues and mushrooming military expenditures by printing large amounts of paper money. Inflation rose rapidly, peaking in 1988 at more than 14,000 percent annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.792380332946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Women in revolutionary Nicaragua", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437005043029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The women of Nicaragua prior to, during and after the revolution played a prominent role within the nation's society as they have commonly been recognized, throughout history and across all Latin American states, as its backbone. Nicaraguan women were therefore directly affected by all of the positive and negative events that took place during this revolutionary period. The victory of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1979 brought about major changes and gains for women, mainly in legislation, broad educational opportunities, training programs for working women, childcare programs to help women enter the work force and greatly increased participation and leadership positions in a range of political activities. This, in turn, reduced the burdens that the women of Nicaragua were faced with prior to the revolution. During the Sandinista government, women were more active politically. The large majority of members of the neighborhood committees (Comités de Defensa Sandinista) were women. By 1987, 31% of the executive positions in the Sandinista government, 27% of the leadership positions of the FSLN, and 25% of the FSLN's active membership were women. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.992704391479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Supporters of the Sandinistas see their era as characterized by the creation and implementation of successful social programs which were free and made widely available to the entire nation. Some of the more successful programs for women that were implemented by the Sandinistas were in the areas of education (see; Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign), health, and housing. Providing subsidies for basic foodstuffs and the introduction of mass employment were also contributions of the FSLN. The Sandinistas were particularly advantageous for the women of Nicaraguan as they promoted progressive views on gender as early as 1969 claiming that the revolution would \"abolish the detestable discrimination that women have suffered with regard to men and establish economic, political and cultural equality between men and women.\" This was evident as the FSLN began integrating women into their ranks by 1967, unlike other left-wing guerilla groups in the region. This goal was not fully reached because the roots of gender inequality were not explicitly challenged. Women's participation within the public sphere was also substantial, as many took part in the armed struggle as part of the FSLN or as part of counter-revolutionary forces. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.683701515197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Nicaraguan women organized independently in support of the revolution and their cause. Some of those organizations were the Socialist Party (1963), Federación Democrática (which support the FSLN in rural areas), and Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women (, AMNLAE). However, since Daniel Ortega, was defeated in the 1990 election by the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) coalition headed by Violeta Chamorro, the situation for women in Nicaragua was seriously altered. In terms of women and the labor market, by the end of 1991 AMNLAE reported that almost 16,000 working women—9,000 agricultural laborers, 3,000 industrial workers, and 3,800 civil servants, including 2,000 in health, 800 in education, and 1,000 in administration—had lost their jobs. The change in government also resulted in the drastic reduction or suspension of all Nicaraguan social programs, which brought back the burdens characteristic of pre-revolutionary Nicaragua. The women were forced to maintain and supplement community social services on their own without economic aid or technical and human resource. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815326690673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Catholic hierarchy initially disapproved of the Sandinistas' revolutionary struggle against the Somoza dynasty. The revolutionaries were perceived as proponents of \"godless communism\" that posed a threat to the traditionally privileged place that the Church occupied within Nicaraguan society. Nevertheless, the increasing corruption and repression characterizing the Somoza rule and the likelihood that the Sandinistas would emerge victorious ultimately influenced Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo to declare formal support for the Sandinistas' armed struggle. Throughout the revolutionary struggle, the Sandinistas had the grassroots support of clergy who were influenced by the reforming zeal of Vatican II and dedicated to a \"preferential option for the poor\" (for comparison, see liberation theology). Numerous Christian base communities (CEBs) were created in which lower level clergy and laity took part in consciousness raising initiatives to educate the peasants about the institutionalized violence they were suffering from. Some priests took a more active role in supporting the revolutionary struggle. For example, Father Gaspar García Laviana took up arms and became a member of FSLN.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.093838214874268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Time magazine in 1983 published reports of human rights violations in an article which stated that \"According to Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights, the regime detains several hundred people a month; about half of them are eventually released, but the rest simply disappear.\" Time also interviewed a former deputy chief of Nicaraguan military counterintelligence, who stated that he had fled Nicaragua after being ordered to kill 800 Miskito prisoners and make it look like they had died in combat. Another article described Sandinista neighbourhood \"Defense Committees\", modeled on similar Cuban Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, which according to critics were used to unleash mobs on anyone who was labeled a counterrevolutionary. Nicaragua's only opposition newspaper, La Prensa, was subject to strict censorship. The newspaper's editors were forbidden to print anything negative about the Sandinistas either at home or abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7878241539001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights reported 2,000 murders in the first six months and 3,000 disappearances in the first few years. It has since documented 14,000 cases of torture, rape, kidnapping, mutilation and murder. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379682540893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) in a 1981 report found evidence for mass executions in the period following the revolution. It stated \"In the Commission's view, while the government of Nicaragua clearly intended to respect the lives of all those defeated in the civil war, during the weeks immediately subsequent to the Revolutionary triumph, when the government was not in effective control, illegal executions took place which violated the right to life, and these acts have not been investigated and the persons responsible have not been punished.\" The IACHR also stated that: \"The Commission is of the view that the new regime did not have, and does not now have, a policy of violating the right to life of political enemies, including among the latter the former guardsmen of the Government of General Somoza, whom a large sector of the population of Nicaragua held responsible for serious human rights violations during the former regime; proof of the foregoing is the abolition of the death penalty and the high number of former guardsmen who were prisoners and brought to trial for crimes that constituted violations of human rights.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435750961303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "A 1983 report from the same source documented allegations of human rights violations against the Miskito Indians, which were alleged to have taken place after opposition forces (the Contras) infiltrated a Miskito village in order to launch attacks against government soldiers, and as part of a subsequent forced relocation program. Allegations included arbitrary imprisonment without trial, \"disappearances\" of such prisoners, forced relocation, and destruction of property. In late 1981, the CIA conspiracy \"Operation Red Christmas\" was exposed to separate the Atlantic region from the rest of Nicaragua. Red Christmas aimed to seize territory on Nicaragua's mainland and overthrow the Nicaraguan government. The Nicaraguan government responded to the provocations by transferring 8,500 Miskitos 50 miles south to a settlement called Tasba Pri. The U.S. government accused Nicaragua of genocide. The U.S. government produced a photo alleged to show Miskito bodies being burned by Sandinista troops; however, the photo was actually of people killed by Somoza's National Guard in 1978. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.769514083862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The 1991 annual report by the same organization, \"In September 1990, the Commission was informed of the discovery of common graves in Nicaragua, especially in areas where fighting had occurred. The information was provided by the Nicaraguan Pro Human Rights Association, which had received its first complaint in June 1990. By December 1991, that Association had received reports of 60 common graves and had investigated 15 of them. While most of the graves seem to be the result of summary executions by members of the Sandinista People's Army or the State Security, some contain the bodies of individuals executed by the Nicaraguan Resistance.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.803515911102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The issue of human rights also became highly politicised at this time as human rights is claimed to be a key component of propaganda created by the Reagan administration to help legitimise its policies in the region. The Inter-Church Committee on Human Rights in Latin America (ICCHRLA) in its Newsletter stated in 1985 that: \"The hostility with which the Nicaraguan government is viewed by the Reagan administration is an unfortunate development. Even more unfortunate is the expression of that hostility in the destabilization campaign developed by the US administration. ... An important aspect of this campaign is misinformation and frequent allegations of serious human rights violations by the Nicaraguan authorities.\" Among the accusations in the Heritage Foundation report and the Demokratizatsiya article are references to alleged policies of religious persecution, particularly anti-semitism. The ICCHRLA in its newsletter stated that: \"From time to time the current U.S. administration, and private organizations sympathetic to it, have made serious and extensive allegations of religious persecution in Nicaragua. Colleague churches in the United States undertook onsite investigation of these charges in 1984. In their report, the delegation organized by the Division of Overseas Ministries of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States concluded that there is 'no basis for the charge of systematic religious persecution'. The delegation 'considers this issue to be a device being used to justify aggressive opposition to the present Nicaraguan government.'\" On the other hand, some elements of the Catholic Church in Nicaragua, among them Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo, strongly criticized the Sandinistas. The Archbishop stated \"The government wants a church that is aligned with the Marxist–Leninist regime.\" The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights states that: \"Although it is true that much of the friction between the Government and the churches arises from positions that are directly or indirectly linked to the political situation of the country, it is also true that statements by high government officials, official press statements, and the actions of groups under the control of the Government have gone beyond the limits within which political discussions should take place and have become obstacles to certain specifically religious activities.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.251749992370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "In 1987, a report was published by the UK based NGO Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR, now known as \"Progressio\"), a human rights organization which identifies itself with Liberation theology. The report, \"Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua\", discussed the politicisation of the human rights issue: \"The Reagan administration, with scant regard for the truth, has made a concerted effort to paint as evil a picture as possible of Nicaragua, describing it as a 'totalitarian dungeon'. Supporters of the Sandinistas ... have argued that Nicaragua has a good record of human rights compared with other Central American countries and have compared Nicaragua with other countries at war.\" The CIIR report refers to estimates made by the NGO Americas Watch which count the number of non-battle related deaths and disappearances for which the government was responsible up to the year 1986 as \"close to 300\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.358326435089111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "According to the CIIR report, Amnesty International and Americas Watch stated that there is no evidence that the use of torture was sanctioned by the Nicaraguan authorities, although prisoners reported the use of conditions of detention and interrogation techniques that could be described as psychological torture. The Red Cross made repeated requests to be given access to prisoners held in state security detention centers, but were refused. The CIIR was critical of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights (PCHR or CPDH in Spanish), claiming that the organisation had a tendency to immediately publish accusations against the government without first establishing a factual basis for the allegations. The CIIR report also questioned the independence of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, referring to an article in the Washington Post which claims that the National Endowment for Democracy, an organization funded by the US government, allocated a concession of US$50,000 for assistance in the translation and distribution outside Nicaragua of its monthly report, and that these funds were administered by the Committee for Democracy in Central America (Prodemca), a US-based organization which later published full-page adverisments in the Washington Post and New York Times supporting military aid to the Contras. The Permanent Commission denies that it received any money which it claims was instead used by others for translating and distributing their monthly reports in other nations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0005464553833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The Nicaraguan-based magazine Revista Envio, which describes its stance as one of \"critical support for the Sandinistas\", refers to the report: \"The CPDH: Can It Be Trusted?\" written by Scottish lawyer Paul Laverty. In the report, Laverty observes that: \"The entire board of directors [of the Permanent Commission], are members of or closely identify with the 'Nicaraguan Democratic Coordinating Committee' (Coordinadora), an alliance of the more rightwing parties and COSEP, the business organization.\" He goes on to express concern about CPDH's alleged tendency to provide relatively few names and other details in connection with alleged violations. \"According to the 11 monthly bulletins of 1987 (July being the only month without an issue), the CPDH claims to have received information on 1,236 abuses of all types. However, of those cases, only 144 names are provided. The majority of those 144 cases give dates and places of alleged incidents, but not all. This means that only in 11.65% of its cases is there the minimal detail provided to identify the person, place, date, incident and perpetrator of the abuse.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.073029518127441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "On the other hand, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights states: \"During its on-site observation in 1978 under the Government of General Somoza, the Permanent Commission on Human Rights in Nicaragua, (CPDH) gave the Commission notable assistance, which certainly helped it to prepare its report promptly and correctly.\" and in 1980 \"It cannot be denied that the CPDH continues to play an important role in the protection of human rights, and that a good number of people who consider that their human rights have been ignored by the Government are constantly coming to it.\" The IACHR continued to meet with representatives of the Permanent Commission and report their assessments in later years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155426025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The first allegation supporting the FMLN rebels in El Salvador with safehaven; training; command-and-control headquarters and advice; and weapons, ammunition, and other vital supplies. Captured documents, testimonials of former rebels and Sandinistas, aerial photographs, the tracing of captured weapons back to Nicaragua, and captured vehicles from Nicaragua smuggling weapons were cited as evidence. El Salvador was in a Civil War in the period in question and the US was heavily supporting El Salvador against the FMLN guerrillas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.14340353012085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "There were also accusations of subversive activities in Honduras, Costa Rica, and Colombia and in the case of Honduras and Costa Rica outright military operations by Nicaraguan troops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986234664916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "The flag of the FSLN consists of an upper half in red, a lower half in black, and the letters F S L N in white. It is a modified version of the flag Sandino used in the 1930s, during the war against the U.S. occupation of Nicaragua which consisted of two vertical stripes, equally in size, one red and the other black with a skull (like the traditional Jolly Roger flag). These colors came from the Mexican anarchist movements that Sandino was involved with during his stay in Mexico in the early 1920s. (The traditional flag of anarcho-syndicalism, which joins diagonally the red color of the labour movement and the black color of anarchism, as in the flag of the CNT, is a negation of nationalism and reaffirmation of internationalism.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.993484973907471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*The film Last Plane Out (1983), about journalist Jack Cox's experiences in Nicaragua portrayed, the Sandanistas as crazed communist psychopaths while making Anastasio Somoza Debayle look like a sympathetic hero.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.727132797241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*The video game Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker (2010) includes a group of FSLN Revolutionaries forced into Costa Rica as an important group of supporting characters, including Amanda. The Anti-Somoza revolution itself figures prominently into the plot of the game as well, being described within the game's narrative as being started by the KGB agent Vladimir Zadornov in order to make Nicaragua a communist state so the Soviet Union could force the United States out of Central America entirely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351009368896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "\"I grew up in Urbana three houses down from the Sanderson family -- Milton and Virginia and their boys Steve and Joe. My close friend was Joe. His bedroom was filled with aquariums, terrariums, snakes, hamsters, spiders, and butterfly and beetle collections. I envied him like crazy. After college he hit the road. He never made a break from his parents, but they rarely knew where he was. Sometimes he came home and his mother would have to sew $100 bills into the seams of his blue jeans. He disappeared in Nicaragua. His body was later identified as a dead Sandinista freedom fighter. From a nice little house surrounded by evergreens at the other end of Washington Street, he left to look for something he needed to find. I believe in Sean Penn's Christopher McCandless. I grew up with him.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.101333618164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*The popular Puerto Rican Reggaeton–rap band Calle 13 mentioned the Sandinista movement in their song \"Llegale a mi guarida\" (2007). The lyrics claimed: \"Respeto a Nicaragua y a la lucha sandinista\" (\"I respect Nicaragua and the Sandinista struggle\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.886011600494385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Won, getting the 37.99% of the valid votes cast, 930.802 votes equivalent to relatively higher than the two main opposition parties. They were the party of the Second Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance (ALN) with the degree candidate Eduardo Montealegre Rivas who won 693.391 votes recorded corresponding to a 28.30% and third place went to the Constitutionalist Liberal Party with Dr. José Rizo Castellón who earned a total 664.225 of valid votes corresponding to 27.11%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518722534179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "Won in National Elections held on November 6, 2011 was the amount of 1,569,287 for 62.46% of the total valid votes, what became the Commander Daniel Ortega Saavedra in the presidential candidate who won more votes in a Presidential election in the history of Nicaragua, in addition to that obtained a lead of more than 30% of valid votes doubling the number of votes obtained by radial businessman Fabio Gadea Mantilla on behalf of the Independent Liberal Party (PLI) who obtained the amount of 778.889 votes recorded for 31.00%. The big loser of these elections was the former President Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo candidate Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC) who was located in a distant third with a 5.91% equivalent to 148.507 votes. These results hint at a continuing and still fluid change in the correlation of political forces in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316082954406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Miguel D'Escoto, a Maryknoll Roman Catholic priest; served as Nicaragua's foreign minister", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516580581665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Arlen Siu, a Chinese Nicaraguan who became one of the first female martyrs of the Sandinista revolution", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.387575626373291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" }, { "answer": "Nicaragua", "passage": "*Dora María Téllez, a Nicaraguan historian most famous as an icon of the Sandinista Revolution", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.686398029327393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandinista National Liberation Front" } ]

[ { "answer": "Talk Like a Pirate Day", "passage": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day (ITLAPD, September 19) is a parodic holiday created in 1995 by John Baur (Ol' Chumbucket) and Mark Summers (Cap'n Slappy), of Albany, Oregon, U.S., who proclaimed September 19 each year as the day when everyone in the world should talk like a pirate. For example, an observer of this holiday would greet friends not with \"Hello,\" but with \"Ahoy, matey!\" The holiday, and its observance, springs from a romanticized view of the Golden Age of Piracy.", "precise_score": 4.35274600982666, "rough_score": 3.9697577953338623, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day" }, { "answer": "John Baur", "passage": "At first an inside joke between two friends, the holiday gained exposure when John Baur and Mark Summers sent a letter about their invented holiday to the American syndicated humor columnist Dave Barry in 2002. Barry liked the idea and promoted the day. Growing media coverage of the holiday after Barry's column has ensured that this event is now celebrated internationally, and Baur and Summers now sell books and T-shirts on their website related to the theme. Part of the success for the international spread of the holiday has been attributed to non-restriction of the idea or non-trademarking, in effect opening the holiday to creativity and \"viral\" growth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.951772689819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day" }, { "answer": "Talk Like a Pirate Day", "passage": "The association of pirates with peg legs, parrots, and treasure maps, popularized in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island (1883), has had a significant influence on parody pirate culture. Talk Like a Pirate Day is celebrated with hidden easter egg features in many games and websites, with Facebook introducing a pirate-translated version of its website on Talk Like a Pirate Day 2008 and publisher O'Reilly discounting books on the R programming language to celebrate. Minecraft also features this language (en_PT) since January 5, 2012. In September 2014, Reddit added a pirate theme to their website. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332695007324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day" }, { "answer": "Talk Like a Pirate Day", "passage": "English actor Robert Newton, who specialized in portraying pirates, especially Long John Silver in the 1950 Disney film Treasure Island and the 1954 Australian film Long John Silver and the title character in the 1952 film Blackbeard the Pirate, is described as the \"patron saint\" of Talk Like a Pirate Day. Newton was born in Dorset and educated in Cornwall, and it was his native West Country dialect, which he used in his portrayal of Long John Silver and Blackbeard, that some contend is the origin of the standard \"pirate accent\". This was parodied in the 1950s and 1960s by British comedian Tony Hancock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94540786743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day" }, { "answer": "Talk Like a Pirate Day", "passage": "*Antivirus provider Avast has, since 2011, permitted users to select \"Pirate Talk\" as a language option. The option was added on International Talk Like a Pirate Day of the same year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080810546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Talk Like a Pirate Day" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, but by 1817, he had moved with his family to the burned-over district of western New York, a site of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. According to Smith, he experienced a series of visions, including one in which he saw \"two personages\" (presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ) and others in which an angel named Moroni directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the Book of Mormon. The same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called \"Latter Day Saints\", or \"Mormons\", and in 1838, Smith announced a revelation that renamed the church as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.", "precise_score": 4.5369086265563965, "rough_score": 6.921215534210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith said he found the plates on September 22, 1823, at a hill near his home in Manchester, New York, after the angel Moroni directed him to a buried stone box. Smith said the angel at first prevented him from taking the plates, but instructed him to return to the same location in a year. In September 1827, on his fourth annual attempt to retrieve the plates, Smith returned home with a heavy object wrapped in a frock, which he then put in a box. Though he allowed others to heft the box, he said that the angel had forbidden him to show the plates to anyone until they had been translated from their original \"reformed Egyptian\" language. Smith dictated the text of the Book of Mormon over the next several years, claiming that it was a translation of the plates. He did this by using a seer stone, which he placed in the bottom of a hat and then placed the hat over his face to view the words written within the stone. Smith published the translation in 1830 as the Book of Mormon.", "precise_score": 6.485862731933594, "rough_score": 7.599737167358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith eventually obtained testimonies from eleven men, known as the Book of Mormon witnesses, who said they had seen the plates. After the translation was complete, Smith said he returned the plates to the angel Moroni. Therefore the plates cannot now be examined. Latter Day Saints believe the account of the golden plates as a matter of faith, while critics often assert that either Smith manufactured the plates himself or that the Book of Mormon witnesses based their testimony on visions rather than physical experience.", "precise_score": 2.4110164642333984, "rough_score": 1.8520616292953491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The story of the golden plates consists of how, according to Joseph Smith and his contemporaries, the plates were found, received from the angel Moroni, translated, and returned to the angel prior to the publication of the Book of Mormon. Smith is the only source for a great deal of the story because much of it occurred at times when he was the only human witness. Nevertheless, Smith told the story to his family, friends, and acquaintances, and many of these provided second-hand accounts. Other parts of the story are derived from the statements of those who knew Smith, including several witnesses who said they saw the golden plates.", "precise_score": 2.8896310329437256, "rough_score": 4.184177398681641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "According to Smith, he found the plates after he was directed to them by a heavenly messenger whom he later identified as the angel Moroni. According to the story, the angel first visited Smith's bedroom late at night, on September 22 in 1822 or 1823. Moroni told Smith that the plates could be found buried in a prominent hill near his home, later called Cumorah, a name found in the Book of Mormon. Before dawn, Moroni reappeared two more times and repeated the information. ", "precise_score": 6.241664886474609, "rough_score": 6.889245510101318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith said the angel Moroni had commanded him not to show the plates to any unauthorized person. However, Smith eventually obtained the written statement of several witnesses who saw the plates. It is unclear whether the witnesses believed they had seen the plates with their physical eyes or had seen them in a vision. For instance, although Martin Harris continued to testify to the truth of the Book of Mormon even when he was estranged from the church, at least during the early years of the movement, he \"seems to have repeatedly admitted the internal, subjective nature of his visionary experience.\" ", "precise_score": 2.599241256713867, "rough_score": 2.666114091873169, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "By June 1829, Smith determined that there would be eight additional witnesses, a total of twelve including Smith. During the second half of June 1829, Smith took Harris, Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer (known collectively as the Three Witnesses) into woods in Fayette, New York, where they said they saw an angel holding the golden plates and turning the leaves. The four also said they heard \"the voice of the Lord\" telling them that the translation of the plates was correct, and commanding them to testify of what they saw and heard. A few days later, Smith took a different group of Eight Witnesses to a location near Smith's parents' home in Palmyra where they said Smith showed them the golden plates. Statements over the names of these men, apparently drafted by Smith, were published in 1830 as an appendix to the Book of Mormon. According to later statements ascribed to Martin Harris, he viewed the plates in a vision and not with his \"natural eyes.\" ", "precise_score": 1.7291334867477417, "rough_score": 3.2098546028137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6380010843276978, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The completed work, the Book of Mormon, was published in Palmyra on March 26, 1830, by printer E. B. Grandin, Martin Harris having mortgaged his farm to finance it. Soon after, on April 6, 1830, Smith and his followers formally organized the Church of Christ, and small branches were established in Palmyra, Fayette, and Colesville, New York. The Book of Mormon brought Smith regional notoriety and opposition from those who remembered his money-digging and the 1826 Chenango County trial. After Cowdery baptized several new members, the Mormons received threats of mob violence; and before Smith could confirm the newly baptized members, he was arrested and brought to trial as a disorderly person. He was acquitted, but both he and Cowdery had to flee Colesville to escape a gathering mob. In probable reference to this period of flight, Smith said that Peter, James, and John had appeared to him and had ordained him and Cowdery to a higher priesthood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.285463333129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "After Smith's death, Emma Smith quickly became alienated from Brigham Young and the church leadership. Young, whom Emma feared and despised, was suspicious of her desire to preserve the family's assets from inclusion with those of the church, and thought she would be even more troublesome because she openly opposed plural marriage. When most Latter Day Saints moved west, she stayed in Nauvoo, married a non-Mormon, Major Lewis C. Bidamon, and withdrew from religion until 1860, when she affiliated with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, first headed by her son, Joseph Smith III. Emma never denied Smith's prophetic gift or repudiated her belief in the authenticity of the Book of Mormon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.781487464904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Book of mormon", "passage": "Smith's first recorded revelation was a rebuke from God for having let Martin Harris lose 116 pages of Book of Mormon manuscript, chastising him for \"fearing man more than God\". The revelation was given in the voice of God rather than as a declaration mediated through Smith; and subsequent revelations assumed a similar authoritative style, often opening with words such as \"Hearken O ye people which profess my name, saith the Lord your God.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9722208976745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "Book of mormon", "passage": "Book of Mormon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471071243286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The Book of Mormon has been called the longest and most complex of Smith's revelations. It is organized as a compilation of smaller books, each named after its main named narrator or a prominent leader. It tells the story of the rise and fall of a religious civilization beginning around 600 BC and ending in 421 AD. The story begins with a family that leaves Jerusalem, just before the Babylonian captivity. They eventually construct a ship and sail to a \"promised land\" in the Western Hemisphere. There, they are divided into two factions: Nephites and Lamanites. The Nephites become a righteous people who build a temple and live the law of Moses, though their prophets teach a Christian gospel. The book explains itself to be largely the work of Mormon, a Nephite prophet and military figure. The book closes when Mormon's son, Moroni, finishes engraving and buries the records written on the golden plates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.798908233642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Christian themes permeate the work; for instance, Nephite prophets in the Book of Mormon teach of Christ's coming, and talk of the star that will appear at his birth. After the crucifixion and resurrection in Jerusalem, Jesus appears in the Americas, repeats the Sermon on the Mount, blesses children, and appoints twelve disciples. The book ends with Moroni's exhortation to \"come unto Christ\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.2855806350708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Early Mormons understood the Book of Mormon to be a religious history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Smith's followers view it as a companion to the Bible and an additional witness of Christ, akin to a large apocryphal work. Modern historian Fawn Brodie has called the Book of Mormon a response to pressing cultural and environmental issues of Smith's times, saying that Smith composed the Book of Mormon drawing from scraps of information available to him; Dan Vogel, another historian, says that the work is autobiographical in nature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3632588386535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith never said how he produced the Book of Mormon, saying only that he translated by the power of God and implying that he had transcribed the words. The Book of Mormon itself states only that its text will \"come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof\". As such, considerable disagreement about the actual method used exists. For at least some of the earliest dictation, Smith is said to have used the \"Urim and Thummim\", a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the plates. Later, however, he is said to have used a chocolate-colored stone he had found in 1822 that he had used previously for treasure hunting. Joseph Knight said that Smith saw the words of the translation while he gazed at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat, excluding all light, a process similar to divining the location of treasure. Sometimes, Smith concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room, while at other times he dictated in full view of witnesses while the plates lay covered on the table. After completing the translation, Smith gave the brown stone to Cowdery, but continued to receive revelations using another stone until about 1833 when he said he no longer needed it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.455925226211548, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Although the Book of Mormon drew many converts to the church, Fawn Brodie argued in 1945 that the \"book lives today because of the prophet, not he because of the book.\" Smith had assumed a role as prophet, seer, and apostle of Jesus Christ, and by early 1831, he was introducing himself as \"Joseph the Prophet\". The language of authority in Smith's revelations was appealing to converts, and the revelations were given with the confidence of an Old Testament prophet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.082573413848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joseph Smith" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Moroni, according to the Book of Mormon, was the last Nephite prophet, historian, and military commander who lived in the Americas in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. He is later known as the Angel Moroni, who presented the golden plates to Joseph Smith, who said he translated the plates upon which the Book of Mormon was originally written.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4702690839767456, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "According to the Book of Mormon, Moroni was the son of Mormon, the prophet for whom the Book of Mormon is named. Moroni shares a name with Captain Moroni, a much earlier Book of Mormon figure, of whom Mormon wrote highly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.090967178344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The Book of Mormon tells that Moroni served under his father, the commander in chief of 23 groups of about ten thousand Nephites each, who battled against the Lamanites. Upon the Nephites' defeat at Cumorah, Moroni was forced to go into hiding and to wander from place to place to avoid being killed by the Lamanites. Moroni was the last known survivor of the Nephite nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.666962146759033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Moroni had been commanded by his father to complete the Nephite record, which Mormon had abridged from previous records. Moroni is the ascribed author of chapters 8 and 9 of the Book of Mormon (Mormon's record within the larger Book of Mormon), the entire Book of Moroni, and the of the Book of Mormon. He has also added the Book of Ether into the plates, which is primarily an abridgment of Jaredite writings but also contains extensive commentary by Moroni, especially in , , , and . Moroni was the last prophet to write in the Book of Mormon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.468912124633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Moroni then writes that he had spoken to Jesus and received extensive visions of the future. Speaking directly to modern-day readers of the Book of Mormon, Moroni writes, \"Behold, I speak unto you as if ye were present, and yet ye are not. But behold, Jesus Christ hath shown you unto me, and I know your doing\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.679875373840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "According to Latter Day Saint belief, the golden plates (also called the gold plates or in some 19th-century literature, the golden bible) are the source from which Joseph Smith said he translated the Book of Mormon, a sacred text of the faith. Some witnesses described the plates as weighing from 30 to, being golden in color, and being composed of thin metallic pages engraved on both sides and bound with three D-shaped rings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2525620460510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The Book of Mormon itself portrays the golden plates as a historical record, engraved by two pre-Columbian prophet-historians from around the year AD 400: Mormon and his son Moroni. Mormon and Moroni, the book says, had abridged earlier historical records from other sets of metal plates. Their script, according to the book, was described as \"reformed Egyptian,\" a language unknown to linguists or Egyptologists. Scholarly reference works on languages do not acknowledge the existence of either a \"reformed Egyptian\" language or \"reformed Egyptian\" script as it has been described in Mormon belief. No archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6233391761779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Historically, Latter Day Saint movement denominations have taught that the Book of Mormon's description of the plates' origin is accurate, and that the Book of Mormon is a translation of the plates. The Community of Christ, however, while accepting the Book of Mormon as scripture, no longer takes an official position on the historicity of the golden plates.McMurray, W. Grant, [http://web.archive.org/web/20070817021355/http://cofchrist.org/docs/NativeAmericanConference/keynote.asp \"They 'Shall Blossom as the Rose': Native Americans and the Dream of Zion,\"] an address delivered February 17, 2001, accessed September 1, 2006 (\"The proper use of the Book of Mormon as sacred scripture has been under wide discussion in the 1970s and beyond, in part because of long-standing questions about its historicity and in part because of perceived theological inadequacies, including matters of race and ethnicity.\"). At the 2007 Community of Christ World Conference, church president Stephen M. Veazey ruled a resolution to \"reaffirm the Book of Mormon as a divinely inspired record\" as being out of order. In so doing he stated that \"while the Church affirms the Book of Mormon as scripture, and makes it available for study and use in various languages, we do not attempt to mandate the degree of belief or use. This position is in keeping with our longstanding tradition that belief in the Book of Mormon is not to be used as a test of fellowship or membership in the church.\" Andrew M. Shields, \"Official Minutes of Business Session, Wednesday March 28, 2007,\" in 2007 World Conference Thursday Bulletin, March 29, 2007. Community of Christ, 2007. Moreover, even in the more theologically conservative Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), some adherents who accept the Book of Mormon as inspired scripture do not believe it is a literal translation of a physical historical record. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.916153907775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The plates were first described as \"gold\", and beginning about 1827, the plates were widely called the \"gold bible\". When the Book of Mormon was published in 1830, the Eight Witnesses described the plates as having \"the appearance of gold\". The Book of Mormon describes the plates as being made of \"ore\". In 1831, a Palmyra newspaper quoted David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses, as having said that the plates were a \"whitish yellow color\", with \"three small rings of the same metal\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.367077827453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "According to Smith and others, the golden plates contained a \"sealed\" portion containing \"a revelation from God, from the beginning of the world to the ending thereof.\" Smith never described the nature of the seal, and the language of the Book of Mormon may be interpreted to describe a sealing that was spiritual, metaphorical, physical, or a combination of these elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3182759284973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The Book of Mormon refers to other documents and plates as being \"sealed\" to be revealed at some future time. For example, the Book of Mormon says the entire set of plates was \"sealed up, and hid up unto the Lord\" and that separate records of John the Apostle were \"sealed up to come forth in their purity\" in the end times. One set of plates to which the Book of Mormon refers was \"sealed up\" in the sense that they were written in a language that could not be read. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.804571151733398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Smith may have understood the sealing to be a supernatural or spiritual sealing \"by the power of God\" (2 Nephi 27:10), an idea supported by a reference in the Book of Mormon to the \"interpreters\" with which Smith said they were buried or \"sealed.\" Oliver Cowdery also stated that when Smith visited the hill, he was stricken by a supernatural force because the plates were \"sealed by the prayer of faith.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0407538414001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The golden plates were said to contain engravings that the Book of Mormon describes as reformed Egyptian. Smith described the writing as \"Egyptian characters ... small, and beautifully engraved,\" exhibiting \"much skill in the art of engraving.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.464395523071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "The golden plates are significant within the Latter Day Saint movement because they are the reputed source for the Book of Mormon, which Smith called the \"most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion.\" However, the golden plates are just one of many known and reputed metal plates with significance in the Latter Day Saint movement. The Book of Mormon itself refers to a long tradition of writing historical records on plates, of which the golden plates are a culmination (see List of plates (Latter Day Saint movement)). In addition, Smith once believed in the authenticity of a set of engraved metal plates called the Kinderhook plates, although these plates turned out to be a hoax by non-Mormons who sought to entice Smith to translate them in order to discredit his reputation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.011906147003174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Some Latter Day Saints, especially those within the Community of Christ, have doubted the historicity of the golden plates and downplayed their significance. For most Latter Day Saints, however, the physical existence and authenticity of the golden plates are essential elements of their faith. For them, the message of the Book of Mormon is inseparable from the story of its origins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17505168914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "passage": "Hugh Nibley said in 1957 that proof of the actual existence of the golden plates would not settle disputes about the Book of Mormon and the story of its origin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8532609939575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden plates" } ]

[ { "answer": "1949", "passage": "The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS) established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony were presented on January 25, 1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, but solely to honor shows produced and aired locally in the Los Angeles area. Shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony.", "precise_score": 5.188708305358887, "rough_score": 2.6994473934173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Emmy Award" } ]

[ { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964.", "precise_score": 1.9739738702774048, "rough_score": 3.412940740585327, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "When the 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964, five states still retained a poll tax: Virginia, Alabama, Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The amendment prohibited requiring a poll tax for voters in federal elections. But it was not until 1966 that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections that poll taxes for any level of elections were unconstitutional. It said these violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Subsequent litigation related to potential discriminatory effects of voter registration requirements has generally been based on application of this clause.", "precise_score": 1.7185992002487183, "rough_score": 6.251427173614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "Arkansas effectively repealed its poll tax for all elections with Amendment 51 to the Arkansas Constitution at the November 1964 general election, several months after this amendment was ratified. The poll-tax language was not completely stricken from its Constitution until Amendment 85 in 2008. Of the five states originally affected by this amendment, Arkansas was the only one to repeal its poll tax; the other four retained their taxes until they were struck down in 1966 by the US Supreme Court decision in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966), which ruled poll taxes unconstitutional even for state elections. Federal district courts in Alabama and Texas, respectively, struck down their poll taxes less than two months before the Harper ruling was issued.", "precise_score": -8.133294105529785, "rough_score": -6.112545013427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) prohibits a poll tax for voting. Although passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery, they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination. Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements, poll taxes were used to keep low-income (primarily African American) citizens from participating in elections. The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures, opening democratic participation to all, regardless of one's ability to pay. ", "precise_score": -4.504764080047607, "rough_score": -5.617514133453369, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control of state legislatures decades after the end of Reconstruction, as a measure to prevent African Americans and often poor whites from voting. Use of the poll taxes by states was held to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in the 1937 decision Breedlove v. Suttles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.623684883117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": ":Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883025169372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "Southern states adopted the poll tax as a requirement for voting as part of a series of laws intended to marginalize black Americans from politics so far as practicable without violating the Fifteenth Amendment. This required that voting not be limited by \"race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\" All voters were required to pay the poll tax, but in practice it most affected the poor. Notably this impacted both African Americans and poor white voters, some of whom had voted with Populist and Fusionist candidates in the late 19th century, temporarily disturbing Democratic rule. Proponents of the poll tax downplayed this aspect and assured white voters they would not be affected. Passage of poll taxes began in earnest in the 1890s, as Democrats wanted to prevent another Populist-Republican coalition. Despite election violence and fraud, African Americans were still winning numerous local seats. By 1902, all eleven states of the former Confederacy had enacted a poll tax, many within new constitutions that contained other provisions to reduce voter lists, such as literacy or comprehension tests. The poll tax was used together with grandfather clauses and the \"white primary\", and threats of violence. For example, potential voters had to be \"assessed\" in Arkansas, and blacks were utterly ignored in the assessment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.420741081237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "From 1900–1937, such use of the poll tax was nearly ignored by the federal government. Some state-level initiatives repealed it. The poll tax survived a legal challenge in the 1937 Supreme Court case Breedlove v. Suttles, which ruled that \"[The] privilege of voting is not derived from the United States, but is conferred by the state and, save as restrained by the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments and other provisions of the Federal Constitution, the state may condition suffrage as it deems appropriate.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.991266250610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "The issue remained prominent, as most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised. President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke out against the tax. He publicly called it \"a remnant of the Revolutionary period\" that the country had moved past. However, Roosevelt's favored liberal Democrats lost in the 1938 primaries to the reigning conservative Southern Democrats, and he backed off the issue. He felt that he needed Southern Democratic votes to pass New Deal programs and did not want to further antagonize them. Still, efforts at the Congressional level to abolish the poll tax continued. A 1939 bill to abolish the poll tax in federal elections was tied up by the Southern Block, lawmakers whose long tenure in office from a one-party region gave them seniority and command of numerous important committee chairmanships. A discharge petition was able to force the bill to be considered, and the House passed the bill 254–84. However, the bill was unable to defeat a filibuster in the Senate by Southern senators and a few Northern allies who valued the support of the powerful and senior Southern seats. This bill would be re-proposed in the next several Congresses. It came closest to passage during World War II, when opponents framed abolition as a means to help overseas soldiers vote. However, after learning that the US Supreme Court decision Smith v. Allwright (1944) banned use of the \"white primary,\" the Southern block refused to approve abolition of the poll tax. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937055587768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "In 1946, the Senate came close to passing the bill. 24 Democrats and 15 Republicans approved an end to debate, while 7 non-southern Democrats and 7 Republicans joined with the 19 Southern Democrats in opposition. The result was a 39-33 vote in favor of the bill, but the filibuster required a two-thirds supermajority to break at the time; a 48-24 vote was required to pass the bill. Those in favor of abolition of the poll tax considered a constitutional amendment after the 1946 defeat, but that idea did not advance either. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795931816101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "The tenor of the debate changed in the 1940s. Southern politicians tried to shift the debate to Constitutional issue, but private correspondence indicates that black disenfranchisement was still the true concern. For instance, Mississippi Senator Theodore Bilbo declared, \"If the poll tax bill passes, the next step will be an effort to remove the registration qualification, the educational qualification of Negroes. If that is done we will have no way of preventing the Negroes from voting.\" This fear explains why even Southern Senators from states that had abolished the poll tax still opposed the bill; they did not want to set a precedent that the federal government could interfere in state elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120967864990234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "President Harry S. Truman established the President's Committee on Civil Rights, which among other issues investigated the poll tax. Considering that opposition to federal poll tax regulation in 1948 was claimed as based on the Constitution, the Committee noted that a constitutional amendment might be the best way to proceed. Still, little occurred during the 1950s. Members of the anti-poll tax movement laid low during the anti-Communist frenzy of the period; some of the main proponents of poll tax abolition, such as Joseph Gelders and Vito Marcantonio, had been committed Marxists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.577904224395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy returned to this issue. His administration urged Congress to adopt and send such an amendment to the states for ratification. He considered the constitutional amendment the best way to avoid a filibuster, as the claim that federal abolition of the poll tax was unconstitutional would be moot. Still, some liberals opposed Kennedy's action, feeling that an amendment would be too slow compared to legislation. Spessard Holland, a conservative Democrat from Florida, introduced the amendment to the Senate. Holland opposed most civil rights legislation during his career, and Kennedy's gaining of his support helped splinter monolithic Southern opposition to the Amendment. Ratification of the amendment was relatively quick, taking slightly more than a year; it was rapidly ratified by state legislatures across the country from August 1962 to January 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.328146934509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "President Lyndon B. Johnson called the amendment a \"triumph of liberty over restriction\" and \"a verification of people's rights.\" States that maintained the poll tax were more reserved. Mississippi's Attorney General, Joe Patterson, complained about the complexity of two sets of voters - those who paid their poll tax and could vote in all elections, and those who had not and could only vote in federal elections. Additionally, non-payers of the poll tax could still be deterred by requirements that they register far in advance of the election and retain records of such registration. States such as Alabama also exercised discrimination in the application of literacy tests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.054086685180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll tax", "passage": "The state of Virginia accommodated the amendment by providing an \"escape clause\" to the poll tax. In lieu of paying the poll tax, a prospective voter could file paperwork to gain a certificate establishing a place of residence in Virginia. The papers would have to be filed six months in advance of voting and the voter had to provide a copy of certificate at the time of voting. This measure was expected to decrease the number of legal voters. In the 1965 Supreme Court decision Harman v. Forssenius, the Court unanimously found such measures unconstitutional. It declared that for federal elections, \"the poll tax is abolished absolutely as a prerequisite to voting, and no equivalent or milder substitute may be imposed.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.360037803649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Poll taxes", "passage": "While not directly related to the Twenty-fourth Amendment, the Supreme Court case Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966) ruled that the poll tax was unconstitutional at every level, not just for federal elections. The Harper decision relied upon the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather than the Twenty-Fourth Amendment. As such, issues related to whether burdens on voting are equivalent to poll taxes in discriminatory effect have usually been litigated on Equal Protection grounds since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.953784465789795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mount Adams", "passage": "The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state. From the Cascades westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains. From the north to the south, these volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount St. Helens is currently the only Washington volcano that is actively erupting; however, all of them are considered active volcanoes. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 mi south of the city of Seattle, from which it is prominently visible. The 14411 ft Mt. Rainier is considered the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range, due to its proximity to the Seattle metropolitan area, and most dangerous in the continental U.S. according to the Decade Volcanoes list. It is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. ", "precise_score": -1.075048565864563, "rough_score": -1.0990636348724365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Washington (state)" }, { "answer": "Mount Adams", "passage": "Mount Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This includes mountains and calderas like Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak in California, Crater Lake, Three Sisters, and Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount Saint Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Peak, and Mount Baker in Washington, and Mount Cayley, Garibaldi, Silverthrone, and Mount Meager in British Columbia. All of the above are dormant, but alive, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future, including Mount Rainier. Of these, only two have erupted in the past hundred years: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 & 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to implode, and Mt. Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helen's had a huge chunk of the side of the mountain blow up in a phreatic explosion caused by a mix of gas and water; where St. Helens was once perfectly symmetrical there is now, thirty five years later, a huge crater at the top of one face. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in this range at 2-3 per century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.515175819396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mount Rainier" } ]

