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[ { "answer": "John Holmes", "passage": "The Wonderland murders, also known as the Four on the Floor Murders or the Laurel Canyon Murders, are four unsolved murders that occurred in Los Angeles on July 1, 1981. It is assumed that six people were targeted to be killed in the known drug house of the Wonderland Gang, five were present, and four of those five died from extensive blunt-force trauma injuries: Billy DeVerell, Ron Launius, Joy Miller, and Barbara Richardson. Launius' wife, Susan Launius, survived the attack. The attack was allegedly masterminded by organized crime figure and nightclub owner Eddie Nash. He, his henchman Gregory DeWitt Diles, and porn star John Holmes were at various times arrested, tried, and acquitted for their involvement in the murders.", "precise_score": 3.71321702003479, "rough_score": 5.06757116317749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wonderland murders" }, { "answer": "John Holmes", "passage": "* Boogie Nights (1997), a feature film loosely based on the life of John Holmes, which includes a sequence inspired by the Wonderland murders ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.07084846496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wonderland murders" }, { "answer": "John Holmes", "passage": "*Wonderland (2003), a crime-drama film about the Wonderland Murders, directed by James Cox and starring Val Kilmer (as John Holmes), Kate Bosworth (as Dawn Schiller), Dylan McDermott (as David Lind), Carrie Fisher (as Sally Hansen), Josh Lucas (as Ron Launius), Christina Applegate (as Susan Launius), Lisa Kudrow (as Sharon Holmes), Janeane Garofalo (as Joy Miller), and Eric Bogosian (as Eddie Nash) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0434645414352417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wonderland murders" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "In 1959, Davis became a member of the famous Rat Pack, led by his friend Frank Sinatra, which included fellow performers Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford, a brother-in-law of John F. Kennedy. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering \"the Clan\", but Davis voiced his opposition, saying that it reminded people of the Ku Klux Klan. Sinatra renamed the group \"the Summit\", but the media referred to them as the Rat Pack, the name of its earlier incarnation led by Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. The group made several movies together, including the original version of Ocean's 11 (1960), Sergeants 3 (1962), and Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964), as well as many joint stage appearances in Las Vegas and elsewhere.", "precise_score": 4.763167381286621, "rough_score": 7.450303554534912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Davis Jr." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Joseph Abraham Gottlieb (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007), known professionally as Joey Bishop, was an American entertainer who appeared on television as early as 1948 and eventually starred in his own weekly comedy series playing a talk show host, then later hosted a late night talk show. He later became a member of the \"Rat Pack\" with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin.", "precise_score": 5.649325847625732, "rough_score": 7.868450164794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joey Bishop" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Bishop was among the stars of the original Ocean's 11 film about military veterans who reunite in a plot to rob five Las Vegas casinos on New Year's Eve. He co-starred with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Peter Lawford of the so-called Rat Pack, although the five of them did not publicly acknowledge that name. During filming, the five entertainers performed together on stage in Vegas at the Sands Hotel. Bishop did only a little singing and dancing, but he told jokes and wrote most of the act's material. He later appeared with Sinatra, Martin, Davis and Lawford in the military adventure Sergeants 3, a loose remake of Gunga Din, and with Martin in the western comedy Texas Across the River, in which he portrayed an Indian.", "precise_score": 4.54578161239624, "rough_score": 6.890509128570557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joey Bishop" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The 1960s version of the group included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. Marilyn Monroe, Angie Dickinson, Juliet Prowse, Buddy Greco, and Shirley MacLaine were often referred to as the \"Rat Pack Mascots\". Comedian Corbett Monica also worked as the frequent opening act for Frank Sinatra - later including Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr. - and played Larry Corbett, manager and friend, to Joey Bishop’s character on “The Joey Bishop show” from 1963-1965. ", "precise_score": 6.0294413566589355, "rough_score": 8.273221015930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "After a brief flash-forward to Frank Sinatra as an old man, saying \"I miss my guys,\" the movie's main narrative begins during high points in the solo careers of the Rat Pack: Dean Martin has become a big success despite the breakup of his partnership with Jerry Lewis; Sinatra's career is at its peak; Sammy Davis, Jr., is making a comeback after a near fatal car crash, and standup comic Joey Bishop is gaining exposure as an opening act for the other three. The Pack becomes complete when Sinatra reconciles with actor Peter Lawford, who has been ostracized since being seen out publicly with Sinatra's ex-wife, Ava Gardner.", "precise_score": 5.216904163360596, "rough_score": 7.261890411376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rat Pack (film)" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Sinatra's phenomenal success in 1965, coinciding with his 50th birthday, prompted Billboard to proclaim that he may have reached the \"peak of his eminence\". In June 1965, Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin played live in St. Louis to benefit Dismas House, a prisoner rehabilitation and training center with nationwide programs that in particular helped serve African Americans. The Rat Pack concert was broadcast live via satellite to numerous movie theaters across America. The album September of My Years was released September 1965, and went on to win the Grammy Award for best album of the year. Granata considers the album to have been one of the finest of his Reprise years, \"a reflective throwback to the concept records of the 1950s, and more than any of those collections, distills everything that Frank Sinatra had ever learned or experienced as a vocalist\". One of the album's singles, \"It Was a Very Good Year\", won the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male. A career anthology, A Man and His Music, followed in November, winning Album of the Year at the Grammys the following year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.39404559135437, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "In 1975, Sinatra performed in concerts in New York with Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald, and at the London Palladium with Basie and Sarah Vaughan, and in Tehran at Aryamehr Stadium, giving 140 performances in 105 days. In August he held several consecutive concerts at Lake Tahoe together with the newly-risen singer John Denver, who became a frequent collaborator. Sinatra had recorded Denver's \"Leaving on a Jet Plane\" and \"My Sweet Lady\" for Sinatra & Company (1971), and according to Denver, his song \"A Baby Just Like You\" was written at Sinatra's request for his new grandchild, Angela. During the Labor Day weekend held in 1976, Sinatra was responsible for reuniting old friends and comedy partners Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis for the first time in nearly twenty years, when they performed at the \"Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon\". That year, the Friars Club selected him as the \"Top Box Office Name of the Century\", and he was given the Scopus Award by the American Friends of Hebrew University in Israel and an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.809499740600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "In 1956 Sinatra featured alongside Bing Crosby and Grace Kelly in High Society for MGM, earning a reported $250,000 for the picture. The public rushed to the cinemas to see Sinatra and Crosby together on-screen, and it ended up earning over $13 million at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing pictures of 1956. In 1957, Sinatra starred opposite Rita Hayworth and Kim Novak in George Sidney's Pal Joey, for which he won for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Santopietro considers the scene in which Sinatra sings \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" to Hayworth to have been the finest moment of his film career. He next portrayed comedian Joe E. Lewis in The Joker Is Wild; the song \"All the Way\" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. By 1958 Sinatra was one of the ten biggest box office draws in the United States, appearing with Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine in Vincente Minnelli's Some Came Running and Kings Go Forth with Tony Curtis and Natalie Wood. \"High Hopes\", sung by Sinatra in the Frank Capra comedy, A Hole in the Head (1959), won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and became a chart hit, lasting on the Hot 100 for 17 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.995784282684326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "In 1957, Sinatra formed a three-year $3 million contract with ABC to launch The Frank Sinatra Show, featuring himself and guests in 36 half hour shows. ABC agreed to allow Sinatra's Hobart Productions to keep 60% of the residuals,and bought stock in Sinatra's film production unit, Kent Productions, guaranteeing him $7 million. Though an initial critical success upon its debut on October 18, 1957, it soon attracted negative reviews from Variety and The New Republic, and The Chicago Sun-Times thought that Sinatra and frequent guest Dean Martin \"performed like a pair of adult delinquents\", \"sharing the same cigarette and leering at girls\". In return, Sinatra later made numerous appearances on The Dean Martin Show and Martin's TV specials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.881033897399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "After reuniting with Sinatra and Dean Martin in 1987, Davis toured with them and Liza Minnelli internationally, before he died of throat cancer in 1990. He died in debt to the Internal Revenue Service, and his estate was the subject of legal battles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.435777187347412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Davis Jr." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Davis was an avid photographer who enjoyed shooting pictures of family and acquaintances. His body of work was detailed in a 2007 book by Burt Boyar, named Photo by Sammy Davis, Jr. \"Jerry [Lewis] gave me my first important camera, my first 35 millimeter, during the Ciro's period, early '50s,\" Boyar quotes Davis. \"And he hooked me.\" Davis used a medium format camera later on to capture images. Again quoting Davis, \"Nobody interrupts a man taking a picture to ask ... 'What's that nigger doin' here?'\" His catalog includes rare photos of his father dancing onstage as part of the Will Mastin Trio and intimate snapshots of close friends Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, James Dean, Nat \"King\" Cole, and Marilyn Monroe. His political affiliations also were represented, in his images of Robert Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. His most revealing work comes in photographs of wife May Britt and their three children, Tracey, Jeff and Mark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.560208320617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sammy Davis Jr." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Lawford's first film after Metro released him and several other players from their contracts was the comedy It Should Happen to You, where he starred alongside Judy Holliday and Jack Lemmon. In 1959, Frank Sinatra invited the Englishman to join the \"Rat Pack\" and also got him a role in Never So Few. The casino caper Ocean's 11 (1960) was a project Lawford first brought to Sinatra's attention. It became the first film to feature all five main \"Rat Pack\" members: Lawford, Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., and Joey Bishop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.970315933227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Lawford" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The Rat Pack was a group of actors originally centered on their leader, Humphrey Bogart, until his death in 1957. By the 1960s, it was the name used by the press and the general public to refer to a later variation of the group that called itself \"the Summit\" or \"the Clan,\" featuring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop; they appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movies Ocean's 11, Sergeants 3, and Robin and the 7 Hoods (in the last film, Bing Crosby replaced Lawford). Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were regarded as the group's lead members. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.188687801361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "According to Stephen Bogart, the original members of the Holmby Hills Rat Pack were: Frank Sinatra (pack master), Judy Garland (first vice-president), Bacall (den mother), Sid Luft (cage master), Bogart (rat in charge of public relations), Swifty Lazar (recording secretary and treasurer), Nathaniel Benchley (historian), David Niven, Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, George Cukor, Cary Grant, Rex Harrison, and Jimmy Van Heusen. In his autobiography The Moon's a Balloon, David Niven confirms that the Rat Pack originally included him but neither Sammy Davis, Jr. nor Dean Martin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.560157299041748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Often, when one of the members was scheduled to give a performance, the rest of the Pack would show up for an impromptu show, causing much excitement among audiences, resulting in return visits. They sold out almost all of their appearances, and people would come pouring into Las Vegas, sometimes sleeping in cars and hotel lobbies when they could not find rooms, just to be part of the Rat Pack entertainment experience. The Rat Pack's appearances were of unprecedented value because the city would always become flooded with high rollers, wealthy gamblers who would routinely leave substantial fortunes in the casinos' coffers. The marquees of the hotels at which they were performing as individuals would read, for example, \"DEAN MARTIN - MAYBE FRANK - MAYBE SAMMY\" as seen on a Sands Hotel sign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647499084472656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "File:Dean Martin - publicity.JPG|Dean Martin (1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153753280639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "File:Dean Martin Frank Sinatra Dean Martin Show 1958.JPG|Martin and Sinatra (1958)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.787878513336182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "In 1981, Dean Martin and Sammy Davis, Jr., appeared together in the film Cannonball Run, and were joined by Sinatra in the sequel Cannonball Run II. This would be the last time that the three would appear in a movie together (Shirley MacLaine also appears in the latter film).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.155040740966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Dean Martin's son, Dean Paul Martin, had died in a plane crash in March 1987 on the San Gorgonio Mountain in California, the same mountain where Sinatra's mother, Dolly, had been killed in a plane crash ten years earlier. Martin had since become increasingly dependent on alcohol and prescription drugs. Davis had hip replacement surgery two years previously, and been estranged from Sinatra because of Davis' use of cocaine. Davis was also experiencing severe financial difficulties, and was promised by Sinatra's people that he could earn between six and eight million dollars from the tour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.775016784667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "* Some Came Running (1958) (Sinatra and Dean Martin)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.588030815124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rat Pack" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The Rat Pack is a 1998 HBO TV movie about the Rat Pack. The movie stars Ray Liotta as Frank Sinatra, Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin, Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis, Jr., and Angus Macfadyen as Peter Lawford.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.332166075706482, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rat Pack (film)" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "* Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813804626464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rat Pack (film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "Cunard's dominance of the Blue Riband did not keep other lines from competing in terms of size and luxury. In 1910, White Star Line launched , the first of a trio of 45,000 plus gross ton liners, along with and . These ships were almost 15,000 tonnes larger and 100 ft longer than Lusitania and Mauretania. Like most other White Star Liners, these three ships were born of a special effort by the line to attract more immigrants by treating them with respect and making their crossings pleasurable.", "precise_score": -5.933058738708496, "rough_score": -8.197840690612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "The sets representing the interior rooms of the Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built, using photographs and plans from the Titanic builders. \"The liner's first-class staircase, which figures prominently in the script was constructed out of real wood and actually destroyed in the filming of the sinking.\" The rooms, the carpeting, design and colors, individual pieces of furniture, decorations, chairs, wall paneling, cutlery and crockery with the White Star Line crest on each piece, completed ceilings, and costumes were among the designs true to the originals. Cameron additionally hired two Titanic historians, Don Lynch and Ken Marschall, to authenticate the historical detail in the film.", "precise_score": -4.826690196990967, "rough_score": -4.684008598327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Titanic (1997 film)" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "In 1870, the White Star Line’s set a new standard for ocean travel by having its first-class cabins amidships, with the added amenity of large portholes, electricity and running water. The size of ocean liners increased from 1880 to meet the needs of immigration to the United States and Australia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.339180946350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "Hamburg-America Line also ordered three giant ships, , and , all over 51,500 gross tons. Imperator was launched in 1912, and Bismarck would be the largest ship in the world until 1935. These ships did little or no service with Hamburg-America before World War I. After the war, they were awarded as war reparations and given to British and American lines. Vaterland became the SS Leviathan of United States Lines; Imperator became RMS Berengaria and Bismarck (completed only five weeks before the beginning of World War I) became RMS Majestic, both of Cunard/White Star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.447360038757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "Despite the harsh economic conditions, a number of companies continued to build larger and faster ships. In 1929, the German ships and bested the speed record set by Mauretania 20 years earlier with an average speed of almost 28 kn. The ships used bulbous bows and steam turbines to reach these high speeds while maintaining economical operating costs. In 1933, the Italian Line's 51,100-ton ocean liner , with a time of four days and thirteen hours, captured the westbound Blue Riband, which she held for two years. In 1935, French liner used a revolutionary new hull design and powerful turbo-electric transmission to take the Blue Riband from Rex. Due to poor economic conditions, the British government amalgamated the Cunard Line and White Star Lines. The newly merged company countered with liners and . Queen Mary held the Blue Riband in 1936-37 and from 1938-52. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.595977783203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ocean liner" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "* Jonathan Hyde as J. Bruce Ismay: Ismay is portrayed as a rich, ignorant upper-class man. In the film, he uses his position as White Star Line managing director to influence Captain Smith to go faster with the prospect of an earlier arrival in New York and favorable press attention; while this action appears in popular portrayals of the disaster, it is unsupported by evidence. After the collision, he struggles to comprehend that his \"unsinkable\" ship is doomed. Ismay later boards Collapsible C (one of the last lifeboats to leave the ship) just before it is lowered. He was branded a coward by the press and public for surviving the disaster while many women and children had drowned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076669692993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Titanic (1997 film)" }, { "answer": "White Star", "passage": "Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film, and enlisted Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on The Abyss and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Many previous films about the RMS Titanic shot water in slow motion, which did not look wholly convincing. He encouraged them to shoot their 45 ft miniature of the ship as if \"we're making a commercial for the White Star Line\". Afterwards, digital water and smoke were added, as were extras captured on a motion capture stage. Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many actors, including himself and his children, for the digital extras and stuntmen. There was also a 65 ft model of the ship's stern that could break in two repeatedly, the only miniature to be used in water. For scenes set in the ship's engines, footage of the SS Jeremiah O'Briens engines were composited with miniature support frames and actors shot against a greenscreen. In order to save money, the first-class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.301441192626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Titanic (1997 film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "The same year, John Deere, the inventor of the self-scouring steel plow, relocated his steel plow company from Grand Detour, Illinois, to Moline. At the time, Moline had a population of only a few hundred, mostly involved in work at the mill. Despite Moline's small size, Deere saw several promising elements there: Moline's dam and coal deposits would provide a good source of power; Moline was near the other well-established towns of Stephenson (later renamed Rock Island) in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa; and Moline's access to the river would make shipping goods cost-efficient. As Deere expanded his factories, Moline grew in area and population.", "precise_score": 4.891988277435303, "rough_score": 5.2905473709106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Over time, John Deere expanded operations into other agricultural equipment, and Deere-affiliated factories employed the bulk of Moline's workforce. Soon other Moline-based companies became known around the country for their products. These include Dimock, Gould, and Co., Moline Pipe Organ Co., and Moline Furniture Works, to name a few. In addition, several pioneering automobile companies operated in the city, among them Moline Automobile Company, Moline Wagon Company, Stephens (a marque of the Moline Plow Company) and Velie Motors Corporation. ", "precise_score": 2.140185832977295, "rough_score": 2.5670642852783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "Charles Deere", "passage": "By the 1920s and 1930s, the appearance of East Moline in Illinois and Bettendorf in Iowa reflected the further growth and diversification of the region. Moline emerged as a retail, transportation, and cultural hub on the Illinois side of the river. The first metropolitan airfield, the Moline Airport, opened in 1926 and later provided commercial air service to Chicago and St. Louis. With federal funds from the Works Progress Administration, the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge, a single-span, two-lane highway bridge built for automotive traffic, was concluded between Moline and Davenport in 1935 and quickly became the preferred method for interstate transit. A bustling retail sector emerged in downtown Moline, anchored by merchants like the New York Store, Sears & Roebuck, and JC Penney. The economic reliance on the farm implement industry continued as Deere & Company emerged to become the largest agricultural machinery company in the world. Colonel Charles Deere Wiman, the President of Deere & Company, re-affirmed Deere's commitment to the Quad-Cities region by building several new factories in Moline, East Moline, Silvis, and Milan in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa.", "precise_score": -1.0012296438217163, "rough_score": 0.44355064630508423, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "Deere & Co", "passage": "Perhaps the greatest problem befalling Moline in the second half of the 20th century was the farm crisis of the 1980s. Moline's economic vitality was sapped as the agricultural crisis crippled the farm implement industry, the force which had shaped the development of Moline since the city's earliest days. Plant after plant laid off workers by the thousands, and unemployment in the area soared to twice the national average. Even Deere & Company moved most of its factory operations out of Moline, though it maintained its world headquarters in Moline in a specially commissioned building that was designed by Eero Saarinen. The LeClaire Hotel, the tallest building in Moline and a longtime symbol of the city's wealth and prestige, closed its doors. The 1990 census showed a population loss for the city for the second straight decade.", "precise_score": 0.013993560336530209, "rough_score": -1.3929089307785034, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "The John Deere Pavilion at John Deere Commons contains exhibits celebrating the history of the agricultural implements industry in the Midwest and showcases a variety of past and present John Deere plows, tractors, combines, and other machinery. The LeClaire Hotel is the tallest building in Moline.", "precise_score": 0.9776225090026855, "rough_score": -2.995978832244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "James Small further advanced the design. Using mathematical methods he experimented with various designs until he arrived at a shape cast from a single piece of iron, an improvement on the Scots plough of James Anderson of Hermiston. A single-piece cast iron plough was also developed and patented by Charles Newbold in the United States. This was again improved on by Jethro Wood, a blacksmith of Scipio, New York, who made a three-part Scots Plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced. In 1837 John Deere introduced the first steel plough; it was so much stronger than iron designs that it could work soil in areas of the US that had previously been considered unsuitable for farming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.461362838745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Plough" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "John Deere, a Vermont (U.S.A.) blacksmith, noted that the ploughing of many sticky, non-sandy soils might benefit from modifications in the design of the mouldboard and in the metals used. He noted that a polished needle would enter leather and fabric with greater ease, and a polished pitchfork required less effort as well. In the pursuit of a polished and thus slicker surface for a plough, he experimented with portions of saw blades and by 1837, he was making polished, cast steel ploughs. The energy effort required was lessened, paving the way for larger ploughs as future developments, simultaneous to more effective use of horse power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.368666648864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Plough" }, { "answer": "Deere & Co", "passage": "Moline is one of the Quad Cities, along with neighboring East Moline and Rock Island in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities has a population estimate of 381,342. The city is the ninth-most populated city in Illinois outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The corporate headquarters of Deere & Company is located in Moline, as was Montgomery Elevator, which was founded and headquartered in Moline until 1997, when it was acquired by Kone Elevator, which has its U.S. Division headquartered in Moline. Quad City International Airport, Niabi Zoo, Black Hawk College, and the Quad Cities campus of Western Illinois University-Quad Cities. Moline is a retail hub for the Illinois Quad Cities, as South Park Mall and numerous big-box shopping plazas are located in the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.509751081466675, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In the mid-1990s, the city undertook major efforts to revitalize its central business district, which had declined after suburban growth and retail changes after the 1950s and 1960s. Today, Moline's downtown again serves as one of the civic and recreational hubs of the Quad Cities; many events take place at the 12,000-seat iWireless Center (formerly known as The MARK of the Quad Cities) and at John Deere Commons. Downtown Moline features hotels such as Radisson and Stoney Creek Inn, and commercial areas such as Bass Street Landing and the historic 5th Avenue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.379716396331787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Charles Atkinson and others successfully lobbied the federal government to get the first transcontinental railroad to pass through Moline and to cross the Mississippi over Arsenal Island. The railroad, which arrived in 1854, carried thousands of immigrants – at that time mostly Swedish, Belgian, and German, reflecting areas of economic problems in Europe – to Moline's borders. The immigrants, most of whom knew little or no English, responded to the call of \"John Deere Town\" by the conductor. The railroad connected the region to the national economy, ending its previous isolation, and ensured the future success of the area. Manufactured goods were increasingly transported over rail instead of by water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.30654525756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Several improvements in construction and urban planning led to a shift in urban growth strategies in Moline. The first buildings were equipped with heat in September 1897, and electricity first arrived in Moline in 1881 when John Deere & Co. installed sixteen electric streetlights on the roadway outside its factories. Work on an electric streetcar system soon followed, and within the same decade, an intercity streetcar system linked Moline with Rock Island and Davenport. The diminishing reliance on well water or the river allowed home construction to proceed further up the bluff, and the electric streetcars allowed Tri-Citians to live in one community and shop or work in another. Moline's streetcar system, the state's first and only the nation's third, was also Illinois's best for a number of years, with a minimal five-cent fare and an extensive coverage area. The state's first garbage collection system was also developed in Moline in 1894. In this time, the municipal administration bureaucracy first began to grow, with departments created for sanitation, public works, utilities, and recreation. New public buildings also were constructed; the first public library came in 1873, the YMCA was built in 1885, and Moline Public Hospital opened in 1896. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.860353469848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In the midst of steady growth and changing times, the town's founders struggled to maintain their positions of authority. Moline was re-chartered as a city under a mayor/aldermanic form of government on April 21, 1872, and John Deere, the longtime resident and entrepreneur, was defeated by Daniel Wheelock, a newcomer, for the first mayorship. Belgian and Swedish immigrants began arriving in a huge influx, settling into a neighborhood on the bluffs in the southwestern part of the city. Belgian immigrants came predominantly to work in the fledgling auto industry in Moline, Velie Motors, founded by a Deere relative. For a time, Moline had the second largest Belgian population in the country after Detroit. Swedish immigrants continued to be drawn to Deere & Company, with John Deere as leader continuing to hire new employees in droves until his death in 1886. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.768338203430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Although the city did not suffer during the 1950s and 1960s, those decades marked a departure from the city's earlier trajectory of unceasing upward growth. The zoning ordinance drawn up in 1929 predicted a population of 70,000–80,000 for Moline in 1980, but Moline actually only attained 45,000 by that year. The primary problem for Moline, and the Quad-Cities at large, in this period was the area's lack of a strong national identity. The Moline Association of Commerce marketed the Quad-Cities under the motto of \"Joined together, as the boroughs of New York City\" throughout the 1940s and 1950s, with Moline as the \"nucleus,\" but few corporations bought into the analogy. Despite the Quad-Cities’ status as \"the largest metropolitan area between Chicago, Omaha, Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Kansas City,\" the area remained relatively unheard of. Existing companies, including John Deere, Alcoa, Caterpillar, Case, and International Harvester all continued to grow and expand operations in the area, but no real diversification of local industry occurred; Moline remained steadfastly dependent on the farm implement industry for its economic solvency, a dependency that later proved disastrous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.771172523498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In the 1990s, Moline began staging a comeback through the redevelopment of its riverfront. Deere & Company demolished its vacant riverfront factories and donated the land to the city so that it could build a civic center on the space. The Mark of the Quad-Cities, now known as the i wireless Center, was completed in 1993 and is now the home to large conventions, concerts, high school sports tournaments, and a host of other events. The Quad City Steamwheelers, an arena football team, played their af2 home games at the arena from 2000–2009. The Steamwheelers are presently without a league due to the af2 ceasing operations, but are a candidate to join the new Arena Football 1 or the rival Indoor Football League in the future. From 2007–2009, the arena was home to a minor league hockey team, the Flames, prior to the franchise's relocation to Abbotsford, British Columbia. In the late 1990s, John Deere Commons was built, a multimillion-dollar entertainment and tourism complex containing a hotel, restaurants, offices, a John Deere Collector's Center (located in a re-created 1950s John Deere dealership), the John Deere Store, and the John Deere Pavilion, a tourist center showcasing the history of agriculture in the Midwest. The Commons attracts 400,000 visitors a year, injecting a tremendous boost to the downtown economy. Renovations have been completed on many old brownstone buildings, and plans for shoreline mixed-use condominium and retail developments are in the works on the site of vacant industrial land.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0437846183776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Moline still reflects the rich culture of the successive waves of immigrants from France, Germany, Sweden, Belgium, Eastern Europe, and most recently, Mexico. Events such as the annual Greek Cultural Festival at John Deere Commons, rolle bolle tournaments at Stephen's Park, and \"Viva! Quad~Cities\" all reflect Moline's diverse heritage. Downtown Moline also plays host to events of regional importance such as Taste of the Quad Cities, Race for the Cure, the Quad City Marathon, and the Lighting of the Commons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.22680377960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Downtown / Moline Centre: Moline's downtown, now known as Moline Centre, is the historic area bounded approximately by 12th and 34th Streets and the Mississippi River and 6th Avenue. The area has long been home to Moline's City Hall, its original, and now vacant, Carnegie-sponsored public library, and other civic institutions. A major retail center in the 1950s and 1960s, today the area is home to the John Deere Commons development, including the John Deere Pavilion and the i wireless Center (where thousands come each year to watch shows, concerts, and sporting events) and to various other restaurants and entertainment venues. A new mixed-use retail and residential development known as Bass Street Landing is currently under construction. Notable businesses in the area include Temple's Sporting Goods and Lagomarcino's, an ice cream parlor and confectionery which has been open since 1908. Moline Centre is also home to the offices of Isabel Bloom and the headquarters of Heart of America Restaurants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.822292804718018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "Charles Deere", "passage": "Overlook: This neighborhood is bounded on the north by 7th Avenue and on the south by 12th Avenue from 10th Street to 16th Street. Named after the home of Charles Deere, Overlook sits on the bluff above Moline Centre. This neighborhood boasts a wide range of historically significant homes that have been maintained or restored to their original detail by their owners. Two famous homes are the Butterworth Mansion and Deere-Wiman House. These two homes and their gorgeous grounds are open to the public year-round. The neighborhood is also home to One Moline Place, a new development featuring luxury single-family homes, townhomes, and condominiums which is the former site of the Moline Public and Moline Lutheran Hospitals. The area also includes Velie Park and Butterworth Park. The Overlook Historic Neighborhood Association has conducted numerous activities to promote its neighborhood, including \"Art in the Park,\" an annual June art festival held in Velie Park featuring works from local artists, as well as a walking tour of some of Overlook's beautiful historic homes. Rock Island County Historical Society is also located here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.960066795349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Park Hill: Park Hill is bounded by 4th Avenue to the north, 12th Avenue to the south, 19th Street to the west, and 27th Street to the east. This neighborhood boasts a terrific view of the mighty Mississippi River from its bluffs. Park Hill is one of Moline's oldest neighborhoods, with many of its homes built for the workers of John Deere. Several neighborhood homes were built between the 20th century and 1930s and were owned by prominent business leaders. Riverside Park, which gives the neighborhood its name, contains several baseball fields, a pond, two cemeteries, and the Riverside Aquatic Center, a pool with water slides and fountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.826713562011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Rockview Estates: This neighborhood is west of 41st Street and between John Deere Road and Moline High School. Most of the houses in this neighborhood are actually duplexes, and more people rent here than in most neighborhoods. The neighborhood sets on the ridges above the Rock River Valley and some apartment buildings take advantage of this location, although recent development along the John Deere Road Corridor, including Wal-Mart and Lowe's, has left the natural beauty of the Rock River wetlands largely destroyed. There are no commercial establishments in the area, although the Moline Public Library is nearby on 41st Street.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.781356811523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Heritage: This neighborhood lies to the south of the big box retail of John Deere Road between 41st Street and 53rd Street. It is bounded to the south by the Rock River. A mile to the east of Heritage lies the Green Valley Sports Complex, home to the city's largest complex of baseball, softball, and soccer fields. Just south of the neighborhood on the north bank of the Rock River is Old Green Valley Park with a scenic view of the river and two boat ramps. Heritage homes were built between 1960 and 1980 and consist of ranch, split, and trilevel homes. With its position on the southern fringe of the city it is among the quieter neighborhoods in the city. In this neighborhood there is a grade school, several churches, and a dental office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64826774597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Moline is served by Moline School District No. 40, which serves the student-age populations of Moline and Coal Valley. The district educates approximately 7,500 students in twelve elementary schools, two middle schools (John Deere Middle School and Woodrow Wilson Middle School) and one high school (Moline High School).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269290924072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere, tractor maker", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762176513671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moline, Illinois" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Tillage implements prepare the soil for planting by loosening the soil and killing weeds or competing plants. The best-known is the plow, the ancient implement that was upgraded in 1838 by John Deere. Plows are now used less frequently in the U.S. than formerly, with offset disks used instead to turn over the soil, and chisels used to gain the depth needed to retain moisture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.200771331787109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Agricultural machinery" } ]

[ { "answer": "14", "passage": "A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (2 weeks). The word derives from the , meaning \"\". ", "precise_score": 8.8280029296875, "rough_score": 7.4063215255737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fortnight" }, { "answer": "14", "passage": "In astronomy, a fortnight is half a synodic month, the mean time between a full moon and a new moon (and vice versa). This is equal to 14.77 days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.036388397216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fortnight" }, { "answer": "14", "passage": "In many languages, there is no single word for a two-week period, and the equivalent terms \"two weeks\", \"14 days\", or \"15 days\" (counting inclusively) have to be used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.255758285522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fortnight" }, { "answer": "14", "passage": "* The Hindu calendar uses the Sanskrit word \"paksha\", meaning one half of a lunar month, which is between 14 and 15 solar days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139921188354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fortnight" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Nuclear weapons have been used twice in nuclear warfare, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb codenamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. The bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from acute injuries sustained from the explosions. The ethics of the bombings and their role in Japan's surrender remain the subject of scholarly and popular debate.", "precise_score": 1.722771406173706, "rough_score": 2.1202139854431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nuclear weapon" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "As Ian Buruma observed, \"News of the terrible consequences of the atom bomb attacks on Japan was deliberately withheld from the Japanese public by US military censors during the Allied occupation—even as they sought to teach the natives the virtues of a free press. Casualty statistics were suppressed. Film shot by Japanese cameramen in Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombings was confiscated. \"Hiroshima\", the account written by John Hersey for The New Yorker, had a huge impact in the US, but was banned in Japan. As [John] Dower says: 'In the localities themselves, suffering was compounded not merely by the unprecedented nature of the catastrophe ... but also by the fact that public struggle with this traumatic experience was not permitted.'\" The US occupation authorities maintained a monopoly on scientific and medical information about the effects of the atomic bomb through the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, which treated the data gathered in studies of hibakusha as privileged information rather than making the results available for the treatment of victims or providing financial or medical support to aid victims. The US also stood by official denial of the ravages associated with radiation. Finally, not only was the press tightly censored on atomic issues, but literature and the arts were also subject to rigorous control prior. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6574506759643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hiroshima" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Within Japan, Hiroshima has a similar relationship with Nagasaki.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.088856220245361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hiroshima" }, { "answer": "Nagasaki", "passage": "Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for the purposes of testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and acknowledge possessing them—are (chronologically by date of first test) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also believed to possess nuclear weapons, though in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, it does not acknowledge having them. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands are nuclear weapons sharing states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.377874374389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nuclear weapon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tramp", "passage": "The film Lady and the Tramp features Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel.", "precise_score": 1.5458486080169678, "rough_score": 6.126168251037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Cocker Spaniel" } ]

[ { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American musician and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".", "precise_score": -2.458017587661743, "rough_score": -8.218114852905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service. He resumed his recording career two years later, producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and their accompanying soundtrack albums, most of which were critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of prescription drug abuse severely damaged his health, and he died in 1977 at the age of 42.", "precise_score": -10.538158416748047, "rough_score": -9.679521560668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, the son of Gladys Love (née Smith; April 25, 1912 – August 14, 1958) and Vernon Elvis Presley (April 10, 1916 – June 26, 1979), in the two-room shotgun house built by Vernon's father in preparation for the child's birth. Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before him. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his initial musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, he never officially left it. Rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbard's ministry. ", "precise_score": -9.612936019897461, "rough_score": -9.493168830871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5. The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans. On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single, \"Stuck on You\", which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit. Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads \"It's Now or Never\" and \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues \"menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph. Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic.\" As a whole, the record \"conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things\", in the words of music historian John Robertson: \"a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker\".", "precise_score": -10.694941520690918, "rough_score": -10.138946533203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock-and-roll days. Bill Belew, who designed this outfit, gave it a Napoleonic standing collar (Presley customarily wore high collars because he believed his neck looked too long), a design feature that he would later make a major trademark of the outfits Presley wore on stage in his later years. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned. The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience. Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, \"There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy.\" Dave Marsh calls the performance one of \"emotional grandeur and historical resonance.\"", "precise_score": -10.607955932617188, "rough_score": -9.06160831451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage. In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome. In April, the single \"The Wonder of You\" was issued—a number one hit in the UK, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is. Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge. The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident.", "precise_score": -10.070886611938477, "rough_score": -9.624006271362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974. Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis. Recorded on March 20, it included a version of \"How Great Thou Art\" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award. (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful. In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home. Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him.", "precise_score": -10.838434219360352, "rough_score": -9.596827507019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977). The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. \"My Boy\" was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975, and \"Moody Blue\" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976. Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his \"apocalyptic attack\" on the soul classic \"Hurt\". \"If he felt the way he sounded\", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, \"the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long.\"", "precise_score": -9.527512550354004, "rough_score": -9.256550788879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden. He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again. Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, \"Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts.\" In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and \"was impossible to understand\". Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled. Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota, \"he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk\", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to \"perform any significant movement.\" Guralnick relates that fans \"were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books.\" A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes. \"Way Down\", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. On the next tour, CBS filmed two concerts for a TV Special, Elvis in Concert, to be aired in October. On the first of these, captured in Omaha on June 19, Presley's voice, Guralnick writes, \"is almost unrecognizable, a small, childlike instrument in which he talks more than sings most of the songs, casts about uncertainly for the melody in others, and is virtually unable to articulate or project.\" He did better on the second night, two days later in Rapid City, Iowa: \"He looked healthier, seemed to have lost a little weight, and sounded better, too\", though his appearance was still a \"face framed in a helmet of blue-black hair from which sweat sheets down over pale, swollen cheeks.\" His final concert was held in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena, on June 26.", "precise_score": -7.505221843719482, "rough_score": -9.239800453186035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Ginger Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.", "precise_score": 4.376073837280273, "rough_score": 4.781149387359619, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's singing to his own \"necessarily limited, both rhythmically and melodically,\" piano accompaniment, such as can be heard on the 1967 recording of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", for Guralnick are always special occasions, because \"it was always a measure of his engagement when he sat down at the keyboard to play.\" Describing his piano technique as \"staccato style,\" Jorgensen finds that on \"Without Love\" from the 1969 sessions, \"his gospel-flavored treatment took it to a level of spirituality rarely matched in his career.\" Presley also played the instrument on the \"impassioned version\" of the sessions's next song, \"I'll Hold You in My Heart,\" of which Guralnick writes that \"there is something magical about the moment that only the most inspired singing can bring about, as Elvis loses himself in the music, words no longer lend themselves to literal translation, and singer and listener both are left emotionally wrung out by the time the song finally limps to an end.\" ", "precise_score": -10.659492492675781, "rough_score": -9.888876914978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture. As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude. With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture. In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, \"He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music.\" Al Green agreed: \"He broke the ice for all of us.\" President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977: \"His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.\" Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world.", "precise_score": -9.896705627441406, "rough_score": -10.116432189941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The year given, in the table below, is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance: Elvis' 40 Greatest, released in 1974, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks. The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.", "precise_score": -10.484346389770508, "rough_score": -9.569474220275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis in Concert (1977)", "precise_score": -6.054771900177002, "rough_score": -8.12614917755127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, and some French Norman. Gladys's great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean, the dairy farmer and cattle-and-hog broker for whom he then worked. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161170959472656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses, they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Lauderdale Courts. Enrolled at L. C. Humes High School, Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, \"Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me\", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher \"agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing.\" He was usually too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a \"mama's boy\". In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette—formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts. That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater. Other jobs followed, including Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27532958984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The session, held the evening of July 5, 1954, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's \"That's All Right\". Moore recalled, \"All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'\" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for. Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played \"That's All Right\" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show. Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black. During the next few days, the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed \"slapback\". A single was pressed with \"That's All Right\" on the A side and \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" on the reverse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724926948547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker, whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold, Parker was now working with the new number-one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour. When the tour reached Odessa, Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: \"His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it.\" Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to \"Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill\"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like \"That's All Right\", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the \"R&B idiom of negro field jazz\"; others, like \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", were \"more in the country field\", \"but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both\". This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country-music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm-and-blues stations would touch him because \"he sounded too much like a hillbilly.\" The blend came to be known as rockabilly. At the time, Presley was variously billed as \"The King of Western Bop\", \"The Hillbilly Cat\", and \"The Memphis Flash\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578231811523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser. The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year. Neal recalled, \"It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something.\" The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley, whose \"Rock Around the Clock\" had been a number-one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681548118591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist. Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000. Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract. Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach, to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forgo one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions. By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004094123840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA Victor released Presley's eponymous debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.693831443786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, \"Let 'em see you, son.\" During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of \"Hound Dog\" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. Newspaper critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, \"Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway.\" Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music \"has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos\". Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him \"unfit for family viewing\". To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as \"Elvis the Pelvis\", which he called \"one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227885246276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a \"new Elvis\" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang \"Hound Dog\" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, \"Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition\". Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's \"strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing\" and simply worked the singer into the customary \"comedy fabric\" of his program. Just before the final rehearsal for the show, Presley told a reporter, \"I'm holding down on this show. I don't want to do anything to make people dislike me. I think TV is important so I'm going to go along, but I won't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance.\" Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling, a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, \"No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933944702148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The next day, Presley recorded \"Hound Dog\", along with \"Any Way You Want Me\" and \"Don't Be Cruel\". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, \"You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight.\" In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida, ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order. The single pairing \"Don't Be Cruel\" with \"Hound Dog\" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years. Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of \"Hound Dog,\" contributed \"Love Me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139665603637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident. Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot from only the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley \"got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!\" Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, \"As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots.\" In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad \"Love Me Tender\", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders. More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304729461669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, \"He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time.\" At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble. Elvis, Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. The album includes \"Old Shep\", which he sang at the talent show in 1945, and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session. According to Guralnick, one can hear \"in the halting chords and the somewhat stumbling rhythm both the unmistakable emotion and the equally unmistakable valuing of emotion over technique.\" Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from \"That's All Right\" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that \"these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522321701049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response. A Detroit newspaper suggested that \"the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed.\" Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia, and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage. Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as \"brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore.\" Asked for a response, Presley said, \"I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883865356445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album. Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: \"Santa Claus Is Back In Town\", an innuendo-laden blues. The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time. After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time. On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole, in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis. A couple of weeks into the new year, \"Don't\", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since \"Heartbreak Hotel\" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley. A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02993106842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu. They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship. In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public. Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500530242919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Is Back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385798454284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special—ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411511421203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "G.I. Blues, the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine, followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in the UK, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records. A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody. As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound, the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely \"a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright.\" It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii. It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525020599365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Of Presley's films in the 1960s, 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs. The films' rapid production and release schedules—he frequently starred in three a year—affected his music. According to Jerry Leiber, the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army: \"three ballads, one medium-tempo [number], one up-tempo, and one break blues boogie\". As the decade wore on, the quality of the soundtrack songs grew \"progressively worse\". Julie Parrish, who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966), says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films. The Jordanaires' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone: \"The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn't sing it.\" Most of the film albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. But by and large, according to biographer Jerry Hopkins, the numbers seemed to be \"written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll.\" Regardless of the songs' quality, it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well, with commitment. Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite: \"Presley isn't trying, probably the wisest course in the face of material like 'No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car' and 'Rock-a-Hula Baby.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.322404861450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu. They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas. The flow of formulaic films and assembly-line soundtracks rolled on. It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem. \"By then, of course, the damage had been done\", as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it. \"Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has-been to all but his most loyal fans.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63076114654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076436996459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By January 1969, the single \"If I Can Dream\", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling, the special reminded Presley of what \"he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man.\" Binder said of Presley's reaction, \"I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634233474731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "From Elvis In Memphis and the International", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209156036376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is \"a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.410619735717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, \"That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?\" In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley, scheduling him to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations. Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal, and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure. To revise his approach to performances, Presley visited Las Vegas hotel showrooms and lounges, at one of which, that of the Flamingo, he encountered Tom Jones, whose aggressive style was similar to his own 1950s approach; the two became friends. Already studying karate at the time, Presley recruited Bill Belew to design variants of karatekas's gis for him; these, in jumpsuit form, would be his \"stage uniforms\" in his later years. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661137580871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s). At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as \"The King\", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. \"No,\" Presley said, \"that's the real king of rock and roll.\" The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million. Newsweek commented, \"There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars.\" Rolling Stone called Presley \"supernatural, his own resurrection.\" In November, Presley's final non-concert film, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. \"Suspicious Minds\" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40670108795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The album That's the Way It Is, produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, \"The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis.\" After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.305070877075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971. Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located \"Elvis Presley Boulevard\". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Grammy Award organization. Three new, non-film Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country, a concept record that focused on genre standards. The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, \"the truest statement of all\", according to Greil Marcus. \"In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues.\" According to Guralnick, \"the one real highlight\" of one of the 1971 sessions were the recording of \"I Will Be True,\" \"It's Still Here,\" and \"I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen,\" a trio of songs that Presley recorded in a rare solo set, sitting at the piano after everyone else had gone home: \"Yearning, wistfulness, loneliness, need—all were communicated with a naked lack of adornment that Elvis was seeming to find increasingly difficult to display in the formal process of recording.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644217491149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour, which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year. His gospel album He Touched Me, released that month, would earn him his second Grammy Award, for Best Inspirational Performance. A 14-date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden. The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later. Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley's biggest-selling albums. After the tour, the single \"Burning Love\" was released—Presley's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart. \"The most exciting single Elvis has made since 'All Shook Up'\", wrote rock critic Robert Christgau. \"Who else could make 'It's coming closer, the flames are now licking my body' sound like an assignation with James Brown's backup band?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400474548339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Vernon Presley", "passage": "On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired \"Memphis Mafia\" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to \"cut back on expenses\". Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits. However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.605981826782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1. It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers. By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon, each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse. Genetic analysis of a hair sample in 2014 found evidence of genetic variants that could have caused his glaucoma, migraines and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590869903564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "\"Drug use was heavily implicated\" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. \"No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy.\" A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported \"fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity.\" Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: \"Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205331802368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia, a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive. Allegations of a cover-up were widespread. While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: \"In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name.\" His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63581657409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A Junkie XL remix of Presley's \"A Little Less Conversation\" (credited as \"Elvis Vs JXL\") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S, that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of \"Rubberneckin'\", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of \"That's All Right\" the following year. The latter was an outright hit in the UK, reaching number three on the pop chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00160026550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2005, another three reissued singles, \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"One Night\"/\"I Got Stung\", and \"It's Now or Never\", went to number one in the United Kingdom. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million. He placed second in 2006, returned to the top spot the next two years, and ranked fourth in 2009. The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas. In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks. As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products. He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847902297973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2008, an 1800-year-old Roman bust described as bearing a \"striking\" resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction. A spokesman for the auctioneers said that fans could \"be forgiven for thinking that their idol may well have lived a previous life in Rome.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236149787902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly, according to music historians. Katherine Charlton even calls him \"rockabilly's originator\", though Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that \"[Sam] Phillips, Elvis, and I didn't create rockabilly.\" and, according to Michael Campbell, \"Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit.\" \"It had been there for quite a while\", says Scotty Moore. \"Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson, and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old.\" However, \"Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label\", writes Craig Morrison. Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as \"essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction\": \"the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country\". In \"That's All Right\", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, \"a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006720542907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. The reason why the music from this period lacks the drama from his Fifties recordings, critic Dave Marsh writes, is \"because what we're hearing is not genius discovering itself but the sound of genius at work.\" His first post-Army single, the number one hit \"Stuck on You\", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its \"mild rock beat\"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it \"upbeat pop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\", though Marsh holds that while he may have recorded few blues songs in the early to middle Sixties, \"blues informs almost everything here.\" The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his film soundtracks was in a much lighter vein. Notable numbers in other genres are the No. 1 hits \"It's Now or Never\" of 1960, based on the Italian aria \"O Sole Mio\" and concluding with a \"full-voiced operatic cadence,\" and the 1962 hit \"She's Not You\" which \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51447868347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were \"hard to find\". A significant exception was \"Burning Love\", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk. Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as \"Suspicious Minds\", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.637104034423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, \"The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes.\" A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet, Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley granted Robinson an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view: \"I never said anything like that, and people who know me know that I wouldn't have said it … A lot of people seem to think I started this business. But rock 'n' roll was here a long time before I came along. Nobody can sing that kind of music like colored people. Let's face it: I can't sing like Fats Domino can. I know that.\" Also, Red Robinson stated, \"Take a look at the things that are only publicized now, of how he'd be driving down the street and see a destitute black woman with a little child. He went and bought her a Cadillac. Now if this guy hated blacks, he wouldn’t even have gone near them\". Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist. Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter, who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, \"He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest.\" Dudley Brooks, an African-American composer and studio musician who worked with Presley during the 1950s and 1960s, also disputed allegations that Presley was a racist. Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later. The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit \"Fight the Power\", by Public Enemy: \"Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916046142578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgement and commercial success largely denied his black peers. Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had \"stolen\" black music still found adherents. Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson, who argued, \"A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis.\" And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, \"Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that].\" Nine years earlier, he had said, \"Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832934379577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sounds Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as \"aggressively bisexual in appeal\". Brett Farmer places the \"orgasmic gyrations\" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a \"spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image\". In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, \"Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905335426330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A number of stories, both real and exaggerated, detail Presley's appetite for rich or heavy food. He was said to enjoy the Southern cuisine of his upbringing, including chicken-fried steak and biscuits and gravy. Presley is commonly associated with rich sandwiches, including the Fool's Gold Loaf and peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwiches, now commonly called an \"Elvis sandwich\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36508560180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise. Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well. Priscilla Presley noted that, \"Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it.\" Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a \"hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626026153564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's film career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer. According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy. In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born. In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, \"The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground.\" The prevailing attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again \"try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301803588867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the \"Memphis Mafia\". \"Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence\", as journalist John Harris puts it, \"it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open.\" Tony Brown, who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: \"But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends\". In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, \"[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019620895385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: \"I mean there has to be a purpose ... there's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel.\" Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously. Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125261306762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe. He has inspired a legion of impersonators. In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans. \"Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century\", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. \"He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it.\" Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as \"like busting out of jail\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073080062866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "On the 25th anniversary of Presley's death, The New York Times observed, \"All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely.\" Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968289375305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078947067260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis: That's the Way It Is (1970)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.394936561584473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis on Tour (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351505279541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis (1968)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800421714782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis: Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite (1973)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494707107543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" } ]

[ { "answer": "San Andreas Fault", "passage": "As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state, in particular the San Andreas Fault.", "precise_score": -3.13539981842041, "rough_score": -1.9804599285125732, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" } ]

[ { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Hartsfield–Jackson is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines, Delta Connection, and Delta Air Lines partner, ExpressJet and is a focus city for low-cost carriers Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and Spirit Airlines. With just over 1,000 flights a day, the Delta Air Lines hub is the world's largest hub. Delta Air Lines flew 75.4% of the airport's passengers in February 2016, Southwest flew 9.23%, and American Airlines flew 2.49%. In addition to hosting Delta Air Lines corporate headquarters, Hartsfield–Jackson is also the home of Delta's Technical Operations Center, which is the airline's primary maintenance, repair and overhaul arm. The airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia and Africa. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth.", "precise_score": 7.937323570251465, "rough_score": 7.664338111877441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Hartsfield–Jackson had its beginnings with a five-year, rent-free lease on 287 acre that was the home of an abandoned auto racetrack named The Atlanta Speedway. The lease was signed April 16, 1925, by Mayor Walter Sims, who committed the city to develop it into an airfield. As part of the agreement, the property was renamed Candler Field after its former owner, Coca-Cola tycoon and former Atlanta mayor Asa Candler. The first flight into Candler Field was September 15, 1926, a Florida Airways mail plane flying from Jacksonville, Florida. In May 1928, Pitcairn Aviation began service to Atlanta, followed in June 1930 by Delta Air Service. Later those two airlines, now known as Eastern Air Lines and Delta Air Lines, respectively, would both use Atlanta as their chief hubs. The airport's weather station became the official location for Atlanta's weather observations September 1, 1928, and records by the National Weather Service. ", "precise_score": 2.365234375, "rough_score": 6.038331985473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "In 1957 Atlanta saw its first jet airliner: a prototype Sud Aviation Caravelle that was touring the country arrived from Washington D.C. The first scheduled turbine airliners were Capital Viscounts in June 1956; the first scheduled jets were Delta DC-8s in September 1959.", "precise_score": -1.8460990190505981, "rough_score": -2.5459611415863037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Although Eastern was a larger airline than Delta until airline deregulation in 1978, Delta was early to adopt the hub and spoke route system, with Atlanta as its primary hub between the Midwest and Florida, giving it an advantage in the Atlanta market. Eastern ceased operations in 1991 due to labor issues leaving Delta with the only major airline hub in Atlanta. American Airlines considered establishing an Atlanta hub around the time of Eastern's demise, but determined that Delta was already too strong there and that the competitive environment was more favorable at Eastern's other hub in Miami. ", "precise_score": 2.0990235805511475, "rough_score": -0.6294695734977722, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Delta is the sole tenant located at Terminal South; all other domestic airlines operating from Atlanta, including the airport's second largest carrier, Southwest Airlines, are located at Terminal North. Most domestic flights arrive and depart within concourses T, A, B, C or D. Some domestic flights depart from concourses E & F when gates at T or A–D are not available, or when an aircraft arrives as an international flight and continues as a domestic flight.", "precise_score": 1.2316075563430786, "rough_score": -1.4106945991516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Following World War I, the United States found itself swamped with aviators. Many decided to take their war-surplus aircraft on barnstorming campaigns, performing aerobatic maneuvers to woo crowds. In 1918, the United States Postal Service won the financial backing of Congress to begin experimenting with air mail service, initially using Curtiss Jenny aircraft that had been procured by the United States Army Air Service. Private operators were the first to fly the mail but due to numerous accidents the US Army was tasked with mail delivery. During the Army's involvement they proved to be too unreliable and lost their air mail duties. By the mid-1920s, the Postal Service had developed its own air mail network, based on a transcontinental backbone between New York City and San Francisco. To supplant this service, they offered twelve contracts for spur routes to independent bidders. Some of the carriers that won these routes would, through time and mergers, evolve into Pan Am, Delta Air Lines, Braniff Airways, American Airlines, United Airlines (originally a division of Boeing), Trans World Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Eastern Air Lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.746475219726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airline" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "As a result, a shakeout of airlines is occurring in the U.S. and elsewhere. American Airlines, United Airlines, Continental Airlines (twice), US Airways (twice), Delta Air Lines, and Northwest Airlines have all declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Some argue that it would be far better for the industry as a whole if a wave of actual closures were to reduce the number of \"undead\" airlines competing with healthy airlines while being artificially protected from creditors via bankruptcy law. On the other hand, some have pointed out that the reduction in capacity would be short lived given that there would be large quantities of relatively new aircraft that bankruptcies would want to get rid of and would re-enter the market either as increased fleets for the survivors or the basis of cheap planes for new startups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.752900123596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Airline" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "It was a busy airport from its inception and by the end of 1930 it was third behind New York City and Chicago for regular daily flights with sixteen arriving and departing. (In May 1931 Atlanta had four scheduled departures.) Candler Field's first control tower opened March 1939. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows fourteen weekday airline departures: ten Eastern and four Delta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2703912258148193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "In 1946 Candler Field was renamed Atlanta Municipal Airport and by 1948, more than one million passengers passed through a war surplus hangar that served as a terminal building. Delta and Eastern had extensive networks from ATL, though Atlanta had no nonstop flights beyond Texas, St Louis and Chicago until 1961. Southern Airways established itself at ATL after the war and had short-haul routes around the Southeast until 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.767714500427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "On June 1, 1956, an Eastern Airlines flight to Montreal, Canada was the first scheduled international flight out of Atlanta. Atlanta's first scheduled trans-Atlantic flight was the Delta/Pan Am interchange DC-8 to Europe starting in 1964; the first scheduled nonstop to Mexico was Eastern's flight to Mexico City around 1972. Nonstops to Europe started in 1978 and to Asia in 1992–93.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.503056049346924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "ValuJet was established in 1993 as low-cost competition for Delta at ATL. However, its safety practices were called into question early and the airline was grounded after the 1996 crash of ValuJet Flight 592. It resumed operations in 1997 as AirTran Airways and was the second-largest airline at ATL until it was acquired by Southwest Airlines in 2011 and fully absorbed into Southwest on December 28, 2014. Southwest is now the airport's second largest carrier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.89165735244751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "In November 2015, Emirates announced it was considering starting service to ATL since Delta had decided to end flights to Dubai effective February 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.606435775756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "The new terminal was slated to open in 2006; however, time and cost overruns led former Airport General Manager Ben DeCosta to cancel the design contract in August 2005. The next day, the architect sued the airport claiming \"fraud\" and \"bad faith\", blaming the airport authority for the problems. In early 2007, the General Manager awarded a new design contract on the new international terminal to Atlanta Gateway Designers (AGD). Construction began in the summer of 2008. Estimates place the terminal's cost at $1.4 billion and it opened on May 16, 2012. The first departure was Delta Flight #295 to Tokyo–Narita, with the first arrival being Delta Flight #177 from Dublin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.709352493286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse T – 17 gates (T1–T17) –American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.466747283935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse A – 29 gates (A1–A7, A9–A12, A15–A21, A24–A34) – only Delta Air Lines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.735628128051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse B – 32 gates (B1–B7, B9–B14, B16–B29, B31–B34, B36) – only Delta Air Lines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847973823547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse C – 48 gates (C1–C22, C30–53, C55, C57) –Delta Air Lines and Southwest Airlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.328535079956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse D – 43 gates (D1, D1A, D2–D8, D8A, D9–D11, D11A, D12–D16, D21–D42, D44, D46) –Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, and Spirit Airlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7179536819458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse E – 28 gates (E1–E12, E14–E18, E26–E36) and 3 stands (6NA–6NC) – Air France, British Airways, Delta Air Lines, KLM, Korean Air, Lufthansa, Qatar, Turkish Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156856536865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "*Concourse F – 12 gates (F1–F10, F12, F14) – Air Canada, Air France, British Airways, Delta Air Lines, KLM, Korean Air, Lufthansa, Qatar, Southwest Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.548188209533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "Before the merger, Atlantic Southeast Airlines headquartered in the hangar, then named the A-Tech Center. In December 2007, the airline announced it was moving its headquarters into the facility, previously named the \"North Hangar.\" The 203000 sqft hangar includes 100000 sqft of hangar bays for aircraft maintenance. It has 17 acre of adjacent land and 1,400 parking spaces for employees. The airline planned to relocate 100 employees from Macon, Georgia to the new headquarters. The Atlanta City Council and Mayor of Atlanta Shirley Franklin approved of the new 25-year ASA lease, which also gave the airline new hangar space to work on 15 to 25 aircraft in overnight maintenance; previously its aircraft were serviced at Concourse C. The airport property division stated that the hangar was built in the 1960s and renovated in the 1970s. Eastern Airlines and Delta Air Lines had previously occupied the hangar. Delta's lease originally was scheduled to expire in 2010, but the airline returned the lease to the City of Atlanta in 2005 as part of its bankruptcy settlement. The city collected an insurance settlement of almost $900,000 as a result of the cancellation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4214704036712646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" }, { "answer": "Delta", "passage": "As the dominant airport in the Southern United States and the nation's busiest in terms of passengers handled (mainly due to being Delta's flagship hub), an old joke in the South quips that, upon one's death, regardless of whether one goes to Heaven or Hell one will connect in Atlanta to get there. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.710181713104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport" } ]

[ { "answer": "The National Parks", "passage": "Kenneth Lauren \"Ken\" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American filmmaker, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs in documentary films. His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Central Park Five (2012), and The Roosevelts (2014). Also widely known is his role as executive producer of The West (1996, directed by Stephen Ives), and Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies (2015, directed by Barak Goodman). ", "precise_score": 1.5611648559570312, "rough_score": 1.0870915651321411, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Burns" }, { "answer": "The National Parks", "passage": "Burns went on to a long, successful career directing and producing well-received television documentaries and documentary miniseries on subjects as diverse as arts and letters (Thomas Hart Benton, 1988), mass media (Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio, 1991), sports (Baseball, 1994, updated with 10th Inning, 2010), politicians (Thomas Jefferson, 1997), music (Jazz, 2001), literature (Mark Twain, 2001), war (the 15-hour World War II documentary The War, 2007), environmentalism (The National Parks, 2009) and the Civil War (the 11-hour The Civil War, 1990, which All Media Guide says \"many consider his 'chef d'oeuvre'\").. This single source gives two birthplaces. Under the header list, it reads \"Birthplace: Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.\" In the prose biography, it reads \"Brooklyn-born Ken Burns...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5081567764282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Burns" }, { "answer": "The National Parks", "passage": "* 2010 Emmy Award for Outstanding Non-fiction Series: The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90698528289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Burns" }, { "answer": "The National Parks", "passage": "* The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055292129516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Burns" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "Miss America 1984, the 57th Miss America pageant, was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 17, 1983 on NBC Network. Debra Maffett (Miss California 1982) crowned her successor, Miss New York 1983, Vanessa Williams at the end of the nationally televised event. Williams was succeeded by Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles in July 1984, when she was forced to resign over the unauthorized publication of nude photographs. Charles served as Miss America until September of 1984. Among the contestants who did not place among the 10 finalists, Miss New Mexico 1983 Mai Shanley, eventually went on to win the Miss USA 1984 title.", "precise_score": 7.721126556396484, "rough_score": 7.668126106262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miss America 1984" }, { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "Suzette Charles (born Suzette DeGaetano, March 2, 1963) is an American singer, entertainer, and actress. She was Miss New Jersey in 1983, and served as Miss America 1984 for seven weeks after Vanessa Williams was forced to resign from the position that July.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.8415703773498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzette Charles" }, { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "Charles, as Miss New Jersey, competed in the Miss America 1984 pageant held in Atlantic City on September 17, 1983. Earlier in the week, she had won a Preliminary Talent Award for her performance of \"Kiss Me in the Rain\". She originally finished as first runner-up. After the reigning Miss America Vanessa Williams was forced to resign that July, Charles replaced her as the new Miss America for the remaining seven weeks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.047813415527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzette Charles" }, { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "During the preliminaries for the Miss America 1984 pageant, Vanessa Williams won \"Preliminary Swimsuit\" and \"Preliminary Talent\" (with a vocal performance of \"Happy Days Are Here Again\"). She was also crowned Miss America 1984 on September 17, 1983, (becoming the first African American woman to win the title). Williams later commented that she was one of five minority contestants that year, noting that ballet dancer Deneen Graham \"had already had a cross burned on her front yard because she was the first black Miss North Carolina [1983].\" She also pointed out that \"Suzette Charles was the first runner-up, and she was biracial. But when the press started, when I would go out on the - on the tour and do my appearances, and people would come up and say they never thought they'd see the day that it would happen; when people would want to shake my hand, and you'd see tears in their eyes, and they'd say, I never thought I'd see it in my lifetime - that's when, you know, it was definitely a very special honor.\" Williams' reign as Miss America was not without its challenges and controversies, however. For the first time in pageant history, a reigning Miss America was the target of death threats and hate mail. In addition, ten months into her reign as Miss America, Williams received an anonymous phone call stating that nude photos of her (taken before her pageant days) would be published in Penthouse. The publication of these photos ultimately led to her resignation as Miss America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4027748107910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miss America 1984" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot (; ; 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998), born Saloth Sar (), was a Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until 1997. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. As such, he became the leader of Cambodia on 17 April 1975, when his forces captured Phnom Penh. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea.", "precise_score": 3.056569814682007, "rough_score": 1.9260703325271606, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Saloth Sar", "passage": "Saloth Sar was born on 19 May 1925, the eighth of nine children and the second of three sons to Pen Saloth and Sok Nem. His older brother Saloth Chhay was born three years earlier. The family was living in the small fishing village of Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom Province during the French colonialism of the area. Pen Saloth was a rice farmer who owned 12 hectares of land and several buffaloes; the family was considered moderately wealthy by the standards of the day. Although Pen Saloth's family was of Sino-Khmer descent and Saloth Sar was named accordingly due to his fair complexion (\"Sar\" means white in Khmer), the family had already assimilated themselves with mainstream Khmer society by the time Sar was born. Saloth Sar was educated in a Buddhist monastery. He would later give his Marxism a \"tincture of Buddhism.\" ", "precise_score": 0.3847130835056305, "rough_score": -0.7692626714706421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Saloth Sar", "passage": "In 1935, Saloth Sar left Prek Sbauv to attend the École Miche, a Catholic school in Phnom Penh. He lived with his cousin, a woman called Meak, a member of the Royal Ballet. In 1926, she bore King Monivong's son, HRH Prince Sisowath Kusarak. She was given the official title Khun Preah Moneang Bopha Norleak Meak. Saloth Sar stayed with Meak's household until 1942. His sister Roeung was a concubine of King Monivong, so through the two women, he often had cause to visit the royal palace. In 1947, he gained admission to the exclusive Lycée Sisowath, but was unsuccessful in his studies.", "precise_score": 0.7753681540489197, "rough_score": -5.1486687660217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Saloth Sar", "passage": "After switching to a technical school at Russey Keo, north of Phnom Penh, Saloth Sar qualified for a scholarship for technical studies in France. He studied radio electronics at the EFR in Paris from 1949 to 1953. He also participated in an international labour brigade building roads in Zagreb in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1950. After the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh as the government of Vietnam in 1950, French Communists (PCF) took up the cause of Vietnam's independence. The PCF's anti-colonialism views attracted many young Cambodians, including Sar.", "precise_score": -0.38933220505714417, "rough_score": -6.3920698165893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In October 1970, Sar issued a resolution in the name of the Central Committee. The resolution stated the principle of independence-mastery (aekdreach machaskar), which was a call for Cambodia to decide its own future independent of the influence of any other country. The resolution also included statements describing the betrayal of the Cambodian Socialist movement in the 1950s by the Viet Minh. This was the first statement of the anti-Vietnamese policy that would be a major part of the Pol Pot regime when it took power years later.", "precise_score": -9.128625869750977, "rough_score": -8.537052154541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "The Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975. As the leader of the Communist Party, Saloth Sar became the de-facto leader of the country. He adopted the title \"brother number one\" and used the nom de guerre \"Pol Pot\". Philip Short offered an explanation for the origin of Pol Pot's name, stating that Saloth Sar announced that he was adopting the name in July 1970. Short suspects that it derives from pol: \"the Pols were royal slaves, an aboriginal people\", and that \"Pot\" was simply a \"euphonic monosyllable\" that he liked. This Khmer word pol, however, is derived from Sanskrit bala ‘army, guard’ and the Khmer spelling differs from the spelling of Pol Pot's name. The name has no particular meaning in Khmer. ", "precise_score": 1.0416890382766724, "rough_score": -3.7844960689544678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Unlike many communist leaders, Pol Pot never became the object of a personality cult. Even in power, the CPK maintained the secrecy it had kept up during its years in the battlefield. For over two years after taking power, the party only referred to itself as \"Angkar\" (\"the Organization\"). It was not until a speech on 15 April 1977 that Pol Pot revealed the CPK's existence. At that time international observers confirmed the identification of \"Pol Pot\" as Saloth Sar.", "precise_score": -0.3330864906311035, "rough_score": -8.0762300491333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot became leader of Cambodia in 1975. In all, an estimated 1.7 million people (out of a population of 7 million) died due to the policies of his four-year dictatorship. As a result, Pol Pot is sometimes described as \"the Hitler of Cambodia\" and \"a genocidal tyrant\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142991065979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dictator" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In 1979, after the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Pol Pot relocated to the jungles of southwest Cambodia, and the Khmer Rouge government collapsed. From 1979 to 1997, he and a remnant of the old Khmer Rouge operated near the border of Cambodia and Thailand, where they clung to power, with nominal United Nations recognition as the rightful government of Cambodia. Pol Pot died in 1998, while under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge. Since his death, rumours that he committed suicide or was poisoned have persisted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07795524597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Kaing Guek Eav has claimed that US support for the Lon Nol coup contributed to the Khmer Rouge's rise to power. However, diplomat Timothy M. Carney disagreed, asserting that Pol Pot won the war due to support from Sihanouk, massive supplies of military aid from North Vietnam, government corruption, the cut-off of U.S. air support after Watergate, and the determination of the Cambodian Socialists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122295379638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Cambodia adopted a new constitution on 5 January 1976, officially changing the country's name to \"Democratic Kampuchea\". The newly established Representative Assembly held its first plenary session from 11 to 13 April, electing a new government with Pol Pot as prime minister. His predecessor, Khieu Samphan, became head of state as President of the State Presidium. Prince Sihanouk received no role in the government and was placed in detention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168338775634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "The Khmer Rouge rėgime saw agriculture as the key to nation-building and to national defense. Pol Pot's goal for the country was to have 70-80% of the farm mechanization completed within 5 to 10 years, to build a modern industrial base on the farm mechanization within 15 to 20 years, and to become a self-sufficient state. He wanted to take the economy and make it the primary source of goods for the nation, sever foreign relationships, and radically reconstruct the society to maximize the production of agriculture. To avoid foreign domination of industries, Pol Pot refused to purchase goods from other countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211644172668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge had been evacuating captured urban areas for many years, but the evacuation of Phnom Penh was unique in its scale. Pol Pot stated that \"...the first step in progress [was] deliberately designed to exterminate an entire class\". The first operations to evacuate urban areas occurred in 1968, in the Ratanakiri area and aimed at moving people deeper into Khmer Rouge territory to control them more easily. From 1971–1973, the motivation changed. Pol Pot and the other senior leaders were frustrated that urban Cambodians retained old capitalist habits of trade and business. When all other methods had failed, the government adopted the policy of evacuation to the countryside in order to solve the \"problem\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018235206604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In 1976, Pol Pot's régime reclassified Kampucheans into three groupings: as full-rights (base) people, as candidates and as depositees, so-called because they included most of the new people who had been deposited from the cities into the communes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182394027709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Property became collective, and education was dispensed at communal schools. Children were raised on a communal basis. Even meals were prepared and eaten communally. Pol Pot's regime was extremely paranoid. Political dissent and opposition was not permitted. People were treated as opponents based on their appearance or background. Torture was widespread, thousands of politicians and bureaucrats accused of association with previous governments were executed. The régime turned Phnom Penh into a ghost city, while people in the countryside died of starvation or illnesses, or were simply killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303153038024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Modern research has located 20,000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia. Various studies have estimated the death toll at between 740,000 and 3,000,000 - most commonly arriving at figures between 1.7 million and 2.2 million, with perhaps half of those deaths being due to executions, and the rest attributable to starvation and to disease. Demographic analysis by Patrick Heuveline suggests that between 1.17 and 3.42 million Cambodians were killed. Demographer Marek Sliwinski concluded that at least 1.8 million were killed from 1975 to 1979 on the basis of the total population decline, compared to roughly 40,000 killed by the U.S. bombing. Researcher Craig Etcheson of the Documentation Center of Cambodia suggests a death toll of between 2 and 2.5 million, with a \"most likely\" figure of 2.2 million. After five years of researching some 20,000 grave sites, he concludes that \"these mass graves contain the remains of 1,386,734 victims of execution\". A U.N. investigation reported 2–3 million dead, while UNICEF estimated 3 million had been killed. The Khmer Rouge themselves stated that 2 million had been killed—though they attributed those deaths to a subsequent Vietnamese invasion. By late 1979, U.N. and Red Cross officials were warning that another 2.25 million Cambodians could die of starvation due to \"the near destruction of Cambodian society under the regime of ousted Prime Minister Pol Pot\", most of whom were saved by international aid after the Vietnamese invasion. An additional 300,000 Cambodians starved to death between 1979 and 1980, largely as a result of the after-effects of Khmer Rouge policy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085357666015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot aligned the country diplomatically with the People's Republic of China and adopted an anti-Soviet line. This alignment was more political and practical than ideological. Vietnam was aligned with the Soviet Union, so Cambodia aligned with the Asian rival of the Soviet Union and of Vietnam (China had supplied the Khmer Rouge with weapons for years before they took power).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186201095581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In December 1976 Pol Pot issued directives to the senior Khmer Rouge leadership to the effect that Vietnam was now an enemy. Defenses along the border were strengthened and unreliable deportees were moved deeper into Cambodia. Pol Pot's actions came in response to the Vietnamese Communist Party's fourth Congress (14 to 20 December 1976), which approved a resolution describing Vietnam's special relationship with Laos and Cambodia. It also talked of how Vietnam would forever be associated with the building and defense of the other two countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166454315185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In May 1975, a squad of Khmer Rouge soldiers raided and took the island of Phú Quốc. By 1977, relations with Vietnam began to fall apart. There were small border clashes in January. Pol Pot tried to prevent border disputes by sending a team to Vietnam. The negotiations failed, which caused even more border disputes. On 30 April, the Cambodian army, backed by artillery, crossed over into Vietnam. In attempting to explain Pol Pot's behavior, one region-watcher suggested that Cambodia was attempting to intimidate Vietnam, by irrational acts, into respecting or at least fearing Cambodia to the point they would leave the country alone. However, these actions only served to goad the Vietnamese people and government against the Khmer Rouge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1521635055542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In May 1976, Vietnam sent its air force into Cambodia in a series of raids. In July, Vietnam forced a Treaty of Friendship on Laos that gave Vietnam almost total control over the country. In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge commanders in the Eastern Zone began to tell their men that war with Vietnam was inevitable and that once the war started their goal would be to recover parts of Vietnam (Khmer Krom) that were once part of Cambodia, whose people, they alleged, were struggling for independence from Vietnam. Whether these statements were the official policy of Pol Pot has never been confirmed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354875564575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In September 1977, Cambodia launched division-scale raids over the border, which once again left a trail of murder and destruction in villages. The Vietnamese claimed that around 1,000 people had been killed or injured. Three days after the raid, Pol Pot officially announced the existence of the formerly secret Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and finally announced to the world that the country was a Communist state. In December, after having exhausted all other options, Vietnam sent 50,000 troops into Cambodia in what amounted to a short raid. The raid was meant to be secret. The Vietnamese withdrew after declaring they had achieved their goals, and the invasion was just a warning. Upon being threatened, the Vietnamese army promised to return with support from the Soviet Union. Pol Pot's actions made the operation much more visible than the Vietnamese had intended and created a situation in which Vietnam appeared weak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091453552246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "When Cambodian socialists rebelled in the eastern zone in May 1978, Pol Pot's armies could not crush them quickly. On 10 May, his radio broadcast a call not only to \"exterminate the 50 million Vietnamese\" but also to \"purify the masses of the people\" of Cambodia. Of 1.5 million easterners, branded as \"Khmer bodies with Vietnamese minds\", at least 100,000 were exterminated in six months. Later that year, in response to threats to its borders and the Vietnamese people, Vietnam attacked Cambodia to overthrow the Khmer Rouge, which Vietnam justified on the basis of self-defense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.048608779907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "The Cambodian army was defeated, the regime was toppled and Pol Pot fled to the Thai border area. In January 1979, Vietnam installed a new government under Khmer Rouge defector Heng Samrin, composed of Khmer Rouge who had fled to Vietnam to avoid the purges. Pol Pot eventually regrouped with his core supporters in the Thai border area where he received shelter and assistance. At different times during this period, he was located on both sides of the border. The military government of Thailand used the Khmer Rouge as a buffer force to keep the Vietnamese away from the border. The Thai military also made money from the shipment of weapons from China to the Khmer Rouge. Eventually, Pol Pot rebuilt a small military force in the west of the country with the help of the People's Republic of China. The PRC also initiated the Sino-Vietnamese War around this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039170265197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "The People's Republic of China was the main international supporter of the Khmer Rouge and its leader Pol Pot. The Chinese provided financial and military support to the party even after their overthrow in 1979. The UN also recognized the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, which included the Khmer Rouge, instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254273414611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot lived in the Phnom Malai area, giving interviews in the early 1980s accusing all those who opposed him of being traitors and \"puppets\" of the Vietnamese until he disappeared from public view. In 1985, his \"retirement\" was announced, but he retained influence over the party. A cadre interviewed during this period described Pol Pot's views on the death toll under his government:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138876914978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot fled to Thailand where he lived for the next six years. His headquarters were a plantation villa near Trat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359617233276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot officially resigned from the party in 1985 citing asthma as a contributing factor, but continued as the de facto Khmer Rouge leader and a dominant force within the anti-Vietnam alliance. He handed day-to-day power to Son Sen, his hand-picked successor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338202476501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In 1986, his new wife Mea Son gave birth to a daughter, Sitha, named after the heroine of the Khmer religious epic, the Reamker. Shortly after, Pol Pot moved to China for medical treatment for cancer. He remained there until 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273053169250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "In 1989, Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge established a new stronghold area in the west near the Thai border and Pol Pot relocated back into Cambodia from Thailand. Pol Pot refused to cooperate with the peace process, and kept fighting the new coalition government. The Khmer Rouge kept the government forces at bay until 1996, when troops started deserting. Several important Khmer Rouge leaders also defected. The government had a policy of making peace with Khmer Rouge individuals and groups after negotiations with the organization as a whole failed. In 1995, Pol Pot experienced a stroke that paralyzed the left side of his body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155404090881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Pol Pot ordered the execution of his lifelong right-hand man Son Sen on 10 June 1997 for attempting to make a settlement with the government. Eleven members of his family were killed also, although Pol Pot later denied that he had ordered this. He then fled his northern stronghold, but was later arrested by Khmer Rouge military Chief Ta Mok on 19 June 1997. Pol Pot had not been seen in public since 1980, two years after his overthrow at the hands of an invading Vietnamese army. He was sentenced to death in absentia by a Phnom Penh court soon afterward. In July, he was subjected to a show trial for the death of Son Sen and sentenced to lifelong house arrest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106186866760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "On the night of 15 April 1998, two days before the 23rd anniversary of the Khmer Rouge takeover in Phnom Penh, the Voice of America, of which Pol Pot was a devoted listener, announced that the Khmer Rouge had agreed to turn him over to an international tribunal. According to his wife, he died in his bed later in the night while waiting to be moved to another location. Ta Mok claimed that his death was due to heart failure. Ta Mok later described the way he died: \"He was sitting in his chair waiting for the car to come. But he felt tired. His wife asked him to take a rest. He lay down on his bed. His wife heard a gasp of air. It was the sound of dying. When she touched him he had already passed away. It was at 10:15 last night.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029646873474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "Despite government requests to inspect the body, it was cremated a few days later at Anlong Veng in the Khmer Rouge zone, raising suspicions that he committed suicide by taking an overdose of the medication he had been prescribed. Journalist Nate Thayer, who was present, took the view that Pol Pot killed himself when he became aware of Ta Mok's plan to hand him over to America. He concluded that \"Pol Pot died of a lethal dose of a combination of Valium and chloroquine.\" Ta Mok's assertion that \"no one poisoned him\" encouraged speculation that this was exactly what did happen. Thus some sources state that he was murdered by his own colleagues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062217712402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "*[https://archive.org/details/SpeechMadeByComradePolPotSecretaryOfTheCentralCommitteeOfThe Speech made by comrade Pol Pot, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kampuchea \"At the banquet given in honour of the delegation of the Communist party of China and the government of the People's Republic of China. Phnom Penh, November 5, 1978.\" ] [Phnom Penh]: Dept. of Press and Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Democratic Kampuchea, 1978", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740710258483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "*[https://archive.org/details/InterviewOfComradePolPotSecretaryOfTheCentralCommitteeOfThe Interview of Comrade Pol Pot, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, Prime Minister of the Government of Democratic Kampuchea to the delegation of Yugoslav journalists in visit to Democratic Kampuchea, March 17, 1978] [Phnom Penh]: Dept. of Press and Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Democratic Kampuchea, 1978", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863207817077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" }, { "answer": "Pol Pot", "passage": "*Let us continue to firmly hold aloft the banner of the victory of the glorious Communist Party of Kampuchea in order to defend Democratic Kampuchea, carry on socialist revolution and build up socialism: speech made by Comrade Pol Pot on the occasion of the 18th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, September 27, 1978 [Phnom Penh]: Dept. of Press and Information, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Democratic Kampuchea, 1978", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140338897705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pol Pot" } ]

[ { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "By the early 1950s, a number of re-enactments of the driving of the last spike had been held at Promontory Summit. The renewed interest led to a concerted effort to save the historic site. In 1957, local campaigners succeeded in getting the area recognized by the Federal government but without Federal land ownership. The Southern Pacific, which still owned the right of way, agreed to give its holdings to Federal management. On July 30, 1965 the Act for the Golden Spike National Historic Site was signed into law. The area is administered by the National Park Service.", "precise_score": -0.12092883884906769, "rough_score": 1.7428219318389893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Promontory, Utah" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "The golden spike (also known as The Last Spike ) is the ceremonial final spike driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. The term last spike has been used to refer to one driven at the usually ceremonial completion of any new railroad construction projects, particularly those in which construction is undertaken from two disparate origins towards a meeting point. The spike now lies in the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University. ", "precise_score": 4.211790084838867, "rough_score": 1.4841270446777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "In 1957, Congress established the Golden Spike National Historic Site to preserve the area around Promontory Summit as closely as possible to its appearance in 1869. O'Connor Engineering Laboratories in Costa Mesa, California, designed and built working replicas of the locomotives present at the original ceremony for the Park Service. These engines are drawn up face-to-face each Saturday during the summer for a re-enactment of the event. ", "precise_score": 0.4868761897087097, "rough_score": 2.331691265106201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a depiction of the driving of the spike. The Golden Spike design was selected as the winner from among several others by Utah's governor, Jon Huntsman, Jr., following a period during which Utah residents voted and commented on their favorite of three finalists. ", "precise_score": 1.404488444328308, "rough_score": 1.4025582075119019, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "An elaborate four-day event called the \"Golden Spike Days Celebration\" was held in Omaha, NE, from April 26 to 29, 1939, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the joining of the UP and CPRR rails and driving of the Last Spike at Promontory Summit, UT, in 1869. The center piece event of the celebration occurred on April 28 with the World Premiere of the Cecil B. DeMille feature motion picture Union Pacific which took place simultaneously in the city's Omaha, Orpheum, and Paramount theaters. The film features an elaborate reenactment of the original Golden Spike ceremony (filmed in Canoga Park, CA) as the motion picture's closing scene for which DeMille borrowed the actual Golden Spike from Stanford University to be held by Dr. W.H. Harkness (Stanley Andrews) as he delivered his remarks prior to its driving to complete the railroad. (A prop spike was used for the actual hammering sequence.) ", "precise_score": 1.7490490674972534, "rough_score": 2.725475311279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "* The Inyo, a 4-4-0 steam locomotive built for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad (V&T #22) in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, appeared in both the Golden Spike ceremony scene in Union Pacific (1939) and in the 1960s TV series The Wild Wild West. In May, 1969, the Inyo participated in the Golden Spike Centennial at Promontory, Utah, and then served as the replica of the Central Pacific's Jupiter (CPRR #60) at the Golden Spike National Historical Site, until the current replica was built in 1979. Purchased by the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City, Nevada, in 1974, it was eventually brought back to Nevada and fully restored there in 1983, where it still runs today.", "precise_score": -2.9801549911499023, "rough_score": -1.1803338527679443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Golden Spike", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211864471435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Promontory, Utah" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "The event at Promontory Summit, which was billed as the \"wedding of the rails\", was officiated by the Reverend John Todd. Three spikes were driven: one (and probably the most famous) was the gold spike, one was silver, and one was a mix of gold, silver, and iron. In 1898, the golden spike was donated to the Stanford Museum (now Cantor Arts Center). The last laurel tie was destroyed in fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Stanford University loaned the original 1869 gold spike to Cecil B. DeMille for the film Union Pacific (1939). It was held aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event (a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.461892008781433, "source": "wiki", "title": "Promontory, Utah" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "On the 110th anniversary of the \"Golden Spike\" on May 10, 1979, two purpose-built replicas of the UP #119 and the Jupiter #60 were brought together on a specially relaid 1½ mile section of track. As the original Jupiter was scrapped for iron in 1901 and No. 119 was broken up two years later, the two replica locomotives were built in California with $1.5 million of federal funds. They were reconstructed using scaled-up measurements taken from photographs of the original engines. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.06322193145752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Promontory, Utah" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "The park, which has a visitor center and an engine house, is open throughout the year. Several walking trails and audio driving tours allow visitors to see the old cuts along the permanent way highlighting the effort needed to construct the railroad over Promontory Summit. On every Saturday and holiday between May 1 and Labor Day, the two replica locomotives are lined up to re-enact the \"Golden Spike\" ceremony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8286349773406982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Promontory, Utah" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "The golden spike was made of 17.6-karat (73%) copper-alloyed gold, and weighed 14.03 troy ounces (436 g). It was dropped into a pre-drilled hole in the laurel ceremonial last tie, and gently tapped into place with a silver ceremonial spike maul. The spike was engraved on all four sides:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145687103271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "A second golden spike, exactly like the one from the ceremony, was cast and engraved at the same time. It was held, unknown to the public, by the Hewes family until 2005. This second spike is now on permanent display, along with Thomas Hill's famous painting The Last Spike, at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913501739501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "To drive the final spike, Stanford lifted a silver spike maul and drove the spike into the tie, completing the line. Stanford and Hewes missed the spike, but the single word \"done\" was nevertheless flashed by telegraph around the country. In the United States, the event has come to be considered one of the first nationwide media events. The locomotives were moved forward until their \"cowcatchers\" met, and photographs were taken. Immediately afterwards, the golden spike and the laurel tie were removed, lest they be stolen, and replaced with a regular iron spike and normal tie. At exactly 12:47 pm, the last iron spike was driven, finally completing the line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428847312927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "After the ceremony, the Golden Spike was donated to the Stanford Museum (now Cantor Arts Center) in 1898. The last laurel tie was destroyed in the fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22503662109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Image:First Transcontinental Rail.jpg|The Jupiter leads the train that carried Leland Stanford, one of the \"Big Four\" owners of the Central Pacific Railroad, and other railway officials to the Golden Spike Ceremony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203777313232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "For the May 10, 1969, centennial of the driving of the last spike, the High Iron Company ran a steam-powered excursion train round trip from New York City to Promontory. The Golden Spike Centennial Limited transported over 100 passengers including, for the last leg into Salt Lake City, actor John Wayne. The Union Pacific Railroad also sent a special display train and the US Army Transportation Corp sent a steam-powered 3-car special from Fort Eustis, Virginia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.911746859550476, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Image:CP steam loco.jpg|A replica of the Jupiter (CP# 60) at the Golden Spike National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.341781616210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Image:UP steam loco.jpg|A replica of UP# 119 at Golden Spike N.H.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963397979736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Image:Golden Spike Recreation.jpg|The current site of the Golden Spike National Historic Site, with replicas of No. 119 and the Jupiter facing each other to re-enact the driving of the Golden Spike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.56552505493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "\"Golden Spike Days Celebration\" (1939)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.753281593322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Also included as a part of the overall celebration's major attractions was the Golden Spike Historical Exposition, a large assemblage of artifacts (including the Golden Spike itself), tools, equipment, photographs, documents, and other materials from the construction of the Pacific Railroad that were put on display at Omaha's Municipal Auditorium. The four days of events drew over 250,000 people to Omaha during its run, a number roughly equivalent to the city's then population. The celebration was opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt who inaugurated it by pressing a telegraph key at the White House in Washington, DC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.022500038146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "On the same day as the premiere of the movie, a still standing gold-colored concrete spike called the \"Golden Spike Monument\" and measuring some 56 ft in height was also unveiled at 21st Street and 9th Avenue in Council Bluffs, IA, adjacent to the UP's main yard, the location of milepost 0.0 of that road's portion of the Pacific Railroad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.617183685302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "* In 2012, Artist Greg Stimac used the original \"golden spike\", on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, to produce a series of photograms, or cameraless photographs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25119686126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "* The first motion picture depiction of the driving of the golden spike occurred in The Iron Horse 1924, a silent film directed by John Ford and produced by Fox Film. In 2011, this film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503152847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "* In the fictional action adventure comedy film Wild Wild West (1999), the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film's antagonist Dr. Arliss Loveless. (In reality Grant did not attend the Golden Spike ceremony.) The extensive Promontory Summit set for the film's Golden Spike ceremony scenes was built at the 20,000-acre Cook's Ranch near Santa Fe, New Mexico. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.018643379211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "* The Golden Spike Ceremony is depicted in the movie adaptation of The Lone Ranger (2013) starring Johnny Depp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16499137878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "Hell on Wheels presents a multi-season arc on the construction of the transcontinental railroad. In Season 5, Episode 11, a flash forward sequence includes a picture of the railroad ceremony and a main character claiming to possess a ring made of gold crafted from part of the ceremonial golden spike. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251359939575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" }, { "answer": "Golden Spike", "passage": "In 2015, a Lego model depicting the golden spike ceremony was submitted to the Lego Ideas website. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177750587463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden spike" } ]

[ { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Thomas Andrew \"Colonel Tom\" Parker (born Andreas Cornelis van Kuijk; June 26, 1909 – January 21, 1997) was a Dutch-born American talent manager, best known as the manager of Elvis Presley. His management of Presley defined the role of masterminding talent management, which involved every facet of the client's life and was seen as central to the success of Presley's career.", "precise_score": 5.125091552734375, "rough_score": -1.2883697748184204, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "In early 1955, Parker became aware of a young singer named Elvis Presley. Presley had a singing style different from the current trend, and Parker was immediately interested in the future of this musical style. Elvis’ first manager was guitarist Scotty Moore, who was encouraged by Sun Records owner Sam Phillips to become his manager to protect Elvis from unscrupulous music promoters. In the beginning, Elvis was part of a trio named Blue Moon Boys, whose other two members were Moore and bassist Bill Black. However, when Elvis signed a recording contract with Phillips, Moore and Black were excluded from the contract. Phillips told them to make a separate deal with Elvis. According to Moore, Elvis agreed to take 50 percent, with Moore and Black splitting the other 50 percent. Moore’s one-year management contract with Elvis provided him with a 10 percent commission, which Moore said he never took. The contract, dated July 12, 1954, eight days after their first recording session, was signed by Elvis and both of his parents. When the contract expired, Memphis radio personality Bob Neal stepped in and made a deal with Phillips to become Elvis’ manager. At that point, Moore and Black had no contractual ties to either Phillips or Elvis. Neal was struggling at the time to accommodate his new client's success, and in February 1955, following a meeting with Parker, Elvis agreed to let Parker take some control of future bookings and promotions.", "precise_score": -6.543415546417236, "rough_score": -7.645640850067139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November, Parker and Snow persuaded RCA to buy Presley out from Sun for $40,000, and on November 21 Presley's contract was officially transferred from Sun Records to RCA Victor. Snow attended the signing, thinking that Elvis had signed a management contract with Jamboree Attractions, which he owned with Parker. However, that was not the case since Elvis was still under contract to Bob Neal. The only document that was signed on November 21 pertained to the record label transfer. In return for a larger financial part of the deal, Neal agreed not to renew his management contract with Presley after it had run out in March 1956, allowing Parker the opportunity to claim the job for himself.", "precise_score": -9.146586418151855, "rough_score": -9.076379776000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "On March 26, 1956, after Elvis' management contract with Neal had expired, the singer signed a contract with Parker that made him his exclusive representative. Later, when Hank Snow asked Parker about the status of their contract with Elvis, Parker told him, \"You don't have any contract with Elvis Presley. Elvis is signed exclusively to the Colonel.\" ", "precise_score": -0.39775824546813965, "rough_score": -2.1504385471343994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Parker signed a merchandising deal with Beverly Hills film merchandiser Hank Saperstein for nearly $40,000 to turn Presley into a brand name. With over 78 different ranges, from charm bracelets to record players, Presley merchandise had brought in $22 million by the end of 1956. Parker, with his 25% share of profits, was finding many new ways to make money from his artist that managers before him could only have dreamed about. He had even come up with the idea to market \"I Hate Elvis\" badges to make money from those who otherwise wouldn't have parted with their cash.", "precise_score": -8.042941093444824, "rough_score": -8.648199081420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After the Sinatra special, Parker decided that Presley's future lay in Hollywood. He envisioned him as an entertainment machine, pumping out three films and soundtracks a year, until the end of the decade. He allowed him to perform three live shows in 1961, all charity events, two in Memphis and one in Hawaii. After that, until 1968, Presley gave no live performances, and had very little contact with his fans. Parker signed long-term contracts with the film studios, possibly to guarantee work and income for both him and Presley. This was, with hindsight, a mistake on his part; if he had negotiated each deal separately based on the profits of the previous film, he could have received more money. Throughout the 1960s Parker would continually renegotiate Presley's film contracts, often paying little attention to the scripts or the thoughts of his client.Doll, Elvis for Dummies, p. 139 These deals were sometimes so harsh on the studios that it led producer Hal Wallis to state, \"I'd rather try and close a deal with the Devil.\"", "precise_score": -7.469170093536377, "rough_score": -8.37440013885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "For the remainder of the 1960s, Presley made films that relied heavily on exotic locations and mundane songs, and he was tied into contracts that he could not escape. Parker did not care if the films were good or bad but only about the profits. When Presley complained to him that he wanted better scripts, Parker reminded him of his lavish lifestyle and that risking $1 million a year for doing practically no work was dangerous. Elvis's career stagnated while artists like the Beatles, the Supremes, the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan dominated the charts. Parker admitted in 1983 that after 1966, the income from Presley films and soundtracks was dramatically reduced.", "precise_score": -9.010411262512207, "rough_score": -8.811042785644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "It took the energetic 1968 television special Elvis, which the Singer Company sponsored, and a subsequent series of acclaimed recording sessions in Memphis, Tennessee that included songs such as \"Suspicious Minds\" and \"In The Ghetto\", to restore Elvis Presley's musical reputation. However, the music scene and the culture in the latter part of the decade had radically changed. The \"Singer Special\" TV show was not intended to turn out the way it did. Parker was adamant that Presley would wear a Santa suit and other holiday garb and sing Christmas songs, as the show was to be broadcast in December 1968. (Several Presley historians have noted the original title for the special was to be Elvis and the Wonderful World of Christmas.) It was the producer of the show, Steve Binder, who put forward the idea of Presley singing his old hits and even the staged section with his old band, Scotty Moore and DJ Fontana, the latter inspired by a post-rehearsal informal jam in Presley's dressing room. Presley was never one to stand up against Parker, but he knew that this TV show was his one chance at a true comeback, and with Binder backing him, Presley told Parker he was doing it \"Binder's way.\" This was the first time in the partnership where Presley fully rebelled against Parker.", "precise_score": -9.340252876281738, "rough_score": -8.263442993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After the success of Presley's return to live performing in Las Vegas, Parker decided it was time to take him back out on tour for the first time in 13 years.Victor, The Elvis Encyclopedia, pp. 384–395 The tours were so popular and financially successful that they determined Presley's workload for the remainder of his life and career. Parker's main role during these tours was to plan the logistics and make sure tickets were sold. He would usually fly ahead to the venues and prepare the way for Presley's entourage to follow. Due to this, Presley and Parker would very rarely see each other, and as time progressed it became even more difficult for Parker to get in contact with Presley. These live performances, as well as being very financially satisfying, also allowed Parker to fulfill Presley's recording contract with RCA. Between 1969 and 1972 alone, RCA released three albums of live material. ", "precise_score": -8.599729537963867, "rough_score": -8.224552154541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In September 1978, shortly after the first anniversary of Presley's death, Parker arranged a fan festival, Always Elvis, where he, Vernon, and Presley's ex-wife Priscilla, dedicated a bronze statue of him in the lobby of the Las Vegas Hilton.Nash, The Colonel, p. 315", "precise_score": -2.749204158782959, "rough_score": -6.977034091949463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The disputes with the Presley estate did not terminate his association with his most high-profile client. Parker appeared at posthumous events honoring Presley, such as the 1993 issuing of the United States Postal Service stamp honoring the King of Rock and Roll. He also became friendly with the estate again, attending special ceremonies and events in Memphis, invited by Priscilla. However, he did occasionally step on their toes by commenting negatively on some of their decisions. In 1994, following the marriage of Lisa Marie and Michael Jackson, Parker stated that Presley would not have approved, and in 1993, interest in Presley's enduring legend, interest that is sometimes notable for its obsessiveness, provoked Parker to remark, \"I don't think I exploited Elvis as much as he's being exploited today.\"", "precise_score": -6.835062026977539, "rough_score": -8.292595863342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Parker died the following morning in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 87. His death certificate listed his country of birth as the Netherlands and his citizenship as American. His funeral was held at the Hilton Hotel and was attended by friends and former associates, including Eddy Arnold and Sam Phillips. Priscilla attended to represent the Elvis Presley Estate and gave a eulogy that, to many in the room, summed up Parker perfectly: \"Elvis and the Colonel made history together, and the world is richer, better and far more interesting because of their collaboration. And now I need to locate my wallet, because I noticed there was no ticket booth on the way in here, but I'm sure that the Colonel must have arranged for some toll on the way out.\"", "precise_score": -2.6701111793518066, "rough_score": -6.9958415031433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Vivek Tiwary's The Fifth Beatle (2013), a graphic novel biography of the Beatles manager Brian Epstein, depicts a meeting between Parker and Epstein that took place in the mid 1960s. In the scene, Parker is satirically portrayed as a gluttonous, satanic figure. The scene contrasts Parker's management of Elvis with the freedom Epstein allows the Beatles. The scene also portrays Parker as anti-semitic. Tiwary claimed in an interview that Parker did make those comments. ", "precise_score": -7.80770206451416, "rough_score": -8.320192337036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*In the TV show Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, Perry White on multiple occasions refers to himself as being like the Colonel to Elvis in his relationship with Clark Kent (On one episode when Clark was being pursued by Cat Grant, Perry pulled him aside and told him a story about how Elvis fell in love with a girl early in his career and wanted to marry her but \"the Colonel put a stop to it right away. It would have ended his career and she wasn't the right woman for him. Do you understand what I'm saying son?\" to which Clark nodded affirmatively. In another, when Clark wins the \"Journalist of the Year Award\", Perry puts his arm around Clark and says outright \"Now I know how the Colonel felt when Elvis had his first Gold Record.\")", "precise_score": -7.952709674835205, "rough_score": -6.079843521118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*In an episode of The Flintstones entitled \"The Girls' Night Out\" Fred becomes a teen idol after cutting an album at an amusement park. His manager, voiced by Mel Blanc, is referred to simply as The Colonel and is an exaggerated caricature of Parker and his relationship with Elvis. He refers to another client with \"long sideburns,\" whose name he can't recall. ", "precise_score": 0.06603243201971054, "rough_score": -5.637975215911865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker, whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold, Parker was now working with the new number-one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour. When the tour reached Odessa, Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: \"His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it.\" Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to \"Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill\"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like \"That's All Right\", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the \"R&B idiom of negro field jazz\"; others, like \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", were \"more in the country field\", \"but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both\". This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country-music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm-and-blues stations would touch him because \"he sounded too much like a hillbilly.\" The blend came to be known as rockabilly. At the time, Presley was variously billed as \"The King of Western Bop\", \"The Hillbilly Cat\", and \"The Memphis Flash\".", "precise_score": 1.234366774559021, "rough_score": -4.944287300109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist. Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000. Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract. Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach, to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forgo one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions. By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings.", "precise_score": -9.592350006103516, "rough_score": -8.49593448638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5. The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans. On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single, \"Stuck on You\", which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit. Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads \"It's Now or Never\" and \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues \"menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph. Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic.\" As a whole, the record \"conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things\", in the words of music historian John Robertson: \"a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker\".", "precise_score": -10.658382415771484, "rough_score": -8.727097511291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, \"That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?\" In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley, scheduling him to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations. Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal, and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure. To revise his approach to performances, Presley visited Las Vegas hotel showrooms and lounges, at one of which, that of the Flamingo, he encountered Tom Jones, whose aggressive style was similar to his own 1950s approach; the two became friends. Already studying karate at the time, Presley recruited Bill Belew to design variants of karatekas's gis for him; these, in jumpsuit form, would be his \"stage uniforms\" in his later years. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.", "precise_score": -8.77454948425293, "rough_score": -8.682518005371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise. Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well. Priscilla Presley noted that, \"Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it.\" Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a \"hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone.\"", "precise_score": -8.639236450195312, "rough_score": -8.263309478759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's film career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer. According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy. In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born. In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, \"The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground.\" The prevailing attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again \"try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley.\"", "precise_score": -8.849983215332031, "rough_score": -7.8261308670043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Finding Elvis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364714622497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Managing Elvis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489808082580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Signing Elvis (1956–1957)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360369682312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis in the Army (1958–1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926507949829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis returns (1960–1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300846099853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Frank Sinatra, who had declared Presley and rock-'n'-roll a disgrace in the '50s, was keen to have him appear on his show. Parker, not one to forget harsh criticism, stated that the fee would be $125,000 for two songs, a total of eight minutes on screen; Sinatra himself was receiving a lower sum for the whole show. Sinatra agreed and it was Presley's first national television appearance since The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1957, and titled Welcome Home, Elvis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018144607543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley and Binder's instincts were proven right; the TV special proved an enormous hit, and the album that was released featuring performances from the special became a best-seller. Presley historians have also said doing the special whetted Elvis's appetite to perform live again after nearly a decade away from the stage. After the special, Parker managed Presley's return to live performance, including a set of brief U.S. tours and many engagements in Las Vegas. Following the success of Presley's Las Vegas return, Parker signed a contract with the International Hotel to guarantee Presley would play a month-long engagement for $125,000 a week, an unheard-of sum at the time. During this part of Presley's career, Parker and Presley agreed to a 50/50 \"partnership,\" which, with Parker controlling merchandising and other non-music related items, resulted in Parker earning more than his client.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.267139434814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Vernon Presley", "passage": "When Presley died in August 1977, one day before he was due to go out on tour, some accounts suggest Parker acted as if nothing had happened. Other accounts suggest he slumped in his chair, muttered \"oh dear God\", immediately contacted Vernon Presley, and advised Presley's father that his son's image needed to be protected. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639573097229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After Elvis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340611457824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Pat Hingle in Elvis (1979), the original made-for-television film, produced by Dick Clark, directed by John Carpenter, and starring Kurt Russell; ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96727180480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Hugh Gillin in the TV film Elvis and Me (1988); ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22439193725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Beau Bridges in the TV film Elvis and the Colonel: The Untold Story (1993), alongside Rob Youngblood; ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.817283630371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "* Randy Quaid in the CBS miniseries Elvis (2005), alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley. Quaid was nominated for a Golden Globe, Emmy Award and a Satellite Award win for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008378028869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "*In the TV Show Vinyl, Richie Finestra (portrayed by Bobby Cannavale), president of record label American Century, meets Elvis Presley (portrayed by Shawn Wayne Klush) in 1973, in Las Vegas. Richie attempts to convince Elvis to stop singing in Las Vegas and instead focus on making new, creative music, acting like a true king. The Colonel (portrayed by Gene Jones) gets furious when he finds out Richie was going behind his back and talking about papers with Elvis and has Elvis point a gun at him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.607491493225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Colonel Tom Parker" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American musician and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.209421157836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service. He resumed his recording career two years later, producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and their accompanying soundtrack albums, most of which were critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of prescription drug abuse severely damaged his health, and he died in 1977 at the age of 42.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53298282623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, the son of Gladys Love (née Smith; April 25, 1912 – August 14, 1958) and Vernon Elvis Presley (April 10, 1916 – June 26, 1979), in the two-room shotgun house built by Vernon's father in preparation for the child's birth. Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before him. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his initial musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, he never officially left it. Rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbard's ministry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700730323791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, and some French Norman. Gladys's great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean, the dairy farmer and cattle-and-hog broker for whom he then worked. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033489227294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses, they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Lauderdale Courts. Enrolled at L. C. Humes High School, Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, \"Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me\", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher \"agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing.\" He was usually too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a \"mama's boy\". In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette—formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts. That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater. Other jobs followed, including Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530233383178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The session, held the evening of July 5, 1954, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's \"That's All Right\". Moore recalled, \"All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'\" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for. Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played \"That's All Right\" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show. Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black. During the next few days, the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed \"slapback\". A single was pressed with \"That's All Right\" on the A side and \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" on the reverse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923234939575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser. The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year. Neal recalled, \"It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something.\" The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley, whose \"Rock Around the Clock\" had been a number-one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.417428970336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA Victor released Presley's eponymous debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5659818649292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, \"Let 'em see you, son.\" During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of \"Hound Dog\" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. Newspaper critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, \"Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway.\" Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music \"has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos\". Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him \"unfit for family viewing\". To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as \"Elvis the Pelvis\", which he called \"one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.046664237976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a \"new Elvis\" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang \"Hound Dog\" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, \"Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition\". Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's \"strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing\" and simply worked the singer into the customary \"comedy fabric\" of his program. Just before the final rehearsal for the show, Presley told a reporter, \"I'm holding down on this show. I don't want to do anything to make people dislike me. I think TV is important so I'm going to go along, but I won't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance.\" Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling, a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, \"No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.265218734741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The next day, Presley recorded \"Hound Dog\", along with \"Any Way You Want Me\" and \"Don't Be Cruel\". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, \"You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight.\" In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida, ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order. The single pairing \"Don't Be Cruel\" with \"Hound Dog\" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years. Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of \"Hound Dog,\" contributed \"Love Me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67318058013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident. Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot from only the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley \"got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!\" Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, \"As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots.\" In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad \"Love Me Tender\", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders. More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46932601928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, \"He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time.\" At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble. Elvis, Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. The album includes \"Old Shep\", which he sang at the talent show in 1945, and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session. According to Guralnick, one can hear \"in the halting chords and the somewhat stumbling rhythm both the unmistakable emotion and the equally unmistakable valuing of emotion over technique.\" Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from \"That's All Right\" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that \"these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688072204589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response. A Detroit newspaper suggested that \"the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed.\" Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia, and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage. Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as \"brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore.\" Asked for a response, Presley said, \"I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649117469787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album. Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: \"Santa Claus Is Back In Town\", an innuendo-laden blues. The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time. After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time. On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole, in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis. A couple of weeks into the new year, \"Don't\", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since \"Heartbreak Hotel\" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley. A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.809925079345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu. They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship. In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public. Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.584114074707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Is Back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407547950744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special—ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.738222122192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "G.I. Blues, the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine, followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in the UK, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records. A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody. As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound, the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely \"a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright.\" It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii. It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807814598083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Of Presley's films in the 1960s, 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs. The films' rapid production and release schedules—he frequently starred in three a year—affected his music. According to Jerry Leiber, the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army: \"three ballads, one medium-tempo [number], one up-tempo, and one break blues boogie\". As the decade wore on, the quality of the soundtrack songs grew \"progressively worse\". Julie Parrish, who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966), says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films. The Jordanaires' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone: \"The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn't sing it.\" Most of the film albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. But by and large, according to biographer Jerry Hopkins, the numbers seemed to be \"written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll.\" Regardless of the songs' quality, it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well, with commitment. Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite: \"Presley isn't trying, probably the wisest course in the face of material like 'No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car' and 'Rock-a-Hula Baby.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724990844726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu. They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas. The flow of formulaic films and assembly-line soundtracks rolled on. It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem. \"By then, of course, the damage had been done\", as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it. \"Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has-been to all but his most loyal fans.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015570640563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133280754089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock-and-roll days. Bill Belew, who designed this outfit, gave it a Napoleonic standing collar (Presley customarily wore high collars because he believed his neck looked too long), a design feature that he would later make a major trademark of the outfits Presley wore on stage in his later years. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned. The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience. Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, \"There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy.\" Dave Marsh calls the performance one of \"emotional grandeur and historical resonance.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72479248046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By January 1969, the single \"If I Can Dream\", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling, the special reminded Presley of what \"he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man.\" Binder said of Presley's reaction, \"I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002321243286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "From Elvis In Memphis and the International", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266814231872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is \"a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63471794128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s). At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as \"The King\", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. \"No,\" Presley said, \"that's the real king of rock and roll.\" The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million. Newsweek commented, \"There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars.\" Rolling Stone called Presley \"supernatural, his own resurrection.\" In November, Presley's final non-concert film, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. \"Suspicious Minds\" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.815966606140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage. In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome. In April, the single \"The Wonder of You\" was issued—a number one hit in the UK, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is. Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge. The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.685997009277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The album That's the Way It Is, produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, \"The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis.\" After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.473173141479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971. Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located \"Elvis Presley Boulevard\". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Grammy Award organization. Three new, non-film Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country, a concept record that focused on genre standards. The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, \"the truest statement of all\", according to Greil Marcus. \"In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues.\" According to Guralnick, \"the one real highlight\" of one of the 1971 sessions were the recording of \"I Will Be True,\" \"It's Still Here,\" and \"I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen,\" a trio of songs that Presley recorded in a rare solo set, sitting at the piano after everyone else had gone home: \"Yearning, wistfulness, loneliness, need—all were communicated with a naked lack of adornment that Elvis was seeming to find increasingly difficult to display in the formal process of recording.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578434944152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour, which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year. His gospel album He Touched Me, released that month, would earn him his second Grammy Award, for Best Inspirational Performance. A 14-date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden. The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later. Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley's biggest-selling albums. After the tour, the single \"Burning Love\" was released—Presley's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart. \"The most exciting single Elvis has made since 'All Shook Up'\", wrote rock critic Robert Christgau. \"Who else could make 'It's coming closer, the flames are now licking my body' sound like an assignation with James Brown's backup band?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.466197967529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Vernon Presley", "passage": "On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired \"Memphis Mafia\" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to \"cut back on expenses\". Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits. However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42842960357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974. Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis. Recorded on March 20, it included a version of \"How Great Thou Art\" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award. (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful. In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home. Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.511590957641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977). The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. \"My Boy\" was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975, and \"Moody Blue\" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976. Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his \"apocalyptic attack\" on the soul classic \"Hurt\". \"If he felt the way he sounded\", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, \"the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652634620666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden. He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again. Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, \"Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts.\" In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and \"was impossible to understand\". Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled. Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota, \"he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk\", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to \"perform any significant movement.\" Guralnick relates that fans \"were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books.\" A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes. \"Way Down\", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. On the next tour, CBS filmed two concerts for a TV Special, Elvis in Concert, to be aired in October. On the first of these, captured in Omaha on June 19, Presley's voice, Guralnick writes, \"is almost unrecognizable, a small, childlike instrument in which he talks more than sings most of the songs, casts about uncertainly for the melody in others, and is virtually unable to articulate or project.\" He did better on the second night, two days later in Rapid City, Iowa: \"He looked healthier, seemed to have lost a little weight, and sounded better, too\", though his appearance was still a \"face framed in a helmet of blue-black hair from which sweat sheets down over pale, swollen cheeks.\" His final concert was held in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena, on June 26.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533380508422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1. It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers. By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon, each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse. Genetic analysis of a hair sample in 2014 found evidence of genetic variants that could have caused his glaucoma, migraines and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179344177246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Ginger Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070775032043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "\"Drug use was heavily implicated\" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. \"No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy.\" A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported \"fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity.\" Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: \"Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207734107971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia, a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive. Allegations of a cover-up were widespread. While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: \"In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name.\" His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91971206665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A Junkie XL remix of Presley's \"A Little Less Conversation\" (credited as \"Elvis Vs JXL\") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S, that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of \"Rubberneckin'\", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of \"That's All Right\" the following year. The latter was an outright hit in the UK, reaching number three on the pop chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778656005859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2005, another three reissued singles, \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"One Night\"/\"I Got Stung\", and \"It's Now or Never\", went to number one in the United Kingdom. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million. He placed second in 2006, returned to the top spot the next two years, and ranked fourth in 2009. The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas. In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks. As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products. He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700221061706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2008, an 1800-year-old Roman bust described as bearing a \"striking\" resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction. A spokesman for the auctioneers said that fans could \"be forgiven for thinking that their idol may well have lived a previous life in Rome.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225118637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly, according to music historians. Katherine Charlton even calls him \"rockabilly's originator\", though Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that \"[Sam] Phillips, Elvis, and I didn't create rockabilly.\" and, according to Michael Campbell, \"Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit.\" \"It had been there for quite a while\", says Scotty Moore. \"Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson, and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old.\" However, \"Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label\", writes Craig Morrison. Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as \"essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction\": \"the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country\". In \"That's All Right\", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, \"a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516200065612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. The reason why the music from this period lacks the drama from his Fifties recordings, critic Dave Marsh writes, is \"because what we're hearing is not genius discovering itself but the sound of genius at work.\" His first post-Army single, the number one hit \"Stuck on You\", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its \"mild rock beat\"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it \"upbeat pop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\", though Marsh holds that while he may have recorded few blues songs in the early to middle Sixties, \"blues informs almost everything here.\" The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his film soundtracks was in a much lighter vein. Notable numbers in other genres are the No. 1 hits \"It's Now or Never\" of 1960, based on the Italian aria \"O Sole Mio\" and concluding with a \"full-voiced operatic cadence,\" and the 1962 hit \"She's Not You\" which \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159056663513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were \"hard to find\". A significant exception was \"Burning Love\", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk. Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as \"Suspicious Minds\", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.628252029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's singing to his own \"necessarily limited, both rhythmically and melodically,\" piano accompaniment, such as can be heard on the 1967 recording of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", for Guralnick are always special occasions, because \"it was always a measure of his engagement when he sat down at the keyboard to play.\" Describing his piano technique as \"staccato style,\" Jorgensen finds that on \"Without Love\" from the 1969 sessions, \"his gospel-flavored treatment took it to a level of spirituality rarely matched in his career.\" Presley also played the instrument on the \"impassioned version\" of the sessions's next song, \"I'll Hold You in My Heart,\" of which Guralnick writes that \"there is something magical about the moment that only the most inspired singing can bring about, as Elvis loses himself in the music, words no longer lend themselves to literal translation, and singer and listener both are left emotionally wrung out by the time the song finally limps to an end.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841989517211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, \"The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes.\" A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet, Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley granted Robinson an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view: \"I never said anything like that, and people who know me know that I wouldn't have said it … A lot of people seem to think I started this business. But rock 'n' roll was here a long time before I came along. Nobody can sing that kind of music like colored people. Let's face it: I can't sing like Fats Domino can. I know that.\" Also, Red Robinson stated, \"Take a look at the things that are only publicized now, of how he'd be driving down the street and see a destitute black woman with a little child. He went and bought her a Cadillac. Now if this guy hated blacks, he wouldn’t even have gone near them\". Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist. Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter, who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, \"He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest.\" Dudley Brooks, an African-American composer and studio musician who worked with Presley during the 1950s and 1960s, also disputed allegations that Presley was a racist. Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later. The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit \"Fight the Power\", by Public Enemy: \"Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568564414978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgement and commercial success largely denied his black peers. Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had \"stolen\" black music still found adherents. Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson, who argued, \"A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis.\" And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, \"Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that].\" Nine years earlier, he had said, \"Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021322250366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sounds Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as \"aggressively bisexual in appeal\". Brett Farmer places the \"orgasmic gyrations\" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a \"spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image\". In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, \"Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121930122375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A number of stories, both real and exaggerated, detail Presley's appetite for rich or heavy food. He was said to enjoy the Southern cuisine of his upbringing, including chicken-fried steak and biscuits and gravy. Presley is commonly associated with rich sandwiches, including the Fool's Gold Loaf and peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwiches, now commonly called an \"Elvis sandwich\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207769393920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the \"Memphis Mafia\". \"Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence\", as journalist John Harris puts it, \"it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open.\" Tony Brown, who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: \"But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends\". In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, \"[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722344398498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: \"I mean there has to be a purpose ... there's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel.\" Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously. Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036124229431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture. As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude. With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture. In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, \"He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music.\" Al Green agreed: \"He broke the ice for all of us.\" President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977: \"His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.\" Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.106612205505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe. He has inspired a legion of impersonators. In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans. \"Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century\", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. \"He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it.\" Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as \"like busting out of jail\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428911209106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "On the 25th anniversary of Presley's death, The New York Times observed, \"All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely.\" Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19230842590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843273162841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The year given, in the table below, is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance: Elvis' 40 Greatest, released in 1974, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks. The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995979309082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis: That's the Way It Is (1970)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306075096130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis on Tour (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2974214553833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis (1968)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166996002197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis: Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite (1973)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386374473571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis in Concert (1977)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23437213897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Dylan's parents, Abram Zimmerman and Beatrice \"Beatty\" Stone, were part of a small but close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the family returned to his mother's hometown, Hibbing, where they lived for the rest of Robert's childhood. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana and later, when he was a teenager, to rock and roll.Shelton, pp. 38–40. He formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and Elvis Presley. Their performance of Danny & the Juniors' \"Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay\" at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption \"Robert Zimmerman: to join 'Little Richard'.\" The same year, as Elston Gunnn , he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping.An interview with Vee suggests Zimmerman may have been eccentric in spelling his early pseudonym: \"[Dylan] was in the Fargo/Moorhead area ... Bill [Velline] was in a record shop in Fargo, Sam's Record Land, and this guy came up to him and introduced himself as Elston Gunnn—with three n's, G-U-N-N-N.\" Bobby Vee Interview, July 1999, Goldmine Reproduced online: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702561378479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Dylan" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "\"Mixed-Up Confusion\", recorded during the Freewheelin sessions with a backing band, was released as a single and then quickly withdrawn. In contrast to the mostly solo acoustic performances on the album, the single showed a willingness to experiment with a rockabilly sound. Cameron Crowe described it as \"a fascinating look at a folk artist with his mind wandering towards Elvis Presley and Sun Records.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910249710083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Dylan" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Dylan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1988, with Bruce Springsteen's introduction declaring, \"Bob freed your mind the way Elvis freed your body. He showed us that just because music was innately physical did not mean that it was anti-intellectual. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804960250854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Dylan" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "With a collection of songs reportedly written while snowed-in on his Minnesota ranch, Dylan booked recording time with Daniel Lanois at Miami's Criteria Studios in January 1997. The subsequent recording sessions were, by some accounts, fraught with musical tension. Before the album's release Dylan was hospitalized with a life-threatening heart infection, pericarditis, brought on by histoplasmosis. His scheduled European tour was cancelled, but Dylan made a speedy recovery and left the hospital saying, \"I really thought I'd be seeing Elvis soon.\" He was back on the road by mid-year, and performed before Pope John Paul II at the World Eucharistic Conference in Bologna, Italy. The Pope treated the audience of 200,000 people to a homily based on Dylan's lyric \"Blowin' in the Wind\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630270004272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Dylan" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis might never have been born, but someone else would surely have brought the world rock 'n' roll. No such logic accounts for Bob Dylan. No iron law of history demanded that a would-be Elvis from Hibbing, Minnesota, would swerve through the Greenwich Village folk revival to become the world's first and greatest rock 'n' roll beatnik bard and then—having achieved fame and adoration beyond reckoning—vanish into a folk tradition of his own making. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988365173339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Dylan" } ]

[ { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair—informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock—was a music festival attracting an audience of over 400,000 people, scheduled over three days on a dairy farm in New York state from August 15 to 17, 1969, but which ran over four days to August 18, 1969. ", "precise_score": 7.507326602935791, "rough_score": 5.797306060791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\", it was held at Max Yasgur's 600 acres dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 mi southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "precise_score": 5.421964645385742, "rough_score": 1.2375330924987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "The event was captured in the Academy Award winning 1970 documentary movie Woodstock, an accompanying soundtrack album, and Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", which commemorated the event and became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort.", "precise_score": -0.5847253799438477, "rough_score": -3.5130162239074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, and Artie Kornfeld. Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized a small festival on the East Coast the prior year, the Miami Pop Festival, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Media Sound, a large audio recording studio complex in Manhattan. ", "precise_score": 1.6086208820343018, "rough_score": -1.6931228637695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Media Sound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock, New York. Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office.", "precise_score": -1.8784494400024414, "rough_score": -5.492743015289307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in Woodstock, New York, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. After local residents quickly shot down that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location in Saugerties, New York. But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300 acre Mills Industrial Park () in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969. Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. On July 15, 1969, the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. ", "precise_score": 2.2057950496673584, "rough_score": -0.4794643521308899, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock, Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15 acre motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur. Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur, Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond would become a popular skinny dipping destination.", "precise_score": 0.2863239347934723, "rough_score": -2.3672597408294678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. Fearing chaos as thousands began descending on the community, Bethel did not enforce its codes. Eventually, announcements on radio stations as far away as WNEW-FM in Manhattan and descriptions of the traffic jams on television news discouraged people from setting off to the festival. Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed. The director of the Woodstock museum discussed below said this never occurred. To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. ", "precise_score": -1.8173484802246094, "rough_score": -5.126672744750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "The documentary film Woodstock, directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by Thelma Schoonmaker and Martin Scorsese, was released in 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub, an executive at Warner Bros., and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.", "precise_score": -3.5417819023132324, "rough_score": -5.1110334396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "In 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana, Janis Joplin, Sly & the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy/SME Records, and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience. Also, in 2009, Rhino/Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm, which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. ", "precise_score": -0.3290846645832062, "rough_score": -2.511936664581299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "In 1996, the site of the concert and 1400 acre surrounding was purchased by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose of creating the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. The Center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic. On August 13, 2006, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed before 16,000 fans at the new Center—37 years after their historic performance at Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -1.304437279701233, "rough_score": -0.401067316532135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald, the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew), Canned Heat, Ten Years After, Jefferson Starship, Mountain, and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane line-up to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten, who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat. Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.", "precise_score": 3.2349870204925537, "rough_score": 1.8154007196426392, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "As one of the biggest rock festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late sixties, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase \"the Woodstock generation\" became part of the common lexicon. Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the final chords sounded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character - which began appearing in 1966 but was yet unnamed -Woodstock in tribute to the festival. In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled \"I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair\" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. Keith Robertson's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm. In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the \"Woodchuck\" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. ", "precise_score": -1.2229738235473633, "rough_score": -1.253745436668396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "File:Woodstock August 15, 1969.jpg|A rainy day (August 15, 1969)", "precise_score": 2.2068030834198, "rough_score": -0.6557193994522095, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* August 15–August 18 – The Woodstock Festival is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era.", "precise_score": 3.685609817504883, "rough_score": 0.3779594302177429, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are often inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art, and social activities. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval. Some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause. Another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7919921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. While entrants perform prepared pieces in the presence of an audience which includes competitors, the essential feature of this type of festival is that each participant receives verbal and written feedback, there and then, from a highly qualified, professional adjudicator—someone whom they might never meet in any other way. They also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is often played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music. For many, they provide a bridge between lessons & examinations and performing confidently in public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31194019317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Pearl Rhythm Festival, Nyege Nyege", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285547256469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Sunny Side Up Tropical Festival, Bali", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.048823356628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Germany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02783203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Grape music festival, Piešťany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.085906028747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Paléo Festival, Nyon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.691725730895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "* Hammerfest, Hafan y Mor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761059761047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Big Pine Music Festival, Albany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.221524238586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "New York ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953664779663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Camp Bisco, Albany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03646469116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* Electric Zoo, New York City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229784965515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* moe.down, Turin, New York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937164306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music festival" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "During the sometimes rainy weekend, 32 acts performed outdoors before an audience of 400,000 people. It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history, as well as the definitive nexus for the larger counterculture generation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.215731620788574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Woodstock was designed as a profit-making venture, aptly titled \"Woodstock Ventures\". It famously became a \"free concert\" only after the event drew hundreds of thousands more patrons than the organizers had prepared for. Tickets for the three-day event cost $18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to $ and $ in 2014). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan. Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold, and the organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.74765682220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John Roberts and told him he was thinking of ordering 10,000 New York State National Guard troops to the festival. Roberts was successful in persuading Rockefeller not to do this. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency. During the festival, personnel from nearby Stewart Air Force Base assisted in helping to ensure order and airlifting performers in and out of the concert venue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.845017910003662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Jimi Hendrix was the last act to perform at the festival. Because of the rain delays that Sunday, when Hendrix finally took the stage it was 8:30 Monday morning. The audience, which had peaked at an estimated 400,000 during the festival, was now reduced to about 30,000 by that point; many of them merely waited to catch a glimpse of Hendrix before leaving during his performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.423660278320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Although the festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, there were two recorded fatalities: one from what was believed to be a heroin overdose, and another caused in an accident when a tractor ran over an attendee sleeping in a nearby hayfield. There also were two births recorded at the event (one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter) and four miscarriages. Oral testimony in the film supports the overdose and run-over deaths and at least one birth, along with many logistical headaches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743629455566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Yet, in tune with the idealistic hopes of the 1960s, Woodstock satisfied most attendees. There was a sense of social harmony, which, with the quality of music, and the overwhelming mass of people, many sporting bohemian dress, behavior, and attitudes helped to make it one of the enduring events of the century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.124627590179443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley. \"It worked very well,\" he says of the event. \"I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70 foot towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up.\" ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 ft tall, almost 4 ft deep, and 3 ft wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15 in JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059708595275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* Johnny Winter – $3,750", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875389099121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "* Ten Years After – $3,250", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653535842895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* The Byrds were invited, but chose not to participate, figuring Woodstock to be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. As bassist John York remembers: \"We were flying to a gig and Roger [McGuinn] came up to us and said that a guy was putting on a festival in upstate New York. But at that point they weren't paying all of the bands. He asked us if we wanted to do it and we said, 'No'. We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene. [...] So all of us said, 'No, we want a rest' and missed the best festival of all.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.507416725158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* Tommy James and the Shondells declined an invitation. Lead singer Tommy James stated later: \"We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77647590637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for The New York Times, asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston, agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.210956573486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record, the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassable crowd to the newspaper's office 35 mi away in Middletown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.473152160644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strove to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War), as well as the views of the townspeople. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.895074844360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Another film on Woodstock named Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee. Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York, to shoot the film. He was concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being incredibly welcoming and excited to help with the film. The movie is based on Elliot Tiber, played by Demetri Martin, and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.772022724151611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Bethel voters tossed out their supervisor in an election held in November 1969 because of his role in bringing the festival to the town. New York State and the town of Bethel passed mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.659961223602295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "File:Swami opening.jpg|Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.63547945022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "** The New York Jets upset the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III, 16-7. Joe Namath is the MVP of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226168632507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "** Ten paintings are defaced in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242104530334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* February 14 – Pope Paul VI issues a motu proprio deleting many names from the Roman calendar of saints (including Valentine, who was celebrated on that day).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763134002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "* May 18 – Apollo program: Apollo 10 (Tom Stafford, Gene Cernan, John Young) is launched, on the full dress-rehearsal for the Moon landing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00001049041748, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* June 18–June 22 – The National Convention of the Students for a Democratic Society, held in Chicago, collapses, and the Weatherman faction seizes control of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122042655944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* June 28 – The Stonewall riots in New York City mark the start of the modern gay rights movement in the U.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574577331542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* July 5 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan Minister of Development, is assassinated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216850280761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* July 26 – The New York Chapter of the Young Lords is founded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495561599731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* July 31 – The halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in the UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015117645263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* August 4 – Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740981101989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* August 5 – Mariner program: Mariner 7 makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers) and proto-punk band The Stooges releases their homonym debut album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930858612060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "** The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.919997215270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* September 9 – Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 DC-9 collides in flight with a Piper PA-28, and crashes near Fairland, Indiana, killing all 83 persons in both aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071554183959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* October 11–October 16 – The New York Mets defeat the Baltimore Orioles four games to one in one of the greatest World Series upsets in baseball history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09572696685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143089294433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* December 1 – Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, The New York Times will run a long article, \"Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319687843322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "* December 2 – The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its first passenger flight. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle, to New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114490509033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* December 6 – The Altamont Free Concert is held at the Altamont Speedway in northern California. Hosted by The Rolling Stones, it is an attempt at a \"Woodstock West\" and is best known for the uproar of violence that occurred. It is viewed by many as the \"end of the sixties.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5936503410339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** The oil company Phillips Petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of North Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358407020568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "* May 12 – Kevin Nalty, American YouTube comedian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116532325744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Danny Wood, American singer (New Kids on the Block)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9771146774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Maurice Odumbe, Kenyan cricketer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415081977844238, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* June 17 – Paul Tergat, Kenyan athlete", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886813163757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Benny Chan Ho Man, Hong Kong actor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254903793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Benny Chan Muk-Sing, Hong Kong film director", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177068710327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Johnny Gosch, American child kidnap victim", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334698677062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "** Chen Yueling, American race walker", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372049331665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "* May 2 – Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1879)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9677095413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "** Tom Mboya, Kenyan politician (assassinated) (b. 1930)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157783508300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "1969" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo", "passage": "The group are almost universally known today by their stage names: Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo Marx. The core of the act was the three elder brothers: Chico, Harpo, and Groucho. Each developed a highly distinctive stage persona.", "precise_score": 1.037308692932129, "rough_score": -2.7736682891845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marx Brothers" } ]

[ { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri (see pronunciations) is a state located in the Midwestern United States. It is the 21st most extensive, and the 18th most populous of the fifty states. The state comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis.", "precise_score": -9.128287315368652, "rough_score": -10.316272735595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The state's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of this territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "precise_score": 5.082649230957031, "rough_score": 5.057547092437744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \"Show Me State\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me.\" This is in keeping with the saying \"I'm from Missouri\" which means \"I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced.\" However, according to researchers, the phrase \"show me\" was already in use before the 1890s. Another one states that it is a reference to Missouri miners who were taken to Leadville, Colorado to replace striking workers. Since the new men were unfamiliar with the mining methods, they required frequent instruction.", "precise_score": -2.045175075531006, "rough_score": -6.375906467437744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Other nicknames for Missouri include \"The Lead State\", \"The Bullion State\", \"The Ozark State\", \"The Mother of the West\", \"The Iron Mountain State\", and \"Pennsylvania of the West\". It is also known as the \"Cave State\" because there are more than 6000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. ", "precise_score": -9.154502868652344, "rough_score": -10.569426536560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Although it is usually today considered part of the Midwest, Missouri was historically considered by many to be a border state, chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War, balanced by the influence of the St. Louis. The counties that made up \"Little Dixie\" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.", "precise_score": -10.108104705810547, "rough_score": -10.877984046936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "St. Louis was founded soon after by French fur traders, Pierre Laclède and stepson Auguste Chouteau from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.", "precise_score": -10.691107749938965, "rough_score": -10.78114128112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname Gateway to the West because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th century. St. Charles, just west of St. Louis, was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which ascended the Missouri River in 1804, in order to explore the western lands to the Pacific Ocean. St. Louis was a major supply point for decades, for parties of settlers heading west.", "precise_score": -10.1763277053833, "rough_score": -9.693154335021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "As many of the early settlers in western Missouri migrated from the Upper South, they brought enslaved African Americans as agricultural laborers, and they desired to continue their culture and the institution of slavery. They settled predominantly in 17 counties along the Missouri River, in an area of flatlands that enabled plantation agriculture and became known as \"Little Dixie.\" In 1821 the former Missouri Territory was admitted as a slave state, in accordance with the Missouri Compromise, and with a temporary state capital in St. Charles. In 1826, the capital was shifted to its current, permanent location of Jefferson City, also on the Missouri River.", "precise_score": -5.238203048706055, "rough_score": -4.8011274337768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth, the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary. In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66500 sqmi to Virginia's 65,000 square miles, which then included West Virginia). ", "precise_score": -7.938971519470215, "rough_score": -6.614410877227783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In the early 1830s, Mormon migrants from northern states and Canada began settling near Independence and areas just north of there. Conflicts over religion and slavery arose between the 'old settlers' (mainly from the South) and the Mormons (mainly from the North). The Mormon War erupted in 1838. By 1839, with the help of an \"Extermination Order\" by Governor Lilburn Boggs, the old settlers forcefully expelled the Mormons from Missouri and confiscated their lands.", "precise_score": -9.827404022216797, "rough_score": -10.361353874206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "With increasing migration, from the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri's population almost doubled with every decade. Most of the newcomers were American-born, but many Irish and German immigrants arrived in the late 1840s and 1850s. As a majority were Catholic, they set up their own religious institutions in the state, which had been mostly Protestant. Having fled famine and oppression in Ireland, and revolutionary upheaval in Germany, the immigrants were not sympathetic to slavery. Many settled in cities, where they created a regional and then state network of Catholic churches and schools. Nineteenth-century German immigrants created the wine industry along the Missouri River and the beer industry in St. Louis.", "precise_score": -10.616833686828613, "rough_score": -10.621564865112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the American Civil War. The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each. Planters, defined by some historians as those holding twenty slaves or more, were concentrated in the counties known as \"Little Dixie\", in the central part of the state along the Missouri River. The tensions over slavery chiefly had to do with the future of the state and nation. In 1860, enslaved African Americans made up less than 10% of the state's population of 1,182,012. In order to control the flooding of farmland and low-lying villages along the Mississippi, the state had completed construction of 140 mi of levees along the river by 1860. ", "precise_score": -10.384349822998047, "rough_score": -9.827112197875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "After the secession of Southern states began in 1861, the Missouri legislature called for the election of a special convention on secession. The convention voted decisively to remain within the Union. Pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson ordered the mobilization of several hundred members of the state militia who had gathered in a camp in St. Louis for training. Alarmed at this action, Union General Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state troops to surrender. Lyon directed his soldiers, largely non-English-speaking German immigrants, to march the prisoners through the streets, and they opened fire on the largely hostile crowds of civilians who gathered around them. Soldiers killed unarmed prisoners as well as men, women and children of St. Louis in the incident that became known as the \"St. Louis Massacre\".", "precise_score": -8.040308952331543, "rough_score": -8.155923843383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "These events heightened Confederate support within the state. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, president of the convention on secession, as head of the new Missouri State Guard. In the face of Union General Lyon's rapid advance through the state, Jackson and Price were forced to flee the capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861. In the town of Neosho, Missouri, Jackson called the state legislature into session. They enacted a secession ordinance. However, even under the Southern view of secession, only the state convention had the power to secede. Since the convention was dominated by unionists, and the state was more pro-Union than pro-Confederate in any event, the ordinance of secession adopted by the legislature is generally given little credence. The Confederacy nonetheless recognized it on October 30, 1861.", "precise_score": -8.484615325927734, "rough_score": -7.773512363433838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "With the elected governor absent from the capital and the legislators largely dispersed, the state convention was reassembled with most of its members present, save 20 that fled south with Jackson's forces. The convention declared all offices vacant, and installed Hamilton Gamble as the new governor of Missouri. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized Gamble's government as the legal Missouri government. The federal government's decision enabled raising pro-Union militia forces for service within the state as well as volunteer regiments for the Union Army.", "precise_score": -9.43260383605957, "rough_score": -9.708081245422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. \"Citizen soldiers\" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Historians have portrayed stories of the James brothers' outlaw years as an American \"Robin Hood\" myth. The vigilante activities of the Bald Knobbers of the Ozarks in the 1880s were an unofficial continuation of insurgent mentality long after the official end of the war, and they are a favorite theme in Branson's self-image. ", "precise_score": -10.332063674926758, "rough_score": -10.367167472839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Progressive Era (1890s to 1920s) saw numerous prominent leaders from Missouri trying to end corruption and modernize politics, government and society. Joseph \"Holy Joe\" Folk was a key leader who made a strong appeal to middle class and rural evangelical Protestants. Folk was elected governor as a progressive reformer and Democrat in the 1904 election. He promoted what he called \"the Missouri Idea\", the concept of Missouri as a leader in public morality through popular control of law and strict enforcement. He successfully conducted antitrust prosecutions, ended free railroad passes for state officials, extended bribery statutes, improved election laws, required formal registration for lobbyists, made racetrack gambling illegal, and enforced the Sunday-closing law. He helped enact Progressive legislation, including an initiative and referendum provision, regulation of elections, education, employment and child labor, railroads, food, business, and public utilities. A number of efficiency-oriented examiner boards and commissions were established during Folk's administration, including many agricultural boards and the Missouri library commission. ", "precise_score": -10.784960746765137, "rough_score": -10.816594123840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is the only state in the Union to have two Federal Reserve Banks: one in Kansas City (serving western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). ", "precise_score": -8.828662872314453, "rough_score": -10.223543167114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election from 1904 to 2004 with a single exception: 1956, when Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois lost the election despite carrying Missouri. The state's status as a bellwether has been questioned in recent years, as Missouri twice voted against Democrat Barack Obama, who nonetheless widely prevailed in the 2008 and 2012 elections. Missouri's nearly 10% margin in favor of the losing Mitt Romney in 2012 suggests the state is starting to trend more Republican in presidential contests.", "precise_score": -10.32333755493164, "rough_score": -9.639335632324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri has been known for its population's generally \"stalwart, conservative, noncredulous\" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the \"Show-Me State.\" As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual \"Freedom in the 50 States\" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall). The study notes that Missouri's \"alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average,\" and that \"Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom.\"", "precise_score": -2.6333601474761963, "rough_score": -7.179869651794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the state established a series of normal schools in each region of the state, originally named after the geographic districts: Northeast Missouri State University (now Truman State University) (1867), Central Missouri State University (now the University of Central Missouri) (1871), Southeast Missouri State University (1873), Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University) (1905), Northwest Missouri State University (1905), Missouri Western State University (1915), and Missouri Southern State University (1937). Lincoln University and Harris–Stowe State University were established in the mid-nineteenth century and are historically black colleges and universities.", "precise_score": -10.146604537963867, "rough_score": -7.999301433563232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Among private institutions Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University are two top ranked schools in the US. There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, church universities and other private universities in the state. A.T. Still University was the first osteopathic medical school in the world. Hannibal–LaGrange University in Hannibal, Missouri, was one of the first colleges west of the Mississippi (founded 1858 in LaGrange, Missouri, and moved to Hannibal in 1928 ).", "precise_score": -10.835680961608887, "rough_score": -10.811079978942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains and the southern portion lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the regions. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of the United States, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points for the Pony Express, Santa Fe Trail, and Oregon Trail were all located in Missouri as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222211837768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. They were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita ), meaning \"those who have dugout canoes\", by the Miami-Illinois language speakers. As the Illini were the first natives encountered by Europeans in the region, the latter adopted the Illini name for the Missouri people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97973346710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The name \"Missouri\" has several different pronunciations even among its present-day natives, the two most common being and. This situation of differing pronunciations has existed since the late-1600s. Further pronunciations also exist in Missouri or elsewhere in the United States, involving the realization of the first syllable as either or; the medial consonant as either or; the stressed second syllable as either or; and the third syllable as , , centralized ([ɪ̈]), or even ∅ (in other words, a non-existent third syllable). Any combination of these phonetic realizations may be observed coming from speakers of American English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302177429199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the south by Arkansas; and by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the last across the Missouri River) on the west. The two largest rivers are the Mississippi (which defines the eastern boundary of the state) and the Missouri River (which flows from west to east through the state) essentially connecting the two largest metros of Kansas City and St. Louis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951394081115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 2005, Missouri received 16,695,000 visitors to its national parks and other recreational areas totaling 202000 acre, giving it $7.41 million in annual revenues, 26.6% of its operating expenditures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332557678222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "North of, and in some cases just south of, the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Here, rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River. Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Meramec Rivers. Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371847152709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot, humid, and wet summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate becomes humid subtropical. Located in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. Missouri's highest recorded temperature is 118 F at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954 while the lowest recorded temperature is also at Warsaw on February 13, 1905.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046892166137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Located in Tornado Alley, Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly one-third of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. It was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957 and the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the seventh deadliest tornado in American history and 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes, the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert-St. Louis International Airport on April 22, 2011. One of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896, killing at least 255 and causing $10 mil. damage ($3.9 bil. damage in 2009) or $ in today's dollars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969656944274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left the area long before the arrival of Europeans. St. Louis was at one time known as Mound City by the European Americans, because of the numerous surviving prehistoric mounds, since lost to urban development. The Mississippian culture left mounds throughout the middle Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, extending into the southeast as well as the upper river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934957504272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The first European settlers were mostly ethnic French Canadians, who created their first settlement in Missouri at present-day Ste. Genevieve, about an hour south of St. Louis. They had migrated about 1750 from the Illinois Country. They came from colonial villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, where soils were becoming exhausted and there was insufficient river bottom land for the growing population. Sainte-Geneviève became a thriving agricultural center, producing enough surplus wheat, corn and tobacco to ship tons of grain annually downriver to Lower Louisiana for trade. Grain production in the Illinois Country was critical to the survival of Lower Louisiana and especially the city of New Orleans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136311531066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which dominated the regional economy for decades. Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe. They provided a variety of goods to traders, for sale and trade with their Native American clients. The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items. Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state's economy, and as the area's first major city, St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328873634338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas under General Ben McCulloch. After winning victories at the battle of Wilson's Creek and the siege of Lexington, Missouri and suffering losses elsewhere, the Confederate forces retreated to Arkansas and later Marshall, Texas, in the face of a largely reinforced Union Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965228080749512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized. The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation. The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center, as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns. There, the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City, where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets. The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261277198791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092576026916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 37,638 people. Over half of Missourians (3,294,936 people, or 55.0%) live within the state's two largest metropolitan areas–St. Louis and Kansas City. The state's population density 86.9 in 2009, is also closer to the national average (86.8 in 2009) than any other state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970169067382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 2011, 3.7% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). In 2011, 28.1% of Missouri's population younger than age 1 were minorities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51920223236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The U.S. Census of 2010 found that the population center of the United States is in Texas County, while the 2000 Census found the mean population center to be in Phelps County. The center of population of Missouri itself is located in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4712495803833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (27.4 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (10.2 percent), American (8.5 percent) and French (3.7 percent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372366905212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "German Americans are an ancestry group present throughout Missouri. African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River Valley south of St. Louis (see Missouri French). Kansas City is home to large and growing immigrant communities from Latin America esp. Mexico and Colombia, Africa (i.e. Sudan, Somalia and Nigeria), and Southeast Asia including China and the Philippines; and Europe like the former Yugoslavia (see Bosnian American). A notable Cherokee Indian population exists in Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181930541992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 2004, 6.6 percent of the state's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.5 percent younger than 18, and 13.5 percent was 65 or older. Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population. 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates (more than the national average), and 21.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign-born, and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113542556762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 2010, there were 2,349,955 households in Missouri, with 2.45 people per household. The home ownership rate was 70.0 percent, and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $137,700. The median household income for 2010 was $46,262, or $24,724 per capita. There were 14.0 percent (1,018,118) Missourians living below the poverty line in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433652877807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The vast majority of people in Missouri speak English. Approximately 5.1% of the population reported speaking a language other than English at home. The Spanish language is spoken in small Latino communities in the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52657699584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French. Speakers of the dialect, who call themselves Créoles, are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century. It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana, becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French. Once widely spoken throughout the area, Missouri French is now nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.; International Sociological Association. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222848892211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "According to a Pew Research study conducted in 2014, 80% of Missourians identify with a religion. 77% affiliate with Christianity and its various denominations, and the other 3% are adherents of non-Christian religions. The remaining 20% have no religion, with 2% specifically identifying as atheists and 3% identifying as agnostics (the other 15% do not identify as \"anything as particular\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474196434020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Broken down, the religious demographics of Missouri are as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.540802001953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, sorghum, cotton, rice, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. Missouri is ranked in the top five states in the nation for production of soy beans, and it is ranked fourth in the nation for the production of rice. In 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second-largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri actively promotes its rapidly growing wine industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14166259765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other resources mined are lead, coal, and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states. Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime, a key ingredient in Portland cement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39793586730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri also has a growing science and biotechnology field. Monsanto, one of the largest gene companies in America, is based in St. Louis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4818754196167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely on property taxes levied on real property (real estate) and personal property.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54934024810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Most personal property is exempt, except for motorized vehicles. Exempt real estate includes property owned by governments and property used as nonprofit cemeteries, exclusively for religious worship, for schools and colleges and for purely charitable purposes. There is no inheritance tax and limited Missouri estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509783744812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal. 10% was generated from the state's only nuclear power plant, the Callaway Plant in Callaway County, northeast of Jefferson City. 5% was generated by natural gas. 1% was generated by hydroelectric sources, such as the dams for Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks. Missouri has a small but growing amount of wind and solar power—wind capacity increased from 309 MW in 2009 to 459 MW in 2011, while photovoltaics have increased from 0.2 MW to 1.3 MW over the same period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24184513092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Oil wells in Missouri produced 120,000 barrels of crude oil in fiscal 2012. There are no oil refineries in Missouri. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553091049194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri has two major airport hubs: Lambert–St. Louis International Airport and Kansas City International Airport. Residents of Mid-Missouri use Columbia Regional Airport (COU) to fly to either Chicago (ORD) or Dallas (DFW). Southern Missouri has the Springfield-Branson National Airport (SFG) with multiple non-stop destinations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509613037109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Two of the nation's three busiest rail centers are located in Missouri. Kansas City is a major railroad hub for BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad. Kansas City is the second largest freight rail center in the US (but is first in the amount of tonnage handled). Like Kansas City, St. Louis is a major destination for train freight. Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380664825439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Amtrak passenger trains serve Kansas City, La Plata, Jefferson City, St. Louis, Lee's Summit, Independence, Warrensburg, Hermann, Washington, Kirkwood, Sedalia, and Poplar Bluff. A proposed high-speed rail route in Missouri as part of the Chicago Hub Network has received $31 million in funding. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37337875366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The only urban light rail/subway system operating in Missouri is MetroLink, which connects the city of St. Louis with suburbs in Illinois and St. Louis County. It is one of the largest systems (by track mileage) in the United States. A streetcar line in downtown Kansas City is scheduled to open in 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36274242401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Many cities have regular fixed-route systems, and many rural counties have rural public transit services. Greyhound and Trailways provide inter-city bus service in Missouri. Megabus serves St. Louis, but discontinued service to Columbia and Kansas City in 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473742485046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Mississippi River and Missouri River are commercially navigable over their entire lengths in Missouri. The Missouri was channelized through dredging and jettys and the Mississippi was given a series of locks and dams to avoid rocks and deepen the river. St. Louis is a major destination for barge traffic on the Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348309516906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Following the passage of Amendment 3 in late 2004, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began its Smoother, Safer, Sooner road-building program with a goal of bringing 2200 mi of highways up to good condition by December 2007. From 2006–2010 traffic deaths have decreased annually from 1,257 in 2005, to 1,096 in 2006, to 992 for 2007, to 960 for 2008, to 878 in 2009, to 821 in 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384673118591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "* Interstate 70, Interstate 170, Interstate 270 (the perimeter around the Missouri side of St. Louis), Interstate 470, Interstate 670", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254842758178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The only section of freeway in Missouri to have High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane (HOV) is Interstate 55 from Ste. Genevieve, Missouri to Interstate 270-255 Interchange in St. Louis County. They were striped, registered, and opened on February 10, 2013. HOV Lanes are also being striped on Interstate 70 in St. Charles County through Interstate 270 in Saint Louis County, and on the North-South corridor of Interstate 270 in central St. Louis County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308695793151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "* U.S. Route 460 (decommissioned in Missouri)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132579803466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917476654052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The House of Representatives has 163 members who are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts of approximately equal populations. The judicial department comprises the Supreme Court of Missouri, which has seven judges, the Missouri Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court divided into three districts), sitting in Kansas City, St. Louis, and Springfield, and 45 Circuit Courts which function as local trial courts. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the death of Tom Schweich in 2015, all but one of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887613296508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri law makes it \"an improper employment practice\" for an employer to refuse to hire, to fire, or otherwise to disadvantage any person because that person lawfully uses alcohol and/or tobacco products when he or she is not at work. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512784957885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "With a large German immigrant population and the development of a brewing industry, Missouri always has had among the most permissive alcohol laws in the United States. It never enacted statewide prohibition. Missouri voters rejected prohibition in three separate referenda in 1910, 1912, and 1918. Alcohol regulation did not begin in Missouri until 1934.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211362838745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Today, alcohol laws are controlled by the state government, and local jurisdictions are prohibited from going beyond those state laws. Missouri has no statewide open container law or prohibition on drinking in public, no alcohol-related blue laws, no local option, no precise locations for selling liquor by the package (allowing even drug stores and gas stations to sell any kind of liquor), and no differentiation of laws based on alcohol percentage. State law protects persons from arrest or criminal penalty for public intoxication. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338464736938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri law expressly prohibits any jurisdiction from going dry. Missouri law also expressly allows parents and guardians to serve alcohol to their children. The Power & Light District in Kansas City is one of the few places in the United States where a state law explicitly allows persons over the age of 21 to possess and consume open containers of alcohol in the street (as long as the beverage is in a plastic cup). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258687973022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "As for tobacco (as of June 2014), Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States, at 17 cents per pack, and the state electorate voted in 2002, 2006, and 2012 to keep it that way. In 2007, Forbes named Missouri's largest metropolitan area, St. Louis, America's \"best city for smokers.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237875938415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 Missouri had the fourth highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315366744995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their own smoking policies, without limitation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276397705078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri has 114 counties and one independent city (St. Louis).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297986030578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The largest county by size is Texas County (1,179 sq. miles) and Shannon County is second (1,004 sq. miles). Worth County is the smallest (266 sq. miles). The independent city of St. Louis has only 62 sqmi of area. St. Louis City is the most densely populated area (5,140.1 per sq. mi.) in Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471653938293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296417236328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34899616241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2012 St. Louis was the 21st largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.90 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th largest with 2.92 million people in 2015. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Creve Coeur, Wildwood, Maryland Heights, O'Fallon, Clayton, Ballwin, and University City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999747276306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Kansas City is Missouri's largest city and the principal city of the fifteen-county Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area, including six counties in the state of Kansas. As of 2012, it was the 26th largest metropolitan area in the nation, with 2.38 million people. In the Combined Statistical Area in 2015, it ranked 24th with 2.43 million. Some of the other major cities comprising the Kansas City metro area in Missouri include Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Raytown, Liberty, and Gladstone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003644943237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Branson is a major tourist attraction in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512662887573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri State Board of education", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321422576904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961674690246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Children in Missouri between the ages of five and seven are not required to be enrolled in school. However, if they are enrolled in a public school their parent, guardian or custodian must ensure that they regularly attend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527606964111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri schools are commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503439903259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Homeschooling is legal in Missouri and is an option to meet the compulsory education requirement. It is neither monitored nor regulated by the state's Department of Elementary and Secondary Education ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432801246643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "A supplemental education program, the Missouri Scholars Academy, provides an extracurricular learning experience for gifted high school students in the state of Missouri. The official MSA website describes the goals of the Academy to be as such: \"The academy reflects Missouri's desire to strive for excellence in education at all levels. The program is based on the premise that Missouri's gifted youth must be provided with special opportunities for learning and personal development in order for them to realize their full potential.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376160621643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Another gifted school is the Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing, which is located at the Northwest Missouri State University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444457054138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234369277954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The state funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship, Bright Flight, given to the top three percent of Missouri high school graduates who attend a university in-state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408327102661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas. The rivalry is chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities. It is the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second oldest in the nation. Each year when the universities meet to play, the game is coined \"Border War.\" An exchange occurs following the game where the winner gets to take a historic Indian War Drum, which has been passed back and forth for decades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313851356506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Many well-known musicians were born or have lived in Missouri. These include guitarist and rock pioneer Chuck Berry, singer and actress Josephine Baker, \"Queen of Rock\" Tina Turner, pop singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, and rappers Nelly, Chingy and Akon, all of whom are either current or former residents of St. Louis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26539134979248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Country singers from Missouri include New Franklin native Sara Evans, Cantwell native Ferlin Husky, West Plains native Porter Wagoner, Tyler Farr of Garden City, and Mora native Leroy Van Dyke, along with bluegrass musician Rhonda Vincent, a native of Greentop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458698272705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215502738952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Filmmaker, animator, and businessman Walt Disney spent part of his childhood in the Linn County town of Marceline before moving to Kansas City, Missouri. Disney began his artistic career in Kansas City, where he founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457061767578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Part of the 1983 road movie National Lampoon's Vacation was shot on location in Missouri, for the Griswold's trip from Chicago to Los Angeles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441463470458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The award-winning 2010 film Winter's Bone was shot in the Ozarks of Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518891334533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics at St. Louis, the first time the games were hosted in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01648998260498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "** Kansas City Wiz/Kansas City Wizards (founded in 1995, but moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Kansas City, Kansas, in 2010 and became Sporting Kansas City)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418815612792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna. There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River, Missouri River, and Lake of the Ozarks, with numerous smaller tributary rivers, streams, and lakes. North of the Missouri River, the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains, whereas south of the Missouri River, the state is dominated by the Oak-Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386908531188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Some of the native species found in Missouri include: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474746704101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Within historic times, pronghorn, gray wolf, and brown bear were all found in Missouri, but have since been eliminated. Wapiti and American bison were formerly common, but are currently confined to private farms and parks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427475929260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Within historic times, the passenger pigeon, the carolina parakeet, and the ivory-billed woodpecker were all found in Missouri, but they have since been eliminated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339776039123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The trees and shrubs growing in Missouri include the following: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484400749206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "There has also been a migration of insects from the south to Missouri. One example of this is the wasp Polistes exclamans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439860343933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Famous Missourians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201004981994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "See entire collection at List of people from Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491081237792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Missouri" } ]

[ { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal. The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which \"intoxicating liquors\" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition (e.g., for medical and religious purposes). The Amendment was the first to set a time delay before it would take effect following ratification, and the first to set a time limit for its ratification by the states. Its ratification was certified on January 16, 1919, with the amendment taking effect on January 16, 1920.", "precise_score": 6.720863342285156, "rough_score": 6.076498508453369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) prohibited the making, transporting, and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide. It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition. Adopted at the urging of a national temperance movement, proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that prohibition would reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, decrease the need for welfare and prisons, and improve the health of all Americans. During prohibition, it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically. But prohibition had other, more negative consequences. The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground, giving rise to a large and pervasive black market. In addition, prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened organized crime. Prohibition came to an end in 1933, when this amendment was repealed. ", "precise_score": -0.29828187823295593, "rough_score": -1.304064154624939, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, but did not ban consumption of alcohol in most households.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.92979097366333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "The amendment and its enabling legislation did not ban the consumption of alcohol, but made it difficult to obtain alcoholic beverages legally, as it prohibited the sale and distribution of them in U.S. territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.720690727233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "Just after the Eighteenth Amendment's adoption, there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low-income groups. Consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing \"rotgut\" alcohol. Likewise, there was a general reduction in overall crime, mainly in the types of crimes associated with the effects of alcohol consumption, though there were significant increases in crimes involved in the production and distribution of illegal alcohol. Those who continued to use alcohol tended to turn to organized criminal syndicates, who were able to take advantage of uneven enforcement, suddenly overwhelmed police forces, and corruptible public officials to establish powerful, murderous smuggling networks. Anti-prohibition groups arose and worked to have the amendment repealed once it became apparent that Prohibition was an unprecedented catastrophe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61270523071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Alcohol", "passage": "The Twenty-first Amendment (1933) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states. Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol, including the drinking age. Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty-one, all fifty states have set their drinking age there. Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.930898427963257, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "Robert's rules", "passage": "* Henry Martyn Robert who later published Robert's Rules of Order was stationed on the island for much of the period.", "precise_score": 1.0291805267333984, "rough_score": 1.1524690389633179, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pig War" }, { "answer": "Robert's rules", "passage": "Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 – May 11, 1923) was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.430938720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Henry Martyn Robert" }, { "answer": "Robert's rules", "passage": "He is most famous for his Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies (also known as \"Robert's Rules of Order\") —a collection of rules regarding parliamentary procedure, published in 1876. He wrote the manual in response to his poor performance in leading a church meeting that erupted into open conflict because of abolitionist concerns at the First Baptist Church, 149 Williams Street in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He resolved that he would learn about parliamentary procedure before attending another meeting. The rules are loosely based on procedures used in the United States House of Representatives, but the rule book was not intended for use in national and state legislatures. At the time, Robert was a resident of Haworth, New Jersey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.327090263366699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Henry Martyn Robert" } ]

[ { "answer": "Grapes", "passage": "The three-act A raposa e as uvas (\"The Fox and the Grapes\" 1953), marks Aesop's entry into Brazilian theatre. The three-act play was by Guilherme Figueiredo and has been performed in many countries, including a videotaped production in China in 2000 under the title Hu li yu pu tao or 狐狸与葡萄. The play is described as an allegory about freedom with Aesop as the main character. ", "precise_score": -4.91243839263916, "rough_score": -6.861111640930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aesop" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "Good faith () is fair and open dealing in human interactions. This is often thought to require sincere, honest intentions or belief, regardless of the outcome of an action. While some Latin phrases lose their literal meaning over centuries, this is not the case with bona fides; it is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally accepted modern day translation of good faith. It is an important concept within law, philosophy, and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of bona fides (note the \"s\") is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the bona fide occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below.", "precise_score": 5.972742557525635, "rough_score": 6.948388576507568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "Bona fides is a Latin phrase meaning \"good faith\". Its ablative case is bona fide, meaning \"in good faith\", it is often used as an adjective to mean \"genuine\". It is often misspelled: \"bonafied\", as if it were the past tense of an imaginary verb: \"bonafy\". While today fides is concomitant to faith, a more technical translation of the Latin concept would be something like \"reliability\", in the sense of a trust between two parties for the potentiality of a relationship. In ancient Rome bona fides was always assumed by both sides, had implied responsibilities, and both legal and religious consequences if broken. Fides was one of the original virtues to be considered a religious \"divinity\" in Roman paganism.", "precise_score": 5.72811222076416, "rough_score": 6.58066463470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "In philosophy, the concept of good faith denotes sincere, honest intention or belief, regardless of the outcome of an action; the opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense).", "precise_score": 4.358102798461914, "rough_score": 6.816736221313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "Bona fides", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.007577896118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "In law, bona fides denotes the mental and moral states of honesty and conviction regarding either the truth or the falsity of a proposition, or of a body of opinion; likewise regarding either the rectitude or the depravity of a line of conduct. As a legal concept bona fides is especially important in matters of equity (see Contract). The concept of bona fide is also proclaimed by the original version of the Magna Carta. In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly and fairly, so as not to destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract. In insurance law, the insurer's breach of the implied covenant may give rise to a legal liability known as insurance bad faith.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.538480281829834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "Most U.S. jurisdictions view breaches of implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing solely as a variant of breach of contract. Linguistically, in the U.S., American English usage of bona fides applies it as synonymous with credentials, professional background, and documents attesting a person's identity, which is not synonymous with bona fide occupational qualifications. More recently, other common law countries have begun to adopt good faith as a general principle. In the UK, the High Court in Yam Seng Pte Ltd v Int Trade Corp Ltd expressed this preference. In Canada, the Supreme Court declared in Bhasin v. Hrynew that good faith was a general organising principle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7534072399139404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "Good faith employment efforts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0623273849487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Bona fide", "passage": "Bona fide occupational qualifications (employer's good faith effort) are qualities or attributes that employers are allowed to consider when making decisions on the hiring and retaining of employees. An employer's good faith effort is used as an evaluation tool by the jurisdiction during the annual program review process to determine an employer's level of commitment to the reduction goals of the CTR Law. United States federal and state governments are required by affirmative action (and other such laws) to look for disabled, minority, female, and veteran business enterprises when bidding public jobs. Good faith effort law varies from state to state and even within states depending on the awarding department of the government. Most good faith effort requires advertising in state certified publications, usually a trade and a focus publication. Other countries such as Canada have similar programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.547461032867432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "Good faith in wikis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5292398929595947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "Public wikis, of which the collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia (currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet) Cf. Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), [http://weblogs.hitwise.com/bill-tancer/2007/03/wikipedia_search_and_school_ho.html \"Wikipedia, Search and School Homework\"], Hitwise: An Experian Company (Blog), March 1, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2008. is the most well-known, depend on implicitly or explicitly assuming that its users are acting in good faith. Wikipedia's principle, Assume Good Faith (often abbreviated AGF), has been a stated guideline since 2005. It has been described as \"the first principle in the Wikipedia etiquette\". According to one study of users' motives for contributing to Wikipedia, \"while participants have both individualistic and collaborative motives, collaborative (altruistic) motives dominate.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.02455997467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Good faith" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "The English word true is from Old English (West Saxon) (ge)tríewe, tréowe, cognate to Old Saxon (gi)trûui, Old High German (ga)triuwu (Modern German treu \"faithful\"), Old Norse tryggr, Gothic triggws, all from a Proto-Germanic *trewwj- \"having good faith\", perhaps ultimately from PIE *dru- \"tree\", on the notion of \"steadfast as an oak\" (e.g., Sanskrit \"dru\" tree). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.975404739379883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truth" }, { "answer": "Good Faith", "passage": "Old Norse ', \"faith, word of honour; religious faith, belief\" (archaic English troth \"loyalty, honesty, good faith\", compare ').", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.126096725463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truth" } ]

[ { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Twentieth-century experiments demonstrated that electric charge is quantized; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, approximately equal to (except for particles called quarks, which have charges that are integer multiples of e/3). The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of -e. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics.", "precise_score": -1.0010533332824707, "rough_score": -5.296736240386963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electric charge" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "\"After some years, it was discovered that this value [] was not exactly 1, but slightly more—something like 1.00116. This correction was worked out for the first time in 1948 by Schwinger as divided by 2 pi [where is the square root of the fine-structure constant], and was due to an alternative way the electron can go from place to place: instead of going directly from one point to another, the electron goes along for a while and suddenly emits a photon; then (horrors!) it absorbs its own photon.\" Composite particles also possess magnetic moments associated with their spin. In particular, the neutron possesses a non-zero magnetic moment despite being electrically neutral. This fact was an early indication that the neutron is not an elementary particle. In fact, it is made up of quarks, which are electrically charged particles. The magnetic moment of the neutron comes from the spins of the individual quarks and their orbital motions.", "precise_score": -3.1736643314361572, "rough_score": -5.546065807342529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spin (physics)" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Spin-orbit coupling leads to the fine structure of atomic spectra, which is used in atomic clocks and in the modern definition of the second. Precise measurements of the -factor of the electron have played an important role in the development and verification of quantum electrodynamics. Photon spin is associated with the polarization of light.", "precise_score": -5.869613170623779, "rough_score": -5.051690101623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spin (physics)" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Interactions involving electrons and other subatomic particles are of interest in fields such as chemistry and nuclear physics. The Coulomb force interaction between positive protons inside atomic nuclei and negative electrons composes atoms. Ionization or changes in the proportions of particles changes the binding energy of the system. The exchange or sharing of the electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. British natural philosopher Richard Laming first hypothesized the concept of an indivisible quantity of electric charge to explain the chemical properties of atoms in 1838; Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney named this charge 'electron' in 1891, and J. J. Thomson and his team of British physicists identified it as a particle in 1897. Electrons can also participate in nuclear reactions, such as nucleosynthesis in stars, where they are known as beta particles. Electrons may be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes and in high-energy collisions, for instance when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere. The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron; it is identical to the electron except that it carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, both particles may be totally annihilated, producing gamma ray photons.", "precise_score": -4.003243446350098, "rough_score": -5.674363136291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "The apparent paradox (mentioned above in the properties subsection) of a point particle electron having intrinsic angular momentum and magnetic moment can be explained by the formation of virtual photons in the electric field generated by the electron. These photons cause the electron to shift about in a jittery fashion (known as zitterbewegung), which results in a net circular motion with precession. This motion produces both the spin and the magnetic moment of the electron. In atoms, this creation of virtual photons explains the Lamb shift observed in spectral lines.", "precise_score": -4.176486015319824, "rough_score": -5.333952903747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking when experiments showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called photons) as well as exhibit wave-like properties. This led to the new concept of wave–particle duality to reflect that quantum-scale \"particles\" behave like both particles and waves (also known as wavicles). Another new concept, the uncertainty principle, states that some of their properties taken together, such as their simultaneous position and momentum, cannot be measured exactly. In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.624909400939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Subatomic particle" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "* Twelve gauge bosons (force carriers): the photon of electromagnetism, the three W and Z bosons of the weak force, and the eight gluons of the strong force;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768256187438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Subatomic particle" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "All massless particles (particles whose invariant mass is zero) are elementary. These include the photon and gluon, although the latter cannot be isolated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98342227935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Subatomic particle" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "* Energy also has mass according to the principle of mass–energy equivalence. This equivalence is exemplified in a large number of physical processes including pair production, nuclear fusion, and the gravitational bending of light. Pair production and nuclear fusion are processes in which measurable amounts of mass are converted to energy, or vice versa. In the gravitational bending of light, photons of pure energy are shown to exhibit a behavior similar to passive gravitational mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.784038543701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "* Elementary particles which are thought of as carrying forces are all bosons with spin 1. They include the photon which carries the electromagnetic force, the gluon (strong force), and the W and Z bosons (weak force). The ability of bosons to occupy the same quantum state is used in the laser, which aligns many photons having the same quantum number (the same direction and frequency), superfluid liquid helium resulting from helium-4 atoms being bosons, and superconductivity where pairs of electrons (which individually are fermions) act as single composite bosons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.052364349365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spin (physics)" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Many physical phenomena involve electrons in an essential role, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity, and they also participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. An electron generates an electric field surrounding it. An electron moving relative to an observer generates a magnetic field. External electromagnetic fields affect an electron according to the Lorentz force law. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons as well as electron plasma using electromagnetic fields, whereas dedicated telescopes can detect electron plasma in outer space. Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathode ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization detectors and particle accelerators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.53858757019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "By 1914, experiments by physicists Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, James Franck and Gustav Hertz had largely established the structure of an atom as a dense nucleus of positive charge surrounded by lower-mass electrons. In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr postulated that electrons resided in quantized energy states, with the energy determined by the angular momentum of the electron's orbits about the nucleus. The electrons could move between these states, or orbits, by the emission or absorption of photons at specific frequencies. By means of these quantized orbits, he accurately explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom. However, Bohr's model failed to account for the relative intensities of the spectral lines and it was unsuccessful in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.990138053894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Electrons are identical particles because they cannot be distinguished from each other by their intrinsic physical properties. In quantum mechanics, this means that a pair of interacting electrons must be able to swap positions without an observable change to the state of the system. The wave function of fermions, including electrons, is antisymmetric, meaning that it changes sign when two electrons are swapped; that is, , where the variables r1 and r2 correspond to the first and second electrons, respectively. Since the absolute value is not changed by a sign swap, this corresponds to equal probabilities. Bosons, such as the photon, have symmetric wave functions instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08104419708252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "In a simplified picture, every photon spends some time as a combination of a virtual electron plus its antiparticle, the virtual positron, which rapidly annihilate each other shortly thereafter. The combination of the energy variation needed to create these particles, and the time during which they exist, fall under the threshold of detectability expressed by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, ΔE · Δt ≥ ħ. In effect, the energy needed to create these virtual particles, ΔE, can be \"borrowed\" from the vacuum for a period of time, Δt, so that their product is no more than the reduced Planck constant, . Thus, for a virtual electron, Δt is at most . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185492515563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Photons mediate electromagnetic interactions between particles in quantum electrodynamics. An isolated electron at a constant velocity cannot emit or absorb a real photon; doing so would violate conservation of energy and momentum. Instead, virtual photons can transfer momentum between two charged particles. This exchange of virtual photons, for example, generates the Coulomb force. Energy emission can occur when a moving electron is deflected by a charged particle, such as a proton. The acceleration of the electron results in the emission of Bremsstrahlung radiation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.360847473144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "An inelastic collision between a photon (light) and a solitary (free) electron is called Compton scattering. This collision results in a transfer of momentum and energy between the particles, which modifies the wavelength of the photon by an amount called the Compton shift.The change in wavelength, Δλ, depends on the angle of the recoil, θ, as follows,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.554638862609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "When electrons and positrons collide, they annihilate each other, giving rise to two or more gamma ray photons. If the electron and positron have negligible momentum, a positronium atom can form before annihilation results in two or three gamma ray photons totalling 1.022 MeV. On the other hand, high-energy photons may transform into an electron and a positron by a process called pair production, but only in the presence of a nearby charged particle, such as a nucleus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.23681354522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Electrons can transfer between different orbitals by the emission or absorption of photons with an energy that matches the difference in potential. Other methods of orbital transfer include collisions with particles, such as electrons, and the Auger effect. To escape the atom, the energy of the electron must be increased above its binding energy to the atom. This occurs, for example, with the photoelectric effect, where an incident photon exceeding the atom's ionization energy is absorbed by the electron. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351365089416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "The Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted scientific theory to explain the early stages in the evolution of the Universe. For the first millisecond of the Big Bang, the temperatures were over 10 billion Kelvin and photons had mean energies over a million electronvolts. These photons were sufficiently energetic that they could react with each other to form pairs of electrons and positrons. Likewise, positron-electron pairs annihilated each other and emitted energetic photons:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66447639465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "An equilibrium between electrons, positrons and photons was maintained during this phase of the evolution of the Universe. After 15 seconds had passed, however, the temperature of the universe dropped below the threshold where electron-positron formation could occur. Most of the surviving electrons and positrons annihilated each other, releasing gamma radiation that briefly reheated the universe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578373908996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "The frequency of a photon is proportional to its energy. As a bound electron transitions between different energy levels of an atom, it absorbs or emits photons at characteristic frequencies. For instance, when atoms are irradiated by a source with a broad spectrum, distinct absorption lines appear in the spectrum of transmitted radiation. Each element or molecule displays a characteristic set of spectral lines, such as the hydrogen spectral series. Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of these lines allow the composition and physical properties of a substance to be determined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021443367004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" }, { "answer": "Photon", "passage": "Electrons are important in cathode ray tubes, which have been extensively used as display devices in laboratory instruments, computer monitors and television sets. In a photomultiplier tube, every photon striking the photocathode initiates an avalanche of electrons that produces a detectable current pulse. Vacuum tubes use the flow of electrons to manipulate electrical signals, and they played a critical role in the development of electronics technology. However, they have been largely supplanted by solid-state devices such as the transistor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69504451751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electron" } ]

[ { "answer": "Q and Z", "passage": "In an English-language set, the game contains 100 tiles, 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10. The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter's frequency in standard English writing; commonly used letters such as vowels are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 10 points. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values.", "precise_score": 5.002614974975586, "rough_score": 5.047042369842529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scrabble" } ]

[ { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "Kathi Goertzen (April 30, 1958 – August 13, 2012) was a longtime co-news anchor of Seattle ABC affiliate KOMO-TV along with Dan Lewis (the 6PM edition) and also the 5PM edition with Eric Johnson. She joined KOMO in June 1980, after the eruption of Mount St. Helens and did many special newscasts thereafter, including the fall of the Berlin Wall (she was the first local American TV news reporter to do so).", "precise_score": 1.684989094734192, "rough_score": 3.4860031604766846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "A little more than two weeks following her return on KOMO 4 News, on September 18, Kathi Goertzen announced that the tumor had grown back yet again, and that she would undergo her fourth operation to have the tumor removed. Her announcement topped all the evening newscasts, with longtime news anchor Dan Lewis leading the 11PM newscast. ", "precise_score": -0.5887115001678467, "rough_score": 2.8577144145965576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "Before KOMO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.163317680358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "Career with KOMO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096190452575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "After joining KOMO-TV in 1980, she became a regular reporter. After one year, in 1981, she became a general assignment reporter, then in 1982, she took weekend news anchoring duties from anchor Kerry Brock. In 1984, she became co-anchor for the weeknight editions of KOMO 4 News with Jim Harriott. When the Berlin Wall fell, Goertzen was the first local American news reporter to report live from the scene at Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin. In 2005, Goertzen and co-anchor Dan Lewis became the longest-running network affiliate news team in the United States west of the Mississippi River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.467520236968994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "Absences from KOMO", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068746566772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "On December 1, 1998, it was announced that Goertzen had been suffering from a type of meningioma, a noncancerous tumor that grows on the brain stem that affects speech and the ability to swallow. The announcement led to many longtime KOMO viewers pouring out support, wishing for a speedy recovery. Treatment went quickly for the first occurrence, and she returned to KOMO News on January 3, 1999. When she returned to the program, her co-anchor, Dan Lewis, said, \"Kathi, don't ever leave me like that again.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.256497383117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "After a number of surgeries to remove the tumor, and five months off television, Goertzen returned to KOMO-TV on Monday, February 16, 2009. The surgeries had partially paralyzed the right side of her face, resulting in difficulty blinking her right eye. As a result of her surgeries, she wore glasses off air; in her 29-year history with KOMO-TV, she had never worn them on-air. Her return to broadcasting the evening news was met with scores of \"Welcome back, Kathi!\" remarks by fellow KOMO colleagues and KOMO viewers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3254103660583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" }, { "answer": "Komo", "passage": "Goertzen married Rick Jewett, a KOMO-TV account executive (formerly a sales executive, and previously a KOMO photographer), in 1993. Goertzen had two daughters, Alexa and Andrea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.856926918029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kathi Goertzen" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "“Put a Tiger on Your Team ” was featured in ads all across the nation in 1958 as Kellogg’s cereal campaign reached out all children sports organizations and teams to build more consumers. In the same year of 1958, Tony the Tiger was joined by other popular mascots to promote the newest cereal release “pre-sweetened cereals.” Mass media and marketing during this time was on the rise, especially in the food product industry. In the wake of Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes the cereal company’s goal was to produce a flavor that was “delicious and distinctive flavor.” In 1974, after Kellogg launched a Chinese Year of the Tiger, for marketing and advertising techniques Tony was selected as Tiger of the Year. Following a few months later was the release of an innovative Tony the Tiger commercial. This commercial was significant in the humanizing factor of Tony with the birth of his first daughter, Antoinette. This advertising technique targeted the millions of infants as Antoinette the baby tigress was shown tasting Kellogg’s Sugar Frosted Flakes for the first time, followed by the Tony the Tiger slogan. The shape of the featured tiger was beginning to shape the cereal marketing and advertising sector by promoting new product lines. The company used Tony Jr. as its mascot to introduce nearly six new products that are high in nutrition in the mid 1970s. Throughout all of the 1970s Tony the Tiger had a complete family of three. The evolution of this brand icon continued to rise as Tony the Tiger was featured in a Hot Air Balloon Championship in 1981.", "precise_score": -2.058701753616333, "rough_score": -0.4181719720363617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "Over past generations Tony has demonstrated a figure of human characteristics. When you look at Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes cereal box you see Tony the Tiger impersonating the fundamental muscular human like structure. Tony the Tiger's iconic appearance has evolved through the use of graphic design and its abilities to enhance creativity. Although his appearance has changed his purpose in as an iconic mascot is to sell Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes and throughout his career Tony has remained sufficiently consistent. The deep and unique voice behind the famous “They’re Gr-eatt!” slogan was Thurl Ravenscroft for fifty years.", "precise_score": 3.4475560188293457, "rough_score": 4.006523609161377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "In the 1930s, the first puffed cereal, Kix, went on the market. After World War II, the big breakfast cereal companies – now including General Mills, who entered the market in 1924 with Wheaties – increasingly started to target children. The flour was refined to remove fiber, which at the time was considered to undermine digestion and absorption of nutrients, and sugar was added to improve the flavor for children. The new breakfast cereals began to look starkly different from their ancestors. As one example, Kellogg's Sugar Smacks, created in 1953, had 56% sugar by weight. Different mascots were introduced, such as the Rice Krispies elves and later pop icons like Tony the Tiger and the Trix Rabbit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.880654811859131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Breakfast cereal" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "Tony the Tiger is the advertising cartoon mascot for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes (also known as Frosties) breakfast cereal, appearing on its packaging and advertising. More recently, Tony has also become the mascot for Tony's Cinnamon Krunchers and Tiger Power. Since his debut in 1951, the character has spanned several generations and become a breakfast cereal icon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.438015937805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "In 1951, Eugene Kolkey, an accomplished graphic artist and Art Director for Leo Burnett, sketched a character for a contest to become the official mascot of a Kellogg's brand-new breakfast cereal. Kolkey designed a tiger named Tony (named after an ad man at Leo Burnett—Raymond Anthony Wells ) and selected Martin Provensen for the finished artwork. Tony competed against three other potential mascots for the public's affection: Katy the Kangaroo (originated by Robert Dulaney in the early fifties), Elmo the Elephant, and Newt the Gnu. Within the year, the other mascots were dropped (with Elmo and Newt never once gracing the front of the box), and Tony was given a son, Tony Jr. Tony the Tiger would eventually become a cereal icon. The final Tony the Tiger design came from a group of former Disney animators known as Quartet Films, which also designed The Jolly Green Giant, Snap Crackle Pop, the Hamms Beer Bear, and the Baltimore Orioles mascot, among others. Stan Walsh, Art Babbitt, Arnold Gillesspie, and Michael Lah were the artists/filmmakers that formed the Quartet Films of Hollywood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1656057834625244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "A recognizable and distinct voice was needed for the Tony the Tiger character. Initially, he was voiced by Dallas McKennon, but shortly after the initial Sugar Frosted Flakes advertisements aired, McKennon was replaced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who spent the next five decades providing the characteristic deep bass voice associated with the character, notably the familiar \"They're Grrrrreat!\" catchphrase. John E. Matthews came up with this phrase while working as copywriter for Leo Burnett. Ravenscroft spoke to an interviewer of injecting his personality into Tony: \"I made Tony a person. For me, Tony was real. I made him become a human being and that affected the animation and everything.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.188676834106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "Tony began to be humanized in the 1970s; he was given an Italian-American nationality and consumers were briefly introduced to more of Tony's family including Mama Tony, Mrs. Tony, and a daughter, Antoinette. Tony was a popular figure among the young Italian-American population and it showed in 1974, where he was deemed \"Tiger of the Year\" in an advertising theme taken from the Chinese Lunar Calendar. The advertising theme declared, \"This is the Year of the Tiger and Tony is the Tiger of the Year.\" Later that year, Tony graced the covers of Italian GQ and Panorama. In addition to Tony's success, during this decade, son Tony Jr. was even given his own short-lived cereal in 1975, Frosted Rice. Provensen's original art design for the tiger has changed significantly over the years, as Tony the whimsical, cereal-box-sized tiger with a teardrop-shaped head was replaced by his fully-grown son Jr., who is now a sleek, muscular sports enthusiast—he was a coach for the Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket and a referee for the Monster Sports Stars in My Pocket (see Monster in My Pocket). Tony the Tiger was never limited to American cereal boxes, appearing on Kellogg's European brand cereal boxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017337799072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "Tony the Tiger began his trademark debut with Kellogg in 1952. The Tiger was used as a cartoon character featured on every box of Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes. The iconic feline was federally registered as Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes trademark. Furthermore, the registration and classification was under food products. Twelve years later one of the top oil companies, Exxon Mobil, began using a similar tiger as a promotional mascot within gasoline products. Exxon then followed through with protocol and federally registered its tiger under petroleum products category. Unlike the Kellogg slogan behind the voice of Thurl Ravenscroft “they’re Gr-rr-eatttt” Exxon Mobil Corporation also had a slogan “put a tiger in your tank.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.873222827911377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" }, { "answer": "Tony the Tiger", "passage": "Tracing back to 1986, Kellogg battled with a different situation in regards to trademark. During the preparation of the 1988 Olympic Summer Games by South Korean organizers agreed on a tiger logo that was very similar to Kellogg’s Tony the Tiger. The very popular cereal company had concerns about the similarity and raised some red flag with trademark registration that same year. Kellogg continued to stress that Tony the Tiger was an advertising tool used on almost every cereal box so confusion of a comparable tiger which only difference shown is the addition of distinct five-ringed Olympic badge around his neck. Sports news and critics stirred up so much controversy and is remembered as “Hold That Tiger” battle of tiger trademark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.606226444244385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tony the Tiger" } ]

[ { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "\"Our Lips Are Sealed\" is a song written by The Go-Go's guitarist Jane Wiedlin and The Specials and Fun Boy Three singer Terry Hall.", "precise_score": -3.7246155738830566, "rough_score": -8.766154289245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "In 1983, Hall's band, Fun Boy Three, released their version of \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". Issued as a single, the track became a top ten hit in the UK, and remains the best known version of \"Lips\" in that country — the Go-Go's version, while a hit elsewhere, only made #47 UK.", "precise_score": -2.6473095417022705, "rough_score": -8.452795028686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "The idea of rock music as a serious art form started in the late 1960s and was the dominant view of the genre at the time of new wave's arrival. New wave looked back or borrowed in various ways from the years just prior to this occurrence. One way this was done was by taking an ironic look at consumer and pop culture of the 1950s and early 1960s. The B-52's became most noted for a kitsch and camp presentation with their bouffant wigs, beach party and sci-fi movie references. Other groups that referenced the pre-progressive rock era were the Go-Go's, Blondie and Devo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419607162475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "New wave music" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "It was first recorded by The Go-Go's as the opening track on their 1981 album Beauty and the Beat (see 1981 in music) and served as their debut American single in June 1981. The single eventually reached top 5 in Australia and Canada, and top 20 in the United States. Although originally written and performed with three verses, it is an abbreviated version of the song that appears on Beauty and the Beat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588837623596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "The Go-Go's were supporting The Specials on the latter's 1980 United States tour. According to Wiedlin she and Hall had an affair despite him having a girlfriend back in England and this led to their co-writing the song. The Go-Go's version is significantly more upbeat than Fun Boy Three's, which Wiedlin describes as \"gloomier\" (see http://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/jane_wiedlin_from_the_go-go_s/)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916424751281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "The cover, recorded as a duet with Duff's sister Haylie and produced by John Shanks, was released as a single in the United States in June 2004. The Duff sisters said in an interview that they had wanted to record together, and Hilary chose \"Our Lips Are Sealed\" because the \"secretive\" theme of the song relates to the film A Cinderella Story.Moss, Corey. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1487153/20040520/story.jhtml \"Hilary And Haylie Give The Go-Go's A Double-Duff Treatment\"]. MTV News. May 20, 2004. As of July 27, 2014, the song had sold 161,000 copies in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.873138427734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "The single's music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and filmed in Toronto, Canada in May 2004. Similar to the video for the Go-Go's single, it depicts the Duff sisters driving around town in a car and goofing about, and is interspersed with footage from A Cinderella Story. A second version of the video, that has new scenes and is not interspersed with scenes from A Cinderella Story, can be viewed on the Dignity deluxe edition DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131083488464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" }, { "answer": "Go-go's", "passage": "It was released in June 2004 and received medium airplay on MuchMusic in Canada and MTV in the U.S. Though the video was popular on the MTV video chart show Total Request Live, the single itself was less successful than the original Go-Go's song in the U.S., failing to chart on the Hot 100. In Australia it reached number eight. The song was later included on Duff's compilation album, Most Wanted (2005).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98595142364502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed" } ]

[ { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The town received worldwide fame after it became the host of the 1969 Woodstock Festival, which was originally planned for Wallkill, NY, but was relocated to Bethel after Wallkill withdrew.", "precise_score": 0.7747875452041626, "rough_score": -1.1318438053131104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The Town of Bethel was brought to the world's attention in 1969 when nearly 500,000 people gathered at Max Yasgur's Farm for \"Three Days of Peace and Music\". The documentary made about Woodstock released in 1970 showed interviews with numerous Bethel residents, including Art Vassmer, co-owner of Vassmers General Store in Kauneonga Lake. A movie called Taking Woodstock was released in August 2009 based on the book of the same title by Elliot Tiber, whose parents owned the nearby El Monaco Motel in White Lake and played a pivotal role in bringing the Woodstock nation to Bethel.", "precise_score": 3.8986949920654297, "rough_score": 1.7369366884231567, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2006, Bethel Woods opened on the original Woodstock site as a state-of-the-art performing arts venue. In early 2008, a multi-media Woodstock \"interpretive\" museum opened near the old Yasgur's Farm to complement the concert space, which hosted the New York Philharmonic, Wynton Marsalis, Diane Reeves, Chris Botti, the Goo Goo Dolls, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in its inaugural season. Highlights of the Center's 2007 season were performances by Lynyrd Skynyrd/Marshall Tucker Band, Bob Dylan, Richie Havens/Arlo Guthrie, Earth, Wind & Fire, and repeat performances of the New York Philharmonic and the Boston Pops Orchestra. 2008's season featured The New York Philharmonic, the Boston Pops Orchestra, Steely Dan, the Allman Brothers, and sold-out performances by the Jonas Brothers and the last concert of the season, featuring Heart, Journey, and Cheap Trick. The 2009 season was headlined by Brad Paisley and his band \"The Drama Kings\".", "precise_score": -5.9421210289001465, "rough_score": -5.065711975097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 1998, a concert was given at the original site and this helped ignite the vision of philanthropist Alan Gerry and daughter Robyn to acquire the land and build what was to become Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. In 2008, an interactive museum commemorating Woodstock and the Baby Boomer generation opened at Bethel Woods.", "precise_score": -6.029160976409912, "rough_score": -7.509456157684326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "On July 1, 2006, Bethel Woods Center for the Arts opened on the site of the original Woodstock Festival and hosted the New York Philharmonic. Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young closed out the inaugural season in August 2006, bringing the foursome back to Bethel for the first time since August 1969. The summer 2007 concert lineup at Bethel Woods began on June 2007 with the bands Chicago and America. Other performers during the summer of 2007 included the New York Philharmonic, Bob Dylan, Brad Paisley, Lynyrd Skynyrd with The Marshall Tucker Band, Earth, Wind & Fire, Arlo Guthrie, Richie Havens, Phish, and others.", "precise_score": -2.388918876647949, "rough_score": 2.227550983428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair—informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock—was a music festival attracting an audience of over 400,000 people, scheduled over three days on a dairy farm in New York state from August 15 to 17, 1969, but which ran over four days to August 18, 1969. ", "precise_score": -3.276193857192993, "rough_score": -1.8756186962127686, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\", it was held at Max Yasgur's 600 acres dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 mi southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "precise_score": 6.617386341094971, "rough_score": 6.619128227233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, and Artie Kornfeld. Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized a small festival on the East Coast the prior year, the Miami Pop Festival, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Media Sound, a large audio recording studio complex in Manhattan. ", "precise_score": -6.524765968322754, "rough_score": -7.686837673187256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in Woodstock, New York, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. After local residents quickly shot down that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location in Saugerties, New York. But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300 acre Mills Industrial Park () in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969. Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. On July 15, 1969, the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. ", "precise_score": -4.500608444213867, "rough_score": -7.241458892822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. Fearing chaos as thousands began descending on the community, Bethel did not enforce its codes. Eventually, announcements on radio stations as far away as WNEW-FM in Manhattan and descriptions of the traffic jams on television news discouraged people from setting off to the festival. Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed. The director of the Woodstock museum discussed below said this never occurred. To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. ", "precise_score": -3.3906919956207275, "rough_score": -6.003594398498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site, its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to cash in on its notoriety. Bethel's stance changed in recent years, and the town now embraces the festival. Efforts have begun to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -4.013898849487305, "rough_score": -6.956737995147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 1996, the site of the concert and 1400 acre surrounding was purchased by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose of creating the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. The Center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic. On August 13, 2006, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed before 16,000 fans at the new Center—37 years after their historic performance at Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -5.531160831451416, "rough_score": -2.943561553955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald, the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew), Canned Heat, Ten Years After, Jefferson Starship, Mountain, and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane line-up to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten, who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat. Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.", "precise_score": -5.908760070800781, "rough_score": -5.610256195068359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock Festival ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161458969116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bethel, New York" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The event was captured in the Academy Award winning 1970 documentary movie Woodstock, an accompanying soundtrack album, and Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", which commemorated the event and became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.925127029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Media Sound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock, New York. Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.394950866699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, \"relaxed\" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94321060180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In April 1969, newly minted superstars Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000. The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups prior to Creedence committing to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented, \"Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on.\" Given their 3:00 a.m. start time and omission (at frontman John Fogerty's insistence) from the Woodstock film, members have expressed bitterness over their experiences at the famed festival. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.790855407714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock was designed as a profit-making venture, aptly titled \"Woodstock Ventures\". It famously became a \"free concert\" only after the event drew hundreds of thousands more patrons than the organizers had prepared for. Tickets for the three-day event cost $18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to $ and $ in 2014). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan. Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold, and the organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.210527420043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock, Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15 acre motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur. Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur, Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond would become a popular skinny dipping destination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552221298217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, organizers felt they had two options: one was to complete the fencing and ticket booths, without which the promoters were almost certain to lose their shirts; the other option involved putting their remaining available resources into building the stage, without which the promoters feared they would have a disappointed and disgruntled audience. When the audience began arriving by the tens of thousands, the next day, on Wednesday before the weekend, the decision had been made for them. \"The fences at Woodstock\" became an oxymoron, while the stage at Woodstock gave birth to a legend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.1324462890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Hendrix and his new band, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows (introduced as The Experience, but corrected by Jimi) performed a two-hour set. His psychedelic rendition of the U.S. national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" occurred about into their set (after which he segued into \"Purple Haze\"). The song would become \"part of the sixties Zeitgeist\" as it was captured forever in the Woodstock film; Hendrix's image performing this number wearing a blue-beaded white leather jacket with fringe and a red head scarf has since been regarded as a defining moment of the 1960s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67910385131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Yet, in tune with the idealistic hopes of the 1960s, Woodstock satisfied most attendees. There was a sense of social harmony, which, with the quality of music, and the overwhelming mass of people, many sporting bohemian dress, behavior, and attitudes helped to make it one of the enduring events of the century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.391056060791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley. \"It worked very well,\" he says of the event. \"I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70 foot towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up.\" ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 ft tall, almost 4 ft deep, and 3 ft wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15 in JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672834396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Jimi Hendrix – $30,000 for two sets plus $2,000 for expenses. Note- There was a cap of $15,000 per artist at Woodstock so a deal was made for Hendrix to play two sets, an acoustic set and a set with his band. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243908882141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Bob Dylan, in whose \"backyard\" the festival was held, was never in serious negotiation. Instead, Dylan signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music, on August 31. Dylan set sail for England on on August 15, the day the Woodstock Festival started. His son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan, with his wife Sara, flew to England the following week. Dylan had been unhappy about the number of hippies piling up outside his house in the nearby town of Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.25928020477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* The Jeff Beck Group: Jeff Beck disbanded the group prior to Woodstock. \"I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock\", Beck said. \"I didn't want it to be preserved.\" Interestingly, it was to have been the first time that Beck would perform with Tim Bogert and Carmine Appice. Also, Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119118690490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Led Zeppelin was asked to perform, their manager Peter Grant stated: \"We were asked to do Woodstock and Atlantic were very keen, and so was our U.S. promoter, Frank Barsalona. I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill.\" However, the group did play the first Atlanta International Pop Festival on July 5, as one of 22 bands at the two-day event. Woodstock weekend, Zeppelin performed south of the festival at the Asbury Park Convention Hall in New Jersey. Their only time out taken was to attend Elvis Presley's show at the International Hotel in Las Vegas, on August 12. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427739143371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* The Byrds were invited, but chose not to participate, figuring Woodstock to be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. As bassist John York remembers: \"We were flying to a gig and Roger [McGuinn] came up to us and said that a guy was putting on a festival in upstate New York. But at that point they weren't paying all of the bands. He asked us if we wanted to do it and we said, 'No'. We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene. [...] So all of us said, 'No, we want a rest' and missed the best festival of all.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.782671928405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Chicago, at the time still known as the Chicago Transit Authority, had initially been signed on to play at Woodstock. However, they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham, which allowed him to move Chicago's concerts at the Fillmore West. He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing the band to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana, which he managed at the time, would take their slot at the festival. According to singer and bassist Peter Cetera, \"We were sort of peeved at him for pulling that one.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289690017700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, according to the Class of the 20th Century U.S. television special, is quoted as saying \"A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down.'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88817024230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Arthur Lee and Love declined the invitation, but Mojo Magazine later described inner turmoil within the band which caused their absence at the Woodstock festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923101425170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210996627807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "*Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043322563171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Procol Harum was invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower's baby. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078457832336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at an airport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968306541442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Raven – attorney Miles Laurie, one of Michael Lang's lawyers set up a meeting with Raven manager, Marty Angelo and offered his band a spot on the lineup but only if they signed a contract with Lang to be Raven's record producer and 10% of future earnings. Raven turned down his offer based on the fact that the year before the band played at one of Woodstock's \"Sound Outs\" and the gig didn't go well. Lang assured them that his concert was going to be different. The band respectfully declined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196775436401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The documentary film Woodstock, directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by Thelma Schoonmaker and Martin Scorsese, was released in 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub, an executive at Warner Bros., and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94284439086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The film has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress. In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70539665222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Another film on Woodstock named Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee. Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York, to shoot the film. He was concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being incredibly welcoming and excited to help with the film. The movie is based on Elliot Tiber, played by Demetri Martin, and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.813704490661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More, was a 3-LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (e.g., \"[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good\", \"Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain\") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released. Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival but not the stage announcements and crowd noises, were reissued by Atlantic as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764028549194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock also was released in 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. A longer double-disc set, Live at Woodstock (1999) features nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950597763061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2009, Joe Cocker released a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contained eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083423614501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana, Janis Joplin, Sly & the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy/SME Records, and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience. Also, in 2009, Rhino/Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm, which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615689277648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt Woodstock Ventures had incurred from the festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081952095031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock site today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012320518493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The Museum at Bethel Woods opened on June 2, 2008. The Museum contains film and interactive displays, text panels, and artifacts that explore the unique experience of the Woodstock festival, its significance as the culminating event of a decade of radical cultural transformation, and the legacy of the Sixties and Woodstock today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.401688575744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock 40th anniversary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837800025939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Another event occurred in Hawkhurst, Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, IL and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the \"Father of Woodstock\", Artie Kornfeld. Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196712493896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock, which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.667309761047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "As one of the biggest rock festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late sixties, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase \"the Woodstock generation\" became part of the common lexicon. Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the final chords sounded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character - which began appearing in 1966 but was yet unnamed -Woodstock in tribute to the festival. In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled \"I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair\" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. Keith Robertson's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm. In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the \"Woodchuck\" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.521034240722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Contemporary culture continues to remember Woodstock, with Time magazine naming \"The Who at Woodstock – 1969\" to the magazine's \"Top 10 Music-Festival Moments\" list on March 18, 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.536324501037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock, a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938117027282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Wadham College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, hosts an annual music and arts festival in its gardens, named 'Wadstock', after the Woodstock festival. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552664756774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Swami opening.jpg|Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225391387939453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock August 15, 1969.jpg|A rainy day (August 15, 1969)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354676246643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond hair.JPG|Two hippies at Woodstock", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217053413391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond cocker.JPG|Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121804237365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock-kids.jpg|Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246310234069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond havens.JPG|Richie Havens at the Woodstock Festival", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097280502319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond tents.JPG|Tents at the Woodstock Festival", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088557243347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "High-profile opposition to the Vietnam war turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion against the war. The protests gained momentum from the Civil Rights Movement that had organized to oppose segregation laws, which had laid a foundation of theory and infrastructure on which the anti-war movement grew. Protests were fueled by a growing network of independently published newspapers (known as \"underground papers\") and the timely advent of large venue rock'n'roll festivals such as Woodstock and Grateful Dead shows, attracting younger people in search of generational togetherness. The movement progressed from college campuses to middle-class suburbs, government institutions, and labor unions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960588455200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peace movement" } ]

[ { "answer": "Egg", "passage": "Frittata is an egg-based Italian dish similar to an omelette or crustless quiche, enriched with additional ingredients such as meats, cheeses, vegetables or pasta. The word frittata is Italian and roughly translates to \"fried\".", "precise_score": 6.985904693603516, "rough_score": 7.612312316894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frittata" }, { "answer": "Eggs", "passage": "The Italian word frittata derives from friggere and roughly means fried. This was originally a general term for cooking eggs in a skillet, anywhere on the spectrum from fried egg, through conventional omelette, to an Italian version of the Spanish tortilla de patatas, made with fried potato. Outside Italy, frittata was seen as equivalent to \"omelette\" until at least the mid-1950s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6097270846366882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frittata" }, { "answer": "Eggs", "passage": "* There is always at least one optional ingredient in a frittata, and such ingredients are combined with the beaten egg mixture while the eggs are still raw rather than being laid over the mostly cooked egg mixture before it is folded, as in a conventional omelette. Eggs for frittata may be beaten vigorously, to incorporate more air than traditional savory omelettes, to allow a deeper filling and a fluffier result.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.127700328826904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frittata" } ]

[ { "answer": "A Nurse", "passage": "In the United Kingdom the first line is frequently changed to \"The Farmer's in his den\". The rhyme progresses through the farmer being in the dell/his den, his desire for a wife, hers for a child, its for a nurse, a dog, ending with a bone, ending in: \"we all pat the dog\".Every player then pats the one picked as the dog. The 'Hi-Ho, the derry-o' is variously replaced with \"Ee-i, tiddly-i\" in London, 'Ee-i, adio', 'Ee-i, andio' or 'Ee-i, entio', (in Northern England), and 'Ee-i, ee-i' (for instance in the West Country).", "precise_score": 4.391054630279541, "rough_score": 3.430483102798462, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Farmer in the Dell" }, { "answer": "A Nurse", "passage": "A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage only dates from the late 18th /early 19th century. In North America the term Mother Goose Rhymes, introduced in the mid-18th century, is still often used. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.935025930404663, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nursery rhyme" }, { "answer": "AN nurse", "passage": "The oldest children's songs of which we have records are lullabies, intended to help a child sleep. Lullabies can be found in every human culture. The English term lullaby is thought to come from \"lu, lu\" or \"la la\" sounds made by mothers or nurses to calm children, and \"\" or \"bye bye\", either another lulling sound or a term for good night. Until the modern era lullabies were usually only recorded incidentally in written sources. The Roman nurses' lullaby, \"Lalla, Lalla, Lalla, aut dormi, aut lacta\", is recorded in a scholium on Persius and may be the oldest to survive. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506293296813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nursery rhyme" }, { "answer": "A Nurse", "passage": "The Romanian language version is \"Țăranul e pe câmp\" (The farmer is on the field) but the hey-o is replaced with \"Ura, drăguţa mea\" (Hooray, my sweet heart) and the last verses are – the child has a nurse, the nurse has a cat, the cat catches a mouse, the mouse eats a cheese, the cheese was in a cask, the cask is in the garbage, the farmer to choose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.473691940307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Farmer in the Dell" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The Blue Angels is the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron, with aviators from the Navy and Marines. The Blue Angels team was formed in 1946, making it the second oldest formal flying aerobatic team (under the same name) in the world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931. The Blue Angels' six demonstration pilots fly the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, typically in more than 70 shows at 34 locations throughout the United States each year, where they still employ many of the same practices and techniques used in their aerial displays in 1946. An estimated 11 million spectators view the squadron during air shows each full year. The Blue Angels also visit more than 50,000 people in a standard show season (March through November) in schools and hospitals. Since 1946, the Blue Angels have flown for more than 260 million spectators. ", "precise_score": 4.9943461418151855, "rough_score": 6.426626205444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "On 1 March 2013 the U.S. Navy announced that due to sequestration actions aerial demonstration team performances including that of the Blue Angels would cease from 1 April 2013. In October 2013, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, stating that \"community and public outreach is a crucial Departmental activity\", announced that the Blue Angels (along with the U.S. Air Force's Thunderbirds) would resume appearing at air shows starting in 2014, although the number of flyovers will continue to be severely reduced. ", "precise_score": 2.8214023113250732, "rough_score": 5.638843536376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron", "passage": "The mission of the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron is \"to showcase the pride and professionalism of the United States Navy and Marine Corps by inspiring a culture of excellence and service to country through flight demonstrations and community outreach.\"", "precise_score": 1.7600445747375488, "rough_score": 3.3051421642303467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "When initially formed, the unit was called the Navy Flight Exhibition Team. The squadron was officially redesignated as the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron in December 1974. The original team was christened the Blue Angels in 1946, when one of the pilots came across the name of New York City's Blue Angel Nightclub in The New Yorker magazine; the team introduced themselves as the \"Blue Angels\" to the public for the first time on 21 July 1946, in Omaha, Nebraska.", "precise_score": 4.2544989585876465, "rough_score": 3.9881043434143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The Blue Angels use a United States Marine Corps Lockheed C-130T Hercules, nicknamed \"Fat Albert\", for their logistics, carrying spare parts, equipment, and to carry support personnel between shows. Beginning in 1975, \"Bert\" was used for Jet Assisted Take Off (JATO) and short aerial demonstrations just prior to the main event at selected venues, but the JATO demonstration ended in 2009 due to dwindling supplies of rockets. \"Fat Albert Airlines\" flies with an all-Marine crew of three officers and five enlisted personnel.", "precise_score": -1.4625821113586426, "rough_score": -0.6186076402664185, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "The officer selection process requires pilots and support officers (flight surgeon, events coordinator, maintenance officer, supply officer, and public affairs officer) wishing to become Blue Angels to apply formally via their chain-of-command, with a personal statement, letters of recommendation, and flight records. Navy and Marine Corps F/A-18 demonstration pilots and naval flight officers are required to have a minimum of 1,250 tactical jet hours and be carrier-qualified. Marine Corps C-130 demonstration pilots are required to have 1,200 flight hours and be an aircraft commander. ", "precise_score": -5.220937728881836, "rough_score": -6.515872955322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Navy Blue Angels", "passage": " U.S. Navy Blue Angels are [https://www.blueangels.navy.mil/team/officers.aspx]:", "precise_score": -4.547868251800537, "rough_score": -6.080888271331787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The team thrilled spectators with low-flying maneuvers performed in tight formations, and (according to Voris) by \"keeping something in front of the crowds at all times. My objective was to beat the Army Air Corps. If we did that, we'd get all the other side issues. I felt that if we weren't the best, it would be my naval career.\" The Blue Angels' first public demonstration also netted the team its first trophy, which sits on display at the team's current home at NAS Pensacola.", "precise_score": -1.3059386014938354, "rough_score": -3.931705951690674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The Blues received their first U.S. Marine Corps Lockheed Lockheed KC-130F Hercules in 1970. An all-Marine crew manned it. That year, they went on their first South American tour. In 1971, the team conducted its first Far East Tour, performing at a dozen locations in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1972, the Blue Angels were awarded the Navy's Meritorious Unit Commendation for the two-year period from 1 March 1970 – 31 December 1971. Another European tour followed in 1973, including air shows in Tehran, Iran, England, France, Spain, Turkey, Greece, and Italy.", "precise_score": -7.775929927825928, "rough_score": -7.405019283294678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron", "passage": "In December 1974 the Navy Flight Demonstration Team downsized to the subsonic Douglas A-4F Skyhawk II and was reorganized into the Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron. This reorganization permitted the establishment of a commanding officer (the flight leader), added support officers, and further redefined the squadron's mission emphasizing the support of recruiting efforts. Commander Tony Less was the squadron's first official commanding officer.", "precise_score": 2.6432738304138184, "rough_score": 4.3480939865112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The Blue Angels' show season runs each year from March until November. They perform at both military and civilian airfields, and often perform directly over major cities such as San Francisco's \"Fleet Week\" maritime festival, Cleveland's annual Labor Day Air Show, the Chicago Air and Water Show, Milwaukee Air and Water Show, and Seattle's annual Seafair festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759843826293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "During their aerobatic demonstration, the Blues fly six F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, split into the Diamond Formation (Blue Angels 1 through 4) and the Lead and Opposing Solos (Blue Angels 5 and 6). Most of the show alternates between maneuvers performed by the Diamond Formation and those performed by the Solos. The Diamond, in tight formation and usually at lower speeds (400 mph), performs maneuvers such as formation loops, barrel rolls, and transitions from one formation to another. The Solos showcase the high performance capabilities of their individual aircraft through the execution of high-speed passes, slow passes, fast rolls, slow rolls, and very tight turns. The highest speed flown during an air show is 700 mph (just under Mach 1) and the lowest speed is 120 mph. Some of the maneuvers include both solo aircraft performing at once, such as opposing passes (toward each other in what appears to be a collision course) and mirror formations (back-to-back. belly-to-belly, or wingtip-to-wingtip, with one jet flying inverted). The Solos join the Diamond Formation near the end of the show for a number of maneuvers in the Delta Formation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.507279396057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "The official Blue Angels insignia was designed by then team leader Lt. Cmdr. R. E. \"Dusty\" Rhodes and Virginia Porter (Illustrator for Naval Air Advanced Training Command), then approved by Chief of Naval Operations in 1949. It is nearly identical to the current design. In the cloud in the upper right quadrant, the aircraft were originally shown heading down and to the right. Over the years, the plane silhouettes have changed along with the squadron's aircraft. Additionally, the lower left quadrant, which contains the Chief of Naval Air Training insignia, has occasionally contained only Naval Aviator wings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7543416023254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "In July 2016, Boeing was awarded a $12 million contract to begin converting the Boeing F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet for Blue Angels use, to be completed by September 2017. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215333938598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "Commander Ryan Bernacchi joined the Blue Angels in September 2015. He has accumulated more than 3,000 flight hours and 600 carrier-arrested landings, and is a graduate of the U.S. Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN), NAS Fallon, Nevada. After graduating, he joined the TOPGUN staff as an instructor pilot and served as the Navy and Marine Corps subject matter expert in GPS guided weapons. Ryan served as a Federal Executive Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. His decorations include the Meritorious Service Medal, one Individual Air Medal with Combat \"V\" (three Strike Flight), four Navy Commendation Medals, one with Combat \"V,\" and numerous unit, campaign, and service awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.911749839782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "On 25 August 1946 the squadron upgraded their aircraft to the Grumman F8F-1 Bearcat. In May 1947, flight leader Lt. Cmdr. Bob Clarke replaced Butch Voris as the leader of the team and introduced the famous Diamond Formation, now considered the Blue Angels' trademark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26379680633545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "The Blue Angels were officially recommissioned on 25 October 1951, and reported to NAS Corpus Christi, Texas. Lt. Cdr. Voris was again tasked with assembling the team (he was the first of only two commanding officers to lead them twice). In 1953 the team traded its Sky Train for a Curtiss R5C Commando.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496204376220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In January 1957, the team left its winter training facility at Naval Air Facility El Centro, California for a ten-year period. For the next ten years, the team would winter at NAS Key West, Florida. For the 1957 show season, the Blue Angels transitioned to the supersonic Grumman F11F-1 Tiger, first flying the short-nosed, and then the long-nosed versions. The first Six-Plane Delta Maneuvers were added in the 1958 season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354633331298828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In July 1964, the Blue Angels participated in the Aeronaves de Mexico Anniversary Air Show over Mexico City, Mexico, before an estimated crowd of 1.5 million people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147788047790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In 1965, the Blue Angels conducted a Caribbean island tour, flying at five sites. Later that year, they embarked on a European tour to a dozen sites, including the Paris Air Show, where they were the only team to receive a standing ovation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500330924987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "On 8 November 1986 the Blue Angels completed their 40th anniversary year during ceremonies unveiling their present aircraft, the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, the first multi-role fighter/attack aircraft. The power and aerodynamics of the Hornet allows them to perform a slow, high angle of attack \"tail sitting\" maneuver, and to fly a \"dirty\" (landing gear down) formation loop, the last of which is not duplicated by the USAF Thunderbirds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.774213790893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "Also in 1986, LCDR Donnie Cochran, joined the Blue Angels as the first African-American Naval Aviator to be selected. He would return to lead the team in 1993.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938444137573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In 1992 the Blue Angels deployed for a month-long European tour, their first in 19 years, conducting shows in Sweden, Finland, Russia (first foreign flight demonstration team to perform there), Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Spain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.091768264770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In 2006, the Blue Angels marked their 60th year of performing. On 30 October 2008 a spokesman for the team announced that the team would complete its last three performances of the year with five jets instead of six. The change was because one pilot and another officer in the organization had been removed from duty for engaging in an \"inappropriate relationship\". The Navy stated that one of the individuals was a man and the other a woman, one a Marine and the other from the Navy, and that Rear Admiral Mark Guadagnini, chief of Naval air training, was reviewing the situation. At the next performance at Lackland Air Force Base following the announcement the No.4 or slot pilot, was absent from the formation. A spokesman for the team would not confirm the identity of the pilot removed from the team. On 6 November 2008 both officers were found guilty at an admiral's mast on unspecified charges but the resulting punishment was not disclosed. The names of the two members involved were later released on the Pensacola News Journal website/forum as pilot No. 4 USMC Maj. Clint Harris and the administrative officer, Navy Lt. Gretchen Doane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860815048217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "On 22 May 2011, the Blue Angels were performing at the Lynchburg Regional Airshow in Lynchburg, Virginia, when the Diamond formation flew the Barrel Roll Break maneuver at an altitude that was lower than the required minimum altitude. The maneuver was aborted, the remainder of the demonstration canceled and all aircraft landed safely. The next day, the Blue Angels announced that they were initiating a safety stand-down, canceling their upcoming Naval Academy Airshow and returning to their home base in Pensacola, Florida, for additional training and airshow practice. On 26 May, the Blue Angels announced they would not be flying their traditional fly-over of the Naval Academy Graduation Ceremony and that they were canceling their 28–29 May 2011 performances at the Millville Wings and Wheels Airshow in Millville, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125518798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "On 27 May 2011, the Blue Angels announced that Commander Dave Koss, the squadron's Commanding Officer, would be stepping down. He was replaced by Captain Greg McWherter, the team's previous Commanding Officer. The squadron canceled performances at the Rockford, Illinois Airfest 4–5 June and the Evansville, Indiana Freedom Festival Air Show 11–12 June to allow additional practice and demonstration training under McWherter's leadership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6279296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "Between 2 and 4 September 2011 on Labor Day weekend, the Blue Angels flew for the first time with a 50–50 blend of conventional JP-5 jet fuel and a camelina-based biofuel at Naval Air Station Patuxent River airshow at Patuxent River, Maryland. McWherter flew an F/A-18 test flight on 17 August and stated there were no noticeable differences in performance from inside the cockpit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946056365966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "On 9 April 2013, the U.S. Navy released a statement that it was cancelling all remaining 2013 performances due to budget constraints, which ends the 2013 Blue Angels season after 2 of 35 scheduled shows were performed. The Navy also stated it continues to believe the value of inspiring future generations, and that the 2014 Blue Angels Schedule has not been subject to any cancellations, the schedule itself was released in September 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.829960823059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In June 2014, Captain Greg McWherter, flight leader of the Blue Angels for 2008-2010 and 2011-2012, received letter of reprimand from Adm. Harry Harris after an admiral's mast for “failing to stop obvious and repeated instances of sexual harassment, condoning widespread lewd practices within the squadron and engaging in inappropriate and unprofessional discussions with his junior officers\" during his second tour with the team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448604583740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In July 2014, Marine Corps Capt. Katie Higgins, 27, became the first female pilot to join the Blue Angels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22838306427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "During its history, 27 Blue Angels pilots have been killed in air show or training accidents. Through the 2006 season there have been 262 pilots in the squadron's history, giving the job a 10% fatality rate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022205352783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* 14 October 1958 – Cmdr. Robert Nicholls Glasgow died during an orientation flight just days after reporting for duty as the new Blue Angels leader. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291766166687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "Other incidents involving former Blue Angels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383787155151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels was a dramatic television series, starring Dennis Cross and Don Gordon, inspired by the team's exploits and filmed with the cooperation of the Navy. It aired in syndication from 26 September 1960 to 3 July 1961. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11383056640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels were the subject of \"Flying Blue Angels\", a pop song recorded by George, Johnny and the Pilots (Coed Co 555), that debuted on Billboard Magazines \"Bubbling Under the Hot 100\" chart on 11 September 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23946762084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* Threshold: The Blue Angels Experience is a 1975 documentary film, written by Dune author Frank Herbert, featuring the team in practice and performance during their F-4J Phantom era; many of the aerial photography techniques pioneered in Threshold were later used in the film Top Gun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.02774715423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* In 2005, the Discovery Channel aired a documentary miniseries, Blue Angels: A Year in the Life, focusing on the intricate day-to-day details of that year's training and performance schedule. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425970077514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* The video for the American rock band Van Halen's 1986 release \"Dreams\" consists of Blue Angels performance footage. The video was originally shot featuring the Blues in the A-4 Skyhawk. A later video features the F/A-18 Hornet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091453552246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels appeared in the episodes \"Death Begins at Forty\" and \"Insult to Injury\" of Tim Allen's television sitcom Home Improvement as themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399517059326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels made a brief appearance on I Love Toy Trains part 3.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515913009643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels were featured in the IMAX film Magic of Flight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402942657470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* In 2009, the MythBusters enlisted the aid of Blue Angels to help test the myth that a sonic boom could shatter glass. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3360013961792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* The Blue Angels are a major part of the novel Shadows of Power by James W. Huston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341449737548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* Blue Angels and the Thunderbirds is a 4 disc SkyTrax DVD set © 2012 TOPICS Entertainment, Inc. It features highlights from airshows performed in the U.S.A. shot from inside and outside the cockpit including interviews of squadron aviators, plus aerial combat footage taken during Desert Storm, histories of the two flying squadrons from 1947 through 2008 including on-screen notes on changes in Congressional budgeting and research program funding, photo gallery slide shows, and two \"forward-looking\" sequences Into the 21st Century detailing developments of the F/A-18 Hornet's C and E and F models (10 min.) and footage of the F-22 with commentary (20 min.).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.559612274169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* In the television micro-series Star Wars: Clone Wars, Anakin Skywalker's starfighter is named Azure Angel, after the Blue Angels team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885594367980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* In My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, the Wonderbolts are based on the Blue Angels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212923049926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* Captain Katie Higgins - first Female Blue Angels aviator ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399343490600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "Blue angels", "passage": "* Captain Donnie Cochran – first African-American Blue Angels aviator and commander", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141973495483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "* Commander Raleigh Rhodes —World War II veteran and third leader of the Blue Angels ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158284187316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" }, { "answer": "The Blue Angels", "passage": "In November 2011, the Blue Angels received $37 million annually, out of the annual DoD budget. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423911094665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blue Angels" } ]

[ { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulette (; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade.", "precise_score": 6.631131172180176, "rough_score": 6.242031097412109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or \"passant\", a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent. Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms.", "precise_score": -1.3657792806625366, "rough_score": -2.95310378074646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulette is a French word meaning \"little shoulder\" (diminutive from épaule, meaning \"shoulder\").", "precise_score": 3.7519919872283936, "rough_score": -4.854106903076172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French and other armies to indicate rank. The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a \"counter-epaulette\" (with no fringe) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms. By the early 18th century, epaulettes had become the distinguishing feature of commissioned rank. This led officers of military units still without epaulettes to petition for the right to wear epaulettes, to ensure that their status would be recognized. Certain categories of cavalry wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, rarely worn on the field. ", "precise_score": 0.20386400818824768, "rough_score": -1.964175820350647, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Until 1914 officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs, yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century. Other cavalry such as hussars, dragoons and chasseurs à cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder.", "precise_score": -1.1251699924468994, "rough_score": -4.089991569519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining 19th-century-style full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine. The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a break from 1915 to 1930. In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades. The Marine nationale and the Armée de l'Air do not use epaulettes, but non-commissioned and commissioned officers wear a gilded shoulder strap called attente, which original function was to clip the epaulette onto the shoulder. The attentes are also worn by Army generals on dress uniform.", "precise_score": -3.3717072010040283, "rough_score": -3.2718358039855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "During the period 1919-45, German Army uniforms were known for a four cord braided \"figure-of-eight\" decoration which acted as a shoulder board for senior and general officers. This was called a \"shoulder knot\" and was in silver with the specialty color piping (for field officers) and silver with red border (for generals). Although it was once seen on US Army uniforms, it remains only in the mess uniform, while a similar form was used in the British Army and its retained by the Household Cavalry today, boards of a similar type are used by the Republic of Korea Army's general officers. This type is still used in the present-day armies of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Ecuador and Bolivia; all of which formerly wore uniforms closely following the Imperial German model. Only the Chilean Army sports them in these uniforms in its ceremonial units, the Military Academy and the NCO School while the 5th Cavalry Regiment \"Aca Caraya\" of the Paraguayan Army sports both epaulettes and shoulder knots in its dress uniforms (save for a platoon wearing Chaco War uniforms). Epaulettes of the German pattern (as well as shoulder knots) are used by officers of ceremonial units and schools of the Bolivian Army.", "precise_score": -0.2848113775253296, "rough_score": -0.02320600301027298, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes were specified for all United States Army officers in 1832; infantry officers wore silver epaulettes, while those of the artillery and other branches wore gold epaulettes, following the French manner. The rank insignia was of a contrasting metal, silver on gold and vice versa.", "precise_score": -2.3553717136383057, "rough_score": -5.616169452667236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes. However their direct origin lies in the bunches of ribbons worn on the shoulders of military coats at the end of the 17th century, which were partially decorative and partially intended to prevent shoulder belts from slipping. These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free. This established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.843826770782471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequently through the 19th century, grenadiers, light infantry, voltigeurs and other specialist categories of infantry in many European armies wore cloth epaulettes with wool fringes in various colours to distinguish them from ordinary line infantry. \"Flying artillery\" wore \"wings\", similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, which matched the shoulder seam. Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.243827819824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "An intermediate form in some services, such as the Russian Army, is the shoulder board, which neither has a fringe nor extends beyond the shoulder seam. This originated during the 19th century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.235993385314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Today, epaulettes have mostly been replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder board, which is sewn into the shoulder seam and the end buttoned like an epaulette.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.783262729644775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, attached by shoulder straps integral to the shirts. The rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes: Traditionally four for captain, three for first officer (copilot), two for Second Officer (flight engineer). However, rank insignia are airline specific. For example at some airlines two stripes denote junior first officer and one stripe second officer (cruise or relief pilot). Airline captains' uniform caps usually will have a braid pattern on the bill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.753135681152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In the Belgian army epaulettes (gold and red) are worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the Royal Escort and the Grenadiers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.223026275634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In Canada, after Unification and prior to the issue of the Distinct Environmental Uniform, musicians of the Band Branch wore epaulettes of braided gold cord on the CF uniform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791979789733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes are still worn on some Army Full Dress, Patrol Dress, and Mess Dress uniforms. Epaulettes in the form of shoulder boards are worn with the officer's white Naval Service Dress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.58145523071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Image:First Battalion ESM Bastille Day 2007 n2.jpg|Cadets of the ESM Saint-Cyr in full uniform. The gold epaulettes shown are those of cadet officers, while those of ordinary cadets are red.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832562446594238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Fourragere 1er RIMa 2007 07 14.jpg|Yellow epaulettes of the French Marines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.614331245422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Fourragere 2e REI 2007 07 14.jpg|Red and green epaulette of the French Foreign Legion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678020477294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Élève-officier Gendarmerie Nationale TETRA taconnet.jpg|Gendarmerie nationale cadet in full uniform. Notice the attente keeping the epaulette onto the shoulder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.653912544250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Until World War I officers of the Imperial German Army generally wore silver epaulettes as a distinguishing feature of their full-dress uniforms. For ranks up to and including captain these were \"scale\" epaulettes without fringes, for majors and colonels with fine fringes and for generals with a heavy fringe. The base of the epaulette was of regimental colors. For ordinary duty dress \"shoulder-cords\" of silver braid intertwined with state colors, were worn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.056289196014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Gold epaulettes in Haiti, were frequently worn throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in full dress. During the Haitian Revolution, Gen. Charles Leclerc of the French Army wrote a letter to Napoleon Bonaparte saying, \"We must destroy half of those in the plains and must not leave a single colored person in the colony who has worn an epaulette.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579695701599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Général_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg|Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture, wears a four-starred general-in-chief's uniform with epaulettes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24162483215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes first appeared on Swedish uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Swedish uniform regulations in 1792, although foreign recruited regiments had had them earlier. Senior officers were to wear golden crowns to distinguish their rank from lower ranking officers who wore golden stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435139656066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes were discontinued on the field uniform in the mid-19th century, switching to rank insignia on the collar of the uniform jacket. Epaulettes were discontinued when they were removed from the general issue dress uniform in the 1930s. They are however still worn by the Royal Lifeguards and by military bands when in ceremonial full dress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.341390609741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:King Oscar II of Sweden in uniform.png|Swedish king Oscar II wearing an admiral's uniform, as shown by the three stars on his epaulettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855036735534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes first appeared on British uniforms in the second half of the 18th century. The epaulette was officially incorporated into Royal Navy uniform regulations in 1795, although some officers wore them before this date. Under this system Flag Officers wore silver stars on their epaulettes to distinguish their ranks. A Captain with at least three years seniority had two plain epaulettes, while a Junior Captain wore one on the right shoulder, and a Commander one on the left. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690681457519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In 1855 army officers' large gold fringed epaulettes were abolished and replaced by a simplified equivalent officially known as twisted shoulder-cords. These were generally worn with full dress uniforms until 1939. Naval officers retained the historic fringed epaulettes for full dress during this period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198381423950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "British cavalry on active service in the Sudan (1898) and during the Boer War (1899–1902) sometimes wore epaulettes made of chainmail to protect against sword blows landing on the shoulder. The blue \"Number 1 dress\" uniforms of some British cavalry regiments and yeomanry units still retain this feature in ornamental silvered form. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.083026885986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "With the introduction of khaki service dress in 1902 the British Army stopped wearing epaulettes in the field, switching to rank insignia embroidered on the cuffs of the uniform jacket. During World War I this was found to make officers a target for snipers, so the insignia was frequently moved to the shoulder straps, where it was less conspicuous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.634359836578369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Epaulettes were authorized for the United States Navy in the first official uniform regulations, Uniform of the Navy of the United States, 1797. Captains wore an epaulette on each shoulder, lieutenants wore only one, on the right shoulder. By 1802, lieutenants wore their epaulette on the left shoulder, with lieutenants in command of a vessel wearing them on the right shoulder; after the creation of the rank of master commandants, they wore their epaulettes on the right shoulder similar to lieutenants in command. By 1842, captains wore epaulettes on each shoulder with a star on the straps, master commandant were renamed commander in 1838 and wore the same epaulettes as captains except the straps were plain, and lieutenants wore a single epaulette similar to those of the commander, on the left shoulder. After 1852, captains, commanders, lieutenants, pursers, surgeons, passed assistant and assistant surgeons, masters in the line of promotion and chief engineers wore epaulettes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.908507823944092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In 1851 the epaulettes became universally gold. Both majors and second lieutenants had no specific insignia. A major would have been recognizable as he would have worn the more elaborate epaulette fringes of a senior field officer. The rank insignia was silver for senior officers and gold for the bars of captains and first lieutenants. The reason for the choice of silver eagles over gold ones is thought to be one of economy; there were more cavalry and artillery colonels than infantry so it was cheaper to replace the numerically fewer gold ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.580521583557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "Shoulder straps were adopted to replace epaulettes for field duty in 1836.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.790823936462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "In literature, film and political satire, dictators, particularly of unstable Third World nations, are often depicted in military dress with oversized gold epaulettes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804389953613281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Bismarckottovon.jpg|Otto von Bismarck wearing epaulettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232000350952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" }, { "answer": "Epaulette", "passage": "File:Skobelev Ivan.jpg|Portrait of a Russian General with epaulettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236431121826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epaulette" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spilt Milk", "passage": "* It is no use crying over spilt milk", "precise_score": 5.399411678314209, "rough_score": 7.823842525482178, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of proverbial phrases" }, { "answer": "Spilt Milk", "passage": "* Do not cry over spilt milk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.549570083618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of proverbial phrases" }, { "answer": "Spilt Milk", "passage": "In addition to proverbs being used in songs themselves, some rock bands have used parts of proverbs as their names, such as the Rolling Stones, Bad Company, The Mothers of Invention, Feast or Famine, Of Mice and Men. There have been at least two groups that called themselves \"The Proverbs\", and there is a hip-hop performer in South Africa known as \"Proverb\". In addition, many albums have been named with allusions to proverbs, such as Spilt milk (a title used by Jellyfish and also Kristina Train), The more things change by Machine Head, Silk purse by Linda Ronstadt, Another day, another dollar by DJ Scream Roccett, The blind leading the naked by Vicious Femmes, What's good for the goose is good for the gander by Bobby Rush, Resistance is Futile by Steve Coleman, Murder will out by Fan the Fury. The proverb Feast or famine has been used as an album title by Chuck Ragan, Reef the Lost Cauze, Indiginus, and DaVinci. Whitehorse mixed two proverbs for the name of their album Leave no bridge unburned. The band Splinter Group released an album titled When in Rome, Eat Lions. The band Downcount used a proverb for the name of their tour, Come and take it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.288610935211182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Proverb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Auburn University's sports teams are known as the Tigers, and they participate in Division I-A of the NCAA and in the Western Division of the 14-member Southeastern Conference (SEC). War Eagle is the battle cry and greeting used by the Auburn Family (students, alumni, and fans). Auburn has won a total of 19 intercollegiate national championships (including 17 NCAA Championships), which includes 2 football (1957, 2010), 8 men's swimming and diving (1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009), 5 women's swimming and diving (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007), 2 equestrian (2008, 2011), and 1 women's outdoor track and field (2006) titles. Auburn has also won a total of 70 Southeastern Conference championships, including 51 men's titles and 19 women's titles. Auburn's colors of burnt orange and navy blue were chosen by Dr. George Petrie, Auburn's first football coach, based on those of his alma mater, the University of Virginia.", "precise_score": 2.8482882976531982, "rough_score": 5.0624871253967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Auburn played its first game in 1892 against the University of Georgia at Piedmont Park in Atlanta starting what is currently the oldest college football rivalry in the Deep South. Auburn's first perfect season came in 1913, when the Tigers went 8-0, claiming a second SIAA conference championship and the first national championship in school history. The Tigers' first bowl appearance was in 1937 in the sixth Bacardi Bowl played in Havana, Cuba. AU football has won twelve SEC Conference Championships, and since the division of the conference in 1992, seven western division championships and four trips to the SEC Championship game. Auburn plays arch-rival Alabama each year in a game known as the Iron Bowl.", "precise_score": -2.7949390411376953, "rough_score": -1.8266438245773315, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Auburn went 11–0 under Terry Bowden in 1993, but was on probation and not allowed to play in the SEC Championship game. Auburn completed the 2004 football season with a 13–0 record winning the SEC championship, the school's first conference title since 1989 and the first outright title since 1987. The 2004 team was led by quarterback Jason Campbell, running backs Carnell Williams and Ronnie Brown, and cornerback Carlos Rogers, all subsequently drafted in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft. The team's new offensive coordinator, Al Borges, led the team to use the west coast style offense which maximized the use of both star running backs. However, the Tigers were ranked behind two other undefeated teams, Southern California and Oklahoma, that played in the BCS championship game.", "precise_score": -4.205687999725342, "rough_score": -1.6552461385726929, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "In 2010, Auburn defeated Oregon 22–19 in the 2011 BCS National Championship Game to secure the school's second national championship. The Tigers finished the season with a 14–0 record, including comeback wins over Clemson, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The Tigers trailed the Tide 24–0 in Tuscaloosa, but managed a 28–27 comeback victory in the 75th edition of the Iron Bowl. Auburn would again defeat South Carolina 56–17 in the 2010 SEC Championship Game, claiming the school's eleventh conference championship. The Tigers were led by head coach Gene Chizik, offensive coordinator Gus Malzahn, quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner Cam Newton, and defensive tackle and Lombardi Award winner Nick Fairley. In Malzahn's first season as head coach (2013), Auburn had two miraculous finishes in the final minute against Georgia and Alabama to win the SEC West. They went on to win the 2013 SEC Championship Game over Missouri and fell short in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game to the Florida State Seminoles 34-31 in Pasadena, California. ", "precise_score": -4.870587348937988, "rough_score": -2.1925456523895264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The Auburn University women's basketball team has been consistently competitive both nationally and within the SEC. Despite playing in the same conference as perennial powerhouse Tennessee and other competitive programs such as LSU, Georgia, and Vanderbilt, Auburn has won four regular season SEC championships and four SEC Tournament championships. AU has made sixteen appearances in the NCAA women's basketball tournament and only once, in their first appearance in 1982, have the Tigers lost in the first round. Auburn played in three consecutive National Championship games from 1988–1990 and won the WNIT in 2004. When Coach Joe Ciampi retired at the end of the 2003–2004 season, Auburn hired former Purdue and U.S. National and Olympic team head coach, Nell Fortner. Standout former Auburn players include: Ruthie Bolton, Vickie Orr, Carolyn Jones, Chantel Tremitiere, Monique Morehouse, and DeWanna Bonner.", "precise_score": 0.48934194445610046, "rough_score": 2.8831839561462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "LSU's athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports (9 men's, 12 women's), and is a member of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and the SEC (Southeastern Conference). The University is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. ", "precise_score": 0.5046938061714172, "rough_score": 0.23538267612457275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Rivals include the traditional intra-SEC West rivals the Alabama Crimson Tide, Arkansas Razorbacks, Auburn Tigers, Mississippi State Bulldogs, Ole Miss Rebels, Texas A&M Aggies, and the SEC East rival Florida Gators (designated under the SEC's inter-division \"designated rival\" format). LSU and Arkansas play annually in football, alternating sites between Baton Rouge and Fayetteville (Little Rock from 1994 through 2010). The winner of the game is awarded the \"Golden Boot\", a gold-plated trophy that is formed in the shape of the two states. The game was previously played the Friday after Thanksgiving in 1992, and every year between 1996 and 2013, except 2009, but starting in 2014, the SEC separated LSU and Arkansas on the final weekend of the regular season. The Tigers now play Texas A&M on the final weekend of the regular season, while Arkansas plays Missouri.", "precise_score": -0.26373279094696045, "rough_score": -2.7898290157318115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The only athletic program that operates a NCAA Division I FBS football team in Missouri is known as the Missouri Tigers and competes as a member of the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after Missourian and former U.S. president Harry S. Truman. According to the NCAA, the American tradition of homecoming was established at the University in 1911; the tradition has since been adopted nationwide.", "precise_score": -0.6809348464012146, "rough_score": -3.371068239212036, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The Missouri Tigers are a member of the Southeastern Conference with the exception of wrestling, which competes in the Mid-American Conference. Mizzou is the only school in the state with all of its sports in the NCAA Division I and a football team that competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). These are the highest levels of college sports in the United States. The official colors are black and gold.", "precise_score": -0.7121281623840332, "rough_score": -3.4254491329193115, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Prior to the 2008 season, Tony Franklin was hired as offensive coordinator to put Auburn into the spread offense. He was fired, however, following the sixth game of the season that ended in a loss to Vanderbilt. Tommy Tuberville then resigned as head coach after the season. On December 13, 2008, it was reported that Gene Chizik had been hired as Auburn's new head coach. Coach Gene Chizik then hired Gus Malzahn as the Tigers' new Offensive Coordinator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121338844299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Since 1996, the team has been headed by Coach Kim Evans, a 1981 alumna, who has turned the program into one of the most competitive in the nation. Coach Evans has helped develop All-Americans, SEC Players of the Year as well as three SEC Freshman of the Year. She has led the Tigers to eight-straight NCAA appearances. She is by far the winningest Coach in Auburn Golf History, having over 1100 wins and winning six of Auburn's seven total SEC Titles. Evans was named National Coach of the Year in 2003 and has coached 8 individual All-Americans while at Auburn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.470558166503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tiger, Auburn's first eagle, was born in 1980 in captivity and given to Auburn University in 1986 . Tiger's first flight before an Auburn Football game came against Wyoming in 2000. She retired after the Georgia game in 2006. Throughout Tiger's career, she flew many different flights and at many different venues including the 2002 Winter Olympics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7661967277526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Aubie the Tiger", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430974960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Auburns mascot, Aubie the tiger has been around since 1959. He made his first appearance that year on the Oct 3 gameday football program versus Hardin-Simmons College. Aubie was the creation of Birmingham Post-Herald artist Phil Neel and was the focal point of Auburn's football programs for 18 years. Auburn Football Experienced good luck while Aubie remained on the cover ending with a 23-2-1 home record and 63-16-2 overall record while he was on the football cover. Aubie the tiger is still currently Auburn's official mascot and has won the most National Mascot titles in the contest's history, with eight. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.929253578186035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Auburn Football Tiger Walk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.947442531585693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Auburn's Tiger Walk began in the 1960s, after fans would try to stop the players and get autographs before the games. It has since evolved into the spectacle, where fans line Donahue Drive to cheer on the team as they make their way from the athletic complex to the field. The highest point of the tiger walk came in 1989, when Auburn and Alabama played each other for the first time away from Legion Field in Birmingham. It is estimated that around 20,000 Auburn fans came out and lined the street to cheer on the team that day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.7054443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Auburn University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "KLSU is an FCC-licensed non-commercial educational (NCE) college radio station, public broadcasting with 5,000 watts of power at 91.1 on the FM dial. Radio on the LSU campus began in 1915 when Dr. David Guthrie, a physics professor, patched together a radio transmitter from spare parts. Call letters KFGC were assigned in the early 1920s. In 1924 the station covered the first football game played in Tiger Stadium and thus provided the first broadcast of a football game in the South. In the 1950s, it switched to FM and became the first educational station in the country to broadcast a college opera. And in the 1990s, it was the first college station to stream audio on the Net. The station is on the air 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with a format of college alternative music and specialty programming. All programming and operations are managed by the student staff. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.520063400268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Broadcasting on campus cable channel 75, Tiger TV reaches approximately 6500 students who live and congregate in common areas on campus, such as residence halls and sorority and fraternity houses. It employs approximately 100 people each semester giving students the opportunity to be station manager, camera operators, news reporters, programmers, on-air personality, even work with clients to help create TV commercials. In its short on-air history, Tiger TV has grown to include an almost $1-million state of the art television studio and provide more than 8 hours of original programming each day. The station mixes news and sports programming with local and national entertainment shows. Tiger TV shares its production equipment and facilities with the Manship School of Mass Communication and is one of the most modern Student television stations in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967870712280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The athletics department official nickname, Fighting Tigers, Tigers, or Lady Tigers, is derived from a Confederate brigade known as the \"Louisiana Tigers\" that served in the Confederate infantry during the American Civil War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013627052307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "LSU's stadiums, arenas and courses include Tiger Stadium (\"Death Valley\") (football), Alex Box Stadium/Skip Bertman Field (baseball), Bernie Moore Track Stadium (outdoor track), Carl Maddox Field House (indoor track), Highland Road Park (cross country), LSU Natatorium (swimming and diving), LSU Soccer Stadium (soccer), LSU Tennis Complex (tennis), Pete Maravich Assembly Center (PMAC) (basketball, gymnastics, volleyball), Tiger Park (softball) and University Club of Baton Rouge (golf). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.804991245269775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tiger Stadium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354901313781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Although originally nicknamed \"Deaf Valley\" for its excruciating levels of sound, the nickname \"Death Valley\" caught on instead. It is legendary for the crowd noise generated by fans. It is the sixth-largest college football stadium in the nation and third-largest stadium in the SEC, holding 102,321 fans after its latest expansion in 2014. The Tiger Stadium atmosphere is generally considered one of the loudest and most electrifying college football experiences in the country. During a nationally televised game against Auburn in 2003, ESPN recorded a noise level of 117 decibels at certain points in the game. In 2007 when the No. 1 ranked Tigers played the No. 9 ranked Florida Gators, the noise level registered at 122 decibels when the Tigers made a come-from-behind win in the final minutes of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.5278902053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "LSU and in-state rival Tulane Green Wave battle for the \"Tiger Rag\", a flag divided evenly between the colors of the two schools. This rivalry was recently suspended after a payout from LSU. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.020566940307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "LSU Athletics is represented by its mascot, a live Bengal tiger named Mike the Tiger. LSU is only one of two institutions of higher education in the United States to have a live tiger as their mascot; the other is the University of Memphis. The tiger was named after Mike Chambers, LSU's athletic trainer in 1936, and was bought for $750 from the Little Rock Arkansas Zoo. Mike V reigned from 1990–2007 and remained housed in his on-campus habitat until his death due to kidney failure on May 18, 2007 at age 17. The latest in the line of Mike tigers is Mike VI, a 10-year-old, 500 lb tiger acquired from an Indiana big cat sanctuary. Previously known as Roscoe, \"Mike VI\" is a Bengal-Siberian mix and was officially named Mike on September 8, 2007. He was introduced to fans at the home game against Florida on October 6, 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.936295509338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "In 2005, a new $3 million Mike the Tiger Habitat was created for Mike between Tiger Stadium and the Pete Maravich Assembly Center. Its amenities include lush plantings, a waterfall, a flowing stream that empties into a wading pond, and rocky plateaus. The habitat has, as a backdrop, an Italianate tower - a campanile - that creates a visual link to the Italianate architectural vernacular of LSU's campus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798129081726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "\"Fight for LSU\" is LSU's official fight song. During LSU football games, it is played when the team runs onto the field, after the field goal or extra point is attempted/scored and at the end of each half (though at the end of the first half a recording is played since the band is already on the sidelines and unable to perform it live). Contrary to popular belief, the song \"Hey Fightin' Tigers\" is not LSU's fight song, however it is a staple at pep rallies and is often sung by fans before games and after wins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.795565128326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "File: ClaireChennault.jpeg |Lieutenant General Claire Lee Chennault, military aviator who commanded the Flying Tigers during World War II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527253150939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louisiana State University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the college's sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17, 1754. During the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months. Over the centuries and through two redesigns following major fires (1802 and 1855), Nassau Hall's role shifted from an all-purpose building, comprising office, dormitory, library, and classroom space; to classroom space exclusively; to its present role as the administrative center of the University. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, when that same class replaced them with tigers. Nassau Hall's bell rang after the hall's construction; however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708593368530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "As a result of a 1979 lawsuit by Sally Frank, Princeton's eating clubs were required to go coeducational in 1991, after Tiger Inn's appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied. In 1987, the university changed the gendered lyrics of \"Old Nassau\" to reflect the school's co-educational student body. In 2009-11, Princeton professor Nannerl O. Keohane chaired a committee on undergraduate women's leadership at the university, appointed by President Shirley M. Tilghman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251152038574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Nassau Hall is the oldest building on campus. Begun in 1754 and completed in 1756, it was the first seat of the New Jersey Legislature in 1776, was involved in the battle of Princeton in 1777, and was the seat of the Congress of the Confederation (and thus capitol of the United States) from June 30, 1783 to November 4, 1783. It now houses the office of the university president and other administrative offices, and remains the symbolic center of the campus. The front entrance is flanked by two bronze tigers, a gift of the Princeton Class of 1879. Commencement is held on the front lawn of Nassau Hall in good weather. In 1966, Nassau Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515754699707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "*Arch Sings – Late-night concerts that feature one or several of Princeton's undergraduate a cappella groups, such as the Princeton Nassoons, Princeton Tigertones, and the Princeton Footnotes. The free concerts take place in one of the larger arches on campus. Most are held in Blair Arch or Class of 1879 Arch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.386321067810059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "*Class Jackets (Beer Jackets) – Each graduating class designs a Class Jacket that features its class year. The artwork is almost invariably dominated by the school colors and tiger motifs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305625915527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "*Gilding the Lily – Promotion ceremony at the 25th reunion of a class. Alumnae of the University (or \"Tiger Lilies\") enjoy the courting of male classmates, amid song and much drink (see Newman's Day). Traditional chants include \"In Princeton Town the Youth abound, and do young Tigers make. Women return as Gilded Lilies, the men as Frosted Flakes\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.684929847717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "*Princeton Locomotive – Chant traditionally used by Princetonians to acknowledge a particular year or class. It goes: \"HIP!! HIP!! Rah! Rah! Rah! TIGER! TIGER! TIGER! SIS! SIS! SIS! BOOM! BOOM! BOOM! Bahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh PRINCETON! PRINCETON! PRINCETON!\" Following it are three chants of the class that is being acknowledged. It is commonly heard at Opening Exercises in the fall as alumni and current students welcome the freshman class, as well as the P-rade in the spring at Princeton Reunions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.678464889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Princeton's colors are orange and black. The school's athletes are known as Tigers, and the mascot is a tiger. The Princeton administration considered naming the mascot in 2007, but the effort was dropped in the face of alumni opposition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.776723861694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The men's basketball program is noted for its success under Pete Carril, the head coach from 1967 to 1996. During this time, Princeton won 13 Ivy League titles and made 11 NCAA tournament appearances. Carril introduced the Princeton offense, an offensive strategy that has since been adopted by a number of college and professional basketball teams. Carril's final victory at Princeton came when the Tigers beat UCLA, the defending national champion, in the opening round of the 1996 NCAA tournament, in what is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the tournament. Recently Princeton tied the record for the fewest points in a Division I game since the institution of the three-point line in 1986–87, when the Tigers scored 21 points in a loss against Monmouth University on Dec 14, 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.474727153778076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Princeton University" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year. Residents of Columbia formed a \"home guard\" militia that became known as the \"Fighting Tigers of Columbia\". They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university. In 1890, the University's newly formed football team took the name the \"Tigers\" after the Civil War militia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658528327941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "During the 1990s, Red Campus was extended to the south with the creation of the Carnahan Quadrangle. Hulston Hall of the University of Missouri School of Law, completed in 1988, formed the eastern border of the future quad. The Reynolds Alumni Center was completed in 1992 on the west side of the new quad. It was completed in 2002 with Cornell Hall of the Trulaske College of Business and Tiger Plaza. Plans for a new plaza on the north end of the Carnahan Quadrangle were unveiled in 2014. Called Traditions Plaza, it was opened on October 25, 2014 during homecoming festivities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.786521911621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "While the original MU intercollegiate athletic facilities, such as Rollins Field and Rothwell Gymnasium, were located just south of the academic buildings, later expanded facilities were constructed across Stadium Boulevard, where Memorial Stadium opened in 1926. The Hearnes Center was built to the east of the stadium in 1972. In 1994, the university developed the first draft of a master plan for the campus to tie together all of Tiger athletic facilities to the south of Stadium Boulevard and add to its design. Today, the MU Sports Park includes the Mizzou Arena, Taylor Stadium, Walton Stadium, Mizzou Athletics Training Complex, University Field and Devine Pavilion. Student athletic facilities remain in the core area of campus. Rothwell Gymnasium and Brewer Fieldhouse are part of the 283579 sqft Student Recreation Center, which was ranked number one in the nation in 2005 by Sports Illustrated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.465476036071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The University of Missouri operates 23 on-campus residence halls and least two other off-campus sites. The two off-campus locations include: Tiger Diggs at Campus View Apartments and True Scholars House. Many residence halls on campus offer learning communities and freshman interest groups. Both programs seek to ensure that students succeed academically while living in the residence halls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250348091125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "Athletic sports for the Tigers include men's and women's basketball, baseball, cross country, football, golf, gymnastics, swimming & diving, softball, track, tennis, volleyball, women's soccer, and wrestling. Historic sports included a shooting club, in which the ladies' team in 1934 won a national championship. Former football coach Gary Pinkel holds the record at the university for the most wins on the gridiron. Additionally, former basketball coach and alum Norm Stewart maintains the record for the most wins on the hardcourt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.531978607177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The Missouri Tiger men's basketball team has had 22 NCAA Tournament appearances, the second-most Tournament appearances without a Final Four. The Tigers have appeared in the regional finals (Elite Eight) of the NCAA Tournament six times (twice under coach Norm Stewart, Missouri head coach from 1967 to 1999). The Tigers have won 15 conference championships in total beginning with the Missouri Valley Conference, followed by the Big Six, the Big Eight, and the Big 12 Conference. In 1994, the Tigers went undefeated in the Big Eight to take the regular season title. In 2009, Missouri won its first Big 12 Championship over Baylor. Missouri went on to win its second Big 12 Championship in its final season in the Big 12 in 2012, once again defeating Baylor. Standout players from the Mizzou's basketball team include, Anthony Peeler, John Brown, Jon Sundvold, Steve Stipanovich, Kareem Rush, Keyon Dooling Doug Smith, Willie Smith, Norm Stewart, Linas Kleiza, Derrick Chievous, DeMarre Carroll, Kim English. Jordan Clarkson and Marcus Denmon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.950363636016846, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tigers", "passage": "The official mascot for Missouri Tigers athletics is Truman the Tiger, created on September 16, 1986. Following a campus-wide contest, Truman was named in honor of Harry S. Truman, the only U.S. president from Missouri. Today, Truman appears to cheer on the team, mingle with supporters at Mizzou athletic events as well as at pep-rallies, alumni association functions, and frequent visits to Columbia-area schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.127038478851318, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "Tiger Walk and Prowl", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477015495300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" }, { "answer": "Tiger", "passage": "The Tiger Walk is held annually before the fall semester in the Quad, as welcome and orientation for new students to the University. Students can meet and also learn about school organizations, which have stations around the Quad. After hearing of the four pillars of success, students walk in procession through the quad and the The Columns toward Jesse Hall, symbolizing their entrance into the University. Tiger Prowl is held for graduation seniors on the quad. They walk through the columns, away from Jesse Hall, to symbolize becoming alumni.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013555526733398, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Missouri" } ]

[ { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Lucha Underground (LU) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.", "precise_score": -0.04442303627729416, "rough_score": 4.366914749145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (primarily WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates \"professional wrestling\" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC). ", "precise_score": -4.088538646697998, "rough_score": 0.14570632576942444, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "As with personae in general, a character's face or heel alignment may change with time, or remain constant over its lifetime (the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat, a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career). Sometimes a character's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will, in practice, become a face persona, and what was previously the face persona, will turn into the heel persona, such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using \"The Rock\" persona as a heel character, as opposed to his original \"Rocky Maivia\" babyface persona. Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was originally booked as a heel, with such mannerisms as drinking on the job, using profanity, breaking company property, and even breaking into people's private homes. However, much to WWF's surprise, the fans enjoyed Austin's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business. He, along with the stable of D-Generation X, is generally credited with ushering in the Attitude Era of WWF programming.", "precise_score": -8.196552276611328, "rough_score": -3.2110133171081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (d/b/a WWE) is an American publicly traded, privately controlled entertainment company that deals primarily in professional wrestling, with major revenue sources also coming from film, music, product licensing, and direct product sales. WWE also refers to the professional wrestling promotion itself, founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1952 as Capitol Wrestling Corporation. As of 2014, it is the largest wrestling promotion in the world, holding over 300 events a year, and broadcasting to about 36 million viewers in more than 150 countries. The company's headquarters are located in Stamford, Connecticut, with offices in major cities across the world. The company promotes under two brands, known as Raw and SmackDown.", "precise_score": 0.1281282752752304, "rough_score": 1.2087790966033936, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "The company's majority owner is its chairman and CEO, Vince McMahon. Along with his wife Linda, children Shane and Stephanie, and son-in-law Paul Levesque (known professionally as Triple H), the McMahon family holds approximately 70% of WWE's equity and 96% of the voting power. As of August 2014, due to ongoing problems with the company, Eminence Capital, a New York-based hedge fund, acquired 9.6% stake of WWE while the McMahon family retains 90.4% interest.", "precise_score": -5.482027053833008, "rough_score": -3.2179737091064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "The current entity, incorporated on February 21, 1980, was previously known as Titan Sports, founded in 1979 in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation (the holding company for the World Wrestling Federation, WWF) in 1982. Titan was renamed World Wrestling Federation, Inc. in 1998, then World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, and finally World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. in 2002. Since 2011, the company has officially branded itself solely as WWE though the company's legal name was not changed. ", "precise_score": 3.0316717624664307, "rough_score": 5.984264373779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wide Wrestling Federation", "passage": "Mondt left Capitol in the late sixties and although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon, Sr. quietly re-joined in 1971. Capitol renamed the World Wide Wrestling Federation to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979. ", "precise_score": 0.29646745324134827, "rough_score": -0.12334145605564117, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Capitol Wrestling", "passage": "The WWF business expanded significantly on the shoulders of McMahon and his babyface hero Hulk Hogan for the next several years. The introduction of Saturday Night's Main Event on NBC in 1985 marked the first time that professional wrestling had been broadcast on network television since the 1950s, when the now-defunct DuMont Television Network broadcast matches of Vince McMahon Sr.'s Capitol Wrestling Corporation. The 1980s \"Wrestling Boom\" peaked with the WrestleMania III pay-per-view at the Pontiac Silverdome in 1987, which set an attendance record of 93,173, a record that stood for 29 years until Wrestlemania 32. A rematch of the Wrestlemania III main event between WWF champion Hulk Hogan and André the Giant took place on The Main Event in 1988 and was seen by 33 million people, the most-watched wrestling match in North American television history. ", "precise_score": -0.33686405420303345, "rough_score": 1.402087688446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "By the fall of 1999, the Attitude Era had turned the tide of the Monday Night Wars into WWF's favor. After Time Warner merged with AOL, Ted Turner's control over WCW was considerably reduced, and the newly merged company announced a complete lack of interest in professional wrestling as a whole, and decided to sell WCW in its entirety. Although Eric Bischoff, whom Time Warner fired as WCW president in October 1999, was nearing a deal to purchase the company, in March 2001 McMahon acquired the rights to WCW's trademarks, tape library, contracts and other properties from AOL Time Warner for a number reported to be around $7 million. Shortly after WrestleMania X-Seven, the WWF launched the Invasion storyline integrating the incoming talent roster from WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). With this purchase, WWF now became by far the largest wrestling promotion in the world. The assets of ECW, which had folded after filing for bankruptcy protection in April 2001, were purchased by WWE in mid-2003. ", "precise_score": -0.1422918438911438, "rough_score": -0.24437390267848969, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On May 5, 2002, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment announced it was changing both its company name and the name of its wrestling promotion to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Although mainly caused by an unfavorable ruling in its dispute with the World Wide Fund for Nature regarding the \"WWF\" initialism, the company noted it provided an opportunity to emphasize its focus on entertainment.", "precise_score": 1.7429507970809937, "rough_score": 2.0183472633361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On October 19, 1999, WWF, which had been owned previously by parent company Titan Sports, launched an initial public offering as a publicly traded company, trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with the issuance of stock then valued at $172.5 million. The company has traded on the NYSE since its launch under ticker symbol WWE.", "precise_score": -0.04463646188378334, "rough_score": -3.3368492126464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "In 1994, Titan Sports had entered into an agreement with the World Wide Fund for Nature (also trademarked WWF), an environmental organization, regarding Titan's use of the \"WWF\" acronym, which both organizations had been using since at least March 1979. Under the agreement, Titan had agreed to cease using the written acronym \"WWF\" in connection with its wrestling promotion, and to minimize (though not eliminate) spoken uses of \"WWF\" on its broadcasts, particularly in scripted comments. In exchange, the environmental group (and its national affiliates) agreed to drop any pending litigation against Titan, and furthermore agreed not to challenge Titan's use of the full \"World Wrestling Federation\" name or the promotion's then-current logo. ", "precise_score": 2.7257843017578125, "rough_score": 3.018294334411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc. in the United Kingdom, alleging various violations of the 1994 agreement. The Court of Appeal agreed that the promotion company had violated the 1994 agreement, particularly in regards to merchandising. The last televised event to market the WWF logo was the UK-based pay-per-view Insurrextion 2002. On May 5, 2002, the company launched its \"Get The F Out\" marketing campaign and changed all references on its website from \"WWF\" to \"WWE\", while switching the URL from WWF.com to WWE.com. The next day, a press release announced the official name change from World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. to World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., or WWE, and the change was publicized later that day during a telecast of Monday Night Raw, which was broadcast from the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut.", "precise_score": 0.0641104057431221, "rough_score": -0.6972495317459106, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Following the name change, the use of the WWF \"scratch\" logo became prohibited on all WWE properties. Additionally, past references to the WWF trademark and initials in 'specified circumstances' became censored. Despite the litigation, WWE was still permitted use of the original WWF logo, which was used from 1979 through 1994 and had been explicitly exempted under the 1994 agreement, as well as the similar \"New WWF Generation\" logo, which was used from 1994 through 1998. Furthermore, the company could still make use of the full \"World Wrestling Federation\" and \"World Wrestling Federation Entertainment\" names without consequence. In 2003, WWE won a limited decision to continue marketing certain classic video games from THQ and Jakks Pacific that contained the WWF \"scratch\" logo. However, the packaging on those games had all WWF references replaced with WWE.", "precise_score": 1.8037829399108887, "rough_score": 2.510143756866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Starting with the 1,000th episode of Raw in July 2012, the WWF \"scratch\" logo is no longer censored in archival footage due to WWE reaching a new settlement with the World Wide Fund for Nature. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. Since then, full-length matches and other segments featuring the WWF initials and \"scratch\" logo have been added to the WWE website and the WWE Classics on Demand service. This also includes WWE Home Video releases since October 2012, starting with the re-release of Brock Lesnar: Here Comes The Pain. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use the WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using the original WWF logo, but modified without the F. ", "precise_score": 1.6042091846466064, "rough_score": 3.4149386882781982, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "* The World Entertainment: a subsidiary of World Wrestling Federation Entertainment that operated a restaurant, night club, and memorabilia shop in New York City. It opened as \"WWF New York\" in 1999, was renamed as \"The World\", and closed in 2003. Hard Rock Cafe took over the location in 2005.", "precise_score": -0.7455014586448669, "rough_score": 0.5574524402618408, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5626347064971924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Many modern specialty matches have been devised, with unique winning conditions. The most common of these is the ladder match. In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. As a result, the ladder can be used as a weapon. The prizes include – but are not limited to any given championship belt (the traditional prize), a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot, or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match (such as one granting the winner a cash prize). Another common specialty match is known as the battle royal. In a battle royal, all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time. When the match begins, the simple objective is to throw the opponent over the top rope and out of the ring with both feet on the floor in order to eliminate that opponent. The last wrestler standing is declared the winner. A variant on this type of match is the WWE's Royal Rumble where two wrestlers enter the ring to start the match and other wrestlers follow in 90 second intervals (previously 2 minutes) until 30-40 wrestlers have entered the ring. All other rules stay the same. For more match types, see Professional wrestling match types.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.162446022033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Due to the legitimate role that referees play in wrestling of serving as liaison between the bookers backstage and the wrestlers in the ring (the role of being a final arbitrator is merely kayfabe), the referee is present, even in matches that do not at first glance appear to require a referee (such as a ladder match, as it is no holds barred, and the criteria for victory could theoretically be assessed from afar). Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification. This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370089530944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.232657432556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Passing out in a submission hold also technically constitutes a loss by submission. To determine if a wrestler has passed out in WWE, the referee usually picks up and drops their hand. If it drops to the mat or floor three consecutive times without the wrestler having the strength to hold it up, the wrestler is considered to have passed out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573945999145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term \"ref bump\". While the referee remains \"unconscious\", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.636530876159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "At times a character may \"turn\", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade. Others may have no noticeable effect on the character's status. If a character repeatedly switches between being a face and heel, this lessens the effect of such turns, and may result in apathy from the audience. Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677703857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "Other stories result from a natural rivalry between two or more characters. Outside of performance, these are referred to as feuds. A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades. The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches (although most of those matches were mere dark matches). The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud, as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon, one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during 1998 and 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.920525074005127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Perhaps the most well-known non-standard match is the cage match, in which the ring is surrounded by a fence or similar metal structure, with the express intention of preventing escape or outside interference—and with the added bonus of the cage being a potentially brutal weapon or platform for launching attacks. The WWE has another provision where a standard cage match can end with one wrestler or wrestling team escaping the cage through the door or over the top.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.569293975830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Another example is the WWE's Royal Rumble match, which involves thirty participants in a random and unknown order. The Rumble match is itself a spectacle in that it is a once-yearly event with multiple participants, including individuals who might not interact otherwise. It also serves as a catalyst for the company's ongoing feuds, as well as a springboard for new storylines. It is common for legendary wrestlers to make one-time cameo appearances during the Royal Rumble match.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.527617454528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWF/E", "passage": "With the introduction of the TitanTron entrance screen in 1997, WWF/E wrestlers also had entrance videos made that would play along with their entrance music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6974029541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* Additional visual graphics or staging props to complement the entrance video/routine or further emphasize the character. For instance, Kane's entrance graphics employ heavy use of fire-themed visuals, The Undertaker's entrance features dark lighting, fire, fog and dry ice, and lightning-themed effects, John Morrison's entrance would feature use of multicolored psychedelic style patterns, The Miz has in the past incorporated inflatable lettering spelling out the word \"Awesome\" into his entrance, and Montel Vontavious Porter frequently used an inflatable entrance tunnel during his WWE tenure. Goldust has been known to use on-screen visual effects in his entrance to simulate the presentation of a feature film (i.e. widescreen, production company credits), as to emphasize his Hollywood-themed film aficionado character. Brodus Clay enters with disco ball lighting effects to emphasize his \"Funkasaurus\" character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.543262481689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956. The NWA, however, ceased to acknowledge Burke as their Women's World champion in 1954, and instead acknowledged June Byers as champion after a controversial finish to a high-profile match between Burke and Byers that year. Upon Byers' retirement in 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women's Championship (the predecessor to the WWE's Women's Championship) in a tournament back in 1958, was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.610030651092529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9493026733398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Midget wrestling can be traced to professional wrestling's carnival and vaudeville origins. In recent years, the popularity and prevalence of midgets in wrestling has greatly decreased due to wrestling companies depriving midget divisions of storyline and/or feud. However, WWE has made a few attempts to enter this market with their \"minis\" in the 1990s and the \"junior's league\" as recent as 2006. It is still a popular form of entertainment in Mexican wrestling, mostly as a \"sideshow\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.158609390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Some wrestlers may have their own specific \"mini me\", like Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije has Quije, etc. There are also cases in which midgets can become valets for a wrestler, and even get physically involved in matches, like Alushe, who often accompanies Tinieblas, or KeMonito, who is portrayed as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's mascot and is also a valet for Mistico. Dave Finlay was often aided in his matches by a midget known mainly as Hornswoggle while in WWE, who hid under the ring and gave a shillelagh to Finlay to use on his opponent. Finlay also occasionally threw him at his opponent(s). Hornswoggle has also been given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with D-Generation X in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.6980619430542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a \"boxer vs. wrestler\" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler \"Thunderlips\", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode \"W.T.F.\" played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.719367980957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Professional wrestling" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "As in other professional wrestling promotions, WWE shows are not legitimate contests, but purely entertainment-based, featuring storyline-driven, scripted, and choreographed matches, though they often include moves that can put performers at risk of injury if not performed correctly. This was first publicly acknowledged by WWE's owner Vince McMahon in 1989 to avoid taxes from athletic commissions. Since the 1980s, WWE publicly has branded their product as sports entertainment, which is considered to acknowledge the product's roots in competitive sport and dramatic theater.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.618471622467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Titan Sports", "passage": "Prior to Titan Sports", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316943168640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE's origins can be traced back as far as 1952 when Roderick James \"Jess\" McMahon and Toots Mondt created the Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. (CWC), which joined the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) in 1953. McMahon, who was a successful boxing promoter, began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden. It was not the first time he had promoted wrestling cards, as he had already done so during the 1910s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2706379890441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWWF", "passage": "In November 1954, McMahon died and Ray Fabiani, one of Mondt's associates, brought in McMahon's son Vincent James. The younger McMahon and Mondt were very successful and soon controlled approximately 70% of the NWA's booking, largely due to their dominance in the heavily populated Northeast region. In 1963, McMahon and Mondt had a dispute with the NWA over \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers being booked to hold the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Both men left the company in protest and formed the WWWF in the process, awarding Rogers the new WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in April of that year. He lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17, 1963, after suffering a heart attack a week before the match.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.854506015777588, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWWF", "passage": "Capitol operated the WWWF in a conservative manner compared to other pro wrestling territories: it ran its major arenas monthly rather than weekly or bi-weekly, usually featuring a babyface champion wrestling various heels in programs that consisted of one to three matches. After gaining a television program deal and hiring Lou Albano as a manager for Sammartino's heel opponents, the WWWF was doing sellout business by 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770968437194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Titan Sports", "passage": "Titan Sports, Inc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16940975189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Titan Sports", "passage": "Vincent J. McMahon's son, Vincent K. McMahon, and his wife Linda, established Titan Sports, Inc., in 1979 in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. The company was incorporated on February 21, 1980, in the Cape Cod Coliseum offices. The younger McMahon bought Capitol from his father in 1982, effectively seizing control of the company. Seeking to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the country, and eventually, the world, he began an expansion process that fundamentally changed the wrestling business. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5017502307891846, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Titan Sports", "passage": "In 1985, Titan moved its offices to Stamford, Connecticut, before the present building was built nearby in 1991. Subsequently, a new Titan Sports, Inc. (originally WWF, Inc.) was established in Delaware in 1987 and was consolidated with the Massachusetts entity in February 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.839230060577393, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "World Wrestling Federation, Inc./World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.85006046295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "On May 6, 1998, Titan Sports, Inc. was renamed World Wrestling Federation, Inc. It was renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. a year later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.808868408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On October 19, 1999, World Wrestling Federation, Inc. launched an initial public offering as a publicly traded company, trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with the issuance of stock then valued at $172.5 million. The company has traded on the NYSE since its launch under ticker symbol WWE. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457693099975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc./WWE", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.637131690979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On April 7, 2011, WWE corporate announced that the company was ceasing use of the full name World Wrestling Entertainment and would henceforth refer to itself solely as WWE, making the latter an orphan initialism. This was said to reflect WWE's global entertainment expansion away from the ring with the ultimate goal of acquiring entertainment companies and putting a focus on television, live events, and film production. WWE noted that their new company model was put into effect with the relaunch of Tough Enough, being a non–scripted program (contrary to the scripted nature of professional wrestling) and with the launch of the WWE Network (at the time scheduled to launch in 2012; later pushed back to 2014). However, the legal name of the company remains as World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.408914566040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In March 2002, WWE decided to create two separate rosters, each appearing on one of their main programs, Raw and SmackDown!, due to the overabundance of talent left over from the Invasion storyline. This was dubbed as the \"Brand Extension\". Despite much of the originally drafted talent departing by 2004, WWE continued to separate the shows, taking on younger talent, and holding a draft lottery every year. On May 26, 2006, WWE announced the relaunch of ECW as a WWE brand. The new ECW program aired until February 16, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.086006164550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Beginning with the August 29, 2011, episode of Raw, it was announced that Raw would feature talent from both Raw and SmackDown, and would be known as Raw Supershow (the \"Supershow\" suffix would be dropped on July 23, 2012). Championships previously exclusive to one show or the other were available for wrestlers from any show to compete for; the \"Supershow\" format would mark the end of the brand extension, as all programming and live events since the initial announcement was made have featured the full WWE roster. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.948845863342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On May 25, 2016, WWE announced the re-launch of the brand extension. Dubbed the \"New Era\", Raw and SmackDown will each feature their own unique rosters with a draft to determine rosters. SmackDown will also move from Thursdays to Tuesday nights beginning July 19, and will air live instead of the previous pre-recorded format. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116952896118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE Network", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.426796913146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On February 24, 2014, WWE launched a 24/7 streaming network. The network includes past and present WWE shows, pay-per-views, and shows from the WWE Library. The network reached 1,000,000 subscribers on January 27, 2015 under one year of its launch, with WWE claiming that it was thus \"the fastest-growing digital subscription service ever\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868790626525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE uses a variety of special terms in defining their product, such as describing the wrestling industry as sports entertainment. The fan base is referred to as \"the WWE Universe\". A wrestler is known as a \"WWE Superstar\", while retired wrestlers are known as \"WWE Legends\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.04396915435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE stock and corporate governance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130945205688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "As of 2015, the company's Board of Directors has eight members: Vince McMahon, the company's Chairman of the Board and CEO; Stuart U. Goldfarb, President of Fullbridge, Inc.; Patricia A. Gottesman, former President and CEO of Crimson Hexagon; David Kenen, the former Executive Vice President of the Hallmark Channel; Joseph H. Perkins, former President of Communications Consultants; Frank A. Riddick, III, CEO of Shale-Inland Group, Inc.; Jeffrey R. Speed, former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Six Flags; Laureen Ong, former President of Travel Channel; Stephanie McMahon, Chief Brand Officer of WWE; Paul \"Triple H\" Levesque, Executive Vice-president, Talent, live events, and creative. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.474206924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE signs most of their talent to exclusive contracts, meaning talent can appear or perform only on WWE programming and events. They are not permitted to appear or perform for another promotion, unless special arrangements are made beforehand. WWE keeps all wrestlers' salary, employment length, benefits, and all other contract details strictly private. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486618041992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "WWE classifies its professional wrestlers as independent contractors and not as employees. A study by the University of Louisville Law Review found that after applying the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 20-factor test, 16 factors \"clearly indicate that wrestlers are employees\". However, as a result of WWE terming them as independent contractors, \"the wrestlers are denied countless benefits to which they would otherwise be entitled\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.611475944519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "World Wrestling Federation", "passage": "The World Wrestling Federation had a drug-testing policy in place as early as 1987, initially run by an in-house administrator. In 1991, wrestlers were subjected to independent testings for anabolic steroids for the first time. The independent testing was ceased in 1996. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.874429702758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "The Talent Wellness Program is a comprehensive drug, alcohol, and cardiac screening program initiated in February 2006, shortly after the sudden death of one of their highest profile talents, 38-year-old Eddie Guerrero. The policy tests for recreational drug use and abuse of prescription medication, including anabolic steroids. Under the guidelines of the policy, talent is also tested annually for pre-existing or developing cardiac issues. The drug testing is handled by Aegis Sciences Corporation; the cardiac evaluations are handled by New York Cardiology Associates P.C. The Wellness Policy requires that all talent \"under contract to WWE who regularly perform in-ring services as a professional sports entertainer\" undergo testing, however, part-timers are exempt from testing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48161792755127, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "After the double-murder and suicide committed by one of its performers, Chris Benoit, with a possible link to steroid abuse encouraged by WWE, the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform requested that WWE turn over any material regarding its talent wellness policy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681256294250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In August 2007, WWE and its employees defended the program in the wake of several busts of illegal pharmacy that linked WWE performers to steroid purchases even after the policy was put into place. Ten professional wrestlers were suspended for violating the Wellness Policy after reports emerged they were all customers of Signature Pharmacy in Orlando, Florida. According to a statement attributed to WWE attorney Jerry McDevitt, an eleventh wrestler was later added to the suspension list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.202948570251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "On September 13, 2010, WWE updated their list of banned substances to include muscle relaxers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889764785766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "Harry \"Slash\" Grivas and Roderick Kohn filed a lawsuit against WWE in June 2003 due to the music being used for its programming and DVDs without consent or payment. It also asserted violation of the rights to original music used by ECW that WWE had been using during the Invasion storyline of 2001. The case was resolved on both sides with a settlement that saw WWE purchase the catalogue outright in January 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738302230834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In addition to licensing wrestling and performers' likenesses to companies such as Acclaim, THQ/2K Sports, and Mattel to produce video games and action figures, WWE has branched out into other areas of interest in order to market their product.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.9824857711792, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Libraries: a collection of professional wrestling videos and copyrights for other promotions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.433698654174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Studios: created in 2002 to create and develop feature film properties. Formerly known as WWE Films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.529035568237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Music Group: specializes in compilation albums of WWE wrestlers' entrance themes. The group also releases titles that have been performed by WWE wrestlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519165992736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Home Video: specializes in distributing compilation VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray Disc copies of WWE pay-per-view events, compilations of WWE wrestlers' performances, and biographies of WWE performers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.541677474975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Books: publishes biographies of and on WWE personalities, behind-the-scenes guides to WWE, illustrated books, calendars, young adult books, and other general nonfiction books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.216499328613281, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Performance Center: serves as the training and performance center for future employees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358839988708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Network: a subscription-based video streaming service launched in 2014 using the infrastructure of Major League Baseball Advanced Media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95135498046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWEShop.com: a website established as the place to buy officially licensed WWE related apparel, gear, and other merchandise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351862907409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Jet Services, Inc.: formed in 2013 to manage the financing and operations of the company's fleet of private jets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702130317687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "Titan Sports", "passage": "* World Bodybuilding Federation: a subsidiary of Titan Sports that was launched in 1990 which promoted professional bodybuilding through a television show, magazine, and annual pay-per-view events. It was closed in 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326276779174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Kids: a website and comic set aimed at the children's end of the wrestling market, comics were produced bi-monthly. It was launched on April 15, 2008 and discontinued in 2014, the same year WWE Magazine discontinued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98855972290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE Niagara Falls: a retail and entertainment establishment that was located in Niagara Falls, Ontario and owned by WWE. It was open from August 2002 through March 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496757507324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE has had a partnership with the Make-A-Wish Foundation that spans three decades. Multi-time WWE champion John Cena has granted more wishes than any other celebrity in history, having completed his 500th wish in August 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.262843132019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* Since 2012, WWE has partnered with Susan G. Komen for the Cure to raise awareness of breast cancer during the month of October. Their partnership includes offering special charity-related wrestler merchandise, as well as adding a pink color scheme to the sets and ring ropes; 20% of all October purchases of WWE merchandise go to the organization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37476634979248, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* In June 2014, Connor's Cure – a non-profit charitable organization – was established by Triple H and Stephanie McMahon, who have personally funded it through the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Foundation. It is named in honor of Pittsburgh native Connor Mason Michalek (October 17, 2005 – April 25, 2014) who had died two months earlier from medulloblastoma, a rare tumor that affects the brain and spinal cord. Beginning in 2015, WWE began recognizing September as pediatric cancer awareness month, adding a gold color scheme to the sets and ring ropes, and offering special Connor's Cure merchandise, with the proceeds going to charity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.90626335144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "* WWE has sponsored the Special Olympics since 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928431510925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" }, { "answer": "WWE", "passage": "In March 2015, WWE announced a partnership with Authentic Brands Group to relaunch Tapout, formerly a major MMA-related clothing line, as a more general \"lifestyle fitness\" brand. The apparel, for men and women, was first released in spring of 2016. Through 2015, WWE will market the brand through various products, including beverages, supplements and gyms. WWE will hold a 50% stake in the brand, and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms, hoping to give it one billion impressions a month, and take some of the fitness market from Under Armour. All employees and students of the WWE Performance Center will wear the clothes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.420762538909912, "source": "wiki", "title": "WWE" } ]

[ { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol: F), named after the English physicist Michael Faraday. A 1 farad capacitor, when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, has a potential difference of 1 volt between its plates. ", "precise_score": 5.793271064758301, "rough_score": 5.077238082885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.", "precise_score": 8.760467529296875, "rough_score": 6.946774482727051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "For most applications, the farad is an impractically large unit of capacitance. Most electrical and electronic applications are covered by the following SI prefixes:", "precise_score": 2.871347665786743, "rough_score": 1.1673985719680786, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "A capacitor consists of two conducting surfaces, frequently referred to as plates, separated by an insulating layer usually referred to as a dielectric. The original capacitor was the Leyden jar developed in the 18th century. It is the accumulation of electric charge on the plates that results in capacitance. Modern capacitors are constructed using a range of manufacturing techniques and materials to provide the extraordinarily wide range of capacitance values used in electronics applications from femtofarads to farads, with maximum-voltage ratings ranging from a few volts to several kilovolts.", "precise_score": -3.572777271270752, "rough_score": 0.04592065513134003, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "Values of capacitors are usually specified in farads (F), microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF) and picofarads (pF). The millifarad is rarely used in practice (a capacitance of 4.7 mF (0.0047 F), for example, is instead written as ), while the nanofarad is uncommon in North America. The size of commercially available capacitors ranges from around 0.1 pF to (5 kF) supercapacitors. Parasitic capacitance in high-performance integrated circuits can be measured in femtofarads (1 fF 0.001 pF ", "precise_score": -3.490473508834839, "rough_score": 0.22266468405723572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "Historically, a farad was regarded as an inconveniently large unit, both electrically and physically. Its subdivisions were invariably used, namely the microfarad, nanofarad and picofarad. More recently, technology has advanced such that capacitors of 1 farad and greater (so-called 'supercapacitors') can be constructed in a structure little larger than a coin battery. Such capacitors are principally used for energy storage replacing more traditional batteries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.053720951080322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The capacitance of the majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits is generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most common subunits of capacitance in use today are the microfarad (µF), nanofarad (nF), picofarad (pF), and, in microcircuits, femtofarad (fF). However, specially made supercapacitors can be much larger (as much as hundreds of farads), and parasitic capacitive elements can be less than a femtofarad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2905352711677551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "C is the capacitance, in farads;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1718850135803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "where W is the energy, in joules; C is the capacitance, in farads; and V is the voltage, in volts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.61890983581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "where W is the work measured in joules, q is the charge measured in coulombs and C is the capacitance, measured in farads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3322803974151611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Capacitance" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e; we say that electric charge is quantized. Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge. Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment demonstrated this fact directly, and measured the elementary charge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9526286125183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electric charge" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert returned to the subject in De Magnete, and coined the New Latin word electricus from (ēlektron), the Greek word for amber, which soon gave rise to the English words \"electric\" and \"electricity.\" He was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke, who invented what was probably the first electrostatic generator. Other European pioneers were Robert Boyle, who in 1675 stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum; Stephen Gray, who in 1729 classified materials as conductors and insulators; and C. F. du Fay, who proposed in 1733 that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, and expressed this in terms of a two-fluid theory. When glass was rubbed with silk, du Fay said that the glass was charged with vitreous electricity, and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was charged with resinous electricity. In 1839, Michael Faraday showed that the apparent division between static electricity, current electricity, and bioelectricity was incorrect, and all were a consequence of the behavior of a single kind of electricity appearing in opposite polarities. It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative. Positive charge can be defined as the charge left on a glass rod after being rubbed with silk. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270706176757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Electric charge" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "One farad is defined as the capacitance across which, when charged with one coulomb, there is a potential difference of one volt. Equally, one farad can be described as the capacitance which stores a one coulomb charge across a potential difference of one volt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6478259563446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "* 1 mF (millifarad, one thousandth () of a farad)  μF ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.809003829956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "* 1 μF (microfarad, one millionth () of a farad)  nF ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159345626831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "* 1 nF (nanofarad, one billionth () of a farad) =  pF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199771881103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "* 1 pF (picofarad, one trillionth () of a farad)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054883003234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "A farad has the base SI representation of:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.30661678314209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "where Ffarad, A", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423702239990234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The term \"farad\" was originally coined by Latimer Clark and Charles Bright in 1861, in honor of Michael Faraday, for a unit of quantity of charge but, starting in 1881 at the International Congress of Electricians in Paris, the name farad was officially used for the unit of electrical capacitance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.149505138397217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "  F), while high-performance test equipment can detect changes in capacitance on the order of tens of attofarads (1 aF =  F). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.165203809738159, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The picofarad is sometimes colloquially pronounced as \"puff\" or \"pic\", as in \"a ten-puff capacitor\". Similarly, \"mic\" (pronounced \"mike\") is sometimes used informally to signify microfarads. If the Greek letter μ is not available, the notation \"uF\" is often used as a substitute for \"μF\" in electronics literature. A \"micro-microfarad\" (μμF, and confusingly often mmf or MMF), an obsolete unit sometimes found in older texts, is the equivalent of a picofarad. In texts prior to 1960, and on capacitor packages even much more recently, mf or MFD rather than the modern µF frequently represented microfarads. Similarly, mmf represented picofarads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.930440425872803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The abfarad (abbreviated abF) is an obsolete CGS unit of capacitance equal to farads (1 gigafarad, GF). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2818245887756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" }, { "answer": "Farad", "passage": "The statfarad (abbreviated statF) is a rarely used CGS unit equivalent to the capacitance of a capacitor with a charge of 1 statcoulomb across a potential difference of 1 statvolt. It is 1/(10−5c2) farad, approximately 1.1126 picofarads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9041152000427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Farad" } ]

[ { "answer": "Volleyball", "passage": "The Olympic Games program consists of 35 sports, 30 disciplines and 408 events. For example, wrestling is a Summer Olympic sport, comprising two disciplines: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women, each representing a different weight class. The Summer Olympics program includes 26 sports, while the Winter Olympics program features 15 sports. Athletics, swimming, fencing, and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program. Cross-country skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and speed skating have been featured at every Winter Olympics program since its inception in 1924. Current Olympic sports, like badminton, basketball, and volleyball, first appeared on the program as demonstration sports, and were later promoted to full Olympic sports. Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were later dropped from the program. ", "precise_score": -3.6336846351623535, "rough_score": -7.692739486694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Volleyball", "passage": "* International Federations (IFs) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) is the IF for association football, and the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball is the international governing body for volleyball. There are currently 35 IFs in the Olympic Movement, representing each of the Olympic sports. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.589818954467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" } ]

[ { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "10138483 “ \"Davy Crockett\" Star Fess Parker Dies at 85” ] ABC News Accessed March 18, 2010 was an American film and television actor best known for his portrayals of Davy Crockett in the Walt Disney 1955–1956 TV miniseries and as Daniel Boone in a television series from 1964 to 1970. He was also known as a winemaker and resort owner-operator.", "precise_score": -6.014331817626953, "rough_score": -7.601649761199951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "According to Parker himself, when the Walt Disney Company was seeking an actor to play Davy Crockett, James Arness, thereafter cast as Marshal Matt Dillon on CBS's Gunsmoke, was first considered for the title role. Parker had recently graduated to being a contract weekly actor, but listened to his agent and appeared in a Warner Bros. science fiction film about giant ants called Them!, which required only one day's work. He had a small scene as a pilot put into an insane asylum after claiming his plane had been downed by giant flying insects. Arness appeared in a larger role in the same film.Richard Severo (March 19, 2010) [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/arts/television/19parker.html?hpw \"Fess Parker, Who as Davy Crockett Set Off Coonskin Cap Craze, Dies at 85\"], New York Times Accessed March 19, 2010", "precise_score": -8.283702850341797, "rough_score": -7.0753889083862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "Davy Crockett", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408303260803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "Disney's three-episode version of Crockett depicted his exploits as a frontiersman, congressman, and tragic hero of the Alamo. The episodes have been called the first television miniseries, though the term had not yet been coined. Davy Crockett (1954–55) was a tremendous hit and led to a merchandising frenzy for coonskin caps and all things Crockett.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878499984741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "Parker became interested in opening a Davy Crockett-themed amusement park. In the late 1960s, he optioned land in northern Kentucky at the confluence of Interstates 71 and 75, with the intention of building Frontier World. However, when the Taft Broadcasting Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, began building Kings Island Amusement Park in nearby Mason, Ohio, less than a 2-hour drive from Parker's site, financing for Parker's venture dried up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.935134887695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "For his work with Disney, Parker was honored in December 2004 with his own tribute window on a façade in the Frontierland section of Disneyland.Heather Hust Rivera (December 18th, 2009) [http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2009/12/did-you-miss-it-davy-crockett%E2%80%99s-window-in-frontierland/ \"Did You Miss It? Davy Crockett’s Window in Frontierland\"] Disney Accessed May 25, 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78816032409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "* Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164836883544922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "* Davy Crockett and the River Pirates (1956)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29196548461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "* Davy Crockett (miniseries 1954–1955)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415326118469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fess Parker" }, { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "Tennessee is known as the \"Volunteer State\", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the [http://www.bartleby.com/65/te/Tenn.html#17 Columbia Encyclopedia], the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican–American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and then Texas politician, Sam Houston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.648304462432861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennessee" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles and albums that reach $1,000,000 in sales. The criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales. In 1989 new criteria were introduced, with a \"Gold Award\" for singles that reach 500,000 in sales and a \"Platinum Award\" for singles that reach 1,000,000 in sales; and in 1999 a Diamond Award for ten million sales was introduced. The awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. ", "precise_score": 5.732155799865723, "rough_score": 6.633957862854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "At the industry level, in 1958 the Recording Industry Association of America introduced its gold record award program for records of any kind, albums or singles, which achieved one million dollars in retail sales. These sales were restricted to U.S.-based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units; for singles the number would be higher due to their lower retail price. The platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year. For instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen for another two decades after its release. In 1999, the diamond certification was introduced for sales of ten million units.", "precise_score": 6.901850700378418, "rough_score": 7.439655303955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The first official designation of a \"gold record\" by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) was established for singles in 1958, and the RIAA also trademarked the term \"gold record\" in the United States. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, Perry Como's hit single \"Catch a Falling Star\". The Oklahoma! soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylor's single, \"Disco Lady\", and to the Iron Butterfly album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida. As music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999. ", "precise_score": 4.877020359039307, "rough_score": 5.200961112976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.12377405166626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a similar program for Latin music sales, called Los Premios de Oro y De Platino. Currently, a Disco De Oro (Gold) is awarded for 30,000 units and a Disco De Platino is awarded for 60,000 units, with Album Multi-Platino at 120,000 and \"Diamante\" for 10x platino. The RIAA defines \"Latin music\" as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8086404204368591, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "*Gold: 500,000 copies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6828210353851318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "*Disco de Oro (Gold): 30,000 copies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.642193794250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "*Gold: 50,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.243377685546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Recording Industry Association of America" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller in February 1942, celebrating the sale of 1.2 million copies of \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\". Another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single \"Don't Be Cruel\". The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso (1956), the first album to sell over 1,000,000 copies in RCA's reckoning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9389731287956238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The Independent Music Companies Association (IMPALA) was founded in 2000 to grow the independent music sector and promote independent music in the interests of artistic, entrepreneurial and cultural diversity. IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver (20,000+), Double Silver (40,000+), Gold (75,000+), Double Gold (150,000+), Diamond (200,000+), Platinum (400,000+) and Double Platinum (800,000+).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2728819847106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom. The numbers in the tables are in terms of \"units\", where a unit represents one sale or one shipment of a given medium. Certification is often awarded cumulatively, and it is possible for a single album to be certified silver, gold, and platinum in turn. An album that becomes platinum twice over, for example, an album which has sold 2,000,000 copies in the United States, is said to be \"double-platinum\", or sometimes \"multi-platinum\". Since 2013 in the U.S., and 2014 in the U.K. and Germany, streaming of songs counts towards certification of singles with 100 streams being the equivalent of 1 unit sold. Since February 2016, RIAA includes on-demand audio and video streams and a track sale equivalent in Gold and Platinum Album Award. The program will now count both sales and streams for single and album certifications. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0654025077819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The plaques themselves contain various items under the glass. Modern awards often use CDs instead of records. Most gold and platinum records are actually vinyl records which have been vacuum metallized and tinted, while trimmed and plated metal \"masters\", \"mothers\", or \"stampers\" (metal parts used for pressing records out of vinyl) were initially used. Rarely does the groove on the record match the actual recording being awarded. Individual plaque-makers produced their awards according to available materials and techniques employed by their graphic arts departments. The plaques, depending on size and elaborateness of design, cost anywhere between US$135 and $275, most often ordered and purchased by the record label that issued the original recording.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.503383636474609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Music recording sales certification" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "CBS Laboratories head research scientist Peter Goldmark led Columbia's team to develop a phonograph record that would hold at least 20 minutes per side. The team included Howard H. Scott, who died September 22, 2012, at the age of 92. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003634452819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "LP record" } ]

[ { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota (; locally ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The name comes from the Dakota word for \"clear blue water\". Owing to its large number of lakes, the state is informally known as the \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord (French: Star of the North). ", "precise_score": 5.554823398590088, "rough_score": -0.8242931365966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the \"Twin Cities\"), the center of transportation, business, industry, education, and government and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.", "precise_score": -9.937296867370605, "rough_score": -9.869979858398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe. The French voyageurs and later English fur trappers were the earliest non-native inhabitants. A large majority of the early territory and statehood settlers emigrated from the Eastern United States and Western Europe including Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland. Eastern Europeans immigrated in the late 19th and early 20th century, with many first working in iron mines. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, Somalia, and Latin America has broadened the state's historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesota has America's largest Somali population. Minnesota's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation. ", "precise_score": -9.935112953186035, "rough_score": -8.945363998413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska). Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America's Great Lakes Region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With , or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. ", "precise_score": -9.481278419494629, "rough_score": -7.224054336547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The state's nickname, the \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\", is apt, as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acre in size. The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest at and deepest (at 1290 ft) body of water in the state. Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for . The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 mi downstream. It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River, in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada's Hudson Bay. Approximately of wetlands are contained within Minnesota's borders, the most of any state except Alaska. ", "precise_score": -10.872684478759766, "rough_score": -10.14139461517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River. Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. There are in the Chippewa and Superior national forests. The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA), is a 72 mi corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest. ", "precise_score": -10.837910652160645, "rough_score": -8.932821273803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Before European settlement of North America, Minnesota was populated by the Dakota people. As Europeans settled the east coast, Native American movement away from them caused migration of the Anishinaabe and other Native Americans into the Minnesota area. The first Europeans in the area were French fur traders who arrived in the 17th century. Late that century, Anishinaabe, also known as Ojibwe Indians migrated westward to Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet mapped out the state.", "precise_score": -9.915111541748047, "rough_score": -9.676984786987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/349302/Louisiana-Purchase Louisiana Purchase | United States history | Britannica.com][http://www.knowla.org/entry/773/ Spanish Colonial Louisiana | Entries | KnowLA, Encyclopedia of Louisiana] The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi River was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, although a portion of the Red River Valley was disputed until the Treaty of 1818. In 1805, Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825. Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, the first of the water-powered industries around which the city of Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and tourists had settled near the fort. In 1839, the army forced them to move downriver and they settled in the area that became St. Paul. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature (held September 2, 1849) was dominated by men from New England or of New England ancestry. Thousands of people had come to build farms and cut timber, and Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed \"the New England of the West\". ", "precise_score": -5.613945484161377, "rough_score": -8.17335319519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Saint Paul, located in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota's capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as state capital since 1858.", "precise_score": -9.850854873657227, "rough_score": -9.902639389038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota's most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are known collectively as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the 13th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and home to about 60 percent of the state's population. The remainder of the state is known as \"Greater Minnesota\" or \"Outstate Minnesota\".", "precise_score": -10.55252456665039, "rough_score": -9.786105155944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants, including a significant Lutheran contingent, owing to the state's largely Northern European ethnic makeup, but Roman Catholics (of largely German, Irish, and Slavic descent) make up the largest single Christian denomination. A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32 percent of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions, 21 percent were Evangelical Protestants, 28 percent were Roman Catholic, 1 percent each were Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Black Protestant, and smaller amounts were of other faiths, with 13 percent unaffiliated. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,150,367; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737,537; and the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod with 182,439. This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations. Although Christianity is dominant, Minnesota has a long history with non-Christian faiths. Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul's first synagogue in 1856. Minnesota is home to over 30 mosques, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area. The Temple of ECK, the spiritual home of Eckankar, is based in Minnesota, and there are tens of thousands of Eckists in the state. ", "precise_score": -10.763442039489746, "rough_score": -9.796984672546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "One of the Minnesota Legislature's first acts when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona. Minnesota's commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a diploma, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor's degrees. In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation's \"Most Literate City\", while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.[http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/04/10/americas-most-literate-cities-minneapolis/25531751/ Minneapolis ranked most literate city] In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.[http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/report-american-education-isnt-mediocre-its-deeply-unequal/280827/ Report: American Education Isn't Mediocre—It's Deeply Unequal - The Atlantic] In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam.[http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/states.html Newsroom - Press Kit, Digital Media Library, and Press Releases | ACT] While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers, it is home to the first charter school.", "precise_score": -9.763130187988281, "rough_score": -9.271256446838379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The State of Minnesota was created by the US out of the homelands of the Dakota and Anishinaabe native peoples. Today the remaining native governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the US and the state on a peer nation-to-nation basis:", "precise_score": -10.108393669128418, "rough_score": -9.86688232421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a longstanding force among the state's political parties. Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout (due in part to its liberal voter registration laws) with virtually no evidence of unlawful voting. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 78.2 percent of eligible Minnesotans voted—the highest percentage of any U.S. state—versus the national average of 61.2 percent. Previously unregistered voters can register on election day at their polls with evidence of residency. ", "precise_score": -10.88614273071289, "rough_score": -9.845442771911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential runs. Minnesota has gone to the Democratic Party in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when it was carried by Richard Nixon and the Republican Party.", "precise_score": -10.928340911865234, "rough_score": -9.941631317138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The state's U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s, and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota's congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 midterm election, Democrats were elected to all state offices except for governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL also posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party's U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide. In 2008 DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken beat incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the United States Senate race by 312 votes out of 3 million cast.", "precise_score": -10.985912322998047, "rough_score": -10.024325370788574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth; Minnesota State University, Mankato; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, and nineteen NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference. ", "precise_score": -10.715082168579102, "rough_score": -10.145069122314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota name for the Minnesota River: Mnisota. The root mni (also spelled mini or minne) means \"water\" and \"tō\" (\"ta\") means \"blue\". Mnisota can be translated as clear blue water or clouded blue water depending on pronunciation. Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls (\"laughing water\" (waterfall)), Minneiska (\"white water\"), Minneota (\"much water\"), Minnetonka (\"big water\"), Minnetrista (\"crooked water\"), and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, the Greek word for \"city\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184369087219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota contains some of the oldest rocks found on earth, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old (80 percent as old as the planet). About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota. The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota's geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208313941955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago. These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift. Much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet (15 m) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, and most of them are minor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788619041442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Two major drainage divides meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254620552062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota has four ecological provinces: Prairie Parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the northwestern part of the state, where it transitions into Tallgrass Aspen Parkland; and the northern Laurentian Mixed Forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south. These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807506561279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Much of Minnesota's northern forest underwent logging at some time, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400000 acres of unlogged land. Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about one third of the state forested. Nearly all of Minnesota's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337725639343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison, others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska, and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007,[http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/bald_eagle/report/index.html Population report] red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast and northeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893697738647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The record high and low span is 174 F-change, from at Tower on February 2, 1996, to 114 F at Moorhead on July 6, 1936. Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from 37 to. Average summer dew points range from about 58 F in the south to about 48 F in the north. Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to, and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013699531555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Treaties between European settlers and the Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and on to smaller reservations. In 1861, residents of Mankato formed the Knights of the Forest, with a goal of eliminating all Indians from Minnesota. As conditions deteriorated for the Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862. The result of the six-week war was the execution of 38 Dakota and the exile of most of the rest of the Dakota to the Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory. As many as 800 white settlers died during the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907676696777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Logging and farming were mainstays of Minnesota's early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls, and logging centers like Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona, processed high volumes of lumber. These cities were situated on rivers that were ideal for transportation. Later, Saint Anthony Falls was tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota \"patent\" flour, which commanded almost double the price of \"bakers'\" or \"clear\" flour, which it replaced. By 1900, Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of General Mills), were grinding 14.1 percent of the nation's grain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07565689086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota's economy was hard-hit by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This provided natives a greater voice within the state, and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507776260375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, and the use of farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution. Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility, in turn, enabled more specialized jobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385148048400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC). Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733929634094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minn", "passage": "The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 (as of the 2010 census). In descending order of population, they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Saint Cloud, Woodbury, Eagan, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Burnsville, Apple Valley, Blaine and Lakeville. Of these only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654852867126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state's 87 counties lost residents over the same period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149574279785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "From fewer than 6,120 people in 1850, Minnesota's population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900. Each of the next six decades saw a 15 percent increase in population, reaching 3.4 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11 percent to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9 percent over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 Census. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Minnesota was 5,489,594 on July 1, 2015, a 3.5 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census. The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota's center of population is in Hennepin County. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439821243286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 72.3 percent of all the births. Minnesota's growing minority groups, however, still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30871868133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The principal ancestries of Minnesota's residents in 2010 were surveyed to be the following: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345637321472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "on Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2005-2007, Minnesota], U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 4, 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105350494384766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota's economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole. The economy of Minnesota had a gross domestic product of $262 billion in 2008. In 2008, thirty-three of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue) were headquartered in Minnesota, including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O' Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States, and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970455169677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. The city of Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than one percent of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold. The state is the U.S.'s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and green peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans. Minnesota has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States. Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world's iron ore for over a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2004, the state produced 75 percent of the country's usable iron ore. The mining boom created the port of Duluth which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation's first indoor shopping mall was Edina's Southdale Center and its largest is Bloomington's Mall of America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757905960083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota is one of 42 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include Powerball, Mega Millions, Hot Lotto (all three multi-state), Northstar Cash and Gopher 5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678853988647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a ten percent mix (E10). In 2005 there were more than 310 service stations supplying E85 fuel, comprising 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline. A two percent biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. As of December 2006 the state was the country's fourth-largest producer of wind power, with 895 megawatts installed and another 200 megawatts planned, much of it on the windy Buffalo Ridge in the southwest part of the state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234353065490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35, 7.05, 7.85 and 9.85 percent. As of 2008, Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes. In 2008, Minnesotans paid 10.2 percent of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7 percent. The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875 percent, but there is no sales tax on clothing, prescription drug medications, some services, or food items for home consumption. The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5 percent supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis. Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota. Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098774909973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": " Minnesota's leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, and the The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA). All are located in Minneapolis. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities' community. The world-renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. In the United States, the Twin Cities' number of theater seats per capita ranks behind only New York City; with some 2.3 million theater tickets sold annually. The Minnesota Fringe Festival is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids' shows, visual art, and musicals. The summer festival consists of over 800 performances over 11 days in Minneapolis, and is the largest non-juried performing arts festival in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543320655822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state's places and bodies of water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933674812316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota musicians include Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, The Andrews Sisters, The Castaways, The Trashmen, Prince, Soul Asylum, David Ellefson, Hüsker Dü, and The Replacements. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters' \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen's \"Surfin' Bird\" and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince, The Original 7ven, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, The Jets, Lipps Inc., and Information Society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925200462341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. Garrison Keillor resurrected old-style radio comedy with A Prairie Home Companion, which has aired since 1974. The cult shows Mystery Science Theater 3000 and Let's Bowl originated in the Twin Cities, and Lizz Winstead and Craig Kilborn helped create the increasingly influential Comedy Central program The Daily Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23637866973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam, Bill Pohlad, and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers, directors, and producers. Actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson, Richard Dean Anderson, James Arness, Jessica Biel, Rachael Leigh Cook, Julia Duffy, Mike Farrell, Judy Garland, Peter Graves, Josh Hartnett, Garrett Hedlund, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Lange, Kelly Lynch, E.G. Marshall, Chris Pratt, Jane Russell, Winona Ryder, Seann William Scott, Kevin Sorbo, Lea Thompson, Vince Vaughn, Jesse Ventura, and Steve Zahn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095747947692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include \"Minnesota nice\", Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdishes, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas. Many of these Scandinavian cultural characteristics and personality traits are satirized on the nationally-syndicated public radio program A Prairie Home Companion. Life in Minnesota is depicted in movies such as Fargo, Grumpy Old Men, Grumpier Old Men, Juno, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Young Adult, A Serious Man, New in Town, and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Golden Girls, Coach, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, and Fargo. Major movies that were shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then... This Is Now, Purple Rain, Airport, Beautiful Girls, North Country, Untamed Heart, Feeling Minnesota, Jingle All The Way, A Simple Plan and The Mighty Ducks films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.471298217773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.4 million people, there were over 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record. The fair covers the variety of Minnesotan life, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4-H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the \"fattest pig\" competition. One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.318466186523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, the Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis' Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake, and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2188138961792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities. They have long life expectancies, and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise. These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3433256149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "On October 1, 2007, Minnesota became the 17th state to enact the Freedom to Breathe Act, a statewide smoking ban in restaurants and bars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67105484008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics headed by two institutions with international reputations. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state's growing biotechnology industry. The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by William Worrall Mayo, an immigrant from England. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89430046081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "U.S. News and World Report 2014–2015 survey ranked 4,743 hospitals in the United States in 16 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in all fields except psychiatry, where it ranked seventh. The hospital ranked #1 in eight fields and #2 in three others. The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer's disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54594612121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 32 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.682390213012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT for short and used in the local news media). Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area and Duluth. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 (I-35), I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 passing through the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area, and I-90 traveling east-west along the southern edge of the state. In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40 percent dedicated to public transit. There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth. There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00633430480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's principal airport is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines, Compass Airlines, and Endeavor Air. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332932472229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Amtrak's daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations. Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines, Greyhound, and Megabus. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis. From there, light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line, and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713823318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "As with the federal government of the United States, power in Minnesota is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787734985351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has sixty-seven districts, each covering about sixty thousand people. Each district has one senator and two representatives (each district being divided into A and B sections). Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years. In the November 2010 election, the Minnesota Republican Party gained twenty-five house seats, giving them control of the House of Representatives by a 72-62 margin. The 2010 election also saw Minnesota voters elect a Republican majority in the Senate for the first time since 1972. In 2012, the Democrats regained the House of Representatives by a margin of 73-61, picking up 11 seats; the Democrats also regained the Minnesota Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.307698249816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of nineteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court, the workers' compensation court of appeals, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382603645324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Some actions in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are coordinated by the Metropolitan Council, and many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995489120483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota's United States senators are Democrat Amy Klobuchar and Democrat Al Franken. The outcome of the 2008 U.S. Senate election in Minnesota was contested until June 30 the next year; when the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled in favor of Franken, Republican Norm Coleman conceded defeat, and the vacant seat was filled by Franken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903517723083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, which holds court in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, which is based in St. Louis, Missouri and routinely also hears cases in St. Paul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050017356872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741765975952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major party status in Minnesota, but its state-level \"Democratic\" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). Formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties, its distinction from the national Democratic Party, while still official, is now but a technicality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29875373840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The state has had active third party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major party status, has a large presence in municipal government, notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Official \"Major party\" status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., Governor, Secretary of State, U.S. President).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527887344360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In the election of 2010, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years, and with Mark Dayton's election the Democratic-Farmer-Labor party took the governor's office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Governor Dayton in office, the party has same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House in the 2014 election. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326583862304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting. Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. There are currently 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18503189086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester. The Minnesota Daily is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S. Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake, MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent. Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73631477355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 37 radio stations. PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates. The state's oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10 –oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222004890441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota has a very active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014727592468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota has professional men's teams in all major sports. The Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome was home to the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League through the 2013 season; it has been torn down and U.S. Bank Stadium now stands in its place. The Dome also hosted the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball, winners of the 1987 and 1991 World Series, until 2010, when they began playing at Target Field. The Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association play in the Target Center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182479858398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The National Hockey League's Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul's Xcel Energy Center and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008. Previously, the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49612808227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports. NASL Minnesota United FC replaced the Minnesota Thunder in 2010 and plays at the National Sports Center in Blaine. They will eventually join Major League Soccer in 2017 or 2018. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237252235412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "The Minnesota Swarm play at the Xcel Energy Center and play in the NLL (National Lacrosse League). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511384963989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Professional women's sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, and 2015 WNBA Championships, the Minnesota Lightning of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women's Football League, the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women's Hockey League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39315414428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Winter Olympic Games medallists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medallist U.S. men's curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202322959899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity, and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299989700317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota's numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state, boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36 percent of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304853439331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants. Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played.[http://www.usabandy.com/ USA Bandy]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315482139587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" }, { "answer": "Minnesota", "passage": "State and national forests and the seventy-two state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost 20000 mi of snowmobile trails statewide. Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state, and a growing network of hiking trails, including the 235 mi Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast. Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30355453491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Minnesota" } ]

[ { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, and aspects of Welles's own life. Upon its release, Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers. Kane's career in the publishing world is born of idealistic social service, but gradually evolves into a ruthless pursuit of power. Narrated principally through flashbacks, the story is told through the research of a newsreel reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnate's dying word: \"Rosebud.\"", "precise_score": 2.432513952255249, "rough_score": 1.1172648668289185, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "One of the long-standing controversies about Citizen Kane has been the authorship of the screenplay. Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who was writing radio plays for Welles's CBS Radio series, The Campbell Playhouse. Mankiewicz based the original outline on the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially and came to hate after he was exiled from Hearst's circle.", "precise_score": -0.5893391370773315, "rough_score": -0.9926175475120544, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "RKO rejected Welles's first two movie proposals, but agreed on the third offer—Citizen Kane. Welles co-wrote, produced and directed the film, and performed the lead role. Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who was writing radio plays for The Campbell Playhouse. Mankiewicz based the original outline on the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst's circle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9622678756713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "William Randolph Hearst (; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced the history of American journalism. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World that led to the creation of yellow journalism—sensationalized stories featuring crime, corruption, sensation, and sex, and of sometimes dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4141807556152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" }, { "answer": "William R. Hearst", "passage": "William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to millionaire mining engineer, goldmine owner and U.S. senator (1886–91) George Hearst and his wife Phoebe Apperson Hearst.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634840965270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "While Hearst's many critics attribute the Journal's incredible success to cheap sensationalism, as Kenneth Whyte noted in The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise Of William Randolph Hearst, \"Rather than racing to the bottom, he [Hearst] drove the Journal and the penny press upmarket. The Journal was a demanding, sophisticated paper by contemporary standards. \" Though yellow journalism would be much maligned, \"All good yellow journalists ... sought the human in every story and edited without fear of emotion or drama. They wore their feelings on their pages, believing it was an honest and wholesome way to communicate with readers.\" But, as Whyte pointed out, \"This appeal to feelings is not an end in itself...[they believed] our emotions tend to ignite our intellects: a story catering to a reader's feelings is more likely than a dry treatise to stimulate thought.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.39271354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "In 1903, Hearst married Millicent Veronica Willson (1882–1974), a 21-year-old chorus girl, in New York City. Evidence in Louis Pizzitola's book Hearst Over Hollywood indicates that Millicent's mother Hannah Willson ran a Tammany-connected and protected brothel near the headquarters of political power in New York City at the turn of the 20th century. Millicent bore him five sons: George Randolph Hearst, born on April 23, 1904; William Randolph Hearst, Jr., born on January 27, 1908; John Randolph Hearst, born in 1910; and twins Randolph Apperson Hearst and David Whitmire (né Elbert Willson) Hearst, born on December 2, 1915. Hearst was the grandfather of Patricia \"Patty\" Hearst, widely known for being kidnapped by and then joining the Symbionese Liberation Army in 1974 (her father was Randolph Apperson Hearst, Hearst's fourth son).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.29681396484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" }, { "answer": "Beverly House", "passage": "In 1947, Hearst paid $120,000 for an H-shaped Beverly Hills mansion on 3.7 acres three blocks from Sunset Boulevard. This home, known as Beverly House, was once perhaps the \"most expensive\" private home in the U.S., valued at $165 million (£81.4 million). It has 29 bedrooms, three swimming pools, tennis courts, its own cinema and a nightclub. Lawyer and investor Leonard Ross has owned it since 1976. The estate went on the market for $95 million at the end of 2010. The property had not sold by 2012 but was then listed at a significantly increased asking price of $135 million. The Beverly House, as it has come to be known, has some cinematic connections. It was the setting for the gruesome scene in the film The Godfather depicting a horse's severed head in the bed of film-producer, Jack Woltz. The character was head of a film company called International, the name of Hearst's early film company. According to Hearst Over Hollywood, John and Jacqueline Kennedy stayed at the house for part of their honeymoon. They watched their first film together as a married couple in the mansion's cinema. It was a Hearst-produced film from the 1920s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.15732479095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" }, { "answer": "William Randolph Hearst", "passage": "* The Cat's Meow is a 2001 drama film inspired by the mysterious death of film mogul Thomas H. Ince. The film takes place aboard publisher William Randolph Hearst's yacht on a weekend cruise celebrating Ince's 42nd birthday in November 1924. Hearst is portrayed by actor Edward Herrmann.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.27958869934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Randolph Hearst" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ray-Ban", "passage": "Aviator sunglasses are a style of sunglasses that were developed by Bausch & Lomb. The original Bausch & Lomb design is now marketed as Ray-Ban Aviators, although other manufacturers also produce aviator style sunglasses. They are characterised by dark, often reflective lenses having an area two or three times the area of the eyeball, and very thin metal frames with double or triple bridge (so-called ″bullet hole″) and bayonet earpieces or flexible cable temples that hook behind the ears. The original design featured G-15 tempered glass lenses, transmitting 15% of incoming light.", "precise_score": 6.512238502502441, "rough_score": 7.561398029327393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aviator sunglasses" }, { "answer": "Ray-Ban", "passage": "By 1980 however, the glasses' popularity stalled because of the disco backlash prevalent, and the sunglasses industry (including Ray-Ban) was heavily hit by this. To save the ailing Ray-Ban, Bausch & Lomb signed a multi-million product placement deal in 1982, which featured the brand's models in films and TV shows. The Aviator model was notoriously present in Cobra and Top Gun. In 1986, Aviators saw a 40% rise in sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.112254619598389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aviator sunglasses" }, { "answer": "Ray-Ban", "passage": "In the 1990s, Ray-Ban once again faced hard times. The backlash against 1980s fashion proved to be a huge blow to the company, which was sold to Luxottica in 1999. Around that time, a revival of the hippie movement that made the framestyle so popular, as well as the popularity of Jackass led to a renewed boom for Aviators during the 2000s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.006019592285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aviator sunglasses" } ]

[ { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for a prominent period of history; they were in widespread use in the 1920s–1970s. The most famous example is the German Enigma machine, whose messages were deciphered by the Allies during World War II, producing intelligence code-named Ultra.", "precise_score": 3.3566439151763916, "rough_score": 4.176597595214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The most widely known rotor cipher device is the German Enigma machine used during World War II, of which there were a number of variants.", "precise_score": 2.3921687602996826, "rough_score": 3.771022319793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The standard Enigma model, Enigma I, used three rotors. At the end of the stack of rotors was an additional, non-rotating disk, the \"reflector,\" wired such that the input was connected electrically back out to another contact on the same side and thus was \"reflected\" back through the three-rotor stack to produce the ciphertext.", "precise_score": 1.2700544595718384, "rough_score": -1.4938405752182007, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "When current was sent into most other rotor cipher machines, it would travel through the rotors and out the other side to the lamps. In the Enigma, however, it was \"reflected\" back through the disks before going to the lamps. The advantage of this was that there was nothing that had to be done to the setup in order to decipher a message; the machine was \"symmetrical\" at all times.", "precise_score": 0.9916194081306458, "rough_score": -0.9864864349365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Scherbius joined forces with a mechanical engineer named Ritter and formed Chiffriermaschinen AG in Berlin before demonstrating Enigma to the public in Bern in 1923, and then in 1924 at the World Postal Congress in Stockholm. In 1927 Scherbius bought Koch's patents, and in 1928 they added a plugboard, essentially a non-rotating manually rewireable fourth rotor, on the front of the machine. After the death of Scherbius in 1929, Willi Korn was in charge of further technical development of Enigma.", "precise_score": -0.715216338634491, "rough_score": 2.8770904541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "During World War II (WWII), both the Germans and Allies developed additional rotor machines. The Germans used the Lorenz SZ 40/42 and Siemens and Halske T52 machines to encipher teleprinter traffic which used the Baudot code; this traffic was known as Fish to the Allies. The Allies developed the Typex (British) and the SIGABA (American). During the War the Swiss began development on an Enigma improvement which became the NEMA machine which was put into service after WWII. There was even a Japanese developed variant of the Enigma in which the rotors sat horizontally; it was apparently never put into service. The Japanese PURPLE machine was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches, but was conceptually similar.", "precise_score": -1.7032594680786133, "rough_score": 2.071197509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma machines were a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early- to mid-twentieth century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the most commonly recognised. However, Japanese and Italian models have been used.", "precise_score": 1.6720083951950073, "rough_score": 1.1787669658660889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Like other rotor machines, the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems. The mechanical subsystem consists of a keyboard; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged adjacently along a spindle; and one of various stepping components to turn at least one rotor with each key press.", "precise_score": 3.43353533744812, "rough_score": 2.7755770683288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The detailed operation of Enigma is shown in the wiring diagram to the left. To simplify the example, only four components of a complete Enigma machine are shown. In reality, there are 26 lamps and keys, rotor wirings inside the rotors (of which there are either three or four) and between six and ten plug leads.", "precise_score": 1.773786187171936, "rough_score": -1.623286485671997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Current flowed from the battery (1) through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch (2) to the plugboard (3). Next, it passed through the (unused in this instance, so shown closed) plug \"A\" (3) via the entry wheel (4), through the wiring of the three (Wehrmacht Enigma) or four (Kriegsmarine M4 and Abwehr variants) installed rotors (5), and entered the reflector (6). The reflector returned the current, via an entirely different path, back through the rotors (5) and entry wheel (4), proceeding through plug \"S\" (7) connected with a cable (8) to plug \"D\", and another bi-directional switch (9) to light the appropriate lamp. ", "precise_score": 0.5029650926589966, "rough_score": 4.155840873718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma's security. The diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression, which caused rotation of at least the right-hand rotor. Current passed into the set of rotors, into and back out of the reflector, and out through the rotors again. The greyed-out lines are other possible paths within each rotor; these are hard-wired from one side of each rotor to the other. The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses, first to G, and then to C. This is because the right-hand rotor has stepped, sending the signal on a completely different route. Eventually other rotors step with a key press.", "precise_score": -2.010159492492676, "rough_score": -1.6619062423706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The rotors (alternatively wheels or drums, Walzen in German) formed the heart of an Enigma machine. Each rotor was a disc approximately 10 cm in diameter made from hard rubber or bakelite with 26 brass, spring-loaded, electrical contact pins arranged in a circle on one face; the other side housing the corresponding number of circular plate electrical contacts. The pins and contacts represent the alphabet—typically the 26 letters A–Z (this will be assumed for the rest of this description). When the rotors were mounted side-by-side on the spindle, the pins of one rotor rested against the plate contacts of the neighbouring rotor, forming an electrical connection. Inside the body of the rotor, 26 wires connected each pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern. Most of the rotors were identified by Roman numerals, and each issued copy of rotor I was wired identically to all others. The same was true for the special thin beta and gamma rotors used in the M4 naval variant.", "precise_score": 0.5808591842651367, "rough_score": 0.6563082933425903, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services: at first six, then seven, and finally eight. The additional rotors were marked VI, VII and VIII, all with different wiring, and had two notches, resulting in more frequent turnover. The four-rotor Naval Enigma (M4) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three-rotor version. This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner one and by adding a thin fourth rotor. That fourth rotor was one of two types, Beta or Gamma, and never stepped, but could be manually set to any of 26 positions. One of the 26 made the machine perform identically to the three-rotor machine.", "precise_score": -2.994283437728882, "rough_score": -3.4754130840301514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The current entry wheel (Eintrittswalze in German), or entry stator, connects the plugboard to the rotor assembly. If the plugboard is not present, the entry wheel instead connects the keyboard and lampboard to the rotor assembly. While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to security, it proved an obstacle to Rejewski's progress during his study of the rotor wirings. The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on a QWERTZ keyboard: Q\\rightarrowA, W\\rightarrowB, E\\rightarrowC and so on. However, the military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order: A\\rightarrowA, B\\rightarrowB, C\\rightarrowC, and so on. It took inspired guesswork for Rejewski to penetrate the modification.", "precise_score": 2.8314571380615234, "rough_score": 5.212851524353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "With the exception of models A and B, the last rotor came before a 'reflector' (German: Umkehrwalze, meaning 'reversal rotor'), a patented feature unique to Enigma among the period's various rotor machines. The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor in pairs, redirecting current back through the rotors by a different route. The reflector ensured that Enigma is self-reciprocal: conveniently, encryption was the same as decryption. However, the reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself. This was a severe conceptual flaw and a cryptological mistake subsequently exploited by codebreakers.", "precise_score": -1.4167296886444092, "rough_score": -2.1348166465759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930, and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine (German Navy). The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor. Enigma without a plugboard (known as unsteckered Enigma) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard, driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it.", "precise_score": 1.244563341140747, "rough_score": 1.938858151435852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations. Assuming a three-rotor German Army/Air Force Enigma, let P denote the plugboard transformation, U denote that of the reflector, and L, M, R denote those of the left, middle and right rotors respectively. Then the encryption E can be expressed as", "precise_score": -1.2477556467056274, "rough_score": 0.896155059337616, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Combining three rotors from a set of five, the rotor settings with 26 positions, and the plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected, the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 (nearly 159 quintillion) different settings. ", "precise_score": 0.2343425154685974, "rough_score": 0.05987907201051712, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A German Enigma operator would be given a plaintext message to encrypt. For each letter typed in, a lamp indicated a different letter according to a pseudo-random substitution, based upon the wiring of the machine. The letter indicated by the lamp would be recorded as the enciphered substitution. The action of pressing a key also moved the rotor so that the next key press used a different electrical pathway, and thus a different substitution would occur. For each key press there was rotation of at least the right hand rotor, giving a different substitution alphabet. This continued for each letter in the message until the message was completed and a series of substitutions, each different from the others, had occurred to create a cyphertext from the plaintext. The cyphertext would then be transmitted as normal to an operator of another Enigma machine. This operator would key in the cyphertext and—as long as all the settings of the deciphering machine were identical to those of the enciphering machine—for every key press the reverse substitution would occur and the plaintext message would emerge.", "precise_score": -1.5481643676757812, "rough_score": -2.9638071060180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In German military practice, communications were divided into separate networks, each using different settings. These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park, and were assigned code names, such as Red, Chaffinch, and Shark. Each unit operating in a network was assigned a settings list for its Enigma for a period of time. For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted, both sender and receiver had to configure their Enigma in the same way; rotor selection and order, starting position and plugboard connections must be identical. All these settings (together the key in modern terms) were established beforehand, distributed in codebooks.", "precise_score": -3.3617238998413086, "rough_score": -3.3224587440490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Enigma-G.jpg|Enigma G, used by the Abwehr, had four rotors, no plugboard, and multiple notches on the rotors.", "precise_score": 0.5665549039840698, "rough_score": 0.06165666878223419, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Enigma-IMG 0484-black.jpg|The German-made Enigma-K used by the Swiss Army had three rotors and a reflector, but no plugboard. It had locally re-wired rotors and an additional lamp panel.", "precise_score": 2.2778005599975586, "rough_score": 4.160658836364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The bombe was designed to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks: specifically, the set of rotors in use and their positions in the machine; the rotor core start positions for the message—the message key—and one of the wirings of the plugboard. ", "precise_score": 0.8316426277160645, "rough_score": 1.617842435836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma was an electro-mechanical rotor machine used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. It was developed in Germany in the 1920s. The repeated changes of the electrical pathway from the keyboard to the lampboard implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which turned plaintext into ciphertext and back again. Used properly, this provided a very high degree of security. The Enigma's scrambler contained rotors with 26 electrical contacts on each side, whose wiring diverted the current to a different position on the two sides. On depressing a key on the keyboard, an electric current flowed through an entry drum at the right-hand end of the scrambler, then through the set of rotors to a reflecting drum (or reflector) which turned it back through the rotors and entry drum, and out to cause one lamp on the lampboard to be illuminated. ", "precise_score": 4.655417442321777, "rough_score": 6.793862342834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In the lead up to World War II, the Germans made successive improvements to their military Enigma machines. By January 1939, additional rotors had been introduced so that there was a choice of three from five (i.e. 60 wheel orders) for the army and airforce Enigmas, and three out of eight (336 wheel orders) for the navy machines. In addition, ten leads were used on the plugboard leaving only six letters unsteckered. This meant that the airforce and army Enigmas could be set up 1.5×1019 ways. In 1941 the German navy introduced a version of Enigma with rotatable reflector (the M4 or Four-rotor Enigma) for communicating with its U-boats. This could be set up in 1.8×1020 different ways.", "precise_score": -0.024876359850168228, "rough_score": 4.403920650482178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The bombe was an electro-mechanical device that replicated the action of several Enigma machines wired together. A standard German Enigma employed, at any one time, a set of three rotors, each of which could be set in any of 26 positions. The standard British bombe contained thirty six Enigma equivalents, each with three drums wired to produce the same scrambling effect as the Enigma rotors. A bombe could run two or three jobs simultaneously.", "precise_score": 0.997170627117157, "rough_score": 0.07686818391084671, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The interconnections within the drums between the two sets of input and output contacts were both identical to those of the relevant Enigma rotor. There was permanent wiring between the inner two sets of contacts of the three input/output plates. From there, the circuit continued to a plugboard located on the left-hand end panel, which was wired to imitate an Enigma reflector and then back through the outer pair of contacts. At each end of the \"double-ended Enigma\", there were sockets on the back of the machine, into which 26-way cables could be plugged.", "precise_score": -0.24220062792301178, "rough_score": -2.0971126556396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The German military Enigma included a plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) which swapped letters (indicated here by ) before and after the main scrambler's change (indicated by ). The plugboard connections were known to the cryptanalysts as Stecker values. If there had been no plugboard, it would have been relatively straightforward to test a rotor setting; a Typex machine modified to replicate Enigma could be set up and the crib letter A encrypted on it, and compared with the ciphertext, W. If they matched, the next letter would be tried, checking that T encrypted to S and so on for the entire length of the crib. If at any point the letters failed to match, the initial rotor setting would be rejected; most incorrect settings would be ruled out after testing just two letters. This test could be readily mechanised and applied to all 17,576 settings of the rotors.", "precise_score": 2.1610984802246094, "rough_score": 3.8969781398773193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Polish cryptologic bomba (Polish: bomba kryptologiczna; plural bomby) had been useful only as long as three conditions were met. First, the form of the indicator had to include the repetition of the message key; second, the number of rotors available had to be limited to three, giving six different \"wheel orders\" (the three rotors and their order within the machine); and third, the number of plug-board leads had to remain relatively small so that the majority of letters were unsteckered. Six machines were built, one for each possible rotor order. The bomby were delivered in November 1938, but barely a month later the Germans introduced two additional rotors for loading into the Enigma scrambler, increasing the number of wheel orders by a factor of ten. Building another 54 bomby was beyond the Poles' resources. Also, on 1 January 1939, the number of plug-board leads was increased to ten. The Poles therefore had to return to manual methods, the Zygalski sheets.", "precise_score": -0.8840821981430054, "rough_score": -2.4023830890655518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The US Army Bombe was physically very different from the British and US Navy bombes. A contract was signed with Bell Labs on 30 September 1942. The machine was designed to analyse 3-rotor, not 4-rotor traffic. It was known as \"003\" or \"Madame X\". It did not use drums to represent the Enigma rotors, using instead telephone-type relays. It could, however, handle one problem that the bombes with drums could not. The set of ten bombes consisted of a total of 144 Enigma-equivalents, each mounted on a rack approximately 7 ft long 8 ft high and 6 in wide. There were 12 control stations which could allocate any of the Enigma-equivalents into the desired configuration by means of plugboards. Rotor order changes did not require the mechanical process of changing drums, but was achieved in about half a minute by means of push buttons. A 3-rotor run took about 10 minutes.", "precise_score": -1.3882793188095093, "rough_score": -1.1539254188537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Cipher designers tried to get users to use a different substitution for every letter, but this usually meant a very long key, which was a problem in several ways. A long key takes longer to convey (securely) to the parties who need it, and so mistakes are more likely in key distribution. Also, many users do not have the patience to carry out lengthy, letter perfect evolutions, and certainly not under time pressure or battlefield stress. The 'ultimate' cipher of this type would be one in which such a 'long' key could be generated from a simple pattern (ideally automatically), producing a cipher in which there are so many substitution alphabets that frequency counting and statistical attacks would be effectively impossible. Enigma, and the rotor machines generally, were just what was needed since they were seriously polyalphabetic, using a different substitution alphabet for each letter of plaintext, and automatic, requiring no extraordinary abilities from their users. Their messages were, generally, much harder to break than any previous ciphers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.995462417602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In order to be as easy to decipher as encipher, some rotor machines, most notably the Enigma machine, were designed to be symmetrical, i.e., encrypting twice with the same settings recovers the original message (see involution).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.718234539031982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Another early rotor machine inventor was Dutchman Hugo Koch, who filed a patent on a rotor machine in 1919. At about the same time in Sweden, Arvid Gerhard Damm invented and patented another rotor design. However, the rotor machine was ultimately made famous by Arthur Scherbius, who filed a rotor machine patent in 1918. Scherbius later went on to design and market the Enigma machine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.613133430480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92954158782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Main article: Enigma machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973828315734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma's reflector guaranteed that no letter could be enciphered as itself, so an A could never turn back into an A. This helped Polish and, later, British efforts to break the cipher. (See Cryptanalysis of the Enigma.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.385027885437012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "As with other early rotor machine efforts, Scherbius had limited commercial success. However, the German armed forces, responding in part to revelations that their codes had been broken during World War I, adopted the Enigma to secure their communications. The Reichsmarine adopted Enigma in 1926, and the German Army began to use a different variant around 1928.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.232548713684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma (in several variants) was the rotor machine that Scherbius's company and its successor, Heimsoth & Reinke, supplied to the German military and to such agencies as the Nazi party security organization, the SD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.081611633300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Poles broke the German Army Enigma beginning in December 1932, not long after it had been put into service. On July 25, 1939, just five weeks before Hitler's invasion of Poland, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-decryption methods and equipment with the French and British as the Poles' contribution to the common defense against Nazi Germany. Dilly Knox had already broken Spanish Nationalist messages on a commercial Enigma machine in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.341329574584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A few months later, using the Polish techniques, the British began reading Enigma ciphers in collaboration with Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland, overrun by the Germans, to reach Paris. The Poles continued breaking German Army Enigma — along with Luftwaffe Enigma traffic — until work at Station PC Bruno in France was shut down by the German invasion of May–June 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.884466171264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The British continued breaking Enigma and, assisted eventually by the United States, extended the work to German Naval Enigma traffic (which the Poles had been reading before the war), most especially to and from U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492106437683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana van Vark. This unusual device is inspired by Enigma, but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation; each rotor contains 509 parts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3871235847473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* Enigma machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.470226287841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rotor machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "German military messages enciphered on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. This success was a result of efforts by three Polish cryptologists, Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, working for Polish military intelligence. Rejewski reverse-engineered the device, using theoretical mathematics and material supplied by French military intelligence. Subsequently the three mathematicians designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma ciphers, including the cryptologic bomb. From 1938 onwards, additional complexity was repeatedly added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult and requiring further equipment and personnel—more than the Poles could readily produce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.660436153411865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "On 26 and 27 July 1939, in Pyry near Warsaw, the Poles initiated French and British military intelligence representatives into their Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment, including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb, and promised each delegation a Polish-reconstructed Enigma. The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort. During the war, British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma. The intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed \"Ultra\" by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.782899856567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was German procedural flaws, operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures, and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war, enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and \"turned the tide\" in the Allies' favor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193978309631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "By itself, a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption—a simple substitution cipher. For example, the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the opposite face, and so on. Enigma's security came from using several rotors in series (usually three or four) and the regular stepping movement of the rotors, thus implementing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2387871742248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "When placed in an Enigma, each rotor can be set to one of 26 possible positions. When inserted, it can be turned by hand using the grooved finger-wheel, which protrudes from the internal Enigma cover when closed. So that the operator can know the rotor's position, each had an alphabet tyre (or letter ring) attached to the outside of the rotor disk, with 26 characters (typically letters); one of these could be seen through the window, thus indicating the rotational position of the rotor. In early models, the alphabet ring was fixed to the rotor disk. A later improvement was the ability to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the rotor disk. The position of the ring was known as the Ringstellung (\"ring setting\"), and was a part of the initial setting prior to an operating session. In modern terms it was a part of the initialization vector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.046032905578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Army and Air Force Enigmas were used with several rotors, initially three. On 15 December 1938, this changed to five, from which three were chosen for a given session. Rotors were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them: I, II, III, IV and V, all with single notches located at different points on the alphabet ring. This variation was probably intended as a security measure, but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British Banburismus attacks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.810581684112549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In Model 'C', the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions. In Model 'D', the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions, although it did not move during encryption. In the Abwehr Enigma, the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner similar to the other wheels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235072135925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In the German Army and Air Force Enigma, the reflector was fixed and did not rotate; there were four versions. The original version was marked 'A', and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937. A third version, Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940, possibly by mistake, and was solved by Hut 6. The fourth version, first observed on 2 January 1944, had a rewireable reflector, called Umkehrwalze D, allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.830412864685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or more convenient. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981308937072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Some M4 Enigmas used the Schreibmax, a small printer that could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon. This eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and transcribe the letters. The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel. To install the printer, the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed. It improved both convenience and operational security; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.799626350402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Another accessory was the remote lamp panel Fernlesegerät. For machines equipped with the extra panel, the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel. A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards, but that required, as with the Schreibmax, that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed. The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.149667739868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In use, the Enigma required a list of daily key settings and auxiliary documents. The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate and more secure than those in other services. Navy codebooks were printed in red, water-soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if they were endangered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.957383155822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "An Enigma machine's initial state, the cryptographic key, has several aspects:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293524742126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "For example, the settings for the 18th day of the month in the German Luftwaffe Enigma key list number 649 (see image) were as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266417503356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent, although in practice considerable effort protected the wiring configuration. If the wiring is secret, the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 10114 (approximately 380 bits); with known wiring and other operational constraints, this is reduced to around 1023 (76 bits). Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try a brute force attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.210794925689697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period, typically a day. However, a different initial rotor position was used for each message, a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography. The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near-identical settings (termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth), would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such as Friedman's Index of coincidence. The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before the ciphertext, usually after having been enciphered. The exact method used was termed the indicator procedure. Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.286863327026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "One of the earliest indicator procedures was used by Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the Enigma. The procedure was for the operator to set up his machine in accordance with his settings list, which included a global initial position for the rotors (the Grundstellung, meaning ground setting), say, AOH. The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the rotor windows. At that point, the operator chose his own arbitrary starting position for that particular message. An operator might select EIN, and these became the message settings for that encryption session. The operator then typed EIN into the machine, twice, to allow for detection of transmission errors. The results were an encrypted indicator—the EIN typed twice might turn into XHTLOA, which would be transmitted along with the message. Finally, the operator then spun the rotors to his message settings, EIN in this example, and typed the plaintext of the message.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.891189098358154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The weakness in this indicator scheme came from two factors. First, use of a global ground setting—this was later changed so the operator selected his initial position to encrypt the indicator, and sent the initial position in the clear. The second problem was the repetition of the indicator, which was a serious security flaw. The message setting was encoded twice, resulting in a relation between first and fourth, second and fifth, and third and sixth character. This security problem enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932. However, from 1940 on, the Germans changed procedure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.57296371459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only. The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate. Prior to encryption the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book. The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to convert sentences into four-letter groups. A great many choices were included, for example, logistic matters such as refuelling and rendezvous with supply ships, positions and grid lists, harbour names, countries, weapons, weather conditions, enemy positions and ships, date and time tables. Another codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel: the key identification and message key. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.53226375579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters. Punctuation was replaced with rare character combinations. A space was omitted or replaced with an X. The X was generally used as period or full-stop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444554328918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Kriegsmarine, using the four rotor Enigma, had four-character groups. Frequently used names or words were varied as much as possible. Words like Minensuchboot (minesweeper) could be written as MINENSUCHBOOT, MINBOOT, MMMBOOT or MMM354. To make cryptanalysis harder, messages were limited to 250 characters. Longer messages were divided into several parts, each using a different message key. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.282374382019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma family included multiple designs. The earliest were commercial models dating from the early 1920s. Starting in the mid-1920s, the German military began to use Enigma, making a number of security-related changes. Various nations either adopted or adapted the design for their own cipher machines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800759315490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "An estimated 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed. After the end of World War II, the Allies sold captured Enigma machines, still widely considered secure, to developing countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484335899353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Commercial Enigma ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987669944763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma model A (1923) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495015144348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine—Enigma model A—which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1924. The machine was heavy and bulky, incorporating a typewriter. It measured 65×45×35 cm and weighed about 50 kg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.29103946685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In 1925 Enigma model B was introduced, and was of a similar construction. While bearing the Enigma name, both models A and B were quite unlike later versions: they differed in physical size and shape, but also cryptographically, in that they lacked the reflector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773785591125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma C (1926) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.396734237670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The reflector—suggested by Scherbius's colleague Willi Korn—was introduced in Enigma C (1926).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853716850280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors. It lacked a typewriter, relying on the operator; hence the informal name of \"glowlamp Enigma\" to distinguish it from models A and B.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4030179977417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma D (1927) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893379211425781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma C quickly gave way to Enigma D (1927). This version was widely used, with shipments to Sweden, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Spain, United States and Poland. In 1927 Hugh Foss at the British Government Code and Cypher School was able to show that commercial Enigma machines could be broken provided that suitable cribs were available. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.414424896240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Other countries used Enigma machines. The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as \"Navy Cipher D\". The Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War. British codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines, which lacked a plugboard. Enigma were also used by diplomatic services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0041069984436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use, which was very similar to commercial Enigma D. The machine was cracked by Poland, France, the United Kingdom and the United States (the latter codenamed it INDIGO). An Enigma T model (codenamed Tirpitz) was used by Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310306549072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Military Enigma ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74631118774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Reichsmarine was the first military branch to adopt Enigma. This version, named Funkschlüssel C (\"Radio cipher C\"), had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.529983520507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma G (1928–1930) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92345905303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "By 15 July 1928, the German Army (Reichswehr) had introduced their own exclusive version of the Enigma machine; the Enigma G.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42135238647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Abwehr used the Enigma G (the Abwehr Enigma). This Enigma variant was a four-wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors. This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press, and so is also known as the \"counter machine\" or the Zählwerk Enigma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5372633934021, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Wehrmacht Enigma I (1930–1938) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556116104125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma machine G was modified to the Enigma I by June 1930. Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht, or \"Services\" Enigma, and was used extensively by German military services and other government organisations (such as the railways) before and during World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.541394233703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The major difference between Enigma I, (German Army version from 1930), and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters, greatly increasing cryptographic strength.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.421824932098389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In August 1935, the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.676180839538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "By 1930, the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) and easier interservice communications. The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma, designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3. While the Army used only three rotors at that time, the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.880079507827759, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A four-rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942, called M4 (the network was known as Triton, or Shark to the Allies). The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.605607032775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Enigma II ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.663812637329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "There was also a large, eight-rotor printing model, the Enigma II. In 1933 the Polish Cipher Bureau detected that it was in use for high-level military communications, but that it was soon withdrawn, as it was unreliable and jammed frequently.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.822725534439087, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:four-rotor-enigma.jpg|An Enigma model T (Tirpitz)—a modified commercial Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.274628639221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Enigma Decoder Machine.jpg|An Enigma machine in the UK's Imperial War Museum", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451395034790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-241-2173-06, Russland, Verschlüsselungsgerät Enigma.jpg|Enigma in use in Russia (image Bundesarchiv)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.996504783630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2006-0188, Verschlüsselungsgerät \"Enigma\".jpg|Enigma", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083781242370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Breaking Enigma ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147586822509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s. Since then, interest in the Enigma machine has grown. Enigmas are on public display in museums around the world, and several are in the hands of private collectors and computer history enthusiasts.Ng, David. [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-imitation-game-enigma-machine-david-bohnett-20150122-story.html \"Enigma machine from World War II finds unlikely home in Beverly Hills\"]. Los Angeles Times. 22 January 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468924522399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three- and four-rotor German military variants, as well as several civilian versions. Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes Centre in Bletchley Park, the Government Communications Headquarters, the Science Museum in London, the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, the Swedish Army Museum (Armémuseum) in Stockholm, the Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik, Norway, The Artillery, Engineers and Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna, Finland the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby, Denmark, and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate, both in Canberra, Australia. The Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibits a rare Polish Enigma double assembled in France in 1940. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.530112266540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In the United States, Enigma machines can be seen at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, and at the National Security Agency's National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade, Maryland, where visitors can try their hand at enciphering and deciphering messages. Two machines that were acquired after the capture of during World War II are on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. A four rotor device is on display in the ANZUS Corridor of the Pentagon on the second floor, A ring, between corridors 9 and 10. This machine is on loan from Australia. The United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs has a machine on display in the Computer Science Department. There's also a machine located at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans. The Museum of World War II in Boston has seven Enigma machines on display, including a U-Boat four-rotor model, one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer, one of fewer than ten surviving ten-rotor code machines, an example blown up by a retreating German Army unit, and two three-rotor Enigmas that visitors can operate to encode and decode messages themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.909627676010132, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In Canada, a Swiss Army issue Enigma-K, is in Calgary, Alberta. It is on permanent display at the Naval Museum of Alberta inside the Military Museums of Calgary. A 4-rotor Enigma machine is on display at the Military Communications and Electronics Museum at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Kingston in Kingston, Ontario.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.060446739196777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Occasionally, Enigma machines are sold at auction; prices have in recent years ranged from US$40,000 to US$203,000 in 2011. Replicas are available in various forms, including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model, an Enigma implemented in electronics (Enigma-E), various simulators and paper-and-scissors analogues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634769439697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A rare Abwehr Enigma machine, designated G312, was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000. In September, a man identifying himself as \"The Master\" sent a note demanding £25,000 and threatening to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid. In early October 2000, Bletchley Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom, but the stated deadline passed with no word from the blackmailer. Shortly afterward, the machine was sent anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman, missing three rotors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742603302001953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In November 2000, an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the return of the missing parts. The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident. In October 2001, Yates was sentenced to 10 months in prison and served three months. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020241737365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In October 2008, the Spanish daily newspaper El País reported that 28 Enigma machines had been discovered by chance in an attic of Army headquarters in Madrid. These 4-rotor commercial machines had helped Franco's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War because, though the British cryptologist Alfred Dilwyn Knox in 1937 broke the cipher generated by Franco's Enigma machines, this was not disclosed to the Republicans, who failed to break the cipher. The Nationalist government continued using its 50 Enigmas into the 1950s. Some machines have gone on display in Spanish military museums, including one at the National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) in La Coruña. Two have been given to Britain's GCHQ. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.186967372894287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Bulgarian military used Enigma machines with a Cyrillic keyboard; one is on display in the National Museum of Military History in Sofia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.260176658630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design, spinning off other rotor machines. The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents; Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine. The British paid no royalties for the use of the patents, to protect secrecy. The Typex implementation is not the same as that found in German or other Axis versions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6100568771362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers. Little used, it contained four rotors mounted vertically. In the U.S., cryptologist William Friedman designed the M-325, a machine logically similar, although not in construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.421643257141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Machines like the SIGABA, NEMA, Typex and so forth, are deliberately not considered to be Enigma derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma transform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.277070045471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Several software implementations exist, but not all exactly match Enigma behaviour. The most commonly used software derivative (that is not compliant with any hardware implementation of the Enigma) is at EnigmaCo.de. Many Java applet Enigmas only accept single letter entry, complicating use even if the applet is Enigma compliant. Technically, Enigma@home is the largest scale deployment of a software Enigma, but the decoding software does not implement encipherment making it a derivative (as all original machines could cipher and decipher).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.005173683166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Japanese secure teletype 2.jpg|A Japanese Enigma clone, codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02900505065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Tatjavanavark-machine.jpg|Tatjana van Vark's Enigma-inspired rotor machine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.902670860290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "File:Enigma simulator-IMG 0515-black.jpg|Electronic implementation of an Enigma machine, sold at the Bletchley Park souvenir shop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983917236328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "*Hugh Whitemore's play Breaking the Code (1986) focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing, who was the central force in continuing to break the Enigma in the United Kingdom during World War II. Turing was played by Derek Jacobi, who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of the play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824281692504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* Robert Harris' novel Enigma (1995) is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8. The book, with substantial changes in plot, was adapted as the film Enigma (2001) directed by Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott. The film was criticized for historical inaccuracies, including neglect of the role of Poland's Biuro Szyfrów. The film—like the book—makes a Pole the villain, who seeks to betray the secret of Enigma decryption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801584243774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* An earlier Polish film dealing with Polish aspects of the subject was the 1979 Sekret Enigmy, whose title translates as The Enigma Secret. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129371643066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* Neal Stephenson's 1999 novel Cryptonomicon prominently features the Enigma machine and efforts to break it, and portrays the German U-boat command under Karl Dönitz using it in apparently deliberate ignorance of its penetration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.209616661071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* The plot of U-571, released in 2000, revolves around an attempt by American, rather than British, forces to seize an Enigma machine from a German U-boat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358794212341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "* The 2014 film The Imitation Game tells the story of Alan Turing and his attempts to crack the Enigma machine code during World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856809616088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "*The Typex was used by the protagonists of The Bletchley Circle during the war, and in Season 2, Episode 4, they visit Bletchley Park to seek one out, in order to crack the code of the black market procurer and smuggler Marta, who used the Typex to encode her ledger. The Circle, forced to settle for using an Enigma, instead, successfully cracks the code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966595649719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Enigma machine" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The bombe was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The US Navy and US Army later produced their own machines to the same functional specification, but engineered differently from each other and from the British Bombe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.274702548980713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The Enigma machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92954158782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "At each key depression, at least one of the rotors (the right-hand or \"fast\" rotor) advanced one position, which caused the encipherment to alter. At a certain point, the right-hand rotor caused the middle rotor to advance and in a similar way, the middle rotor caused the left-hand (or \"slow\") rotor to advance. Each rotor caused the \"turnover\" of the rotor to its left after a full rotation. The Enigma operator could rotate the wheels by hand to change the letter of the alphabet showing through a window, to set the start position of the rotors for enciphering a message. This three-letter sequence was the \"message key\". There were 26 × 26 × 26 17,576 possible positions of the set of three rotors, and hence different message keys. By opening the lid of the machine and releasing a compression bar, the set of three rotors on their spindle could be removed from the machine and their sequence (called the \"wheel order\" at Bletchley Park) could be altered. Multiplying 17,576 by the six possible wheel orders gives 105,456 different ways that the scrambler could be set up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2213053703308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In 1930 an additional security feature was introduced for the military Enigmas. This was a plugboard (Steckerbrett in German, shortened to \"Stecker\") that further scrambled the letters. Letters were swapped in pairs: if A was transformed into R then R was transformed into A. This regularity was exploited by Welchman's \"diagonal board\" enhancement to the bombe, which vastly increased its efficiency. With six plug leads in use (leaving 14 letters \"unsteckered\") this gives 100,391,791,500 possible ways of setting up the plugboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.305520057678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "An important feature of the machine from a cryptanalyst's point of view, and indeed Enigma's Achilles' heel, was that the reflector in the scrambler meant that a letter was never enciphered as itself. Any putative solution that gave, for any location, the same letter in the proposed plaintext and the ciphertext, could therefore be eliminated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20272159576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Four-rotor Enigma", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9626617431640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "By late 1941 a change in German Navy fortunes in the Battle of the Atlantic, combined with intelligence reports, convinced Admiral Karl Dönitz that the Allies could read German Navy coded communications, and a fourth rotor with unknown wiring was added to German Navy Enigmas used for U-boat communications, producing the Triton system, known at Bletchley Park as Shark. This was coupled with a thinner reflector design to make room for the extra rotor. The Triton was designed in such a way that it remained compatible with three-rotor machines when necessary. One of the extra 'fourth' rotors, the 'beta', was designed so that when it was paired with the thin 'B' reflector and rotor and ring were set to 'A', the pair acted as a standard three-rotor wide 'B' reflector. As before, the unknown wiring would prevent unauthorized reading of messages. Fortunately for the Allies, in December 1941, before the machine went into official service, a submarine accidentally sent a message with the fourth rotor in the wrong position. It then retransmitted the message with the rotor in the correct (three-rotor emulating) position. In February 1942 the change in the number of rotors used became official, and the Allies' ability to read German submarines' messages ceased until a snatch from a captured U-boat revealed not only the four-rotor machine's ability to emulate a three-rotor machine, but also that the fourth rotor did not move during a message. This along with the aforementioned mistake allowed the code breakers to eventually figure out the wiring of both the 'beta' and 'gamma' fourth rotors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.260811805725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The first half of 1942 was the \"Second Happy Time\" for the German U-boats, with renewed success in attacking Allied shipping. This was due to the security of the new Enigma, and their ability to read Allied convoy messages sent in Naval Cipher No. 3. Between January and March 1942, German submarines sank 216 ships off the US east coast. In May 1942 the US began using the convoy system and requiring a blackout of coastal cities so that ships would not be silhouetted against their lights, but this yielded only slightly improved security for Allied shipping. The Allies' failure to change the cipher for three months plus the fact that Allied messages never contained any raw Enigma decrypts (or even mentioned that they were decrypting messages), helped convince the Germans that their messages were secure. Conversely, the Allies learned that the Germans had broken the naval cipher almost immediately from Enigma decrypts, but lost many ships due to the delay in changing the cipher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.147833824157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The following settings of the Enigma machine must be discovered to decipher German military Enigma messages. Once these are known, all the messages for that network for that day (or pair of days in the case of the German navy) could be decrypted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.108951568603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Internal settings (that required the lid of the Enigma machine to be opened)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227945327758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "*The selection of rotors in use in the Enigma's scrambler, and their positions on the spindle (Walzenlage or \"wheel order\"). Possible wheel orders numbered 60 (three rotors from a choice of five) for army and air force networks and 336 (three rotors from a choice of eight) for the naval networks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.981527805328369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "External settings (that could be changed without opening the Enigma machine)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46539306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In order to simulate Enigma rotors, each rotor drum of the bombe had two complete sets of contacts, one for input towards the reflector and the other for output from the reflector, so that the reflected signal could pass back through a separate set of contacts. Each drum had 104 wire brushes, which made contact with the plate onto which they were loaded. The brushes and the corresponding set of contacts on the plate were arranged in four concentric circles of 26. The outer pair of circles (input and output) were equivalent to the current in an Enigma passing in one direction through the scrambler, and the inner pair equivalent to the current flowing in the opposite direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0955986976623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The bombe drums were arranged with the top one of the three simulating the left-hand rotor of the Enigma scrambler, the middle one the middle rotor, and the bottom one the right-hand rotor. The top drums were all driven in synchrony by an electric motor. For each full rotation of the top drums, the middle drums were incremented by one position, and likewise for the middle and bottom drums, giving the total of 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576 positions of the 3-rotor Enigma scrambler. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.724637985229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The drums were colour-coded according to which Enigma rotor they emulated: I Red; II Maroon; III Green; IV Yellow; V Brown; VI Cobalt (Blue); VII Jet (Black); VIII Silver. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.2599515914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The candidate solutions for the set of wheel orders were subject to extensive further cryptanalytical work. This progressively eliminated the false stops, built up the set of plugboard connections and established the positions of the rotor alphabet rings. Eventually, the result would be tested on a Typex machine that had been modified to replicate an Enigma, to see whether that decryption produced German language. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.809421539306641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "A bombe run involved a cryptanalyst first obtaining a crib — a section of plaintext that was thought to correspond to the ciphertext. Finding cribs was not at all straightforward; it required considerable familiarity with German military jargon and the communication habits of the operators. However, the codebreakers were aided by the fact that the Enigma would never encrypt a letter to itself. This helped in testing a possible crib against the ciphertext, as it could rule out a number of cribs and positions, where the same letter occurred in the same position in both the plaintext and the ciphertext. This was termed a crash at Bletchley Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.141935348510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Similarly, in position 6, K encrypts to L. As the Enigma machine is self-reciprocal, this means that at the same position L would also encrypt to K. Knowing this, we can apply the argument once more to deduce a value for P(K, which might be:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769804000854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "To automate these logical deductions, the bombe took the form of an electrical circuit. Current flowed around the circuit near-instantaneously, and represented all the possible logical deductions which could be made at that position. To form this circuit, the bombe used several sets of Enigma rotor stacks wired up together according to the instructions given on a menu, derived from a crib. Because each Enigma machine had 26 inputs and outputs, the replica Enigma stacks are connected to each other using 26-way cables. In addition, each Enigma stack rotor setting is offset a number of places as determined by its position in the crib; for example, an Enigma stack corresponding to the fifth letter in the crib would be four places further on than that corresponding to the first letter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.903615951538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Practical bombes used several stacks of rotors spinning together to test multiple hypotheses about possible setups of the Enigma machine, such as the order of the rotors in the stack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.379436492919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "While Turing's bombe worked in theory, it required impractically long cribs to rule out sufficiently large numbers of settings. Gordon Welchman came up with a way of using the symmetry of the Enigma stecker to increase the power of the bombe. His suggestion was an attachment called the diagonal board that further improved the bombe's effectiveness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784636497497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Bletchley Park's commanding officer Edward Travis acquired a £100,000 budget for the construction of Turing's machine, and the contract to build the bombes was awarded to the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) at Letchworth. BTM placed the project under the direction of Harold 'Doc' Keen. Each machine was about 7 ft wide, 6 ft tall, 2 ft deep and weighed about a ton. On the front of each bombe were 108 places where drums could be mounted. The drums were in three groups of 12 triplets. Each triplet, arranged vertically, corresponded to the three rotors of an Enigma scrambler. The bombe drums' input and output contacts went to cable connectors, allowing the bombe to be wired up according to the menu. The 'fast' drum rotated at a speed of 50.4 rpm in the first models and 120 rpm in later ones, when the time to set up and run through all 17,576 possible positions for one rotor order was about 20 minutes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.368467330932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In June–August 1941 there were 4 to 6 bombes at Bletchley Park, and when Wavendon was completed, Bletchley, Adstock and Wavenden had a total of 24 to 30 bombes. When Gayhurst became operational there were a total of 40 to 46 bombes, and it was expected that the total would increase to about 70 bombes run by some 700 Wrens. But in 1942 with the introduction of the naval four-rotor Enigma, \"far more than seventy bombes\" would be needed. New outstations were established at Stanmore and Eastcote, and the Wavendon and Adstock bombes were moved to them, though the Gayhurst site was retained. The few bombes left at Bletchley Park were used for demonstration and training purposes only. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.284348487854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "Response to the Four-rotor Enigma", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.017632007598877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "In February 1941, Captain Abe Sinkov and Lieutenant Leo Rosen of the US Army, and US Naval Lieutenants Robert Weeks and Prescott Currier, arrived at Bletchley Park bringing, amongst other things, a replica of the 'Purple' cipher machine for the Bletchley Park's Japanese section in Hut 7. The four returned to America after ten weeks, with a naval radio direction finding unit and many documents including a 'paper Enigma'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76595401763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The main response to the Four-rotor Enigma was the US Navy bombe, which was manufactured in much less constrained facilities than were available in wartime Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.132721900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "The US Navy bombes used drums for the Enigma rotors in much the same way as the British bombes. They had eight Enigma-equivalents on the front and eight on the back. The fast drum rotated at 1,725 rpm, 34 times the speed of the early British bombes. 'Stops' were detected electronically using thermionic valves (vacuum tubes)—mostly thyratrons—for the high speed circuits. When a 'stop' was found the machine over-ran as it slowed, reversed to the position found and printed it out before restarting. The running time for a 4-rotor run was about 20 minutes, and for a 3-rotor run, about 50 seconds. Each machine was 10 ft wide, 7 ft high, 2 ft deep and weighed 2.5 tons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.363673210144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" }, { "answer": "Enigma", "passage": "These bombes were faster, and soon more available, than the British bombes at Bletchley Park and its outstations. Consequently, they were put to use for Hut 6 as well as Hut 8 work. In Alexander's \"Cryptographic History of Work on German Naval Enigma\", he wrote as follows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.546019554138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bombe" } ]

[ { "answer": "Davy Crockett", "passage": "Tennessee is known as the \"Volunteer State\", a nickname some claimed was earned during the War of 1812 because of the prominent role played by volunteer soldiers from Tennessee, especially during the Battle of New Orleans. Other sources differ on the origin of the state nickname; according to the [http://www.bartleby.com/65/te/Tenn.html#17 Columbia Encyclopedia], the name refers to volunteers for the Mexican–American War. This explanation is more likely, because President Polk's call for 2,600 nationwide volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican-American War resulted in 30,000 volunteers from Tennessee alone, largely in response to the death of Davy Crockett and appeals by former Tennessee Governor and then Texas politician, Sam Houston. ", "precise_score": -7.053891181945801, "rough_score": -8.544668197631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennessee" } ]