[ { "answer": "Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs", "passage": "In 2001, ABC aired a television film about the match between Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs titled When Billie Beat Bobby, starring Holly Hunter and Ron Silver as King and Riggs respectively.", "precise_score": -9.522218704223633, "rough_score": -10.946194648742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Sexes (tennis)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The \"Marines' Hymn\" is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps, introduced by the first Director of USMC Band, Francesco Maria Scala. It is the oldest official song in the United States Armed Forces. The \"Marines' Hymn\" is typically sung at the position of attention as a gesture of respect. However, the third verse is also used as a toast during formal events, such as the birthday ball and other ceremonies. Western Illinois University uses the hymn prior to all football games. They are the only non-military academy allowed to use the hymn the university has had permission to use the official nickname, mascot, and hymn of the Corps since 1927. ", "precise_score": -0.6346531510353088, "rough_score": 0.39746201038360596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Some lyrics were popular phrases before the song was written. The line \"To the shores of Tripoli\" refers to the First Barbary War, and specifically the Battle of Derne in 1805. After Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon and his Marines hoisted the American flag over the Old World for the first time, the phrase was added to the flag of the United States Marine Corps. \"The Halls of Montezuma\" refers to the Battle of Chapultepec on 12/13 September 1847 during the Mexican-American War, where a force of Marines stormed Chapultepec Castle.", "precise_score": 2.2047390937805176, "rough_score": -1.754221796989441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Some websites, including the official USMC website [http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/hrom/NewEmployees/AbouttheMarineCorps/Hymn.aspx], claim that the U.S. Marine Corps secured a copyright on the song either 19 August 1891 or 18 August 1919; however, US Copyright Law prohibits the US Federal government, including subordinate agencies, from holding domestic copyrights, and as such, the song falls into the public domain. However, several composers do hold copyrights on different arrangements of the song. These copyrights cover only the specific arrangements and not the song as a whole. In 1929, the Commandant of the Marine Corps authorized the three verses of the Marines' Hymn as the official version, but changed the fifth through eighth lines:", "precise_score": -4.036978244781494, "rough_score": -5.688701629638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "and the Army found in landing there, the United States Marines.", "precise_score": -6.609055042266846, "rough_score": -10.63907241821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. The President of the United States is the military's overall head, and helps form military policy with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), a federal executive department, acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out.", "precise_score": -5.634611129760742, "rough_score": -9.984384536743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The history of the U.S. military dates to 1775, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. The Continental Army, Continental Navy, and Continental Marines were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War.", "precise_score": -7.78657341003418, "rough_score": -10.680927276611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. The Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, and the United States Congress created the United States Navy on 27 March 1794, and the United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army (on 14 June 1775), the Continental Navy (on 13 October 1775) and the Continental Marines (on 10 November 1775), respectively. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave the Congress the power to \"raise and support armies\", \"provide and maintain a navy\", and to \"make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces\", as well as the power to declare war. The United States President is the U.S. military's commander-in-chief.", "precise_score": -9.542407035827637, "rough_score": -10.71792984008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "In the 2000s, women can serve on American combat ships, including in command roles. They are permitted to serve on submarines. They are not permitted to participate in special forces programs such as Navy SEALs. Women enlisted soldiers are barred from serving in Infantry, Special Forces, however female enlisted members and officers can hold staff positions in every branch of the Army except infantry and armor. Women can however serve on the staffs of infantry and armor units at Division level and above, and be members of Special Operations Forces. Women can fly military aircraft and make up 2% of all pilots in the U.S. Military. In 2003, Major Kim Campbell was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for landing her combat damaged A-10 Thunderbolt II with no hydraulic control and only one functional engine after being struck by hostile fire over Baghdad.", "precise_score": -10.329330444335938, "rough_score": -10.724189758300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Under current Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, placement of Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, and Airmen in formation, etc. When the Coast Guard shall operate as part of the Navy, the cadets, United States Coast Guard Academy, the United States Coast Guard, and the Coast Guard Reserve shall take precedence, respectively, after the midshipmen, United States Naval Academy; the United States Navy; and Navy Reserve. ", "precise_score": -9.684709548950195, "rough_score": -10.446310043334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine, Civil Air Patrol, and Coast Guard Auxiliary, as in the preceding order. However, the Civil Air Patrol actually predates the Air Force as an independent service. The CAP was constituted through the Administrative Order 9 of 1 December 1941 and operated under the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The CAP became the official civilian auxiliary of the newly independent USAF with the enactment of Public Law 80-557 on 26 May 1948.", "precise_score": -10.017516136169434, "rough_score": -10.423455238342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for providing power projection, using the mobility of the United States Navy to, by Congressional mandate, rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces on land, at sea, and in the air. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest-ranking military officer in the U.S. armed forces, is a Marine Corps general.", "precise_score": -7.584898948669434, "rough_score": -9.637228012084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, \"America's third air force\", and, \"second land army\". The United States Marine Corps has distinguished itself as it has served in the majority of American wars and armed conflicts, from its inception to the modern era, and attained prominence in the 20th century when its theories and practices of amphibious warfare proved prescient and ultimately formed the cornerstone of the Pacific theater of World War II. ", "precise_score": -9.03343677520752, "rough_score": -10.51516342163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "By the mid-20th century, the U.S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and the world's dominant practitioner of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and some 38,900 reserve Marines. It is the smallest of the U.S. armed forces within the U.S. DoD. ", "precise_score": -9.093560218811035, "rough_score": -10.599466323852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps fulfills a vital role in national security as an amphibious, expeditionary, air-ground combined arms task force, capable of forcible entry from the air, land, and sea. It is capable of asymmetric warfare with conventional, irregular, and hybrid forces.", "precise_score": -9.922635078430176, "rough_score": -10.624711990356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred during the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates, when William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led eight Marines and 500 mercenaries in an effort to capture Tripoli. Though they only reached Derna, the action at Tripoli has been immortalized in the Marines' hymn and the Mameluke Sword carried by Marine officers. ", "precise_score": -9.489712715148926, "rough_score": -10.378963470458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "Commandant Henderson volunteered the Marines for service in the Seminole Wars of 1835, personally leading nearly half of the entire Corps (two battalions) to war. A decade later, in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace in Mexico City, which would be later celebrated by the phrase \"From The Halls of Montezuma\" in Marines' hymn. In the 1850s, the Marines would see further service in Panama and Asia, escorting Matthew Perry's East India Squadron on its historic trip to the Far East. ", "precise_score": 1.2635884284973145, "rough_score": -2.145573854446411, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "With their vast service in foreign engagements, the Marine Corps played a moderate role in the Civil War (1861–1865); their most prominent task was blockade duty. As more and more states seceded from the Union, about a third of the Corps' officers left the Union to join the Confederacy and form the Confederate States Marine Corps, which ultimately played little part in the war. The battalion of recruits formed for the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces. Blockade duty included sea-based amphibious operations to secure forward bases. In late November 1861, Marines and sailors landed a reconnaissance in force from the at Tybee Island, Georgia, to occupy the Lighthouse and Martello Tower on the northern end of the island. It would later be the Army base for bombardment of Fort Pulaski. ", "precise_score": -10.739208221435547, "rough_score": -10.697553634643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from sail to steam put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American lives and interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of 19th century, with 148 U.S. Marines killed in action fighting against the Confederates in the U.S. Civil War. They would be called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the Marine Corps emblem on 19 November 1868. It was during this time that \"The Marines' Hymn\" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto \"Semper Fidelis\" (Always Faithful).", "precise_score": -9.602989196777344, "rough_score": -10.329068183898926, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In general, the Marine Corps shares many resources with the other branches of the United States military. However, the Corps has consistently sought to maintain its own identity with regard to mission, funding, and assets, while utilizing support available from the larger branches. While the Marine Corps has far fewer installations both in the U.S. and worldwide than the other branches, many Army posts, Naval stations, and Air Force bases have a Marine presence. They also cross train with other countries.", "precise_score": -9.593932151794434, "rough_score": -10.723913192749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps combat capabilities in some ways overlap those of the United States Army, the latter having historically viewed the Corps as encroaching on the Army's capabilities and competing for funding, missions, and renown. The attitude dates back to the founding of the Continental Marines, when General George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Continental Army. Most significantly, in the aftermath of World War II, Army efforts to restructure the American defense establishment included the dissolution of the Corps and the folding of its capabilities into the other services. Leading this movement were such prominent Army officers as General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall. With most of the 2000s spent in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates has voiced concerns that the Marines are becoming a \"second Army\". ", "precise_score": -10.423198699951172, "rough_score": -10.709773063659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Doctrinally, the Marine Corps' focus is on being expeditionary and independent, and places emphasis on amphibious mobility and combined arms; these make it a much lighter force than many units of the Army. A larger percentage of the Marine Corps' personnel and assets are in the combat arms (infantry, artillery, armor, and close air support) than the Army. However, the Army maintains much larger and diverse combat arms (infantry, armor, artillery, special operations), ground transport, and logistics, while the Marines have a more diverse aviation arm (which constitutes a larger percentage of forces), and is usually organic to the MAGTF. Marines operate as expeditionary units and are completely amphibious. The Marine Corps focus is on standardized infantry units with the other arms in support roles, as the \"Every Marine a rifleman\" creed shows. This commitment to standardized units can be seen in the short-lived experiment of the Marine Raiders, born in World War II, which was controversial, while the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment, also born in World War II, enjoys high prestige to this day. The Army has a longer continuous tradition of special operations forces; the Marines joined the Special Operations Command with the establishment of MCSOCOM Detachment One in 2003. ", "precise_score": -10.815352439880371, "rough_score": -10.684391021728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Although the notion of a Marine special forces contribution to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, it was resisted by the Marine Corps. Then-Commandant Paul X. Kelley expressed the popular belief that Marines should support Marines, and that the Corps should not fund a special operations capability that would not support Marine operations. However, much of the resistance from within the Corps dissipated when Marine leaders watched the Corps' 15th and 26th MEU(SOC)s \"sit on the sidelines\" during the very early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom while other special operations units actively engaged in operations in Afghanistan. After a three-year development period, the Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,500-strong unit, Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC), which would answer directly to USSOCOM. ", "precise_score": -10.788177490234375, "rough_score": -10.68335247039795, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps' embrace of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.", "precise_score": -10.238299369812012, "rough_score": -10.376137733459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marines' Hymn dates back to the 19th century and is the oldest official song in the United States armed forces. The Marine motto Semper Fidelis means always faithful in Latin, often appearing as Semper Fi; also the name of the official march of the Corps, composed by John Philip Sousa. The mottos \"Fortitudine\" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Land, a translation of the Royal Marines' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868. The Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, sometimes abbreviated \"EGA\", adopted in 1868. The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the flag of the United States Marine Corps, and establishes scarlet and gold as the official colors.", "precise_score": -3.889171600341797, "rough_score": -4.965462684631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the \"Warrior Ethos\" within Marines. The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of punches and kicks from Taekwondo and Karate, opponent weight transfer from Jujitsu, ground grappling involving joint locking techniques and chokes from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and a mix of knife and baton/stick fighting derived from Eskrima, and elbow strikes and kick boxing from Muay Thai. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will earn the first of five available belts. ", "precise_score": -10.947498321533203, "rough_score": -10.461175918579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": " The United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987077713012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": " By United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988489151000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "As the anticipated invasion of Japan neared, this portion of another verse was on a sign the Marines erected on Bougainville: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011998176574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947072982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748050689697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947072982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The United States Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987077713012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marines' Hymn" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U.S. Navy (established 13 October 1775) and the United States Marine Corps (established 10 November 1775). The U.S. Coast Guard dates its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790; that service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service in 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883404731750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "By service, $146.9 billion was allocated for the Army, $168.8 billion for the Navy and Marine Corps, $161.8 billion for the Air Force and $102.8 billion for defense-wide spending. By function, $138.6 billion was requested for personnel, $244.4 billion for operations and maintenance, $118.9 billion for procurement, $69.0 billion for research and development, $1.3 billion for revolving and management funds, $6.9 billion for military construction, and $1.3 billion for family housing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260322570800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Prospective service members are often recruited from high school or college, the target age ranges being 18–35 in the Army, 18–28 in the Marine Corps, 18–34 in the Navy, 18–39 in the Air Force, and 18–27 (up to age 32 if qualified for attending guaranteed \"A\" school) in the Coast Guard. With the permission of a parent or guardian, applicants can enlist at age 17 and participate in the Delayed Entry Program (DEP), in which the applicant is given the opportunity to participate in locally sponsored military activities, which can range from sports to competitions led by recruiters or other military liaisons (each recruiting station's DEP varies).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939770698547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "After enlistment, new recruits undergo basic training (also known as \"boot camp\" in the Marine Corps, Navy and Coast Guard), followed by schooling in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) or rating at any of the numerous training facilities around the world. Each branch conducts basic training differently. Marines send all non-infantry MOS's to an infantry skills course known as Marine Combat Training prior to their technical schools. Air Force Basic Military Training graduates attend Technical Training and are awarded an Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) at the apprentice (3) skill level. All Army recruits undergo Basic Combat Training (BCT), followed by Advanced Individual Training (AIT), with the exceptions of cavalry scouts, infantry, armor, combat engineers, and military police recruits who go to One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines BCT and AIT. The Navy sends its recruits to Recruit Training and then to \"A\" schools to earn a rating. The Coast Guard's recruits attend basic training and follow with an \"A\" school to earn a rating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902009963989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "While considered part of the non-commissioned officer corps by law, senior non-commissioned officers (SNCOs) referred to as chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard, or staff non-commissioned officers in the Marine Corps, perform duties more focused on leadership rather than technical expertise. Promotion to the SNCO ranks, E-7 through E-9 (E-6 through E-9 in the Marine Corps) is highly competitive. Personnel totals at the pay grades of E-8 and E-9 are limited by federal law to 2.5 percent and 1 percent of a service's enlisted force, respectively. SNCOs act as leaders of small units and as staff. Some SNCOs manage programs at headquarters level and a select few wield responsibility at the highest levels of the military structure. Most unit commanders have a SNCO as an enlisted advisor. All SNCOs are expected to mentor junior commissioned officers as well as the enlisted in their duty sections. The typical enlistee can expect to attain SNCO rank after 10 to 16 years of service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991847038269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378219604492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* Limited Duty Officer: Due to the highly technical nature of some officer billets, the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard employ a system of promoting proven senior enlisted members to the ranks of commissioned officers. They fill a need that is similar to, but distinct from that filled by Warrant Officers (to the point where their accession is through the same school). While Warrant Officers remain technical experts, LDOs take on the role of a generalist, like that of officers commissioned through more traditional sources. LDOs are limited, not by their authority, but by the types of billets they are allowed to fill. However, in recent times, they have come to be used more and more like their more-traditional counterparts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076454162597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "No corresponding rank exists for the Marine Corps or the Coast Guard. As with three- and four-star ranks, Congress is the approving authority for a five-star rank confirmation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052159309387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established in the United States in 1942. Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on December 7, 1941. The Woman's Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Women's Reserve were also created during this conflict. In 1944 WACs arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D-Day. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War Two and 16 were killed in action; in total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations and commendations. Virginia Hall, serving with the Office of Strategic Services, received the second-highest US combat award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for action behind enemy lines in France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815560340881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* United States Marine Corps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310717582702637, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* United States Marine Corps Reserve", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367218017578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Note: While the U.S. Navy is 'older' than the Marine Corps, the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the \"Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies\" until 27 November 1775. The Marine Corps was established by act of said Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then-Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077869415283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June, 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, and several of the Marines' tactical aviation squadrons, primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons, are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the Navy's nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941656112670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "This last clause, while seemingly redundant given the President's position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts \"For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps\" of 1834, and \"Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps\" of 1798. In 1951, the House of Representatives' Armed Services Committee called the clause \"one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps.\" It noted that the corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in Tripoli, the War of 1812, Chapultepec, and numerous counter-insurgency and occupational duties (such as those in Central America), World War I, and the Korean War. While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.835126876831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In addition to its primary duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House and the State Department. The Marine Band, dubbed the \"President's Own\" by Thomas Jefferson, provides music for state functions at the White House. Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., guard presidential retreats, including Camp David, and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of HMX-1 provide helicopter transport to the President and Vice President, with the radio call signs \"Marine One\" and \"Marine Two\", respectively. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides helicopter transport to Cabinet members and other VIPs. By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the Marine Security Guards of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American embassies, legations, and consulates at more than 140 posts worldwide. The relationship between the Department of State and the U.S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself. For over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, and legations throughout the world. In 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15, 1948, and 83 Marines were deployed to overseas missions. During the first year of the MSG program, 36 detachments were deployed worldwide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808552742004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps was founded to serve as an infantry unit aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and its crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during boarding actions and defending the ship's officers from mutiny; to the latter end, their quarters on ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. America's first amphibious assault landing occurred early in the Revolutionary War on 3 March 1776 as the Marines gained control of Fort Montague and Fort Nassau, a British ammunition depot and naval port in New Providence, the Bahamas. The role of the Marine Corps has expanded significantly since then; as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the naval service, the Corps adapted by focusing on formerly secondary missions ashore. The Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897899627685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships and aircraft carriers. Marine detachments (generally one platoon per cruiser, a company for battleships or carriers) served in their traditional duties as a ship's landing force, manning the ship's weapons and providing shipboard security. Marine detachments were augmented by members of the ship's company for landing parties, such as in the First Sumatran Expedition of 1832, and continuing in the Caribbean and Mexican campaigns of the early 20th centuries. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II. During World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships. They often were assigned to man anti-aircraft batteries. When gun cruisers were retired by the 1960s, the remaining Marine detachments were only seen on battleships and carriers. Its original mission of providing shipboard security finally ended in the 1990s as the battleships were retired and nuclear weapons were withdrawn from deployment on aircraft carriers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15746784210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique combat arms, as a force it can rapidly deploy a combined-arms task force to almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that integrates a ground combat element, an aviation combat element and a logistics combat element under a common command element. While the creation of joint commands under the Goldwater–Nichols Act has improved inter-service coordination between each branch, the Corps' ability to permanently maintain integrated multi-element task forces under a single command provides a smoother implementation of combined-arms warfare principles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013294219970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "This focus on the infantry is matched with the doctrine of \"Every Marine [is] a rifleman\", a focus of Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All Marines, regardless of military specialization, receive training as a rifleman; and all officers receive additional training as infantry platoon commanders. For example, at Wake Island, when all of the Marine aircraft were shot down, pilots continued the fight as ground officers, leading supply clerks and cooks in a final defensive effort. As a result, a large degree of initiative and autonomy is expected of junior Marines, particularly the NCOs (corporals and sergeants), as compared with many other military organizations. The Marine Corps emphasizes authority and responsibility downward to a greater degree than the other military services. Flexibility of execution is implemented via an emphasis on \"commander's intent\" as a guiding principle for carrying out orders; specifying the end state but leaving open the method of execution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855674743652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The amphibious assault techniques developed for World War II evolved, with the addition of air assault and maneuver warfare doctrine, into the current \"Operational Maneuver from the Sea\" doctrine of power projection from the seas. The Marines are credited with the development of helicopter insertion doctrine and were the earliest in the American military to widely adopt maneuver-warfare principles which emphasize low-level initiative and flexible execution. In light of recent warfare that has strayed from the Corps' traditional missions, it has renewed an emphasis on amphibious capabilities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988351821899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps relies on the Navy for sealift to provide its rapid deployment capabilities. In addition to basing a third of the Fleet Marine Force in Japan, Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU) are typically stationed at sea. This allows the ability to function as first responders to international incidents. The United States Army maintains light infantry units capable of rapid worldwide deployment, but those units do not match the combined-arms integration of an MAGTF and lack the logistics that the Navy provides. Therefore, the Marine Corps is often assigned to non-combat missions such as the evacuation of Americans from unstable countries and providing humanitarian relief during natural disasters. In larger conflicts, Marines act as a stopgap, to get into and hold an area until larger units can be mobilized. The Corps performed this role in World War I and the Korean War, where Marines were the first significant combat units deployed from the United States and held the line until the country could mobilize for war. To aid rapid deployment, the Maritime Pre-Positioning System was developed: fleets of container ships are positioned throughout the world with enough equipment and supplies for a Marine Expeditionary Force to deploy for 30 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894858360290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the American Revolutionary War, formed by Captain Samuel Nicholas by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775, to raise two battalions of Marines. That date is regarded and celebrated as the date of the Marine Corps' birthday. At the end of the American Revolution, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded in April 1783. The institution itself would not be resurrected until 11 July 1798. At that time, in preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Marine Corps. Marines had been enlisted by the War Department as early as August 1797 for service in the new-build frigates authorized by the Congressional \"Act to provide a Naval Armament\" of 18 March 1794, which specified the numbers of Marines to be recruited for each frigate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953791618347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "During the War of 1812, Marine naval detachments took part in some of the great frigate duels that characterized the war, which were the first and last engagements of the conflict. Their most significant contribution, however, was holding the center of General Jackson's defensive line at the Battle of New Orleans, the final major battle and most one-sided engagement of the war. With widespread news of the battle and the capture of the HMS Cyane, HMS Levant and HMS Penguin, the final engagements between British and American forces, the Marines had acquired a well-deserved reputation as expert marksmen, especially in defensive and ship-to-ship actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019686698913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a malaise that ended with the appointment of Archibald Henderson as its fifth Commandant in 1820. Under his tenure, the Corps took on expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army. Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the Department of the Navy as a sister service to the Navy. This would be the first of many times that the existence of the Corps was challenged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9684419631958, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines led American forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. At Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, the Marines seized an advanced naval base that remains in use today. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of vigorous participation in foreign expeditions, including the Philippine–American War, the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901), Panama, the Cuban Pacifications, the Perdicaris Incident in Morocco, Veracruz, Santo Domingo, and the Banana Wars in Haiti and Nicaragua; the experiences gained in counter-insurgency and guerrilla operations during this period were consolidated into the Small Wars Manual. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843644142150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "During World War I veteran Marines served a central role in the late American entry into the conflict. The Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and NCOs with battle experience, and experienced a small expansion. Here, the Marines fought their famed battle at Belleau Wood, creating the Marines' reputation in modern history. While its previous expeditionary experiences had not earned it much acclaim in the Western world, the Marines' ferocity and toughness in France earned them the respect of the Germans, who rated them of stormtrooper quality. Though Marines and American media reported that Germans had nicknamed them Teufel Hunden as meaning \"Devil Dogs\", there is no evidence of this in German records (as Teufelshunde would be the proper German phrase). Nevertheless, the name stuck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938359260559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Corps entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel, and by 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 enlisted. African-Americans were entirely excluded from the Marine Corps during this conflict. Opha May Johnson was the first woman to enlist in the Marines; she joined the Marine Corps Reserve in 1918 during World War I, officially becoming the first female Marine. From then until the end of World War I, 305 women enlisted in the Corps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975226402282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Between the World Wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant John A. Lejeune, and under his leadership, the Corps presciently studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lt. Col. Earl Hancock \"Pete\" Ellis, foresaw a war in the Pacific with Japan and undertook preparations for such a conflict. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises and acquired amphibious equipment that would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961405754089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "In World War II, the Marines played a central role in the Pacific War. The battles of Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Tarawa, Guam, Tinian, Cape Gloucester, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa saw fierce fighting between Marines and the Imperial Japanese Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981881141662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "By the end of the war, the Corps expanded from two brigades to six divisions, five air wings, and supporting troops, totaling about 485,000 Marines. In addition, 20 defense battalions and a parachute battalion were set raised. Nearly 87,000 Marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the Medal of Honor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922555923461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Despite Secretary Forrestal's prediction, the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis following the war due to the low budget. Army generals pushing for a strengthened and reorganized defense establishment attempted to fold the Marine mission and assets into the Navy and Army. Drawing on hastily assembled Congressional support, and with the assistance of the so-called \"Revolt of the Admirals\", the Marine Corps rebuffed such efforts to dismantle the Corps, resulting in statutory protection of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947. Shortly afterward, in 1952 the Douglas–Mansfield Act afforded the Commandant an equal voice with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters relating to the Marines and established the structure of three active divisions and air wings that remain today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921363830566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The fighting calmed after the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, but late in March 1953 the relative quiet of the war was broken when the Chinese Army launched a massive offensive on three outposts manned by the 5th Marine Regiment. These outposts were codenamed \"Reno\", \"Vegas\", and \"Carson\". The campaign was collectively known as the Nevada Cities Campaign. There was brutal fighting on Reno hill, which was eventually captured by the Chinese. Although Reno was lost, the 5th Marines held both Vegas and Carson through the rest of the campaign. In this one campaign, the Marines suffered approximately 1,000 casualties, while the Chinese suffered at least twice as many. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the 38th Parallel until the 1953 armistice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.094733238220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The Korean War saw the Corps expand from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 Marines, mostly reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95323657989502, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps served an important role in the Vietnam War taking part in such battles as Da Nang, Hue City, Con Thien and Khe Sanh. Individuals from the USMC operated in the Northern I Corps Regions of South Vietnam. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerrilla war against the Viet Cong, along with an intermittent conventional war against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). Portions of the Corps were responsible for the less-known Combined Action Program (CAP) that implemented unconventional techniques for counter-insurgency and worked as military advisers to the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Marines were withdrawn in 1971, and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate Saigon and attempt a rescue of the crew of the Mayagüez. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890832901000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Vietnam was the longest war for Marines; by its end, 13,091 Official Navy figures number the Marine deaths at 13,091. This source provides a number of 14,837. had been killed in action, 51,392 had been wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor had been awarded. Due to policies concerning rotation, more Marines were deployed for service during Vietnam than World War II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15611743927002, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "After the Vietnam War, the U.S. Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the failed 1980 Iran hostage rescue attempt Operation Eagle Claw, the invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and the invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause). On 23 October 1983, the Marine headquarters building in Beirut, Lebanon, was bombed, causing the highest peacetime losses to the Corps in its history (220 Marines and 21 other service members were killed) and leading to the American withdrawal from the country. The year 1990 saw Marines of the Joint Task Force Sharp Edge save thousands of lives by evacuating British, French and American nationals from the violence of the Liberian Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882616996765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "During the Gulf War (1990–1991), Marine task forces formed the initial core for Operation Desert Shield, while United States and Coalition troops mobilized, and later liberated Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm. Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and United Shield to provide humanitarian relief. In 1997, Marines took part in Operation Silver Wake, the evacuation of American citizens from the US Embassy in Tirana, Albania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80622673034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush announced the Global War on Terrorism. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is \"the defeat of Al-Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists.\" Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside other military and federal agencies, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.053276062011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "In spring 2009, President Barack Obama's goal of reducing spending in the Defense Department was led by Secretary Robert Gates in a series of budget cuts which did not result in significant changes in the Corps' budget and programs, cutting only the VH-71 Kestrel and resetting the VXX program. However, the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform singled the Corps out for the brunt of a series of recommended cuts in late 2010. In light of budget sequestration in 2013, commandant Amos set a goal of a force of 174,000 Marines. He testified that this was the minimum number that would allow for an effective response to even a single contingency operation, but it would reduce the peacetime ratio of time at home bases to time deployed down to a historical low level. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050817489624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "Marines and other American forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom. The 15th and 26th Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001, and in December, the Marines seized Kandahar International Airport. Since then, Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Marines of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit flooded into the Taliban-held town of Garmsir on 29 April 2008, in Helmand Province, in the first major American operation in the region in years. In June 2009, 7,000 Marines with the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security, and began Operation Strike of the Sword the next month. In February 2010, the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade launched the largest offensive of the Afghan Campaign since 2001, the Battle of Marjah, to clear the Taliban from their key stronghold in Helmand Province. After Marjah, Marines progressed north up the Helmand River and cleared the towns of Kajahki and Sangin. Marines remained in Helmand Province until 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78880786895752, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The U.S. Marines served prominently in the Iraq War's Operation Iraqi Freedom. The I Marine Expeditionary Force, along with the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division, spearheaded the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Marines left Iraq in the summer of 2003, but returned for occupation duty in the beginning of 2004. They were given responsibility for the Al Anbar Province, the large desert region to the west of Baghdad. During this occupation, the Marines spearheaded both assaults on the city of Fallujah in April (Operation Vigilant Resolve) and November 2004 (Operation Phantom Fury) and saw intense fighting in such places as Ramadi, Al-Qa'im and Hīt. Their time in Iraq has courted controversy with the Haditha killings and the Hamdania incident. The Anbar Awakening and 2007 surge reduced levels of violence. On 1 March 2009, at Camp Lejeune, President Obama announced an accelerated withdrawal, promising all troops out by August 2010. The Marine Corps officially ended its role in Iraq on 23 January 2010 when they handed over responsibility for Al Anbar Province to the United States Army. US Marines would ultimately return to Iraq in the summer of 2014, in response to growing violence there. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758044242858887, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "Throughout the Global War on Terrorism, the US Marines have supported operations in Africa to counter Islamic extremism and piracy in the Red Sea. In late 2002, Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa was stood up at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti to provide regional security. Despite transferring overall command to the Navy in 2006, the Marines continued to operate in the Horn of Africa into 2007. See Operation Enduring Freedom- Horn of Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992331504821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Department of the Navy, led by its Secretary, is the federal government agency which oversees the Marine Corps and the Navy. The most senior Marine officer is the Commandant, responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that its forces are ready for deployment under the operational command of the Combatant Commanders. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: the Headquarters (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the Reserve (MARFORRES or USMCR).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80198860168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Operating Forces are divided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified commands (viz., the Fleet Marine Forces (FMF), Security Forces guarding high-risk naval installations, and Security Guard detachments at American embassies. Under the \"Forces for Unified Commands\" memo, in accordance with the Unified Command Plan approved by the President, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the Combatant Commands at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands. Marine Corps Forces are divided into Forces Command (MARFORCOM) and Pacific Command (MARFORPAC), each headed by a Lieutenant General dual-posted as the commanding general of either FMF Atlantic (FMFLANT) or FMF Pacific (FMFPAC), respectively. MARFORCOM/FMFLANT has operational control of the II Marine Expeditionary Force; MARFORPAC/FMFPAC has operational control of the I Marine Expeditionary Force and III Marine Expeditionary Force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853322982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The Marines often leverage the Army's acquisition of ground equipment (as well as benefiting from Army research and development resources), training resources, and other support concepts. The majority of vehicles and weapons are shared with, modified, or inherited from Army programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997970581054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Culturally, Marines and soldiers share most of the common U.S. military slang and terminology, but the Corps utilizes a large number of naval terms and traditions incompatible with the Army lifestyle, as well as their own unique vernacular. Many Marines regard their culture to have a deep warrior tradition, with the ethos that \"Every Marine a rifleman\" and emphasis on cross-training and combat readiness despite actual job, be it infantry or otherwise. One source states Marines tend to decentralize and push leadership to lower levels, while fostering initiative to a greater degree. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.927325248718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps' counterpart under the Department of the Navy is the United States Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the military. Whitepapers and promotional literature have commonly used the phrase \"Navy-Marine Corps Team\",", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877650260925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": " or refer to \"the Naval Service\". Both the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps report directly to the Secretary of the Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190956115722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Cooperation between the two services really begins with the training and instruction of Marines. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). NROTC staff includes Marine instructors, while Marine drill instructors contribute to training of officers in the Navy's Officer Candidate School. Marine aviators and flight officers are trained in the Naval Aviation training pipeline and are winged as Naval Aviators or Naval Flight Officers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143397331237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, for example, maritime prepositioning ships and naval gunfire support. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regard to acquisition, funding, and testing, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly Hospital Corpsmen and Religious Programs Specialists, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval and air bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.051483154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Marines and Sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients wear the Navy variant of this and other awards; and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. Much of testing for new Marine Corps aircraft is done at NAS Patuxent River. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted men, and includes a Marine C-130 Hercules aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158502578735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, man-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077133178710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The Marines have reduced the requirement for large amphibious ships from 42 to a bare minimum of 33 ships; the fleet currently stands at 29 ships and is likely to shrink in the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121564865112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "While the majority of Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, some support is drawn from the United States Air Force. The Marine Corps makes extensive use of the USAF Air Mobility Command to airlift Marines and equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031982421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The Air Force traditionally provides the Joint Force Air Component Commander who controls \"sorties for air defense, and long range interdiction and reconnaissance\" while the MAGTF commander retains control of the Marines' organic aviation assets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934178352355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Today, the basic framework for deployable Marine units is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a ground combat element (GCE), an aviation combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE) under a common command element (CE), capable of operating independently or as part of a larger coalition. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong tradition in the Corps towards self-sufficiency and a commitment to combined arms, both essential assets to an expeditionary force often called upon to act independently in discrete, time-sensitive situations. The history of the Marine Corps as well has led to a wariness of overreliance on its sister services, and towards joint operations in general.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882501602172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps accounts for around six percent of the military budget of the United States. The cost per Marine is $20,000 less than the cost of a serviceman from the other services, and the entire force can be used for both hybrid and major combat operations, enabling it to carry out full-scale military action, peacekeeping operations and humanitarian aid – the entire Three Block War. Note that these per capita costs do not account for support provided by the Navy and other branches, such as the Navy's amphibious warfare ships and long-range air transport by the USAF. However given expected defense budget cuts, the Marines are well positioned for \"fielding cheap options for an uncertain world.\" The Marine Corps budget is comparably well handled with a tiny fraction of the Anti-Deficiency Act violations of any of the other three major branches. In 2013, the USMC became the first American military branch to ever have a fully audited annual budget. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Marine Corps bases and stations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492453575134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps operates many major bases, 14 of which host operating forces, several support and training installations, as well as satellite facilities. Marine Corps' bases are concentrated around the locations of the Marine Expeditionary Forces, though reserve units are scattered throughout the United States. The principal bases are Camp Pendleton on the West Coast, home to I MEF; Camp Lejeune on the East Coast, home to II MEF; and Camp Butler in Okinawa, Japan, home to III MEF.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917084693908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Other important bases include air stations, recruit depots, logistics bases, and training commands. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms in California is the Marine Corps' largest base and home to the Corps' most complex, combined-arms, live-fire training. Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia is home to Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and nicknamed the \"Crossroads of the Marine Corps\". Marines operate detachments at many installations owned by other branches, to better share resources, such as specialty schools. Marines are also present at, and operate many, forward bases during expeditionary operations. Finally, Marines operate a presence in the National Capital Region, with Headquarters Marine Corps scattered amongst the Pentagon, Henderson Hall, Washington Navy Yard, and Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851984977722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "As stated above, the Commandant of the Marine Corps is the highest-ranking officer of the Marine Corps; though he may not be the senior officer by time in grade and/or position of office. He is both the symbolic and functional head of the Corps, and holds a position of very high esteem among Marines. The Commandant has the U.S. Code Title 10 responsibility to man, train, and equip the Marine Corps. He does not serve as a direct battlefield commander. The Commandant is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and reports to the Secretary of the Navy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854789733886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps acts as a deputy to the Commandant. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is the senior enlisted Marine, and acts as an adviser to the Commandant. Headquarters Marine Corps comprises the rest of the Commandant's counsel and staff, with deputy Commandants that oversee various aspects of the Corps assets and capabilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080077171325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "As in the rest of the United States military, Marine Corps ranks fall into one of three categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority (excluding the Air Force, which does not currently appoint warrant officers). To standardize compensation, each rank is assigned a pay grade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905013084411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine officer. Commissioned officers carry the \"special trust and confidence\" of the President of the United States. Marine Corps commissioned officers are promoted based on an \"up or out\" system in accordance with the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856822967529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Enlisted Marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps' ranks, usually referred to simply as \"Marines\". Although they do not technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps' ethos stresses leadership among all Marines, and junior Marines are often assigned responsibility normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs). They primarily supervise junior Marines and act as a vital link with the higher command structure, ensuring that orders are carried out correctly. Marines E-6 and higher are Staff Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs), charged with supervising NCOs and acting as enlisted advisers to the command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04357624053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The E-8 and E-9 levels have two and three ranks per pay grade, respectively, each with different responsibilities. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented, serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps also E-9, is a billet conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant. It is possible however for an enlisted Marine to hold a position senior to Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps as has been the case since the 2011 appointment of Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia to the billet of Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman which is deemed the senior enlisted member of the United States military.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125619888305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Different forms of address can be found at United States Marine Corps rank insignia and List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26251220703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In late June 2016, it was reported that the Marine Corps will be removing the word \"man\" from 19 key job titles. For example, Basic Infantryman will change to Basic Infantry Marine. Rifleman was to remain unchanged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25268268585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Every year, over 2,000 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits accepted and trained. All new Marines, enlisted or officer, are recruited by the Marine Corps Recruiting Command. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234561920166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Commissioned officers are commissioned mainly through one of three sources: Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), Officer Candidates School (OCS), or the United States Naval Academy (USNA). Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend The Basic School (TBS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. At TBS, second lieutenants, warrant officers, and selected foreign officers learn the art of infantry and combined arms warfare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840357780456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Enlisted Marines attend recruit training, known as boot camp, at either Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego or Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Historically, the Mississippi River served as the dividing line which delineated who would be trained where, while more recently, a district system has ensured a more even distribution of male recruits between the two MCRD facilities. Females attend only the Parris Island depot as part of the segregated Fourth Recruit Training Battalion. All recruits must pass a fitness test to start training; those who fail receive individualized attention and training until the minimum standards are reached. Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 12 weeks long, compared to the Army's 10 weeks, the Navy's 9 weeks, the Air Forces's 8 1/2 weeks, and the Coast Guard's 8 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10702133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Following recruit training, enlisted Marines then attend School of Infantry training at Camp Geiger or Camp Pendleton. Infantry Marines begin their combat training, which varies in length, immediately with the Infantry Training Battalion (ITB). Marines in all other MOSs other than infantry train for 29 days in Marine Combat Training (MCT), learning common infantry skills, before continuing on to their MOS schools which vary in length. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254216194152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps has the most stable and most recognizable uniforms in the American military; the Blue Dress dates back to the early 19th century and the service uniform to the early 20th century. Marines' uniforms are distinct in their simplicity; Marines do not wear unit patches or United States flags on any of their uniforms, nor name tags on their service and formal uniforms. Only a handful of skills (parachutist, air crew, explosive ordnance disposal, etc.) warrant distinguishing badges, and rank insignia is not worn on uniform headgear (with the exception of an officer's garrison service cover). While other servicemembers commonly identify with a sub-group as much as or more than their service (Ranger, submariner, aircrew, etc.), Marine uniforms do not reflect such division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875825881958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Marines have three main uniforms: Dress, Service, and Utility. The Marine Corps Dress uniform is the most elaborate, worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. There are three different forms of the Dress uniform, the most common being the Blue Dress Uniform, called \"Dress Blues\" or simply \"Blues\". It is most often seen in recruiting advertisements and is equivalent to black tie. There is a \"Blue-White\" Dress for summer, and Evening Dress for formal (white tie) occasions. Versions with a khaki shirt in lieu of the coat (Blue Dress Charlie/Delta) are worn as a daily working uniform by Marine recruiters and NROTC staff. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09542179107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Utility Uniform, currently the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, is a camouflage uniform intended for wear in the field or for dirty work in garrison, though it has now been standardized for regular duty. It is rendered in a distinctive MARPAT pixelated camouflage (sometimes referred to as digitals or digies) that breaks up the wearer's shape, and serves to distinguish Marine uniforms from those of other services. In garrison, the woodland and desert uniforms are worn depending on the Marine's duty station. Marines consider the utilities a working uniform and do not permit their wear off-base, except in transit to and from their place of duty and in the event of an emergency. This, too, distinguishes them from other services, which have less stringent restrictions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917247772216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Two styles of swords are worn by Marines: the officers' Mameluke Sword, similar to the Persian shamshir presented to Lt. Presley O'Bannon after the Battle of Derna, and the Marine NCO sword. The Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November in a cake-cutting ceremony where the first slice of cake is given to the oldest Marine present, who in turn hands it off to the youngest Marine present. The celebration includes a reading of Commandant Lejeune's Birthday Message. Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a Marine's initial training, incorporated into most formal events, and is used to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders, increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give Marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.932622909545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "An important part of the Marine Corps culture is the traditional seafaring naval terminology derived from its history with the Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109593391418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Marines have several generic nicknames:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429673194885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "* Oorah is common among Marines, being similar in function and purpose to the Army's hooah and the Navy's hooyah cries. Many possible etymologies have been offered for the term. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925334930419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "* Semper Fi is a common greeting among serving and veteran Marines. It is short for the Marine Corps Motto \"Semper Fidelis\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929152488708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "Veteran Marines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304861068725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Corps encourages the idea that \"Marine\" is an earned title and most Marine Corps personnel take to heart the phrase \"Once a Marine, Always a Marine\". They reject the term \"ex-Marine\" in most circumstances. There are no regulations concerning the address of persons who have left active service, so a number of customary terms have come into common use:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14440631866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The basic infantry weapon of the Marine Corps is the M16 assault rifle family, with a majority of Marines being equipped with the M16A2 or M16A4 service rifles (the M16A2 is being phased out). The M4 carbine and Colt 9mm SMG have also been issued. The standard side arm is the M9A1 pistol. The Colt M1911A1 is also being put back into service as the M45A1 Close Quarter Battle Pistol (CQBP) in small numbers. Suppressive fire is provided by the M249 SAW (currently transitioning to the M27 IAR) and M240 machine guns, at the squad and company levels respectively. In addition, indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher and the M32 grenade launcher in fireteams, M224 60 mm mortar in companies, and M252 81 mm mortar in battalions. The M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun and MK19 automatic grenade launcher (40 mm) are available for use by dismounted infantry, though they are more commonly vehicle-mounted.Precision firepower is provided by the M40 series, and the Barrett M107, while designated marksmen use the DMR (being replaced by the M39 EMR), and the SAM-R. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989442825317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Marine Corps utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an offensive and defensive anti-armor capability. The SMAW and AT4 are unguided rockets that can destroy armor and fixed defenses (e.g., bunkers) at ranges up to 500 meters. The smaller and lighter M72 LAW can destroy targets at ranges up to 200 meters. The Predator SRAW, FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. The Javelin can utilize top-attack profiles to avoid heavy frontal armor. The Predator is a short-range fire-and-forget weapon; the Javelin and TOW are heavier missiles effective past 2,000 meters that give infantry an offensive capability against armor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977723121643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marines", "passage": "The USMC is currently seeking to purchase commercial off-the-shelf bullet-trap or shoot-through rifle-grenades. These grenades will provide individual Marines additional firepower and will allow indirect fire against targets in defilade, behind walls and buildings or rooftops and elevated positions at ranges between 30 and 150 meters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955573081970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The Corps operates the same HMMWV and M1A1 Abrams tank as does the Army. However, for its specific needs, the Corps uses a number of unique vehicles. The LAV-25 is a dedicated wheeled armored personnel carrier, similar to the Army's Stryker vehicle, used to provide strategic mobility. Amphibious capability is provided by the AAV-7A1 Assault Amphibious Vehicle, an armored tracked vehicle that doubles as an armored personnel carrier, due to be replaced by the Amphibious Combat Vehicle, a faster vehicle with superior armor and weaponry. The threat of land mines and improvised explosive devices in Iraq and Afghanistan has seen the Corps begin purchasing heavy armored vehicles that can better withstand the effects of these weapons as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle program. The Marine Corps has ordered 1,960 MRAP vehicles, hoping to use them to replace HMMWVs and some Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacements on patrols in Iraq. The Logistics Vehicle System Replacement began replacing the Logistics Vehicle System in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017241477966309, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "Prior to 2005, the Marines operated exclusively tube artillery – the M198 155 mm howitzer, now being replaced by the M777 155 mm howitzer. However, the Corps has expanded its artillery composition to include the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), a truck-mounted rocket artillery system. Both are capable of firing guided munitions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012163162231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "The organic aviation capability of the Marine Corps is essential to its mission. The Corps operates both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft mainly to provide assault support and close air support to its ground forces. However, other aircraft types are also used in a variety of support and special-purpose roles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058464050292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In addition, the Corps operates its own organic aerial refueling and electronic warfare (EW) assets in the form of the KC-130 Hercules and EA-6B Prowler, respectively. The Hercules doubles as a ground refueler and tactical-airlift transport aircraft. The Prowler is one of the only two active tactical electronic warfare aircraft left in the United States inventory, and has been labeled a \"national asset\"; it is used along with the Navy's EA-18G Growlers to assist in any American combat action since the retirement of the Air Force's EW aircraft. The Marine Corps plans to retire the Prowlers by September 2016 and after that time EW capability will come from Marine Air-Ground Task Force Electronic Warfare, which is a strategy where every platform contributes and functions as a sensor, shooter and sharer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821869850158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "The Marines", "passage": "The Marines operate unmanned aerial vehicles: the RQ-7 Shadow and Scan Eagle for tactical reconnaissance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136496543884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (VMFT-401), operates F-5E, F-5F and F-5N Tiger II aircraft in support of air combat adversary (aggressor) training. Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1) operates the VH-3D Sea King and VH-60N Whitehawk helicopters in the VIP transport role, most notably Marine One, but are due to be replaced. A single Marine Corps C-130 Hercules aircraft, \"Fat Albert\", is used to support the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration team, the \"Blue Angels\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168984413146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "Marine Corps", "passage": "In April 2016 it was reported that the vast majority of USMC aircraft were not capable of flight due to the toll of long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the fight against ISIS and budget cuts precluding the purchase of the parts needed to fix an aging fleet. Official statistics confirm that, of 276 F/A-18 Hornet strike fighters in the Marine Corps inventory, only about 30% are ready to fly; and only 42 of 147 heavy-lift CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters are airworthy. Average monthly flight time per pilot has dropped from an average of between 25 and 30 hours in 2006 to just over 4 hours in 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103018760681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Marine Corps" } ]

[ { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "American Idol employed a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the final seasons consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.[http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/09/03/american-idol-jennifer-lopez-harry-connick-jr/ Official: J. Lo and Harry Connick Jr. join 'American Idol'] Entertainment Weekly, Retrieved September 3, 2013 The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest as the sole master of ceremonies for rest of the series.", "precise_score": -1.9891427755355835, "rough_score": -3.713308572769165, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect. ", "precise_score": -3.7867186069488525, "rough_score": -1.5990164279937744, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunnerthe executive producer and production leaderand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9650402069091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.075014591217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.245589256286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.199290752410889, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8484525680542, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Simon Cowell", "passage": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535810470581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" } ]

[ { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.", "precise_score": 1.6542305946350098, "rough_score": -2.6276752948760986, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Devils Tower", "passage": "* Devils Tower National Monument", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.238977432250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Office", "passage": "The city is the setting for the fictional paper company Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch on NBC's The Office. The Scranton branch is the setting for the majority of the episodes of the television show.", "precise_score": 7.3090691566467285, "rough_score": 9.047586441040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scranton, Pennsylvania" }, { "answer": "The Office", "passage": "Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc. is a paper sales company featured in the United States television series The Office. It is analogous to Wernham Hogg in the British original of the series, and Papiers Jennings and Cogirep in the French Canadian and French adaptations respectively. Originally, the company was completely fictitious, but eventually the brand was used to sell products at Staples and other office supply outlets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9779627323150635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dunder Mifflin" }, { "answer": "The Office", "passage": "The office and warehouse of the Scranton branch office are sets on the production company's office in Van Nuys, California (a real office was used in the show's first season). The parking lots and exterior of the building are likewise the exterior of the building (except in the first season, when the building's exterior was different because a different shooting location was used). Since the stage set had no windows, writer Jennifer Celotta's office was dressed to look like Michael Scott's when the script called for him or someone else to look out the window into the parking lot. In the second and subsequent seasons, the office interiors and exteriors are at a different location in Van Nuys. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.084712028503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dunder Mifflin" }, { "answer": "The Office", "passage": "At the first annual The Office convention in Scranton in 2007, fans who had paid for reserved seating at an \"uncommon stockholders meeting\" in the Mall at Steamtown received an annual report and complimentary ream of paper. A nearby elevator shaft is also decorated with the company logo. While the Scranton branch's address, 1725 Slough Avenue, does not actually exist (the street name was invented as a tribute to the original British version of the show, set in Slough, near London), the company logo can be seen two places in the city's downtown section outside the mall: on one of the pedestrian overpasses along Lackawanna Avenue, and a lamppost banner in front of City Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3431501388549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dunder Mifflin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kentucky", "passage": "The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located within the United States Army post of Fort Knox, Kentucky, used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. It is estimated to have roughly 2.3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history. ", "precise_score": 8.328076362609863, "rough_score": 8.972082138061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Bullion Depository" }, { "answer": "Kentucky", "passage": "In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937. This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, in recognition of its significance in the economic history of the United States and its status as a well-known landmark. It is constructed of granite mined at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5344507694244385, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Bullion Depository" }, { "answer": "Kentucky", "passage": "The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.174264907836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Bullion Depository" } ]

[ { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Hoosier is the official demonym for a resident of the U.S. state of Indiana. The origin of the term remains a matter of debate within the state, but \"Hoosier\" was in general use by the 1840s, having been popularized by Richmond resident John Finley's 1833 poem \"The Hoosier's Nest\". Anyone born in Indiana or a resident at the time is considered to be a Hoosier. Indiana adopted the nickname \"The Hoosier State\" more than 150 years ago.", "precise_score": 7.624076843261719, "rough_score": 4.126629829406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "\"Hoosier\" is used in the names of numerous Indiana-based businesses and organizations. \"Hoosiers\" is also the name of the Indiana University athletic teams and seven active and one disbanded athletic conferences in the Indiana High School Athletic Association have the word \"Hoosier\" in their name. As there is no accepted embodiment of a Hoosier, the IU schools are represented through their letters and colors alone.", "precise_score": 1.8913791179656982, "rough_score": 1.565007209777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In addition to \"The Hoosier's Nest\", the term also appeared in the Indianapolis Journal's \"Carrier's Address\" on January 1, 1833. There are many suggestions for the derivation of the word, but none is universally accepted.", "precise_score": -4.046379566192627, "rough_score": -5.481236934661865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 1900, Meredith Nicholson wrote The Hoosiers, an early attempt to study the etymology of the word as applied to Indiana residents. Jacob Piatt Dunn, longtime secretary of the Indiana Historical Society, published The Word Hoosier, a similar attempt, in 1907. Both chronicled some of the popular and satirical etymologies circulating at the time and focused much of their attention on the use of the word in the Upland South to refer to woodsmen, yokels, and rough people. Dunn traced the word back to the Cumbrian hoozer, meaning anything unusually large, derived from the Old English hoo (as at Sutton Hoo), meaning \"high\" and \"hill\". The importance of immigrants from northern England and southern Scotland was reflected in numerous placenames including the Cumberland Mountains, the Cumberland River, and the Cumberland Gap. Nicholson defended the people of Indiana against such an association, while Dunn concluded that the early settlers had adopted the nickname self-mockingly and that it had lost its negative associations by the time of Finley's poem.Haller, 6.", "precise_score": 2.531276226043701, "rough_score": -0.16259336471557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "William Piersen, a history professor at Fisk University, argued for a connection to the black Methodist minister Rev. Harry Hosier (–May 1806), who evangelized the American frontier at the beginning of the 19th century as part of the Second Great Awakening. \"Black Harry\" had been born a slave in North Carolina and sold north to Baltimore, Maryland, before gaining his freedom and beginning his ministry around the end of the American Revolution. He was a close associate and personal friend of Bishop Francis Asbury, the \"Father of the American Methodist Church\". Dr. Benjamin Rush said that, \"making allowances for his illiteracy, he was the greatest orator in America\"Webb, Stephen H. \"[http://dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/imh/printable/VAA4025-098-1-a02 Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake]\". Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. XCVIII (March 2002). Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed 17 October 2013. and his sermons called on Methodists to reject slavery and champion the common working man. Piersen proposed that Methodist communities inspired by his example took or were given a variant spelling of his name (possibly influenced by the \"yokel\" slang) during the decades after his ministry. ", "precise_score": -5.588631629943848, "rough_score": -9.724546432495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "One account traces the word to the necessary caution of approaching houses on the frontier. In order to avoid being shot, a traveler would call out from afar to let themselves be known. The inhabitants of the cabin would then reply \"Who's here?\" which in the Appalachian English of the early settlers slurred into \"Who'sh 'ere?\" and thence into \"Hoosier?\" A variant of this account had the Indiana pioneers calling out \"Who'sh 'ere?\" as a general greeting and warning when hearing someone in the bushes and tall grass, to avoid shooting a relative or friend in error. ", "precise_score": -2.3273732662200928, "rough_score": -7.309595584869385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Two related stories trace the origin of the term to gangs of workers from Indiana under the direction of a Mr. Hoosier.", "precise_score": 0.3847004473209381, "rough_score": -6.365229606628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The account related by Dunn is that a Louisville contractor named Samuel Hoosier preferred to hire workers from communities on the Indiana side of the Ohio River like New Albany rather than Kentuckians. During the excavation of the first canal around the Falls of the Ohio from 1826 to 1833, his employees became known as \"Hoosier's men\" and then simply \"Hoosiers\". The usage spread from these hard-working laborers to all of the Indiana boatmen in the area and then spread north with the settlement of the state. The story was told to Dunn in 1901 by a man who had heard it from a Hoosier relative while traveling in southern Tennessee. Dunn could not find any family of the given name in any directory in the region or anyone else in southern Tennessee who had heard the story and accounted himself dubious. This version was subsequently retold by Gov. Evan Bayh and Sen. Vance Hartke, who introduced the story into the Congressional Record in 1975, and matches the timing and location of Smith's subsequent research. However, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has been unable to find any record of a Hoosier or Hosier in surviving canal company records.Johnson, Leland & al.Triumph at the Falls: The Louisville and Portland Canal, p. 42. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Louisville), 2007.", "precise_score": 0.8018779158592224, "rough_score": -2.471074104309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "A Hoosier cabinet, often shortened to \"hoosier\", is a type of free-standing kitchen cabinet popular in the early decades of the twentieth century. Almost all of these cabinets were produced by companies located in Indiana and the name derives from the largest of them, the Hoosier Manufacturing Co. of New Castle, Indiana. Other Indiana businesses include Hoosier Racing Tire and the Hoosier Bat Company, manufacturer of wooden baseball bats.", "precise_score": 1.8720451593399048, "rough_score": 0.3507159948348999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The RCA Dome, former home of the Indianapolis Colts when they moved there from Baltimore Maryland in the middle of the night, was known as the \"Hoosier Dome\" before RCA purchased the naming rights in 1994. The RCA Dome was replaced by Lucas Oil Stadium in 2008.", "precise_score": -5.21051549911499, "rough_score": -7.751366138458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "*The fellowship felt among Hoosiers was referred to in Kurt Vonnegut's book Cat's Cradle, where it is said that this fellowship is an example of a granfalloon. Vonnegut was himself a Hoosier and a graduate of Shortridge High School in Indianapolis.", "precise_score": -3.6091060638427734, "rough_score": -6.645344257354736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "* Adam Savage, host of the Discovery Channel series MythBusters, often refers to co-host Jamie Hyneman as a Hoosier as he was raised on a farm in Indiana and attended Indiana University. ", "precise_score": -0.5666937232017517, "rough_score": -5.955788612365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "*IkIn the television series \"Parks and Recreation\", which takes place in the fictional town of Pawnee, Indiana, Leslie Knope uses an online dating website called \"Hoosiermate.com\".", "precise_score": -4.598837375640869, "rough_score": -5.766141414642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "*Hoosiers, a 1986 sports film about a small-town Indiana high school basketball team that wins the state championship.", "precise_score": 1.1833529472351074, "rough_score": -3.335395097732544, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee. ", "precise_score": -3.718571901321411, "rough_score": -7.857767105102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state's name means \"Land of the Indians\", or simply \"Indian Land\". It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state. ", "precise_score": -7.008632659912109, "rough_score": -9.215326309204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "A resident of Indiana is known as a Hoosier. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has \"Hoosier\" originating from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (a part of the Upland South region of the United States) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin. ", "precise_score": 6.437061786651611, "rough_score": 4.477921485900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking. The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed that settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC. Afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD. The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear. The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Later they were joined by refugee tribes from eastern regions including the Delaware who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys.", "precise_score": -7.871718406677246, "rough_score": -9.690954208374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies to the British crown.", "precise_score": -8.39773178100586, "rough_score": -9.578084945678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 ft above sea level. The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1257 ft above sea level. The lowest point at 320 ft above sea level is located in Posey County, where the Wabash River flows into the Ohio River. Only 2850 sqmi have an altitude greater than 1000 ft and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About 4700 sqmi have an elevation of less than 500 ft, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, concentrated from Tell City and Terre Haute to Evansville and Mount Vernon. ", "precise_score": -3.4891157150268555, "rough_score": -5.568820953369141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateaus. The till plains make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland. Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier terminal moraines and many kettle lakes in some regions. In northwest Indiana there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee River Valley. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. Because of the prevalent limestone, there are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana.", "precise_score": -8.441824913024902, "rough_score": -9.328879356384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": " Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986. ", "precise_score": -3.0862488746643066, "rough_score": -8.653812408447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In men's basketball, the Indiana Hoosiers have won five NCAA national championships and 21 Big Ten Conference championships. The Purdue Boilermakers were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 22 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.", "precise_score": -3.486703395843506, "rough_score": -8.161864280700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Johnathan Clark Smith subsequently showed that Nicholson and Dunn's earliest sources within Indiana were mistaken. A letter by James Curtis cited by Dunn and others as the earliest known use of the term was actually written in 1846, not 1826. Similarly, the use of the term in an 1859 newspaper item quoting an 1827 diary entry by Sandford Cox was more likely an editorial comment and not from the original diary. Smith's earliest sources led him to argue that the word originated as a term along the Ohio River for flatboatmen from Indiana and did not acquire its pejorative meanings until 1836, after Finley's poem. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438102722167969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The poet James Whitcomb Riley facetiously suggested that the fierce brawling that took place in Indiana involved enough biting that the expression \"Whose ear?\" became notable. This arose from or inspired the story of two 19th-century French immigrants brawling in a tavern in the foothills of southern Indiana. One was cut and a third Frenchman walked in to see an ear on the dirt floor of the tavern, prompting him to slur out \"Whosh ear?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382002830505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hoosier" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.180948257446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts, the NBA's Indiana Pacers, the WNBA's Indiana Fever, the Indianapolis 500, and Brickyard 400 motorsports races.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142194747924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 1679 the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the Saint Joseph River. He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715 Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River. In 1732 Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.967585563659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775 the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west. Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779. During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War. At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635954856872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its Northwest Territory. In 1800 Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory. President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory and Vincennes was established as the capital. After Michigan Territory was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894063949584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Starting with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and Treaty of Greenville, 1795, Indian titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the St. Mary's Purchase from the Miami in 1818. Purchases weren't complete until the Treaty of Mississinwas in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Indian lands in the northeast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220126152038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, adding much of southwestern lands around Vincinnes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts, Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincinnes settlement on the lower Wabash, Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis wouldn't be a populated place for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained savage wilderness. Indian presence was waning, but still a threat to settlement. Only two counties, Clark and Dearborn in the extreme southeast, had been organized. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Migration was chiefly by flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88835334777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In order to decrease the threat of Indian raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe, Corydon, a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813. Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816. In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90757942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania. The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road at Richmond in 1829 greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858672142028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program, Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold. In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt and extension of suffrage to African-Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826723098754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union. In 1861 Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army. So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded. The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275634765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana remained a largely agricultural state; post-war industries included food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol, and meatpacking; building of wagons, buggies, farm machinery, and hardware.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290193557739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "With the onset of the industrial revolution, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women. The Indiana Gas Boom led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region. In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong manufacturing state with ties to the new auto industry. Haynes-Apperson, the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in Kokomo until 1925. The construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093780517578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes. World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state. Roughly 10 percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material. Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eighth among the 48 states. The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153707504272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production before the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census. In the 1960s the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted its first sales tax of two percent. Indiana schools were desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black. Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277085304260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482325553894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385242462158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "With a total area (land and water) of 36418 sqmi, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size. The state has a maximum dimension north to south of 250 mi and a maximum east to west dimension of 145 mi. The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in Marion County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005474090576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region. Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois, while Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.908402442932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers. According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279467582702637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Ohio River forms Indiana's southern border with Kentucky. The major cities of New Albany and Evansville are located on the river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45301628112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is the official river of Indiana. At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as On the Banks of the Wabash, The Wabash Cannonball and Back Home Again, In Indiana. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193264961242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the Port of Indiana operates the state's largest shipping port. Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly 120 ft, while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana. At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), Lake Monroe Reservoir is the largest lake in Indiana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226815223693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm, wet summers. The extreme southern portion of the state is within the humid subtropical climate area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/-10 °C) in the far north to 39 °F/22 °F (4 °C/-6 °C) in the far south. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131921768188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from 35 in near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 in along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is 40 in. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 in in the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 in in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is 8 mph. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250093460083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011. A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone cities in the United States, while another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth. Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of tornado alley. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446229934692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is one of thirteen U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178460121154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320711135864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana counties and statistical areas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490340232849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas. Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0420560836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city. Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend. The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the 2014 United States Census Estimate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315117835998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,619,680 on July 1, 2015, a 2.10% increase since the 2010 United States Census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435017585754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, -086.259514). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202263832092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453669548034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 6.2% of the population. The Hispanic population is Indiana's fastest-growing ethnic minority. 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups (note: children born to white hispanics are counted as minority group). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304396629333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older. From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43757438659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing American (12.0%) and English ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Irish (10.8%) and Polish (3.0%). Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as American. In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70456600189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also been the fastest-growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky, and is the 20th fastest-growing county in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289348602294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (117,429) and South Bend (101,168). Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321593284606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indianapolis has largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and 33rd largest in the country. The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302430152893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Median household income in Indiana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.612907409667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia. In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes from $50,000 to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46888542175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494932174682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the United Methodist Church with 355,043. A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different Baptist churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are Methodist, and six percent are Lutheran. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with no religion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793130874633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is home to the St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two Catholic archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251615524291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected two-house General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389881134033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Governor of Indiana serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.). The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Supreme Court of Indiana to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority. The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337806701660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor. The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives. Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community. The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292734146118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term. In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469931602478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907504081726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election. In 1884 former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland. In 1888 Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909. Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921. Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator Dan Quayle was elected Vice-President and served one term with George H. W. Bush.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091890335083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold, particularly in Presidential races, but the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 \"red\" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940. On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%. In 2000 and 2004 George W. Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a Democrat for president five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. Forty-four years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%. In the following election, Republican Mitt Romney won back the state for the Republican party with 54% of the vote over incumbent Obama who won 43%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168936729431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections. Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, and 2012, elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972. In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270919799804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, located approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425928115844727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant. Also, Naval Operational Support Center Indianapolis is home to several Navy Reserve units, two Marine Reserve units, and a small contingent of active and full-time-support reserve personnel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338945388793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542808532714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 2000 Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100. The total gross state product in 2010 was $275.7 billion. A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing. The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157209396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424245834350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville. Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250325202941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is located within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935676574707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57342529296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, Indiana has a constitutional ban on assuming debt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511409759521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583317756652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana is one of the few states in the U.S. which do not allow a line-item veto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389374732971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.4%. Many Indiana counties also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications. In some jurisdictions an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470406532287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, cities and towns, libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a \"circuit breaker\" law enacted on March 19, 2008 limits property taxes to one percent of assessed value for homeowners, two percent for rental properties and farmland and three percent for businesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456377029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "In Fiscal year 2011 Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.S states, with an extra $1.2 billion in its accounts. Gov. Mitch Daniels, a Republican, authorized bonus payments of up to $1,000 for state employees on Friday, July 15, 2011. An employee who \"meets expectations\" will get $500, those who \"exceed expectations\" will receive $750 and \"outstanding workers\" will see an extra $1,000 in their August paychecks ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492173194885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254488945007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state has an estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons; state mining operations produces 35 million tons of coal annually. Indiana also possesses at least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves in the Trenton Field, though not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240812301635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Wind power is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines. As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550233840942383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal. The new airport opened in November 2008 and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.579814910888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The Terre Haute International Airport has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard has been stationed at the airport. However, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated that the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5598783493042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Most residents of Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, use the two Chicago airports, O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49654483795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The major U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are Interstate 64 (I-64), I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many U.S. routes and state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295415878295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (e.g., Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356989860534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and Presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continues the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444022178649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has more than 4,255 railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation. Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, have been created from abandoned rails routes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438502311706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes 400 mi of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411856651306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university. However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253646850585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and parochial schools. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493340492248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The largest educational institution is Indiana University, the flagship campus of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established as the state's Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was chartered as a land-grant college in 1869. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (Founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965 as ISU - Evansville).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90786361694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Many of the private colleges and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The University of Notre Dame and the University of Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, Hanover College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, University of Indianapolis, and University of Evansville. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365350723266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state's community college system, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system. In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289831161499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20, with Indiana University Bloomington and Purdue University ranking in the top 100. Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 U.S. News & World Report rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country. In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the top Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15 consecutive years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328096389770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the 1970 Super Bowl. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47340202331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to \"Indy 500\" and also goes by the nickname \"The Greatest Spectacle in Racing.\" The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix (MotoGP). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to two major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league: Thunder on the Ohio (Evansville, Indiana) and the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339083671569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in bold are in major professional leagues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.586504936218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana that have a capacity in excess of 30,000:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552434921264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" }, { "answer": "Indiana", "passage": "Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.587420463562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indiana" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "The Jackson 5, or Jackson Five, also known as The Jacksons in later years, is an American popular music group. Formed in 1963 under the name the Jackson Brothers, the founding members were Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon. Michael would join one year later. After participating in talent shows and the chitlin' circuit, they entered the professional music scene in 1967, signing with Steeltown Records and releasing ten singles. In 1969, they left Steeltown Records in order to sign with Motown.", "precise_score": 3.7461888790130615, "rough_score": 4.478802680969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "The Jackson 5 is one of the first groups of black American performers to attain a crossover following, preceded by the Supremes, the Four Tops, and the Temptations. Scoring 17 top forty singles on the Hot 100, after continuing with further hits such as \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Dancing Machine\", most of the group with the exception of Jermaine, left Motown for Epic Records in 1975. At that time, with brother Randy taking Jermaine's place, they released five albums between 1976 and 1981, including the hit albums, Destiny (1978) and Triumph (1980), and the hit singles, \"Enjoy Yourself\", \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" and \"Can You Feel It\". In 1983, Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever and subsequently released the Victory album the following year. After the end of their tour to promote the album, Michael and Marlon Jackson promptly left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label.", "precise_score": 2.9195778369903564, "rough_score": 2.04021954536438, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "By 1972, despite Michael and Jermaine's solo successes, the Jackson 5's own records began plummeting on the charts. Partially credited to the changing musical landscape, The Corporation, which had produced most of their hit singles, split up in 1973. Focusing their attention on the emerging disco scene, the brothers recorded the charted song, \"Get It Together\", followed immediately afterwards by their hit, \"Dancing Machine\", their first to crack the top ten since \"Sugar Daddy\" nearly three years before. Despite those successes, most of the Jackson 5's follow-ups were not as successful and by 1973, Joe Jackson had grown tired of Motown's uneasiness to continue producing hits for the brothers. Jackson began producing a nightclub act around his sons and daughters, first starting in Las Vegas and spreading throughout the states.", "precise_score": 1.1637732982635498, "rough_score": 0.7573792934417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "The five Jackson brothers' interest in music began in Gary, Indiana, bolstered by their father, Joe Jackson. In 1964, Joe caught Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke. Upon fixing the string, threatening punishment, Tito's father had him play and was impressed enough to buy the boy his own guitar. Tito, Jermaine and Jackie showed an interest in singing and formed their own group with their father, naming them \"The Jackson Brothers,\" with six-year-old Michael playing congas and childhood buddies Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite playing keyboards and drums, respectively. Marlon, then seven years old, eventually joined, playing the tambourine. In August 1965, before a show at Gary's Tiny Tots Jamboree held on Michael's seventh birthday, Evelyn LaHaie suggested the group rename themselves \"The Jackson Five Singing Group\", later shortened simply to \"The Jackson Five\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2844800353050232, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In 1966, the group won a talent show at Gary's Theodore Roosevelt High School, where Jermaine performed several Motown numbers, including The Temptations' \"My Girl\" and Michael performed Robert Parker's \"Barefootin'\", winning the talent show instantly. Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Milford Hite and Reynaud Jones. After several more talent show wins, Joe Jackson booked his sons to perform at several respected music venues of the chitlin' circuit, including Chicago's Regal Theater and Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning the talent competitions on both shows in 1967. After they won the Apollo contest on August 13, 1967, singer Gladys Knight sent a tape of the boys' demo to Motown Records, hoping to get them to sign, only to have their tape rejected and sent back to Gary. In November 1967, Joe Jackson signed the group's first contract with Gordon Keith, an owner and producer of Steeltown Records, and the Jackson Five recorded and released two singles, \"Big Boy\" and \"We Don't Have to Be Over 21\". During early 1968, the group also performed at strip clubs on Joe's behest to earn extra income.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.011319637298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In order to continue increasing sales, Motown launched Michael Jackson's solo career in 1971, with the single, \"Got to Be There\", released in November of that year. Following several top 40 follow-ups, Jackson's 1972 song, \"Ben\", became his first to top the charts. Jermaine Jackson was the second to release a solo project; his most successful hit of the period was a cover of the doo-wop song, \"Daddy's Home\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.805234909057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "By 1975, most of the Jacksons opted out of recording any more music for Motown desiring creative control and royalties. Learning that they were earning only 2.8% of royalties from Motown, Joe Jackson began negotiating to have his boys sign a lucrative contract with another company, settling for Epic Records, which had offered a royalty rate of 20% per record, signing with the company in June 1975. Absent from the deal was Jermaine Jackson, who decided to stay in Motown, followed by his marriage to Berry's daughter Hazel. Randy Jackson formally replaced him. After initially suing them for breach of contract, Motown allowed the group to record for Epic, as long as they changed their name, since the name The Jackson 5 was owned by Motown. The brothers renamed themselves, simply, The Jacksons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.712956666946411, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In March 1983, with Jermaine, the Jacksons performed on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, the same show where Michael debuted the moonwalk during a solo performance of \"Billie Jean\". Following the success of the reunion, all six brothers agreed to record a sixth album for Epic, later released as Victory in 1984. Their biggest-selling album to date, it included their final top ten single, \"State of Shock\". The song was actually a duet between Michael and Mick Jagger and didn't feature participation from any other Jackson. Most of the album was produced in this way, with each brother essentially recording solo songs. Another hit was the top 20 single, \"Torture\", a duet between Michael and Jermaine, with Jackie singing several parts. In July 1984, the Jacksons launched their Victory Tour, but the tour was overshadowed by Jackie's leg injury, ticket issues, friction between the brothers, and shakeup in the promotion and marketing team, initially headed by Don King, who was later fired. Michael announced he was leaving the group after their final performance at Dodger Stadium that December, followed by the success of his album Thriller. The following January, Marlon Jackson also announced he was leaving the group to pursue a solo career. In 1989, five years after their last album, the remaining quartet of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Randy released the ill-fated 2300 Jackson Street, which performed badly on the charts. After a brief promotional tour, the band went into hiatus and never recorded another album together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.289585113525391, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In September 2010, Jermaine Jackson held his own \"tribute\" concert to Michael in Las Vegas. In 2011, Jackie Jackson released a solo single to iTunes, while Jermaine released his first solo album in 21 years, I Wish U Love. Following the release of one solo album, Marlon Jackson quit the music business in 1989 and invested in real estate. Randy Jackson hasn't been active in the industry since he disbanded the group Randy & The Gypsys in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.158903121948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In August 2011, there appeared to be a discord between the brothers concerning a tribute concert dedicated to Michael. While Jackie, Tito and Marlon were present alongside mother Katherine and sister La Toya for a tribute concert in Cardiff at the Millennium Stadium for a press conference concerning the tour, a couple of days after the press conference, both Randy and Jermaine issued a statement denouncing the tribute tour as the date of it occurred around the time of Conrad Murray's manslaughter trial in relation to Michael's death. The show carried on with Jackie, Tito and Marlon performing without Jermaine. In April 2012, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon announced that they would reunite for several United States concerts for their Unity Tour. Thirty-eight dates were announced, however, eleven shows in the U.S. were canceled. The tour started at Casino Rama in Rama, Canada on June 20 and ended on December 9 in Osaka, Japan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.574442863464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" }, { "answer": "Jermaine", "passage": "In 1992, Suzanne de Passe, Jermaine Jackson, and Jermaine's then common-law wife Margaret Maldonado, worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons: An American Dream, a five-hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of The Jackson family in a two-part special on ABC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1909785270690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jackson 5" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed. His last words before being hanged were purported to be \"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\" Hale has long been considered an American hero and, in 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut.", "precise_score": 6.734148025512695, "rough_score": 6.061598777770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Nathan Hale was born in Coventry, Connecticut, in 1755 to Richard Hale and Elizabeth Strong. In 1768, when he was fourteen years old, he was sent with his brother Enoch, who was sixteen, to Yale College. Nathan was a classmate of fellow patriot spy Benjamin Tallmadge. The Hale brothers belonged to the Linonian Society of Yale, which debated topics in astronomy, mathematics, literature, and the ethics of slavery. Nathan graduated with first-class honors in 1773 at age 18 and became a teacher, first in East Haddam and later in New London. ", "precise_score": -9.273348808288574, "rough_score": -7.066126823425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "It is almost certain that Nathan Hale's last speech contained more than one sentence. Several early accounts mention different things he said. These are not necessarily contradictory, but rather, together they give an idea of what the speech must have been like. (The following quotes are all taken from George Dudley Seymour's book, Documentary Life of Nathan Hale, published in 1941 by the author.)", "precise_score": -10.03091049194336, "rough_score": -9.946695327758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "From the diary of Enoch Hale, Nathan's brother, after he went to question people who had been present, October 26, 1776: \"When at the Gallows he spoke & told them that he was a Capt in the Cont Army by name Nathan Hale.\"", "precise_score": -3.0943825244903564, "rough_score": -4.737351417541504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Two early ballads also attempt to recreate Hale's last speech. Songs and Ballads of the Revolution, collected by F. Moore (1855) contained the \"Ballad of Nathan Hale\" (anonymous), dated 1776: \"Thou pale king of terrors, thou life's gloomy foe, Go frighten the slave; go frighten the slave; Tell tyrants, to you their allegiance they owe. No fears for the brave; no fears for the brave.\"; and \"To the Memory of Capt. Nathan Hale\" by Eneas Munson, Sr., was written soon after Hale's death:", "precise_score": -6.24846887588501, "rough_score": -7.303542613983154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Fort Nathan Hale, a Revolutionary War-era fort and historic site in New Haven, Connecticut, is named after him.", "precise_score": -4.948515892028809, "rough_score": -10.109261512756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "An account of Nathan Hale's capture was written by Consider Tiffany, a Connecticut shopkeeper and Loyalist, and obtained by the Library of Congress. In Tiffany's account, Major Robert Rogers of the Queen's Rangers saw Hale in a tavern and recognized him despite his disguise. After luring Hale into betraying himself by pretending to be a patriot himself, Rogers and his Rangers apprehended Hale near Flushing Bay in Queens, New York. Another story was that his Loyalist cousin, Samuel Hale, was the one who revealed his true identity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17924976348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Nathan Hale's body has never been found. His family erected an empty grave cenotaph in Nathan Hale Cemetery in South Coventry Historic District, Connecticut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29023551940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "His statue also stands in Nathan Hale Park, Saint Paul, MN at 401 Summit Avenue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41283130645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Hale was the great-grandson of John \"Reverend Hale\" Hale, an important figure in the Salem witch trials of 1692. Nathan Hale was also the uncle of orator and statesman Edward Everett (the other speaker at Gettysburg) and the grand-uncle of Edward Everett Hale (quoted above), a Unitarian minister, writer, and activist noted for social causes including abolitionism. He was the uncle of Nathan Hale who founded the Boston Daily Advertiser, and helped establish the North American Review.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51530647277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Statues of Nathan Hale are based on idealized archetypes; no contemporaneous portraits of him have been found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149942398071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "Documents and letters reveal Hale was an informed, practical, detail-oriented man who planned ahead. Of his appearance and demeanor, fellow soldier Lieutenant Elisha Bostwick wrote that Nathan Hale had blue eyes, flaxen blond hair, darker eyebrows, and stood slightly taller than average height (of the time), with mental powers of a sedate mind and pious. Bostwick wrote:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93679428100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* A statue of Hale, sculpted 1908–12 by Bela Pratt, was cast in 1912 and stands in front of Connecticut Hall where he resided while at Yale. Copies of this sculpture stand at the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts; the Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventry; the Connecticut Governor's Residence in Hartford, Connecticut; Fort Nathan Hale in New Haven, Connecticut; Mitchell College in New London, Connecticut; the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C.; Tribune Tower in Chicago; and at the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency, Langley, Virginia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.852291107177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* A statue of Nathan Hale, with an inscription of his reported last words on the first floor of the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford. Statues of Nathan Hale are also located in the Tulane University Law School reading room; and at the corner of Summit and Portland Avenues in Saint Paul, Minnesota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268059730529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* A 45 ft obelisk known as the Captain Nathan Hale Monument was erected in his honor in 1846 in his birthplace of Coventry, Connecticut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801148414611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale Army Depot, a U.S. Army installation, is located in Darmstadt, Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342039108276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* The Nathan Hale Inn and Nathan Hale dormitory on the University of Connecticut campus in Storrs, Connecticut, are named after Hale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508041381835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* The Nathan Hale dormitory, traditionally a freshman girl's dorm, at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, is named after Hale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532270431518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale Hall is a Building at Farmingdale State College in Farmingdale, New York, which is home to Biology and Art Centers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534244537353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale Hall is a Barracks Building at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3997802734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale Hall is the main academic building at Mitchell College, New London, Connecticut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458208084106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale Memorial Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution. Organized June 6, 1900, in East Haddam, Connecticut. Ceremony took place at the one-room schoolhouse where he once taught.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.141345024108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* High schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale-Ray High School in East Haddam,Connecticut (where he was schoolmaster), Nathan Hale High School in Seattle and high schools in West Allis, Wisconsin, and Tulsa, Oklahoma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460759162902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Middle schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale-Ray Middle School in East Haddam, Connecticut, Nathan Hale Middle School in Norwalk, Connecticut (the departure point for his final mission), Captain Nathan Hale Middle School in Coventry, Connecticut (his birthplace), as well as middle schools in Northvale, New Jersey; Omaha, Nebraska; Cleveland; and Crestwood, Illinois [http://www.district130.org/schools/nhp/1_nathan_hale_home%20page.htm].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351605415344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* The United States Navy submarine USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) was named in his honor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06983757019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* The Nathan Hale Ancient Fife and Drum Corps from Coventry, Connecticut, is named after him and includes a division called Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324150085449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* The main character of Resistance: Fall of Man and Resistance 2 is named Nathan Hale and is a soldier, but doesn't have any direct relation to the original one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743767738342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" }, { "answer": "Nathan Hale", "passage": "* Nathan Hale's Hazardous Tales by Nathan James Hale are a graphic novel series. The first book \"One Dead Spy\" tells the story of Nathan Hale. The character of Nathan Hale appears in other books in the series as the narrator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239599227905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nathan Hale" } ]

[ { "answer": "747", "passage": "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. Its distinctive \"hump\" upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft makes it among the world's most recognizable aircraft, and it was the first wide-body produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 had two and a half times greater capacity than the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. ", "precise_score": 2.273606300354004, "rough_score": 1.927407145500183, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The four-engine 747 uses a double deck configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first class lounge or extra seating, and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door. Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners (development of which was announced in the early 1960s) to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete, while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust well into the future. The 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold, but it exceeded critics' expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993.Sutter 2006, p. 259. By June 2016, 1,522 aircraft had been built, with 21 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order.[http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel747&optReportType", "precise_score": -10.073579788208008, "rough_score": -9.684083938598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Boeing agreed to deliver the first 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969. The delivery date left 28 months to design the aircraft, which was two-thirds of the normal time.Sutter 2006, pp. 96–97. The schedule was so fast paced that the people who worked on it were given the nickname \"The Incredibles\". Developing the aircraft was such a technical and financial challenge that management was said to have \"bet the company\" when it started the project.", "precise_score": -9.330923080444336, "rough_score": -9.724267959594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Developing the 747 had been a major challenge, and building its assembly plant was also a huge undertaking. Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper, then head of the company's turbine division, to oversee construction of the Everett factory and to start production of the 747. To level the site, more than 4 e6cuyd of earth had to be moved.Irving 1994, p. 310. Time was so short that the 747's full-scale mock-up was built before the factory roof above it was finished.Irving 1994, p. 365. The plant is the largest building by volume ever built, and has been substantially expanded several times to permit construction of other models of Boeing wide-body commercial jets.", "precise_score": -3.5300440788269043, "rough_score": -7.1216325759887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the Everett assembly building before the world's press and representatives of the 26 airlines that had ordered the airliner.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838835,00.html \"All but off the Ground.\"] TIME, October 4, 1968. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. Over the following months, preparations were made for the first flight, which took place on February 9, 1969, with test pilots Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle at the controls[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839015,00.html \"The Giant Takes Off.\"] TIME. Retrieved: December 13, 2007. and Jess Wallick at the flight engineer's station. Despite a minor problem with one of the flaps, the flight confirmed that the 747 handled extremely well. The 747 was found to be largely immune to \"Dutch roll\", a phenomenon that had been a major hazard to the early swept-wing jets.Irving 1994, pp. 417–418.", "precise_score": 5.076135635375977, "rough_score": 6.25126314163208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The flight test program was hampered by problems with the 747's JT9D engines. Difficulties included engine stalls caused by rapid throttle movements and distortion of the turbine casings after a short period of service.Irving 1994, pp. 441–446. The problems delayed 747 deliveries for several months, up to 20 aircraft at the Everett plant were stranded while awaiting engine installation.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844949,00.html \"The Trouble with Jumbo.\"] Time, September 26, 1969. The program was further delayed when one of the five test aircraft suffered serious damage during a landing attempt at Renton Municipal Airport, site of the company's Renton factory. On December 13, 1969 a test aircraft was being taken to have test equipment removed and a cabin installed when pilot Ralph C. Cokely undershot the airport's short runway. The 747's right, outer landing gear was torn off and two engine nacelles were damaged.Irving 1994, p. 436. However, these difficulties did not prevent Boeing from taking a test aircraft to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969, where it was displayed to the public for the first time. The 747 received its FAA airworthiness certificate in December 1969, clearing it for introduction into service. ", "precise_score": -4.777657508850098, "rough_score": -7.786595344543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "On January 15, 1970, First Lady of the United States Pat Nixon christened Pan Am's first 747, at Dulles International Airport (later Washington Dulles International Airport) in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby. Instead of champagne, red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft. The 747 entered service on January 22, 1970, on Pan Am's New York–London route;Norris 1997, p. 48. the flight had been planned for the evening of January 21, but engine overheating made the original aircraft unusable. Finding a substitute delayed the flight by more than six hours to the following day.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878184,00.html \"Jumbo and the Gremlins.\"] TIME, February 2, 1970. Retrieved: December 20, 2007.", "precise_score": -8.385083198547363, "rough_score": -7.948713779449463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The recession of 1969-1970 greatly affected Boeing. For the year and a half after September 1970 it only sold two 747s in the world, and did not sell any to an American carrier for almost three years. When economic problems in the United States and other countries after the 1973 oil crisis led to reduced passenger traffic, several airlines found they did not have enough passengers to fly the 747 economically, and they replaced them with the smaller and recently introduced McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar trijet wide bodies (and later the 767 and A300 twinjets). Having tried replacing coach seats on its 747s with piano bars in an attempt to attract more customers, American Airlines eventually relegated its 747s to cargo service and in 1983 exchanged them with Pan Am for smaller aircraft; Delta Air Lines also removed its 747s from service after several years. Delta later reacquired 747s after it merged with Northwest Airlines. ", "precise_score": -7.916844367980957, "rough_score": -8.391231536865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The Boeing 747 is a large, wide-body (two-aisle) airliner with four wing-mounted engines. The wings have a high sweep angle of 37.5 degrees for a fast, efficient cruiseSutter 2006, p. 93. of Mach 0.84 to 0.88, depending on the variant. The sweep also reduces the wingspan, allowing the 747 to use existing hangars. Seating capacity is more than 366 with a 3–4–3 seat arrangement (a cross section of 3 seats, an aisle, 4 seats, another aisle, and 3 seats) in economy class and a 2–3–2 arrangement in first class on the main deck. The upper deck has a 3–3 seat arrangement in economy class and a 2–2 arrangement in first class. ", "precise_score": -7.861935138702393, "rough_score": -9.123445510864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The initial order for the -100SR — four aircraft for Japan Air Lines (JAL, later Japan Airlines) — was announced on October 30, 1972; rollout occurred on August 3, 1973, and the first flight took place on August 31, 1973. The type was certified by the FAA on September 26, 1973, with the first delivery on the same day. The -100SR entered service with JAL, the type's sole customer, on October 7, 1973, and typically operated flights within Japan.[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_milestones.html \"747 Milestones.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. Seven -100SRs were built between 1973 and 1975, each with a 520000 lb MTOW and Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines derated to 43000 lbf of thrust.Bowers 1989, pp. 516–517.", "precise_score": -5.097434997558594, "rough_score": -6.201884746551514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Following the -100SR, Boeing produced the -100BSR, a 747SR variant with increased takeoff weight capability. Debuting in 1978, the -100BSR also incorporated structural modifications for a high cycle-to-flying hour ratio; a related standard -100B model debuted in 1979. The -100BSR first flew on November 3, 1978, with first delivery to All Nippon Airways (ANA) on December 21, 1978. A total of twenty -100BSRs were produced for ANA and JAL.Airclaims Jet Programs 1995 The -100BSR had a 600,000 lb MTOW and was powered by the same JT9D-7A or General Electric CF6-45 engines used on the -100SR. ANA operated this variant on domestic Japanese routes with 455 or 456 seats until retiring its last aircraft in March 2006. ", "precise_score": -9.201359748840332, "rough_score": -8.933320045471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-100B model was developed from the -100SR, using its stronger airframe and landing gear design. The type had an increased fuel capacity of 48070 USgal, allowing for a 5000 nmi range with a typical 452-passenger payload, and an increased MTOW of 750000 lb was offered. The first -100B order, one aircraft for Iran Air, was announced on June 1, 1978. This aircraft first flew on June 20, 1979, received FAA certification on August 1, 1979, and was delivered the next day. Nine -100Bs were built, one for Iran Air and eight for Saudi Arabian Airlines. Unlike the original -100, the -100B was offered with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A, General Electric CF6-50, or Rolls-Royce RB211-524 engines. However, only RB211-524 (Saudia) and JT9D-7A (Iran Air) engines were ordered.Airclaims Jet Programs 1995, p. 111. The last 747-100B, EP-IAM was retired by Iran Air in 2014, the last commercial operator of the 747-100 and -100B. ", "precise_score": -9.758711814880371, "rough_score": -9.364595413208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "After launching the -200 with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7 engines, on August 1, 1972 Boeing announced that it had reached an agreement with General Electric to certify the 747 with CF6-50 series engines to increase the aircraft's market potential. Rolls-Royce followed 747 engine production with a launch order from British Airways for four aircraft. The option of RB211-524B engines was announced on June 17, 1975. The -200 was the first 747 to provide a choice of powerplant from the three major engine manufacturers. ", "precise_score": -8.922576904296875, "rough_score": -9.376283645629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Swissair placed the first order for the 747-300 on June 11, 1980. The variant revived the 747-300 designation, which had been previously used on a design study that did not reach production. The 747-300 first flew on October 5, 1982, and the type's first delivery went to Swissair on March 23, 1983. Besides the passenger model, two other versions (-300M, -300SR) were produced. The 747-300M features cargo capacity on the rear portion of the main deck, similar to the -200M, but with the stretched upper deck it can carry more passengers. The 747-300SR, a short range, high-capacity domestic model, was produced for Japanese markets with a maximum seating for 584.[http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/747_123sp.pdf \"Boeing 747-100/-200/-300/-SP airport report.\"] (pdf) The Boeing Company, May 2011. Retrieved: September 1, 2014. No production freighter version of the 747-300 was built, but Boeing began modifications of used passenger -300 models into freighters in 2000. ", "precise_score": -9.533259391784668, "rough_score": -8.906097412109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The passenger version first entered service in February 1989 with launch customer Northwest Airlines on the Minneapolis to Phoenix route. The combi version entered service in September 1989 with KLM, while the freighter version entered service in November 1993 with Cargolux. The 747-400ERF entered service with Air France in October 2002, while the 747-400ER entered service with Qantas,[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20071012042115/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/lr_back/index.html \"Boeing 747-400ER Family.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: October 16, 2007. its sole customer, in November 2002. In January 2004, Boeing and Cathay Pacific launched the Boeing 747-400 Special Freighter program,[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2004-01-07-Boeing-and-Cathay-Pacific-Airways-Launch-747-400-Special-Freighter \"Boeing and Cathay Pacific Airways Launch 747-400 Special Freighter.\"] The Boeing Company, January 7, 2004. Retrieved: July 18, 2015. later referred to as the Boeing Converted Freighter (BCF), to modify passenger 747-400s for cargo use. The first 747-400BCF was redelivered in December 2005.[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2005-12-19-First-747-400-Boeing-Converted-Freighter-Redelivered-to-Cathay-Pacific \"First 747-400 Boeing Converted Freighter Redelivered to Cathay Pacific.\"] The Boeing Company, December 19, 2005. Retrieved: July 18, 2015.", "precise_score": -9.160858154296875, "rough_score": -9.448029518127441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "43&item1080 \"Final Boeing 747 Dreamlifter Enters Service.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: July 15, 2011. (originally called the 747 Large Cargo Freighter or LCF[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20071107065816/http://www.evergreenaviation.com/p_releases/072007.html \"Evergreen Aviation press releases.\"] Evergreen Aviation, July 20, 2007. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.) is a Boeing-designed modification of existing 747-400s to a larger configuration to ferry 787 Dreamliner sub-assemblies. Evergreen Aviation Technologies Corporation of Taiwan was contracted to complete modifications of 747-400s into Dreamlifters in Taoyuan. The aircraft flew for the first time on September 9, 2006 in a test flight.[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20061002173539/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q3/060909a_nr.html \"Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Completes First Flight.\"] The Boeing Company, September 9, 2006. Modification of four aircraft was completed by February 2010. The Dreamlifters have been placed into service transporting sub-assemblies for the 787 program to the Boeing plant in Everett, Washington, for final assembly. The aircraft is certified to carry only essential crew and not passengers. ", "precise_score": -3.296480178833008, "rough_score": -7.482700824737549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I, is designed to carry up to 467 passengers in a 3-class configuration and fly more than 8000 nmi at Mach 0.855. As a derivative of the already common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and interchangeable parts. The type's first test flight occurred on March 20, 2011. The 747-8 has surpassed the Airbus A340-600 as the world's longest airliner. The first -8I was delivered in May 2012 to Lufthansa. The 747-8 has received 125 total orders, including 74 for the -8F and 51 for the -8I .", "precise_score": -9.73414134979248, "rough_score": -9.552209854125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* VC-25 – This aircraft is the U.S. Air Force very important person (VIP) version of the 747-200B. The U.S. Air Force operates two of them in VIP configuration as the VC-25A. Tail numbers 28000 and 29000 are popularly known as Air Force One, which is technically the air-traffic call sign for any United States Air Force aircraft carrying the U.S. President. Although based on the 747-200B design, they include several innovations introduced on the 747-400. Partially completed aircraft from Everett, Washington, were flown to Wichita, Kansas, for final outfitting.", "precise_score": -8.999990463256836, "rough_score": -8.510290145874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "As increasing numbers of \"classic\" 747-100 and 747-200 series aircraft have been retired, some have found their way into museums or other uses. The City of Everett, the first 747 and prototype, is at the Museum of Flight, Seattle, Washington, USA where it is sometimes leased to Boeing for test purposes. ", "precise_score": -4.762596130371094, "rough_score": -8.864026069641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Following its debut, the 747 rapidly achieved iconic status, appearing in numerous film productions such as the Airport series of disaster films, Air Force One, and Executive Decision. Appearing in over 300 film productions the 747 is one of the most widely depicted civilian aircraft and is considered by many as one of the most iconic in film history. The aircraft entered the cultural lexicon as the original Jumbo Jet, a term coined by the aviation media to describe its size, and was also nicknamed Queen of the Skies.", "precise_score": -2.2758543491363525, "rough_score": -7.540653705596924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The largest airliners are wide-body jets. These aircraft are frequently called twin-aisle aircraft because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. Aircraft in this category are the Boeing 747, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Airbus A300/A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A350, Airbus A380, Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, McDonnell Douglas MD-11, Ilyushin Il-86, and Ilyushin Il-96. These aircraft are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities with many passengers.", "precise_score": -5.653645992279053, "rough_score": -8.224944114685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airliner" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* Boeing 747 \"Jumbo Jet\" – an iconic aircraft, it was the world's largest passenger airliner between 1969 and 2005. It was also the first widebody jet airliner to enter service, introducing many features that become standard in current jetliners like high-bypass turbofans.", "precise_score": -0.4964849650859833, "rough_score": -2.7580950260162354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airliner" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* McDonnell Douglas DC-10 – a trijet competitor to the widebody 747", "precise_score": -5.632251262664795, "rough_score": -7.674046039581299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airliner" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "AllModels&cboAllModel747&ViewReportF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296782493591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "View+Report \"747 Model Orders and Deliveries data.\"] The Boeing Company, June 2016. Retrieved: July 22, 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017067909240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-400, the most common passenger version in service, has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85–0.855 (up to 570 mph) with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles (8,350 mi or 13,450 km). The 747-400 passenger version can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout, 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout, or 660 passengers in a high density one-class configuration. The newest version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is in production and received certification in 2011. Deliveries of the 747-8F freighter version to launch customer Cargolux began in October 2011; deliveries of the 747-8I passenger version to Lufthansa began in May 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739750862121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "4082 next page]) In 1965 Lockheed's aircraft design and General Electric's engine design were selected for the new C-5 Galaxy transport, which was the largest military aircraft in the world at the time. The nose door and raised cockpit concepts would be carried over to the design of the 747. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66516399383545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747 was conceived while air travel was increasing in the 1960s.Norris and Wagner 1997, p. 13. The era of commercial jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, had revolutionized long-distance travel. Even before it lost the CX-HLS contract, Boeing was pressed by Juan Trippe, president of Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), one of their most important airline customers, to build a passenger aircraft more than twice the size of the 707. During this time, airport congestion, worsened by increasing numbers of passengers carried on relatively small aircraft, became a problem that Trippe thought could be addressed by a large new aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.169647216796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In 1965, Joe Sutter was transferred from Boeing's 737 development team to manage the design studies for a new airliner, already assigned the model number 747.Sutter 2006, pp. 80–84. Sutter initiated a design study with Pan Am and other airlines, to better understand their requirements. At the time, it was widely thought that the 747 would eventually be superseded by supersonic transport aircraft. Boeing responded by designing the 747 so that it could be adapted easily to carry freight and remain in production even if sales of the passenger version declined. In the freighter role, the clear need was to support the containerized shipping methodologies that were being widely introduced at about the same time. Standard containers are 8 ft square at the front (slightly higher due to attachment points) and available in 20 and lengths. This meant that it would be possible to support a 2-wide 2-high stack of containers two or three ranks deep with a fuselage size similar to the earlier CX-HLS project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.206513404846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 747-100 aircraft for US$525 million. During the ceremonial 747 contract-signing banquet in Seattle on Boeing's 50th Anniversary, Juan Trippe predicted that the 747 would be \"... a great weapon for peace, competing with intercontinental missiles for mankind's destiny\". As launch customer,Rumerman, Judy. [http://web.archive.org/web/20121007143215/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Boeing_747/Aero21.htm \"The Boeing 747.\"] U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003. Retrieved: April 30, 2006.Noland, David. [http://www.infoplease.com/spot/boeing747.html \"Passenger Planes: Boeing 747.\"] \"Info please.\" (Pearson Education). Retrieved: April 30, 2006. and because of its early involvement before placing a formal order, Pan Am was able to influence the design and development of the 747 to an extent unmatched by a single airline before or since.Irving 1994, p. 359.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33847713470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Ultimately, the high-winged CX-HLS Boeing design was not used for the 747, although technologies developed for their bid had an influence. The original design included a full-length double-deck fuselage with eight-across seating and two aisles on the lower deck and seven-across seating and two aisles on the upper deck.[http://airwaysnews.com/html/museums/boeing-archives-bellevue-washington-usa/boeing-747-double-decker-early-proposed-design-model-mid-to-late-1960s/19091 Boeing 747 \"Double Decker\" Early Proposed Design Model at Boeing Corporate Archives - mid-to-late 1960's] [http://airwaysnews.com/html/museums/boeing-archives-bellevue-washington-usa/boeing-747-early-proposed-designs-models-mid-to-late-1960s/19093 (alternate image)] Irving 1994, p. 282. However, concern over evacuation routes and limited cargo-carrying capability caused this idea to be scrapped in early 1966 in favor of a wider single deck design. The cockpit was, therefore, placed on a shortened upper deck so that a freight-loading door could be included in the nose cone; this design feature produced the 747's distinctive \"bulge\". In early models it was not clear what to do with the small space in the pod behind the cockpit, and this was initially specified as a \"lounge\" area with no permanent seating. (A different configuration that had been considered in order to keep the flight deck out of the way for freight loading had the pilots below the passengers, and was dubbed the \"anteater\".) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91163158416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "One of the principal technologies that enabled an aircraft as large as the 747 to be conceived was the high-bypass turbofan engine.Mecham, M. \"In review: 747, Creating the World's First Jumbo Jet and Other Adventures from a Life in Aviation.\" Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 165, No. 9, September 4, 2006, p. 53. The engine technology was thought to be capable of delivering double the power of the earlier turbojets while consuming a third less fuel. General Electric had pioneered the concept but was committed to developing the engine for the C-5 Galaxy and did not enter the commercial market until later. Colson, Michael S. [http://www.memagazine.org/supparch/flight03/jetsfans/jetsfans.html \"Mechanical Engineering 100 Years of Flight.\"] memagazine.org. Retrieved: December 9, 2007. Pratt & Whitney was also working on the same principle and, by late 1966, Boeing, Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop a new engine, designated the JT9D to power the 747.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.103189468383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The project was designed with a new methodology called fault tree analysis, which allowed the effects of a failure of a single part to be studied to determine its impact on other systems. To address concerns about safety and flyability, the 747's design included structural redundancy, redundant hydraulic systems, quadruple main landing gear and dual control surfaces.Sutter 2006, pp. 121, 128–131. Additionally, some of the most advanced high-lift devices used in the industry were included in the new design, to allow it to operate from existing airports. These included slats running almost the entire length of the wing, as well as complex three-part slotted flaps along the trailing edge of the wing. The wing's complex three-part flaps increase wing area by 21 percent and lift by 90 percent when fully deployed compared to their non-deployed configuration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79748821258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Before the first 747 was fully assembled, testing began on many components and systems. One important test involved the evacuation of 560 volunteers from a cabin mock-up via the aircraft's emergency chutes. The first full-scale evacuation took two and a half minutes instead of the maximum of 90 seconds mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and several volunteers were injured. Subsequent test evacuations achieved the 90-second goal but caused more injuries. Most problematic was evacuation from the aircraft's upper deck; instead of using a conventional slide, volunteer passengers escaped by using a harness attached to a reel.Irving 1994, p. 383. Tests also involved taxiing such a large aircraft. Boeing built an unusual training device known as \"Waddell's Wagon\" (named for a 747 test pilot, Jack Waddell) that consisted of a mock-up cockpit mounted on the roof of a truck. While the first 747s were still being built, the device allowed pilots to practice taxi maneuvers from a high upper-deck position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.030976295471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "During later stages of the flight test program, flutter testing showed that the wings suffered oscillation under certain conditions. This difficulty was partly solved by reducing the stiffness of some wing components. However, a particularly severe high-speed flutter problem was solved only by inserting depleted uranium counterweights as ballast in the outboard engine nacelles of the early 747s.Irving 1994, p. 428. This measure caused anxiety when these aircraft crashed, as did China Airlines Flight 358 at Wanli in 1991 and El Al Flight 1862 at Amsterdam in 1992 which had 282 kg of uranium in the tailplane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713473320007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The huge cost of developing the 747 and building the Everett factory meant that Boeing had to borrow heavily from a banking syndicate. During the final months before delivery of the first aircraft, the company had to repeatedly request additional funding to complete the project. Had this been refused, Boeing's survival would have been threatened.Irving 1994, pp. 437–438. The firm's debt exceeded $2 billion, with the $1.2 billion owed to the banks setting a record for all companies. Allen later said, \"It was really too large a project for us.\" Ultimately, the gamble succeeded, and Boeing held a monopoly in very large passenger aircraft production for many years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036852836608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747 enjoyed a fairly smooth introduction into service, overcoming concerns that some airports would not be able to accommodate an aircraft that large. Although technical problems occurred, they were relatively minor and quickly solved. After the aircraft's introduction with Pan Am, other airlines that had bought the 747 to stay competitive began to put their own 747s into service. Boeing estimated that half of the early 747 sales were to airlines desiring the aircraft's long range rather than its payload capacity. While the 747 had the lowest potential operating cost per seat, this could only be achieved when the aircraft was fully loaded; costs per seat increased rapidly as occupancy declined. A moderately loaded 747, one with only 70 percent of its seats occupied, used more than 95 percent of the fuel needed by a fully occupied 747. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926945686340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "International flights that bypassed traditional hub airports and landed at smaller cities became more common throughout the 1980s, and this eroded the 747's original market. However, many international carriers continued to use the 747 on Pacific routes. In Japan, 747s on domestic routes were configured to carry close to the maximum passenger capacity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112269401550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Improved 747 versions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988179206848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "After the initial 747-100 model, Boeing developed the , a higher maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) variant, and the (Short Range), with higher passenger capacity.[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/pf/pf_classic_back.html \"Boeing 747 Classics.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 15, 2007. Increased maximum takeoff weight allows aircraft to carry more fuel and have longer range. The model followed in 1971, featuring more powerful engines and a higher MTOW. Passenger, freighter and combination passenger-freighter versions of the were produced. The shortened 747SP (special performance) with a longer range was also developed, and entered service in 1976. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.606247901916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747 line was further developed with the launch of the 747-300 in 1980. The 300 series resulted from Boeing studies to increase the seating capacity of the 747, during which modifications such as fuselage plugs and extending the upper deck over the entire length of the fuselage were rejected. The first 747-300, completed in 1983, included a stretched upper deck, increased cruise speed, and increased seating capacity. The -300 variant was previously designated 747SUD for stretched upper deck, then 747-200 SUD,[http://www.aircraft-commerce.com/sample_articles/sample_articles/owners_guide.pdf \"Aircraft Owner's and Operator's Guide: 747-200/300 (PDF).\"]Aircraft Commerce. Retrieved: July 15, 2011. followed by 747EUD, before the 747-300 designation was used.[http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id99 \"Boeing 747-300.\"] Airliners.net. Retrieved: June 3, 2011. Passenger, short range and combination freighter-passenger versions of the 300 series were produced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.757591247558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In 1985, development of the longer range 747-400 began. The variant had a new glass cockpit, which allowed for a cockpit crew of two instead of three, new engines, lighter construction materials, and a redesigned interior. Development cost soared, and production delays occurred as new technologies were incorporated at the request of airlines. Insufficient workforce experience and reliance on overtime contributed to early production problems on the 747-400. The -400 entered service in 1989.Norris 1997, p. 88.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622331619262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In 1991, a record-breaking 1,087 passengers were airlifted aboard a 747 to Israel as part of Operation Solomon. The 747 remained the heaviest commercial aircraft in regular service until the debut of the Antonov An-124 Ruslan in 1982; variants of the 747-400 would surpass the An-124's weight in 2000. The Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo transport, which debuted in 1988, remains the world's largest aircraft by several measures (including the most accepted measures of maximum takeoff weight and length); one aircraft has been completed and is in service . The Hughes H-4 Hercules is the largest aircraft by wingspan, but it only completed a single flight. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569026947021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Since the arrival of the 747-400, several stretching schemes for the 747 have been proposed. Boeing announced the larger 747-500X and preliminary designs in 1996. The new variants would have cost more than US$5 billion to develop, and interest was not sufficient to launch the program.[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20071214001602/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/03/19/157/ba-warms-to-a3xx-plan.html \"BA warms to A3XX plan.\"] Flight International, March 19, 1997. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. In 2000, Boeing offered the more modest 747X and 747X stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough interest to enter production. A year later, Boeing switched from the 747X studies to pursue the Sonic Cruiser,[http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/30/eng20010330_66406.html \"Boeing Shelves 747X to Focus on Faster Jet.\"] People's Daily, March 30, 2001. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. and after the Sonic Cruiser program was put on hold, the 787 Dreamliner. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER, a longer range variant of the 747-400. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877305030822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "After several variants were proposed but later abandoned, some industry observers became skeptical of new aircraft proposals from Boeing. However, in early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in nature to the 747-X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the 787 to modernize the design and its systems. The 747 remained the largest passenger airliner in service until the Airbus A380 began airline service in 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.169931411743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced it was launching the 747 Advanced as the Boeing 747-8. The last 747-400s were completed in 2009.[http://www.businessday.co.nz/world/4842143 \"Downhill for the jumbo.\"] The Sydney Morning Herald, January 9, 2009. Retrieved: February 9, 2009. , most orders of the 747-8 have been for the freighter variant. On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden flight. The first delivery of the 747-8 went to Cargolux in 2011. The 1,500th produced Boeing 747 was delivered in June 2014.[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2014-06-28-Boeing-Delivers-1-500th-747 \"Boeing Delivers 1,500th 747\"]. Boeing, June 28, 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.510624885559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In January 2016, Boeing stated it was reducing 747-8 production to six a year beginning in September 2016, incurring a $569 million post-tax charge against its fourth-quarter 2015 profits. At the end of 2015, the company had 20 orders outstanding. On January 29, 2016, Boeing announced that it had begun the preliminary work on the modifications to a commercial 747-8 for the next Air Force One Presidential aircraft, expected to be operational by 2020. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627330780029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "On July 12, 2016, Boeing announced that it had finalized terms of acquisition with Volga-Dnepr Group for 20 747-8 freighters, valued at $7.58 billion at list prices. Four aircraft were delivered beginning in 2012. Volga-Dnepr Group is the parent of three major Russian air-freight carriers - Volga-Dnepr Airlines, AirBridgeCargo Airlines and Atran Airlines. The new 747-8 freighters will replace AirBridgeCargo’s current 747-400 aircraft and expand the airline’s fleet and will be acquired through a mix of direct purchases and leasing over the next six years, Boeing said. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.735830307006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "On 27 July 2016, Boeing released a regulatory filing discussing potential termination of 747 production due to insufficient demand and market for the aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95798397064209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Raised above the main deck, the cockpit creates a hump. The raised cockpit allows front loading of cargo on freight variants. The upper deck behind the cockpit provides space for a lounge or extra seating. The \"stretched upper deck\" became available as an option on the 747-100B variant and later as standard on the 747-300. The 747 cockpit roof section also has an escape hatch from which crew can exit in the event of an emergency if they cannot exit through the cabin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930760383605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747's maximum takeoff weight ranges from 735,000 pounds (333,400 kg) for the -100 to 970,000 lb (439,985 kg) for the -8. Its range has increased from 5,300 nautical miles (6,100 mi, 9,800 km) on the -100 to 8,000 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,815 km) on the -8I. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.694406509399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747 has redundant structures along with four redundant hydraulic systems and four main landing gears with four wheels each, which provide a good spread of support on the ground and safety in case of tire blow-outs. The main gear are redundant so that landing can be performed on two opposing landing gears if the others do not function properly.Sutter 2006, pp. 128–131. In addition, the 747 has split control surfaces and was designed with sophisticated triple-slotted flaps that minimize landing speeds and allow the 747 to use standard-length runways.Sutter 2006, pp. 121–122. For transportation of spare engines, 747s can accommodate a non-functioning fifth-pod engine under the port wing of the aircraft between the inner functioning engine and the fuselage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089080810546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-100 was the original variant launched in 1966. The 747-200 soon followed, with its launch in 1968. The 747-300 was launched in 1980 and was followed by the 747-400 in 1985. Ultimately, the 747-8 was announced in 2005. Several versions of each variant have been produced, and many of the early variants were in production simultaneously. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies variants using a shortened code formed by combining the model number and the variant designator (e.g. \"B741\" for all -100 models).[http://www.icao.int/publications/DOC8643/Pages/Search.aspx \"ICAO Document 8643.\"] International Civil Aviation Organization. Retrieved: April 13, 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.133138656616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-100", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16627025604248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The first 747-100s were built with six upper deck windows (three per side) to accommodate upstairs lounge areas. Later, as airlines began to use the upper deck for premium passenger seating instead of lounge space, Boeing offered a ten-window upper deck as an option. Some early -100s were retrofitted with the new configuration. The -100 was equipped with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines. No freighter version of this model was developed, but many 747-100s were converted into freighters. A total of 167 747-100s were built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.457907676696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747SR", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061311721801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Responding to requests from Japanese airlines for a high-capacity aircraft to serve domestic routes between major cities, Boeing developed the 747SR as a short-range version of the 747-100 with lower fuel capacity and greater payload capability. With increased economy class seating, up to 498 passengers could be carried in early versions and up to 550 in later models. The 747SR had an economic design life objective of 52,000 flights during 20 years of operation, compared to 24,600 flights in 20 years for the standard 747. The initial 747SR model, the -100SR, had a strengthened body structure and landing gear to accommodate the added stress accumulated from a greater number of takeoffs and landings. Extra structural support was built into the wings, fuselage, and the landing gear along with a 20 percent reduction in fuel capacity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531428337097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In 1986, two -100BSR SUD models, featuring the stretched upper deck (SUD) of the -300, were produced for JAL. The type's maiden flight occurred on February 26, 1986, with FAA certification and first delivery on March 24, 1986. JAL operated the -100BSR SUD with 563 seats on domestic routes until their retirement in the third quarter of 2006. While only two -100BSR SUDs were produced, in theory, standard -100Bs can be modified to the SUD certification. Overall, twenty-nine 747SRs were built, consisting of seven -100SRs, twenty -100BSRs, and two -100BSR SUDs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.217937469482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-100B", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160287857055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747SP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85826587677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The development of the 747SP stemmed from a joint request between Pan American World Airways and Iran Air, who were looking for a high-capacity airliner with enough range to cover Pan Am's New York–Middle Eastern routes and Iran Air's planned Tehran–New York route. The Tehran–New York route, when launched, was the longest non-stop commercial flight in the world. The 747SP is 48 ft shorter than the 747-100. Fuselage sections were eliminated fore and aft of the wing, and the center section of the fuselage was redesigned to fit mating fuselage sections. The SP's flaps used a simplified single-slotted configuration. [http://www.747sp.com/story-b747sp/ \"The Story of the B747SP.\"] 747sp.com. Retrieved: December 15, 2007. The 747SP, compared to earlier variants, had a tapering of the aft upper fuselage into the empennage, a double-hinged rudder, and longer vertical and horizontal stabilizers. Power was provided by Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7(A/F/J/FW) or Rolls-Royce RB211-524 engines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365009307861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747SP was granted a supplemental certificate on February 4, 1976 and entered service with launch customers Pan Am and Iran Air that same year. The aircraft was chosen by airlines wishing to serve major airports with short runways. A total of 45 747SPs were built, with the 44th 747SP delivered on August 30, 1982. In 1987, Boeing re-opened the 747SP production line after five years to build one last 747SP for an order by the United Arab Emirates government. In addition to airline use, one 747SP was modified for the NASA/German Aerospace Center SOFIA experiment. Iran Air is the last civil operator of the type; its final 747-SP (EP-IAC) is to be retired in June 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.035250663757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-200", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.745851516723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "While the 747-100 powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines offered enough payload and range for US domestic operations, it was marginal for long international route sectors. The demand for longer range aircraft with increased payload quickly led to the improved -200, which featured more powerful engines, increased MTOW, and greater range than the -100. A few early -200s retained the three-window configuration of the -100 on the upper deck, but most were built with a ten-window configuration on each side. The 747-200 was produced in passenger (-200B), freighter (-200F), convertible (-200C), and combi (-200M) versions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92093276977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-200B was the basic passenger version, with increased fuel capacity and more powerful engines; it entered service in February 1971. In its first three years of production, the -200 was equipped with Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7 engines (initially the only engine available). Range with a full passenger load started at over 5000 nmi and increased to 6000 nmi with later engines. Most -200Bs had an internally stretched upper deck, allowing for up to 16 passenger seats. The freighter model, the 747-200F, could be fitted with or without a side cargo door, and had a capacity of 105 tons (95.3 tonnes) and an MTOW of up to 833,000 lb (378,000 kg). It entered service in 1972 with Lufthansa. The convertible version, the 747-200C, could be converted between a passenger and a freighter or used in mixed configurations, and featured removable seats and a nose cargo door. The -200C could also be fitted with an optional side cargo door on the main deck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.263456344604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The combi model, the 747-200M, could carry freight in the rear section of the main deck via a side cargo door. A removable partition on the main deck separated the cargo area at the rear from the passengers at the front. The -200M could carry up to 238 passengers in a three-class configuration with cargo carried on the main deck. The model was also known as the 747-200 Combi. As on the -100, a stretched upper deck (SUD) modification was later offered. A total of 10 converted 747-200s were operated by KLM. Union des Transports Aériens (UTA) also had two of these aircraft converted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627026557922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "A total of 393 of the 747-200 versions had been built when production ended in 1991.[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/background.html \"747 background.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 13, 2007. Of these, 225 were -200B, 73 were -200F, 13 were -200C, 78 were -200M, and 4 were military. Many 747-200s remain in operation, although most large carriers have retired them from their fleets and sold them to smaller operators. Large carriers have sped up fleet retirement following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent drop in demand for air travel, scrapping some or turning others into freighters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757447242736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-300", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.487008094787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-300 features a 23 ft upper deck than the -200. The stretched upper deck has two emergency exit doors and is the most visible difference between the -300 and previous models. Before being made standard on the 747-300, the stretched upper deck was previously offered as a retrofit, and appeared on two Japanese 747-100SR aircraft.[http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id99 \"Boeing 747-300.\"] airliners.net. The 747-300 introduced a new straight stairway to the upper deck, instead of a spiral staircase on earlier variants, which creates room above and below for more seats. Minor aerodynamic changes allowed the -300's cruise speed to reach Mach 0.85 compared with Mach 0.84 on the -200 and -100 models, while retaining the same takeoff weight. The -300 could be equipped with the same Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce powerplants as on the -200, as well as updated General Electric CF6-80C2B1 engines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.247620582580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "A total of 81 747-300 series aircraft were delivered, 56 for passenger use, 21 -300M and 4 -300SR versions. In 1985, just two years after the -300 entered service, the type was superseded by the announcement of the more advanced 747-400. The last 747-300 was delivered in September 1990 to Sabena. While some -300 customers continued operating the type, several large carriers replaced their 747-300s with 747-400s. Air France, Air India, Pakistan International Airlines, and Qantas were some of the last major carriers to operate the 747-300. On December 29, 2008, Qantas flew its last scheduled 747-300 service, operating from Melbourne to Los Angeles via Auckland.[http://www.theage.com.au/travel/travel-news/qantass-final-boeing-747300-heads-for-graveyard-20090120-7lfi.html \"Qantas's final Boeing 747-300 heads for graveyard.\"] The Age. Retrieved: January 21, 2009. In July 2015, Pakistan International Airlines retired their final 747-300 after 30 years of service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.040901184082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-400", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.394566535949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-400 is an improved model with increased range. It has wingtip extensions of 6 ft and winglets of 6 ft, which improve the type's fuel efficiency by four percent compared to previous 747 versions. The 747-400 introduced a new glass cockpit designed for a flight crew of two instead of three, with a reduction in the number of dials, gauges and knobs from 971 to 365 through the use of electronics. The type also features tail fuel tanks, revised engines, and a new interior. The longer range has been used by some airlines to bypass traditional fuel stops, such as Anchorage. Powerplants include the Pratt & Whitney PW4062, General Electric CF6-80C2, and Rolls-Royce RB211-524.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.461142539978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The was offered in passenger (-400), freighter (-400F), combi (-400M), domestic (-400D), extended range passenger (-400ER), and extended range freighter (-400ERF) versions. Passenger versions retain the same upper deck as the , while the freighter version does not have an extended upper deck. The 747-400D was built for short-range operations with maximum seating for 624. Winglets were not included, but they can be retrofitted.[http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/commercial/airports/acaps/747_4.pdf \"Boeing 747-400/-400ER airport report.\"] (pdf) The Boeing Company, May 2011. Retrieved: September 1, 2014. Cruising speed is up to Mach 0.855 on different versions of the 747-400.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791820526123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "In March 2007, Boeing announced that it had no plans to produce further passenger versions of the -400.Wallace, James. [http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/747-400-passenger-jet-is-no-more-1231302.php \"747-400 passenger is no more.\"] Seattlepi.com, March 17, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2011. However, orders for 36 -400F and -400ERF freighters were already in place at the time of the announcement. The last passenger version of the 747-400 was delivered in April 2005 to China Airlines. Some of the last built 747-400s were delivered with Dreamliner livery along with the modern Signature interior from the Boeing 777. A total of 694 of the 747-400 series aircraft were delivered. At various times, the largest 747-400 operator has included Singapore Airlines,[http://wayback.archive.org/web/19990209120436/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1995/news.release.951013-a.html \"Singapore Airlines Boeing 747-400 Fleet World's Largest.\"] The Boeing Company, October 13, 1994. Retrieved: December 14, 2007. Japan Airlines, and British Airways with 57 . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736908912658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747 LCF Dreamlifter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112076759338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-400 Dreamlifter[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989631652832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-8", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741764068603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Boeing announced a new 747 variant, the 747-8, on November 14, 2005. Referred to as the 747 Advanced prior to its launch, the 747-8 uses the same engine and cockpit technology as the 787, hence the use of the \"8\". The variant is designed to be quieter, more economical, and more environmentally friendly. The 747-8's fuselage is lengthened from 232 to 251 feet (70.8 to 76.4 m), marking the first stretch variant of the aircraft. Power is supplied by General Electric GEnx-2B67 engines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446770668029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-8 Freighter, or 747-8F, is derived from the 747-400ERF. The variant has 16 percent more payload capacity than its predecessor, allowing it to carry seven more standard air cargo containers, with a maximum payload capacity of 154 tons (140 tonnes) of cargo. As on previous 747 freighters, the 747-8F features an overhead nose-door and a side-door on the main deck plus a side-door on the lower deck (\"belly\") to aid loading and unloading. The 747-8F made its maiden flight on February 8, 2010. The variant received its amended type certificate jointly from the FAA and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on August 19, 2011. The -8F was first delivered to Cargolux on October 12, 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301900863647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* C-19 – The U.S. Air Force gave this designation to the 747-100s used by some U.S. airlines and modified for use in the Civil Reserve Airlift Fleet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.423747062683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) – Two 747s were modified to carry the Space Shuttle orbiter. The first was a 747-100 (N905NA), and the other was a 747-100SR (N911NA). The first SCA carried the prototype Enterprise during the Approach and Landing Tests in the late 1970s. The two SCA later carried all five operational Space Shuttle orbiters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251800537109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* C-33 – This aircraft was a proposed U.S. military version of the 747-400 intended to augment the C-17 fleet. The plan was canceled in favor of additional C-17s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670026779174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* KC-33A – A proposed 747 was also adapted as an aerial refueling tanker and was bid against the DC-10-30 during the 1970s Advanced Cargo Transport Aircraft (ACTA) program that produced the KC-10A Extender. Before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Iran bought four 747-100 aircraft with air-refueling boom conversions to support its fleet of F-4 Phantoms.[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20050716004716/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2005-02.pdf \"KC-33A: Closing the Aerial Refuelling and Strategic Air Mobility Gaps (PDF).\"] Air Power Australia Analysis APA-2005-02, April 16, 2005. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. There is a report of using a KC-33A in H-3 airstrike during Iran–Iraq War. It is unknown whether these aircraft remain usable as tankers. Since then, other proposals have emerged for adaptation of later 747-400 aircraft for this role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.104897499084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* 747 CMCA – This \"Cruise Missile Carrier Aircraft\" variant was considered by the U.S. Air Force during the development of the B-1 Lancer strategic bomber. It would have been equipped with 50 to 100 AGM-86 ALCM cruise missiles on rotary launchers. This plan was abandoned in favor of more conventional strategic bombers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537149429321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* 747 AAC – a Boeing study under contract from the USAF for an \"airborne aircraft carrier\" for up to 10 Boeing Model 985-121 \"microfighters\" with the ability to launch, retrieve, re-arm, and refuel. Boeing believed that the scheme would be able to deliver a flexible and fast, carrier platform with global reach, particularly where other bases were not available. Modified versions of the 747-200 and Lockheed C-5A were considered as the base aircraft. The concept, which included a complementary 747 AWACS version with two reconnaissance \"microfighters\", was considered technically feasible in 1973. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63046932220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* Evergreen 747 Supertanker – A Boeing 747-200 modified as an aerial application platform for fire fighting using 20000 USgal of firefighting chemicals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857389450073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) - A former Pan Am Boeing 747SP modified to carry a large infrared-sensitive telescope, in a joint venture of NASA and DLR. High altitudes are needed for infrared astronomy, so as to rise above infrared-absorbing water vapor in the atmosphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.641277313232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* A number of other governments also use the 747 as a VIP transport, including Bahrain, Brunei, India, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. Several Boeing 747-8s have been ordered by Boeing Business Jet for conversion to VIP transports for several unidentified customers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060445785522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Boeing has studied a number of 747 variants that have not gone beyond the concept stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108382225036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747 trijet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929625511169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Boeing studied the development of a shorter 747 with three engines, to compete with the smaller L-1011 TriStar and DC-10. The 747 trijet would have had more payload, range, and passenger capacity than the L-1011 and DC-10. The center engine would have been fitted in the tail with an S-duct intake similar to the L-1011's. However, engineering studies showed that a total redesign of the 747 wing would be necessary. Maintaining the same 747 handling characteristics would be important to minimize pilot retraining. Boeing decided instead to pursue a shortened four-engine 747, resulting in the 747SP. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88178825378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747 ASB", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062625885009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Boeing announced the 747 ASB (Advanced Short Body) in 1986 as a response to the Airbus A340 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. This aircraft design would have combined the advanced technology used on the 747-400 with the foreshortened 747SP fuselage. The aircraft was to carry 295 passengers a range of 8000 nmi. However, airlines were not interested in the project and it was canceled in 1988 in favor of the 777.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.00926399230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-500X, -600X, and -700X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777997970581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Boeing announced the 747-500X and -600X at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow. The proposed models would have combined the 747's fuselage with a new 251 ft (77 m) span wing derived from the 777. Other changes included adding more powerful engines and increasing the number of tires from two to four on the nose landing gear and from 16 to 20 on the main landing gear.Patterson, James W. [http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/ar97-26.pdf \"Impact of New Large Aircraft on Airport Design (PDF).\"] Federal Aviation Administration, March 1998. Retrieved: December 17, 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708145141601562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The 747-500X concept featured an increased fuselage length of 18 ft (5.5 m) to 250 ft (76.2 m) long, and the aircraft was to carry 462 passengers over a range up to 8,700 nautical miles (10,000 mi, 16,100 km), with a gross weight of over 1.0 Mlb (450 tonnes). The 747-600X concept featured a greater stretch to 279 ft (85 m) with seating for 548 passengers, a range of up to 7,700 nmi (8,900 mi, 14,300 km), and a gross weight of 1.2 Mlb (540 tonnes). A third study concept, the 747-700X, would have combined the wing of the 747-600X with a widened fuselage, allowing it to carry 650 passengers over the same range as a 747-400. The cost of the changes from previous 747 models, in particular the new wing for the 747-500X and -600X, was estimated to be more than US$5 billion. Boeing was not able to attract enough interest to launch the aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803297996520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747X and 747X Stretch", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107830047607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "As Airbus progressed with its A3XX study, Boeing offered a 747 derivative as an alternative in 2000; a more modest proposal than the previous -500X and -600X that retained the 747's overall wing design and add a segment at the root, increasing the span to 229 ft.[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20000302203732/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2000/news_release_000121a.html \"Boeing 747 Celebrates 30 Years In Service.\"] The Boeing Company, September 2, 1996. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. Power would have been supplied by either the Engine Alliance GP7172 or the Rolls-Royce Trent 600, which were also proposed for the 767-400ERX. A new flight deck based on the 777's would be used. The 747X aircraft was to carry 430 passengers over ranges of up to 8,700 nmi (10,000 mi, 16,100 km). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263 ft long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers over ranges of up to 7,800 nmi (9,000 mi, 14,500 km). Both would feature an interior based on the 777. Freighter versions of the 747X and 747X Stretch were also studied. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415509223937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Like its predecessor, the 747X family was unable to garner enough interest to justify production, and it was shelved along with the 767-400ERX in March 2001, when Boeing announced the Sonic Cruiser concept. Though the 747X design was less costly than the 747-500X and -600X, it was criticized for not offering a sufficient advance from the existing 747-400. The 747X did not make it beyond the drawing board, but the 747-400X being developed concurrently moved into production to become the 747-400ER. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967144966125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "747-400XQLR", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583897590637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "After the end of the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements that could be made to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) was meant to have an increased range of 7,980 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,800 km), with improvements to boost efficiency and reduce noise.[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20020306000939/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2002/q1/nr_020225h.html \"Boeing Offers New 747-400X Quiet Longer Range Jetliner.\"] The Boeing Company, February 26, 2002. Retrieved: December 17, 2007. Improvements studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth engine nacelle for noise reduction. Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the 747 Advanced, which has now been launched as the 747-8.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807116508483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": ", the 747 has been involved in 132 aviation occurrences, including 60 hull-loss accidents, resulting in 3,718 fatalities. The 747 has been in 32 hijackings, which caused 24 fatalities. This includes Pan Am Flight 73 where a Boeing 747-121 was hijacked by four terrorists and resulted in 20 deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.957113265991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Few crashes have been attributed to design flaws of the 747. The Tenerife airport disaster resulted from pilot error and communications failure, while the Japan Airlines Flight 123 and China Airlines Flight 611 crashes stemmed from improper aircraft repair. United Airlines Flight 811, which suffered an explosive decompression mid-flight on February 24, 1989, led the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) to issue a recommendation that 747-200 cargo doors similar to those on the Flight 811 aircraft be modified. Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by a Soviet fighter aircraft in 1983 after it had strayed into Soviet territory, causing U.S. President Ronald Reagan to authorize the then-strictly military global positioning system (GPS) for civilian use.[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/02/20060203125928lcnirellep0.5061609.html#axzz3z8AmijAm \"United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology.\"] america.gov, February 3, 2006. Retrieved: January 9, 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365960121154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Accidents due to design deficiencies included TWA Flight 800, where a 747-100 exploded in mid-air on July 17, 1996, probably due to sparking electricity wires inside the fuel tank; this finding led the FAA to propose a rule requiring installation of an inerting system in the center fuel tank of most large aircraft that was adopted in July 2008, after years of research into solutions. At the time, the new safety system was expected to cost US$100,000 to $450,000 per aircraft and weigh approximately 200 lb. El Al Flight 1862 crashed after the fuse pins for an engine broke off shortly after take-off due to metal fatigue. Instead of dropping away from the wing, the engine knocked off the adjacent engine and damaged the wing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805157661437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Other 747s in museums include those at the Aviodrome, Lelystad, The Netherlands; the Qantas Founders Outback Museum, Longreach, Queensland, Australia; Rand Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa; Technikmuseum Speyer, Speyer, Germany; Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris, France; Tehran Aerospace Exhibition, Tehran, Iran; Jeongseok Aviation Center, Jeju, South Korea, Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, and the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241436004638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Upon its retirement from service, the 747 number two in the production line was dismantled and shipped to Hopyeong, Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea where it was re-assembled, repainted in a livery similar to that of Air Force One and converted into a restaurant. Originally flown commercially by Pan Am as N747PA, Clipper Juan T. Trippe, and repaired for service following a tailstrike, it stayed with the airline until its bankruptcy. The restaurant closed by 2009, and the aircraft was scrapped in 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761382102966309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "A former British Airways 747-200B, G-BDXJ, is parked at the Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, England and has been used as a movie set for productions such as the 2006 James Bond film, Casino Royale. The plane also appears frequently in the BBC television series Top Gear, which is filmed at Dunsfold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630319595336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The Jumbohostel, using a converted 747-200, opened at Arlanda Airport, Stockholm on January 15, 2009.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7740000/newsid_7741700/7741777.stm?bw", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963878631591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "The wings of a 747 have been recycled as roofs of a house in Malibu, California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825662612915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Sources: Boeing 747 specifications,[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/specs.html \"747 specifications\"], The Boeing Company. Retrieved December 16, 2007. 747 airport planning report,[http://wayback.archive.org/web/20141024144002/http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/airports/747.page \"747 Airplane Characteristics for Airport Planning.\"] The Boeing Company. Retrieved: December 15, 2007. 747-8 airport brochure, Lufthansa 747-8 data Being fact sheet ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20866870880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* The 747 parasitic drag, CDP, is 0.022, and the wing area is 5500 sqft, so that f equals about 121 sqft. The parasitic drag is given by ½ f ρair v² in which f is the product of drag coefficient CDp and the wing area. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092371940612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "Modern jetliners are usually low-wing designs with two engines mounted underneath the swept wings (turboprop aircraft are slow enough to use straight wings). The Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 are the only airliners in production which are too heavy (more than 400 tons maximum takeoff weight) for just two engines. Smaller airliners sometimes have their engines mounted on either side of the rear fuselage. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages to this arrangement. Perhaps the most important advantage to mounting the engines under the wings is that the total aircraft weight is more evenly distributed across the wingspan, which imposes less bending moment on the wings and allows for a lighter wing structure. This factor becomes more important as aircraft weight increases, and there are no in-production airliners with both a maximum takeoff weight of more than 50 tons and engines mounted on the fuselage. The Antonov An-148 is the only in-production jetliner with high-mounted wings (usually seen in military transport aircraft), which reduces the risk of damage from unpaved runways.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111756324768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airliner" }, { "answer": "747", "passage": "* Lockheed L-1011 Tri-Star - a trijet competitor to the Boeing 747 and the similarly-sized DC-10. Lockheed's last entry into commercial aircraft manufacturing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921698570251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airliner" } ]

[ { "answer": "River", "passage": "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred June 25–26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876.", "precise_score": 5.202394962310791, "rough_score": 6.280806064605713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "The coordination and planning began to go awry on June 17, 1876 when Crook's column retreated after the Battle of the Rosebud. Surprised and according to some accounts astonished by the unusually large numbers of Native Americans, Crook held the field at the end of the battle but felt compelled by his losses to pull back, regroup, and wait for reinforcements. Unaware of Crook's battle, Gibbon and Terry proceeded, joining forces in early June near the mouth of the Rosebud Creek. They reviewed Terry's plan calling for Custer's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers. As this was the likely location of Native encampments, all army elements were to converge around June 26 or 27, attempting to engulf the Native Americans. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry, composed of 31 officers and 566 enlisted men under Custer, to begin a reconnaissance in force and pursuit along the Rosebud, with the prerogative to \"depart\" from orders if Custer saw \"sufficient reason.\" Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined, believing they would slow his command.", "precise_score": -1.0784600973129272, "rough_score": -2.7711117267608643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "While the Terry/Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn, on the evening of June 24, Custer's scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow's Nest, 14 mi east of the Little Bighorn River. At sunrise on June 25, Custer's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village roughly 15 mi in the distance. After a night's march, the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither, and when Custer joined them, he was also unable to make the sighting. Custer's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10 mi away, disclosing the regiment's position.", "precise_score": -2.202070474624634, "rough_score": -7.871255397796631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye-Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the \"V\" formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left. The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno's detachment (according to the Crow scout Curley, possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber on the edge of the Little Bighorn River. Had the US troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee, their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River.", "precise_score": -2.4515295028686523, "rough_score": -8.292853355407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control. E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward Little Big Horn River but failed, which resulted in total destruction, leaving behind some 50 to 60 men. The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight. Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer's force may have been divided into three groups, with the Indians' attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting. Indian accounts describe warriors (including women) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers' horses. One 7th cavalry trooper claimed finding a number of stone mallets consisting of a round cobble weighing 8-10 pounds (about 4 kg) with a rawhide handle, which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded. Fighting dismounted, the soldiers' skirmish lines were overwhelmed. Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and, in extreme cases, one man in eight. Later, the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover. As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable.", "precise_score": -7.014730930328369, "rough_score": -7.004617691040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Beginning in July, the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers Major Elmer I. Otis of the 1st Cavalry was promoted to replace Custer effective June 25, 1876, but did not report until February 1877. Two 1876 West Point graduates designated for the 7th Cavalry were advanced to 1st lieutenant effective 10 days after their graduation. Four others appointed to other regiments, along with eight experienced 2nd lieutenants, were transferred and designated one to each company of the 7th. However, five declined the appointment, replaced by 2nd lieutenants of infantry and unappointed new officers in July and August 1876. Only three replacements were able to report while the 7th was still in the field. and recruiting efforts begun to fill the depleted ranks. The regiment, reorganized into eight companies, remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition, now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Big Horn and reinforced by Gibbon's column. On August 8, 1876, after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry, the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota. It met with Crook's command, similarly reinforced, and the combined force, almost 4,000 strong, followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River. Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute.", "precise_score": -8.766522407531738, "rough_score": -7.870620250701904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Col. John Gibbon's column of six companies (A, B, E, H, I, and K) of the 7th Infantry and four companies (F, G, H, and L) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30, to patrol the Yellowstone River. Brig. Gen. George Crook's column of ten companies (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, and M) of the 3rd Cavalry, five (A, B, D, E, and I) of the 2nd Cavalry, two companies (D and F) of the 4th Infantry, and three companies (C, G, and H) of the 9th Infantry, moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29, marching toward the Powder River area. Brig. Gen. Alfred Terry's column, including twelve companies (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and M) of the 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's immediate command, Companies C and G of the 17th U.S. Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17. They were accompanied by teamsters and packers with 150 wagons and a large contingent of pack mules that reinforced Custer. Companies C, D, and I of the 6th U.S. Infantry, moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River. They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West, which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Lincoln. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51084041595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "The 7th Cavalry was created just after the American Civil War. Many men were veterans of the war, including most of the leading officers. A significant portion of the regiment had previously served four-and-a-half years at Ft. Riley, Kansas, during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes, experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded. Six other troopers had died of drowning and 51 from cholera epidemics. While stationed in Kansas, the 7th Cavalry had attacked Black Kettle's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River, an attack which was at the time labeled a \"massacre of innocent Indians\" by the Indian Bureau.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486343383789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Additionally, Custer was more concerned with preventing the escape of the Lakota and Cheyenne than with fighting them. From his own observation, as reported by his bugler John Martin (Martini), Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle, to which virtually every native account attested later, giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against. When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from Crow's Nest across the Little Bighorn River, they could only see the herd of ponies. Looking from a hill away after parting with Reno's command, Custer could observe only women preparing for the day, and young boys taking thousands of horses out to graze south of the village. Custer's Crow scouts told him it was the largest native village they had ever seen. When the scouts began changing back into their native dress right before the battle, Custer released them from his command. While the village was enormous in size, Custer thought there were far fewer warriors to defend the village. He assumed most of the warriors were still asleep in their tipis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.606537818908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Some authors and historians, based on archeological evidence and reviews of native testimony, speculate that Custer attempted to cross the river at a point they refer to as Ford D. According to Richard A.Fox, James Donovan, and others, Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion (Yates' Troops E and F) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing, which provided \"access to the [women and children] fugitives.\" Yates's force \"posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families…\" gathering at the north end of the huge encampment.then persisted in his efforts to \"seize women and children\" even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh's wing on the bluffs. Yates' wing, descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D, encountered \"light resistance\", undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village. Custer was almost within \"striking distance of the refugees\" before being repulsed by Indian defenders and forced back to Custer Ridge. That hypothesis, by Fox's own admission, is not universally accepted, and as a result of conflicting physical evidence and variations in differing Lakota accounts, Custer's precise movements remain impossible to ascertain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.151447296142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest, his movements masked by the thick bramble of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn river. The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode, first with two approximately forty-man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast. The trees also obscured Reno's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow shot of the village. The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux. Neither Custer nor Reno had much idea of the length, depth and size of the encampment they were attacking, as the village was hidden by the trees. When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village, he sent his Arikara/Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank. Realizing the full extent of the village's width, Reno quickly suspected what he would later call \"a trap\" and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.849174499511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line, according to standard army doctrine. In this formation, every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position, with five to ten yards separating each trooper, officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers. This formation reduced Reno's firepower by 25 percent. As Reno's men fired into the village and killed, by some accounts, several wives and children of the Sioux leader, Chief Gall (in Lakota, Phizí), mounted warriors began streaming out to meet the attack. With Reno's men anchored on their right by the impassable tree line and bend in the river, the Indians rode hard against the exposed left end of Reno's line. After about 20 minutes of long-distance firing, Reno had taken only one casualty, but the odds against him had risen (Reno estimated five to one) and Custer had not reinforced him. Trooper Billy Jackson reported that by then, the Indians had begun massing in the open area shielded by a small hill to the left of the Reno's line and to the right of the Indian village. From this position the Indians mounted an attack of more than 500 warriors against the left and rear of Reno's line, turning Reno's exposed left flank. They forced a hasty withdrawal into the timber along the bend in the river. Here the Indians pinned Reno and his men down and set fire to the brush to try to drive the soldiers out of their position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.766976356506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "After giving orders to mount, dismount and mount again, Reno told his men, \"All those who wish to make their escape follow me,\" and led a disorderly rout across the river toward the bluffs on the other side. The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters. Later Reno reported that three officers and 29 troopers had been killed during the retreat and subsequent fording of the river. Another officer and 13–18 men were missing. Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber, although many eventually rejoined the detachment. Reno's hasty retreat may have been precipitated by the death of Reno's Arikara Scout Bloody Knife, who had been shot in the head as he sat on his horse next to Reno, his blood and brains splattering the side of Reno's face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032074928283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Several days after the battle, Curley, Custer's Crow scout who had left Custer near Medicine Tail Coulee, recounted the battle, reporting that Custer had attacked the village after attempting to cross the river. He was driven back, retreating toward the hill where his body was found. As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground, it was the basis of many popular accounts of the battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.80477237701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "According to Pretty Shield, the wife of Goes-Ahead (another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry), Custer was killed while crossing the river: \"...and he died there, died in the water of the Little Bighorn, with Two-bodies, and the blue soldier carrying his flag\". In this account, Custer was allegedly killed by a Lakota called Big-nose. However, in Chief Gall's version of events, as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey, Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge. Chief Gall's statements were corroborated by other Indians, notably the wife of Spotted Horn Bull. Given that no bodies of men or horses were found anywhere near the ford, Godfrey himself concluded \"that Custer did not go to the ford with any body of men\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.32891845703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Having isolated Reno's force and driven them away from the encampment, the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer. The route taken by Custer to his \"Last Stand\" remains a subject of debate. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half mile (800 m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north, and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. From this point on the other side of the river, he could see Reno charging the village. Riding north along the bluffs, Custer could have descended into a drainage called Medicine Tail Coulee, which led to the river. Some historians believe that part of Custer's force descended the coulee, going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village. According to some accounts, a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters opposed this crossing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.659908294677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "White Cow Bull claimed to have shot a leader wearing a buckskin jacket off his horse in the river. While no other Indian account supports this claim, if White Bull did shoot a buckskin-clad leader off his horse, some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him. Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance, a soldier carrying a company guidon was also hit. Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses. The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer's body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965417861938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer's purpose for Reno's attack, that is, a coordinated \"hammer-and-anvil\" maneuver, with Reno's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp, while Custer drove them against Reno's line from the north. Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee, he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp, although it was only the middle. Some Indian accounts, however, place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left (and south) of the opposite side of the crossing. The location of the north end of the village remains in dispute, however.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855640411376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Edward Curtis, the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians, made a detailed personal study of the Battle, interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it. First he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him, Goes Ahead, and Hairy Moccasin, and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors. He also visited the Lakota country and interviewed Red Hawk \"whose recollection of the fight seemed to be particularly clear\". Finally, he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts, but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff \"as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer\". Finally, Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer's command. Based on all the information he gathered, Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it. However, \"the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side\". They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who (no longer engaging Reno) rushed down the valley. This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous 'last stand'. Thus, wrote Curtis, \"Custer made no attack, the whole movement being a retreat\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81225299835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Other historians claim that Custer never approached the river, but rather continued north across the coulee and up the other side, where he gradually came under attack. According to this theory, by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered, it was too late to break back to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance. Two men from the 7th Cavalry, the young Crow scout Ashishishe (known in English as Curley) and the trooper Peter Thompson, claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians. The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial, as accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson's claim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.155064582824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Under threat of attack, the first US soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves, more or less where they had fallen. A couple of years after the battle, markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen, so the placement of troops has been roughly construed. The troops evidently died in several groups, including on Custer Hill, around Captain Myles Keogh, and strung out towards the Little Big Horn River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54057788848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Modern-day accounts include Arapaho warriors in this fight, but the five Arapaho men were at the encampments only by accident. While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the US Army. Two Moon, a Northern Cheyenne leader, interceded to save their lives. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.719202041625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties: 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds, 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded. Every soldier in the five companies with Custer was killed (3 Indian scouts and several troopers had left that column before the battle; an Indian scout, Curley, was the only survivor to leave after the battle had begun), although for years rumors persisted of survivors.Graham, 146. Lt. Edward Godfrey reported finding a dead 7th Cavalry horse (shot in the head), a grain sack, and a carbine at the mouth of the Rosebud River. He conjectured that a soldier had escaped Custer's fight and rafted across the river, abandoning his played out horse. Among the dead were Custer's brothers Boston and Thomas, his brother-in-law James Calhoun, and his nephew Henry Reed. The sole surviving animal reportedly discovered on the battlefield by General Terry's troops was Captain Keogh's horse, Comanche, although other horses were believed to have been taken by the Indians.Badly wounded, the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors, who had taken the other surviving horses. Comanche was taken back to the steamer Far West and returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to be nursed back to health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555787086486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "In 1878, the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery, most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded. Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men, but many questioned the tactics, strategy and conduct of the officers. Indian accounts spoke of soldiers' panic-driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians. While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s, it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions. Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured, Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children. Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014954566955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "Sitting Bull's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition. Nonetheless, they could usually procure these through post-traders, licensed or unlicensed, and from gunrunners who operated in the Dakota Territory: \"…a horse or a mule for a repeater…buffalo hides for ammunition.\"Donovan, 2008, p. 188 (fragment of quote)Utley, 1993, p. 39: The Indians had grown to depend on the goods [white traders] supplied, especially firearms and ammunition…they could be obtained only though white men, directly, of through Indian intermediaries.\"Gallear, 2001: \"Indian trade muskets…could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies…The Sioux [however] were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons [available].from half-breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana…By 1876 almost all [Model 1860 Henry rifles] in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders, such as the Métis.Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: By 1873, Indians \"used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders.\"Donovan, 2008, p. 188: \"…there were many…ways a warrior could acquire a rifle. Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat[y] [Indians]; so did unlicensed traders – primarily the half-breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills.Robinson, 1995, p. xxix: \"Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty-one different kinds [models] if firearms in that fight, and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent [of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants] were armed with modern sixteen-shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles.…they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines…[and] carried traditional weapons…bows and arrows, hatchets…and war clubs.\" Custer's highly regarded guide, \"Lonesome\" Charley Reynolds, informed his superior in early 1876 that Sitting Bull's forces were amassing weapons, including numerous Winchester repeating rifles and abundant ammunition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77537727355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" }, { "answer": "River", "passage": "One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno's recent 8-day reconnaissance-in-force of the Powder-Tongue-Rosebud Rivers, June 10 to 18. This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts (so-called condemned horses) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns. Custer, valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry's acknowledgement of the regiment as \"the primary strike force\" preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns. Custer insisted that the artillery was superfluous to his success, in that the 7th Cavalry alone was sufficient to cope with any force they should encounter, informing Terry: \"The 7th can handle anything it meets\". In addition to these practical concerns, a strained relationship with Major James Brisbin induced Custer's polite refusal to integrate Brisbin's Second Cavalry unit – and the Gatling guns – into his strike force, as it would disrupt any hierarchical arrangements that Custer presided over. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639601707458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of the Little Bighorn" } ]

[ { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "Riverside proclaimed itself the future birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk, a fictional character from the television series Star Trek, with the agreement of Gene Roddenberry.", "precise_score": 7.18965482711792, "rough_score": 8.541974067687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Riverside, Iowa" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "Although not considered canon, at least two Star Trek novels had material based in the real city of Riverside. Best Destiny, an immediate sequel to the events shown in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, depicted Kirk's childhood in Riverside. The novel's opening chapter depicts a pre-teen Kirk, playing with friends in fields, in rushes and river wetland along the English River. Another novel, Final Frontier by Diane Carey, not to be confused with Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, was written as a prequel novel to the original series. Depicting the space adventures of James T. Kirk's father, Commander George Samuel Kirk, Sr., the opening and closing passages of the novel depict Captain Kirk, now an adult, mulling over his Starfleet career options shortly after his first five-year mission. The younger Kirk was also depicted, walking around the farmhouse owned by his family in Riverside. Its wrap-around veranda had views of both the English River and the Iowa River to the east, which mirror the site of the real \"Kirk's Birthstone\" marker.", "precise_score": -4.49776029586792, "rough_score": 2.6014244556427, "source": "wiki", "title": "Riverside, Iowa" }, { "answer": "Jim Kirk", "passage": "The 2009 film Star Trek, set in an alternate reality from the main Star Trek universe, shows that Kirk was born aboard a shuttlecraft in space and raised in Iowa. Nearby are the (fictional) Riverside Quarry, where young Jim Kirk destroys a 20th Century Chevy Corvette in an act of vandalism, and the Riverside Shipyards, identified by name by Captain Christopher Pike as the construction site of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701), and an embarkation point for Starfleet Academy recruits, including an older Jim Kirk.", "precise_score": 1.112486481666565, "rough_score": 2.984689712524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Riverside, Iowa" }, { "answer": "James Kirk", "passage": "James Tiberius Kirk was born on March 22, 2233, in Riverside, Iowa. He was raised there by his parents, George and Winona Kirk. Although born on Earth, Kirk lived for a time on Tarsus IV, where he was one of nine surviving witnesses to the massacre of 4,000 colonists by Kodos the Executioner. James Kirk's brother, George Samuel Kirk, is first mentioned in \"What Are Little Girls Made Of?\" and introduced and killed in \"Operation: Annihilate!\", leaving behind three children. ", "precise_score": -3.0985445976257324, "rough_score": -4.383927822113037, "source": "wiki", "title": "James T. Kirk" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** James T. Kirk is born in Riverside, Iowa on Earth. ", "precise_score": -1.9284909963607788, "rough_score": -3.24202561378479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James Tiberius Kirk", "passage": "Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, asserts in his book The Making of Star Trek that the character of James Tiberius Kirk was born in the state of Iowa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.712312698364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Riverside, Iowa" }, { "answer": "James Kirk", "passage": "Jeffrey Hunter played the commanding officer of the USS Enterprise, Captain Christopher Pike, in the rejected Star Trek television pilot \"The Cage\". In developing a new pilot episode, called \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", series creator Gene Roddenberry changed the captain's name to \"James Kirk\" after rejecting other options like Hannibal, Timber, Flagg and Raintree. The name was inspired by Captain James Cook, whose journal entry \"ambition leads me ... farther than any other man has been before me\" inspired the episode title. The character is in part based on C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower hero, and NBC wanted the show to emphasize the captain's \"rugged individualism\". Jack Lord was Desilu Productions' original choice to play Kirk, but his demand for fifty-percent ownership of the show led to him not being hired. The second pilot episode was successful, and \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" was broadcast as the third episode of Star Trek on September 22, 1966.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.058162689208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "James T. Kirk" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "Slate.com described Shatner's depiction of Kirk as an \"expansive, randy, faintly ridiculous, and yet supremely capable leader of men, Falstaffian in his love of life and largeness of spirit\". The Myth of the American Superhero refers to Kirk as a \"superhuman redeemer\" who \"like a true superhero ... regularly escapes after risking battle with monsters or enemy spaceships\". Although some episodes question Kirk's position as a hero, Star Trek \"never left the viewer in doubt for long\". Others have commented that Kirk's exaggerated \"strength, intelligence, charm, and adventurousness\" make him unrealistic. Kirk is described as able to find ways \"through unanticipated problems to reach [his] goals\" and his leadership style is most \"appropriate in a tight, geographically identical team with a culture of strong leadership.\" Although Roddenberry conceived the character as being \"in a very real sense ... 'married' \" to the Enterprise, Kirk has been noted for \"his sexual exploits with gorgeous females of every size, shape and type\"; he has been called \"promiscuous\" and labeled a \"womanizer\". The Last Lecture author Randy Pausch believed he became a better teacher, colleague, and husband because he watched Kirk run the Enterprise; Pausch wrote that \"for ambitious boys with a scientific bent, there could be no greater role model than James T. Kirk\". David A. Goodman commented that Kirk \"has as much reality as possible for a fictional character.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.052130699157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "James T. Kirk" }, { "answer": "Captain kirk", "passage": "Kirk has been the subject of a wide range of television spoofs that aired in many countries, including The Carol Burnett Show and KI.KA's Bernd das Brot. John Belushi's impression of Kirk for Saturday Night Live, which he described as his favorite role, was \"dead-on\". Jim Carrey has been praised for his satire of the character in a 1992 episode of In Living Color. Comedian Kevin Pollak is well known for his impressions of Shatner as Kirk. Kirk has also been mentioned in song, the 1984 English adaptation of \"99 Luftballons\" by Nena and the 1979 song \"Where's Captain Kirk?\" by Spizzenergi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94140911102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "James T. Kirk" }, { "answer": "Captain kirk", "passage": "James Cawley has played Kirk in the Phase II series since it began in 2004. Wired observes that while Cawley's depiction \"lacks Shatner's vulnerability\", the actor has enough swagger \"to be passable in the role of Captain Kirk\". Cawley's portrayal was well-known enough at Paramount that a group of Star Trek: Enterprise writers called for Cawley's attention at a science fiction convention by shouting \"Hey, Kirk!\" at him while Shatner sat nearby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.651956558227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "James T. Kirk" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** James T. Kirk is born aboard a shuttlecraft from the USS Kelvin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191194534301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** James T. Kirk's father, George Kirk, is killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081239700317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** Pavel Chekov is born to Russian parents. In the alternate timeline created by Nero's attack on the USS Kelvin, Chekov is only eight years younger than James T. Kirk, implying a birthdate of 2241. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969189643859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** The events of Star Trek take place. Nero destroys the planet Vulcan – killing billions, including Spock's mother – as well as 38–40 Federation starships. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is launched on her maiden voyage under Captain Christopher Pike. James T. Kirk becomes the ship's new captain shortly afterward. Henceforth, a different timeline is required.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.799575805664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** James T. Kirk is captain of the starship Enterprise on a historic five-year mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.14362621307373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) returns from its five-year mission under the command of Captain James T. Kirk and enters major refit while Kirk is promoted to Admiral at Starfleet Command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562685012817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** The upgraded USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) embarks on a five-year mission under the command of Admiral James T. Kirk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878959655761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James Kirk", "passage": "** The opening events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) is launched under the command of John Harriman. James Kirk is presumed killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110555648803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "James T. Kirk", "passage": "** The events of Star Trek Generations. The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) is destroyed – the stardrive section by a warp core breach; the saucer section containing the crew makes a forced landing on Veridian III. The ship is subsequently declared a total loss. James T. Kirk reappears from the temporal continuum in which he had been since his disappearance in 2293; Kirk is killed on Veridian III (Kirk is resurrected a month later in a subsequent story).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946697235107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Captain kirk", "passage": "There are few references setting the original series in an exact time frame, and those that exist are largely contradictory. In the episode, \"Tomorrow Is Yesterday\", a 1960s military officer says that he's going to lock Captain Kirk up \"for two hundred years\", to which a bemused Kirk says, \"That ought to be just about right\". Likewise, in the episode \"Space Seed\", it is said that the 1996 warlord Khan Noonian Singh is from \"two centuries\" ago. Both these references place the show in the 22nd century. However, in the episode \"Miri\", it is said that 1960 was around 300 years ago, pushing the show into the 23rd century. Finally, the episode \"The Squire of Gothos\" implied that the light cone of 19th century Earth has expanded to 900 light years, which seems to set the show in the 28th century, since light would take nine centuries to traverse that distance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.691825866699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Captain kirk", "passage": "*The USS Enterprise's five-year mission under Captain Kirk lasts from 2207 to 2212. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2230224609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Admiral Kirk", "passage": "* Numerous sources, including the Chronology, postulate a second five-year mission under now-Admiral Kirk's command began soon after the events of the first movie; in part this is to take into account the unproduced revival series Star Trek: Phase II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517300605773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timeline of Star Trek" } ]

[ { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "John Chapman (September 26, 1774 – March 18, 1845), often called Johnny Appleseed, was an American pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees to large parts of Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, as well as the northern counties of present-day West Virginia. He became an American legend while still alive, due to his kind, generous ways, his leadership in conservation, and the symbolic importance he attributed to apples. He was also a missionary for The New Church (Swedenborgian) and the inspiration for many museums and historical sites such as the Johnny Appleseed Museum in Urbana, Ohio, and the Johnny Appleseed Heritage Center in between Lucas, Ohio, and Mifflin, Ohio.", "precise_score": 6.792261600494385, "rough_score": 5.638861179351807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "John Chapman was born on September 26, 1774, in Leominster, Massachusetts, the second child (after his sister Elizabeth) of Nathaniel and Elizabeth Chapman (née Simonds, married February 8, 1770) of Massachusetts. His birthplace has a granite marker, and the street is called Johnny Appleseed Lane.", "precise_score": 4.29049825668335, "rough_score": 1.2071293592453003, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Shortly after the brothers parted ways, John began his apprenticeship as an orchardist under a Mr. Crawford, who had apple orchards, thus inspiring his life's journey of planting apple trees.\"Johnny Appleseed, Orchardist,\" prepared by the staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County, November, 1952, page 4", "precise_score": -2.184246063232422, "rough_score": -4.74365758895874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "There are stories of Johnny Appleseed practicing his nurseryman craft in the Wilkes-Barre area and of picking seeds from the pomace at Potomac cider mills in the late 1790s. Another story has Chapman living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on Grant's Hill in 1794 at the time of the Whiskey Rebellion. ", "precise_score": 1.2113358974456787, "rough_score": -0.7981903553009033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "The popular image is of Johnny Appleseed spreading apple seeds randomly everywhere he went. In fact, he planted nurseries rather than orchards, built fences around them to protect them from livestock, left the nurseries in the care of a neighbor who sold trees on shares, and returned every year or two to tend the nursery. His first nursery was planted on the bank of Brokenstraw Creek, south of Warren, Pennsylvania. Next, he seems to have moved to Venango County along the shore of French Creek, but many of these nurseries were located in the Mohican area of north-central Ohio. This area included the towns of Mansfield, Lisbon, Lucas, Perrysville, and Loudonville.(1871) Johnny Appleseed: A Pioneer Hero, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XLIII, 830–831", "precise_score": -2.2334301471710205, "rough_score": -5.193282604217529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Supposedly, the only surviving tree planted by Johnny Appleseed is on the farm of Richard and Phyllis Algeo of Nova, Ohio. Some marketers claim it is a Rambo, more than a century before John Chapman was born. Some even make the claim that the Rambo was \"Johnny Appleseed's favorite variety\", ignoring that he had religious objections to grafting and preferred wild apples to all named varieties. It appears most nurseries are calling the tree the \"Johnny Appleseed\" variety, rather than a Rambo. Unlike the mid-summer Rambo, the Johnny Appleseed variety ripens in September and is a baking-applesauce variety similar to an Albemarle Pippin. Nurseries offer the Johnny Appleseed tree as an immature apple tree for planting, with scions from the Algeo stock grafted on them. Orchardists do not appear to be marketing the fruit of this tree.", "precise_score": -1.234955072402954, "rough_score": -2.879624843597412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "John Chapman and his brother Nathaniel are characters in Alice Hoffman's novel The Red Garden. They appear in the chapter \"Eight Nights of Love\" as passing through the small town of Blackwell, where they plant an orchard but also the Tree of Life in the center of said town, a tree which is said to bloom and bear fruit in midwinter. In Hoffman's book, John has a brief relation with a young woman called Minette Jacob, who was about to hang herself after having lost her husband, child, mother and sister, but who regains the joy of life after meeting the brothers. In the beginning of the chapter the author hints that John was reading Swedenborg's pamphlets, and later in the novel the characters actually refer to him as Johnny Appleseed. The variety of apples is called by the residents \"Blackwell Look-No-Further.\"", "precise_score": -2.243990182876587, "rough_score": -2.721442699432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "According to Harper's New Monthly Magazine, toward the end of his career, he was present when an itinerant missionary was exhorting an open-air congregation in Mansfield, Ohio. The sermon was long and severe on the topic of extravagance, because the pioneers were buying such indulgences as calico and imported tea. \"Where now is there a man who, like the primitive Christians, is traveling to heaven barefooted and clad in coarse raiment?\" the preacher repeatedly asked until Johnny Appleseed, his endurance worn out, walked up to the preacher, put his bare foot on the stump that had served as a podium, and said, \"Here's your primitive Christian!\" The flummoxed sermonizer dismissed the congregation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.614497184753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "He would tell stories to children and spread The New Church gospel to the adults, receiving a floor to sleep on for the night, and sometimes supper, in return. \"We can hear him read now, just as he did that summer day, when we were busy quilting upstairs, and he lay near the door, his voice rising denunciatory and thrillin—strong and loud as the roar of wind and waves, then soft and soothing as the balmy airs that quivered the morning-glory leaves about his gray beard. His was a strange eloquence at times, and he was undoubtedly a man of genius,\" reported a lady who knew him in his later years.\"Johnny Appleseed: A Pioneer Hero\", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, November 1871, page 834", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.10323715209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Johnny Appleseed cared very deeply about animals, including insects. Henry Howe visited all the counties in Ohio in the early nineteenth century and collected several stories from the 1830s, when Johnny Appleseed was still alive: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.143962860107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Johnny Appleseed never married. He thought he would be rewarded in heaven for not doing so. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024216651916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Steven Fortriede, director of the Allen County Public Library (ACPL) and author of the 1978 Johnny Appleseed, believes that another gravesite is the correct site, located in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne,. Johnny Appleseed Park is a Fort Wayne city park that adjoins Archer Park, an Allen County park. Archer Park is the site of John Chapman's grave marker and used to be a part of the Archer family farm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.647305488586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "The Johnny Appleseed Commission Council of the City of Fort Wayne reported, \"[A]s a part of the celebration of Indiana's 100th birthday in 1916 an iron fence was placed in the Archer graveyard by the Horticulture Society of Indiana setting off the grave of Johnny Appleseed. At that time, there were men living who had attended the funeral of Johnny Appleseed. Direct and accurate evidence was available then. There was little or no reason for them to make a mistake about the location of this grave. They located the grave in the Archer burying ground.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393646240234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Johnny Appleseed left an estate of over 1200 acres of valuable nurseries to his sister. He also owned four plots in Allen County, Indiana, including a nursery in Milan Township, with 15,000 trees. He bought the southwest quarter (160 acres) of section 26, Mohican Township, Ashland County, Ohio, but he did not record the deed and lost the property.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.438926696777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "The financial panic of 1837 took a toll on his estate. Trees brought only two or three cents each, as opposed to the \"fippenny bit\" (about six and a quarter cents) that he usually got.\"Johnny Appleseed, Orchardist\", prepared by the staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen Couth, November, 1952, page 17 Some of his land was sold for taxes following his death, and litigation used up much of the rest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.885795593261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Fort Wayne, Indiana, is the location of Johnny Appleseed's death. A memorial in Fort Wayne's Swinney Park purports to honor him but not to mark his grave. In Fort Wayne, since 1975, the Johnny Appleseed Festival has been held the third full weekend in September in Johnny Appleseed Park and Archer Park. Musicians, demonstrators, and vendors dress in early 19th century attire and offer food and beverages that would have been available then. In 2008 the Fort Wayne Wizards, a minor league baseball club, changed their name to the Fort Wayne TinCaps. The first season with the new name was in 2009. That same year the Tincaps won their only league championship. The name \"Tincaps\" is a reference to the tin hat (or pot) Johnny Appleseed is said to have worn. Their team mascot is also named \"Johnny.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486520767211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "From 1962 to 1980, a high school athletic league made up of schools from around the Mansfield, Ohio, area was named the Johnny Appleseed Conference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474770545959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "In 1966, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 5-cent stamp commemorating Johnny Appleseed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926608085632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "A memorial in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio, is located on the summit of the grounds in Section 134. A circular garden surrounds a large stone upon which a bronze statue of Chapman stands, face looking skywards, holding an apple seedling tree in one hand and a book in the other. A bronze cenotaph identifies him as Johnny Appleseed with a brief biography and eulogy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.857732772827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "March 11 and September 26 are sometimes celebrated as Johnny Appleseed Day. The September date is Appleseed's acknowledged birthdate, but the March date is sometimes preferred because it is during planting season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.392351150512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Johnny Appleseed Elementary School is a public school located in Leominster, Massachusetts, his birthplace. Mansfield, Ohio, one of Appleseed's stops in his peregrinations, was home to Johnny Appleseed Middle School until it closed in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.325572967529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "The village of Lisbon, Ohio, hosts an annual Johnny Appleseed festival September 18–19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577826499938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "A large terracotta sculpture of Johnny Appleseed, created by Viktor Schreckengost, decorates the front of the Lakewood High School Civic Auditorium in Lakewood, Ohio. Although the local board of education deemed Appleseed too \"eccentric\" a figure to grace the front of the building, renaming the sculpture simply \"Early Settler,\" students, teachers, and parents alike still call the sculpture by its intended name: \"Johnny Appleseed.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578139305114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Urbana University, located in Urbana, Ohio, maintains the world's only Johnny Appleseed Museum, which is open to the public. The museum hosts a number of artifacts, including a tree that is believed to have been planted by Johnny Appleseed. In addition, the museum is also home to a large number of historical memorabilia, the largest in the world. They also provide a number of services for research, including a national registry of Johnny Appleseed's relatives. In 2011 the museum was renovated and updated and is now able to hold more memorabilia in a modern museum setting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526239395141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Johnny Appleseed is remembered in American popular culture by his traveling song or Swedenborgian hymn (\"The Lord is good to me...\"), which is today sung before meals in some American households. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79210090637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Many books and films have been based on the life of Johnny Appleseed. One notable account is from the first chapter of The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World by Michael Pollan. 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-375-76039-3. Pollan states that since Johnny Appleseed was against grafting, his apples were not of an edible variety and could be used only for cider: \"Really, what Johnny Appleseed was doing and the reason he was welcome in every cabin in Ohio and Indiana was he was bringing the gift of alcohol to the frontier. He was our American Dionysus.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.447688102722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "In 2003, North Carolina Playwright Keith Smith wrote a one-act musical play titled My Name is Johnny Appleseed, which is presented to school children to show that the true story of John Chapman is just as interesting as the mythical figure, who is shrouded in legend and fable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.472837448120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "One of the more successful films was Melody Time, the animated 1948 film from Walt Disney Studios featuring Dennis Day. The Legend of Johnny Appleseed, a 19-minute segment, tells the story of an apple farmer who sees others going west, wistfully wishing he was not tied down by his orchard, until an angel appears, singing an apple song, setting Johnny on a mission. When he treats a skunk kindly, all animals everywhere thereafter trust him. The cartoon featured lively tunes, and a childlike simplicity of message. This animated short was included in Disney's American Legends, a compilation of four animated shorts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503862380981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "References to Johnny Appleseed abound in popular culture. Johnny Appleseed is a character in Neil Gaiman's American Gods. In American Gods, he appears as a man wearing stained buckskins, and was barefoot. \"His skin was the color of bark.\" He is also a friend of a famous Algonquin trickster named Whiskey Jack. Rock music bands NOFX, Guided by Voices, and Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros have all released songs titled \"Johnny Appleseed\", as have Grammy-winning American pastoral duo Eric Tingstad and Nancy Rumbel. \"Johnny Appleseed\" also featured in a comic series in The Victor in the UK in the early sixties. In Philip Roth's novel American Pastoral, the central character imagines himself as Johnny Appleseed when he moves from Newark to a rural community; in this case the figure stands for an innocent, childlike version of the American pioneer spirit. The Japanese role-playing game Wild Arms 5 mentions Johnny Appleseed as a central figure in the plotline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.564046859741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Apple Inc. uses a \"Johnny Appleseed\" character as a placeholder name in many of its recent advertisements, video tutorials, and keynote presentation examples; this was also the alias of Mike Markkula under which he published several programs for the Apple II. \"John Appleseed\" also appears as a contact in many of Apple, inc.'s application demonstrations. The name appears on the caller ID, as a sender in \"mail\" application demonstrations and screenshots and also in the icons of the \"TextEdit\" and \"Logic Pro X\" application.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960680961608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales & Legends featured Johnny Appleseed, as played by Martin Short, in 1986. Also featuring Rob Reiner as Jack Smith and Molly Ringwald as his niece Jenny, the story—while entertaining—takes considerable liberties with the original tall tale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561201095581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "Robert A. Heinlein's science fiction novel Farmer in the Sky, which depicts future colonists on Ganymede and takes up consciously many of the themes of the 19th century American frontier and homesteading, also includes a character who is known as \"Johnny Appleseed\" and, like the historical one, is involved in planting and spreading apple trees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.298161506652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" }, { "answer": "Johnny Appleseed", "passage": "In the comedy film Oh, God!, God (George Burns) compares supermarket manager Jerry Landers (John Denver) to Johnny Appleseed, saying by spreading his word he was planting good seeds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.66494369506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Johnny Appleseed" } ]

[ { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The most famous proponent of the style, Frank Lloyd Wright, promoted an idea of \"organic architecture\", the primary tenet of which was that a structure should look as if it naturally grew from the site. Wright also felt that a horizontal orientation was a distinctly American design motif, in that the younger country had much more open, undeveloped land than found in most older, urbanized European nations.", "precise_score": 2.650301218032837, "rough_score": -3.322165012359619, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Louis Sullivan or Frank Lloyd Wright, but usually does not include Sullivan himself. Although the Prairie School originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects moved away spreading the influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes:", "precise_score": 5.147441387176514, "rough_score": 4.113770008087158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "File:Willits House.jpg|Ward Willits House; Highland Park, Illinois, 1901 one of the first Prairie Houses by Frank Lloyd Wright", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553345680236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "File:Darwin_D._Martin_House.jpg|The Darwin Martin House; Buffalo, NY built 1903-05 by Frank Lloyd Wright", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085150718688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "File:Robie House HABS1.jpg|Robie House; Chicago, Illinois 1908 by Frank Lloyd Wright", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223315238952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "File:UnityTempleOakHill.jpg|Unity Temple; Oak Park, Illinois, 1905-08 by Frank Lloyd Wright ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81731128692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "File:LarkinAdministrationBuilding1906.jpg|Larkin Administration Building; Buffalo, NY 1906 by Frank Lloyd Wright", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174006462097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "* [http://www.savewright.org/ The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248538970947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "* [http://www.gowright.org/ The Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34274673461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" }, { "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "passage": "* [http://figgeart.org/Figge-Art-Museum-(1)/November-2009/Frank-Lloyd-Wright--The-Art-of-Living.aspx/ Figge Art Museum's Frank Lloyd Wright gallery]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151412963867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prairie School" } ]

[ { "answer": "Richard Sears", "passage": "In 1895, Roebuck asked Sears to buy him out for about $20,000. At Richard Sears' request, Roebuck took charge of a division that handled watches, jewelry, optical goods, and, later, phonographs, magic lanterns and motion picture machines. His business interests did not end with Sears. He later organized and financed two companies: a manufacturer and a distributor of motion picture machines and accessories. Roebuck also served as president (1909–1924) of Emerson Typewriter Company, where he invented an improved typewriter, called the \"Woodstock.\"", "precise_score": -6.537177562713623, "rough_score": -9.110001564025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alvah Curtis Roebuck" } ]

[ { "answer": "Grand Slam", "passage": "The various bonus structures give certain bid levels special significance. For example, if the declarer takes all thirteen tricks in a notrump contract, there is a large score difference between contracts of 1NT and 7NT. The bonuses available for contracting at higher levels ensures competitiveness in the auction. The most important level is game, which is any contract whose bid trick value is 100 or more points. Game level varies by suit, since different suits are worth different amounts in scoring. The game level for notrump is three, the game level for hearts or spades (the major suits) is four, and the game level for clubs or diamonds (the minor suits) is five. Because of the value of the game bonus, much of the bidding revolves around investigating the possibility of making game. Additional bonuses are awarded for bidding and making small slam (level 6, i.e. 12 tricks) and grand slam (level 7, i.e. all 13 tricks) contracts.", "precise_score": 1.570106863975525, "rough_score": -4.363790512084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contract bridge" }, { "answer": "Grand Slam", "passage": "* Bonus points dependent upon the game variant being played for certain contract levels including part-game, game, small slam and grand slam contracts as well as for winning the rubber", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.759308815002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Contract bridge" } ]

[ { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Emerson and American transcendentalism.", "precise_score": -7.014212131500244, "rough_score": -6.937703609466553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "John Coleridge had three children by his first wife. Samuel was the youngest of ten by the Reverend Mr. Coleridge's second wife, Anne Bowden (1726–1809), probably the daughter of John Bowden, Mayor of South Molton, Devon, in 1726. Coleridge suggests that he \"took no pleasure in boyish sports\" but instead read \"incessantly\" and played by himself.Coleridge,Samuel Taylor, Joseph Noel Paton, Katharine Lee Bates.Coleridge's Ancient Mariner Ed Katharine Lee Bates. Shewell, & Sanborn (1889) p.2 After John Coleridge died in 1781, 8-year-old Samuel was sent to Christ's Hospital, a charity school which was founded in the 16th century in Greyfriars, London, where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and writing poetry. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a schoolmate, and studied the works of Virgil and William Lisle Bowles.Morley, Henry. Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christobel, &c. New York: Routledge (1884) pp.i-iv", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645359992980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Silas Tomkyn Comberbache", "passage": "From 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade. In December 1793, he left the college and enlisted in the Royal Dragoons using the false name \"Silas Tomkyn Comberbache\", perhaps because of debt or because the girl that he loved, Mary Evans, had rejected him. Afterwards, he was rumoured to have had a bout of severe depression. His brothers arranged for his discharge a few months later under the reason of \"insanity\" and he was readmitted to Jesus College, though he would never receive a degree from the University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.106093406677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "A current standard edition is The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited by Kathleen Coburn and many other editors (1969–2002), which appeared (from Princeton University Press and Routledge and Kegan Paul) in Bollingen Series 75, in 16 volumes, broken down as follows into further volumes and parts, to a total of 34 separate printed volumes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071873664855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" } ]

[ { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "Miner's canary", "precise_score": -3.31662654876709, "rough_score": -9.404765129089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "The phrase \"canary in a coal mine\" is frequently used to refer to a person or thing which serves as an early warning of a coming crisis. By analogy, the term climate canary is used to refer to a species that is affected by an environmental danger prior to other species, thus serving as an early warning system for the other species with regard to the danger. (See indicator species.)", "precise_score": -4.231347560882568, "rough_score": -6.647172927856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "The domestic canary, often simply known as the canary (Serinus canaria forma domestica ), is a domesticated form of the wild canary, a small songbird in the finch family originating from the Macaronesian Islands (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972881317138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "Typically, the domestic canary is kept as a popular cage and aviary bird. Given proper housing and care, a canary's lifespan ranges from 10 to 15 years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.637761116027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "The birds are named after Spain's Canary Islands, which derive their name from the Latin Insula Canaria (after one of the larger islands, Gran Canaria), meaning \"island of dogs\", due to its \"vast multitudes of dogs of very large size\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.618856430053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "While wild canaries are a yellowish-green colour, domestic canaries have been selectively bred for a wide variety of colours, such as yellow, orange, brown, black, white, and red. (The colour red was introduced to the domesticated canary through hybridisation with the red siskin, a type of South American finch. )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.328990936279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "There are many canary shows all over the world. The world show (C.O.M.) is held in Europe each year and attracts thousands of breeders. As many as 20,000 birds are brought together for this competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660216331481934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" }, { "answer": "Canary", "passage": "* Canaries have been depicted in cartoons from the mid-20th century as being harassed by domestic cats; the most famous cartoon canary is Warner Brothers' \"Tweety Bird\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.727171897888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Domestic canary" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mustard", "passage": "The exact definition of what is and is not a condiment varies. Some definitions include spice and herbs, including salt and pepper, using the term interchangeably with seasoning. Others restrict the definition to including only \"prepared food compound[s], containing one or more spices\", which are added to food after the cooking process, such as mustard, ketchup or mint sauce. Cheese is also considered a condiment in some European countries.", "precise_score": -4.193918228149414, "rough_score": -8.874825477600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Condiment" }, { "answer": "Mustard", "passage": "Many condiments are available packaged in single-serving packets, like mustard or ketchup, particularly when supplied with take-out or fast-food meals. They are usually applied by the diner, but are sometimes added prior to serving; for example, in a sandwich made with ketchup, mustard or mayonnaise. Some condiments are used during cooking to add flavor or texture to the food; barbecue sauce, compound butter, teriyaki sauce, soy sauce, and marmite are examples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.756566047668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Condiment" }, { "answer": "Mustard", "passage": "Image:Dijon mustard on a spoon - 20051218.jpg|Dijon mustard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57490062713623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Condiment" } ]

[ { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and one of the allotropes of carbon. Graphite is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Graphite may be considered the highest grade of coal, just above anthracite and alternatively called meta-anthracite, although it is not normally used as fuel because it is difficult to ignite.", "precise_score": 7.259454727172852, "rough_score": 4.531159400939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite occurs in metamorphic rocks as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds during metamorphism. It also occurs in igneous rocks and in meteorites. Minerals associated with graphite include quartz, calcite, micas and tourmaline. In meteorites it occurs with troilite and silicate minerals. Small graphitic crystals in meteoritic iron are called cliftonite.", "precise_score": 1.3119025230407715, "rough_score": 0.03036358207464218, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite has a layered, planar structure. In each layer, the carbon atoms are arranged in a honeycomb lattice with separation of 0.142 nm, and the distance between planes is 0.335 nm. Atoms in the plane are bonded covalently, with only three of the four potential bonding sites satisfied. The fourth electron is free to migrate in the plane, making graphite electrically conductive. However, it does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane. Bonding between layers is via weak van der Waals bonds, which allows layers of graphite to be easily separated, or to slide past each other.", "precise_score": 0.025597311556339264, "rough_score": 0.1059834361076355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite is an electric conductor, consequently, useful in such applications as arc lamp electrodes. It can conduct electricity due to the vast electron delocalization within the carbon layers (a phenomenon called aromaticity). These valence electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is primarily conducted within the plane of the layers. The conductive properties of powdered graphite allows its use as pressure sensor in carbon microphones.", "precise_score": 1.4933934211730957, "rough_score": 0.34119588136672974, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite (carbon) fiber and carbon nanotubes are also used in carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and in heat-resistant composites such as reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC). Commercial structures made from carbon fiber graphite composites include fishing rods, golf club shafts, bicycle frames, sports car body panels, the fuselage of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and pool cue sticks and have been successfully employed in reinforced concrete, The mechanical properties of carbon fiber graphite-reinforced plastic composites and grey cast iron are strongly influenced by the role of graphite in these materials. In this context, the term \"(100%) graphite\" is often loosely used to refer to a pure mixture of carbon reinforcement and resin, while the term \"composite\" is used for composite materials with additional ingredients. ", "precise_score": -1.536130428314209, "rough_score": -1.0682440996170044, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite is mined by both open pit and underground methods. Graphite usually needs beneficiation. This may be carried out by hand-picking the pieces of gangue (rock) and hand-screening the product or by crushing the rock and floating out the graphite. Beneficiation by flotation encounters the difficulty that graphite is very soft and \"marks\" (coats) the particles of gangue. This makes the \"marked\" gangue particles float off with the graphite, yielding impure concentrate. There are two ways of obtaining a commercial concentrate or product: repeated regrinding and floating (up to seven times) to purify the concentrate, or by acid leaching (dissolving) the gangue with hydrofluoric acid (for a silicate gangue) or hydrochloric acid (for a carbonate gangue).", "precise_score": -1.9551424980163574, "rough_score": -2.859743356704712, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "When different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such \"native elements\" are copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamonds), and sulfur. All but a few of the most inert elements, such as noble gases and noble metals, are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form, as chemical compounds. While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms, most of these occur as mixtures. For example, atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel.", "precise_score": 2.257763385772705, "rough_score": 5.249392032623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Atoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way, allowing the pure element to exist in multiple structures (spatial arrangements of atoms), known as allotropes, which differ in their properties. For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure (even these may differ from each other in electrical properties). The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as 'allotropy'.", "precise_score": 2.9790358543395996, "rough_score": 6.476413249969482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The standard state, also known as reference state, of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at 1 bar at a given temperature (typically at 298.15 K). In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state. For example, the reference state for carbon is graphite, because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes.", "precise_score": -1.0477725267410278, "rough_score": -0.6826747059822083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "* The name \"graphite fiber\" is also sometimes used to refer to carbon fiber or carbon fiber-reinforced polymer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1668050289154053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "When a large number of crystallographic defects bind these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic graphite. It is also highly anisotropic, and diamagnetic, thus it will float in mid-air above a strong magnet. If it is made in a fluidized bed at 1000–1300 °C then it is isotropic turbostratic, and is used in blood contacting devices like mechanical heart valves and is called pyrolytic carbon, and is not diamagnetic. Pyrolytic graphite, and pyrolytic carbon are often confused but are very different materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.27348518371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "This end-use began before 1900 with the graphite crucible used to hold molten metal; this is now a minor part of refractories. In the mid-1980s, the carbon-magnesite brick became important, and a bit later the alumina-graphite shape. Currently the order of importance is alumina-graphite shapes, carbon-magnesite brick, monolithics (gunning and ramming mixes), and then crucibles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.843113422393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Crucibles began using very large flake graphite, and carbon-magnesite brick requiring not quite so large flake graphite; for these and others there is now much more flexibility in size of flake required, and amorphous graphite is no longer restricted to low-end refractories. Alumina-graphite shapes are used as continuous casting ware, such as nozzles and troughs, to convey the molten steel from ladle to mold, and carbon magnesite bricks line steel converters and electric arc furnaces to withstand extreme temperatures. Graphite Blocks are also used in parts of blast furnace linings where the high thermal conductivity of the graphite is critical. High-purity monolithics are often used as a continuous furnace lining instead of the carbon-magnesite bricks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.224842548370361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The US and European refractories industry had a crisis in 2000–2003, with an indifferent market for steel and a declining refractory consumption per tonne of steel underlying firm buyouts and many plant closures. Many of the plant closures resulted from the acquisition of Harbison-Walker Refractories by RHI AG and some plants had their equipment auctioned off. Since much of the lost capacity was for carbon-magnesite brick, graphite consumption within refractories area moved towards alumina-graphite shapes and monolithics, and away from the brick. The major source of carbon-magnesite brick is now imports from China. Almost all of the above refractories are used to make steel and account for 75% of refractory consumption; the rest is used by a variety of industries, such as cement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.568682670593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The use of graphite in batteries has been increasing in the last 30 years. Natural and synthetic graphite are used to construct the anode of all major battery technologies. The lithium-ion battery utilizes roughly twice the amount of graphite than lithium carbonate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8367486000061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Natural graphite in this end use mostly goes into carbon raising in molten steel, although it can be used to lubricate the dies used to extrude hot steel. Supplying carbon raisers is very competitive, therefore subject to cut-throat pricing from alternatives such as synthetic graphite powder, petroleum coke, and other forms of carbon. A carbon raiser is added to increase the carbon content of the steel to the specified level. An estimate based on USGS US graphite consumption statistics indicates that 10,500 tonnes were used in this fashion in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.525475978851318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Natural graphite has found uses in zinc-carbon batteries, in electric motor brushes, and various specialized applications. Graphite of various hardness or softness results in different qualities and tones when used as an artistic medium. Railroads would often mix powdered graphite with waste oil or linseed oil to create a heat resistant protective coating for the exposed portions of a steam locomotive's boiler, such as the smokebox or lower part of the firebox. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.124573230743408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "A process to make synthetic graphite was invented accidentally by Edward Goodrich Acheson (1856–1931). In the mid-1890s, Acheson discovered that overheating carborundum, which he is also credited with discovering, produced almost pure graphite. While studying the effects of high temperature on carborundum, he had found that silicon vaporizes at about 4,150 °C (7,500 °F), leaving the carbon behind in graphitic carbon. This graphite was another major discovery for him, and it became extremely valuable and helpful as a lubricant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8598852157592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "In 1896 Acheson received a patent for his method of synthesizing graphite, and in 1897 started commercial production. The Acheson Graphite Co. was formed in 1899. In 1928 this company was merged with National Carbon Company (now GrafTech International). Acheson also developed a variety of colloidal graphite products including Oildag and Aquadag. These were later manufactured by the Acheson Colloids Co. (now Acheson Industries, a unit of Henkel AG).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.114382743835449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Graphite electrodes carry the electricity that melts scrap iron and steel, and sometimes direct-reduced iron (DRI), in electric arc furnaces, which are the vast majority of steel furnaces. They are made from petroleum coke after it is mixed with coal tar pitch. They are then extruded and shaped, baked to carbonize the binder (pitch), and finally graphitized by heating it to temperatures approaching 3000 °C, at which the carbon atoms arrange into graphite. They can vary in size up to 11 feet long and 30 inches in diameter. An increasing proportion of global steel is made using electric arc furnaces, and the electric arc furnace itself is getting more efficient, making more steel per tonne of electrode. An estimate based on USGS data indicates that graphite electrode consumption was 197,000 tonnes in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.55694317817688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Electrolytic aluminium smelting also uses graphitic carbon electrodes. On a much smaller scale, synthetic graphite electrodes are used in electrical discharge machining (EDM), commonly to make injection molds for plastics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2911312580108643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The powder is made by heating powdered petroleum coke above the temperature of graphitization, sometimes with minor modifications. The graphite scrap comes from pieces of unusable electrode material (in the manufacturing stage or after use) and lathe turnings, usually after crushing and sizing. Most synthetic graphite powder goes to carbon raising in steel (competing with natural graphite), with some used in batteries and brake linings. According to the USGS, US synthetic graphite powder and scrap production was 95,000 tonnes in 2001 (latest data).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.194340229034424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "In milling, the incoming graphite products and concentrates can be ground before being classified (sized or screened), with the coarser flake size fractions (below 8 mesh, 8–20 mesh, 20–50 mesh) carefully preserved, and then the carbon contents are determined. Some standard blends can be prepared from the different fractions, each with a certain flake size distribution and carbon content. Custom blends can also be made for individual customers who want a certain flake size distribution and carbon content. If flake size is unimportant, the concentrate can be ground more freely. Typical end products include a fine powder for use as a slurry in oil drilling and coatings for foundry molds, carbon raiser in the steel industry (Synthetic graphite powder and powdered petroleum coke can also be used as carbon raiser). Environmental impacts from graphite mills consist of air pollution including fine particulate exposure of workers and also soil contamination from powder spillages leading to heavy metals contaminations of soil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.543079376220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The most common way of recycling graphite occurs when synthetic graphite electrodes are either manufactured and pieces are cut off or lathe turnings are discarded, or the electrode (or other) are used all the way down to the electrode holder. A new electrode replaces the old one, but a sizeable piece of the old electrode remains. This is crushed and sized, and the resulting graphite powder is mostly used to raise the carbon content of molten steel. Graphite-containing refractories are sometimes also recycled, but often not because of their graphite: the largest-volume items, such as carbon-magnesite bricks that contain only 15–25% graphite, usually contain too little graphite. However, some recycled carbon-magnesite brick is used as the basis for furnace-repair materials, and also crushed carbon-magnesite brick is used in slag conditioners. While crucibles have a high graphite content, the volume of crucibles used and then recycled is very small.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3284168243408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graphite" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.183796882629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.669597148895264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.363178253173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Isotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having different numbers of neutrons. Most (66 of 94) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus, but they can have either 6, 7, or 8 neutrons. Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated to 12C, 13C, and 14C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of 12C (about 98.9%), 13C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per trillion of 14C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.905448913574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Atomic number 6", "passage": "All of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally. The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle. If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed \"stable\" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made. Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes: specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (atomic number 61), and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625563621520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural (or whole) number, the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number for the mass of a particular isotope of the element, the unit being u. In general, when expressed in u it differs in value slightly from the mass number for a given nuclide (or isotope) since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and (finally) because of the nuclear binding energy. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine-37 is 36.966 u. However, the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number (always within 1%). The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is 12C, which by definition has a mass of exactly 12, because u is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon-12 atom in the ground state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08588981628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "When an element has allotropes with different densities, one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations, while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided. For example, the three familiar allotropes of carbon (amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond) have densities of 1.8–2.1, 2.267, and 3.515 g/cm3, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.055649280548096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118, conventionally presented as Arabic numerals. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as \"through\", \"beyond\", or \"from ... through\", as in \"through iron\", \"beyond uranium\", or \"from lanthanum through lutetium\". The terms \"light\" and \"heavy\" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in \"lighter than carbon\" or \"heavier than lead\", although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.381841659545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "According to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, e.g., carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.706140518188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an \"X\" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while \"R\" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter \"Q\" is reserved for \"heat\" in a chemical reaction. \"Y\" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. \"Z\" is also frequently used as a general variable group. \"E\" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron-withdrawing group. \"L\" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. \"M\" is also often used in place of a general metal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.554277420043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example 12C and 235U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.943269729614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3467607498168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "During the early phases of the Big Bang, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen-1 (protium, 1H) and helium-4 (4He), as well as a smaller amount of deuterium (2H) and very minuscule amounts (on the order of 10−10) of lithium and beryllium. Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang, since it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon has not. It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang. As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consisted of roughly 75% 1H, 25% 4He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only tiny traces of lithium, beryllium, and perhaps boron. Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. However, the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions, unless it has been enriched by some means.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.177289009094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.97613000869751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.680773735046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.987530708312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54723834991455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Carbon", "passage": "Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.875772476196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" } ]

[ { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a naval flag designer, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a \"Quarter Cask of the Public Wine\" as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of the United States, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the \"great Naval Flag of the United States\" in the first bill; the \"Naval Flag of the United States\" in the second bill; and \"the Naval Flag of the States\" in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed, that is, a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson's flag for the United States had seven white stripes, and six red ones – in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas, his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Hopkinson's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag. Remnants of Hopkinson's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President's seal. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Furthermore, a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10, 1779, documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army's use in battle. ", "precise_score": -3.841156244277954, "rough_score": -7.559253215789795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress. Indeed, nearly a century passed before Ross' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested the story in 1870. By her family's own admission, Ross ran an upholstery business, and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776. Furthermore, her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother's story. ", "precise_score": 4.5970683097839355, "rough_score": -2.6758840084075928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church. Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.470111846923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey: the Walt Whitman Bridge (I-76), the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and US 30), the Betsy Ross Bridge (Route 90), and the Commodore Barry Bridge (US 322). The Tacony-Palmyra Bridge connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey's Route 73 in Palmyra, Camden County, and is maintained by the Burlington County Bridge Commission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144424438476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "File: Betsy Ross House 239 Arch Street.jpg|Betsy Ross House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542311668395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "Betsy Ross", "passage": "The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.297497749328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Angora goat", "passage": "Mohair is usually a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. ", "precise_score": 8.069005012512207, "rough_score": 7.899884223937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohair" }, { "answer": "Angora goat", "passage": "The Angora goat is thought to originate from the mountains of Tibet, reaching Turkey in the 16th century. However, fabric made of mohair was known in England as early as the 8th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8605160713195801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohair" }, { "answer": "Angora goat", "passage": "Until 1849, the Turkish province of Ankara was the sole producer of Angora goats. Charles V is believed to be the first to bring Angora goats to Europe. Due to the great demand for mohair fiber, throughout the 1800s there was a great deal of crossbreeding between Angora goats and common goats. The growing demand for mohair further resulted in attempts on a commercial scale to introduce the goat into South Africa (where it was crossed with the native goat) in 1838, the United States in 1849, Australia from 1856–1875, and later still New Zealand. In 1849, Angora goats made their way to America as a gift from Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.928375244140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohair" }, { "answer": "Angora goat", "passage": "Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof . Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.120533466339111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Textile" } ]

[ { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, the order containing all cetaceans and even-toed ungulates. It is a member of the unranked clade Cetacea, with all the whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and further classified into Odontoceti, containing all the toothed whales and dolphins. It is the sole extant species of its genus, Physeter, in the family Physeteridae. Two species of the related extant genus Kogia, the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps and the dwarf sperm whale K. simus, are placed either in this family or in the family Kogiidae. In some taxonomic schemes the families Kogiidae and Physeteridae are combined as the superfamily Physeteroidea (see the separate entry on the sperm whale family).", "precise_score": -6.090911865234375, "rough_score": -4.2118611335754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Like all cetaceans, the spine of the sperm whale has reduced zygapophysial joints, of which the remnants are modified and are positioned higher on the vertebral dorsal spinous process, hugging it laterally, to prevent extensive lateral bending and facilitate more dorso-ventral bending. These evolutionary modifications make the spine more flexible but weaker than the spines of terrestrial vertebrates. ", "precise_score": -9.3596830368042, "rough_score": -6.242849349975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's cerebrum is the largest in all mammalia, both in absolute and relative terms. The olfactory system is reduced, suggesting that the sperm whale has a poor sense of taste and smell. By contrast, the auditory system is enlarged. The pyramidal tract is poorly developed, reflecting the reduction of its limbs.", "precise_score": -8.661930084228516, "rough_score": -6.2169084548950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The most common natural predator of sperm whales is the orca, but pilot whales and false killer whales sometimes harass them. Orcas prey on target groups of females with young, usually making an effort to extract and kill a calf. The adults will protect their calves or an injured adult by encircling them. They may face inwards with their tails out (the 'marguerite formation', named after the flower). The heavy and powerful tail of an adult whale can deliver lethal blows. Alternatively, they may face outwards (the 'heads-out formation'). Other than sperm whales, southern right whales had been observed to perform similar formations.Ponnampalam S.L., 2016, [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B682wgTUA8QiWHFYYmhBdWJWWm8/view No Danger in Sight? An Observation of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Marguerite Formation off Muscat, Sultanate of Oman] However, formations in non dangerous situations have been recorded as well. Early whalers exploited this behaviour, attracting a whole unit by injuring one of its members. If the orca pod is extremely large, its members may sometimes be able to kill adult female sperm whales. Solitary mature males are known to interfere and come to the aid of vulnerable groups nearby. Individual large mature male sperm whales have no non-human predators, and are believed to be too large, powerful and aggressive to be threatened by orcas. In addition, male sperm whales have been observed to attack and intimidate orca pods. An incident was filmed from a long-line trawler: an orca pod was systematically taking fish caught on the trawler's long lines (as the lines were being pulled into the ship) when a male sperm whale appeared to repeatedly charge the orca pod in an attempt to drive them away; it was speculated by the film crew that the sperm whale was attempting to access the same fish. The orcas employed a tail outward and tail slapping defensive position against the bull sperm whale similar to that used by female sperm whales against attacking orcas. ", "precise_score": -4.939714431762695, "rough_score": -5.690352916717529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are not known for forging bonds with other species, but it was observed that a bottlenose dolphin with spinal deformity had been accepted into a pod of sperm whales. They are known to swim alongside other cetaceans such as humpback, fin, minke, pilot, and orca whales on occasion. ", "precise_score": -2.134019136428833, "rough_score": -3.8983054161071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Spermaceti, obtained primarily from the spermaceti organ, and sperm oil, obtained primarily from the blubber in the body, were much sought after by eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century whalers. These substances found a variety of commercial applications, such as candles, soap, cosmetics, machine oil, other specialised lubricants, lamp oil, pencils, crayons, leather waterproofing, rust-proofing materials and many pharmaceutical compounds. Ambergris, a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales, was also sought as a fixative in perfumery.", "precise_score": -9.159253120422363, "rough_score": -5.44060754776001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The beluga whale or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean. It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae, along with the narwhal, and the only member of the genus Delphinapterus. This marine mammal is commonly referred to as the beluga, melonhead, or sea canary due to its high-pitched twitter. ", "precise_score": -1.2430427074432373, "rough_score": -2.123035430908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "It is adapted to life in the Arctic, so has anatomical and physiological characteristics that differentiate it from other cetaceans. Amongst these are its unmistakable all-white colour and the absence of a dorsal fin. It possesses a distinctive protuberance at the front of its head which houses an echolocation organ called the melon, which in this species is large and plastic (deformable). The beluga's body size is between that of a dolphin's and a true whale's, with males growing up to long and weighing up to 1600 kg. This whale has a stocky body. A large percentage of its weight is blubber, as is true of many cetaceans. Its sense of hearing is highly developed and its echolocation (sonar) allows it to move about and find blowholes under sheet ice.", "precise_score": -2.9091639518737793, "rough_score": -4.373595237731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The beluga was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas. It is a member of the Monodontidae family, which is in turn part of the toothed whale parvorder. The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; recent genetic evidence suggests these dolphins belong to the Delphinidae family. The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga. A skull has been discovered with intermediate characteristics supporting the hypothesis that hybridization is possible between these two families. ", "precise_score": -2.8642821311950684, "rough_score": -5.076876163482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The species presents a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism, as the males are 25% longer than the females and are sturdier. Adult male belugas can range from , while the females measure 3 to. Males weigh between 1100 and, occasionally up to 1900 kg while females weigh between 700 and. They rank as mid-sized species among toothed whales. ", "precise_score": -1.612998604774475, "rough_score": -6.110133171081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The adult beluga is rarely mistaken for any other species, because it is completely white or whitish-grey in colour. Calves are usually born grey, and by the time they are a month old, have turned dark grey or blue grey. They then start to progressively lose their pigmentation until they attain their distinctive white colouration, at the age of seven years in females and 9 in males. The white colouration of the skin is an adaptation to life in the Arctic that allows belugas to camouflage themselves in the polar ice caps as protection against their main predators, polar bears and killer whales. Unlike other cetaceans, the belugas seasonally shed their skin. During the winter, the epidermis thickens and the skin can become yellowish, mainly on the back and fins. When they migrate to the estuaries during the summer, they rub themselves on the gravel of the riverbeds to remove the cutaneous covering.", "precise_score": -3.1490604877471924, "rough_score": -1.4570146799087524, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Like most toothed whales, it has a compartment found at the centre of the forehead that contains an organ used for echolocation called a melon, which contains fatty tissue. The shape of the beluga's head is unlike that of any other cetacean, as the melon is extremely bulbous, lobed, and visible as a large frontal prominence. Another distinctive characteristic it possesses is the melon is malleable; its shape is changed during the emission of sounds. The beluga is able to change the shape of its head by blowing air around its sinuses to focus the emitted sounds. This organ contains fatty acids, mainly isovaleric acid (60.1%) and long-chain branched acids (16.9%), a very different composition from its body fat, and which could play a role in its echolocation system. ", "precise_score": -3.5970523357391357, "rough_score": -5.6273603439331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The beluga has a very specialized sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the range of 1.2 to 120 kHz, with the greatest sensitivity between 10 and 75 kHz, where the average hearing range for humans is 0.02 to 20 kHz. The majority of sounds are most probably received by the lower jaw and transmitted towards the middle ear. In the toothed whales, the lower jawbone is broad with a cavity at its base, which projects towards the place where it joins the cranium. A fatty deposit inside this small cavity connects to the middle ear. Toothed whales also possess a small external auditory hole a few centimetres behind their eyes; each hole communicates with an external auditory conduit and an eardrum. It is not known if these organs are functional or simply vestigial.", "precise_score": -5.500792026519775, "rough_score": -5.264312744140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Studies on captive animals show they seek frequent physical contact with other belugas. Areas in the mouth have been found that could act as chemoreceptors for different tastes, and they can detect the presence of blood in water, which causes them to react immediately by displaying typical alarm behaviour. Like the other toothed whales, their brains lack olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves, which suggests they do not have a sense of smell.", "precise_score": -5.094706058502197, "rough_score": -5.490873336791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas are slower swimmers than the other toothed whales, such as the killer whale and the common bottlenose dolphin, because they are less hydrodynamic and have limited movement of their tailfins, which produce the greatest thrust. They frequently swim at between 3 and, although they are able to maintain a speed of 22 km/h for up to 15 min. Unlike most cetaceans, they are capable of swimming backwards. Belugas swim on the surface between 5% and 10% of the time, while for the rest of the time they swim at a depth sufficient to cover their bodies. They do not jump out of the water like dolphins or killer whales.", "precise_score": -2.472308397293091, "rough_score": -4.258312225341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas play an important role in the structure and function of marine resources in the Arctic Ocean, as they are the most abundant toothed whales in the region. They are opportunistic feeders; their feeding habits depend on their locations and the season. For example, when they are in the Beaufort Sea, they mainly eat Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and the stomachs of belugas caught near Greenland were found to contain rose fish (Sebastes marinus), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), while in Alaska their staple diet is Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In general, the diets of these cetaceans consist mainly of fish; apart from those previously mentioned, other fish they feed on include capelin (Mallotus villosus), smelt, sole, flounder, herring, sculpin, and other types of salmon. They also consume a great quantity of invertebrates, apart from shrimp, such as squid, crabs, clams, octopus, sea snails, bristle worms, and other deep-sea species. Animals in captivity eat 2.5% to 3.0% of their body weight per day, which equates to 18.2 to 27.2 kg. ", "precise_score": -3.0935428142547607, "rough_score": -2.903033494949341, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas have a seasonal migratory pattern. When the summer sites become blocked with ice during the autumn, they move to spend the winter in the open sea alongside the pack ice or in areas covered with ice, surviving by using polynyas to surface and breathe. In summer after the sheet ice has melted, they move to coastal areas with shallower water (1–3 m deep), although sometimes they migrate towards deeper waters (>800 m). In the summer, they occupy estuaries and the waters of the continental shelf, and on occasion, they even swim up the rivers. A number of incidents have been reported where groups or individuals have been found hundreds or even thousands of kilometres from the ocean. One such example comes from 9 June 2006, when a young beluga carcass was found in the Tanana River near Fairbanks in central Alaska, nearly 1700 km from the nearest ocean habitat. Belugas sometimes follow migrating fish, leading Alaska state biologist Tom Seaton to speculate it had followed migrating salmon up the river at some point in the previous autumn. The rivers they most often travel up include: the Northern Dvina, the Mezen, the Pechora, the Ob and the Yenisei in Asia; the Yukon and the Kuskokwim in Alaska, and the Saint Lawrence in Canada. Spending time in a river has been shown to stimulate an animal's metabolism and facilitates the seasonal renewal of the epidermal layer. In addition, the rivers represent a safe haven for newborn calves where they will not be preyed upon by killer whales. Calves often return to the same estuary as their mother in the summer, meeting her sometimes even after becoming fully mature. ", "precise_score": -4.9890456199646, "rough_score": -6.192062854766846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Killer whales are able to capture both young and adult belugas. They live in all the seas of the world and share the same habitat as belugas in the sub-Arctic region. Attacks on belugas by killer whales have been reported in the waters of Greenland, Russia, Canada, and Alaska. A number of killings have been recorded in Cook Inlet, and experts are concerned the predation by killer whales will impede the recovery of this subpopulation, which has already been badly depleted by hunting. The killer whales arrive at the beginning of August, but the belugas are occasionally able to hear their presence and evade them. The groups near to or under the sea ice have a degree of protection, as the killer whale's large dorsal fin, up to 2 m in length, impedes their movement under the ice and does not allow them to get sufficiently close to the breathing holes in the ice.", "precise_score": -5.218129634857178, "rough_score": -5.7143778800964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Belugas were among the first whale species to be kept in captivity. The first beluga was shown at Barnum's Museum in New York City in 1861. For most of the 20th century, Canada was the predominant source for belugas destined for exhibition. Until the early 1960s, they were taken from the St. Lawrence River estuary (famously captured in the film documentary Pour la suite du monde) and from 1967 from the Churchill River estuary. This continued until 1992, when the practice was banned. Since Canada ceased to be the supplier of these animals, Russia has become the largest provider. Individuals are caught in the Amur River delta and the far eastern seas of the country, and then are either transported domestically to aquaria in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Sochi, or exported to foreign nations, including Canada.", "precise_score": -5.103024482727051, "rough_score": -6.287937164306641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Most belugas found in aquaria are caught in the wild, as captive-breeding programs have not had much success so far. For example, despite best efforts, as of 2010, only two male whales had been successfully used as stud animals in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums beluga population, Nanuq at SeaWorld San Diego and Naluark at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, USA. Nanuq has fathered 10 calves, five of which survived birth. Naluark at Shedd Aquarium has fathered four living offspring. Naluark has been relocated to Mystic Aquarium in the hope that he will breed with two of their females. The first beluga calf born in captivity in Europe was born in L'Oceanogràfic marine park in Valencia, Spain, in November 2006. However, the calf died 25 days later after suffering metabolic complications, infections, and not being able to feed properly. ", "precise_score": -5.293445587158203, "rough_score": -4.956392288208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Male belugas in captivity can mimic the pattern of human speech, several octaves lower than typical whale calls. It is not the first time a beluga has been known to sound human, and they often shout like children, in the wild. One captive beluga, after overhearing divers using an underwater communication system, caused one of the divers to surface by imitating their order to get out of the water. Subsequent recordings confirmed that the beluga had become skilled at imitating the patterns and frequency of human speech. After several years, this beluga ceased making these sounds. ", "precise_score": -4.7361226081848145, "rough_score": -5.8015241622924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The beluga whale is listed on appendix II\"[http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf Appendix II]\" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009. of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. All toothed whales are protected under the CITES that was signed in 1973 to regulate the commercial exploitation of certain species. ", "precise_score": -6.361321926116943, "rough_score": -6.073922157287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The children's singer Raffi released an album called Baby Beluga in 1980. The album starts with the sound of whales communicating, and includes songs representing the ocean and whales playing. The song \"Baby Beluga\" was composed after Raffi saw a recently born beluga calf in Vancouver Aquarium. ", "precise_score": -7.384860038757324, "rough_score": -6.028744220733643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "In the Disney/Pixar film Finding Dory, the character Bailey is a beluga whale.", "precise_score": -6.527958393096924, "rough_score": -5.504550933837891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), or cachalot, is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. It is the only living member of genus Physeter, and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7156195640563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Mature males average 16 m in length but some may reach , with the head representing up to one-third of the animal's length. Plunging to 2250 m, it is the second deepest diving mammal, following only the Cuvier's beaked whale. The sperm whale's clicking vocalization, a form of echolocation and communication, may be as loud as 230 decibels (re 1 µPa at 1 m) underwater. It has the largest brain of any animal on Earth, more than five times heavier than a human's. Sperm whales can live for more than 60 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33708381652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale can be found anywhere in the open ocean. Females and young males live together in groups while mature males live solitary lives outside of the mating season. The females cooperate to protect and nurse their young. Females give birth every four to twenty years, and care for the calves for more than a decade. A mature sperm whale has few natural predators, although calves and weakened adults are sometimes killed by pods of orcas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.579283714294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "From the early eighteenth century through the late 20th, the species was a prime target of whalers. The head of the whale contains a liquid wax called spermaceti, from which the whale derives its name. Spermaceti was used in lubricants, oil lamps, and candles. Ambergris, a waste product from its digestive system, is still used as a fixative in perfumes. Occasionally the sperm whale's great size allowed it to defend itself effectively against whalers. The species is now protected by a whaling moratorium, and is currently listed as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.201563835144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The name sperm whale is a clip of spermaceti whale. Spermaceti, originally mistakenly identified as the whales' semen, is the semi-liquid, waxy substance found within the whale's head (see below). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.857796669006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is also known as the \"cachalot\", which is thought to derive from the archaic French for \"tooth\" or \"big teeth\", as preserved for example in ' in the Gascon dialect (a word of either Romance or Basque origin). The etymological dictionary of Corominas says the origin is uncertain, but it suggests that it comes from the Vulgar Latin ', plural of ', \"sword hilt\". The word cachalot came to English via French from Spanish or Portuguese ', perhaps from Galician/Portuguese ', \"big head\". The term is retained in the Russian word for the animal, ('), as well as in many other languages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0564470291137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The scientific genus name Physeter comes from Greek ' (), meaning \"blowpipe, blowhole (of a whale)\", or – as a pars pro toto – \"whale\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26927375793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Another synonym australasianus (\"Australasian\") was applied to sperm whales in the southern hemisphere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.615229606628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is one of the species originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 in his eighteenth century work, Systema Naturae. He recognised four species in the genus Physeter. Experts soon realised that just one such species exists, although there has been debate about whether this should be named P. catodon or P. macrocephalus, two of the names used by Linnaeus. Both names are still used, although most recent authors now accept macrocephalus as the valid name, limiting catodons status to a lesser synonym.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.21513032913208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is the largest toothed whale, with adult males measuring up to long and weighing up to 57000 kg. By contrast, the second largest toothed whale, Baird's Beaked Whale measures and weighs up to 15 ST. The Nantucket Whaling Museum has a -long jawbone. The museum claims that this individual was 80 ft long; the whale that sank the Essex (one of the incidents behind Moby-Dick) was claimed to be 85 ft. A similar size is reported from a jawbone from the British Natural History Museum. A 67-foot specimen is reported from a Soviet whaling fleet near the Kurile Islands in 1950. There is disagreement on the claims of adult males approaching or exceeding 80 ft in length. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.001282691955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Extensive whaling may have decreased their size, as males were highly sought, primarily after World War II. Today, males do not usually exceed in length or 51000 kg in weight. Another view holds that exploitation by overwhaling had virtually no effect on the size of the bull sperm whales, and their size may have actually increased in current times on the basis of density dependent effects. Old males taken at Solander Islands were recorded to be extremely large and unusually rich in blubbers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373541831970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's unique body is unlikely to be confused with any other species. The sperm whale's distinctive shape comes from its very large, block-shaped head, which can be one-quarter to one-third of the animal's length. The S-shaped blowhole is located very close to the front of the head and shifted to the whale's left. This gives rise to a distinctive bushy, forward-angled spray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.624474048614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's flukes (tail lobes) are triangular and very thick. Proportionally, they are larger than that of any other cetacean, and are very flexible. The whale lifts its flukes high out of the water as it begins a feeding dive. It has a series of ridges on the back's caudal third instead of a dorsal fin. The largest ridge was called the 'hump' by whalers, and can be mistaken for a dorsal fin because of its shape and size.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7185959815979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "In contrast to the smooth skin of most large whales, its back skin is usually wrinkly and has been likened to a prune by whale-watching enthusiasts. Albinos have been reported. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193324089050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The ribs are bound to the spine by flexible cartilage, which allows the ribcage to collapse rather than snap under high pressure. While sperm whales are well adapted to diving, repeated dives to great depths have long-term effects. Bones show the same pitting that signals decompression sickness in humans. Older skeletons showed the most extensive pitting, whereas calves showed no damage. This damage may indicate that sperm whales are susceptible to decompression sickness, and sudden surfacing could be lethal to them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.976078033447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "As with other toothed whales, the skull of the sperm whale is asymmetrical so as to aid echolocation. Sound waves that strike the whale from different directions will not be channeled in the same way. Within the basin of the cranium, the openings of the bony narial tubes (from which the nasal passages spring) are skewed towards the left side of the skull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.536514282226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's lower jaw is very narrow and underslung. The sperm whale has 18 to 26 teeth on each side of its lower jaw which fit into sockets in the upper jaw. The teeth are cone-shaped and weigh up to 1 kg each. The teeth are functional, but do not appear to be necessary for capturing or eating squid, as well-fed animals have been found without teeth or even with deformed jaws. One hypothesis is that the teeth are used in aggression between males. Mature males often show scars which seem to be caused by the teeth. Rudimentary teeth are also present in the upper jaw, but these rarely emerge into the mouth. Analyzing the teeth is the preferred method for determining a whale's age. Like the age-rings in a tree, the teeth build distinct layers of cementum and dentine as they grow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.786520004272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The brain is the largest known of any modern or extinct animal, weighing on average about , more than five times heavier than a human's, and has a volume of about 8,000 cm3. Although larger brains generally correlate with higher intelligence, it is not the only factor. Elephants and dolphins also have larger brains than humans.Whitehead, p. 323 The sperm whale has a lower encephalization quotient than many other whale and dolphin species, lower than that of non-human anthropoid apes, and much lower than humans'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553383827209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale respiratory system has adapted to cope with drastic pressure changes when diving. The flexible ribcage allows lung collapse, reducing nitrogen intake, and metabolism can decrease to conserve oxygen. Between dives, the sperm whale surfaces to breathe for about eight minutes before diving again. Odontoceti (toothed whales) breathe air at the surface through a single, S-shaped blowhole, which is extremely skewed to the left. Sperm whales spout (breathe) 3–5 times per minute at rest, increasing to 6–7 times per minute after a dive. The blow is a noisy, single stream that rises up to 2 m or more above the surface and points forward and left at a 45° angle. On average, females and juveniles blow every 12.5 seconds before dives, while large males blow every 17.5 seconds before dives. A sperm whale killed 160 km south of Durban, South Africa after a 1-hour, 50-minute dive was found with two dogfish (Scymnodon sp.), usually found at the sea floor, in its belly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6216864585876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale has the longest intestinal system in the world, exceeding 300 m in larger specimens. Similar to ruminants the sperm whale has four stomachs. The first secretes no gastric juices and has very thick muscular walls to crush the food (since whales cannot chew) and resist the claw and sucker attacks of swallowed squid. The second stomach is larger and is where digestion takes place. Undigested squid beaks accumulate in the second stomach – as many as 18,000 have been found in some dissected specimens. Most squid beaks are vomited by the whale, but some occasionally make it to the hindgut. Such beaks precipitate the formation of ambergris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.971800327301025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "In 1959, the heart of a 22 MT male taken by whalers was measured to be 116 kg, about 0.5% of its total mass. The circulatory system has a number of specific adaptations for the aquatic environment. The diameter of the aortic arch increases as it leaves the heart. This bulbous expansion acts as a windkessel, ensuring a steady blood flow as the heart rate slows during diving. The arteries that leave the aortic arch are positioned symmetrically. There is no costocervical artery. There is no direct connection between the internal carotid artery and the vessels of the brain. Their circulatory system has adapted to dive at great depths, as much as 2250 m. Myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle tissue, is much more abundant than in terrestrial animals. The blood has a high density of red blood cells, which contain oxygen-carrying haemoglobin. The oxygenated blood can be directed towards only the brain and other essential organs when oxygen levels deplete. The spermaceti organ may also play a role by adjusting buoyancy (see below). The arterial retia mirabilia are extraordinarily well-developed. The complex arterial retia mirabilia of the sperm whale are more extensive and larger than those of any other cetacean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.482559204101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Atop the whale's skull is positioned a large complex of organs filled with a liquid mixture of fats and waxes called spermaceti. The purpose of this complex is to generate powerful and focused clicking sounds, which the sperm whale uses for echolocation and communication. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728742599487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The spermaceti organ is like a large barrel of spermaceti. Its surrounding wall, known as the case, is extremely tough and fibrous. The case can hold within it up to 1,900 litres of spermaceti. It is proportionately larger in males.Whitehead, p. 321 This oil is a mixture of triglycerides and wax esters. The proportion of wax esters in the spermaceti organ increases with the age of the whale: 38–51% in calves, 58–87% in adult females, and 71–94% in adult males.Perrin, p. 1164 The spermaceti at the core of the organ has a higher wax content than the outer areas. The speed of sound in spermaceti is 2,684 m/s (at 40 kHz, 36 °C), making it nearly twice as fast as in the oil in a dolphin's melon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.625942707061768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Below the spermaceti organ lies the \"junk\" which consists of compartments of spermaceti separated by cartilage. It is analogous to the melon found in other toothed whales. The structure of the junk redistributes physical stress across the skull and may have evolved to protect the head during ramming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.416706085205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Running through the head are two air passages. The left passage runs alongside the spermaceti organ and goes directly to the blowhole, whilst the right passage runs underneath the spermaceti organ and passes air through a pair of phonic lips and into the distal sac at the very front of the nose. The distal sac is connected to the blowhole and the terminus of the left passage. When the whale is submerged, it can close the blowhole, and air that passes through the phonic lips can circulate back to the lungs. The sperm whale, unlike other odontocetes, has only one pair of phonic lips, whereas all other toothed whales have two, and it is located at the front of the nose instead of behind the melon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72622013092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "At the posterior end of this spermaceti complex is the frontal sac, which covers the concave surface of the cranium. The posterior wall of the frontal sac is covered with fluid–filled knobs, which are about 4–13 mm in diameter and separated by narrow grooves. The anterior wall is smooth. The knobbly surface reflects sound waves that come through the spermaceti organ from the phonic lips. The grooves between the knobs trap a film of air that is consistent whatever the orientation or depth of the whale, making it an excellent sound mirror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.610235214233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The spermaceti organs may also help adjust the whale's buoyancy. It is hypothesized that before the whale dives, cold water enters the organ, and it is likely that the blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow, and, hence, temperature. The wax therefore solidifies and reduces in volume. The increase in specific density generates a down force of about 392 N and allows the whale to dive with less effort. During the hunt, oxygen consumption, together with blood vessel dilation, produces heat and melts the spermaceti, increasing its buoyancy and enabling easy surfacing. However, more recent work has found many problems with this theory including the lack of anatomical structures for the actual heat exchange. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.60864543914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale phonic lips (NASA).jpg|The phonic lips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.835341453552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale exposed frontal sac.jpg|The frontal sac, exposed. Its surface is covered with fluid-filled knobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.197331428527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale frontal sac surface close-up.jpg|A piece of the posterior wall of the frontal sac. The grooves between the knobs trap a consistent film of air, making it an excellent sound mirror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.63312816619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale's eye does not differ greatly from those of other toothed whales except in size. It is the largest among the toothed whales, weighing about 170 g. It is overall ellipsoid in shape, compressed along the visual axis, measuring about 7×7×3 cm. The cornea is elliptical and the lens is spherical. The sclera is very hard and thick, roughly 1 cm anteriorly and 3 cm posteriorly. There are no ciliary muscles. The choroid is very thick and contains a fibrous tapetum lucidum. Like other toothed whales, the sperm whale can retract and protrude its eyes thanks to a 2-cm-thick retractor muscle attached around the eye at the equator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.37419319152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "sperm whales eyes afford good vision and sensitivity to light. They conjectured that sperm whales use vision to hunt squid, either by detecting silhouettes from below or by detecting bioluminescence. If sperm whales detect silhouettes, Fristrup and Harbison suggested that they hunt upside down, allowing them to use the forward parts of the ventral visual fields for binocular vision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.711027145385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "For some time researchers have been aware that pods of sperm whales may sleep for short periods, assuming a vertical position with their heads just below or at the surface. A 2008 study published in Current Biology recorded evidence that whales may sleep with both sides of the brain. It appears that some whales may fall into a deep sleep for about 7 percent of the time, most often between 6 p.m. and midnight. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.363127708435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales have 21 pairs of chromosomes (2n=42). The genome of live whales can be examined by recovering shed skin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.596117973327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "When echolocating, the sperm whale emits a directionally focused beam of broadband clicks. Clicks are generated by forcing air through a pair of phonic lips (also known as \"monkey lips\" or \"museau de singe\") at the front end of the nose, just below the blowhole. The sound then travels backwards along the length of the nose through the spermaceti organ. Most of the sound energy is then reflected off the frontal sac at the cranium and into the melon, whose lens-like structure focuses it. Some of the sound will reflect back into the spermaceti organ and back towards the front of the whale's nose, where it will be reflected through the spermaceti organ a third time. This back and forth reflection which happens on the scale of a few milliseconds creates a multi-pulse click structure. This multi-pulse click structure allows researchers to measure the whale's spermaceti organ using only the sound of its clicks. Because the interval between pulses of a sperm whale's click is related to the length of the sound producing organ, an individual whale's click is unique to that individual. However, if the whale matures and the size of the spermaceti organ increases, the tone of the whale's click will also change. The lower jaw is the primary reception path for the echoes. A continuous fat-filled canal transmits received sounds to the inner ear.Whitlow, W. \"Echolocation\", pp. 359–367 in Perrin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.823105812072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The source of the air forced through the phonic lips is the right nasal passage. While the left nasal passage opens to the blow hole, the right nasal passage has evolved to supply air to the phonic lips. It is thought that the nostrils of the land-based ancestor of the sperm whale migrated through evolution to their current functions, the left nostril becoming the blowhole and the right nostril becoming the phonic lips. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711143493652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Air that passes through the phonic lips passes into the distal sac, then back down through the left nasal passage. This recycling of air allows the whale to continuously generate clicks for as long as it is submerged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420839309692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A coda is a short pattern of 3 to 20 clicks that is used in social situations. They were once thought to be a way by which individuals identified themselves, but individuals have been observed producing multiple codas, and the same codas are used by multiple individuals.Whitehead, p. 141 However, each click contains a physical signature which suggests that clicks can be used to identify individuals. Geographically separate pods exhibit distinct dialects.Whitehead, p. 131 Large males are generally solitary and rarely produce codas. In breeding grounds, codas are almost entirely produced by adult females. Despite evidence that sperm whales share similar codas, it is still unknown whether sperm whales possess individually specific coda repertoires or whether individuals make codas at different rates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295278549194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are among the most cosmopolitan species. They prefer ice-free waters over 1000 m deep. Although both sexes range through temperate and tropical oceans and seas, only adult males populate higher latitudes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.001163482666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Populations are denser close to continental shelves and canyons. Sperm whales are usually found in deep, off-shore waters, but may be seen closer to shore, in areas where the continental shelf is small and drops quickly to depths of 310 to. Coastal areas with significant sperm whale populations include the Azores and Dominica. In Asian waters, whales are also observed regularly in coastal waters in places such as Commander and Kuril Islands, Shiretoko Peninsula, off Kinkasan, vicinity to Tokyo Bay and Boso Peninsula to Izu and Izu Islands, Volcano Islands, Yakushima and Tokara Islands to Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Northern Mariana Islands, and so forth. Historical catch records suggest there could have been smaller aggression grounds in the Sea of Japan as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.093541145324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Grown males are known to enter surprisingly shallow bays to rest (whales will be in state of rest during these occasions). There are unique, coastal groups reported from various areas among the globe such as Scotland, Shiretoko Peninsula, off Kaikoura, in Davao Gulf. Such costal groups were more abundant in pre-whaling days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121442794799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales usually dive between 300 to, and sometimes 1 to, in search of food. Such dives can last more than an hour. They feed on several species, notably the giant squid, but also the colossal squid, octopuses, and fish like demersal rays, but their diet is mainly medium-sized squid. Some prey may be taken accidentally while eating other items. Most of what is known about deep sea squid has been learned from specimens in captured sperm whale stomachs, although more recent studies analysed feces. One study, carried out around the Galápagos, found that squid from the genera Histioteuthis (62%), Ancistrocheirus (16%), and Octopoteuthis (7%) weighing between 12 and were the most commonly taken. Battles between sperm whales and giant squid or colossal squid have never been observed by humans; however, white scars are believed to be caused by the large squid. One study published in 2010 collected evidence that suggests that female sperm whales may collaborate when hunting Humboldt squid. Tagging studies have shown that sperm whales hunt upside down at the bottom of their deep dives. It is suggested that the whales can see the squid silhouetted above them against the dim surface light. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.94289779663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "An older study, examining whales captured by the New Zealand whaling fleet in the Cook Strait region, found a 1.69:1 ratio of squid to fish by weight. Sperm whales sometimes take sablefish and toothfish from long lines. Long-line fishing operations in the Gulf of Alaska complain that sperm whales take advantage of their fishing operations to eat desirable species straight off the line, sparing the whales the need to hunt. However, the amount of fish taken is very little compared to what the sperm whale needs per day. Video footage has been captured of a large male sperm whale \"bouncing\" a long line, to gain the fish. Sperm whales are believed to prey on the megamouth shark, a rare and large deep-sea species discovered in the 1970s. In one case, three sperm whales were observed attacking or playing with a megamouth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917271614074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sharp beak of a consumed squid lodged in the whale's intestine may lead to the production of ambergris, analogous to the production of pearls. The irritation of the intestines caused by squid beaks stimulates the secretion of this lubricant-like substance. Sperm whales are prodigious feeders and eat around 3% of their body weight per day. The total annual consumption of prey by sperm whales worldwide is estimated to be about 91 e6t. In comparison, human consumption of seafood is estimated to be 115 e6t.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.775897979736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales hunt through echolocation. Their clicks are among the most powerful sounds in the animal kingdom (see above). It has been hypothesised that it can stun prey with its clicks. Experimental studies attempting to duplicate this effect have been unable to replicate the supposed injuries, casting doubt on this idea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800260543823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "It has been stated that sperm whales, as well as other large cetaceans, help fertilise the surface of the ocean by consuming nutrients in the depths and transporting those nutrients to the oceans' surface when they defecate, an effect known as the whale pump. This fertilises phytoplankton and other plants on the surface of the ocean and contributes to ocean productivity and the drawdown of atmospheric carbon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.474848747253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales can live 70 years or more. They are a prime example of a species that has been K-selected, meaning their reproductive strategy is associated with stable environmental conditions and comprises a low birth rate, significant parental aid to offspring, slow maturation, and high longevity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.005132675170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Lactation proceeds for 19 to 42 months, but calves, rarely, may suckle up to 13 years. Like other whales, the sperm whale's milk has a higher fat content than that of terrestrial mammals: about 36%, compared to 4% in cow milk. This gives it a consistency similar to cottage cheese, which prevents it from dissolving in the water before the calf can eat it. It has an energy content of roughly 3,840 kcal/kg, compared to just 640 kcal/kg in cow milk. Calves may be allowed to suckle from females other than their mothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507721900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Adult males who are not breeding live solitary lives, whereas females and juvenile males live together in groups. The main driving force for the sexual segregation of adult sperm whales is scramble competition for mesopelagic squid.Whitehead, p. 347 Females and their young remain in groups, while mature males leave their \"natal unit\" somewhere between 4 and 21 years of age. Mature males sometimes form loose bachelor groups with other males of similar age and size. As males grow older, they typically live solitary lives. Mature males have beached themselves together, suggesting a degree of cooperation which is not yet fully understood. The whales rarely, if ever, leave their group.Whitehead, p. 232", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502365112304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A social unit is a group of sperm whales who live and travel together over a period of years. Individuals rarely, if ever, join or leave a social unit. There is a huge variance in the size of social units. They are most commonly between six and nine individuals in size but can have more than twenty.Whitehead, p. 233 Unlike orcas, sperm whales within a social unit show no significant tendency to associate with their genetic relatives.Whitehead, p. 235 Females and calves spend about three quarters of their time foraging and a quarter of their time socializing. Socializing usually takes place in the afternoon.Whitehead, p. 204", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.047082901000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "When sperm whales socialize, they emit complex patterns of clicks called codas. They will spend much of the time rubbing against each other. Tracking of diving whales suggests that groups engage in herding of prey, similar to bait balls created by other species, though the research needs to be confirmed by tracking the prey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61611557006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Although the fossil record is poor, several extinct genera have been assigned to the clade Physeteroidea, which includes the last common ancestor of the modern sperm whale, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, and extinct physeteroids. These fossils include Ferecetotherium, Idiorophus, Diaphorocetus, Aulophyseter, Orycterocetus, Scaldicetus, Placoziphius, Zygophyseter and Acrophyseter. Ferecetotherium, found in Azerbaijan and dated to the late Oligocene (about ), is the most primitive fossil that has been found which possesses sperm whale-specific features such as an asymmetric rostrum (\"beak\" or \"snout\"). Most sperm whale fossils date from the Miocene period, . Diaphorocetus, from Argentina, has been dated to the early Miocene. Fossil sperm whales from the Middle Miocene include Aulophyseter, Idiorophus and Orycterocetus, all of which were found on the west coast of the United States, and Scaldicetus, found in Europe and Japan. Orycterocetus fossils have also been found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, in addition to the west coast of the United States. Placoziphius, found in Europe, and Acrophyseter, from Peru, are dated to the late Miocene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.633782863616943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Fossil sperm whales differ from modern sperm whales in tooth count and the shape of the face and jaws. For example, Scaldicetus had a tapered rostrum. Genera from the Oligocene and early and middle Miocene, with the possible exception of Aulophyseter, had teeth in their upper jaws. Acrophyseter, from the late Miocene, also had teeth in both the upper and lower jaws as well as a short rostrum and an upward curving mandible (lower jaw). These anatomical differences suggest that fossil species may not have necessarily been deep-sea squid eaters like the modern sperm whale, but that some genera mainly ate fish. Zygophyseter, dated from the middle to late Miocene and found in southern Italy, had teeth in both jaws and appears to have been adapted to feed on large prey, rather like the modern Orca (Killer Whale). Other fossil sperm whales with adaptations similar to this are collectively known as killer sperm whales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.931674480438232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The traditional view has been that Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales) arose from more primitive whales early in the Oligocene period, and that the super-family Physeteroidea, which contains the sperm whale, dwarf sperm whale, and pygmy sperm whale, diverged from other toothed whales soon after that, over .Mchedlidze, G. \"Sperm whales, evolution\", pp. 1172–1174 in Perrin From 1993 to 1996, molecular phylogenetics analyses by Milinkovitch and colleagues, based on comparing the genes of various modern whales, suggested that the sperm whales are more closely related to the baleen whales than they are to other toothed whales, which would have meant that Odontoceti were not monophyletic; in other words, it did not consist of a single ancestral toothed whale species and all its descendants. However, more recent studies, based on various combinations of comparative anatomy and molecular phylogenetics, criticised Milinkovitch's analysis on technical grounds and reaffirmed that the Odontoceti are monophyletic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.910884380340576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "These analyses also confirm that there was a rapid evolutionary radiation (diversification) of the Physeteroidea in the Miocene period. The Kogiidae (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales) diverged from the Physeteridae (true sperm whales) at least . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.310077667236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Prior to the early eighteenth century, hunting was mostly by indigenous Indonesians. Legend has it that sometime in the early eighteenth century, around 1712, Captain Christopher Hussey, while cruising for right whales near shore, was blown offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a sperm whale pod and killed one. Although the story may not be true, sperm whales were indeed soon exploited by American whalers. Judge Paul Dudley, in his Essay upon the Natural History of Whales (1725), states that one Atkins, ten or twelve years in the trade, was among the first to catch sperm whales sometime around 1720 off the New England coast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025069236755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "There were only a few recorded catches during the first few decades (1709–1730s) of offshore sperm whaling. Instead, sloops concentrated on Nantucket Shoals, where they would have taken right whales or went to the Davis Strait region to catch bowhead whales. By the early 1740s, with the advent of spermaceti candles (before 1743), American vessels began to focus on sperm whales. The diary of Benjamin Bangs (1721–1769) shows that, along with the bumpkin sloop he sailed, he found three other sloops flensing sperm whales off the coast of North Carolina in late May 1743. On returning to Nantucket in the summer 1744 on a subsequent voyage, he noted that \"45 spermacetes are brought in here this day,\" another indication that American sperm whaling was in full swing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.735032081604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "American sperm whaling soon spread from the east coast of the American colonies to the Gulf Stream, the Grand Banks, West Africa (1763), the Azores (1765), and the South Atlantic (1770s). From 1770 to 1775 Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ports produced 45,000 barrels of sperm oil annually, compared to 8,500 of whale oil. In the same decade, the British began sperm whaling, employing American ships and personnel. By the following decade, the French had entered the trade, also employing American expertise. Sperm whaling increased until the mid-nineteenth century. Spermaceti oil was important in public lighting (for example, in lighthouses, where it was used in the United States until 1862, when it was replaced by lard oil, in turn replaced by petroleum) and for lubricating the machines (such as those used in cotton mills) of the Industrial Revolution. Sperm whaling declined in the second half of the nineteenth century, as petroleum came into broader use. In that sense, petroleum use may be said to have protected whale populations from even greater exploitation. Sperm whaling in the eighteenth century began with small sloops carrying only one or two whaleboats. The fleet's scope and size increased over time, and larger ships entered the fishery. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century sperm whaling ships sailed to the equatorial Pacific, the Indian Ocean, Japan, the coast of Arabia, Australia and New Zealand. Hunting could be dangerous to the crew, since sperm whales (especially bulls) will readily fight to defend themselves against attack, unlike most baleen whales. When dealing with a threat, sperm whales will use their huge head effectively as a battering ram. Arguably the most famous sperm whale counter-attack occurred on 20 November 1820, when a whale claimed to be about long rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex. Only 8 out of 21 sailors survived to be rescued by other ships. This instance is popularly believed to have inspired Herman Melville's famous book Moby-Dick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.116644859313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's ivory-like teeth were often sought by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century whalers, who used them to produce inked carvings known as scrimshaw. Thirty teeth of the sperm whale can be used for ivory. Each of these teeth, up to 20 cm and 8 cm across, are hollow for the first half of their length. Like walrus ivory, sperm whale ivory has two distinct layers. However, sperm whale ivory contains a much thicker inner layer. Though a widely practised art in the nineteenth century, scrimshaw using genuine sperm whale ivory declined substantially after the retirement of the whaling fleets in the 1880s. Currently the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), prevents the sales of or trade in sperm whale ivory harvested after 1973 or scrimshaw crafted from it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.084277153015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Modern whaling was more efficient than open-boat whaling, employing steam-powered ships and exploding harpoons. Initially, modern whaling activity focused on large baleen whales, but as these populations were taken, sperm whaling increased. Spermaceti, the fine waxy oil produced by sperm whales, was in high demand. In both the 1941 to 1942 and 1942 to 1943 seasons, Norwegian expeditions took over 3,000 sperm whales off the coast of Peru alone. After the war, whaling continued unabated to obtain oil for cosmetics and high-performance machinery, such as automobile transmissions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.70988655090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The hunting led to the near extinction of large whales, including sperm whales, until bans on whale oil use were instituted in 1972. The International Whaling Commission gave the species full protection in 1985 but hunting by Japan in the northern Pacific Ocean continued until 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.538644790649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "It is estimated that the historic worldwide population numbered 1,100,000 before commercial sperm whaling began in the early eighteenth century. By 1880 it had declined by an estimated 29 percent. From that date until 1946, the population appears to have partially recovered as whaling activity decreased, and after World War II, the whale population increases to 33 percent of the pre-whaling population. Between 184,000 and 236,000 sperm whales were killed by the various whaling nations in the nineteenth century, while in the twentieth century, at least 770,000 were taken, the majority between 1946 and 1980. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53228759765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales increase levels of primary production and carbon export by depositing iron-rich faeces into surface waters of the Southern Ocean. The iron-rich faeces cause phytoplankton to grow and take up more carbon from the atmosphere. When the phytoplankton dies, it sinks to the deep ocean and takes the atmospheric carbon with it. By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98708438873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Remaining sperm whale populations are large enough that the species' conservation status is rated as vulnerable rather than endangered. However, the recovery from centuries of commercial whaling is a slow process, particularly in the South Pacific, where the toll on breeding-age males was severe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.878401756286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The total number of sperm whales in the world is unknown, but is thought to be in the hundreds of thousands. The conservation outlook is brighter than for many other whales. Commercial whaling has ceased, and the species is protected almost worldwide, though records indicate that in the eleven-year period starting from 2000, Japan has caught 51 sperm whales. Fishermen do not target the creatures sperm whales eat, but long-line fishing operations in the Gulf of Alaska have complained about sperm whales stealing fish from their lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.471329689025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Currently, entanglement in fishing nets and collisions with ships represent the greatest threats to the sperm whale population. Other threats include ingestion of marine debris, ocean noise, and chemical pollution. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regards the sperm whale as being \"Vulnerable\". The species is listed as endangered on the United States Endangered Species Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.786032199859619, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are listed on Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. It is also covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.006082534790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Rope-mounted teeth are important cultural objects throughout the Pacific. In New Zealand, the Māori know them as \"rei puta\"; such whale tooth pendants were rare objects because sperm whales were not actively hunted in traditional Māori society. Whale ivory and bone were taken from beached whales. In Fiji the teeth are known as tabua, traditionally given as gifts for atonement or esteem (called sevusevu), and were important in negotiations between rival chiefs. Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that, in Fiji, whales' or cachalots' teeth were the most-demanded article of ornament or value. They occurred often in necklaces. Today the tabua remains an important item in Fijian life. The teeth were originally rare in Fiji and Tonga, which exported teeth, but with the Europeans' arrival, teeth flooded the market and this \"currency\" collapsed. The oversupply led in turn to the development of the European art of scrimshaw. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.748941421508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is based on a true story about a sperm whale that attacked and sank the whaleship Essex. Melville associated the sperm whale with the Bible's Leviathan. The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales' ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early whalers, occasionally resulting in the destruction of the whaling ships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.186628341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale was designated as the Connecticut state animal by the CT General Assembly in 1975. It was selected because of its specific contribution to the state's history and because of its present-day plight as an endangered species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.334924221038818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Watching sperm whales", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.02077579498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are not the easiest of whales to watch, due to their long dive times and ability to travel long distances underwater. However, due to the distinctive look and large size of the whale, watching is increasingly popular. Sperm whale watchers often use hydrophones to listen to the clicks of the whales and locate them before they surface. Popular locations for sperm whale watching include the town of Kaikoura on New Zealand's South Island, Andenes and Tromsø in Arctic Norway; as well as the Azores, where the continental shelf is so narrow that whales can be observed from the shore, and Dominica where a long-term scientific research program, The Dominica Sperm Whale Project, has been in operation since 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.079030990600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The introduction of plastic waste to the ocean environment by humans is new. Sperm whales are now occasionally found with pieces of plastic in their stomachs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.016186714172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The native peoples of North America and Russia have hunted belugas for many centuries. They were also hunted commercially during the 19th century and part of the 20th century. Whale hunting has been under international control since 1973. Currently, only certain Inuit and Alaska Native groups are allowed to carry out subsistence hunting of belugas. Other threats include natural predators (polar bears and killer whales), contamination of rivers (e.g. with PCBs, which bioaccumulate up the food chain, and infectious diseases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.372607707977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The name of the genus, Delphinapterus, means \"dolphin without fin\" (from the Greek δελφίν (delphin), dolphin and απτερος (apteros), without fin) and the species name leucas means \"white\" (from the Greek λευκας (leukas), white). The Red List of Threatened Species gives both beluga and white whale as common names, though the former is now more popular. The English name comes from the Russian белуха (belukha), which derives from the word белый (bélyj), meaning \"white\". The name beluga in Russian refers to an unrelated species, a fish, beluga sturgeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.082422733306885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The whale is also colloquially known as the sea canary on account of its high-pitched squeaks, squeals, clucks, and whistles. A Japanese researcher says he taught a beluga to \"talk\" by using these sounds to identify three different objects, offering hope that humans may one day be able to communicate effectively with sea mammals. A similar observation has been made by Canadian researchers, where a beluga which died in 2007 \"talked\" when he was still a subadult. Another example is NOC, a beluga whale that could mimic the rhythm and tone of human language. Beluga whales in the wild have been reported to imitate human voices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.77998685836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The remains were found to be preserved in the sediments of the Champlain Sea, an extension of the Atlantic Ocean within the continent resulting from the rise in sea level at the end of the ice ages some 12,000 years ago. Today, the Charlotte whale is the official Vermont State Fossil (making Vermont the only state whose official fossil is that of a still extant animal).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421924591064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Unlike many dolphins and whales, the seven vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, allowing the animal to turn its head laterally without needing to rotate its body. This gives the head a lateral manoeuvrability that allows an improved field of view and movement and helps in catching prey and evading predators in deep water. The rostrum has about eight to 10 small, blunt, and slightly curved teeth on each side of the jaw and a total of 36 to 40 teeth. Belugas do not use their teeth to chew, but for catching hold of their prey; they then tear them up and swallow them nearly whole. Belugas only have a single spiracle, which is located on the top of the head behind the melon, and has a muscular covering, allowing it to be completely sealed. Under normal conditions, the spiracle is closed and an animal must contract the muscular covering to open the spiracle. A beluga's thyroid gland is larger than that of terrestrial mammals – weighing three times more than that of a horse – which helps it to maintain a greater metabolism during the summer when it lives in river estuaries. It is the marine cetacean that most frequently develops hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the thyroid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5806169509887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "In captivity, they can be seen to be constantly playing, vocalizing, and swimming around each other. They show a great deal of curiosity towards humans and frequently approach the windows in the tanks to observe them. Belugas may also playfully spit at humans or other whales. It is not unusual for an aquarium handler to be drenched by one of his charges. Some researchers believe spitting originated with blowing sand away from crustaceans at the sea bottom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0579705238342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Beluga whales often accompany bowhead whales, for curiosity and to secure polynya feasible to breathe as bowheads are capable of breaking through ice from underwater by headbutting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.363909721374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Estimations of the age of sexual maturity for beluga whales vary considerably; the majority of authors estimate males reach sexual maturity when they are between four and seven years old, and females reach maturity when they are between four and nine years old. The average age at which females first give birth is 8.5 years and fertility begins to decrease when they are 25, with no births recorded for females older than 41.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.46888542175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "These cetaceans communicate using sounds of such high frequency; their calls sometimes sound like bird songs, so belugas have been given the nickname \"canaries of the sea\". Like the other toothed whales, belugas do not possess vocal cords and the sounds are probably produced by the movement of air between the nasal sacks, which are located near to the blowhole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.175978660583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The migration season is relatively predictable, as it is basically determined by the amount of daylight and not by other variable physical or biological factors, such as the condition of the sea ice. Vagrants may travel further south to areas such as Irish and Scottish waters, islands of Orkney and Hebrides, and to Japanese waters. There had been several vagrant individuals demonstrated seasonal residencies at Volcano Bay, and a unique whale were used to return annually to areas adjacent to Shibetsu in Nemuro Strait in the 2000s. On rarer occasions, individuals of vagrancy can reach the Korean Peninsula. A few other individuals have been confirmed to return to the coasts of Hokkaido, including brackish waters such as Lake Notoro. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176276206970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Commercial whaling by European and American whalers during the 18th and 19th centuries decreased beluga populations in the Canadian Arctic. The animals were hunted for their meat and blubber, while the Europeans used the oil from the melon as a lubricant for clocks, machinery, and lighting in lighthouses. Mineral oil replaced whale oil in the 1860s, but the hunting of these animals continued unabated. In 1863, the cured skin could be used to make horse harnesses, machine belts for saw mills, and shoelaces. These manufactured items ensured the hunting of belugas continued for the rest of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1868 and 1911, Scottish and American whalers killed more than 20,000 belugas in Lancaster Sound and Davis Strait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.414165496826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The Arctic's native peoples still carry out subsistence hunting of belugas to obtain food and raw materials. This practice is a part of their culture, but doubts still remain whether the number of whales killed may be sustainable. The number of animals killed is about 200 to 550 in Alaska and around 1,000 in Canada. However, in areas such as Cook Inlet, Ungava Bay, and western Greenland, previous levels of commercial whaling have put the species in danger of extinction, and continued hunting by the native peoples may mean some populations will continue to decline. The Canadian sites are the focus of discussions between the local communities and the Canadian government, with the objective of permitting sustainable hunting that does not put the species at risk of extinction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.420999526977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Indirect human disturbance may also be a threat. While some populations tolerate small boats, most actively try to avoid ships. Whale-watching has become a booming activity in the St. Lawrence and Churchill River areas, and acoustic contamination from this activity appears to have an effect on belugas. For example, a correlation appears to exist between the passage of belugas across the mouth of the Saguenay River, which has decreased by 60%, and the increase in the use of recreational motorboats in the area. A dramatic decrease has also been recorded in the number of calls between animals (decreasing from 3.4 to 10.5 calls/min to 0 or ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.873434066772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Today, it remains one of the few whale species kept at aquaria and marine parks across North America, Europe, and Asia. As of 2006, 30 belugas were in Canada and 28 in the United States, and 42 deaths in captivity had been reported up to that time. A single specimen can reportedly fetch up to US$100,000 on the market. The beluga's popularity with visitors reflects its attractive colour and its range of facial expressions. The latter is possible because while most cetacean \"smiles\" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.832369804382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Whale watching", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498313903808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Whale watching has become an important activity in the recovery of the economies of towns in Hudson Bay near to the Saint Lawrence and Churchill Rivers. The best time to see belugas is during the summer, when they meet in large numbers in the estuaries of the rivers and in their summer habitats. The animals are easily seen due to their high numbers and their curiosity regarding the presence of humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.828498840332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "However, the boats' presence poses a threat to the animals, as it distracts them from important activities such as feeding, social interaction and reproduction. In addition, the noise produced by the motors has an adverse effect on their auditory function and reduces their ability to detect their prey, communicate, and navigate. To protect these marine animals during whale-watching activities, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has published a “Guide for observing marine life”. The guide recommends boats carrying the whale watchers keep their distance from the cetaceans and it expressly prohibits chasing, harassing, obstructing, touching, or feeding them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164717674255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The US Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 outlawing the persecution and hunting of all marine mammals within US coastal waters. The act has been amended a number of times to permit subsistence hunting by native peoples, temporary capture of restricted numbers for research, education and public display, and to decriminalise the accidental capture of individuals during fishing operations. The act also states that all whales in US territorial waters are under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service, a division of NOAA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248528480529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "To prevent hunting, belugas are protected under the 1986 International Moratorium on Commercial Whaling; however, hunting of small numbers of belugas is still allowed. Since it is very difficult to know the exact population of belugas because their habitats include inland waters away from the ocean, they easily come in contact with oil and gas development centres. To prevent whales from coming in contact with industrial waste, the Alaskan and Canadian governments are relocating sites where whales and waste come in contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.377758979797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "White Whale Records was an American record company that operated between 1965 and 1971 in Los Angeles, California, it was the record company of The Turtles. The company's logo was the silhouette of a beluga with the words \"White Whale\" above it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4583101272583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A 2002 episode of science fiction series Dark Angel titled \"Dawg Day Afternoon\" claims that beluga whales are the result of a hybridisation between a humpback whale and a dolphin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.103977203369141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" } ]

[ { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash.", "precise_score": 1.3915449380874634, "rough_score": 3.3165719509124756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Inflammation of the meninges may lead to abnormalities of the cranial nerves, a group of nerves arising from the brain stem that supply the head and neck area and which control, among other functions, eye movement, facial muscles, and hearing. Visual symptoms and hearing loss may persist after an episode of meningitis. Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) or its blood vessels (cerebral vasculitis), as well as the formation of blood clots in the veins (cerebral venous thrombosis), may all lead to weakness, loss of sensation, or abnormal movement or function of the part of the body supplied by the affected area of the brain.", "precise_score": 4.265552043914795, "rough_score": 1.643527865409851, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Meningitis can be diagnosed after death has occurred. The findings from a post mortem are usually a widespread inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges. Neutrophil granulocytes tend to have migrated to the cerebrospinal fluid and the base of the brain, along with cranial nerves and the spinal cord, may be surrounded with pus — as may the meningeal vessels. ", "precise_score": 0.6761223077774048, "rough_score": 0.05340919643640518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The human body has several body cavities the largest of which is the abdominopelvic cavity. These cavities house the various body organs including the spinal cord which also accommodates the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.752798080444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human body" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Many interacting systems and mechanisms act to maintain the human's internal environment. The nervous system receives information from the body and transmits this to the brain via neurotransmitters. The endocrine system may release hormones to help regulate blood pressure and volume. Cell metabolism may help to maintain the blood's pH.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769217491149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human body" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore, the condition is classified as a medical emergency. A lumbar puncture diagnoses or excludes meningitis. A needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that envelops the brain and spinal cord. The CSF is examined in a medical laboratory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0605359077453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The brain tissue may swell, pressure inside the skull may increase and the swollen brain may herniate through the skull base. This may be noticed by a decreasing level of consciousness, loss of the pupillary light reflex, and abnormal posturing. The inflammation of the brain tissue may also obstruct the normal flow of CSF around the brain (hydrocephalus). Seizures may occur for various reasons; in children, seizures are common in the early stages of meningitis (in 30% of cases) and do not necessarily indicate an underlying cause. Seizures may result from increased pressure and from areas of inflammation in the brain tissue. Focal seizures (seizures that involve one limb or part of the body), persistent seizures, late-onset seizures and those that are difficult to control with medication indicate a poorer long-term outcome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.114505767822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Meningitis is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms. Most infections are due to viruses, with bacteria, fungi, and protozoa being the next most common causes. It may also result from various non-infectious causes. The term aseptic meningitis refers to cases of meningitis in which no bacterial infection can be demonstrated. This type of meningitis is usually caused by viruses but it may be due to bacterial infection that has already been partially treated, when bacteria disappear from the meninges, or pathogens infect a space adjacent to the meninges (e.g. sinusitis). Endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves which spreads small clusters of bacteria through the bloodstream) may cause aseptic meningitis. Aseptic meningitis may also result from infection with spirochetes, a type of bacteria that includes Treponema pallidum (the cause of syphilis) and Borrelia burgdorferi (known for causing Lyme disease). Meningitis may be encountered in cerebral malaria (malaria infecting the brain) or amoebic meningitis, meningitis due to infection with amoebae such as Naegleria fowleri, contracted from freshwater sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3220174312591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Recent skull trauma potentially allows nasal cavity bacteria to enter the meningeal space. Similarly, devices in the brain and meninges, such as cerebral shunts, extraventricular drains or Ommaya reservoirs, carry an increased risk of meningitis. In these cases, the persons are more likely to be infected with Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and other Gram-negative bacteria. These pathogens are also associated with meningitis in people with an impaired immune system. An infection in the head and neck area, such as otitis media or mastoiditis, can lead to meningitis in a small proportion of people. Recipients of cochlear implants for hearing loss are more at risk for pneumococcal meningitis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.87955904006958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The meninges comprise three membranes that, together with the cerebrospinal fluid, enclose and protect the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). The pia mater is a very delicate impermeable membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain, following all the minor contours. The arachnoid mater (so named because of its spider-web-like appearance) is a loosely fitting sac on top of the pia mater. The subarachnoid space separates the arachnoid and pia mater membranes and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The outermost membrane, the dura mater, is a thick durable membrane, which is attached to both the arachnoid membrane and the skull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.324305534362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "In bacterial meningitis, bacteria reach the meninges by one of two main routes: through the bloodstream or through direct contact between the meninges and either the nasal cavity or the skin. In most cases, meningitis follows invasion of the bloodstream by organisms that live upon mucous surfaces such as the nasal cavity. This is often in turn preceded by viral infections, which break down the normal barrier provided by the mucous surfaces. Once bacteria have entered the bloodstream, they enter the subarachnoid space in places where the blood–brain barrier is vulnerable—such as the choroid plexus. Meningitis occurs in 25% of newborns with bloodstream infections due to group B streptococci; this phenomenon is less common in adults. Direct contamination of the cerebrospinal fluid may arise from indwelling devices, skull fractures, or infections of the nasopharynx or the nasal sinuses that have formed a tract with the subarachnoid space (see above); occasionally, congenital defects of the dura mater can be identified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.10644703358411789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The large-scale inflammation that occurs in the subarachnoid space during meningitis is not a direct result of bacterial infection but can rather largely be attributed to the response of the immune system to the entry of bacteria into the central nervous system. When components of the bacterial cell membrane are identified by the immune cells of the brain (astrocytes and microglia), they respond by releasing large amounts of cytokines, hormone-like mediators that recruit other immune cells and stimulate other tissues to participate in an immune response. The blood–brain barrier becomes more permeable, leading to \"vasogenic\" cerebral edema (swelling of the brain due to fluid leakage from blood vessels). Large numbers of white blood cells enter the CSF, causing inflammation of the meninges and leading to \"interstitial\" edema (swelling due to fluid between the cells). In addition, the walls of the blood vessels themselves become inflamed (cerebral vasculitis), which leads to decreased blood flow and a third type of edema, \"cytotoxic\" edema. The three forms of cerebral edema all lead to increased intracranial pressure; together with the lowered blood pressure often encountered in acute infection, this means that it is harder for blood to enter the brain, consequently brain cells are deprived of oxygen and undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5559768676757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "The most important test in identifying or ruling out meningitis is analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar puncture (LP, spinal tap). However, lumbar puncture is contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain (tumor or abscess) or the intracranial pressure (ICP) is elevated, as it may lead to brain herniation. If someone is at risk for either a mass or raised ICP (recent head injury, a known immune system problem, localizing neurological signs, or evidence on examination of a raised ICP), a CT or MRI scan is recommended prior to the lumbar puncture. – formal guideline at This applies in 45% of all adult cases. If a CT or MRI is required before LP, or if LP proves difficult, professional guidelines suggest that antibiotics should be administered first to prevent delay in treatment, especially if this may be longer than 30 minutes. Often, CT or MRI scans are performed at a later stage to assess for complications of meningitis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2162089347839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" }, { "answer": "Brain", "passage": "Some suggest that Hippocrates may have realized the existence of meningitis, and it seems that meningism was known to pre-Renaissance physicians such as Avicenna. The description of tuberculous meningitis, then called \"dropsy in the brain\", is often attributed to Edinburgh physician Sir Robert Whytt in a posthumous report that appeared in 1768, although the link with tuberculosis and its pathogen was not made until the next century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.306188106536865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Meningitis" } ]

[ { "answer": "California", "passage": "Sequoia National Park is a national park in the southern Sierra Nevada east of Visalia, California, in the United States. It was established on September 25, 1890. The park spans . Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13000 ft, the park contains among its natural resources the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at 14494 ft above sea level. The park is south of and contiguous with Kings Canyon National Park; the two are administered by the National Park Service together as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They were designated the UNESCO Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve in 1976. ", "precise_score": 10.210494041442871, "rough_score": 8.953262329101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sequoia National Park" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Many park visitors enter Sequoia National Park through its southern entrance near the town of Three Rivers at Ash Mountain at 1700 ft elevation. The lower elevations around Ash Mountain contain the only National Park Service-protected California Foothills ecosystem, consisting of blue oak woodlands, foothills chaparral, grasslands, yucca plants, and steep, mild river valleys. The region is also home to abundant : bobcats, foxes, ground squirrels, rattlesnakes, and mule deer are commonly seen in this area, and more rarely, reclusive mountain lions and the Pacific fisher are seen as well. The last California grizzly was killed in this park in 1922 (at Horse Corral Meadow). The California Black Oak is a key transition species between the chaparral and higher elevation conifer forest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.398407936096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sequoia National Park" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "Park caves, like most caves in the Sierra Nevada of California, are mostly solutional caves dissolved from marble. Marble rock is essentially limestone that was metamorphosed by the heat and pressure of the formation and uplift of the Sierra Nevada Batholith. The batholith's rapid uplift over the past 10 million years led to a rapid erosion of the metamorphic rocks in the higher elevations, exposing the granite beneath; therefore, most Sierra Nevada caves are found in the middle and lower elevations (below 7000 ft), though some caves are found in the park at elevations as high as 10000 ft such as the White Chief cave and Cirque cave in Mineral King. These caves are carved out of the rock by the abundant seasonal streams in the park; most of the larger park caves currently have or have had sinking streams running through them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179187774658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sequoia National Park" }, { "answer": "California", "passage": "The park is home to over 240 known caves, and potentially hundreds more. The caves in the park include California's longest cave at over 20 mi, Lilburn Cave, as well as recently discovered caves that remain strictly off-limits to all but a handful of specialists who visit on rare occasions to study cave geology and biology. The only commercial cave open to park visitors remains Crystal Cave, the park's second-longest at over and remarkably well-preserved for the volume of visitation it receives annually. It was discovered on April 28, 1918 by Alex Medley and Cassius Webster. The cave is a constant 48 F, and only accessible by guided tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962257385253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sequoia National Park" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "The stated goal of allowing these purchases was to continue to track the firearms as they were transferred to higher-level traffickers and key figures in Mexican cartels, with the expectation that this would lead to their arrests and the dismantling of the cartels. The tactic was questioned during the operations by a number of people, including ATF field agents and cooperating licensed gun dealers. [http://oversight.house.gov/images/stories/Reports/ATF_Report.pdf The Department of Justice's Operation Fast and Furious: Accounts of ATF Agents], JOINT STAFF REPORT, Prepared for Rep. Darrell E. Issa and Senator Charles E. Grassley, 112th Congress, June 14, 2011. [http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/gunwalking_emails_041411.pdf Letter from Senator Charles Grasseley to Attorney General Eric Holder, Apr 13, 2011], on e-mails between \"Cooperating FFL\" and ATF David Voth. During Operation Fast and Furious, the largest \"gunwalking\" probe, the ATF monitored the sale of about 2,000 firearms, of which only 710 were recovered . A number of straw purchasers have been arrested and indicted; however, as of October 2011, none of the targeted high-level cartel figures had been arrested.", "precise_score": 3.4673237800598145, "rough_score": 0.41513726115226746, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "On January 25, 2011, Burke announced the first details of the case to become officially public, marking the end of Operation Fast and Furious. At a news conference in Phoenix, he reported a 53-count indictment of 20 suspects for buying hundreds of guns intended for illegal export between September 2009 and December 2010. Newell, who was at the conference, called Fast and Furious a \"phenomenal case,\" while denying that guns had been deliberately allowed to walk into Mexico.", "precise_score": 3.328112840652466, "rough_score": 1.3028829097747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Since the end of Operation Fast and Furious, related firearms have continued to be discovered in criminal hands. As reported in September 2011, the Mexican government stated that an undisclosed number of guns found at about 170 crime scenes were linked to Fast and Furious. U.S. Representative Darrell Issa (R–Calif.–49) estimated that more than 200 Mexicans were killed by guns linked to the operation. Reflecting on the operation, Attorney General Eric Holder said that the United States government is \"...losing the battle to stop the flow of illegal guns to Mexico,\" and that the effects of Operation Fast and Furious will most likely continue to be felt for years, as more walked guns appear at Mexican crime scenes. ", "precise_score": 2.270825147628784, "rough_score": 1.545993447303772, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "There have been questions raised over a possible connection between Fast and Furious and the death of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent Jaime Zapata on February 15, 2011. The gun used to kill Zapata was purchased by Otilio Osorio in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas (outside the area of responsibility for the ATF Phoenix field division which conducted Fast and Furious), and then smuggled into Mexico. Congressional investigators have stated that Osorio was known by the ATF to be a straw purchaser months before he purchased the gun used to kill Zapata, leading them to question ATF surveillance tactics and to suspect a Texas-based operation similar to Fast and Furious.", "precise_score": 2.2545883655548096, "rough_score": -1.2424745559692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "One of the nineteen guns Mexican authorities said they found at the hideout of Joaquin Guzman aka El Chapo, after his January 2016 capture, was associated with the Fast and Furious operation. The Justice Department confirmed that the .50-caliber rifle was bought in July 2010 in a straw purchase by someone not known to the ATF at the time, and stated the weapon was not associated with any other crime. In a letter to congressional leaders, Assistant Attorney General Peter Kadzik, head of the Justice Department’s legislative affairs office, wrote, \"ATF and the department deeply regret that firearms associated with Operation Fast and Furious have been used by criminals in the commission of violent crimes, particularly crimes resulting in the deaths of civilians and law enforcement officials.\" ", "precise_score": 3.753737211227417, "rough_score": 4.355159282684326, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On January 31, 2012, Democrats on the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee released a report titled, \"Fatally Flawed: Five Years of Gunwalking in Arizona\". The report concluded that there was no evidence of involvement by high-ranking appointees at the Justice Department in \"gunwalking.\" Rather, Operation Fast and Furious was just one of four such operations conducted over five years during the Bush and Obama administrations, and was only \"the latest in a series of fatally flawed operations run by ATF agents in Phoenix and the Arizona U.S. Attorney's Office.\"", "precise_score": 1.6580861806869507, "rough_score": 0.5798351764678955, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "In May, it was reported that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General had begun to investigate Fast and Furious, with a report expected in October. The DHS had Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents assigned to the operation after becoming involved in late 2009.", "precise_score": 2.7480340003967285, "rough_score": -1.5637052059173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "In June 2012, a six-month-long investigation by Fortune magazine stated that the ATF never intentionally allowed guns to fall into the hands of Mexican drug cartels, in contrast to most other reports. Agents interviewed during the investigation repeatedly asserted that only one isolated incident of \"gunwalking\" ever occurred, and was performed independently by ATF Agent John Dodson (who later appeared on CBS News as a whistleblower to denounce the gunwalking scandal) as part of an unauthorized solo action outside the larger Fast and Furious operation. ", "precise_score": 2.1805002689361572, "rough_score": -0.6181769967079163, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On July 31, 2012, the first part of a new three-part report, Fast and Furious: The Anatomy of a Failed Operation, was released by Republican lawmakers. The report singled out five ATF supervisors for responsibility in Fast and Furious, all of whom had been previously reassigned. The report also said that Fast and Furious resulted from a change in strategy by the Obama Administration. The Justice Department was dismissive of the report, saying that it contained \"distortions\" and \"debunked conspiracy theories,\" and that \"gunwalking\" tactics dated back to 2006. DOJ spokeswoman Tracy Schmaler, while critical of the report, did credit it for acknowledging that the idea for \"gun walking\"—allowing illegal sales of weapons on the border—originated under the Republican administration before Eric Holder took office in 2009. Schmaler noted that Holder moved swiftly to replace the ATF's management and instill reforms. On the same day, ATF Deputy Director William Hoover, who was one of the five blamed in the Congressional report, officially retired. The report included an appendix disputing claims in the Fortune article. Following its publication, Dodson's lawyer wrote the managing editor of Fortune stating the article was \"demonstrably false\" and that a retraction was in order. After Fortune did not retract the article, Dodson sued for libel on October 12, 2012. ", "precise_score": 3.196701765060425, "rough_score": 2.616210699081421, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On September 19, 2012, the Department of Justice Inspector General Michael Horowitz publicly released a 471-page report detailing the results of the Justice Department's own internal investigations. The Inspector General's report, which had access to evidence and interviews with witnesses not permitted in previous Congressional reports, recommended 14 federal officials for disciplinary action, ranging from ATF agents to federal prosecutors involved in the Fast and Furious operation. It found \"no evidence\" that Attorney General Holder knew about Fast and Furious before early 2011. It found no evidence that previous Attorneys General had been advised about gunwalking in Operation Wide Receiver.", "precise_score": 4.055050373077393, "rough_score": 6.173795700073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "While the OIG report found no evidence that higher officials at the Justice Department in Washington had authorized or approved of the tactics used in the Fast and Furious investigations, it did fault 14 lower officials for related failures, including failures to take note of \"red flags\" uncovered by the investigation, as well as failures to follow up on information produced through Operation Fast and Furious and its predecessor, Operation Wide Receiver. The report also noted ATF agents' apparent frustrations over legal obstacles from the Phoenix Attorney's Office to prosecuting suspected \"straw-buyers,\" while also criticizing the agents' failure to quickly intervene and interdict weapons obtained by low-level suspects in the case. The 14 Justice Department employees were referred for possible internal discipline. The Justice Department's Criminal Division head Lanny Breuer, an Obama administration presidential appointee, was cited for not alerting his bosses in 2010 to the flaws of Operation Wide Receiver. Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jason Weinstein, who was responsible for authorizing a portion of the wiretap applications in Operation Fast and Furious and faulted in the report for not identifying the gunwalking tactics, resigned on the day of the report. ", "precise_score": 0.7152332663536072, "rough_score": 2.614102840423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "\"Gunwalking\", or \"letting guns walk\", was a tactic of the Arizona Field Office of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), which ran a series of sting operations between 2006 and 2011 in the Tucson and Phoenix area where the ATF \"purposely allowed licensed firearms dealers to sell weapons to illegal straw buyers, hoping to track the guns to Mexican drug cartel leaders and arrest them.\" These operations were done under the umbrella of Project Gunrunner, a project intended to stem the flow of firearms into Mexico by interdicting straw purchasers and gun traffickers within the United States. The Jacob Chambers Case began in October 2009 and eventually became known in February 2010 as \"Operation Fast and Furious\" after agents discovered Chambers and the other suspects under investigation belonged to a car club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.145581245422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Guns tracked by the ATF have been found at crime scenes on both sides of the Mexico–United States border, and the scene where United States Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry was killed December 2010. The \"gunwalking\" operations became public in the aftermath of Terry's murder. Dissenting ATF agents came forward to Congress in response. According to Humberto Benítez Treviño, former Mexican Attorney General and chair of the justice committee in the Chamber of Deputies, related firearms have been found at numerous crime scenes in Mexico where at least 150 Mexican civilians were maimed or killed. Revelations of \"gunwalking\" led to controversy in both countries, and diplomatic relations were damaged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.92011833190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "ATF \"gunwalking\" operations were, in part, a response to longstanding criticism of the bureau for focusing on relatively minor gun violations while failing to target high-level gun smuggling figures. U.S. firearms laws currently govern the possession and transfer of firearms and provide penalties for the violation of such laws. “Gun trafficking”, although not defined by statute, essentially includes the movement or diversion of firearms from legal to illegal markets. A 2009 GAO report on efforts to combat arms trafficking to Mexico notes that straw purchasing is not in itself illegal, although it is illegal to provide false information in connection with a purchase. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.716099739074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "Four federal statutes govern U.S. commerce of firearms domestically and internationally. Many states supplement these federal statutes and have firearms laws of their own that are stricter. For example, some states require permits to obtain firearms and impose a waiting period for firearm transfers. Domestic commerce and importations into the United States are generally regulated under the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA) and the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA). The exportation of firearms from the United States is regulated by the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 and, to a lesser extent, the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028632164001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "In a 2012 case in San Juan, Texas, under existing 1968 Gun Control Act provisions on straw purchasing (Title 18 United States Code, Section 924(a)(1)(A)), straw purchaser Taisa Garcia received 33 months and buyer Marco Villalobos received 46 months, plus two years supervision after release. In another Texas gun trafficking case, Oscar Bravo Hernandez received a sentence of 84 months for buying and sending to Mexico at least 55 firearms from a ring of nine straw purchasers who received sentences from 51 months for the most involved down to three years probation for the least involved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.192459106445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "According to twenty-year ATF veteran Jay Wachtel, letting guns \"walk\" has been a practice done in a controlled manner that involved surveillance and eventual seizure of the weapons. \"The idea was that you would follow it long enough until you were sure you had enough probable cause\" to initiate an arrest, Wachtel said. According to ATF field agents involved in Operation Fast and Furious, a part of Project Gunrunner, \"ATF agents were trained to interdict guns and prevent criminals from obtaining them\" and not to allow guns to walk and then disappear. ATF agents assigned to Phoenix from other districts to work on Fast and Furious were critical of the operation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.163592338562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "There have been allegations of \"gunwalking\" in at least 10 cities in five states. The most widely known and controversial operations took place in Arizona under the ATF's Phoenix, Arizona field division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890833854675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "The first known ATF \"gunwalking\" operation to Mexican drug cartels, named Operation Wide Receiver, began in early 2006 and ran into late 2007. Licensed dealer Mike Detty of Mad Dawg Global informed the ATF of a suspicious gun purchase that took place in February 2006 in Tucson, Arizona. In March he was hired as a confidential informant working with the ATF's Tucson office, part of their Phoenix, Arizona field division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379045486450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "With the use of surveillance equipment, ATF agents monitored additional sales by Detty to straw purchasers. With assurance from ATF \"that Mexican officials would be conducting surveillance or interdictions when guns got to the other side of the border\", Detty would sell a total of about 450 guns during the operation. These included AR-15s, semi-automatic AK-pattern rifles, and Colt .38s. The majority of the guns were eventually lost as they moved into Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.100979804992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "As the later DOJ OIG Report documented, under Wide Receiver coordination of ATF Tucson with the ATF Mexico City Office (MCO) and with Mexican law enforcement had been haphazard. Discussions of getting tracking devices from Raytheon were not followed up. ATF field agents and the cooperating gun dealer had been told by ATF supervisors that the guns were being interdicted before they could reach Mexico, but only 64 of the 474 guns had actually been seized. The kingpin sought by walking the guns, Israel Egurrola-Leon, turned out to be the target of a larger drug case Operation Iron River run by OCDETF. After Operation Wide Receiver was ended, several attorneys at the Phoenix USAO who reviewed the Wide Receiver cases for prosecution found the cases had been so poorly managed that they were reluctant to bring any of them to trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.766988277435303, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "At the time, under the Bush administration Department of Justice (DOJ), no arrests or indictments were made. After President Barack Obama took office in 2009, the DOJ reviewed Wide Receiver and found that guns had been allowed into the hands of suspected gun traffickers. Indictments began in 2010, over three years after Wide Receiver concluded. , nine people had been charged with making false statements in acquisition of firearms and illicit transfer, shipment or delivery of firearms. As of November, charges against one defendant had been dropped; five of them had pleaded guilty, and one had been sentenced to one year and one day in prison. Two of them remained fugitives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.702001094818115, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Another, smaller probe occurred in 2007 under the same ATF Phoenix field division. The Fidel Hernandez case began when the ATF identified Mexican suspects who bought weapons from a Phoenix gun shop over a span of several months. The probe ultimately involved over 200 guns, a dozen of which were lost in Mexico. On September 27, 2007, ATF agents saw the original suspects buying weapons at the same store and followed them toward the Mexican border. The ATF informed the Mexican government when the suspects successfully crossed the border, but Mexican law enforcement were unable to track them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483476638793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "Investigators regarded the Hernandez Case as an example of \"controlled delivery\" with surveillance and involvement of Mexican authorities rather than \"gunwalking\" or failure to attempt interdiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308294296264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "The 2008 Alejandro Medrano case involved both ATF SAC William Newell and cooperating Tucson gun dealer Mike Detty of Operation Wide Receiver. ATF Phoenix allowed about 100 guns to be taken into Mexico over the objections of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) personnel who became aware of the case. Phoenix ATF SAC Newell acknowledged to ICE \"that letting guns cross the border was part of ATF’s plan\". In August 2010, Medrano was sentenced to 46 months, his associate Hernan Ramos received 50 months and their fellow conspirators received prison terms from 14 to 30 months, but the target, a Sinaloa Cartel kingpin, Javier Elenes Ruiz, nicknamed \"Rambo,\" remained untouched inside Mexico.[http://democrats.oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/documents/Fast%20and%20Furious.Minority%20Report.pdf Fatally Flawed: Five Years of Gunwalking in Arizona] (Report of the Minority Staff, Rep. Elijah E. Cummings, Ranking Member; Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, January 2012)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.133325099945068, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On October 26, 2009, a teleconference was held at the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. to discuss U.S. strategy for combating Mexican drug cartels. Participating in the meeting were Deputy Attorney General David W. Ogden, Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer, acting ATF Director Kenneth E. Melson, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Administrator Michele Leonhart, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Robert Mueller and the top federal prosecutors in the Southwestern border states. They decided on a strategy to identify and eliminate entire arms trafficking networks rather than low-level buyers. Those at the meeting apparently did not suggest using the \"gunwalking\" tactic, but Phoenix ATF supervisors would soon use it in an attempt to achieve the desired goals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.802018165588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "The operation began on October 31, 2009, when a local gun store reported to the Phoenix ATF that four individuals had purchased multiple AK-47 style rifles. In November 2009, the Phoenix office's Group VII, which would be the lead investigative group in Fast and Furious, began to follow a prolific gun trafficker. He had bought 34 firearms in 24 days, and he and his associates bought 212 more in the next month. The case soon grew to over two dozen straw purchasers, the most prolific of which would ultimately buy more than 600 weapons. The effort would come to be called Operation Fast and Furious for the successful film franchise, because some of the suspects under investigation operated out of an auto repair store and street raced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.30839204788208, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "Under the previous Operation Wide Receiver, there had been a formal ATF contract with the cooperating gun dealer and efforts were made to involve the ATF Mexico City Office (MCO) and Mexican law enforcement. Under Operation Fast and Furious, at Newell's insistence the cooperating gun dealers did not have contracts with ATF, and MCO and Mexican police were left in the dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.276320934295654, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "The tactic of letting guns walk, rather than interdicting them and arresting the buyers, led to controversy within the ATF. As the case continued, several members of Group VII, including John Dodson and Olindo Casa, became increasingly upset at the tactic of allowing guns to walk. Their standard Project Gunrunner training was to follow the straw purchasers to the hand-off to the cartel buyers, then arrest both parties and seize the guns. But according to Dodson, they watched guns being bought illegally and stashed on a daily basis, while their supervisors, including David Voth and Hope MacAllister, prevented the agents from intervening.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842060089111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "One of the central targeted individuals was Manuel Fabian Celis-Acosta. By December 2009, Celis-Acosta was being investigated by the ATF, which had placed a secret pole camera outside his Phoenix home to track his movements. Around this time, apparently by chance, ATF agents discovered Celis-Acosta was also a potential criminal target of the DEA, which was operating a wire room to monitor live wiretaps in order to track him. On April 2, 2010, Celis-Acosta was arrested on possession of cocaine and found in possession of a weapon purchased by Uriel Patino, who had already purchased at least 434 guns from cooperating gun dealers in the Phoenix area. By this time about a dozen ATF agents regularly surveilled Celis-Acosta as he recruited 20 friends and family to buy guns for him and regularly traveled to Texas to obtain funds from cartel associates to purchase firearms. On May 29, 2010, Celis-Acosta was detained in Lukeville, Arizona with 74 rounds of ammunition and 9 cell phones. He was then released by the chief ATF investigator on Fast and Furious, Hope MacAllister, after he promised to cooperate with her to find two specific Sinaloa cartel associates. After the redetention and arrest of Celis-Acosta in February 2011, the ATF learned that the associates they were after were FBI/DEA paid informants, and one of them was Celis-Acosta's financier. Since they were informants, they were unindictable under Operation Fast and Furious. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.680405616760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "By June 2010, suspects had purchased 1,608 firearms at a cost of over US$1 million at Phoenix-area gun shops. At that time, the ATF was also aware of 179 of those weapons being found at crime scenes in Mexico, and 130 in the United States. As guns traced to Fast and Furious began turning up at violent crime scenes in Mexico, ATF agents stationed there also voiced opposition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46444845199585, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "On the evening of December 14, 2010, U.S. Border Patrol agent Brian Terry and others were patrolling Peck Canyon, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, 11 miles from the Mexican border. The group came across five suspected illegal immigrants. When they fired non-lethal beanbag guns, the suspects responded with their own weapons, leading to a firefight. Terry was shot and killed; four of the suspects were arrested and two AK-pattern rifles were found nearby. The Attorney General's office was immediately notified of the shooting incident by email. The rifles were traced within hours of the shooting to a Phoenix store involved in the Fast and Furious operation, but the bullet that killed Terry was too badly damaged to be conclusively linked to either gun. Acting Deputy Attorney General Gary Grindler and Deputy Chief of Staff Monty Wilkinson were informed about the guns, but they didn't believe the information was sufficiently important to alert the Attorney General about it or to make any further inquiry regarding the development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.676194667816162, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "After hearing of the incident, Dodson contacted ATF headquarters, ATF's chief counsel, the ATF ethics section and the Justice Department's Office of the Inspector General, none of whom immediately responded. He and other agents then contacted Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa (R–IA), ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, who would become a major figure in the investigation of \"gunwalking.\" At the same time, information began leaking to various bloggers and Web sites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831478118896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Altogether, about 2,000 firearms were bought by straw purchasers during Fast and Furious. These included AK-47 variants, Barrett .50 caliber sniper rifles, .38 caliber revolvers, and FN Five-sevens. , 389 had been recovered in the US and 276 had been recovered in Mexico. The rest remained on the streets, unaccounted for. , the total number of recovered firearms was 710. Most of the guns went to the Sinaloa Cartel, while others made their way to El Teo and La Familia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.281866073608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Although most weapons were purchased by suspects under investigation by the program, there have been reports of at least one instance of ATF agents being directly involved in the transfer of weapons. On April 13, 2010, ATF Agent John Dodson, with assistance from Agents Casa and Alt, directed a cooperating straw purchaser to give three guns to Isaiah Fernandez, a suspected gun trafficker, and had taped the conversations without prosecutor approval.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917797088623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "After being instructed by his superiors to obtain approval from prosecutors (albeit retroactively), Dodson's proposal was later rejected by his immediate superior David Voth, although he later received permission from Voth's supervisor after submitting a written proposal for the program. On June 1, 2010, Dodson used $2,500 of ATF funds to purchase six AK Draco pistols from local gun dealers, which he then gave to Mr. Fernandez, who reimbursed him for the expense of the guns, plus $700 for his assistance. Two days later, Agent Dodson went on a scheduled vacation without interdicting the weapons. As a result, the weapons were never recovered, no arrests were ever made, and the case was closed without charges being filed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.252063751220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "According to the DOJ OIG report, Agent Dodson, as the undercover posing as a straw buyer, was not expected to surveil the weapons after hand-off to Fernandez. Other ATF agents followed the weapons to a storage facility; then surveillance was terminated without interdiction. The Fernandez case was dropped from Fast and Furious after it was determined that Fernandez was not connected to Mexican cartels and had ceased buying guns for resale. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.446322441101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Fate of walked guns ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176806449890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "In April 2011, a large cache of weapons, 40 traced to Fast and Furious but also including military-grade weapons difficult to obtain legally in the US such as an anti-aircraft machine gun and grenade launcher, was found in the home of Jose Antonio Torres Marrufo, a prominent Sinaloa Cartel member, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Torres Marrufo was indicted, but evaded law enforcement for a brief time. Finally, on February 4, 2012, Marrufo was arrested by the Mexican Police.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9557663202285767, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "In addition to Otilio Osorio, a Texas-based drug and gun trafficker, Manuel Barba, was involved trafficking another of the guns recovered in the Zapata shooting. The timeline of this case, called \"Baytown Crew\", shows guns were allowed to walk during surveillance that began June 7, 2010. On August 20, 2010, Barba received a rifle later recovered in the Zapata ambush and sent it with nine others to Mexico. The warrant for Barba's arrest was issued February 14, 2011, the day before Zapata was shot. On January 30, 2012, Barba, who claimed to be working with Los Zetas in illegally exporting at least 44 weapons purchased through straw buyers, was sentenced to 100 months in prison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.598177909851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "In the U.S. Congress, Representative Darrell Issa (R–CA–49), chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and Senator Chuck Grassley (R–IA), ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, have been leading investigations of \"gunwalking\" operations. There have also been investigations by the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.046768188476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "On January 27, 2011, Grassley wrote a letter to ATF Acting Director Kenneth E. Melson requesting information about the ATF-sanctioned sale of hundreds of firearms to straw purchasers. The letter mentioned a number of allegations that walked guns were used in the fight that killed Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry. A second letter from Grassley on January 31 accused the ATF of targeting whistleblowers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481945991516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On March 22, 2011, President Barack Obama appeared on Univision and spoke about the \"gunwalking\" controversy. He said that neither he nor Attorney General Holder authorized Fast and Furious. He also stated, \"There may be a situation here in which a serious mistake was made, and if that's the case then we'll find out and we'll hold somebody accountable.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.141349792480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "Representative Issa continued to hold hearings in June and July where ATF officials based in Phoenix and Mexico, and at headquarters in Washington, testified before the committee. ATF agent John Dodson stated that he and other agents were ordered to observe the activities of gun smugglers but not to intervene. He testified: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.104249954223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On October 31, 2011, after the release of subpoenaed documents, Assistant Attorney General Lanny Breuer stated he found out about gunwalking in Operation Wide Receiver in April 2010, and that he wished he had alerted the deputy or the attorney general at the time. The following day, in testimony before the Senate Judicial Committee in a hearing on International Organized Crime, when asked if he had reviewed the letter before it was sent to Senator Charles Grassley on February 4, 2011, denying gunwalking, Breuer replied, \"I cannot say for sure whether I saw a draft of the letter that was sent to you. What I can tell you, Senator, is that at that time I was in Mexico dealing with the very real issues that we're all so committed to.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.842081546783447, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On November 8, 2011, Holder stated for the first time in Congressional testimony that \"gunwalking\" was used in Fast and Furious. He remarked that the tactic is unacceptable, and that the operation was \"flawed in its concept and flawed in its execution.\" He further stated that his office had inaccurately described the program in previous letters sent to Congress, but that this was unintentional. Reiterating previous testimony, he said that he and other top officials had been unaware that the \"gunwalking\" tactic was being used. Holder stated that his staff had not showed him memos about the program, noting, \"There is nothing in any of those memos that indicates any of those inappropriate tactics that are of concern. Those things were not brought to my attention, and my staff, I think, made the correct decision in that regard.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.357857704162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On December 2, 2011, the Justice Department formally withdrew its statement from February 4, 2011, denying gunwalking due to inaccuracies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.411743640899658, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "Later that month, documents showed that some ATF agents discussed using Fast and Furious to provide anecdotal cases to support controversial new rules about gun sales. The regulation, called Demand Letter 3, would require 8,500 firearms dealers in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas that \"have a significant number of crime guns traced back to them from Mexico\" to report multiple rifle sales. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.654827356338501, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On June 7, 2012, under the threat of being held in contempt of Congress for not turning over additional requested documents, Attorney General Holder appeared at his seventh Congressional hearing, where he continued to deny knowledge of \"gunwalking\" by high-level officials. By then, the Justice Department had turned over more than 7,000 pages of documents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.918798446655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "During the June 12, 2012, Senate hearing, Eric Holder stated, \"If you want to talk about Fast and Furious, I'm the Attorney General that put an end to the misguided tactics that were used in Fast and Furious. An Attorney General who I suppose you would hold in higher regard was briefed on these kinds of tactics in an operation called Wide Receiver and did nothing to stop them—nothing. Three hundred guns, at least, walked in that instance.\" Holder cited a briefing paper on \"Wide Receiver\"; the DOJ Office of Legislative Affairs later clarified that the briefing paper was about the Fidel Hernandez case, prepared for Holder's predecessor, U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey before his meeting with Mexican Attorney General Mora on November 16, 2007. The Hernandez Case had ended October 6, 2007, before Mukasey entered office November 9, 2007. The office further explained, \"As Attorney General Holder also noted in his testimony, and as we have set forth in prior correspondence and testimony, he took measures and instituted a series of important reforms designed to ensure that the inappropriate tactics used in Fast and Furious, Wide Receiver, Hernandez, and other matters about which the Department has informed Congress are not repeated.\" The later DOJ OIG investigation concluded \"Attorney General Mukasey was not briefed about Operation Wide Receiver or gun \"walking,\" but on a different and traditional law enforcement tactic that was employed in a different case.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.80908203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On December 4, 2012, the ATF Professional Review Board delivered its recommendations to high-level ATF managers, who will decide whether to accept them. The recommendations included firing William McMahon, ATF Deputy Assistant Director; Mark Chait, ATF Assistant Director for Field Operations; William Newell, Phoenix ATF Special Agent in Charge; and George Gillett, Newell's second in command. Two additional ATF employees, Phoenix supervisor David Voth and lead agent Hope McAllister, received recommendations for demotion and disciplinary transfer to another ATF post, respectively. It was reported the next day that McMahon had been fired. It was also announced that Gary Grindler, Eric Holder's chief of staff who was faulted in the OIG report, would be leaving the Justice Department. Later that month, the family of Brian Terry sued seven government officials and a gun shop involved in Operation Fast and Furious for negligence and wrongful death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.983387470245361, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Guns", "passage": "On October 15, 2012, Danny Cruz Morones, one of the twenty individuals indicted as a result of Fast and Furious, was sentenced to 57 months in prison. He was the first of the twenty to be sentenced. He pleaded guilty to straw purchasing and recruiting others to buy guns. According to prosecutors, he bought 27 AK-47s, and his recruits bought dozens more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.686656475067139, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "On December 12, Jaime Avila, Jr. received the maximum penalty of 57 months in prison for gun dealing and conspiracy. He pleaded guilty after two AK-47 type rifles purchased by him were found at the scene of Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry's death. Federal prosecutors stated that, in addition to gun trafficking, he had recruited others to do the same. He was under ATF surveillance at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.649876594543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "Chihuahua state prosecutor Patricia Gonzalez, who had worked closely with the US for years, said, \"The basic ineptitude of these officials [who ordered the Fast and Furious operation] caused the death of my brother and surely thousands more victims.\" Her brother, Mario, had been kidnapped, tortured and killed by cartel hit men in October 2010. Later, two AK-47 rifles found among the several weapons recovered after a gunfight between police and cartel members were traced to the Fast and Furious program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.27872633934021, "source": "wiki", "title": "ATF gunwalking scandal" }, { "answer": "Gun", "passage": "The Washington Times has reported that on Sunday, August 3, 2008, Mexican military personnel who crossed into Arizona from Mexico encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4956464767456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico–United States border" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Washington, D.C., is a national center for the arts. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera, and the Washington Ballet. The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States. The historic Ford's Theatre, site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as museum. ", "precise_score": -0.9106717109680176, "rough_score": -3.8183507919311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Washington, D.C." }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style row house located at 516 10th Street NW in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the previous evening at Ford's Theatre located across the street. The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, a German tailor. Future Vice-President John C. Breckinridge, a friend of the Lincoln family, once rented this house in 1852. ", "precise_score": 1.361634373664856, "rough_score": -0.8589476943016052, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petersen House" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Ford's Theatre is a historic theatre in Washington, D.C., used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. After being shot, the fatally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning.", "precise_score": 2.2856688499450684, "rough_score": -1.6976758241653442, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Today, the Petersen House is administered by the National Park Service as part of the Ford's Theatre National Historic Site. Usually the house is open to visitors daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Admission is free, but requires a time ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.924116134643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Petersen House" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre Society", "passage": "The Petersen House and the theatre are preserved together as Ford's Theatre National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service; programming within the theatre and the Center for Education is overseen separately by the Ford's Theatre Society in a public-private partnership. Ford's Theatre is located at 511 10th Street, NW.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.542088508605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Athenaeum", "passage": "The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the second meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington, with Obadiah Bruen Brown as the pastor. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a newly built structure, John T. Ford bought the former church and renovated it into a theatre. He first called it Ford's Athenaeum. It was destroyed by fire in 1862, and was rebuilt the following year. When the new Ford's Theatre opened in August 1863, it had seating for 2,400 persons and was called a \"magnificent new thespian temple\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89183521270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Just five days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, Lincoln and his wife attended a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre. The famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, stepped into the box where the presidential party was sitting and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped onto the stage, and cried out \"Sic semper tyrannis\" (some heard \"The South is avenged!\") just before escaping through the back of the theatre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770328521728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "The restoration of Ford's Theatre was brought about by the two decade-long lobbying efforts of Democratic National Committeeman Melvin D. Hildreth and Republican North Dakota Representative Milton Young. Hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare an engineering study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964 Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593744277954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Ford's Theatre National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.812587738037109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre Society", "passage": "The Ford's Theatre Museum beneath the theatre contains portions of the Olroyd Collection of Lincolniana. Most recently renovated and reimagined for a July 2009 reopening, the Museum is run through a partnership with the National Park Service and the private non-profit 501(c)(3) Ford's Theatre Society. The collection includes multiple items related to the assassination, including the Derringer pistol used to carry out the shooting, Booth's diary and the original door to Lincoln's theatre box. In addition, a number of Lincoln's family items, his coat (without the blood-stained pieces), some statues of Lincoln and several large portraits of the President are on display in the museum. The blood-stained pillow from the President's deathbed is in the Ford's Theatre Museum. In addition to covering the assassination conspiracy, the renovated museum focuses on Lincoln's arrival in Washington, his presidential cabinet, family life in the White House and his role as orator and emancipator. The museum also features exhibits about Civil War milestones and generals and about the building's history as a theatrical venue. The rocking chair in which Lincoln was sitting is now on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.960201263427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Tours of Ford's Theatre and the adjacent Petersen House are by timed-entry ticket. Tickets can be reserved ahead, and there are also tickets available on the day of entry on a first-come, first-served basis. Admission is free.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77774429321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Image:Upper rows of seats at Ford's Theatre IMG 4500.JPG|Upper row of seats at Ford's Theatre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408306121826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "File:Ford's Theatre interior, Washington, D.C.jpg|View from beneath the balcony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975458145141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" }, { "answer": "Ford's Theatre", "passage": "Image:Presidential Box, Ford's Theatre IMG 4502.JPG|The Presidential Box today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642925262451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford's Theatre" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Stephen Michael \"Steve\" Largent (born September 28, 1954) is a retired American football player, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and a former Republican politician, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma, from 1994 until 2002. Prior to his political career, Largent was a wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Football League for his entire 14-season professional football career. He held several all-time receiving records when he retired.", "precise_score": 7.9807538986206055, "rough_score": 9.870916366577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Largent" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In 1994, Oklahoma's 1st District Congressman Jim Inhofe resigned to run in a special election to succeed Senator David Boren. Largent won the election to succeed Inhofe in Congress; pursuant to an Oklahoma statute, Governor David Walters designated the special election in which Largent was elected to serve the remainder of Inhofe's term in the 103rd Congress before beginning his term in the 104th Congress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.384073257446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Largent" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Largent decided to run for Governor of Oklahoma in 2002. He easily won the Republican nomination and resigned his House seat on February 15 to devote his energy to the race. Initially seen as an overwhelming favorite against Democratic state senator Brad Henry, Largent lost to Henry by just under 7,000 votes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.25486946105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Largent" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "* Largent used a vulgarity, \"bullshit\" in response to an Oklahoma City television reporter who repeatedly asked where he was at the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Largent had been on a hunting trip and did not know about the attacks until then. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990270614624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Largent" } ]