[ { "answer": "Salt", "passage": "Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from the days when sumo was used in the Shinto religion. Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the Japan Sumo Association. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal sumo training stables, known in Japanese as heya, where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict tradition.", "precise_score": 1.1248269081115723, "rough_score": 2.367335796356201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sumo" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into four eras. The Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is generally considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form, with the debut of the Flash in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956). The Silver Age lasted through the late 1960s or early 1970s, during which time Marvel Comics revolutionized the medium with such naturalistic superheroes as Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four and Lee and Steve Ditko's Spider-Man. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the following era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined, with the Bronze Age running from the very early 1970s through the mid-1980s. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day. ", "precise_score": -1.607584834098816, "rough_score": 3.3773386478424072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic book" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more older readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.", "precise_score": 1.9773364067077637, "rough_score": 4.3075995445251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 1971, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (May–July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year. ", "precise_score": -2.44279408454895, "rough_score": 3.450228214263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics. In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics. ", "precise_score": 0.09912163019180298, "rough_score": 3.7497646808624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics existing in its shared universe. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy #15 (Aug. 1962) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Lee and Ditko conceived the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and as a teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence in addition to those of a costumed crime-fighter. Spider-Man's creators gave him super strength and agility, the ability to cling to most surfaces, shoot spider-webs using wrist-mounted devices of his own invention, which he calls \"web-shooters\", and react to danger quickly with his \"spider-sense\", enabling him to combat his foes. And later in his life founded his own company call Parker Industries.", "precise_score": 1.5296653509140015, "rough_score": 5.513760566711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 1962, with the success of the Fantastic Four, Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea. He said the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books, and the desire to create a character with whom teens could identify. In his autobiography, Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter the Spider (see also The Spider's Web and The Spider Returns) as a great influence, and in a multitude of print and video interviews, Lee stated he was further inspired by seeing a spider climb up a wall—adding in his autobiography that he has told that story so often he has become unsure of whether or not this is true. Though at the time teenage superheroes were usually given names ending with \"boy\", Lee says he chose \"Spider-Man\" because he wanted the character to age as the series progressed, and moreover felt the name \"Spider-Boy\" would have made the character sound inferior to other superheroes. At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the character's approval. In a 1986 interview, Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman's objections.Detroit Free Press interview with Stan Lee, quoted in The Steve Ditko Reader by Greg Theakston (Pure Imagination, Brooklyn, NY; ISBN 1-56685-011-8), p. 12 (unnumbered). \"He gave me 1,000 reasons why Spider-Man would never work. Nobody likes spiders; it sounds too much like Superman; and how could a teenager be a superhero? Then I told him I wanted the character to be a very human guy, someone who makes mistakes, who worries, who gets acne, has trouble with his girlfriend, things like that. [Goodman replied,] 'He's a hero! He's not an average man!' I said, 'No, we make him an average man who happens to have super powers, that's what will make him good.' He told me I was crazy\". Goodman eventually agreed to a Spider-Man tryout in what Lee in numerous interviews recalled as what would be the final issue of the science-fiction and supernatural anthology series Amazing Adult Fantasy, which was renamed Amazing Fantasy for that single issue, #15 (cover-dated August 1962, on sale June 5, 1962).[http://www.comics.org/series/1514/ Amazing Fantasy (Marvel, 1962 series)] at the Grand Comics Database: \"1990 copyright renewal lists the publication date as June 5, 1962\"; \"[T]he decision to cancel the series had not been made when it went to print, since it is announced that future issues will include a Spider-Man feature.\" In particular, Lee stated that the fact that it had already been decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue #15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider-Man. While this was indeed the final issue, its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing and that \"The Spiderman [sic] ... will appear every month in Amazing.\" ", "precise_score": 3.2937841415405273, "rough_score": 4.273500919342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "An early 1970s Spider-Man story led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970, the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles. Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use. In the story, Peter Parker's friend Harry Osborn becomes addicted to pills. When Spider-Man fights the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn, Harry's father), Spider-Man defeats the Green Goblin, by revealing Harry's drug addiction. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal. The issues sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised.", "precise_score": -3.7526957988739014, "rough_score": 1.9657952785491943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Spider-Man has become Marvel's flagship character, and has often been used as the company mascot. When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991, the Wall Street Journal announced \"Spider-Man is coming to Wall Street\"; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider-Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange. Since 1962, hundreds of millions of comics featuring the character have been sold around the world. ", "precise_score": -2.805812358856201, "rough_score": 3.1418275833129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1 (cover dated Nov. 1961), which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium. The Fantastic Four was the first superhero team created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, who developed a collaborative approach to creating comics with this title that they would use from then on.", "precise_score": 0.4805953800678253, "rough_score": 2.8787100315093994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Given the conflicting statements, outside commentators have found it hard to identify with precise detail who created the Fantastic Four. Although Stan Lee's typed synopsis for the Fantastic Four exists, Earl Wells, writing in The Comics Journal, points out that its existence does not assert its place in the creation: \"[W]e have no way of knowing of whether Lee wrote the synopsis after a discussion with Kirby in which Kirby supplied most of the ideas\". Comics historian R. C. Harvey believes that the Fantastic Four was a furtherance of the work Kirby had been doing previously, and so \"more likely Kirby's creations than Lee's\". But Harvey notes that the Marvel Method of collaboration allowed each man to claim credit, and that Lee's dialogue added to the direction the team took. Wells argues that it was Lee's contributions which set the framework within which Kirby worked, and this made Lee \"more responsible\". Comics historian Mark Evanier, a studio assistant to Jack Kirby in the 1970s, says that the considered opinion of Lee and Kirby's contemporaries was \"that Fantastic Four was created by Stan and Jack. No further division of credit seemed appropriate\". ", "precise_score": -0.8530669212341309, "rough_score": 0.9937742352485657, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The X-Men are a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the characters first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963). They are among the most recognizable and successful intellectual properties of Marvel Comics, appearing in numerous books, television shows, films, and video games.", "precise_score": 1.151628017425537, "rough_score": 4.590760231018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "X-Men" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 1963, with the success of Spider-Man in Amazing Fantasy, as well as the Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, and the Fantastic Four, co-creator Stan Lee wanted to create another group of superheroes without coming up with new origins for how they got their powers. In 2004, Stan Lee recalled \"I couldn't have everybody bitten by a radioactive spider or exposed to a gamma ray explosion. And I took the cowardly way out. I said to myself, 'Why don't I just say they're mutants. They were born that way. ", "precise_score": 2.348743200302124, "rough_score": 0.4651699960231781, "source": "wiki", "title": "X-Men" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber, December 28, 1922) is a comic-book writer, editor, publisher, media producer, television host, actor and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics. In collaboration with several artists, including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, he created Spider-Man, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Thor, the X-Men, and many other fictional characters, introducing a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, and forced it to reform its policies. Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.", "precise_score": 5.416629314422607, "rough_score": 7.874757766723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry. In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing, Silver Surfer, and Doctor Doom. These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck, as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures. At the 2007 Comic-Con International, Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure. The body beneath the figure's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider-Man action figure, with minor changes. Comikaze Expo, Los Angeles' largest comic book convention, was rebranded as Stan Lee's Comikaze Presented by POW! Entertainment in 2012. ", "precise_score": 1.1587578058242798, "rough_score": 3.2990615367889404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 1964, Richard Kyle coined the term \"graphic novel\" to distinguish newly translated European works from genre-driven subject matter common in American comics. Precursors of the form existed by the 1920s, which saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition by Belgian Frans Masereel, American Lynd Ward and others, including Stan Lee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.59045124053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic book" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvel's modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9770362377166748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Goodman hired his wife's cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. When editor Simon left the company in late 1941, Goodman made Lieber—by then writing pseudonymously as \"Stan Lee\"—interim editor of the comics line, a position Lee kept for decades except for three years during his military service in World War II. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.906347274780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (à la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.289093494415283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and installed his son, Chip, as publisher, Shortly thereafter, Lee succeeded him as publisher and also became Marvel's president for a brief time. During his time as president, he appointed as editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, who added \"Stan Lee Presents\" to the opening page of each comic book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.378971576690674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Stan Lee, executive vice president & publisher (1986)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66491413116455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Stan Lee 1972 – October 1996", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98054313659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Stan Lee (1941–1942)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93748950958252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Stan Lee (1945–1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924012184143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Comics" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In an early recollection of the character's creation, Ditko described his and Lee's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in Comic Fan #2 (Summer 1965): \"Stan Lee thought the name up. I did costume, web gimmick on wrist & spider signal.\" Additional [http://www.webcitation.org/65nM6oj4b WebCitation archive], February 28, 2012. At the time, Ditko shared a Manhattan studio with noted fetish artist Eric Stanton, an art-school classmate who, in a 1988 interview with Theakston, recalled that although his contribution to Spider-Man was \"almost nil\", he and Ditko had \"worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas. But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.044295310974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Simon concurred that Kirby had shown the original Spider-Man version to Lee, who liked the idea and assigned Kirby to draw sample pages of the new character but disliked the results—in Simon's description, \"Captain America with cobwebs\".Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. The Comic Book Makers (Crestwood/II, 1990) ISBN 1-887591-35-4. \"There were a few holes in Jack's never-dependable memory. For instance, there was no Black Magic involved at all. ... Jack brought in the Spider-Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider. Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb, gets his powers from the ring, and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider's old web-spinning pistol. Stan Lee said, 'Perfect, just what I want.' After obtaining permission from publisher Martin Goodman, Lee told Kirby to pencil-up an origin story. Kirby... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter... revamped the old Silver Spider script, including revisions suggested by Lee. But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages, it was Lee's turn to gripe. He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers. Kirby had him turn into... Captain America with cobwebs. He turned Spider-Man over to Steve Ditko, who... ignored Kirby's pages, tossed the character's magic ring, web-pistol and goggles... and completely redesigned Spider-Man's costume and equipment. In this life, he became high-school student Peter Parker, who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. ... Lastly, the Spider-Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added\". Writer Mark Evanier notes that Lee's reasoning that Kirby's character was too heroic seems unlikely—Kirby still drew the covers for Amazing Fantasy #15 and the first issue of The Amazing Spider-Man. Evanier also disputes Kirby's given reason that he was \"too busy\" to also draw Spider-Man in addition to his other duties since Kirby was, said Evanier, \"always busy\". Neither Lee's nor Kirby's explanation explains why key story elements like the magic ring were dropped; Evanier states that the most plausible explanation for the sudden change was that Goodman, or one of his assistants, decided that Spider-Man as drawn and envisioned by Kirby was too similar to the Fly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.524040937423706, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Author and Ditko scholar Blake Bell writes that it was Ditko who noted the similarities to the Fly. Ditko recalled that, \"Stan called Jack about the Fly\", adding that \"[d]ays later, Stan told me I would be penciling the story panel breakdowns from Stan's synopsis\". It was at this point that the nature of the strip changed. \"Out went the magic ring, adult Spider-Man and whatever legend ideas that Spider-Man story would have contained\". Lee gave Ditko the premise of a teenager bitten by a spider and developing powers, a premise Ditko would expand upon to the point he became what Bell describes as \"the first work for hire artist of his generation to create and control the narrative arc of his series\". On the issue of the initial creation, Ditko states, \"I still don't know whose idea was Spider-Man\". Kirby noted in a 1971 interview that it was Ditko who \"got Spider-Man to roll, and the thing caught on because of what he did\". Lee, while claiming credit for the initial idea, has acknowledged Ditko's role, stating, \"If Steve wants to be called co-creator, I think he deserves [it]\". He has further commented that Ditko's costume design was key to the character's success; since the costume completely covers Spider-Man's body, people of all races could visualize themselves inside the costume and thus more easily identify with the character. Writer Al Nickerson believes \"that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko created the Spider-Man that we are familiar with today [but that] ultimately, Spider-Man came into existence, and prospered, through the efforts of not just one or two, but many, comic book creators\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2565720081329346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Parker proposes to Watson a second time in The Amazing Spider-Man #290 (July 1987), and she accepts two issues later, with the wedding taking place in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #21 (1987). It was promoted with a real-life mock wedding using models, including Tara Shannon as Watson, with Stan Lee officiating at the June 5, 1987, event at Shea Stadium.Saffel, p. 124 However, David Michelinie, who scripted based on a plot by editor-in-chief Jim Shooter, said in 2007, \"I didn't think they actually should [have gotten] married. ... I had actually planned another version, one that wasn't used.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.307265281677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "A bite from a radioactive spider triggers mutations in Peter Parker's body, granting him superpowers. In the original Lee-Ditko stories, Spider-Man has the ability to cling to walls, superhuman strength, a sixth sense (\"spider-sense\") that alerts him to danger, perfect balance and equilibrium, as well as superhuman speed and agility. The character was originally conceived by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko as intellectually gifted, but later writers have depicted his intellect at genius level. Academically brilliant, Parker has expertise in the fields of applied science, chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, mathematics, and mechanics. With his talents, he sews his own costume to conceal his identity, and he constructs many devices that complement his powers, most notably mechanical web-shooters. This mechanism ejects an advanced adhesive, releasing web-fluid in a variety of configurations, including a single rope-like strand to swing from, a net to snare or bind enemies, and a simple glob to foul machinery or blind an opponent. He can also weave the web material into simple forms like a shield, a spherical protection or hemispherical barrier, a club, or a hang-glider wing. Other equipment include spider-tracers (spider-shaped adhesive homing beacons keyed to his own spider-sense), a light beacon which can either be used as a flashlight or project a \"Spider-Signal\" design, and a specially modified camera that can take pictures automatically.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.40094518661499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Lee, Stan", "passage": "Peter Parker's romantic interests range between his first crush, the fellow high-school student Liz Allan, to having his first date with Betty Brant,Lee, Stan, Origins of Marvel Comics (Simon and Schuster/Fireside Books, 1974) p. 137 the secretary to the Daily Bugle newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson. After his breakup with Betty Brant, Parker eventually falls in love with his college girlfriend Gwen Stacy, daughter of New York City Police Department detective captain George Stacy, both of whom are later killed by supervillain enemies of Spider-Man. Mary Jane Watson eventually became Peter's best friend and then his wife. Felicia Hardy, the Black Cat, is a reformed cat burglar who had been Spider-Man's girlfriend and partner at one point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11224446445703506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* 1962 Alley Award: Best Short Story—\"Origin of Spider-Man\" by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Amazing Fantasy #15", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.119863510131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* 1966 Alley Award: Best Full-Length Story—\"How Green was My Goblin\", by Stan Lee & John Romita, Sr., The Amazing Spider-Man #39", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.651216506958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "A tokusatsu series featuring Spider-Man was produced by Toei and aired in Japan. It is commonly referred to by its Japanese pronunciation \"Supaidā-Man\". Spider-Man also appeared in other print forms besides the comics, including novels, children's books, and the daily newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man, which debuted in January 1977, with the earliest installments written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita, Sr. Spider-Man has been adapted to other media including games, toys, collectibles, and miscellaneous memorabilia, and has appeared as the main character in numerous computer and video games on over 15 gaming platforms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.15314626693725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spider-Man" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, longtime magazine and comic book publisher Martin Goodman was playing golf with either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of rival company DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, and that the top executive bragged about DC's success with the new superhero team the Justice League of America.That DC all-star superhero team had debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (cover-dated Feb. 1960) before going on to its own hit title (issue #1 cover-dated Nov. 1960). While film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan has debunked the particulars of that story,Uslan, in a letter published in Alter Ego #43 (December 2004), pp. 43–44, writes: \"Irwin Donenfeld said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us... who worked for DC during our college summers.... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News). ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces. ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth.\" Goodman, a publishing trend-follower, aware of the JLA's strong sales, did direct his comics editor, Stan Lee, to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee, writing in 1974, \"Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... 'If the Justice League is selling', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes?'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.819937705993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "While the early stories were complete narratives, the frequent appearances of these two antagonists, Doom and Namor, in subsequent issues indicated the creation of a long narrative by Lee and Kirby that extended over months. Ultimately, according to comics historian Les Daniels, \"only narratives that ran to several issues would be able to contain their increasingly complex ideas\". During its creators' lengthy run, the series produced many acclaimed storylines and characters that have become central to Marvel, including the hidden race of alien-human genetic experiments, the Inhumans; the Black Panther, an African king who would be mainstream comics' first black superhero; the rival alien races the Kree and the shapeshifting Skrulls; Him, who would become Adam Warlock; the Negative Zone; and unstable molecules. The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement is the three-part \"Galactus Trilogy\" that began in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer. Fantastic Four #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that \"As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up. In retrospect, it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age.\" Daniels noted that \"[t]he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s\", and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses. The Fantastic Four Annual was used to spotlight several key events. The Sub-Mariner was crowned king of Atlantis in the first annual (1963). The following year's annual revealed the origin story of Doctor Doom. Fantastic Four Annual #3 (1965) presented the wedding of Reed Richards and Sue Storm. Lee and Kirby reintroduced the original Human Torch in Fantastic Four Annual #4 (1966) and had him battle Johnny Storm. Sue Richards' pregnancy was announced in Fantastic Four Annual #5 (1967), and the Richards' son, Franklin Richards was born in Fantastic Four Annual #6 (1968) in a story which introduced Annihilus as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.399265766143799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Ancillary titles and features spun off from the flagship series include the 1970s quarterly Giant-Size Fantastic Four and the 1990s Fantastic Four Unlimited and Fantastic Four Unplugged; Fantastic Force, an 18-issue spinoff (November 1994 – April 1996) featuring an adult Franklin Richards, from a different timeline, as Psi-Lord. A 12-issue series Fantastic Four: The World's Greatest Comics Magazine ran in 2001, paying homage to Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's legendary run. A spinoff title Marvel Knights 4 (April 2004 – August 2006) was written by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and initially illustrated by Steve McNiven in his first Marvel work. As well, there have been numerous limited series featuring the group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0293357372283936, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In the first issue the crew talks about Reed Richards' rocketship flying to the stars. In Lee's original synopsis of the comic the original plan is flying to Mars but Stan Lee writes that due to \"the rate the Communists are progressing in space, maybe we better make this a flight to the STARS, instead of just to Mars, because by the time this mag goes on sale, the Russians may have already MADE a flight to Mars!\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658843994140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Mister Fantastic (Reed Richards), a scientific genius, can stretch, twist and re-shape his body to inhuman proportions. Mr. Fantastic serves as the father figure of the group, and is \"appropriately pragmatic, authoritative, and dull\". Richards blames himself for the failed space mission, particularly because of how the event transformed pilot Ben Grimm. Stan Lee said the stretch powers were inspired by DC's Plastic Man, which had no equivalent in Marvel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.639411926269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "* Invisible Girl/Invisible Woman (Susan Storm), Reed Richards' girlfriend (and eventual wife) has the ability to bend and manipulate light to render herself and others invisible. Stan Lee did not want Sue to have superstrength, \"to be Wonder Woman and punch people\", so eventually he came to invisibility, inspired by works such as The Invisible Man. She later develops the ability to generate force fields, which she uses for a variety of defensive and offensive effects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.184328079223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The Fantastic Four's characterization was initially different from all other superheroes at the time. One major difference is that they do not conceal their identities, leading the public to be both suspicious and in awe of them. Also, they frequently argued and disagreed with each other, hindering their work as a team. Described as \"heroes with hangups\" by Stan Lee, the Thing has a temper, and the Human Torch resents being a child among adults. Mr. Fantastic blames himself for the Thing's transformation. Social scientist Bradford W. Wright describes the team as a \"volatile mix of human emotions and personalities\". In spite of their disagreements, they ultimately function well as a team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.1774263381958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The first issue of The Fantastic Four proved a success, igniting a new direction for superhero comics and soon influencing many other superhero comics. Readers grew fond of Ben's grumpiness, Johnny's tendency to annoy others, and Reed and Sue's spats. Stan Lee was surprised at the reaction to the first issue, leading him to stay in the comics field despite previous plans to leave. Comics historian Stephen Krensky said that \"Lee's natural dialogue and flawed characters appealed to 1960s kids looking to 'get real'\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.797786712646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "There was a short-lived radio show in 1975 that adapted early Lee/Kirby stories, and is notable for casting a pre-Saturday Night Live Bill Murray as the Human Torch. Also in the cast were Bob Maxwell as Reed Richards, Cynthia Adler as Sue Storm, Jim Pappas as Ben Grimm and Jerry Terheyden as Doctor Doom. Other Marvel characters featured in the series included Ant-Man, Prince Namor, Nick Fury, and the Hulk. Stan Lee narrated the series, and the scripts were taken almost verbatim from the comic books. The radio show was packaged into five-minute segments, with five segments comprising a complete adventure. The team appeared on the Power Records album Fantastic Four: \"The Way It Began\" book and record set, an audio dramatization of Fantastic Four #126. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3335087299346924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The third Fantastic Four was broadcast as part of the The Marvel Action Hour umbrella, with introductions by Stan Lee. This series ran 26 episodes from September 24, 1994 to February 24, 1996. The fourth series, Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes, debuted on September 2, 2006, on Cartoon Network and ran for 26 episodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.030660629272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 2005, the second film adaptation, Fantastic Four directed by Tim Story, was released by 20th Century Fox. Despite mixed reviews from critics, it earned US$155 million in North America and $330 million worldwide. The sequel, Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, directed by Story and written by Don Payne, was released in 2007. Despite mixed-to-negative reviews, the sequel earned $132 million in North America and a total of $330.6 million worldwide. Both films feature Ioan Gruffudd as Reed Richards / Mr. Fantastic, Jessica Alba as Susan Storm / Invisible Woman, Chris Evans as Johnny Storm / Human Torch, Michael Chiklis as Ben Grimm / The Thing, and Julian McMahon as Victor Von Doom / Dr. Doom. Stan Lee makes cameo appearances as the mailman Willie Lumpkin in the first film and as himself in the second film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.987132549285889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fantastic Four" }, { "answer": "Stanley Martin Lieber", "passage": "Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28, 1922 in New York City, U.S. in the apartment of his Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents, Celia (née Solomon) and Jack Lieber, at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan. His father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression,Lee & Mair 2002, p. 5 and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue, in Washington Heights, Manhattan. When Lee was nearly 9, his only sibling, brother Larry Lieber, was born. He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles. By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in a one-bedroom apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee has described it as \"a third-floor apartment facing out back\", with him and his brother sharing a bedroom and his parents using a foldout couch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584868431091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "His duties were prosaic at first. \"In those days [the artists] dipped the pen in ink, [so] I had to make sure the inkwells were filled\", Lee recalled in 2009. \"I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them\". Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer, young Stanley Lieber made his comic-book debut with the text filler \"Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge\" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941), using the pseudonym Stan Lee, which years later he would adopt as his legal name. Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work. This initial story also introduced Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss, which immediately became one of the character's signatures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.837358474731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby's finest achievement is the three-part \"Galactus Trilogy\" that began in Fantastic Four #48 (March 1966), chronicling the arrival of Galactus, a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet, and his herald, the Silver Surfer. Fantastic Four #48 was chosen as #24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel's readers in 2001. Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that \"As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up. In retrospect, it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age.\" Comics historian Les Daniels noted that \"[t]he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s\", and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses. Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.546914577484131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Peter Paul and Lee began a new Internet-based superhero creation, production, and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media, in 1998. It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999, but, near the end of 2000, investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon. Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001. Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b-5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media. Lee was never implicated in the scheme. In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion, and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV. In 2004 POW! Entertainment went public via another reverse merger, structured again by investment banker Stan Medley. Also in 2004, Lee announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr, the former Beatle, as the lead character. Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Comics, a short-lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com. On March 15, 2007, after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield, the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary. On June 9, 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, POW! Entertainment; and POW! subsidiary QED Entertainment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2769646644592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?. In April of that year, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW! to produce a CGI film series, Legion of 5. Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics, a TV adaptation of the novel Hero, a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire-safety advocate and Spider-Man fan Dan Goodwin, a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.574605703353882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In October, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee's Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet: The War, by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Lee announced his YouTube channel, Stan Lee's World of Heroes, which airs programs created by Lee, Mark Hamill, Peter David, Adrianne Curry, and Bonnie Burton among others. Lee wrote the book, Zodiac released in January 2015, with Stuart Moore. The film Stan Lee's Annihilator, based on a Chinese prisoner-turned-superhero named Ming and in production since 2013, is set for a 2015 release. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.419537544250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy, education and the arts. Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources, as well as promoting diversity, national literacy, culture and the arts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877285957336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times, between 1981 and 2001. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572486877441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four #10 (Jan. 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe. The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the \"real\" adventures of the Fantastic Four.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4114913940429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "Under his given name of Stanley Lieber, Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.37845516204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes, which Lee wrote, he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations. Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1567167341709137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stanley Martin Lieber", "passage": "In Lavie Tidhar's 2013 The Violent Century, Lee appears – under his birth name of \"Stanley Martin Lieber\" – as a historian of superhumans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415451049804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*One of Lee's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series, always beginning his narration with a self-introduction and ending with \"This is Stan Lee saying, Excelsior!\" Lee had previously narrated the \"Seven Little Superheroes\" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.303489685058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*In Spider-Man 2 (2004), Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider-Man's first battle with Doctor Octopus. In a blooper scene that appears as an extra on the film's DVD release, Lee has another cameo, saying, \"Look, Spider-Man stole that kid's sneakers.\" Stan Lee also appears talking to Peter Parker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.533112525939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*In Iron Man (2008), Lee, credited as \"Himself\", appears at a gala cavorting with three blondes, where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner. In the theatrical release of the film, Stark simply greets Lee as \"Hef\" and moves on; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake, but Lee graciously responds, \"That's okay, I get this all the time.\" In 2008, Stan Lee named this as his favorite cameo appearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.44317626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "In the original February 7, 1998, broadcast airing of the Superman: The Animated Series episode \"Apokolips... Now! Part 2\" on the Kids' WB programming block, an animated Stan Lee was visible mourning the death of Daniel \"Terrible\" Turpin, a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby. This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and other of background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.059887409210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats. He plays himself, this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store. Later, he takes on the role of a sage-like character, giving Jason Lee's character, Brodie Bruce (a longtime fan of Stan's), advice on his love life. He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters & Marvels (2002). Lee will make a second cameo in a Kevin Smith film with the 2015 release Yoga Hosers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.505214214324951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee's Superhumans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049564361572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now: An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada, hosted by Kevin Smith.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.592632293701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*In \"I Am Furious (Yellow)\", the April 28, 2002, episode of The Simpsons, Lee voices the animated Stan Lee, who is a prolonged visitor to Comic Book Guy's store. He asks if Comic Book Guy is the stalker of Lynda Carter – the star of the 1970s show Wonder Woman – and shows signs of dementia, such as breaking a customer's toy Batmobile by trying to cram a Thing action figure into it (claiming that he \"made it better\"), hiding DC comics behind Marvel comics, and believing that he is the Hulk (and fails trying to become the Hulk, while Comic Book Guy comments he couldn't even change into Bill Bixby). Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010. In a later Simpsons episode, \"Worst Episode Ever\", Lee's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register, under the heading \"Banned for life\". Lee later officiated Comic Book Guy's wedding to a lovely manga artist in \"Married to the Blob\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7425124645233154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*He was the subject of an April 2012 Epix cable-network documentary, \"With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645639419555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*The County of Los Angeles declared October 2, 2009 \"Stan Lee Day\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210086822509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*The City of Long Beach declared October 2, 2009 \"Stan Lee Day\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164103507995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" }, { "answer": "Stan Lee", "passage": "*Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393644332885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Lee" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "In the late 1930s, John W. Campbell became editor of Astounding Science Fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in New York City in a group called the Futurians, including Isaac Asimov, Damon Knight, Donald A. Wollheim, Frederik Pohl, James Blish, Judith Merril, and others. Other important writers during this period include E.E. (Doc) Smith, Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Olaf Stapledon, and A. E. van Vogt. Working outside the Campbell influence were Ray Bradbury and Stanisław Lem. Campbell's tenure at Astounding is considered to be the beginning of the Golden Age of science fiction, characterized by hard SF stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress. This lasted until post-war technological advances, new magazines such as Galaxy, edited by H. L. Gold, and a new generation of writers began writing stories with less emphasis on the hard sciences and more on the social sciences.", "precise_score": -3.222574472427368, "rough_score": -2.8808422088623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury published in 1953. It is regarded as one of his best works. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and \"firemen\" burn any that are found. The title refers to the temperature that Bradbury asserted to be the autoignition temperature of paper. . (In reality, scientists place the autoignition temperature of paper anywhere from high 440 degrees Fahrenheit to some 30 degrees hotter, depending on the study and type of paper.) ", "precise_score": 1.5243852138519287, "rough_score": 2.347442388534546, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fahrenheit 451" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "The description \"soft\" science fiction may describe works based on social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology. The term is sometimes used to describe improbable plots, absurd \"science\", and cardboard characters. Noteworthy writers in this category include Ursula K. Le Guin and Philip K. Dick. The term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion; SFWA Grand Master Ray Bradbury was an acknowledged master of this art. The Eastern Bloc produced a large quantity of social science fiction, including works by Polish authors Stanislaw Lem and Janusz Zajdel, as well as Soviet authors such as the Strugatsky brothers, Kir Bulychov, Yevgeny Zamyatin and Ivan Yefremov. Some writers blur the boundary between hard and soft science fiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8903913497924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "In 2006, the Drama Desk Award winning Godlight Theatre Company produced and performed the New York City premiere of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 at 59E59 Theaters. After the completion of the New York run, the production then transferred to the Edinburgh Festival where it was a 2006 Edinburgh Festival Pick of the Fringe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.712381362915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fahrenheit 451" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published. Entitled Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451: The Authorized Adaptation, the paperback graphic adaptation was illustrated by Tim Hamilton. The introduction in the novel is written by Bradbury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.491176128387451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fahrenheit 451" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "The Martian Chronicles is a 1950 science fiction short story collection by Ray Bradbury that chronicles the colonization of Mars by humans fleeing from a troubled and eventually atomically devastated Earth, and the conflict between aboriginal Martians and the new colonists. The book lies somewhere in between a short story collection and an episodic novel, containing stories Bradbury originally published in the late 1940s in science fiction magazines. The stories were loosely woven together with a series of short, interstitial vignettes for publication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.04909610748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Martian Chronicles" }, { "answer": "Ray Bradbury", "passage": "The cable television series The Ray Bradbury Theater adapted some individual short stories from The Martian Chronicles including \"Mars is Heaven\", \"Usher II\", \"And the Moon Be Still as Bright\", \"The Long Years\" and \"The Martian\". Video releases of the series included a VHS tape entitled Ray Bradbury's Chronicles: The Martian Episodes with some editions with three episodes and others with five. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.788379669189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Martian Chronicles" } ]

[ { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "The introduction of basil, the main ingredient of modern pesto, occurred in more recent times and is first documented only in the mid-19th century, when gastronomist Giovanni Battista Ratto published his book La Cuciniera Genovese in 1863:", "precise_score": 7.07068395614624, "rough_score": 1.4942996501922607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "A slightly different version of this sauce exists in Provence, where it is known as pistou. In contrast with pesto alla genovese, pistou is generally made with olive oil, basil and garlic only: while cheese may be added, usually no nuts are included in a traditional pistou because no pine trees grow there to provide the nuts. Pistou is used in the typical soupe au pistou, a hearty vegetable soup with pistou flavour. The sauce did not originally contain basil, however; instead, cheese and olive oil were the main constituents. ", "precise_score": 3.2840707302093506, "rough_score": 2.091339588165283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Sometimes almonds are used instead of pine nuts, and sometimes mint leaves are mixed in with the basil leaves. It has been pointed out that pesto is essentially a combination of flavourful leaves, oily nuts, hard cheese, olive oil, garlic, salt and lemon juice; any ingredients meeting this description can produce a pesto-like condiment. ", "precise_score": 5.484340190887451, "rough_score": 4.596205711364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Outside Italy, the household name pesto has been used for all sorts of cold sauces or dips, mostly without any of the original ingredients: arugula (instead of or in addition to basil), black olives, lemon peel, coriander, or mushrooms. In more northern countries, ramson leaves are sometimes used instead of basil. In the 19th century, Genovese immigrants to Argentina brought pesto recipes with them. A Peruvian variety, known as \"tallarines verdes\" (meaning green noodles, from Italian tagliarini), is slightly creamier, lacks pine nuts (because of their rarity and prohibitive cost in Peru), may use spinach and vegetable oil (in place of olive oil), and is sometimes served with roasted potatoes and sirloin steak.", "precise_score": 4.955470085144043, "rough_score": 3.0629663467407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Herbs can be perennials such as thyme or lavender, biennials such as parsley, or annuals like basil. Perennial herbs can be shrubs such as rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, or trees such as bay laurel, Laurus nobilis – this contrasts with botanical herbs, which by definition cannot be woody plants. Some plants are used as both herbs and spices, such as dill weed and dill seed or coriander leaves and seeds. Also, there are some herbs such as those in the mint family that are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.408642768859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herb" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Herbs are used in many religions. For example, myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) and frankincense (Boswellia species) in Hellenistic religion, the nine herbs charm in Anglo-Saxon paganism, neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, bael (Aegele marmelos) leaves, holy basil or tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), turmeric or \"haldi\" (Curcuma longa), and cannabis in Hinduism. Rastafari also consider cannabis to be a holy plant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.21734094619751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herb" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Pesto (;) or, in extenso, pesto alla genovese, is a sauce originating in Genoa, the capital city of Liguria, Italy. It traditionally consists of crushed garlic, European pine nuts, coarse salt, basil leaves, Parmigiano-Reggiano (Parmesan cheese) and pecorino sardo (cheese made from sheep's milk), all blended with olive oil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8751797676086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "\"Take a clove of garlic, basil or, when that is lacking, marjoram and parsley, grated Dutch and Parmigiano cheese and mix them with pine nuts and crush it all together in a mortar with a little butter until reduced to a paste. Then dissolve it with good and abundant oil. Lasagne and troffie are dressed with this mash, made more liquid by adding a little hot water without salt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836041450500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Although likely originating from and being domesticated in India, basil took the firmest root in the regions of Liguria, Italy, and Provence, France: it was abundant in this part of Italy, though only when in season; that is why marjoram and parsley are suggested as alternatives when basil is lacking. Ratto mentions Dutch cheese (\"formaggio olandese\") instead of pecorino sardo since Northern European cheeses were actually common in Genoa at the time, thanks to the centuries-long commercial trades of the maritime republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069963455200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "In French Provence, the dish evolved into the modern pistou, a combination of basil, parsley, crushed garlic and grated cheese (optional); pine nuts are not included.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64795970916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Pesto is traditionally prepared in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle. First, garlic and pine nuts are placed in the mortar and reduced to a cream, then the washed and dried basil leaves are added with coarse salt and ground to a creamy consistency. Only then is a mix of Parmigiano-Reggiano and Pecorino added. To help incorporate the cheese a little extra-virgin olive oil is added. In a tight jar (or simply in an air-tight plastic container), covered by a layer of extra-virgin olive oil, pesto can last in the refrigerator up to a week, and can be frozen for later use. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8310961723327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "File:Basilico Genovese di Prà-2.jpg|Pesto alla genovese is made from basil leaves...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.235924243927002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "File:BasilkumPesto.jpg|... which are ground up with the other ingredients.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.010492324829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Pesto alla genovese, the quintessential pesto recipe, is made with Genovese basil, coarse salt, garlic, Ligurian extra virgin olive oil (Taggiasco), European pine nuts (sometimes toasted) and a grated cheese like Parmigiano Reggiano or Grana Padano and pecorino sardo or pecorino romano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.09060346335172653, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Pesto alla siciliana, sometimes called pesto rosso (red pesto), is a sauce from Sicily similar to pesto alla genovese but with the addition of tomato, almonds instead of pine nuts, and much less basil. Pesto alla calabrese is a sauce from Calabria consisting of (grilled) bell peppers, black pepper and more; these ingredients give it a distinctively spicy taste. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4793198108673096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" }, { "answer": "Basil", "passage": "Vegan variations of pesto can include mixes of fresh basil, nuts such as walnut or pine nut, olive oil, and the addition of miso paste and nutritional yeast to provide additional flavor enhancement to the dish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.646321415901184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pesto" } ]

[ { "answer": "Christopher Pike", "passage": "NBC paid to make a pilot, \"The Cage\", starring Jeffrey Hunter as Enterprise Captain Christopher Pike. NBC rejected The Cage, but the executives were still impressed with the concept, and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot: \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\".", "precise_score": 4.446140766143799, "rough_score": -3.692337989807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sole", "passage": "To distribute the compressive forces exerted on the heel during gait, and especially the stance phase when the heel contacts the ground, the sole of the foot is covered by a layer of subcutaneous connective tissue up to 2 cm thick (under the heel). This tissue has a system of pressure chambers that both acts as a shock absorber and stabilises the sole. Each of these chambers contains fibrofatty tissue covered by a layer of tough connective tissue made of collagen fibers. These septa (\"walls\") are firmly attached both to the plantar aponeurosis above and the sole's skin below. The sole of the foot is one of the most highly vascularized regions of the body surface, and the dense system of blood vessels further stabilize the septa.", "precise_score": -8.132476806640625, "rough_score": -9.735340118408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heel" }, { "answer": "Sole", "passage": "The Achilles tendon is the muscle tendon of the triceps surae, a \"three-headed\" group of muscles—the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The main function of the triceps surae is plantar flexion, i.e. to stretch the foot downward. It is accompanied by a \"fourth head\", the slight plantaris muscle, the long slender tendon of which is also attached to the heel bone but not visible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47169303894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heel" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z  79, A ", "precise_score": -6.391921043395996, "rough_score": -7.161192417144775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": " 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.", "precise_score": -1.0797852277755737, "rough_score": 0.21551990509033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas, and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two \"nuclear electrons\" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.", "precise_score": -8.121397972106934, "rough_score": -9.904974937438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.", "precise_score": -4.009842395782471, "rough_score": -6.0478196144104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "When different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such \"native elements\" are copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamonds), and sulfur. All but a few of the most inert elements, such as noble gases and noble metals, are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form, as chemical compounds. While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms, most of these occur as mixtures. For example, atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel.", "precise_score": -10.008023262023926, "rough_score": -9.859374046325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900.", "precise_score": -9.747580528259277, "rough_score": -10.39864730834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "For example, a copper wire is 99.99% chemically pure if 99.99% of its atoms are copper, with 29 protons each. However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes, 69% 63Cu and 31% 65Cu, with different numbers of neutrons. However, a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure, since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope, 197Au.", "precise_score": -10.64237117767334, "rough_score": -9.421326637268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \"Wasserstoff\" (water substance) for \"hydrogen\", \"Sauerstoff\" (acid substance) for \"oxygen\" and \"Stickstoff\" (smothering substance) for \"nitrogen\", while English and some romance languages use \"sodium\" for \"natrium\" and \"potassium\" for \"kalium\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \"azote/azot/azoto\" (from roots meaning \"no life\") for \"nitrogen\".", "precise_score": -8.722410202026367, "rough_score": -8.53567886352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting \"gold\" rather than \"aurum\" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings \"aluminium\" and \"caesium\" over the U.S. spellings \"aluminum\" and \"cesium\", and the U.S. \"sulfur\" over the British \"sulphur\". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names.", "precise_score": 3.485600471496582, "rough_score": 2.270395040512085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to \"W\" (wolfram) for tungsten, \"Fe\" (ferrum) for iron, \"Hg\" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, \"Sn\" (stannum) for tin, \"K\" (kalium) for potassium, \"Au\" (aurum) for gold, \"Ag\" (argentum) for silver, \"Pb\" (plumbum) for lead, \"Cu\" (cuprum) for copper, and \"Sb\" (stibium) for antimony.", "precise_score": 0.045776452869176865, "rough_score": -0.9288032054901123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.", "precise_score": -9.49273681640625, "rough_score": -9.825132369995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from ) and the atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides).", "precise_score": 5.218776226043701, "rough_score": 4.92108154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally in the universe. It is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis and from the collision of neutron stars and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed. Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed, almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Therefore, most of the gold that is present today in the Earth's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later, by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment, about 4 billion years ago.", "precise_score": -2.196432590484619, "rough_score": -3.807380437850952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The symbol Au is from the , the Latin word for \"gold\". The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning \"glow\". This word is derived from the same root (Proto-Indo-European *h₂u̯es- \"to dawn\") as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora, \"dawn\". This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant \"shining dawn\".Christie, A and Brathwaite, R. (Last updated 2 November 2011) [http://web.archive.org/web/20130208092020/http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/pdf-library/minerals/publications/Commodity%20Reports/report14_gold.pdf Mineral Commodity Report 14 — Gold], Institute of geological and Nuclear sciences Ltd – Retrieved 7 June 2012", "precise_score": 3.5231387615203857, "rough_score": 3.1203393936157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals, it still forms many diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and tertiary phosphines. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN)2−, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives. ", "precise_score": -3.7676799297332764, "rough_score": -4.949863910675049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Au(III) (auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, Au2Cl6. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character.", "precise_score": -2.1197848320007324, "rough_score": -0.9466113448143005, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Some free halogens react with gold. Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form AuCl3. Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form gold(III) bromide, but reacts only very slowly with iodine to form the monoiodide.", "precise_score": -9.526968955993652, "rough_score": -9.126001358032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold reacts with potassium, rubidium, caesium, or tetramethylammonium, to form the respective auride salts, containing the Au− ion. Caesium auride is perhaps the most famous.", "precise_score": -5.0903239250183105, "rough_score": -6.984647274017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent. The added metal is oxidized and dissolves, allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate.", "precise_score": -9.514357566833496, "rough_score": -8.778814315795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The −1 oxidation state occurs in compounds containing the Au− anion, called aurides. Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif. Other aurides include those of Rb+, K+, and tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+.Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. \"Inorganic Chemistry\" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5. Gold has the highest Pauling electronegativity of any metal, with a value of 2.54, making the auride anion relatively stable.", "precise_score": -4.835699081420898, "rough_score": -3.033637523651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2. The evaporation of a solution of in concentrated produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate, Au2(SO4)2. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain cations, analogous to the better-known mercury(I) ion, . A gold(II) complex, the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, occurs in [AuXe4](Sb2F11)2.", "precise_score": -7.076608657836914, "rough_score": -5.850072860717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond.", "precise_score": -8.431829452514648, "rough_score": -9.164862632751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous. In such cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C6H5)3)}62+. Gold chalcogenides, such as gold sulfide, feature equal amounts of Au(I) and Au(III).", "precise_score": -6.287008762359619, "rough_score": -6.882742881774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold has only one stable isotope, , which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is with a half-life of 186.1 days. The least stable is , which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 µs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay. The exceptions are , which decays by electron capture, and , which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β− decay path (7%). All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β− decay. ", "precise_score": -10.236005783081055, "rough_score": -7.294244289398193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only , , , , and do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is with a half-life of only 7 ns. has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths.", "precise_score": -10.639928817749023, "rough_score": -10.149005889892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.90×1022 cm−3. Gold is highly conductive to electricity, and has been used for electrical wiring in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project's atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project.", "precise_score": -10.811349868774414, "rough_score": -10.166311264038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. Traditionally, gold is thought to have formed by the R-process in supernova nucleosynthesis, but a relatively recent paper suggests that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by the collision of neutron stars. In both cases, satellite spectrometers only indirectly detect the resulting gold: \"we have no spectroscopic evidence that [such] elements have truly been produced.\" ", "precise_score": -2.204665184020996, "rough_score": -3.3147315979003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "On Earth, gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward. It most often occurs as a native metal, typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold silver alloy). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity.", "precise_score": -9.882065773010254, "rough_score": -9.734641075134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb2). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride (Cu3Au), novodneprite (AuPb3) and weishanite ((Au, Ag)3Hg2).", "precise_score": -8.167999267578125, "rough_score": -7.255476474761963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Only the mercury isotope 196Hg, which occurs with a frequency of 0.15% in natural mercury, can be converted to gold by neutron capture, and following electron capture-decay into 197Au with slow neutrons. Other mercury isotopes are converted when irradiated with slow neutrons into one another, or formed mercury isotopes which beta decay into thallium.", "precise_score": -10.68912410736084, "rough_score": -9.888644218444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other metals the term carat or karat is used to indicate the purity of gold present, with 24 carats being pure gold and lower ratings proportionally less. The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995 being very pure.", "precise_score": -10.9286527633667, "rough_score": -10.302332878112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In some forms of Christianity and Judaism, gold has been associated both with holiness and evil. In the Book of Exodus, the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry, while in the Book of Genesis, Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold. In Byzantine iconography the halos of Christ, Mary and the Christian saints are often golden.", "precise_score": -10.908232688903809, "rough_score": -10.167755126953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z  13) to gold (Z ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.426224708557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold resists attack by individual acids, but aqua regia (literally \"royal water\", a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid) can dissolve it. The acid mixture causes the formation of a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. It is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects, giving rise to the term acid test. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22517204284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is a precious metal used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. In the past, a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy within and between nations, but gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after 1976. The historical value of gold was rooted in its relative rarity, easy handling and minting, easy smelting and fabrication, resistance to corrosion and other chemical reactions (nobility), and distinctive color.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188515663146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "A total of 183,600 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, as of 2014. This is equivalent to 9513 m3 of gold. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805171966552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "\"Gold\" is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (\"to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green\"). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590704917907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is the most malleable of all metals; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red. Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in visors of heat-resistant suits, and in sun-visors for spacesuits. Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and reflects infrared radiation strongly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214956283569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In addition, gold is very dense: it has a density of 19,300 kg/m3. By comparison, the density of lead is 11,340 kg/m3, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22,588 ± 15 kg/m3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68540096282959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature; similarly, it does not react with ozone. Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat to form gold(III) fluoride.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277324676513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold does not react with sulfur directly, but gold(III) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through a dilute solution of gold(III) chloride or chlorauric acid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336222648620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam, and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275856971740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is unaffected by most acids. It does not react with hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, sulfuric, or nitric acid. It does react with aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, and with selenic acid. Aqua regia, a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, dissolves gold. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl4− ions, or chloroauric acid, thereby enabling further oxidation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.425966262817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases. It does not react with aqueous, solid, or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide. It does however, react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249889373779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356367111206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold pentafluoride, along with its derivative anion, , and its difluorine complex, gold heptafluoride, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867243766784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Whereas most other pure metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish yellow. This color is determined by the density of loosely bound (valence) electrons; those electrons oscillate as a collective \"plasma\" medium described in terms of a quasiparticle called a plasmon. The frequency of these oscillations lies in the ultraviolet range for most metals, but it falls into the visible range for gold due to subtle relativistic effects that affect the orbitals around gold atoms. Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.604995727539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Common colored gold alloys such as rose gold can be created by the addition of various amounts of copper and silver, as indicated in the triangular diagram to the left. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Less commonly, addition of manganese, aluminium, iron, indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218205451965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475075721740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower karat rating, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy. Copper is the most commonly used base metal, yielding a redder color. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751537322998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Eighteen-karat gold containing 25% copper is found in antique and Russian jewelry and has a distinct, though not dominant, copper cast, creating rose gold. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges. Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium, although rarely done except in specialized jewelry. Blue gold is more brittle and therefore more difficult to work with when making jewelry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23762321472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel. White 18-karat gold containing 17.3% nickel, 5.5% zinc and 2.2% copper is silvery in appearance. Nickel is toxic, however, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815825462341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Alternative white gold alloys are available based on palladium, silver and other white metals, but the palladium alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-karat white gold alloys are far more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265931129455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "By 2014 the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices. Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556215286254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions. However, economist Martin Feldstein does not believe gold serves as a hedge against inflation or currency depreciation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434833526611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30732250213623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle and the British gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African Krugerrand, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92). The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785584449768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Several other 99.99% pure gold coins are available. In 2006, the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245064735412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Only 10% of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices. For example, according to the World Gold council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold, worth about 50 cents. But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a gold value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463702201843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on electrical connectors, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated; gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329789161682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity. Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492389678955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, gold solder must match the carat weight of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured in most industry-standard carat weights to color match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45395278930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold can be made into thread and used in embroidery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494553565979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507277488708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on sepia-toned prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441765785217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light, as well as radio waves. It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA-6B Prowler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218799591064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high-end CDs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518523216247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding. McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57489013671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to deter ice from forming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475272178649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the cyanide process. Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381146430969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335814476013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Metallic and gold compounds have been used for medicinal purposes historically and are still in use. The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481673240661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold (usually as the metal) is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners) and known to Dioscorides. In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224109649658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In the 19th century gold had a reputation as a \"nervine,\" a therapy for nervous disorders. Depression, epilepsy, migraine, and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence were treated, and most notably alcoholism (Keeley, 1897). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435994148254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, since elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body (i.e., ingested gold cannot be attacked by stomach acid). Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US (sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin). These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis, and also (historically) against tuberculosis and some parasites. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94179630279541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371071815490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Colloidal gold preparations (suspensions of gold nanoparticles) in water are intensely red-colored, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science. The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells. In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189906120300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold, or alloys of gold and palladium, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope. The coating, which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image. Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028904914855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The isotope gold-198 (half-life 2.7 days) is used, in nuclear medicine, in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559428215026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175. In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive. Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold nanoparticles in the food additive, and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05455493927002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Gold leaf, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient. Gold flake was used by the nobility in medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks, in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366006851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or Goldwasser () is a traditional German herbal liqueur produced in what is today Gdańsk, Poland, and Schwabach, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (~$1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf. However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303285598754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "* Vark is a foil composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold, and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290535926818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold has been widely used throughout the world as money, for efficient indirect exchange (versus barter), and to store wealth in hoards. For exchange purposes, mints produce standardized gold bullion coins, bars and other units of fixed weight and purity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469999313354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC. The talent coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams. From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975211143493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Bills (that mature into gold coin) and gold certificates (convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501380920410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494461059570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored gold-convertibility, but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468646049499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "After World War II gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system. Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold. Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles. Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372775077819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in gold, including future delivery contracts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476739883422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Today, gold mining output is declining. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546191215515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445282936096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408788681030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The gold content of alloys is measured in carats (k). Pure gold is designated as 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold, for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contained the slightly lower amount of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705122947692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Although the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57303237915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold artifacts found at the Nahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980s, showed these to be from within the Chalcolithic, and considered the earliest find from the Levant (Gopher et al. 1990). Gold artifacts in the Balkans also appear from the 4th millennium BC, such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria, thought by one source (La Niece 2009) to be the earliest \"well-dated\" find of gold artifacts. Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2858304977417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was \"more plentiful than dirt\" in Egypt. Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. One of the earliest known maps, known as the Turin Papyrus Map, shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology. The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, and included fire-setting. Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74330997467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah), the story of The Golden Calf and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar. In the New Testament, it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets \"made of pure gold, clear as crystal\". Exploitation of gold in the south-east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC. From the 6th or 5th century BC, the Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan, one kind of square gold coin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585884094238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In Roman metallurgy, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León (Spain), where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi. The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.949407577514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "During Mansa Musa's (ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337) hajj to Mecca in 1324, he passed through Cairo in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade. A contemporary Arab historian remarked:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988866806030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Mesoamerica, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The Aztecs regarded gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally \"god excrement\" (teocuitlatl in Nahuatl), and after Moctezuma II was killed, most of this gold was shipped to Spain. However, for the indigenous peoples of North America gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility, such as obsidian, flint, and slate. Rumors of cities filled with gold fueled legends of El Dorado.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827286720275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold played a role in western culture, as a cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin, where the peasant's daughter turns hay into gold, in return for giving up her child when she becomes a princess; and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471749305725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The top prize at the Olympic games is the gold medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.589238166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910. It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8,000 m3). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991093635559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone. Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists did promote an interest in systematically finding out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's chemistry. Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.563271522521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Golden treasures have been rumored to be found at various locations, following tragedies such as the Jewish temple treasures in the Vatican, following the temple's destruction in 70 AD, a gold stash on the Titanic, the Nazi gold train – following World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35216999053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The Dome of the Rock on the Jerusalem temple site is covered with an ultra-thin golden glasure. The Sikh Golden temple, the Harmandir Sahib, is a building covered with gold. Similarly the Wat Phra Kaew emerald Buddhist temple (wat) in Thailand has ornamental gold-leafed statues and roofs. Some European king and queen's crowns were made of gold, and gold was used for the bridal crown since antiquity. An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva, receiving a \"Jerusalem of Gold\" (diadem). A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654464721679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "These gold nucleogenesis theories hold that the resulting explosions scattered metal-containing dusts (including heavy elements such as gold) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth. Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed, almost all of the gold present on Earth sank into the core. Most of the gold that is present today in the Earth's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later, by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00539779663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The asteroid that formed Vredefort crater 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth. However, the gold-bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact.McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). ‘’The Story of Earth and Life.’’ p. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136. Struik Publishers, Cape TownNorman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) ‘’Geological Journeys’’. p. 38–49, 60–61. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. These gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck. What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg, on the Witwatersrand, just inside the rim of the original 300 km diameter crater caused by the meteor strike. The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush. Some 22% of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670731544494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as \"Fool's Gold\", which is a pyrite. These are called lode deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits. Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800470352172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480123519897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Another recent study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing gold. When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a fault. Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs. About 6 miles (10 kilometers) below the surface, under incredible temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and gold. During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider. The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248641014099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 femtomol/L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km3). In general, gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold (100–150 femtomol/L) attributed to wind-blown dust and/or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold. These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.879436492919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water, but so far they have all been either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s. A British fraudster ran the same scam in England in the early 1900s. Fritz Haber (the German inventor of the Haber process) did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following World War I. Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that the extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project. No commercially viable mechanism for performing gold extraction from sea water has yet been identified. Gold synthesis is not economically viable and is unlikely to become so in the foreseeable future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086345672607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Specimens of crystalline native gold", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378091812133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "File:Native gold nuggets.jpg|Native gold nuggets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52868938446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "File:Gold-tt48a.jpg|\"Rope gold\" from Lena River, Sakha Republic, Russia. Size: 2.5×1.2×0.7 cm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252449989318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "File:Gold-mz4b.jpg|Crystalline gold from Mina Zapata, Santa Elena de Uairen, Venezuela. Size: 3.7×1.1×0.4 cm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161697387695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "File:Gold-37466.jpg|Gold leaf from Harvard Mine, Jamestown, California, USA. Size 9.3×3.2× >0.1 cm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220248222351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The World Gold Council states that as of the end of 2014, \"there were 183,600 tonnes of stocks in existence above ground\". This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 21 meters. At $1,075 per troy ounce, 183,600 metric tonnes of gold would have a value of $6.3 trillion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820527076721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source for a large proportion of the world's gold supply, with about 50% of the presently accounted for gold having come from South Africa. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, producing about 1,480 tonnes. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896533966064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "As of 2013, China was the world's leading gold-mining country, followed in order by Australia, the United States, Russia, and Peru. South Africa, which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th Century, had declined to sixth place. Other major producers are the Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Indonesia and Uzbekistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405778884887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Today about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373915672302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history. The gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the Witwatersrand basin, which is a 5–7 km thick layer of archean rocks located, in most places, deep under the Free State, Gauteng and surrounding provinces.Truswell, J.F. (1977). ‘’The Geological Evolution of South Africa’’. pp. 21–28. Purnell, Cape Town. These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand, in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin. From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4000 m, making them, especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on earth. The gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly braided river deltas before draining into the \"Witwatersrand sea\" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21030330657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475794792175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803. The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega. Further gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, the Black Hills, Otago in New Zealand, Australia, Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Klondike in Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407890319824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40053653717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 parts per million, ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 mg/kg (1–5 ppm); ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 mg/kg (3 ppm). Because ore grades of 30 mg/kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417813301086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The average gold mining and extraction costs were about US$317/oz in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340896606445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations. Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296138763427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold was synthesized from mercury by neutron bombardment in 1941, but the isotopes of gold produced were all radioactive. In 1924, a Japanese physicist, Hantaro Nagaoka, accomplished the same feat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165536880493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by irradiation either of platinum or mercury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34231948852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Using fast neutrons, the mercury isotope 198Hg, which composes 9.97% of natural mercury, can be converted by splitting off a neutron and becoming 197Hg, which then disintegrates to stable gold. This reaction, however, possesses a smaller activation cross-section and is feasible only with un-moderated reactors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481619834899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436469078063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "According to World Gold Council, China is the world's largest single consumer of gold in 2013 and toppled India for the first time with Chinese consumption increasing by 32 percent in a year, while that of India only rose by 13 percent and world consumption rose by 21 percent. Unlike India where gold is used for mainly for jewellery, China uses gold for manufacturing and retail. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41572380065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous pollution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51412582397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Low-grade gold ore may contain less than one ppm gold metal; such ore is ground and mixed with sodium cyanide dissolve the gold. Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical, which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities. Many cyanide spills from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers. Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters. Thirty tons of used ore is dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold.[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/international/24GOLD.html?pagewanted", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245497703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "1&_r0 Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions], New York Times, 24 October 2005 Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, selenium and mercury. When sulfide bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water, the sulfide transforms into sulfuric acid which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water. This process is called acid mine drainage. These gold ore dumps are long term, highly hazardous wastes second only to nuclear waste dumps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882645606994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore, but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small-scale individual miners. Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies, causing heavy metal contamination. Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form of methylmercury. Mercury poisoning in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39508056640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold extraction is also a highly energy intensive industry, extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25 kW·h of electricity per gram of gold produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479896545410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf. Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex Alimentarius). Although the gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726991653442383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide. Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as dimercaprol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411026954650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Gold contact allergies affect mostly women. Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like nickel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430204391479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "As at December 2015, gold is valued at around US$39,000 per kilogram (US$1,200 per troy ounce).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410845756530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531659126281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency; when paper money was introduced, it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion. In a monetary system known as the gold standard, a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ($664.56/kg), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ($1125.27/kg). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897067070007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "On 17 March 1968, economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool, and a two-tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ($1.13/g) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate; this two-tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free-market level. Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining. The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York, which holds about 3% of the gold known to exist and accounted for today, as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427177429199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266695022583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Sometime around 1970 the price began in trend to greatly increase, and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely, from a high of $850/oz ($27,300/kg) on 21 January 1980, to a low of $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) on 21 June 1999 (London Gold Fixing). Prices increased rapidly from 2001, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008 when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set. Another record price was set on 17 March 2008 at $1023.50/oz ($32,900/kg).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270320892333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In late 2009, gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar. On 2 December 2009, Gold reached a new high closing at $1,217.23. Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset. On 1 March 2011, gold hit a new all-time high of $1432.57, based on investor concerns regarding ongoing unrest in North Africa as well as in the Middle East. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347012519836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "From April 2001 to August 2011, spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar, hitting a new all-time high of $1,913.50 on 23 August 2011, prompting speculation that the long secular bear market had ended and a bull market had returned. However, the price then began a slow decline to the $1200-per-ounce range in late 2014 and 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45759391784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of gold medals, golden trophies and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal. Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated (such as the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, the Emmy Awards, the Palme d'Or, and the British Academy Film Awards).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226922988891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now commonly known as the golden mean. Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of the golden ratio and the golden rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796980857849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden. Our most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered \"golden years\". The height of a civilization is referred to as a \"golden age\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307613372802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "According to Christopher Columbus, those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39225959777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "Wedding rings have long been made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies. In Orthodox Christian wedding ceremonies, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown (though some opt for wreaths, instead) during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840764045715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" }, { "answer": "Gold", "passage": "In popular culture gold has many connotations but is most generally connected to terms such as good or great, such as in the phrases: \"has a heart of gold\", \"that's golden!\", \"golden moment\", \"then you're golden!\" and \"golden boy\". It remains a cultural symbol of wealth and through that, in many societies, success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.957162857055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gold" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tang", "passage": "*1957 - The company introduced Tang, which became available nationally two years later.", "precise_score": -4.75045108795166, "rough_score": -7.484753608703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "General Foods" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oscar the Grouch", "passage": "Oscar the Grouch is a Muppet character on the television program Sesame Street. He has a green body (during the first season he was yellow and then orange), has no visible nose, and lives in a trash can. His favorite thing in life is trash, as evidenced by the song \"I Love Trash\". A running theme is his compulsive hoarding of seemingly useless items. \"The Grouch\" aptly describes his misanthropic interaction with the other characters, but also refers to his species. His birthday, as noted by Sesame Workshop, is on June 1. The character is performed by Caroll Spinney, and has been performed by him since the show's first episode. In 2015 Eric Jacobson became the understudy since then.", "precise_score": 4.4947004318237305, "rough_score": 6.132964134216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oscar the Grouch" }, { "answer": "Oscar the Grouch", "passage": "Upon recommendations by child psychologists, the producers initially decided that the show's human actors and Muppets would not interact because they were concerned it would confuse young children. When the CTW tested the appeal of the new show, they found that although children paid attention to the shows during the Muppet segments, their interest was lost during the \"Street\" segments. The producers requested that Henson and his team create Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch to interact with the human actors, and the Street segments were re-shot. Sesame Streets format remained intact until the show's later decades, when the changing audience required that producers move to a more narrative format. In 1998 the popular segment \"Elmo's World\", a 15-minute long segment hosted by the Muppet Elmo, was created. Starting in 2014, during the show's 45th season, the producers introduced a bonus half-hour version of the program. The new version, which complemented the full-hour series, was both broadcast weekday afternoons and streamed on the internet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027406692504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Oscar the Grouch", "passage": "His name's source is of some debate. Most sources suggest it's derived from Oscar's Tavern. In recent years, however, the family of Canadian folk musician Oscar Brand has suggested he was the namesake. Brand was an early board member for the show's non-profit production company, Children's Television Workshop. The claim has been made in an interview with the CBC around the time of Brand's 90th birthday, and by his son in the interview segment of Jeopardy. Named “Oscar the Grouch”, writers would eventually add other Grouches, an entire species explored in the film The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland and various television episodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425493240356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oscar the Grouch" }, { "answer": "Oscar the Grouch", "passage": "A hybrid of Oscar the Grouch, Ernie, and the Cookie Monster appears in The Goodies episode \"The Goodies Rule – O.K.?\", where it attacked Tim Brooke-Taylor whilst in a bin, only for Tim to eat it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300704956054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oscar the Grouch" }, { "answer": "Oscar the Grouch", "passage": "On May 29, 2009, Oscar the Grouch appeared in an ABC television special on economics called Un-broke: What You Need To Know About Money. He appeared showing the viewers what investing stocks means. It's shown that he has investment filings with Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, and Washington Mutual even though they are bankrupt companies, but he then says that they're not really his filings. The press kit for the special reveals that Oscar was popular with the crew for the special even during filming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238612174987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oscar the Grouch" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spin straw into gold", "passage": "*In the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, Rumplestiltskin (also known as Mr. Gold) is played by Robert Carlyle and is one of the central characters and is shown as a malevolent trickster who can spin straw into gold and enjoys making deals with those he comes across. Throughout the first seasons he concentrates on searching for his son, Bae. An expert on black magic and the dark arts (known as the Dark One) this man has wizardly powers to make him a fair match for anyone in the land - even the Evil Queen. The miller's daughter (the Evil Queen's mother) Cora eventually becomes the Queen of Hearts. In the season three episode Think Lovely Thoughts, he is revealed to be the son of Peter Pan. Although he attempts to reform in the fourth season when he marries Belle- this Rumpelstiltskin doubling as 'the Beast'- his own nature turns against him, prompting him to ally with various other villains to try and ensure their own happy endings.", "precise_score": -0.00448060967028141, "rough_score": -0.42872336506843567, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rumpelstiltskin" }, { "answer": "Spin straw into gold", "passage": "In order to make himself appear superior, a miller lies to the king, telling him that his daughter can spin straw into gold. (Some versions make the miller's daughter blonde and describe the \"straw-into-gold\" claim as a careless boast the miller makes about the way his daughter's straw-like blonde hair takes on a gold-like lustre when sunshine strikes it.) The king calls for the girl, shuts her in a tower room filled with straw and a spinning wheel, and demands she spin the straw into gold by morning or he will cut off her head (other versions have the king threatening to lock her up in a dungeon forever). When she has given up all hope, an imp-like creature appears in the room and spins the straw into gold in return for her necklace (since he only comes to people seeking a deal/trade). When next morning the king takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw to repeat the feat, the imp spins in return for the girl's ring. On the third day, when the girl has been taken to an even larger room filled with straw and told by the king that he will marry her if she can fill this room with gold or execute her if she cannot, the girl has nothing left with which to pay the strange creature. He extracts from her a promise that she will give him her firstborn child and so he spins the straw into gold a final time. (In some versions, the imp appears and begins to turn the straw into gold, paying no heed to the girl's protests that she has nothing to pay him with; when he finishes the task, he states that the price is her first child, and the horrified girl objects because she never agreed to this arrangement.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.05574369430542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rumpelstiltskin" }, { "answer": "Spin straw into gold", "passage": "* Rumplestiltskin makes a brief appearance at the beginning of Red Hood's Revenge, the third in Jim C. Hines's Princesses series, starring Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Snow White as active heroines. He has abducted several children by luring princes in with promises of marriage to the children who can spin straw into gold; he is captured by the three heroines, but is subsequently killed by Roudette, the adult Little Red Riding Hood, now an efficient and deadly assassin, while being sent to Fairytown to answer for his crimes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.001678228378296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rumpelstiltskin" }, { "answer": "Spin straw into gold", "passage": "As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that \"she is very important\" in the future he has seen. Cora instead demands to learn the feat herself; he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.840057373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)" }, { "answer": "Spin straw into gold", "passage": "Oliver Sava of A.V. Club gave this episode an \"A-\" and wrote, \"There are a lot of very talented writers working on Once Upon A Time, but this show’s limitations prevent them from reaching their full potential. Jane Espenson did great work on Buffy The Vampire Slayer and Battlestar Galactica, but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster. That is, until 'The Miller’s Daughter,' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had. Exploring Cora’s past and shutting the door on her present-day exploits, this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments, with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes.\" He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her \"inspired casting as young Cora, and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey. She has an icy demeanor that is perfect for the youthful version of this season’s Big Bad, hiding her potential power behind a suit of armor that protects from the cruel nobility she delivers flour to. When she’s tripped by a princess and forced to bow and apologize, she’s filled with the rage that is essential for making magic happen. She sneaks into a ball that is intended to find the prince a wife, but the king sees through her disguise and threatens her until she says that she can spin straw into gold. She’s locked in the tower, setting the stage for Rumplestiltskin to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.150327205657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "The brightest member of this constellation is Aldebaran, an orange-hued, spectral class K5 III giant star. Its name derives from ', Arabic for \"the follower\", probably from the fact that it follows the Pleiades during the nightly motion of the celestial sphere across the sky. Forming the profile of a Bull's face is a V or A-shaped asterism of stars. This outline is created by prominent members of the Hyades, the nearest distinct open star cluster after the Ursa Major Moving Group. In this profile, Aldebaran forms the bull's bloodshot eye, which has been described as \"glaring menacingly at the hunter Orion\", a constellation that lies just to the southwest. The Hyades span about 5° of the sky, so that they can only be viewed in their entirety with binoculars or the unaided eye. It includes a naked eye double star, Theta Tauri, with a separation of 5.6 arcminutes.", "precise_score": 0.8198851346969604, "rough_score": 5.833871364593506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "Taurus marked the point of vernal (spring) equinox in the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age, from about 4000 BC to 1700 BC, after which it moved into the neighboring constellation Aries. The Pleiades were closest to the Sun at vernal equinox around the 23rd century BC. In Babylonian astronomy, the constellation was listed in the MUL.APIN as , \"The Bull of Heaven\". As this constellation marked the vernal equinox, it was also the first constellation in the Babylonian zodiac and they described it as \"The Bull in Front\". The Akkadian name was Alu.", "precise_score": -1.366650104522705, "rough_score": 0.24809163808822632, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "Since the star is located (by chance) in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the more scattered Hyades open star cluster that makes up the bull's-head-shaped asterism; however, the star cluster is actually more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.314613342285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aldebaran" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "In the Middle Ages it was sometimes called Cor Tauri (the Heart of the Bull/Taurus).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.820891380310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aldebaran" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "The classical Zodiac is a product of a revision of the Old Babylonian system in later Neo-Babylonian astronomy 6th century BC. Knowledge of the Neo-Babylonian zodiac is also reflected in the Hebrew Bible. E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the books of Ezekiel (and thence in Revelation) as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac, with the Lion as Leo, the Bull as Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle standing in for Scorpio. The biblical Book of Job also makes reference to a number of constellations, including \"bier\", \"fool\" and \"heap\" (Job 9:9, 38:31-32), rendered as \"Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades\" by the KJV, but ‘Ayish \"the bier\" actually corresponding to Ursa Major. The term Mazzaroth , a hapax legomenon in Job 38:32, may be the Hebrew word for the zodiacal constellations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.051080703735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Constellation" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "Taurus (Latin for \"the Bull\"; symbol: , Unicode: ♉) is one of the constellations of the zodiac, which means it is crossed by the plane of the ecliptic. Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere's winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox. Its importance to the agricultural calendar influenced various bull figures in the mythologies of Ancient Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.19951921701431274, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "To the west, the two horns of the bull are formed by Beta (β) Tauri and Zeta (ζ) Tauri; two star systems that are separated by 8°. Beta is a white, spectral class B7 III giant star known as El Nath, which comes from the Arabic phrase \"the butting\", as in butting by the horns of the bull. At magnitude 1.65, it is the second brightest star in the constellation, and shares the border with the neighboring constellation of Auriga. As a result, it also bears the designation Gamma Aurigae. Zeta Tauri is an eclipsing binary star that completes an orbit every 133 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.82043194770813, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "The identification of the constellation of Taurus with a bull is very old, certainly dating to the Chalcolithic, and perhaps even to the Upper Paleolithic. Michael Rappenglück of the University of Munich believes that Taurus is represented in a cave painting at the Hall of the Bulls in the caves at Lascaux (dated to roughly 15,000 BC), which he believes is accompanied by a depiction of the Pleiades. The name \"seven sisters\" has been used for the Pleiades in the languages of many cultures, including indigenous groups of Australia, North America and Siberia. This suggests that the name may have a common ancient origin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.42228364944458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "In the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest works of literature, the goddess Ishtar sends Taurus, the Bull of Heaven, to kill Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. Some locate Gilgamesh as the neighboring constellation of Orion, facing Taurus as if in combat, while others identify him with the sun whose rising on the equinox vanquishes the constellation. In early Mesopotamian art, the Bull of Heaven was closely associated with Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare. One of the oldest depictions shows the bull standing before the goddess' standard; since it has 3 stars depicted on its back (the cuneiform sign for \"star-constellation\"), there is good reason to regard this as the constellation later known as Taurus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9307083487510681, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" }, { "answer": "The Bull", "passage": "In Greek mythology, Taurus was identified with Zeus, who assumed the form of a magnificent white bull to abduct Europa, a legendary Phoenician princess. In illustrations of Greek mythology, only the front portion of this constellation are depicted; this was sometimes explained as Taurus being partly submerged as he carried Europa out to sea. A second Greek myth portrays Taurus as Io, a mistress of Zeus. To hide his lover from his wife Hera, Zeus changed Io into the form of a heifer. Greek mythographer Acusilaus marks the bull Taurus as the same that formed the myth of the Cretan Bull, one of The Twelve Labors of Heracles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3096866607666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Taurus (constellation)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and non-magical people (Muggles).", "precise_score": 0.180020272731781, "rough_score": 2.0880494117736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The central character in the series is Harry Potter, an English orphan who discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a wizard, though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships, infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation, that lies ahead, in wizarding Britain's increasingly-violent second wizarding war. ", "precise_score": 4.675495624542236, "rough_score": 6.689937591552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality. The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture, European folklore, classical mythology and alchemy, incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands, magic plants, potions, spells, flying broomsticks, centaurs and other magical creatures, the Deathly Hallows, and the Philosopher's Stone, beside others invented by Rowling. While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings Middle-earth a mythic past, the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life, with the action mostly set in Scotland (Hogwarts), the West Country, Devon, London and Surrey in southeast England. The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets, ancient pubs, lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population. ", "precise_score": 0.9809975624084473, "rough_score": 5.118046760559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "When the first novel of the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) opens, it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the wizarding world – an event so very remarkable, even the Muggles (non-magical people) notice signs of it. The full background to this event and Harry Potter's past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter's eleventh birthday, and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed.", "precise_score": 0.8995260000228882, "rough_score": 5.300835609436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The fictional universe of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies: the wizarding world and the Muggle world. The Muggle World is the series' name for the world inhabited by the non-magical majority, with which the wizarding world exists coextensively, albeit mostly remaining hidden from the non-magical humans. The plot of the series is set in 1990s Britain, but in a veiled and separate shadow society wherein magic is commonly used and practiced, and those who can use it live in self-enforced seclusion, hiding their abilities from the rest of the world. The term \"wizarding world\" refers to the global wizard community that lives hidden in parallel with the Muggle world; the different terms refer to different communities within the same area rather than separate planets or worlds.", "precise_score": 3.9235072135925293, "rough_score": 5.510890007019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The entire Harry Potter series is set from 1991 to 1998 aside from the opening chapter of the first book, which takes place on 1 November 1981, and the epilogue of the seventh book, which takes place on 1 September 2017. The depiction of the wizarding world is centred on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centred on the separation of the wizarding world from the non-wizarding, or Muggle, world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study and training into a skill.", "precise_score": 1.1767754554748535, "rough_score": 4.3010783195495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "but also is embedded within it. Only one settlement in Britain, the village of Hogsmeade, is home to an entirely magical population. The vast majority of witches' and wizards' locations are integrated within the wider non-magical area. Wizards will often live in small communities of several families within Muggle villages such as Godric's Hollow in the West Country (home of the Dumbledores and the Potters) or Tinworth in Cornwall. The all-wizard Weasley, Diggory, Lovegood, and Fawcett families live near the Muggle village of Ottery St Catchpole, in Devon. Many wizarding houses in the Harry Potter books are depicted as being on the outskirts of towns, usually isolated from most of the town.", "precise_score": -1.3153069019317627, "rough_score": 1.467365026473999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Similarly, the wizard high street Diagon Alley lies in central London, just off Charing Cross Road. A train called the Hogwarts Express departs from the real King's Cross Station, albeit from Platform 9¾. These locations are hidden by a combination of Muggle-repelling charms, illusions, other magical protections (many magical locations, such as the Isle of Drear off the coast of Scotland, or the Quidditch World Cup Stadium, and the wizarding prison, Azkaban, are rendered \"Unplottable,\" or impossible to locate on a map) and depend on the natural tendency of everyday, non-magical people to ignore anything they cannot explain or understand. Hogwarts Castle appears as abandoned ruins to any Muggles close enough to see. Although wizarding society lives for the most part directly alongside Muggles, interaction between the two communities is virtually non-existent since the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy was introduced in 1692. Few wizards are aware of basic Muggle culture (for example, as a rule, wizards do not understand Muggle clothing customs). On the odd occasions when it may be necessary for a wizard or witch to dress in Muggle clothing, the result is usually comical. While the series is set in Great Britain, there is evidence that the wizarding world has locations throughout the globe, such as in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, when it describes many people at the Quidditch World Cup speaking foreign languages, the number of Irish wizards working for the Ministry and attending Hogwarts, as well as the various nationalities attending Beauxbatons and Durmstrang suggest the wizarding world's borders differ from the geopolitical divisions of the Muggle world. It is also suggested in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban that wizards played a part in ancient Egyptian history, and possibly are behind many historical wonders in the modern world such as the Egyptian pyramids and tombs.", "precise_score": 0.20372949540615082, "rough_score": 1.5077224969863892, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The longstanding separation between the Wizarding and Muggle worlds in the Harry Potter universe has led many wizards to advocate keeping the two apart. This view has, in turn, led to a minority of British wizards seeing Muggles (and wizards of pure Muggle parentage) as untrustworthy, foolish, or, in extreme cases, racially inferior. The common practice of wizards marrying Muggles is viewed by such extremists as miscegenation, and they instead advocate maintaining a so-called \"purity of blood.\" This was part of Lord Voldemort's ideology, and the Black family disowned anyone who married a half-blood or muggle. However, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Hagrid states that there are very few wizards who actually have blood purity.", "precise_score": -1.167077660560608, "rough_score": 4.532472133636475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Squib is the term applied to a child who is born of magical parents, but who develops no magical abilities. They are considered to be the opposite of Muggle-born wizards/witches. Squib births are rare: the only squibs noted as such in the books are Argus Filch, Arabella Figg, and Molly Weasley's second cousin who was an accountant. The Ministry does not require them to be registered as part of the Community. Squibs share some things with wizards and they are aware of and comprehend the wizarding world. They also can see Hogwarts, which ordinary Muggles cannot. However, according to Ron's Aunt Muriel, the custom with squibs has been to send them to Muggle schools and encourage them to integrate into the Muggle world, which is \"much kinder\" than keeping them in the wizarding world where they will always be \"second-class\". In contrast to most of the wizarding world's acceptance and even respect for Muggles and Muggle-born wizards and witches, it is often considered embarrassing to have a squib in the family. Rowling has stated that Muggle-born witches and wizards are descended from squibs who married Muggles; the magical gene may resurface after many generations unexpectedly.", "precise_score": 3.0174403190612793, "rough_score": 1.1347553730010986, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Characters in the series make use of several magical devices and artifacts to transport themselves within the Wizarding World and to the Muggle world. Among the most common of these objects are broomsticks, the Floo Network (a network of fireplaces magically connected to one another), the Knight Bus, and the Hogwarts Express. Some characters have been known to enchant Muggle vehicles to have magical features, such as Arthur Weasley's Ford Anglia or Sirius Black's Flying Motorbike. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, a discussion is held around the politics of importing flying carpets.", "precise_score": -0.024318093433976173, "rough_score": 3.990102529525757, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "In the Harry Potter book series, a Muggle is a person who lacks any sort of magical ability and was not born into the magical world. Muggles also do not have any magical blood. It differs from the term Squib, which refers to a person with one or more magical parents yet without any magical ability, and from the term Muggle-born (or the derogatory and offensive mudblood), which refers to a person with magical abilities but without magical parents.", "precise_score": 9.184574127197266, "rough_score": 8.612383842468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The term Muggle is sometimes used in a pejorative manner in the books. Since Muggle refers to a person who is a member of the non-magical community, Muggles are simply ordinary human beings rather than witches and wizards. According to the author, J. K. Rowling, a quarter of the annual Hogwarts intake have two nonmagical parents; there have also been some children known to have been born to one magical and one non-magical parent. Children of this mixed parentage are called half-bloods (strictly speaking, they are 'Literal Half-bloods'); children with recent Muggle ancestry on the one side or the other are also called half-bloods. The most prominent Muggle-born in the Harry Potter series is Hermione Granger, who had two Muggles of unspecified names as parents. A witch or wizard with all magical heritage is called a pure-blood.", "precise_score": 4.361972808837891, "rough_score": 1.3257722854614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Some Muggles, however, know of the wizarding world. These include Muggle parents of magical children, such as Hermione Granger's parents, the Muggle Prime Minister (and his predecessors), the Dursley family (Harry Potter's non-magical and only living relatives), and the non-magical spouses of some witches and wizards.", "precise_score": 3.649256706237793, "rough_score": 5.909557342529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Harry's first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, keeper of grounds and keys at Hogwarts. Hagrid reveals some of Harry's history. Harry learns that, as a baby, he witnessed his parents' murder by the power-obsessed Dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who subsequently attempted to kill him as well. For reasons not revealed until the fifth book, the spell with which Voldemort tried to kill Harry, rebounded. Harry survived with only a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared afterwards. As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort's reign of terror, Harry has become a living legend in the wizarding world. However, at the orders of the venerable and well-known wizard Albus Dumbledore, the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives, the Dursleys, who kept him safe but treated him poorly, having him live in a cupboard and do chores while doting on their spoiled son Dudley. Petunia Dursley was jealous of her sister's magical abilities as a child, and later came to believe that all wizards were freaks. Therefore, the Dursleys hated wizards, so they hid Harry's true heritage from him, saying his parents died in a car crash in the hope that he would grow up \"normal\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8630797863006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook which turns out to be Voldemort's diary from his school days. Ginny becomes possessed by Voldemort through the diary and unconsciously opens the \"Chamber of Secrets\", unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to be a basilisk, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. The novel delves into the history of Hogwarts and a legend revolving around the Chamber that soon frightened everyone in the school. The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a highly cheerful, self-conceited wizard who goes around as if he is the most wonderful person who ever existed, who knows absolutely every single thing there is to know about everything, who later turns out to be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the wizarding world, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns that his ability to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts. The novel ends after Harry saves Ginny's life by destroying the basilisk and the enchanted diary which has been the source of the problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.047583103179932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary. The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom. Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40711498260498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Four years later, on 8 July 2014, Universal opened a Harry Potter-themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park. It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London. The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride. Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure. Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series, including Weasley's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.185007095336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "A great deal of effort is expended in keeping the Muggles unaware of magic. Originally the two worlds co-existed, however, persecution of those with magic meant Magical Laws have been put in place over the centuries, designed to keep the existence of the Magical World hidden from Muggles, the first and most important being the International Statute of Wizarding Secrecy of 1692. Enchantment of Muggle artifacts is forbidden; under-age wizards are restricted from using magic outside school; and any deliberate revelation of magical ability to the Muggle community is punishable, although allowances are made for the use of magic in the presence of a Muggle if the wizard or witch is acting in self-defense or in defense of another. These laws are enforced by the Ministry of Magic, while a special arm of it, the Obliviators, has the job of making certain that Muggles who have seen magic in action will be left with no inconvenient memories. Exceptions to the secrecy include wizards' Muggle relatives and the highest political leaders, such as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15505178272724152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Some aspects of the wizarding world are depicted as being less-than-modern in comparison to the non-wizarding world, sometimes even old-fashioned or quaint. The technological development of the wizarding world is substantially behind that of its Muggle counterpart — owls, for example, are a more cumbersome and slower way to send messages than simple phone calls. On the other hand, an owl can be sent to deliver a message without the sender needing to know the recipient's exact location or phone number, it's difficult to intercept or trace an owl, and owls can deliver packages as large as brooms. If one has instant access to magical power, the development of modern technology and science in the wizarding world would seem to be unnecessary. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.242343783378601, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "However, a large number of technologically complex devices do exist, and most of these devices exist in the Muggle world. From a certain perspective, it can be seen that Magic and electricity are the equivalents of each other in their respective worlds, but electronic equipment doesn't work around magic-filled areas, such as Hogwarts, and Muggle devices used by wizards (such as cameras and radios) can be made to function using magic instead of electricity. Such examples are rare, however; wizards rarely make use of Muggle technology, nor do they have much interest in doing so, even when such technology might make their lives much easier. Pure-blood Wizards are baffled by how Muggle technology works and most have no interest in understanding it (with occasional exceptions, such as Muggle aficionado Arthur Weasley, whose dearest dream is \"to find out how an aeroplane stays up\"). \"Muggle Studies\" classes are offered at Hogwarts for those students with an interest. On several occasions, Harry Potter is tasked with having to explain the workings of commonplace Muggle technology, such as introducing the telephone to Mr Weasley in Chamber of Secrets; at the beginning of Prisoner of Azkaban, Ron Weasley makes his first telephone call with disastrous results for Harry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.594446659088135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The wizarding world has also not embraced modern Muggle modes of information transfer: instead of pens, paper, pencils, and computers, Hogwarts students use ink-dipped quills and parchment to take notes and do their homework. Money is also old-fashioned; when Muggle Britain was decimalised in 1971, Magical Britons continued with their system of 17 silver Sickles to a gold Galleon, and 29 bronze Knuts to a Sickle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.045611381530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Many aspects of the British wizarding world have Muggle equivalents. For example, at 17 wizards can learn to Apparate, while Muggles can learn to drive cars. In the fifth and seventh years of Hogwarts or Muggle secondary school, external examinations take place. Some aspects of Muggle pop culture are also mirrored in the wizarding world such as rock music, posters, and tabloids. A few young wizards embrace Muggle culture whole-heartedly: as a teenager Sirius Black's room was filled with pictures of Muggle pinup girls, motorcycles and rock bands in rebellion against his prejudiced Muggle-hating parents. It appears that Muggle music is somewhat popular in the Wizarding World; in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, music by the The Ordinary Boys, a Muggle band, could be heard playing in the background of the Gryffindor common room. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.131744384765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Wizards and witches who are Muggle-born, or are Half-bloods (of mixed Muggle and Magical parentage) find it easier (or even commonplace) to integrate into Muggle society and take on Muggle trends as they are predisposed to Muggle ways growing up. Gryffindor student Dean Thomas has frequent references to the adorning of his part of the dormitory with posters of West Ham United Football Club. Albus Dumbledore has expressed interest in Muggle knitting patterns and ten pin bowling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.485970973968506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The wizarding world not only coexists alongside the world of Muggles,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.83504581451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Pure-blood is the term applied to wizards and witches who have no Muggle blood, Muggle borns, or half-bloods at all in their family tree. Although technically pure-bloods have no Muggle ancestors, the small wizarding population means that \"true\" pure-bloods are rare or even non-existent, with most just ignoring or disowning the few Muggles in their family. Identified pure-blood families include the Blacks, the Crouches, the Fudges, the Gaunts (though that line died out before the beginning of Book 1), the Lestranges, the Longbottoms, the Malfoys, the Potters and the Weasleys. To maintain their blood purity, supremacist families have been known to inbreed into their own families by marrying their cousins, resulting in mental instability and violent natures. The Gaunts displayed both tendencies by the time of the sixth book with the exception of Merope, the last female member of the line., chapter 6, chapter 10", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.818758010864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Pure-blood supremacists believe blood purity is a measure of a wizard's magical ability – notwithstanding examples of highly skilled Muggle-born witches like Hermione Granger and Lily Evans, and less skilled pure-bloods such as Neville Longbottom – and Muggles to be low-life, having no magic in them. Supremacists apply the term \"blood traitor\" to pure-bloods who harbor no prejudice against non-pure-bloods (enjoying their presence and relations with them).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6191530227661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The hostile wizards in the Harry Potter books are almost all supremacists, while Harry and his friends disagree with this ideology. Rowling draws several parallels between the pure-blood supremacists and Nazi ideology in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (the belief that pure-blood wizards have the right to subjugate the Muggle world and view themselves as a \"master race\", laws requiring Muggle-borns to register with the Ministry of Magic, rounding up Undesirables, etc.). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4764294624328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Not all pure-blood wizards are advocates of pure-blood supremacy: the Weasleys, Potters, and Longbottoms are old pure-blood families, but no known members of these families are sympathetic to supremacist aims., chapter 23, chapter 4 The Black family, traditionally pure-blood supremacists, also seem to have produced one or two such \"black sheep\" in every generation, namely Sirius and Andromeda (Bellatrix and Narcissa's sister who married the Muggle-Born Ted Tonks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.247485637664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Half-blood refers to those wizards and witches who have magic and Muggle ancestors in their family trees. Half-bloods are the most common wizard blood, far outnumbering pure-bloods and Muggle-borns. Rowling has stated that, of the Hogwarts annual intake, 50% are half-bloods. Pure-blood supremacists view half-bloods as inferior to them, although superior to Muggles and Muggle-borns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9311842918396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Voldemort is a half-blood since his father was a Muggle and his mother, a pure-blood. Severus Snape is also a half-blood (he gave himself the nickname \"The Half-Blood Prince\"), as his father Tobias Snape was a Muggle. Harry himself is a half-blood, since his mother was Muggle-born.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580808639526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Muggle-born", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031620979309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Muggle-born is the term applied to wizards and witches who come from non-magical families. According to Rowling, the average Hogwarts annual intake for Muggle-borns is 25%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.298982620239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Supremacists typically believe Muggle-borns to be magically deficient, despite examples to the contrary, such as Hermione Granger and Lily Evans, who are exceptionally skilled in their abilities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.703209161758423, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Pure-blood supremacists refer to Muggle-borns with the offensive derogatory term Mudblood. Hagrid was shocked to find out that Draco Malfoy uttered the term to Hermione in order to insult and provoke her, since the slur is never used in proper conversations. Hermione decided to reclaim and use the term \"Mudblood\" with pride instead of shame in an effort to defuse its value as a slur. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.539459228515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "During Voldemort's rule, Muggle-borns were legally required to register with the Muggle-Born Registration Commission. During this time, the Department of Mysteries \"discovered\" that Muggle-borns acquired their magic by \"stealing\" magic and wands from real wizards. Other wizards and witches rejected this notion, such as Ron Weasley, who asks how it is even possible to steal magic. After the fall of the regime, Dolores Umbridge (head of the Commission) and the supporters of this ideology are imprisoned for crimes against Muggle-borns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.493839263916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "To the Muggle world", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854055404663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The Muggles remain, for the most part, oblivious to the wizarding world, a situation considered preferable to the alternative by wizards. Most things of magical nature are hidden or otherwise obscured from Muggles; others (such as Dementors or ghosts) simply cannot be seen by them, although Muggles do experience the same depression and sense of manifest darkness and despair that wizards experience while near a Dementor. It is commented that Muggles generally can dismiss anything they cannot explain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8849111795425415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Likewise, to many magical people, many functional aspects of the Muggle world are rarely glimpsed and mysterious. Wizards and witches' attempts to disguise themselves as Muggles, as when they have to venture out onto \"normal\" streets, often have humorous results. The mispronunciation of common Muggle terms like \"telephone\", \"escalator\", \"plumber\", \"firearms\" or \"policeman\", as \"fellytone\", \"escapator\", \"pumble\", \"firelegs\", and \"please-men\", respectively, is a running gag in the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.292587757110596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Muggle Studies is an option of study at Hogwarts. However, while some professions require its study, to others it is often considered a \"soft option\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150794982910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The only official relations described with the Muggle world are between the Minister for Magic and the Muggle Prime Minister. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince it is revealed that the Minister for Magic privately introduces himself to each new Prime Minister. There is a magical painting in the Prime Minister's office that notifies him of such visits, and a fireplace that is connected to the Floo Network. Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge informed the Prime Minister of the escape of Sirius Black. Fudge also informed the Prime Minister that several problems he was facing were rooted in the war against Voldemort, and that his new secretary Kingsley Shacklebolt was an Auror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.45337948203086853, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The exact extent to which the secrecy and isolation of the wizarding world is maintained varies. Many references are made to the Ministry of Magic performing memory charms to preserve secrecy; however, some Muggles are shown to be aware of the wizarding world. Hermione’s parents are Muggles, but have been seen in Diagon Alley. They are fully aware that magic exists, but they forbade Hermione to use magic to fix her teeth (as dentists, they felt that this was cheating). The Dursleys are also aware of the wizarding world; Petunia Dursley indicates that she learned of it when her sister, Lily, was accepted for Hogwarts. She apparently shared this information with her husband, who is shown to be contemptuous of the wizarding world even before Harry shows up at their doorstep. There is no indication that Dudley was aware of this until Harry is told about Hogwarts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1956539154052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Along with the families of Muggle-born wizards, there are mixed marriages. Seamus Finnigan reports that his mother was a witch who did not inform his Muggle father until after they were married.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021472930908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "There is also some unspecified financial relationship between the two worlds, as it is possible to exchange Muggle Money into Wizard Money, as Hermione's parents are shown doing in the second book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.569097518920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The most obvious example of wizard prejudice is a longstanding disdain, even a genocidal hatred, toward Muggles and wizards and witches of Muggle parentage (Muggle-borns, half-bloods) among certain wizards. This has led to a eugenic philosophy among some of the older Wizarding families, leading to a practice of \"pure-blood\" intermarriage that has exposed many of them (such as the Gaunt family) to the risks of mental instability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.636956691741943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "As noted in the depiction of the Quidditch World Championship in Goblet of Fire, Irish and Bulgarian wizards (and presumably, also those from other countries) can feel a strong national pride and be intensely eager for their country to win – even though Irish and Bulgarian Muggles, who form most of the population in the two countries, are not aware that the Championship is taking place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.526432037353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The books do not refer to the degree to which wars and tensions between Muggle governments (e.g., the World Wars or the Cold War) influence the relations between the respective wizarding governments. However, Rowling has strongly implied that the rise of the dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald and his defeat by Dumbledore in 1945 were related to the rise and fall of the Third Reich.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.176654815673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "There appears to be no official precursory education; apparently, wizard parents home-school their children in basic non-magical topics, such as literacy and arithmetic. Muggle-born wizards (or Muggle-raised wizards), however, clearly experience an ordinary Muggle primary education before enrolling at Hogwarts, something that could be viewed as either a cognitive edge or disadvantage. There are also no compulsory educational laws that exist in the British Wizarding World. Parents may continue to home-school their children, send them to Hogwarts, or send them abroad to other wizarding schools. However, during the time Voldemort had overthrown the Ministry of Magic, attendance at Hogwarts was compulsory, so that his followers could have complete control over the wizarding youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3559329509735107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "The Wizarding Examinations Authority is an organisation responsible for examining students in their fifth and seventh years taking their O.W.L. and N.E.W.T. exams. These relate to the Muggle world's GCSE and A-Level examinations in English, Welsh and Northern Irish schools (National 5 and Higher in Scottish schools) in the UK. The head of the Authority, Griselda Marchbanks, is an elderly witch who examined a school-aged Dumbledore in his N.E.W.T.s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.915788650512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "A fictional system of currency is used by the wizards of the United Kingdom. The currency uses only coins as the units of account. It is based on three types of coin; in order of decreasing value, the gold Galleon, the silver Sickle, and the bronze Knut. Wizarding banks provide money-changing services for those with Muggle currency. The only bank seen in the Harry Potter series is Gringotts, which is located on Diagon Alley in London and has hundreds of vaults. In these vaults, a person can keep whatever he or she wants (like a security vault). Hagrid indicates that wizards have \"just the one\" bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.017637252807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": " 1 galleon or a 41% discount to Muggle purchasers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446395874023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "By far the most popular method of communication is by way of owls. Owls are used for conveying packages, with multiple owls acting in concert for heavier ones; sending mail; delivering newspapers; and acting as a replacement for the Postal Service of the Muggle world. If an owl delivers something such as a newspaper, the recipient places the money for the paper in a small pouch attached to the owl's leg. Not only owls may be used; Sirius Black makes use of a tropical bird, likely a macaw, on one occasion. The Ministry of Magic regulates Owl Mail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.857375144958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Wizards and witches often Apparate to their destinations, which is quite similar to teleportation. It is quite difficult to Apparate; therefore underage wizards and witches are forbidden to do it. There are many examples of failed Apparition attempts made by people who have not passed their \"Apparition test\", which is like a Muggle driving test. If not Apparating correctly, a person may lose a body part in the process. To lose a body part via Apparition is referred to as getting \"splinched\". In Deathly Hallows, Ron gets splinched after being grabbed by Yaxley, a Death Eater. Hermione heals him with a liquid - essence of dittany - that she carried in her bag, a process which takes several days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.974966049194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Portkeys are used if witches or wizards are unable to Apparate, whether that be because they are unable to or because they have an underage witch or wizard in their company. Portkeys can be anything, usually a mundane, everyday object that would easily be overlooked by a muggle. Using the charm \"Portus,\" they are able to carry the user to their destination, so long as the user has hold of the object upon leaving. Portkeys are able to carry multiple people at once, an example being in \"The Goblet of Fire\" when Harry, Hermione Granger, the Weasleys and the Diggorys travel to the Quidditch World Cup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.44049072265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Pumpkin juice is a cold drink favoured by the Wizarding world, and among the students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. It is drunk at any occasion, such as breakfast, lunch, at feasts or on other occasions. It seems to have taken on the same role that orange juice has to Muggles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.719550132751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fictional universe of Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Rowling has stated she created the word \"Muggle\" from \"mug\", an English term for someone who is easily fooled. She added the \"-gle\" to make it sound less demeaning and more \"cuddly\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902073860168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "A 'muggle' is, according to Abbott Walter Bower, the author of the Scotichronicon, \"an Englishman's tail\". In Alistair Moffat's book, A History of the Borders from Early Times it is stated that there was a widely held 13th century belief amongst Scots that Englishmen had tails. Ernest Bramah referred to \"the artful Muggles\" in a detective story published decades before the Potter books (\"The Ghost at Massingham Mansions\",in The Eyes of Max Carrados, Doran, New York, 1924). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.894250869750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "Rowling herself was sued for using the word \"muggle\" in the Harry Potter books. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.975936889648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "Notable Muggles ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352592468261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "*Muggle Prime Minister", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446237564086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "The word muggle, or muggles, is now used in various contexts in which its meaning is similar to the sense in which it appears in the Harry Potter book series. Generally speaking, it is used by members of a group to describe those outside the group, comparable to civilian as used by military personnel. Whereas in the books muggle is consistently capitalised, in other uses it is often predominately lowercase.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.557584762573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "* According to the BBC quiz show QI, in the episode Hocus Pocus, muggle was a 1930s jazz slang word for someone who uses cannabis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203750610351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "* Muggle was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2003, where it is said to refer to a person who is lacking a skill. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9812650680542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "* Muggle is used in informal English by members of small, specialised groups, usually those that consider their activities to either be analogous to or directly involve magic (such as within hacker culture; and pagans, Neopagans and Wiccans) to refer to those outside the group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228529930114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "* Muggle (or geomuggle) is used by geocachers to refer to those not involved in or aware of the sport of geocaching. A cache that has been tampered with by non-participants is said to be plundered or muggled. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72025203704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggle", "passage": "* Muggle is similarly used by Hash House Harriers to refer to members of the public who are not hashers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817824363708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" }, { "answer": "Muggles", "passage": "* The NBC science fiction drama series Heroes features a dog named Mr. Muggles, who is owned by the Bennet family. The writers of the show have stated that the dog's name is an allusion to the Harry Potter series as, like Harry, Claire Bennet has been adopted by a family who does not have any special abilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.13393497467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muggle" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hill", "passage": "A butte is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller than mesas, plateaus, and table landforms. The word butte comes from a French word meaning \"small hill\"; its use is prevalent in the Western United States, including the southwest where \"mesa\" is also used for the larger landform. Because of their distinctive shapes, buttes are frequently landmarks in plains and mountainous areas. ", "precise_score": 3.6735739707946777, "rough_score": 1.0046061277389526, "source": "wiki", "title": "Butte" }, { "answer": "Hill", "passage": "Among the well-known non-flat-topped buttes in the United States are Bear Butte, South Dakota and Black Butte, Oregon. In many cases, buttes have been given other names that do not use the word butte, for example, Courthouse Rock, Nebraska. Also, some large hills that are technically not buttes have names using the word butte, examples of which are Kamiak Butte and Chelan Butte in Washington State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8823329210281372, "source": "wiki", "title": "Butte" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pangaea", "passage": "A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid as the accumulated water vapor began to act in the atmosphere. The two models that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present-day forms or, more likely, a rapid growth early in Earth history followed by a long-term steady continental area. Continents formed by plate tectonics, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinents have formed and broken up three times. Roughly (million years ago), one of the earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–, then finally Pangaea, which also broke apart .", "precise_score": 0.24880918860435486, "rough_score": 2.63631010055542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earth" }, { "answer": "Pangaea", "passage": "Aside from the conventionally known continents, the scope and meaning of the term continent varies. Supercontinents, largely in evidence earlier in the geological record, are landmasses that comprise more than one craton or continental core. These have included Laurasia, Gondwana, Vaalbara, Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, and Pangaea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.46515408158302307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Pangaea", "passage": "The movement of plates has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents. The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2.0–1.8 billion years and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents, and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago. The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia (which became North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (which became the remaining continents).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2150044441223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" } ]

[ { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Notorious and infamous serial killers number in the hundreds, and a subculture revolves around their legacies. That subculture includes the collection, sale, and display of serial killer memorabilia, dubbed \"murderabilia\" by one of the best-known opponents of collectors of serial killer remnants, Andrew Kahan. He is the director of the Mayor's Crime Victims Office in Houston and is backed by the families of murder victims and \"Son of Sam\" laws existing in some states that prevent murderers from profiting from the publicity generated by their crimes.", "precise_score": 4.631662368774414, "rough_score": 6.444353103637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), also known as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer convicted of a series of shooting attacks that began in New York City in the summer of 1976, perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six victims and wounded seven others by July 1977. As the toll mounted, Berkowitz eluded a massive police manhunt while leaving brazen letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes, highly publicized in the press. He terrorized New York and achieved worldwide notoriety.", "precise_score": 7.3421149253845215, "rough_score": 4.340656280517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Son of Sam letter", "precise_score": -0.4397822916507721, "rough_score": -1.7807228565216064, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Police discovered a handwritten letter near the bodies of Esau and Suriani, written mostly in block capital letters with some lower-case letters, and addressed to NYPD Captain Joseph Borrelli.Scott, p. 73. With this letter, Berkowitz revealed the name \"Son of Sam\" for the first time. The press had previously dubbed the killer \"the .44 Caliber Killer\" because of his signature weapon.Gibson, p. 13. The letter was initially withheld from public view, but some of its contents leaked to the press, and the name \"Son of Sam\" rapidly eclipsed the old name.", "precise_score": 6.382563591003418, "rough_score": 4.6578192710876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Underneath the \"Son of Sam\" was a logo or sketch that combined several symbols. The writer's question \"What will you have for July 29?\" was taken as an ominous threat: July 29 would be the anniversary of the first .44 caliber shooting. Breslin notified police, who thought that the letter was probably from someone with knowledge of the shootings. The Breslin letter was sophisticated in its wording and presentation, especially when compared to the crudely written first letter, and police suspected that it might have been created in an art studio or similar professional location by someone with expertise in printing, calligraphy, or graphic design.Terry (1999), p. 51. The unusual writing caused the police to speculate that the killer was a comic letterer, and they asked staff members of DC Comics whether they recognized the lettering. The \"Wicked King Wicker\" reference led police to arrange a private screening of The Wicker Man, a 1973 horror film.", "precise_score": 0.5351323485374451, "rough_score": 0.4920201897621155, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Decades after his arrest, the name \"Son of Sam\" remains widely recognized as a notorious serial killer, and it evokes a distinctive time in New York City history. Many manifestations in popular culture have helped perpetuate this notoriety, while Berkowitz himself continues to express remorse on Christian websites. ", "precise_score": 8.12281322479248, "rough_score": 6.852475643157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Jimmy Breslin, in collaboration with writer Dick Schaap, published a novelized account of the murders, Son of Sam (1978), less than a year after Berkowitz's arrest. The highly fictionalized plot centers around a Berkowitz-based character dubbed \"Bernard Rosenfeld\", and in North America the book itself was renamed as .44. ", "precise_score": 6.359187602996826, "rough_score": -0.14491981267929077, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Son of Sam has been popularly (and mistakenly) associated with the contemporaneous song \"Psycho Killer\" (1977) by Talking Heads; compositions more directly inspired by the events include \"Son of Sam\" (1978) by The Dead Boys; \"Son of Sam\" by Elliott Smith; and \"Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun\" (1989) by Beastie Boys. Guitarist Scott Putesky used the stage name \"Daisy Berkowitz\" while playing with Marilyn Manson in the 1990s, additionally, Manson's song \"Sam, son of man\" is quite conspicuously describing Berkowitz; several other rock musicians established a full ensemble called Son of Sam in 2000. ", "precise_score": 3.043649911880493, "rough_score": 2.291647434234619, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "David Berkowitz", "passage": "Herbert Mullin believed the American casualties in the Vietnam War were preventing California from experiencing the Big One. As the war wound down, Mullin claimed his father instructed him via telepathy to raise the number of \"human sacrifices to nature\" in order to delay a catastrophic earthquake that would plunge California into the ocean. David Berkowitz (\"Son of Sam\") is also an example of a visionary killer. He claimed a demon transmitted orders through his neighbor's dog and instructed him to commit murder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.137332916259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Serial killer" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Intense coverage of the case by the media lent almost a celebrity status to Berkowitz, and observers noted indignantly that he appeared to enjoy it. In response, the New York State legislature enacted new legal statutes, known popularly as \"Son of Sam laws\", designed to keep criminals from profiting financially from the publicity surrounding their crimes. Despite various amendments and legal challenges, the statutes have remained law in New York, and similar laws have been enacted in several other states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2699689865112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Richard David Falco", "passage": "Berkowitz's mother, Betty Broder, grew up in an impoverished Jewish family and married Tony Falco, an Italian-American Catholic, in 1936. After a marriage of less than four years, Falco left her for another woman. Roughly a decade passed before Broder took up with a new partner, a married man named Joseph Klineman, around 1950. Three years later she became pregnant with a child to whom she chose to give the surname FalcoAbrahamsen, p. 80.—Richard David Falco was born on June 1, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York. Within a few days of his birth, she gave the child away. Although her reasons for doing so are unknown, later writers have surmised that Klineman threatened to abandon her if she kept the baby and used his name.Leyton, p. 206.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.112855911254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Donna Lauria", "passage": "Donna Lauria and Jody Valenti shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3628511428833, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "The first shooting attributed to the Son of Sam took place in the Pelham Bay area of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough. At about 1:10 a.m. on July 29, 1976, Donna Lauria, 18, and her friend Jody Valenti, 19, were sitting in Valenti's Oldsmobile, discussing their evening at Peachtree's, a New Rochelle discotheque.Terry (1999), pp. 23–24. Lauria opened the car door to leave and noticed a man quickly approaching the car. Startled and angered by the man's sudden appearance, she said, \"Now what is this ...\" The man produced a pistol from the paper bag that he carried and went into a crouch. He braced one elbow on his knee, aimed his weapon with both hands, and fired. Lauria was struck by one bullet that killed her instantly. Valenti was shot in her thigh, and a third bullet missed both women. The shooter turned and quickly walked away, without having said a word.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.20578145980835, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Virginia Voskerichian", "passage": "Virginia Voskerichian shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410310745239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Virginia Voskerichian", "passage": "At about 7:30 p.m. on March 8, 1977, Columbia University student Virginia Voskerichian, 19, was walking home from school when she was confronted by an armed man. She lived about a block from where Christine Freund was shot. In a desperate move to defend herself, Voskerichian lifted her textbooks between herself and her killer, but the makeshift shield was penetrated, the bullet striking her head and killing her.Leyton, p. 193.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783793449401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "The crimes were discussed in the local media virtually every day. Circulation increased dramatically for the New York Post and Daily News, newspapers whose muscular headlines and graphic crime reporting boosted sales well past the date of Berkowitz's arrest. The world press carried many of the reports too: the Son of Sam case reached the front page of newspapers as far afield as the Vatican's L'Osservatore Romano, the Hebrew newspaper Maariv, and the Soviet Izvestia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.562505722045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Valentina Suriani", "passage": "Alexander Esau and Valentina Suriani shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265835762023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Valentina Suriani", "passage": "At about 3:00 a.m. on April 17, 1977, Alexander Esau, 20, and Valentina Suriani, 18, were sitting in Suriani's car near her home in the Bronx, only a few blocks from the scene of the Lauria–Valenti shooting, when each was shot twice. Suriani died at the scene, and Esau died in the hospital several hours later without being able to describe his attacker(s).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205642700195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Stacy Moskowitz", "passage": "Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante shooting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269800186157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Stacy Moskowitz", "passage": "Early on July 31, 1977, Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante, both 20, were in Violante's car, which was parked under a streetlight near a city park in the neighborhood of Bath Beach. They were kissing when a man approached to within about three feet of the passenger side of Violante's car and fired four gunshots into the car, striking both victims in the head before he escaped into the park. Moskowitz died several hours later in the hospital. Violante survived, though one of his eyes was destroyed and he retains very limited vision in the other eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390183448791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "The Moskowitz–Violante crime produced more witnesses than any of the other Son of Sam murders, notably the only direct eyewitness who was not an intended victim. During the shooting, 19-year-old Tommy Zaino was parked with his date three cars in front of Violante's. Moments before the shooting, Zaino caught a peripheral glimpse of the shooter's approach and happened to glance in his rear view mirror just in time to see the actual shooting. Zaino clearly saw the perpetrator for several seconds due to the bright street light and full moon, later describing him as 25 to 30 years old, of average height— to —with shaggy hair that was dark blond or light brown. Zaino said that the shooter's hair \"looked like a wig.\"Terry (1999), p. 70.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.603801727294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Thomas Scally stated that he was sitting in Alley Pond Park on Winchester Boulevard at dusk with a female friend when a yellow Volkswagen Beetle rolled up to his car, door to door and only three inches apart from his vehicle without its engine running. Scally kept an air gun under his seat and, as the VW rolled up to his car, the VW driver was met with the gun pointed straight at him. At first, he appeared to be a light-skinned black male, but he also appeared to be wearing a stocking over his face. The driver of the VW quickly started his car and gunned it in reverse out of the parking lot. Scally chased the car to a point in Glen Oaks where he jumped out and ran. He did not want to leave his female passenger to give chase, so he called the Son of Sam Hot Line. Detective Richard Carroll from the Son of Sam Task Force (and Scally's former baseball coach) later told Scally that he had indeed seen the Son of Sam. Glen Oaks turned out to be the home of Berkowitz's sister and lay in close proximity to the site of the Donna DiMaise and Joanne LoMino shootings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8899946212768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Police did not learn of the Moskowitz–Violante shooting until about 2:50 a.m., and Dowd did not think that it was another Son of Sam shooting until an officer at the scene reported that large-caliber shells had been used. Police set up a series of roadblocks about an hour after the shooting, stopping hundreds of cars to question drivers and inspect vehicles. During interviews, Masters and others described a Volkswagen speeding from the crime scene, and police now suspected that the shooter owned or drove such a vehicle. In subsequent days, police determined that there were over 900 Volkswagens in New York or New Jersey, and they made plans to track down each of these cars and their owners. Detective John Falotico was awakened at home and told to report to the 10th Homicide Division at the 60th Precinct station house in Coney Island. He was told that Stacy Moskowitz and Robert Violante had been shot. Detective Falotico was given two weeks to work on the case as a normal murder investigation. Then it was to be handed over to a special Son of Sam task force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.765703201293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Justis asked the Yonkers police for some help tracking down Berkowitz. According to Mike Novotny, a sergeant at the Yonkers Police Department, the Yonkers police had their own suspicions about Berkowitz in connection with other strange crimes in Yonkers, crimes that they saw referred to in one of the Son of Sam letters. To the shock of the NYPD, they told the New York City detective that Berkowitz might just be the Son of Sam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.194823265075684, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Next to the man in the car was a paper bag later found to contain a .44-caliber revolver of the type used in the shootings. As described in Son of Sam (1981) by Lawrence D. Klausner, Detective Falotico remembered the big, inexplicable smile on the man's face:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.857036590576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "In an alternate version his first words were reported to be, \"Well, you got me. How come it took you such a long time?\"Scott, p. 77. Detective John Falotico is officially credited by the New York City Police Department as the arresting officer of the Son of Sam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.149765968322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Police searched Apartment 7-E and found it in disarray, with Satanic graffiti on the walls. They also found diaries that he had kept since he was twenty-one—three stenographer's notebooks nearly all full wherein Berkowitz meticulously noted hundreds of arsons that he claimed to have set throughout New York City.Gibson, p. 22. Some sources allege that this number might be over 1,400. Shortly after Berkowitz's arrest, the address of the building was changed from 35 Pine Street to 42 Pine Street in an attempt to cover up notoriety. After the arrest, Berkowitz was briefly held in a Yonkers police station before being transported directly to the 60th Precinct in Coney Island, where the detectives' task force was located.Abrahamsen, pp. 11–13. At about 1:00 a.m., Mayor Abe Beame arrived to see the suspect personally. After a brief and wordless encounter, he announced to the media: \"The people of the City of New York can rest easy because of the fact that the police have captured a man whom they believe to be the Son of Sam.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.013161659240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "In 1987, Berkowitz became a born-again Christian in prison. According to his personal testimony, his moment of conversion occurred after reading Psalm 34:6 from a Bible given to him by a fellow inmate. He says he is no longer to be referred to as the \"Son of Sam\" but the \"Son of Hope\". In the same testimony, he claimed his involvement in the cult had been a major factor in the Son of Sam murders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.555750846862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "David Berkowitz", "passage": "Shortly after his imprisonment, Berkowitz invited Malachi Martin, an exorcist, to help him compose an autobiography, but the offer was not accepted. In later years, Berkowitz developed his memoirs with assistance from colleagues in the born-again Christian community. His reflections were released as an interview video, Son of Hope, in 1998, with a more extensive work released in book form, entitled Son of Hope: The Prison Journals of David Berkowitz (2006). Berkowitz collects no royalties or profits from any sales of his works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54713249206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "In 1993, Berkowitz first made these claims known when he announced to the press that he had killed only three of the Son of Sam victims: Donna Lauria, Alexander Esau and Valentina Suriani. In this revised confession, Berkowitz says that there were other shooters involved and that he personally fired the gun only in the first attack (Lauria and Valenti)Terry (1999), p. 528. and the sixth (Esau and Suriani).Terry, p. 530. He says that he and several other cult members were involved in every incident by planning the events, providing early surveillance of the victims, and acting as lookouts and drivers at the crime scenes. Berkowitz states that he cannot divulge the names of most of his accomplices without putting his family directly at risk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.095671653747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Journalist John Hockenberry asserts that, even aside from the Satanic cult claims, many officials doubted the single-shooter theory, writing, \"what most don't know about the Son of Sam case is that from the beginning, not everyone bought the idea that Berkowitz acted alone.\" John Santucci, Queens District Attorney at the time of the killings, and police investigator Mike Novotny both expressed their convictions that Berkowitz had accomplices. Other contemporaries have voiced their belief in the Satanic cult theory, including Carl Denaro and Donna Lauria's father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.637508869171143, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Hockenberry's own report was covered on network news and given in-depth exposure by Dateline NBC (2004). In it, he discusses another journalist, Maury Terry, who had begun investigating the Son of Sam shootings before Berkowitz was arrested. Terry published a series of investigative articles in the Gannett newspapers in 1979 which challenged the official explanation of a lone gunman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.532566547393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Vigorously denied by police at the time, Terry's articles were widely read and discussed; they were later assembled in book form as The Ultimate Evil (1987). Largely impelled by these reports of accomplices and Satanic cult activity, the Son of Sam case was reopened by Yonkers police in 1996, but no new charges were filed. Due to a lack of findings, the investigation was eventually suspended but remains unclosed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2515153884887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "David Berkowitz", "passage": "Berkowitz's later claims are dismissed by many. Breslin rejected his story of Satanic cult accomplices, stating that \"when they talked to David Berkowitz that night, he recalled everything step by step by step. The guy has 1,000 percent recall and that's it. He's the guy and there's nothing else to look at.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10229778289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Skeptics include a former FBI profiler who spent hours interviewing Berkowitz. He states that he was convinced Berkowitz acted alone and was an \"introverted loner, not capable of being involved in group activity.\" Dr. Harvey Schlossberg, a NYPD psychologist, states in the Against The Law documentary on the Son of Sam case that he believes that the Satanic cult claims are nothing but a fantasy concocted by Berkowitz to absolve himself of the crimes. Forensic anthropologist Elliott Leyton argued that \"recent journalistic attempts to abridge—or even deny—Berkowitz's guilt have lacked all credibility.\"Leyton, p. 186.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.200389385223389, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "Beginning in the 1980s, several US states enacted so-called \"Son of Sam laws\". The first of these laws was enacted in New York state after rampant speculation about publishers offering Berkowitz large sums of money for his story. The new law authorized the state to seize all money earned from such a deal from a criminal for five years, with intentions to use the seized money to compensate victims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.28278112411499, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "The Spike Lee drama Summer of Sam was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam. The film depicts the tensions that develop in a Bronx neighborhood during the shootings, and Berkowitz's part is largely symbolic. A minor character in the script, he functions \"mostly as a berserk metaphor for Lee's view of the seventies as a period of amoral excess\". Berkowitz was reported to be greatly upset by what he called exploitation of \"the ugliness of the past\". Other film portrayals of Berkowitz include the Ulli Lommel DVD release Son of Sam (2008) and the CBS television movie Out of the Darkness (1985). The character of Son of Sam played a significant minor role in the miniseries The Bronx Is Burning (2007).Mayo, pp. 32–33.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.120403528213501, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "A cartoon composite of Berkowitz and the breakfast cereal icon Toucan Sam was featured in Green Jellÿ's comedy rock video Cereal Killer (1992) under the name of \"Toucan Son of Sam\", but was later removed under threat of a copyright lawsuit by the Kellogg Company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8257827758789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" }, { "answer": "Son of sam", "passage": "The 2016 book Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina is set in New York during 1977, when Berkowitz was captured. Her book depicts how fear of being one of the Son of Sam victims impacted the daily lives of people living in New York City during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.090744018554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "David Berkowitz" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "Sauerkraut (;) is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. ", "precise_score": 3.6996378898620605, "rough_score": 2.582444667816162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "Sauerkraut took root mostly in Eastern European and Germanic cuisines, but also in other countries including the Netherlands, where it is known as zuurkool, and France, where the name became choucroute. The English name is borrowed from German where it means literally \"sour herb\" or \"sour cabbage\". The names in Slavic and other East European languages are not cognate with German sauerkraut, but have similar meanings: \"fermented cabbage\" (, , or kwaszona kapusta, , , ) or \"sour cabbage\" (, , , , , , , ). ", "precise_score": 6.110626220703125, "rough_score": 6.467149257659912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "Sauerkraut is made by a process of pickling called lactic acid fermentation that is analogous to how traditional (not heat-treated) pickled cucumbers and kimchi are made. The cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt, and left to ferment. Fully cured sauerkraut keeps for several months in an airtight container stored at 15 °C (60 °F) or below. Neither refrigeration nor pasteurization is required, although these treatments prolong storage life.", "precise_score": 1.3504024744033813, "rough_score": -0.7187146544456482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "* Sauerkraut = fermented white cabbage or 'sour cabbage'", "precise_score": 3.196176052093506, "rough_score": 0.502311110496521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "Fermented foods have a long history in many cultures, with sauerkraut being one of the most well-known instances of traditional fermented moist cabbage side dishes. The Roman writers Cato (in his De Agri Cultura) and Columella (in his De re Rustica) mentioned preserving cabbages and turnips with salt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.455541610717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "During World War I, due to concerns the American public would reject a product with a German name, American sauerkraut makers relabeled their product as \"Liberty cabbage\" for the duration of the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6602256298065186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "Fermentation by lactobacilli is introduced naturally, as these air-borne bacteria culture on raw cabbage leaves where they grow. Yeasts also are present, and may yield soft sauerkraut of poor flavor when the fermentation temperature is too high. The fermentation process has three phases, collectively sometimes referred to as population dynamics. In the first phase, anaerobic bacteria such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter lead the fermentation, and begin producing an acidic environment that favors later bacteria. The second phase starts as the acid levels become too high for many bacteria, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides and other Leuconostoc spp. take dominance. In the third phase, various Lactobacillus species, including L. brevis and L. plantarum, ferment any remaining sugars, further lowering the pH. Properly cured sauerkraut is sufficiently acidic to prevent a favorable environment for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the toxins of which cause botulism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.839292049407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "In Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian cuisine, chopped cabbage is usually pickled together with shredded carrots. Other ingredients may include whole or quartered apples for additional flavor or cranberry for flavor and better keeping (the benzoic acid in cranberries is a common preservative). Bell peppers also known to be added as they improve the looks of the completed dish. The resulting sauerkraut salad is typically served cold, as a zakuski or a side dish. There is also a home made type of very mild sauerkraut where white cabbage is pickled with salt in a refrigerator for only between three and seven days. This results in very little lactic acid being produced. Typically wider strips of 1 to 2 centimeters (1\") are used rather than the shredded cabbage used for traditional sauerkraut. This type is popular when eaten with zakuski.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.519353151321411, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "File:Cabbage Soup Kapuśniak 01.JPG|Kapuśniak made with sauerkraut ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.892270565032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "* It is a source of vitamins C, B, and K; the fermentation process increases the bioavailability of nutrients rendering sauerkraut even more nutritious than the original cabbage. It is also low in calories and high in calcium and magnesium, and it is a very good source of dietary fiber, folate, iron, potassium, copper and manganese.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.22127628326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "* The October 23, 2002 issue of the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry reported that Finnish researchers found the isothiocyanates produced in sauerkraut fermentation inhibit the growth of cancer cells in test tube and animal studies. A Polish study in 2010 concluded that \"... induction of the key detoxifying enzymes by cabbage juices, particularly sauerkraut, may be responsible for their chemopreventive activity demonstrated by epidemiological studies and in animal models\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.211125373840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sauerkraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "The mainstay of the Ancient Greek diet was bread, and this was accompanied by goat's cheese, olives, figs, fish and occasionally meat. The vegetables grown included onions, garlic, cabbages, melons and lentils. In Ancient Rome a thick porridge was made of emmer wheat or beans, accompanied by green vegetables but little meat, and fish was not esteemed. The Romans grew broad beans, peas, onions and turnips and ate the leaves of beets rather than their roots. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4683256149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vegetable" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "High levels of both sugar and salt can preserve food by preventing micro-organisms from growing. Green beans can be salted by layering the pods with salt, but this method of preservation is unsuited to most vegetables. Marrows, beetroot, carrot and some other vegetables can be boiled with sugar to create jams. Vinegar is widely used in food preservation; a sufficient concentration of acetic acid prevents the development of destructive micro-organisms, a fact made use of in the preparation of pickles, chutneys and relishes. Fermentation is another method of preserving vegetables for later use. Sauerkraut is made from chopped cabbage and relies on lactic acid bacteria which produce compounds that are inhibitory to the growth of other micro-organisms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535386085510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vegetable" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "In German, the term means \"herb\", or designates the leaves and stem of a plant as opposed to the root. The term is more often used in compound nouns for herbs, and also for cabbage and cabbage products:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.559791564941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "* Weißkraut = white cabbage (also called Weißkohl)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.034273147583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kraut" }, { "answer": "Cabbage", "passage": "* Blaukraut or Rotkraut = red cabbage (also called Rotkohl)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.040667533874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kraut" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "* Gerard Schwarz (born 1947), conductor, currently with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra. ", "precise_score": 3.492070198059082, "rough_score": 7.120748519897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Weehawken, New Jersey" }, { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "Gerard Schwarz (born August 19, 1947) is an American conductor and trumpeter. He was the music director of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra from 1985 to 2011. ", "precise_score": 6.731346607208252, "rough_score": 8.221090316772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerard Schwarz" }, { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "Gerard Schwarz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048181533813477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Symphony" }, { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "Gerard Schwarz became music advisor of the orchestra in 1983 and principal conductor in 1984, before being named music director in 1985. Under Schwarz's leadership, the orchestra became particularly known for performing works of twentieth-century composers, especially neglected American composers. Together, Schwarz and the orchestra have made more than 100 commercial recordings, including the major orchestral works of Howard Hanson and David Diamond as well as works by Charles Tomlinson Griffes, Walter Piston, Paul Creston, William Schuman, Alan Hovhaness, Morton Gould, David Diamond, and others, for Delos International and Naxos Records. The orchestra received its first Grammy nomination in January 1990 for a 1989 recording of music of Howard Hanson. The orchestra also recorded a musical score to the SeaWorld, Orlando, stage show A'lure, The Call of the Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.697897911071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Symphony" }, { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "* Gerard Schwarz (1985-2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011361122131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Symphony" }, { "answer": "Gerard Schwarz", "passage": "In 2011, the block around Benaroya Hall was named \"Gerard Schwarz Place.\" A portrait painting of Schwarz by artist Michele Rushworth was unveiled and installed at Benaroya Hall in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082780838012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerard Schwarz" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term \"cola\".", "precise_score": 4.395676136016846, "rough_score": 5.837676048278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily of the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. Cola acuminata, an evergreen tree about 20 metres in height, has long, ovoid leaves pointed at both the ends with a leathery texture. The trees have yellow flowers with purple spots, and star-shaped fruit. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds develop in a white seed-shell. The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like. The first taste is bitter, but it sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola. This tree reaches 25 meters in height and is propagated through seeds. C. nitida and C. acuminata can easily be interchanged with other Cola species.", "precise_score": -0.21783341467380524, "rough_score": 0.908527135848999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut has a bitter flavor and contains caffeine. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to chiefs or presented to guests.", "precise_score": -0.05620257183909416, "rough_score": -1.8717658519744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Kola nuts are perhaps best known to Western culture as a flavoring ingredient and one of the sources of caffeine in cola and other similarly flavored beverages, although the use of kola (or kola flavoring) in commercial cola drinks has become uncommon. ", "precise_score": 3.7047853469848633, "rough_score": 2.7427384853363037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Kola nuts are an important part of the traditional spiritual practice of culture and religion in West Africa, particularly Niger and Nigeria. The 1970s hit \"Goro City\", by Manu Dibango, highlights the significance of kola nuts (called \"goro\" in the Hausa language) to the capital of Niger, Niamey. Kola nuts are used as a religious object and sacred offering during prayers, ancestor veneration, and significant life events, such as naming ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. They are also used in a traditional divination system called Obi divination. For this use, only kola nuts divided into four lobes are suitable. They are cast upon a special wooden board and the resulting patterns are read by a trained diviner. This ancient practice is currently enjoying increased growth within the United States and Caribbean.", "precise_score": -4.540904521942139, "rough_score": -3.66245698928833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Kola nuts comprise about 2% caffeine, as well as containing kolanin and theobromine. All three chemicals function as stimulants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.653280258178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Human use of the kola nut, like the coffee berry and tea leaf, appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a social setting, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.639233589172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Regular weeding is a must and can either be done manually or by using herbicides. Some irrigation can be provided to the plants, but it is important to remove the water through an effective drainage system, as excess water may prove to be detrimental for the growth of the plant. When not grown in adequate shade, the kola nut plant responds well to fertilizers. Usually, the plants need to be provided with windbreaks to protect them from strong gales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18908405303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Kola nuts can be harvested mechanically or by hand, by plucking them at the tree branch. When kept in a cool, dry place, kola nuts can be stored for a long time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.962714672088623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The nuts are subject to attack by the kola weevil Balanogastris cola. The larvae of the moth Characoma strictigrapta that also attacks cacao bore into the nuts. Traders sometimes apply an extract of the bark of Rauvolfia vomitoria or the pulverised fruits of Xylopia and Capsicum to counteract the attack on nursery plants. The cacao pests Sahlbergella spp. have been found also on C. nitida as an alternative host plant. While seeds are liable to worm attack, the wood is subject to borer attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.181614875793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "A kola nut ceremony is briefly described in Chinua Achebe's 1959 novel Things Fall Apart. The eating of kola nuts is referred to at least a further ten times in the novel showing the significance of the kola nut in pre-colonial 1890s Nigerian culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.14966869354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut is also mentioned in The Color Purple by Alice Walker, although it is misspelled \"cola\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.116515636444092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut is mentioned in Bloc Party's song \"Where is Home?\" on the album A Weekend in the City. The lyric, setting a post-funeral scene for the murder of a black boy in London, reads,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.317079544067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "\"After the funeral, breaking kola nuts, we sit and reminisce about the past.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.197288513183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The kola nut is mentioned in the At the Drive-In song \"Enfilade\" on the album Relationship of Command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.992474555969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kola nut" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Similarly, persons with known sensitivities or allergies to food products are advised to avoid foods that contain generic \"natural flavors\" or to first determine the source of the flavoring before consuming the food. Such flavors may be derived from a variety of source products that are themselves common allergens, such as dairy, soy, sesame, eggs, and nuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832413673400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flavor" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "The over-consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dental caries, and low nutrient levels. Experimental studies tend to support a causal role for sugar-sweetened soft drinks in these ailments, though this is challenged by other researchers. \"Sugar-sweetened\" includes drinks that use high-fructose corn syrup, as well as those using sucrose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.539220809936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "Other research suggests that soft drinks could play a special role in weight gain. One four-week experiment compared a 450 calorie/day supplement of sugar-sweetened soft drinks to a 450 calorie/day supplement of jelly beans. The jelly bean supplement did not lead to weight gain, but the soft drink supplement did. The likely reason for the difference in weight gain is that people who consumed the jelly beans lowered their caloric intake at subsequent meals, while people who consumed soft drinks did not. Thus, the low levels of satiety provided by sugar-sweetened soft drinks may explain their association with obesity. That is, people who consume calories in sugar-sweetened beverages may fail to adequately reduce their intake of calories from other sources. Indeed, people consume more total calories in meals and on days when they are given sugar-sweetened beverages than when they are given artificially sweetened beverages or water. However, these results are contradicted by a study by Adam Drewnowski published in 2004, in which \"32 subjects consumed a 300-calorie snack of fat-free raspberry cookies or regular cola on two occasions each – either two hours (\"early\") or 20 minutes (\"late\") before lunch.\" It found that \"...the calories eaten at lunch were not affected by whether the snack was cookies or cola.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.259858131408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "According to research presented at the American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2013 Scientific Sessions by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, sugar-sweetened beverages may be responsible for 180,000 deaths every year worldwide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243265151977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, drinking soda correlates with a decrease in milk consumption along with the vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium, protein and other micronutrients. Phosphorus, a micronutrient, can be found in cola-type beverages, but there may be a risk in consuming too much. Phosphorus and calcium are used in the body to create calcium-phosphate, which is the main component of bone. However, the combination of too much phosphorus with too little calcium in the body can lead to a degeneration of bone mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494894027709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "One hypothesis to explain this relationship is that the phosphoric acid contained in some soft drinks (colas) displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to weakened bones, or osteoporosis. However, calcium metabolism studies by Dr. Robert Heaney suggested that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulant) on calcium excretion in urine was negligible. Heaney concluded that carbonated soft drinks, which do not contain the nutrients needed for bone health, may displace other foods which do, and that the real issue is that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in calcium. In the 1950s and 1960s there were attempts in France and Japan to ban the sale of Coca-Cola as dangerous since phosphates can block calcium absorption. However, these were unsuccessful as the amounts of phosphate were shown to be too small to have a significant effect. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.177478790283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" }, { "answer": "Nut", "passage": "On 19 May 2006, the British Education Secretary, Alan Johnson, announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food. Among a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and tuck shops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07982349395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soft drink" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -9.638041496276855, "rough_score": -10.944854736328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events. Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman. Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists, Laura Ling and Euna Lee, from North Korea. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his reelection campaign.", "precise_score": -9.884233474731445, "rough_score": -10.83458423614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is executive privilege, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon, , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones, , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281768798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows the House of Representatives to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\" Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38393497467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "Since 2001, the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380444526672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Bill Clinton", "passage": "File:Clinton 2k15.tif|Bill Clinton42nd (1993–2001)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413000106811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "The Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his cultural role as the King of the Beasts, he is not indeed brave. Despite outward evidence that he is unreasonably fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and the leap back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tall tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he still goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat, but the idea makes her uncomfortable.", "precise_score": 5.688358306884766, "rough_score": 8.00055980682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cowardly Lion" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "Back at the Emerald City, the Wizard delays granting their requests. Then Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the \"Wizard\" as a normal middle-aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image; he denies Dorothy's accusation that he is a bad man, but admits to being a humbug. He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal, and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped watch, granting their wishes and convincing them that they have received what they sought. He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home, but Toto chases a cat, Dorothy follows, and the balloon leaves without them. Glinda arrives and tells her that she can still return home by tapping her heels together three times and repeating, \"There's no place like home\". After bidding a tearful goodbye to her friends, Dorothy taps her heels together and awakens from her dream, surrounded by her family, the farmhands, Professor Marvel, and Toto.", "precise_score": 0.811413049697876, "rough_score": 2.2505083084106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "Several significant changes were made to the story told in Baum's original novel when making The Wizard of Oz. Many details within the plot are omitted or altered, while many of the situations and perils that Dorothy encountered and experienced in the novel are not at all mentioned nor seen in the feature film. The Land of Oz and Dorothy's time there are all real in the book, not just an elaborate dream caused from unconsciousness. According to Baum, Oz is just an undiscovered continent that is hidden and surrounded by a harsh desert (officially called the Deadly Desert in later Oz books) that is much too dangerous to successfully cross, thus keeping the realm and its inhabitants safe from global discovery and unwanted invasion. In the book, on Dorothy's first night in Oz, she and Toto attend a lavish banquet at the local estate of a wealthy Munchkin man named Boq who is celebrating the death of the Wicked Witch of the East with his closest friends and five fiddlers. In the movie, a celebration is thrown upon Dorothy's arrival, but with all the Munchkin citizens of Munchkinland instead. In the book, the Tin Man, (mostly referred to as the Tin Woodman by Baum) has a rather tragic backstory, while in the movie, his backstory is never revealed in detail. The characters of the Good Witch of the North (who has no name in the book), Glinda the Good Witch of the South, and the Queen of the Field Mice who helps to rescue the Cowardly Lion from the deadly poppies are merged into one omniscient character, instead: Glinda the Good Witch of the North, who saves the entire group from the Wicked Witch's curse on the poppies, while the original Witch of the North and the Mouse Queen's roles are eliminated. To take advantage of the new vivid Technicolor process, Dorothy's charmed Silver Shoes were changed to magic ruby slippers for the movie. Due to time constraints, a number of incidents from the book—such as encountering the flesh-eating Kalidah beast while halfway on the yellow brick road; the adventures that take place towards the end of the novel while traveling in the country of the southern Quadlings; the enclave of Dainty China Country; the hill of the Hammer-Heads; and the Cowardly Lion officially becoming the King of the beasts after killing a giant, monstrous spider terrorizing the animals of the forest—were completely cut from the script. Also in the novel, upon arriving to the Emerald City, Dorothy and her companions are forced to wear green-tinted spectacles by the Guardian of the Gates before entering to protect their eyes from being blinded by the brightness and glory of the city's beauty and brilliance. The wizard also appears to each member of Dorothy's group separately in different forms each day and asks each of them individually to kill the Wicked Witch of the West, whereas in the movie he appears to them all at the same time as a giant, green head levitating above a throne (only one of the many forms he took in the book) and asks them to bring back the Wicked Witch's broomstick to prove themselves worthy of his assistance regarding their request. When the Wicked Witch of the West's character is introduced, no mention is made of her having greenish skin or owning a crystal ball. Instead, she has only one eye, yet Baum says it is as powerful as a telescope, enabling the witch to see what was happening all throughout her western kingdom in Ozs Winkie Country. ", "precise_score": 0.269085556268692, "rough_score": 0.7280480265617371, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt and uncle in the bleak landscape of a Kansas farm. Whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothy's blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothy's mother in The Emerald City of Oz, possibly an indication that Henry is Dorothy's blood relative. (It is also possible that \"Aunt\" and \"Uncle\" are affectionate terms of a foster family and that Dorothy is not related to either of them, although Zeb in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz claims to be Dorothy's second cousin, related through Aunt Em. Little mention is made of what happened to Dorothy's birth parents, other than a passing reference to her mother being dead.) Along with her small black dog Toto, Dorothy is swept away by a tornado to the Land of Oz and, much like Alice of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, they enter an alternative world filled with talking creatures. In many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz, Princess Ozma. Her trademark blue and white gingham dress is admired by the Munchkins because blue is their favorite color and white is worn only by good witches and sorceresses, which indicates to them that Dorothy is a good witch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.55494499206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dorothy Gale" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "A window knocked out Dorothy when the tornado was approaching the farm. After that storm lifted the farmhouse, she and Toto saw a chicken coop, an old lady knitting calmly in a rocking chair with a cat on her lap, a cow, and two men rowing a boat who doff their hats to her as well as miscellaneous debris flying by them. Finally, Dorothy saw Miss Almira Gulch, who was going to abduct Toto to the sheriff, fly on her bicycle outside the window, becoming a witch on a broom. As one of the first movies to be filmed in Technicolor, the director had the color of the famous magic slippers changed from silver to red because the Ruby slippers were more visually appealing on film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.612393379211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dorothy Gale" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.361630439758301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dorothy Gale" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "When Zelena gets banished to Oz once again in a later episode, she steals Dorothy's dog Toto. When Dorothy tries to rescue Toto, Zelena puts her under a sleeping curse and she can only be awoken by true love's kiss. At the end of the episode Ruby/Red Ridding Hood wakes Dorothy up by giving Dorothy true loves kiss, making them the show's first LGBT couple.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.877256393432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dorothy Gale" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "The Scarecrow appeared in the Once Upon a Time episode \"Our Decay\" voiced by Paul Scheer. Many years ago, Zelena the Wicked Witch of the West targeted him for his brain as part of her attempt to create a time-travel spell. Before she can remove Scarecrow's brain, Dorothy and Toto arrived where they managed to get away from Zelena. With help from Hades the Lord of the Underworld who enchanted a bicycle that was found at the remains of Dorothy's house, Zelena was able to locate where Dorothy and Scarecrow are hiding. After magically freezing Dorothy, Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4751261472702026, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scarecrow (Oz)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical comedy-drama fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the most well-known and commercially successful adaptation based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. The co-stars are Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke, and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry the dog (billed as Toto), and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.78884220123291, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "The film starts in sepia-toned Kansas. Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothy gets in trouble with a mean neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch, when Toto bites her. However, Dorothy's family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her. Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy, who then decides to run away from home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9675092697143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "On their journey to the Witch's castle, the group passes through the Haunted Forest, while the Witch views their progress through a crystal ball. She sends her winged monkeys to ambush the four; they capture Dorothy and Toto. At the castle, the Witch receives a magical shock when she tries to get the slippers off Dorothy, then remembers that Dorothy must first be killed. Toto escapes and leads her friends to the castle. After ambushing three Winkie guards, they march inside wearing the stolen uniforms and free her, but the Witch and her guards chase them across the battlements and finally surround them. When the Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow, Dorothy puts out the flames with a bucket of water; the Witch is splashed and melts away. The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.313422679901123, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "* Terry as Toto", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.557201385498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and cumbersome process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the actors worked six days a week and had to arrive at the studio as early as 4:00 or 5:00 in the morning, to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and would not leave until 7:00 or 8:00 at night. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). According to Ray Bolger, most of the Oz principals were banned from eating in the studio's commissary due to their costumes. Margaret Hamilton's witch makeup meant that she could not eat solid food, so she practically lived on a liquid diet during filming of the Oz sequences. Additionally, it took upwards of 12 takes to have Dorothy's dog Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4402494430542, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "Excerpts from Robert Schumann's \"The Happy Farmer\" are heard at several points in the film, the first being when Toto runs away from Miss Gulch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.831793785095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" }, { "answer": "Toto", "passage": "** \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\" (Dorothy Gale) – No. 4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.113219261169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U.S. Navy (established 13 October 1775) and the United States Marine Corps (established 10 November 1775). The U.S. Coast Guard dates its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790; that service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service in 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service.", "precise_score": -3.904331684112549, "rough_score": 0.47325706481933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* Service academies (United States Military Academy in West Point, New York; United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland; United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado; the United States Coast Guard Academy at New London, Connecticut; and the United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York)", "precise_score": -0.508796215057373, "rough_score": 0.8606396913528442, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "Under current Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, placement of Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, and Airmen in formation, etc. When the Coast Guard shall operate as part of the Navy, the cadets, United States Coast Guard Academy, the United States Coast Guard, and the Coast Guard Reserve shall take precedence, respectively, after the midshipmen, United States Naval Academy; the United States Navy; and Navy Reserve. ", "precise_score": -7.681360244750977, "rough_score": -6.988968372344971, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "* Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy (when part of the Navy)", "precise_score": -6.009138584136963, "rough_score": -8.115168571472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was the world's third busiest whaling port after New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Nantucket. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture. New London subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, but has gradually lost its commercial and industrial heart. The city is home to Connecticut College, Mitchell College, the United States Coast Guard Academy, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Chinook and the Coast Guard's tall ship Eagle.", "precise_score": -4.325623035430908, "rough_score": -3.2283246517181396, "source": "wiki", "title": "New London, Connecticut" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "Several military installations, including the current United States Coast Guard Academy and Coast Guard Station New London, have been part of New London's history. Most of these have been located at Fort Trumbull. The first Fort Trumbull was an earthwork built 1775-1777 that took part in the Revolutionary War. The second Fort Trumbull was built 1839-1852 and still stands. By 1910 the fort's defensive function had been superseded by the new forts of the Endicott Program, primarily located on Fishers Island. The fort was turned over to the Revenue Cutter Service and became the Revenue Cutter Academy. The Revenue Cutter Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard in 1915, and the Academy relocated to its current site in 1932. During World War II the Merchant Marine Officers Training School was located at Fort Trumbull. From 1950 to 1990 Fort Trumbull was the location for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, which developed sonar and related systems for US Navy submarines. In 1990 the Sound Laboratory was merged with the Naval Underwater Systems Center in Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1996 the New London facility was closed. ", "precise_score": -2.7657291889190674, "rough_score": 5.797149181365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "New London, Connecticut" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* United States Coast Guard Band, founded in 1925 with the assistance of John Philip Sousa. Stationed at the United States Coast Guard Academy and attracting talented musicians from all parts of the country, the band is the official musical representative of the nation's oldest continuous seagoing service.", "precise_score": -7.850447654724121, "rough_score": -7.924455165863037, "source": "wiki", "title": "New London, Connecticut" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country's seven uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission (with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters) and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its mission set. It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime, and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy by the U.S. President at any time, or by the U.S. Congress during times of war. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, and in 1941, during World War II.", "precise_score": -7.147197246551514, "rough_score": -6.382856369018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U.S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the country's five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U.S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan. the Coast Guard had approximately 42,000 men and women on active duty, 7,900 reservists, 32,000 auxiliarists, and 8,700 full-time civilian employees. In terms of size, the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world's 12th largest naval force. ", "precise_score": -6.744111061096191, "rough_score": -3.9845943450927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Further law enforcement authority is given by Title 14 USC, section 143 and Title 19 USC, section 1401, which empower U.S. Coast Guard active and reserve commissioned officers, warrant officers, and petty officers as federal customs officers. This places them under Title 19 USC, section 1589a, which grants customs officers general federal law enforcement authority, including the authority to:", "precise_score": -10.414024353027344, "rough_score": -7.727940559387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four-year service academy located in New London, Connecticut. Approximately 225 cadets graduate each year, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard. Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty. Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation, either as Deck Watch Officers (DWOs) or as Engineer Officers in Training (EOITs). Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector, District, or Area headquarters units.", "precise_score": -0.960656464099884, "rough_score": 3.7671778202056885, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed volunteer component of the Coast Guard, established on 23 June 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve, it was re-designated as the Auxiliary on 19 February 1941. It works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions. Auxiliarists are subject to direction from the Commandant of the Coast Guard making them unique among all federal volunteers (e.g. Air Force's Civil Air Patrol and FBI's InfraGard). As of 2012, there were approximately 32,000 active Auxiliarists. The Coast Guard has assigned primary responsibility for many recreational boating safety tasks to the Auxiliary, including public boating safety education and voluntary vessel safety checks called Courtesy Marine Examinations and Personal Watercraft Safety Checks. ", "precise_score": -10.471885681152344, "rough_score": -6.671856880187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "* Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy (when part of the Department of Homeland Security)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.513282775878906, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* United States Coast Guard (when part of the Navy)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433855056762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* United States Coast Guard (when part of Homeland Security)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784836769104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* United States Coast Guard Reserve (when part of the Navy)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5939359664917, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* United States Coast Guard Reserve (when part of Homeland Security)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899483680725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* The Idlers of the United States Coast Guard Academy, an all-male vocal group specializing in sea shanties and patriotic music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.791121482849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "New London, Connecticut" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* Thomas R. Sargent III (1914–2010), Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.115633010864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "New London, Connecticut" }, { "answer": "National Response Center", "passage": "National Response Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415462493896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "National Response Center", "passage": "Operated by the Coast Guard, the National Response Center (NRC) is the sole U.S. Government point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological, and etiological discharges into the environment anywhere in the United States and its territories. In addition to gathering and distributing spill/incident information for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team, the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports. Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement (MISLE) database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution and safety incidents in the nation's ports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088495254516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The U.S. Coast Guard reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. However, under as amended by section 211 of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, upon the declaration of war and when Congress so directs in the declaration, or when the President directs, the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Defense as a service in the Department of the Navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.062034606933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "As members of the military, Coast Guardsmen on active and reserve service are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and receive the same pay and allowances as members of the same pay grades in the other uniformed services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736711502075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "Coast Guardsmen have the legal authority to carry their service-issued firearms on and off base. This is rarely done in practice, however; at many Coast Guard stations, commanders prefer to have all service-issued weapons in armories when not in use. Still, one court has held that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified law enforcement officers authorized to carry personal firearms off-duty for self-defense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168251991271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Shore establishment commands exist to support and facilitate the mission of the sea and air assets. U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters is located in Southeast Washington, DC. Other shore establishments are Coast Guard Sectors (which may include Coast Guard Bases), Coast Guard Stations, Coast Guard Air Stations, and the United States Coast Guard Yard. Training centers include the United States Coast Guard Academy, Training Center Petaluma, Training Center Cape May, Coast Guard Aviation Technical Training Center, Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile, and Training Center Yorktown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.115484237670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "In 1918, twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard. Later, SPARS was the United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve created on 23 November 1942 with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The name is a contraction of the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus and its English translation, \"Always Ready.\" The name also refers to a spar in nautical usage. Like the other women's reserves such as the Women's Army Corps and the WAVES, it was created to free men from stateside service in order to fight overseas. Its first director was Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who is credited with creating the name for the organization. The cutter is named for the SPARS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208544731140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Originally, the U.S. Coast Guard used the term cutter in its traditional sense, as a type of small sailing ship. Today it officially uses the term for any vessel that has a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew, and includes only and all vessels of 65 ft or more in length.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699999809265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "* National Security Cutter (WMSL): These are a new class of 418 ft military defense, maritime ship, also known as the Legend-class cutter. At 418 ft. these are the largest USCG military cutters in active service. One-for-one Legend-class ships are replacing individually decommissioned 1960s Hamilton-class high endurance cutters. A total of eight were authorized and budgeted; as of 2015 three are in service, and three are under construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976588249206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Coast Guard aviators receive Primary (fixed-wing) and Advanced (fixed or rotary-wing) flight training with their Navy and Marine Corps counterparts at NAS Whiting Field, Florida, and NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and are considered Naval Aviators. After receiving Naval Aviator Wings, Coast Guard pilots, with the exception of those slated to fly the HC-130, report to U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center, Mobile, Alabama to receive 6–12 weeks of specialized training in the Coast Guard fleet aircraft they will operate. HC-130 pilots report to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, for joint C-130 training under the auspices of the 314th Airlift Wing of the U.S. Air Force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481749534606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The U.S. Coast Guard uses a wide variety of small arms. Handguns, shotguns, and rifles are used to arm boat crew and boarding team members and machine guns are mounted aboard cutters, boats, and helicopters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816189765930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.732995986938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "The \"Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman\" was written by Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet, who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard from 1932 to 1936. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72232723236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "The Coast Guard Standard is used in parades and carries the battle honors of the Coast Guard. It was derived from the jack of the Coast Guard ensign which was flown by revenue cutters. The emblem is a blue eagle from the coat of arms of the United States on a white field. Above the eagle are the words \"UNITED STATES COAST GUARD\" below the eagle is the motto, \"SEMPER PARATUS\" and the inscription \"1790.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.010051727294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "CG Red", "passage": "The racing stripe is borne by Coast Guard cutters, aircraft, and many boats. Red-hulled icebreaker cutters and most HH-65/MH-65 helicopters (i.e., those with a red fuselage) bear a narrow white bar, a narrow blue bar, and broad white bar, with the Coast Guard shield centered. Conversely, black-hulled cutters (such as buoy tenders and inland construction tenders) use the standard racing stripe. Auxiliary vessels maintained by the Coast Guard also carry the Racing Stripe, but in inverted colors (i.e., broad blue stripe with narrow white and CG red stripes) and the Auxiliary shield.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85477066040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "CG Red", "passage": "The Racing Stripe, officially known as the Service Mark, was designed in 1964 by the industrial design office of Raymond Loewy Associates to give the Coast Guard a distinctive, modern image. Loewy had designed the colors for the Air Force One fleet for Jackie Kennedy. President Kennedy was so impressed with his work, he suggested that the entire Federal Government needed his make-over and suggested that he start with the Coast Guard. First used and placed into official usage as of April 6, 1967, it consists of a narrow blue stripe, a narrow white stripe between, and a broad CG red bar with the Coast Guard shield centered. The stripes are canted at a 64 degree angle, coincidentally the year the Racing Stripe was designed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.369708061218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "CG Red", "passage": "* CG Red is Pantone 179C (hex color code #E23D28)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289463996887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "CG Blue", "passage": "* CG Blue is Pantone 307C (hex color code #007AA5) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348114967346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The current working uniform of the Coast Guard is the Operational Dress Uniform (ODU). The ODU may be worn year-round primarily as a field utility and watchstanding uniform, and may be worn in an office environment. The ODU is similar to the Battle Dress Uniform of other armed services, both in function and style. However, the ODU is in a solid dark blue with no camouflage pattern and does not have lower pockets on the blouse. The first generation ODU, wearable until 1 July 2012 was worn tucked in. The second generation ODU is worn untucked and has black Coast Guard insignia embroidered on the left shirt pocket as well as the side pockets of the trousers. The ODU is worn with composite-toed boots in most circumstances, but low-cut brown boat shoes may be prescribed for certain vessel boarding operations. A standard baseball-style ball cap is worn, embroidered in gold block lettering with \"U.S. Coast Guard.\" Units may also additionally authorize ball caps with the unit name embroidered for wear while on the unit. A foul weather parka is the outerwear worn with the ODU. The former dark blue working uniform has been withdrawn from use by the Coast Guard but may be worn by Auxiliarists until no longer serviceable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634042739868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "All Coast Guardsmen wear the combination cap with all uniforms except the ODU and CUU. Company commanders (the Coast Guard's equivalent of drill sergeants) at Training Center Cape May wear the traditional Smokey Bear-style campaign hat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7911376953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "The Coast Guard Pipe Band, a special musical unit composed of active, reserve and auxiliary coast guardsmen, wears a modified form of highland dress, including kilt and sporran. It is, along with the Band of the Air Force Reserve Pipe Band, one of only two kilted units in the United States military, excluding those maintained by state defense forces and service academies. The band's kilt is patterned in the official U.S. Coast Guard tartan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.371495246887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "Cadets at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy have access to standard Coast Guard uniforms, including Service Dress Blues and the ODU, however, also wear two different styles of parade dress uniforms. Fall Parade Dress Blue consists of navy blouses with banded collars and double rows of buttons, worn with matching navy trousers and a white peaked hat. Spring Parade Dress Blue substitutes white trousers in lieu of navy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453124046325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve military force of the Coast Guard. The Coast Guard Reserve was founded on 19 February 1941. Coast Guard reservists normally drill two days a month and an additional 12 days of active duty each year, although many perform additional drill and active duty periods, to include those mobilized to extended active duty. Coast Guard reservists possess the same training and qualifications as their active duty counterparts, and as such, can be found augmenting active duty Coast Guard units every day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.908485412597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "The Reserve is managed by the Director of Reserve and Military Personnel Directorate, Rear Admiral Kurt B. Hinrichs, USCGR.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576163291931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "One Coast Guardsman, Douglas Albert Munro, has earned the Medal of Honor, the highest military award of the United States. Fifty five Coast Guardsmen have earned the Navy Cross and numerous men and women have earned the Distinguished Flying Cross.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659708976745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "The Ancient Albatross Award is presented to the active duty USCG member who qualified as an aviator earlier than any other person who is still serving. Separate enlisted and officer awards are given. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74539566040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "The Coast Guard CW Operators Association (CGCWOA) is a membership organization comprising primarily former members of the United States Coast Guard who held the enlisted rating of Radioman (RM) or Telecommunications Specialist (TC), and who employed International Morse Code (CW) in their routine communications duties on Coast Guard cutters and at shore stations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.47311019897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "USCG Chief Petty Officers Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.256521224975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association (CWOA)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.608269691467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "Established in 1929, the Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association, United States Coast Guard (CWOA) represents Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers (active, reserve and retired) to the Congress, White House and the Department of Homeland Security. Additionally, the association communicates with the Coast Guard leadership on matters of concern to Coast Guard chief warrant officers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.973624229431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "Notable Coast Guardsmen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124902725219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* Sinbad, a dog serving aboard the cutter in WWII, who was enlisted and held the rank of Chief Petty Officer, was the first member of the United States Coast Guard to be the subject of a biography in George Foley's Sinbad of the Coast Guard in 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06251049041748, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "United States Coast Guard", "passage": "* Satan's Triangle, a 1975 TV movie, involves a United States Coast Guard helicopter sent to answer a distress call from inside the Bermuda Triangle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32361125946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "USCG", "passage": "* The Island (1980). Latter-day Caribbean pirates capture the (fictional) cutter USCGC New Hope. Filming was done on .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100733757019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "U.S. Coast Guard", "passage": "* Yours, Mine, and Ours, 2005 family comedy, Dennis Quaid plays a fictional U.S. Coast Guard Academy superintendent who marries a character played by Rene Russo; together, they have 18 children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647021293640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "US Coast guard", "passage": "* Flipper, various Coast Guard HH-52 Seaguard helicopters were used..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245070457458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" }, { "answer": "Coast guardsmen", "passage": "* Unnamed Coast Guardsmen of a Law Enforcement Detachment were featured in a Channel 5 documentary Royal Navy Caribbean Patrol. They were serving aboard , a British Royal Navy ship combating drug smugglers in the Caribbean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.198691368103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Coast Guard" } ]

[ { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "American Idol employed a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the final seasons consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.[http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/09/03/american-idol-jennifer-lopez-harry-connick-jr/ Official: J. Lo and Harry Connick Jr. join 'American Idol'] Entertainment Weekly, Retrieved September 3, 2013 The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest as the sole master of ceremonies for rest of the series.", "precise_score": 2.834639549255371, "rough_score": 0.1451340615749359, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.", "precise_score": 0.9096657633781433, "rough_score": 0.6250545978546143, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0760170221328735, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4009318351745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "Beginning in the tenth season, permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.839325428009033, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0198798179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.185544013977051, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.826150894165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" }, { "answer": "Randy Jackson", "passage": "The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest returned to host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.941171646118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Idol" } ]

[ { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American musician and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".", "precise_score": -2.1173412799835205, "rough_score": -7.1173224449157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service. He resumed his recording career two years later, producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and their accompanying soundtrack albums, most of which were critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley was featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of prescription drug abuse severely damaged his health, and he died in 1977 at the age of 42.", "precise_score": -9.862975120544434, "rough_score": -6.348480224609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, the son of Gladys Love (née Smith; April 25, 1912 – August 14, 1958) and Vernon Elvis Presley (April 10, 1916 – June 26, 1979), in the two-room shotgun house built by Vernon's father in preparation for the child's birth. Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before him. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his initial musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, he never officially left it. Rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbard's ministry. ", "precise_score": -9.67337703704834, "rough_score": -7.360853672027588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, \"Let 'em see you, son.\" During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of \"Hound Dog\" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. Newspaper critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, \"Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway.\" Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music \"has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos\". Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him \"unfit for family viewing\". To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as \"Elvis the Pelvis\", which he called \"one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult.\"", "precise_score": -8.46096134185791, "rough_score": -8.437369346618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage. In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome. In April, the single \"The Wonder of You\" was issued—a number one hit in the UK, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is. Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge. The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident.", "precise_score": -9.639908790588379, "rough_score": -7.75726842880249, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour, which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year. His gospel album He Touched Me, released that month, would earn him his second Grammy Award, for Best Inspirational Performance. A 14-date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden. The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later. Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley's biggest-selling albums. After the tour, the single \"Burning Love\" was released—Presley's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart. \"The most exciting single Elvis has made since 'All Shook Up'\", wrote rock critic Robert Christgau. \"Who else could make 'It's coming closer, the flames are now licking my body' sound like an assignation with James Brown's backup band?\"", "precise_score": -10.546926498413086, "rough_score": -8.454252243041992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974. Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis. Recorded on March 20, it included a version of \"How Great Thou Art\" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award. (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful. In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home. Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him.", "precise_score": -10.774178504943848, "rough_score": -8.18581485748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977). The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. \"My Boy\" was a number one adult contemporary hit in 1975, and \"Moody Blue\" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the adult contemporary chart in 1976. Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his \"apocalyptic attack\" on the soul classic \"Hurt\". \"If he felt the way he sounded\", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, \"the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long.\"", "precise_score": -9.624871253967285, "rough_score": -7.806817531585693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley and Linda Thompson split in November 1976, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden. He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again. Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, \"Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts.\" In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and \"was impossible to understand\". Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled. Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota, \"he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk\", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to \"perform any significant movement.\" Guralnick relates that fans \"were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books.\" A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes. \"Way Down\", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. On the next tour, CBS filmed two concerts for a TV Special, Elvis in Concert, to be aired in October. On the first of these, captured in Omaha on June 19, Presley's voice, Guralnick writes, \"is almost unrecognizable, a small, childlike instrument in which he talks more than sings most of the songs, casts about uncertainly for the melody in others, and is virtually unable to articulate or project.\" He did better on the second night, two days later in Rapid City, Iowa: \"He looked healthier, seemed to have lost a little weight, and sounded better, too\", though his appearance was still a \"face framed in a helmet of blue-black hair from which sweat sheets down over pale, swollen cheeks.\" His final concert was held in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena, on June 26.", "precise_score": -7.140744686126709, "rough_score": -7.413034439086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ginger Alden", "passage": "Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Ginger Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.", "precise_score": 8.453459739685059, "rough_score": 8.856608390808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia, a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive. Allegations of a cover-up were widespread. While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: \"In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name.\" His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription.", "precise_score": -3.1443607807159424, "rough_score": -5.172171592712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The year given, in the table below, is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance: Elvis' 40 Greatest, released in 1974, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks. The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.", "precise_score": -10.402323722839355, "rough_score": -8.056900024414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis on Tour (1972)", "precise_score": -7.707767009735107, "rough_score": -8.292364120483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis in Concert (1977)", "precise_score": -4.177098751068115, "rough_score": -7.2992472648620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, and some French Norman. Gladys's great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. The Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean, the dairy farmer and cattle-and-hog broker for whom he then worked. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.557657241821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses, they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Lauderdale Courts. Enrolled at L. C. Humes High School, Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, \"Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me\", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher \"agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing.\" He was usually too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a \"mama's boy\". In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette—formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts. That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater. Other jobs followed, including Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.786150932312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The session, held the evening of July 5, 1954, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's \"That's All Right\". Moore recalled, \"All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'\" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for. Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played \"That's All Right\" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show. Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black. During the next few days, the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed \"slapback\". A single was pressed with \"That's All Right\" on the A side and \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" on the reverse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419076919555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker, whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold, Parker was now working with the new number-one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour. When the tour reached Odessa, Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: \"His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it.\" Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to \"Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill\"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like \"That's All Right\", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the \"R&B idiom of negro field jazz\"; others, like \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\", were \"more in the country field\", \"but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both\". This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country-music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm-and-blues stations would touch him because \"he sounded too much like a hillbilly.\" The blend came to be known as rockabilly. At the time, Presley was variously billed as \"The King of Western Bop\", \"The Hillbilly Cat\", and \"The Memphis Flash\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.105992317199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser. The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year. Neal recalled, \"It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something.\" The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley, whose \"Rock Around the Clock\" had been a number-one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.468330383300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist. Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000. Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract. Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach, to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forgo one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions. By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.27784252166748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "RCA Victor released Presley's eponymous debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: \"Blue Suede Shoes\"—\"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way\", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these \"were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases.\" It became the first rock-and-roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks. While Presley was not an innovative guitarist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, \"of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar ... as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607390403747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a \"new Elvis\" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang \"Hound Dog\" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, \"Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd ... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition\". Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's \"strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing\" and simply worked the singer into the customary \"comedy fabric\" of his program. Just before the final rehearsal for the show, Presley told a reporter, \"I'm holding down on this show. I don't want to do anything to make people dislike me. I think TV is important so I'm going to go along, but I won't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance.\" Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling, a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, \"No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680991172790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The next day, Presley recorded \"Hound Dog\", along with \"Any Way You Want Me\" and \"Don't Be Cruel\". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, \"You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight.\" In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida, ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order. The single pairing \"Don't Be Cruel\" with \"Hound Dog\" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years. Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of \"Hound Dog,\" contributed \"Love Me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.705050468444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident. Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot from only the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley \"got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!\" Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, \"As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots.\" In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad \"Love Me Tender\", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders. More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.348529815673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, \"He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time.\" At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble. Elvis, Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. The album includes \"Old Shep\", which he sang at the talent show in 1945, and which now marked the first time he played piano on an RCA session. According to Guralnick, one can hear \"in the halting chords and the somewhat stumbling rhythm both the unmistakable emotion and the equally unmistakable valuing of emotion over technique.\" Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from \"That's All Right\" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that \"these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.118528366088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response. A Detroit newspaper suggested that \"the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed.\" Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia, and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage. Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as \"brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore.\" Asked for a response, Presley said, \"I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.304542541503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album. Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: \"Santa Claus Is Back In Town\", an innuendo-laden blues. The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time. After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time. On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole, in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis. A couple of weeks into the new year, \"Don't\", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since \"Heartbreak Hotel\" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley. A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.096022605895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu. They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship. In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public. Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461576461791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis Is Back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312849998474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5. The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans. On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single, \"Stuck on You\", which was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit. Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads \"It's Now or Never\" and \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues \"menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph. Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic.\" As a whole, the record \"conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things\", in the words of music historian John Robertson: \"a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.480594635009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special—ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.944784164428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "G.I. Blues, the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine, followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in the UK, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records. A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody. As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound, the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely \"a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright.\" It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii. It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.783061981201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Of Presley's films in the 1960s, 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs. The films' rapid production and release schedules—he frequently starred in three a year—affected his music. According to Jerry Leiber, the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army: \"three ballads, one medium-tempo [number], one up-tempo, and one break blues boogie\". As the decade wore on, the quality of the soundtrack songs grew \"progressively worse\". Julie Parrish, who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966), says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films. The Jordanaires' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone: \"The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn't sing it.\" Most of the film albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. But by and large, according to biographer Jerry Hopkins, the numbers seemed to be \"written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll.\" Regardless of the songs' quality, it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well, with commitment. Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite: \"Presley isn't trying, probably the wisest course in the face of material like 'No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car' and 'Rock-a-Hula Baby.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.930883407592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu. They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas. The flow of formulaic films and assembly-line soundtracks rolled on. It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem. \"By then, of course, the damage had been done\", as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it. \"Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has-been to all but his most loyal fans.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.474165916442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.418288230895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock-and-roll days. Bill Belew, who designed this outfit, gave it a Napoleonic standing collar (Presley customarily wore high collars because he believed his neck looked too long), a design feature that he would later make a major trademark of the outfits Presley wore on stage in his later years. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned. The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience. Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, \"There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy.\" Dave Marsh calls the performance one of \"emotional grandeur and historical resonance.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.758642196655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By January 1969, the single \"If I Can Dream\", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling, the special reminded Presley of what \"he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man.\" Binder said of Presley's reaction, \"I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.160762786865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "From Elvis In Memphis and the International", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044925689697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is \"a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.200944900512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, \"That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?\" In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley, scheduling him to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations. Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal, and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure. To revise his approach to performances, Presley visited Las Vegas hotel showrooms and lounges, at one of which, that of the Flamingo, he encountered Tom Jones, whose aggressive style was similar to his own 1950s approach; the two became friends. Already studying karate at the time, Presley recruited Bill Belew to design variants of karatekas's gis for him; these, in jumpsuit form, would be his \"stage uniforms\" in his later years. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.667116165161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s). At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as \"The King\", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. \"No,\" Presley said, \"that's the real king of rock and roll.\" The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million. Newsweek commented, \"There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars.\" Rolling Stone called Presley \"supernatural, his own resurrection.\" In November, Presley's final non-concert film, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. \"Suspicious Minds\" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.862011909484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The album That's the Way It Is, produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, \"The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis.\" After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.367568969726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971. Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located \"Elvis Presley Boulevard\". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Grammy Award organization. Three new, non-film Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country, a concept record that focused on genre standards. The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, \"the truest statement of all\", according to Greil Marcus. \"In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues.\" According to Guralnick, \"the one real highlight\" of one of the 1971 sessions were the recording of \"I Will Be True,\" \"It's Still Here,\" and \"I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen,\" a trio of songs that Presley recorded in a rare solo set, sitting at the piano after everyone else had gone home: \"Yearning, wistfulness, loneliness, need—all were communicated with a naked lack of adornment that Elvis was seeming to find increasingly difficult to display in the formal process of recording.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880480766296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Vernon Presley", "passage": "On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired \"Memphis Mafia\" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to \"cut back on expenses\". Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits. However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.596510887145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1. It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers. By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon, each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse. Genetic analysis of a hair sample in 2014 found evidence of genetic variants that could have caused his glaucoma, migraines and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.952916145324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "\"Drug use was heavily implicated\" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. \"No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy.\" A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported \"fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity.\" Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: \"Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.873023986816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A Junkie XL remix of Presley's \"A Little Less Conversation\" (credited as \"Elvis Vs JXL\") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S, that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of \"Rubberneckin'\", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of \"That's All Right\" the following year. The latter was an outright hit in the UK, reaching number three on the pop chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492719650268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2005, another three reissued singles, \"Jailhouse Rock\", \"One Night\"/\"I Got Stung\", and \"It's Now or Never\", went to number one in the United Kingdom. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million. He placed second in 2006, returned to the top spot the next two years, and ranked fourth in 2009. The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas. In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks. As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products. He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.290125846862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In 2008, an 1800-year-old Roman bust described as bearing a \"striking\" resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction. A spokesman for the auctioneers said that fans could \"be forgiven for thinking that their idol may well have lived a previous life in Rome.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916735649108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly, according to music historians. Katherine Charlton even calls him \"rockabilly's originator\", though Carl Perkins has explicitly stated that \"[Sam] Phillips, Elvis, and I didn't create rockabilly.\" and, according to Michael Campbell, \"Bill Haley recorded the first big rockabilly hit.\" \"It had been there for quite a while\", says Scotty Moore. \"Carl Perkins was doing basically the same sort of thing up around Jackson, and I know for a fact Jerry Lee Lewis had been playing that kind of music ever since he was ten years old.\" However, \"Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label\", writes Craig Morrison. Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as \"essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction\": \"the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country\". In \"That's All Right\", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, \"a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876675605773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. The reason why the music from this period lacks the drama from his Fifties recordings, critic Dave Marsh writes, is \"because what we're hearing is not genius discovering itself but the sound of genius at work.\" His first post-Army single, the number one hit \"Stuck on You\", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its \"mild rock beat\"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it \"upbeat pop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\", though Marsh holds that while he may have recorded few blues songs in the early to middle Sixties, \"blues informs almost everything here.\" The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his film soundtracks was in a much lighter vein. Notable numbers in other genres are the No. 1 hits \"It's Now or Never\" of 1960, based on the Italian aria \"O Sole Mio\" and concluding with a \"full-voiced operatic cadence,\" and the 1962 hit \"She's Not You\" which \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.867634773254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were \"hard to find\". A significant exception was \"Burning Love\", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk. Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as \"Suspicious Minds\", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374755859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's singing to his own \"necessarily limited, both rhythmically and melodically,\" piano accompaniment, such as can be heard on the 1967 recording of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", for Guralnick are always special occasions, because \"it was always a measure of his engagement when he sat down at the keyboard to play.\" Describing his piano technique as \"staccato style,\" Jorgensen finds that on \"Without Love\" from the 1969 sessions, \"his gospel-flavored treatment took it to a level of spirituality rarely matched in his career.\" Presley also played the instrument on the \"impassioned version\" of the sessions's next song, \"I'll Hold You in My Heart,\" of which Guralnick writes that \"there is something magical about the moment that only the most inspired singing can bring about, as Elvis loses himself in the music, words no longer lend themselves to literal translation, and singer and listener both are left emotionally wrung out by the time the song finally limps to an end.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.403387069702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, \"The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes.\" A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet, Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley granted Robinson an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view: \"I never said anything like that, and people who know me know that I wouldn't have said it … A lot of people seem to think I started this business. But rock 'n' roll was here a long time before I came along. Nobody can sing that kind of music like colored people. Let's face it: I can't sing like Fats Domino can. I know that.\" Also, Red Robinson stated, \"Take a look at the things that are only publicized now, of how he'd be driving down the street and see a destitute black woman with a little child. He went and bought her a Cadillac. Now if this guy hated blacks, he wouldn’t even have gone near them\". Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist. Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter, who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, \"He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest.\" Dudley Brooks, an African-American composer and studio musician who worked with Presley during the 1950s and 1960s, also disputed allegations that Presley was a racist. Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later. The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit \"Fight the Power\", by Public Enemy: \"Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926359176635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgement and commercial success largely denied his black peers. Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had \"stolen\" black music still found adherents. Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson, who argued, \"A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis.\" And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, \"Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that].\" Nine years earlier, he had said, \"Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354235649108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sounds Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as \"aggressively bisexual in appeal\". Brett Farmer places the \"orgasmic gyrations\" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a \"spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image\". In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, \"Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411323547363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "A number of stories, both real and exaggerated, detail Presley's appetite for rich or heavy food. He was said to enjoy the Southern cuisine of his upbringing, including chicken-fried steak and biscuits and gravy. Presley is commonly associated with rich sandwiches, including the Fool's Gold Loaf and peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwiches, now commonly called an \"Elvis sandwich\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197897911071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise. Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances; a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well. Priscilla Presley noted that, \"Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it.\" Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a \"hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13753890991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's film career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer. According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy. In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born. In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, \"The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground.\" The prevailing attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again \"try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.323108673095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the \"Memphis Mafia\". \"Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence\", as journalist John Harris puts it, \"it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open.\" Tony Brown, who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: \"But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends\". In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, \"[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.166559219360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: \"I mean there has to be a purpose ... there's got to be a reason ... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel.\" Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously. Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49777603149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture. As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude. With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture. In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, \"He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music.\" Al Green agreed: \"He broke the ice for all of us.\" President Jimmy Carter remarked on his legacy in 1977: \"His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.\" Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.493057250976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe. He has inspired a legion of impersonators. In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans. \"Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century\", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. \"He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it.\" Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as \"like busting out of jail\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.829495429992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "On the 25th anniversary of Presley's death, The New York Times observed, \"All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely.\" Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685613632202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis Presley", "passage": "Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839030265808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "* Elvis: That's the Way It Is (1970)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.897164344787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis (1968)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334239959716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Elvis", "passage": "*Elvis: Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite (1973)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9880952835083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is located primarily in Hinds County, serving as one of its two county seats. Segments of the city overlap Madison County and Rankin County. Jackson is on the Pearl River, which drains into the Gulf of Mexico, and it is part of the Jackson Prairie region of the state. The city is named after General Andrew Jackson, who was honored for his role in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 and later served as U.S. President.", "precise_score": -1.2658647298812866, "rough_score": -7.64197301864624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The city is the anchor for the metro area. While its population declined from 184,256 at the 2000 census to 173,514 at the 2010 census, the metropolitan region grew. The 2010 census ascribed a population of 539,057 to the five-county Jackson metropolitan area. ", "precise_score": 0.6184989809989929, "rough_score": -1.4594122171401978, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Today, most Choctaw in Mississippi have reorganized and are part of the federally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. They live in several majority-Indian communities located throughout the state. The largest community is located in Choctaw 100 mi northeast of Jackson.", "precise_score": -7.577966213226318, "rough_score": -9.632862091064453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "After surveying areas north and east of Jackson, they proceeded southwest along the Pearl River until they reached LeFleur's Bluff in today's Hinds County. Their report to the General Assembly stated that this location had beautiful and healthful surroundings, good water, abundant timber, navigable waters, and proximity to the trading route Natchez Trace. The Assembly passed an act on November 28, 1821, authorizing the site as the permanent seat of the government of the state of Mississippi. On the same day, it passed a resolution to instruct the Washington delegation to press Congress for a donation of public lands on the river for the purpose of improved navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. One Whig politician lamented the new capital as a \"serious violation of principle\" because it was not at the absolute center of the state. ", "precise_score": -7.971243858337402, "rough_score": -9.514022827148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Because of the siege and following destruction, few antebellum structures have survived in Jackson. The Governor's Mansion, built in 1842, served as Sherman's headquarters and has been preserved. Another is the Old Capitol building, which served as the home of the Mississippi state legislature from 1839 to 1903. The Mississippi legislature passed the ordinance of secession from the Union on January 9, 1861 there, becoming the second state to secede from the United States. The Jackson City Hall, built in 1846 for less than $8,000, also survived. It is said that Sherman, a Mason, spared it because it housed a Masonic Lodge, though a more likely reason is that it housed an army hospital.", "precise_score": -9.069751739501953, "rough_score": -10.804675102233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The Civil Rights Movement had been active for decades, particularly mounting legal challenges to Mississippi's constitution and laws that disfranchised blacks. Beginning in 1960, Jackson as the state capital became the site for dramatic non-violent protests in a new phase of activism that brought in a wide variety of participants in the performance of mass demonstrations.", "precise_score": -5.773148536682129, "rough_score": -10.422271728515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Jackson's population as 64.3% white and 35.7% black. At the time, public facilities were segregated and Jim Crow was in effect. Efforts to desegregate Jackson facilities began when nine Tougaloo College students tried to read books in the \"white only\" public library and were arrested. Founded as a historically black college (HBCU) by the American Missionary Association after the Civil War, Tougaloo College helped organize both black and white students of the region to work together for civil rights. It created partnerships with the neighboring mostly white Millsaps College to work with student activists. It has been recognized as a site on the \"Civil Rights Trail\" by the National Park Service. ", "precise_score": -8.353059768676758, "rough_score": -9.133759498596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Gradually the old barriers came down. Since that period, both whites and African Americans in the state have had a consistently high rate of voter registration and turnout. Following the decades of the Great Migration, when more than one million blacks left the rural South, since the 1930s the state has been majority white in total population. African Americans are a majority in the city of Jackson, although the metropolitan area is majority white. They are also a majority in several cities and counties of the Mississippi Delta, which are included in the 2nd congressional district. The other three congressional districts are majority white.", "precise_score": -8.145210266113281, "rough_score": -7.992443561553955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 2013, Jackson was named as one of the top 10 friendliest cities in the United States by CN Traveler. The capital city was tied with Natchez as Number 7. The city was noticed for friendly people, great food, and green and pretty public places. ", "precise_score": -6.5338311195373535, "rough_score": -10.168444633483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is located on the Pearl River, and is served by the Ross Barnett Reservoir, which forms a section of the Pearl River and is located northeast of Jackson on the border between Madison and Rankin counties. A tiny portion of the city containing Tougaloo College lies in Madison County, bounded on the west by I-220 and on the east by US 51 and I-55. A second portion of the city is located in Rankin County. In the 2000 census, only 1,533 of the city's residents lived in Madison County. Although no Jackson residents lived in the Rankin County portion in 2000, that figure had risen to 172 by 2006.", "precise_score": -6.608283519744873, "rough_score": -9.386292457580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson sits atop the Jackson Volcano and is the only capital city in the United States to have this feature. The peak of the volcano is located 2900 ft directly below the Mississippi Coliseum. The municipality is drained by the Big Black River tributaries on the west and the Pearl River on the east which is higher than the Big Black River near Canton. The artesian ground water flow is not as extensive in Jackson for this reason. The first large scale well was drilled in the city in 1896 and the city water supply has relied on surface water resources. ", "precise_score": -6.786890983581543, "rough_score": -5.93073844909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson remained a small town for much of the 19th century. Before the American Civil War, Jackson's population remained small, particularly in contrast to the river towns along the commerce-laden Mississippi River. Despite the city's status as the state capital, the 1850 census counted only 1,881 residents, and by 1900 the population of Jackson had grown only to approximately 8,000. Although it expanded rapidly, during this period Meridian became Mississippi's largest city, based on trade, manufacturing, and access to transportation via railroad and highway.", "precise_score": -1.1061102151870728, "rough_score": -0.3848252594470978, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In the early 20th century, as can be seen by the table, Jackson had its largest rates of growth, but was ranked second to Meridian. By 1944, Jackson's population had risen to some 70,000 inhabitants and it became the largest city in the state. It has maintained its position, achieving a peak population in the 1980 census of more than 200,000 residents in the city. Since then, Jackson has steadily seen a decline in its population, while its suburbs have had a boom. This change has occurred in part due to white flight, but it also demonstrates the national suburbanization trend, in which wealthier residents moved out to newer housing. This decline slowed in the first decade of the 21st century. ", "precise_score": -4.678574085235596, "rough_score": -6.2226481437683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 2012, WAPT posted an article about Jackson's population being projected to grow after a 30-year decline. In a pattern typical of many older cities, Jackson's population had declined while its suburbs grew. Some people expect that pattern to change, noting people's renewed preferences for denser neighborhoods, city amenities, and other attractions. After 1980, the city population declined to the 2010 Census, with 173,514 citizens. \"Whether it is flattening out, or what it could be, we don't know exactly,\" said Mark Monk of the Central Mississippi Planning and Development District. Monk also mentioned that it is just a one-year estimate, so it is not all accurate. Jackson was projected to grow at an estimated 1.1%. On the other hand, Madison was projected to grow 1.8% and Rankin had a projection of 1.5%. Of persons moving into the city, some 60 percent were from Rankin and Madison counties, and had chosen to return to the city. Thirty percent were female. Thirty-three percent were African Americans. ", "precise_score": 0.6579140424728394, "rough_score": 0.0859900489449501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On December 22, 2004, Jackson City Council voted 6–0 to rename Jackson International Airport in honor of slain civil rights leader and field secretary for the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, Medgar Evers. This decision took effect on January 22, 2005.", "precise_score": -9.334453582763672, "rough_score": -10.771227836608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Underway is the Airport Parkway project. The environmental impact study is complete and final plans are drawn and awaiting Mississippi Department of Transportation approval. Right-of-way acquisition is underway at an estimated cost of $19 million. The Airport Parkway will connect High Street in downtown Jackson to Mississippi Highway 475 in Flowood at Jackson-Evers International Airport. The Airport Parkway Commission consists of the Mayor of Pearl, the Mayor of Flowood, and the Mayor of Jackson, as the Airport Parkway will run through and have access from each of these three cities.", "precise_score": -10.6144437789917, "rough_score": -9.918365478515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": " Mississippi Highway 25Some parts of this road are known as Lakeland Drive such as Jackson & Flowood, which runs northeast towards Carthage and Starkville.", "precise_score": -8.794798851013184, "rough_score": -10.81771183013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson had the nation's 12th highest homicide rate in 1993 among cities with more than 100,000 residents, according to the FBI. In a report released over the weekend, the FBI said last year's 87 slayings gave Jackson a homicide rate of 41.9 per 100,000 residents. The 87 Jackson slayings recorded in 1993 set a new record for the most violent deaths in one year. But 89 slayings have been recorded in 1994 with less than four weeks left in the year. The record would be broken again in 1995 with a total number of 94 homicides. ", "precise_score": -8.673514366149902, "rough_score": -10.338651657104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The First Presbyterian Church in Jackson, Mississippi, is one of the largest Presbyterian churches in the South.", "precise_score": -7.356752395629883, "rough_score": -10.598454475402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The Sikh Foundation of Greater Mississippi is based in Jackson.", "precise_score": -5.2559285163879395, "rough_score": -10.796842575073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The larger portion of Jackson is part of Mississippi's 2nd congressional district. U.S. Representative Bennie Gordon Thompson, a Democrat, has served since 1993. Until 2011 he was Chairman of the Committee on Homeland Security and has been the ranking member since 2011 then.[1]", "precise_score": -9.473559379577637, "rough_score": -10.316595077514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is home to the international headquarters of Phi Theta Kappa, an honor society for students enrolled in two-year colleges. And also home to the largest HBCU in Mississippi and only doctoral-granting research university in the region with Jackson State University. ", "precise_score": -8.104496002197266, "rough_score": -10.833146095275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson Public School District operates 60 public schools. It is one of the largest school districts in the state with about 30,000 students in 38 elementary schools, 13 middle schools, 7 high schools, and two special schools. Jackson Public Schools is the only urban school district in the state. ", "precise_score": -10.132610321044922, "rough_score": -10.66205883026123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of around 175,000 people. The state overall has a population of around 3 million people. Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States.", "precise_score": 4.126685619354248, "rough_score": 7.490818023681641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Chinese came to Mississippi as indentured laborers from Cuba during the 1870s, with others coming from mainland China in the later 19th century. The majority entering the state immigrated directly from China to Mississippi between 1910–1930, when they were recruited by planters as laborers. While most first worked as sharecroppers, the Chinese worked as families to leave that work. Many became small merchants and especially grocers in small towns throughout the Delta. In these roles, the ethnic Chinese carved out a niche in the state between black and white, where they were concentrated in the Delta. These small towns have declined since the late 20th century, and many ethnic Chinese have joined the exodus to larger cities, including Jackson. Their population in the state overall has increased in the 21st century. ", "precise_score": -8.98128604888916, "rough_score": -10.598712921142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The 2010 United States census counted 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, an increase of 1,512 since the 2000 United States census. 33% contained at least one child, giving Mississippi the distinction of leading the nation in the percentage of same-sex couples raising children. Mississippi has the largest percentage of African-American same-sex couples among total households. The state capital, Jackson, ranks tenth in the nation in concentration of African-American same-sex couples. The state ranks fifth in the nation in the percentage of Hispanic same-sex couples among all Hispanic households and ninth in the highest concentration of same-sex couples who are seniors. With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016, from July it will be legal in Mississippi to refuse service to same-sex couples, based on one's religious beliefs. The bill has become the subject of worldwide controversy. ", "precise_score": -0.44868722558021545, "rough_score": -0.05114606022834778, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Ross Barnett Reservoir – Named for Ross Barnett, the 52nd Governor of Mississippi; 33000 acre of water; became operational in 1966; constructed and managed by The Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, a state agency; Provides water supply for the City of Jackson.", "precise_score": -9.756026268005371, "rough_score": -10.813180923461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson, the state's capital city, is the site of the state residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students. The Mississippi School for the Deaf was established by the state legislature in 1854 before the civil war.", "precise_score": -3.21075439453125, "rough_score": -7.248279094696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The Mississippi School of the Arts (MSA) is an upper high school of literary, visual, and performing arts on the historic Whitworth College Campus in Brookhaven, Mississippi, about sixty miles (100 km) south of Jackson, Mississippi.[1] MSA teaches 11th and 12th grade students. The campus has six buildings designated as Mississippi Landmarks, and is itself an historic district listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[1]", "precise_score": -9.750395774841309, "rough_score": -10.297276496887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The current slogan for the city is \"Jackson, Mississippi: City with Soul.\" It has had numerous musicians prominent in blues, gospel and jazz, and was known for decades for its illegal nightclubs on the Gold Coast; one site has been designated for the Mississippi Blues Trail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843421936035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 2011 USS Jackson (LCS-6) was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472363471984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The region that is now the city of Jackson was historically part of the large territory occupied by the Choctaw Nation, the historic culture of the Muskogean-speaking indigenous peoples who had inhabited the area for thousands of years before European encounter. The Choctaw name for the locale was \"Chisha Foka\". The area now called Jackson was obtained by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820, by which the Choctaw ceded some of their land. After the treaty was ratified, European-American settlers began to move into the area, so many that they encroached on remaining Choctaw communal lands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3101224899292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The capital was named for General Andrew Jackson, to honor his (January 1815) victory at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He was later elected as the seventh President of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176578521728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The city of Jackson was originally planned, in April 1822, by Peter Aaron Van Dorn in a \"checkerboard\" pattern advocated by Thomas Jefferson. City blocks alternated with parks and other open spaces. Over time, many of the park squares have been developed rather than maintained as green space. The state legislature first met in Jackson on December 23, 1822. In 1839, the Mississippi Legislature passed the first state law in the U.S. to permit married women to own and administer their own property.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13663387298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson was connected by public road to Vicksburg and Clinton in 1826. Jackson was first connected by railroad to other cities in 1840. An 1844 map shows Jackson linked by an east-west rail line running between Vicksburg, Raymond, and Brandon. Unlike Vicksburg, Greenville, and Natchez, Jackson is not located on the Mississippi River, and it did not develop during the antebellum era as those cities did from major river commerce. Construction of railroad lines to the city sparked its growth in the decades following the American Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356782913208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Despite its small population, during the Civil War, Jackson became a strategic center of manufacturing for the Confederate States of America. In 1863, during the campaign which ended in the capture of Vicksburg, Union forces captured Jackson during two battles—once before the fall of Vicksburg and once after the fall of Vicksburg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21432113647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On May 13, 1863, Union forces won the first Battle of Jackson, forcing Confederate forces to flee northward towards Canton. On May 15, Union troops under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman burned and looted key facilities in Jackson, a strategic manufacturing and railroad center for the Confederacy. After driving the Confederate forces out of Jackson, Union forces turned west and engaged the Vicksburg defenders at the Battle of Champion Hill in nearby Edwards. The Union forces began their siege of Vicksburg soon after their victory at Champion Hill. Confederate forces began to reassemble in Jackson in preparation for an attempt to break through the Union lines surrounding Vicksburg and end the siege. The Confederate forces in Jackson built defensive fortifications encircling the city while preparing to march west to Vicksburg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476960182189941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Confederate forces marched out of Jackson in early July 1863 to break the siege of Vicksburg. But, unknown to them, Vicksburg had already surrendered on July 4, 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant dispatched General Sherman to meet the Confederate forces heading west from Jackson. Upon learning that Vicksburg had already surrendered, the Confederates retreated into Jackson. Union forces began the Siege of Jackson, which lasted for approximately one week. Union forces encircled the city and began an artillery bombardment. One of the Union artillery emplacements has been preserved on the grounds of the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. Another Federal position is preserved on the campus of Millsaps College. John C. Breckenridge, former United States Vice President, served as one of the Confederate generals defending Jackson. On July 16, 1863, Confederate forces slipped out of Jackson during the night and retreated across the Pearl River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480623245239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Union forces completely burned the city after its capture this second time. The city was called \"Chimneyville\" because only the chimneys of houses were left standing. The northern line of Confederate defenses in Jackson during the siege was located along a road near downtown Jackson, now known as Fortification Street.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47052001953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Author Eudora Welty was born in Jackson in 1909, lived most of her life in the Belhaven section of the city, and died there in 2001. Her memoir of development as a writer, One Writer's Beginnings (1984), presented a picture of the city in the early twentieth century. She won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 for her novel, The Optimist's Daughter, and is best known for her novels and short stories. The main Jackson Public Library was named in her honor, and her home has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523475646972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Richard Wright, a highly acclaimed African-American author, lived in Jackson as an adolescent and young man in the 1910s and 1920s. He related his experience in his memoir Black Boy (1945). He described the harsh and largely terror-filled life most African Americans experienced in the South and Northern ghettos such as Chicago under segregation in the early twentieth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568477630615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": " Jackson had significant growth in the early twentieth century, which produced dramatic changes in the city's skyline. Jackson's new Union Station downtown reflected the city's service by multiple rail lines, including the Illinois Central. The railroads were among the new work opportunities for African Americans, who moved into the city from rural areas for such industrial-type jobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458002090454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Across the street, the new, luxurious King Edward Hotel opened its doors in 1923, having been built according to a design by New Orleans architect William T. Nolan. It became a center for prestigious events held by Jackson society and Mississippi politicians. Nearby, the 18-story Standard Life Building, designed in 1929 by Claude Lindsley, was the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world upon its completion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276355743408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's economic growth was further stimulated in the 1930s by the discovery of natural gas fields nearby. Speculators had begun searching for oil and natural gas in Jackson beginning in 1920. The initial drilling attempts came up empty. This failure did not stop Ella Render from obtaining a lease from the state's insane asylum to begin a well on its grounds in 1924, where he found natural gas. (Render eventually lost the rights when courts determined that the asylum did not have the right to lease the state's property.) Businessmen jumped on the opportunity and dug wells in the Jackson area. The continued success of these ventures attracted further investment. By 1930, there were 14 derricks in the Jackson skyline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.581060409545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Due to provisions in the federal Rivers and Harbors Act, on October 25, 1930 city leaders met with U.S. Army engineers to ask for federal help to alleviate Jackson flooding. J.J. Halbert, city engineer, proposed a straightening and dredging of the Pearl River below Jackson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488642692565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's Gold Coast", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.60002326965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "During Mississippi's extended Prohibition period, from the 1920s until the 1960s, illegal drinking and gambling casinos flourished on the east side of the Pearl River, in Flowood along the original U.S. Route 80 just across from the city of Jackson. Those illegal casinos, bootleg liquor stores, and nightclubs made up the Gold Coast, a strip of mostly black-market businesses that operated for decades along Flowood Road. Although outside the law, the Gold Coast was a thriving center of nightlife and music, with many local blues musicians appearing regularly in the clubs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106226921081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The Gold Coast declined and businesses disappeared after Mississippi's prohibition laws were repealed in 1966, allowing Hinds County, including Jackson, to go \"wet\". In addition, integration drew off business from establishments that earlier had catered to African Americans, such as the Summers Hotel. When it opened in 1943 on Pearl Street, it was one of two hotels in the city that served black clients. For years its Subway Lounge was a prime performance spot for black musicians playing jazz and blues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234258651733398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "During World War II, Hawkins Field in northwest Jackson was developed as a major airbase. Among other facilities and units, the was established there, after Nazi Germany occupied the Netherlands. From 1941, the base trained all Dutch military aircrews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553043365478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1949, the poet Margaret Walker began teaching at Jackson State University, a historically black college. She taught there until 1979, and founded the university's Center for African-American Studies. Her poetry collection won a Yale Younger Poets Prize. Her second novel, Jubilee (1966), is considered a major work of African-American literature. She has influenced many younger writers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.603289604187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Civil Rights Movement in Jackson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.590476036071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The mass demonstrations of the 1960s were initiated with the arrival of more than 300 Freedom Riders on May 24, 1961. They were arrested in Jackson for disturbing the peace after they disembarked from their interstate buses. The interracial teams rode the buses from Washington, DC and sat together to demonstrate against segregation on public transportation, as the Constitution provides for unrestricted public transportation. Although the Freedom Riders had intended New Orleans, Louisiana as their final destination, Jackson was the farthest that any managed to travel. New participants kept joining the movement, as they intended to fill the jails in Jackson with their protest. The riders had encountered extreme violence along the way, including a bus burning and physical assaults. They attracted national media attention to the struggle for constitutional rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493922233581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In Jackson, shortly after midnight on June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers, civil rights activist and leader of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith, a white supremacist associated with the White Citizens' Council. Thousands marched in Evers' funeral procession to protest the killing. Two trials at the time both resulted in hung juries. A portion of U.S. Highway 49, all of Delta Drive, a library, the central post office for the city, and Jackson-Evers International Airport were named in honor of Medgar Evers. In 1994, prosecutors Ed Peters and Bobby DeLaughter finally obtained a murder conviction in a state trial of De La Beckwith based on new evidence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01689624786377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Segregation and the disfranchisement of African Americans gradually ended after the Civil Rights Movement gained Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. In June 1966, Jackson was the terminus of the James Meredith March, organized by James Meredith, the first African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi. The march, which began in Memphis, Tennessee, was an attempt to garner support for full implementation of civil rights in practice, following the legislation. It was accompanied by a new drive to register African Americans to vote in Mississippi. In this latter goal, it succeeded in registering between 2,500 and 3,000 black Mississippians to vote. The march ended on June 26 after Meredith, who had been wounded by a sniper's bullet earlier on the march, addressed a large rally of some 15,000 people in Jackson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.906599998474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In September 1967 a Ku Klux Klan chapter bombed the synagogue of the Beth Israel Congregation in Jackson, and in November bombed the house of its rabbi, Dr. Perry Nussbaum. He and his congregation had supported civil rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583191871643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The first successful cadaveric lung transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson in June 1963 by Dr. James Hardy. Hardy transplanted the cadaveric lung into a patient suffering from lung cancer. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526272773742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1966 it was estimated that recurring flood damage at Jackson from the Pearl River averaged nearly a million dollars per year. The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers spent $6.8 million on the levees and new channel in 1966 prior to the project completion with the aim to prevent a flood equal to the Dec. 1961 event plus an additional foot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09379768371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Since 1968, Jackson has been the home of Malaco Records, one of the leading record companies for gospel, blues and soul music in the United States. In January 1973, Paul Simon recorded the songs \"Learn How To Fall\" and \"Take Me To the Mardi Gras\", found on the album There Goes Rhymin' Simon, in Jackson at the Malaco Recording Studios. Many well-known Southern artists recorded on the album including the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (David Hood, Jimmy Johnson, Roger Hawkins, Barry Beckett); Carson Whitsett, the Onward Brass Band from New Orleans, and others. The label has recorded many leading soul and blues artists, including Bobby Bland, ZZ Hill, Latimore, Shirley Brown, Denise LaSalle and Tyrone Davis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574087142944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On May 15, 1970 police killed two students and wounded 12 at Jackson State University (then called Jackson State College) after a protest of the Vietnam War included students' overturning and burning some cars. These killings occurred eleven days after the National Guard killed four students in an anti-war protest at Kent State University in Ohio, and were part of national social unrest. Newsweek cited the Jackson State killings in its issue of May 18 when it suggested that U.S. President Richard Nixon faced a new home front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53792953491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The influx of illegal drugs nationally affected Jackson as smugglers used the highways, seaports and airports of the Gulf region. The 1980s in Jackson were dominated by Mayor Dale Danks Jr. until he was unseated by lawyer and legislator, J. Kane Ditto, who criticized the deficit funding and politicized police department of the city. Federal investigations of drug trafficking at Jackson's Hawkins Field (airport) were a part of the Kerry Report, the 1986 U.S. Senate investigation of public corruption and foreign relations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53839111328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "As Jackson has become the medical and legal center of the state, it has attracted Jewish professionals in both fields. Since the late 20th century, it has developed the largest Jewish community in the state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512470245361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1997, Harvey Johnson, Jr. was elected as Jackson's first African-American mayor. During his term, he proposed the development of a convention center to attract more business to the city. In 2004, during his second term, 66 percent of the voters passed a referendum for a tax to build the Convention Center. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4990234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Mayor Johnson was replaced by Frank Melton on July 4, 2005. Melton generated controversy through his unconventional behavior, which included acting as a law enforcement officer. A dramatic spike in crime ensued during his term, despite Melton's efforts to reduce crime. The lack of jobs contributed to crime. In 2006 a young African-American businessman, Starsky Darnell Redd, was convicted of money laundering in federal court along with his mother, other associates, and Billy Tucker, the former airport security chief. Redd had been convicted in 2002 for drug trafficking $8,000,000 worth of narcotics into Jackson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468450546264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 2007 Hinds County sheriff Malcolm McMillin was also appointed as the new police chief in Jackson, setting a historic precedent. McMillin was both the county sheriff and city police chief until 2009, when he stepped down due to the disagreements with the mayor. Mayor Frank Melton died in May 2009 and City Councilman Leslie McLemore served as acting mayor of Jackson until July 2009, when former Mayor Harvey Johnson was elected and assumed the position. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393268585205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On June 26, 2011, 49-year-old James Craig Anderson was killed in Jackson after being beaten, robbed and run over by a group of white teenagers. The district attorney described it as a \"hate crime\", and the FBI investigated it as a civil rights violation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37596607208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On March 18, 2013, a severe hailstorm hit the Jackson metro area. The hail caused major damage to roofs, vehicles, and siding damage to many homes. Hail ranged in size from golfball to softball. There were more than 40,000 hailstorm claims of homeowner and automobile damage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.431286811828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild winters. Rain occurs throughout the year, though the winter and spring are the wettest seasons, and the late summer and early autumn is usually the driest time of the year. Snow is rare, and accumulation very seldom lasts more than a day. The mean annual precipitation is about 51 inches. Much of Jackson's rainfall occurs during thunderstorms. Thunder is heard on roughly 70 days each year. Jackson lies in a region prone to severe thunderstorms which can produce large hail, damaging winds and tornadoes. Among the most notable tornado events was the F5 Candlestick Park Tornado on March 3, 1966 which destroyed the shopping center of the same name and surrounding businesses and residential areas, killing 19 in South Jackson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19890022277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson ranks number 10 in the nation in concentration of African-American same-sex couples. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.562894821166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is served by Jackson-Evers International Airport, located at Allen C. Thompson Field, east of the city in Pearl in Rankin County. Its IATA code is JAN. The airport has non-stop service to six cities throughout the United States and is served by three scheduled carriers (American, Delta, and United). Jackson became one of the only cities to ever lose Southwest Airlines service when the carrier ceased service in the summer of 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397383689880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Formerly Jackson was served by Hawkins Field Airport, located in northwest Jackson, with IATA code HKS, which is now used for private air traffic only.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568183898925781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": " Interstate 20Runs east-west from near El Paso, Texas to Florence, South Carolina. Jackson is roughly halfway between Dallas and Atlanta. The highway is six lanes from Interstate 220 to MS 468 in Pearl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284976959228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": " Interstate 55Runs north-south from Chicago through Jackson towards Brookhaven, McComb, and the Louisiana state line to New Orleans. Jackson is roughly halfway between New Orleans and Memphis, Tennessee. The highway maintains eight to ten lanes in the northern part of the city, six lanes in the center and four lanes south of I-20.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22011661529541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": " U.S. Highway 51Known in Jackson as State Street, it roughly parallels Interstate 55 from the I-20/I-55 western split to downtown. It multiplexes with I-55 from Pearl/Pascagoula St northward to County Line Road, where the two highways split.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138545989990234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In addition, Jackson is served by the Natchez Trace Parkway, which runs from Natchez to Nashville, Tennessee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552409172058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "[http://www.jacksonms.gov/index.aspx?NID=570 JATRAN] (Jackson Transit System) operates hourly or half-hourly during daytime hours on weekdays, and mostly hourly on Saturdays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507183074951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Jackson. The Amtrak station is located at 300 West Capitol Street. The southbound City of New Orleans provides service from Jackson to New Orleans and some points between; it leaves at 11:20 a.m. and arrives in New Orleans about 3:30 p.m. The northbound City of New Orleans provides service from Jackson to Memphis, Carbondale, Champaign-Urbana, Chicago and some points between. It leaves at 5:40 p.m., arrives in Memphis at 10 p.m., and in Chicago at 9 a.m. the new day. Efforts to establish service with another long distance train, the proposed Crescent Star, an extension of the Crescent westward from Meridian, Mississippi, to Dallas, failed in 2003, because Congress refused any growth in Amtrak routes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056536674499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The growth of competition from highways and airline traffic meant widespread restructuring in the railroad industry since the mid-20th century. Passenger service was decreased, as people increasingly chose to use cars and planes. For freight traffic, Jackson is served by the Canadian National Railway (CN) and Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS). CN has a medium-sized yard downtown which Mill Street parallels and KCS has a large classification yard in Richland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52648639678955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is home to several major industries. These include electrical equipment and machinery, processed food, and primary and fabricated metal products. The surrounding area supports agricultural development of livestock, soybeans, cotton, and poultry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.568954467773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The following companies are headquartered in Jackson:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.584429740905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Major private companies based in Jackson include Ergon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57458782196045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson is the see of the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997346878051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* It is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.576176643371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Beth Israel Congregation, the only Jewish congregation in Jackson, is the largest in Mississippi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94324779510498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson State University Botanical Garden", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.622580528259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Zoo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.6036958694458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Mississippi Symphony Orchestra (MSO), formerly the Jackson Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1944", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297226905822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1985, Jackson voters opted to replace the three-person mayor-commissioner system with a city council and mayor. This electoral system enables wider representation of residents on the city council. City council members are elected from each of the city's seven wards, considered single-member districts. The mayor is elected at-large citywide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166220664978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's mayor is Tony Yarber.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.596555709838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's City Council members are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55612564086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is one of two county seats of Hinds County, with the city of Raymond being the other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485352516174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC) operates the Jackson Probation & Parole Office in Jackson. The MDOC Central Mississippi Correctional Facility, in unincorporated Rankin County, is located in proximity to Jackson. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887409210205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The United States Postal Service operates the Jackson Main Post Office and several smaller post offices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56904411315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "On March 27, 2015, Jackson Mayor Tony Yarber issued a state of emergency for transportation (potholes) and water infrastructure (breaks in water mains). The quality of Jackson's water infrastructure system decreased after the severe winter weather of 2014–2015. Jackson's office estimated the cost to fix the roads and water pipes at $750 million to $1 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244589805603027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "After issuing the state of emergency, the City of Jackson filed a letter of intent to Department of Health to borrow $2.5 million to repair broken water pipes. The Jackson City Council must approve the mayor's proposal. Additionally, Mayor Yarber asked for help from both FEMA and the state Governor's office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475086212158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Hinds Community College's campuses in Jackson are the Nursing/Allied Health Center (1970) and the Academic/Technical Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547087669372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson State University (1877)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527256965637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Academy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57987117767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Preparatory School", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.587503433227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Academy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57987117767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Advocate – weekly newspaper and oldest newspaper serving the state's African-American community", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56999397277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Free Press – alternative newsweekly featuring local news, investigative reporting, and arts and entertainment coverage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.588278770446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The Northside Sun – weekly newspaper with focus on the northeastern portion of the Jackson Metropolitan area", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535052299499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The Mississippian Daily Gazette – also often referred to as The Jackson Mississippian because of its location, circulated during the 19th century, a major newspaper during the Civil War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854758262634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The Standard – circulated during the 19th century, after the Civil War The Eastern Clarion moved to Jackson and merged with The Standard, soon changed name to The Clarion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.604098320007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* The Jackson Daily News – originally known as The Jackson Evening Post in 1882, changed the name to The Jackson Daily News in 1907, purchased along with The Clarion-Ledger by Gannett in 1982", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555460929870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson is famous for its music, including Gospel, Blues, and R&B. It is home to the world-famous Malaco Records recording studio, and many notable musicians hail from the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.580312728881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Jackson, MS is mentioned in the 1973 song \"Uneasy Rider\" by Charlie Daniels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.586788177490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Rap rocker Kid Rock released a song about the city, entitled \"Jackson, Mississippi\" (2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260868072509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*The Rolling Stones sat \"in a bar tippling a jar in Jackson\" in their song \"Country Honk\" on the 1969 album \"Let It Bleed\". \"And on the street the summer sun it shines. There's many a bar-room queen I've had in Jackson, but I just can't seem to drink you off my mind.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.6025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Bob Dylan claimed he \"got a woman in Jackson, I ain't gonna say her name\" in his song \"Outlaw Blues\" on the 1965 album \"Bringing It All Back Home\". \"She's a brown-skinned woman, but I love her just the same.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.624521255493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*\"Jackson\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Billy Edd Wheeler about newlyweds making the discovery that the \"fire\" has gone out of their relationship. They want to go to Jackson, where each looks forward to a new life. The song's reference to gambling points to the Mississippi setting, where illegal gambling flourished into the 1960s (and was legalized on riverboats in 1990.) The best-known single releases of the song include the 1968 Grammy Award winner by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash, and the hit Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood version from the same year. The song was performed by Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon (playing Johnny Cash and June Carter) in the 2005 film Walk the Line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495290756225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Jackson, MS was mentioned in 2014 song \"Uptown Funk\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.59495735168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Jackson's first widely recognized reality show is Lifetime's Bring It! (TV series)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.632168769836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*The popular film, The Help (2011), based on the bestselling novel by the same name by Kathryn Stockett, was filmed in Jackson. The city has a two-part, self-guided tour of areas featured in the film and the book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.580904006958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Get on Up, a movie released in August 2014, had some scenes filmed in Jackson, and nearby Natchez. This movie is based on the life of James Brown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.576663970947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson-born chef Cat Cora is a television personality featured on Iron Chef America on the Food Network and on Around the World in 80 Plates on the Bravo channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.617729187011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1978, the USA International Ballet Competition was founded in Jackson by Thalia Mara. The competition is held in the downtown arts district where the 1968 Municipal Auditorium was renamed Thalia Mara Hall in her honor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575827598571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The worldwide International Ballet Competition (IBC) was founded in 1964 in Varna, Bulgaria. Since 1979, when the event was first held in the United States in Jackson, it returns every four years in June. The competition expanded to rotating annual events among Jackson, Varna, Moscow and Tokyo. The rotation is currently among Jackson, Varna, Helsinki, and Shanghai.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532501220703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson hosted the IBC in 1979, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, and in 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437536239624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "The United States Congress recognized Jackson and the USA IBC in 1982 with a Joint Resolution designating Jackson as the official home of the USA IBC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49655818939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* Jackson Rhythm & Blues Festival (August)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.603832244873047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Downtown Jackson attractions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555970191955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson received its first Mississippi Blues Trail designation in honor of the former \"Subway Lounge\" on Pearl Street. A ceremony was held to place a historic marker at the former site of the Summers Hotel, where the Subway Lounge was located in the basement level. When the Summers Hotel opened in 1943, long before desegregation, it was one of two hotels in the city available as lodging to blacks. In the 1960s, the hotel added a lounge that featured jazz. In the 1980s, when the lounge was revived, it catered to late night blues performers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29576587677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Downtown Jackson renaissance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.570384979248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Currently, Jackson is experiencing $1.6 billion in downtown development. The public-private projects include new construction, renovation and adaptation of some existing buildings, including conversions into residential space; and improvements to public infrastructure and amenities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285751342773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "*Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium – Concerts, Football (home of Jackson State University)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274127960205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Rugby Football Club – Men's 15s amateur Rugby team ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.624017715454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Mets – former Texas League AA affiliate of the New York Mets (1975–1990); Smith-Wills Stadium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.611613273620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Generals – former Texas League AA affiliate of the Houston Astros (1991–1999); Smith-Wills Stadium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.619561195373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Diamond Kats – of the independent Texas-Louisiana League (later changed its name to the Central Baseball League) (2000); Smith-Wills Stadium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.554332733154297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Senators – Independent (2001–2004); Smith-Wills Stadium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523187637329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Wildcats – United States Basketball League", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.637222290039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Rage – World Basketball Association (2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.610309600830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Showboats – American Basketball Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.628157615661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Bandits – East Coast Hockey League, 1999–2003", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.623263359069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Calypso – Women's Soccer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.6138334274292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Rockers – Men's Soccer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.613901138305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**Jackson Chargers – Men's Soccer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.621530532836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "**New Orleans Saints – Jackson's Millsaps College was the former summer home for the NFL's New Orleans Saints.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.616528511047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "In 1966, the state was the last to repeal officially statewide prohibition of alcohol. Before that, Mississippi had taxed the illegal alcohol brought in by bootleggers. Governor Paul Johnson urged repeal and the sheriff \"raided the annual Junior League Mardi Gras ball at the Jackson Country Club, breaking open the liquor cabinet and carting off the Champagne before a startled crowd of nobility and high-ranking state officials\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42347240447998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Mississippi has two international airports, one in Jackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport) and one in Gulfport (Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.051240921020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "Jackson established the USA International Ballet Competition, which is held every four years. This ballet competition attracts the most talented young dancers from around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.611238479614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Jackson", "passage": "* In 1963, Dr. James D. Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center performed the first human lung transplant in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1964, Dr. Hardy performed the first heart transplant, transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a human, where it beat for 90 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450858116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" } ]

[ { "answer": "Grant", "passage": "Ginger Grant is a fictional character portrayed by actress Tina Louise in the 1964 to 1967 television sitcom Gilligan's Island.", "precise_score": 4.739243984222412, "rough_score": 3.989877939224243, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ginger Grant" }, { "answer": "Grant", "passage": "Grant is a \"movie star\", and would casually mention names of some of the biggest movie stars of the day, as co-stars or acquaintances, suggesting that she too was a great star. She also mentions her roommate and fellow actress, Debbie Dawson, several times. In the series' Season 1 Episode 1 \"Two on a Raft\", Ginger is also \"singing in a club in Waikiki\", possibly the same gig mentioned by the radio announcer where she was \"still wearing the evening gown from her last performance\". \"When I first broke into show business, I used to work with a magician\", Ginger confesses in Season 1 Episode 33 \"It's Magic\". In Gilligan's Islands pilot, actress Kit Smythe, was hired to portray Ginger; who was then a secretary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.515463352203369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ginger Grant" }, { "answer": "Grant", "passage": "Ginger Grant, due to many prior film roles in Hollywood, spent her time on the island occasionally taking on the roles of chanteuse, barefoot fortune-teller, lab assistant, hair stylist, and psychoanalyst – as well as fronting the hastily formed island musical trio: The Honeybees. She also had to deal with a doppelganger, a plain mousy girl named Eva Grubb (also played by Tina Louise).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.950731039047241, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ginger Grant" }, { "answer": "Grant", "passage": "* Tina Louise is Ginger Grant, the movie star. Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character. Her character was originally written as a hard-nosed, sharp-tongued temptress, but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written. A compromise was reached; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe/Jayne Mansfield type. The evening gowns and hairstyle used were designed to recreate the look of Myrna Loy. Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies, saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress. However, she did appear in a reunion of the cast on a late-night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan's Island. In the first season, Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth (some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them). In the pilot episode, the character of Ginger (then a secretary) was played by actress Kit Smythe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2594997882843018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gilligan's Island" }, { "answer": "Grant", "passage": "Rights to the series were purchased, with an eye towards creating a movie scheduled for release March 30, 2012. When Sherwood Schwartz signed a deal granting all rights to the movie, he reportedly said, \"[It] just happened in the last 48 hours. I can’t take this much excitement at my age.\" Schwartz also said he would love to see Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyoncé Knowles as Ginger. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2918572425842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gilligan's Island" } ]

[ { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall's sports teams are known as the \"Thundering Herd.\" The home field for the football program is James F. Edwards Field at the Joan C. Edwards Stadium. Basketball is played at the Cam Henderson Center. Soccer is played at Veterans Memorial Soccer Stadium, and the baseball teams are awaiting a new stadium. The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of Conference USA. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same two years later. Marshall teams were originally known as the Indians, and the green-white colors came in 1903, replacing black and blue. The Herald-Dispatch sports editor Carl \"Duke\" Ridgley tagged the team with the Thundering Herd name, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years, including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, Judges and others. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, volleyball, and track & field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer. Marshall also fields club teams, not affiliated with the MU Athletic Department, in rugby union for both women and men, men's and women's lacrosse, and an equestrian team that competes in the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.", "precise_score": -5.794989585876465, "rough_score": -1.3773038387298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": " On November 14, 1970, a chartered Southern Airways McDonnell-Douglas DC-9 jet transporting 75 Marshall University football players, coaches, staff, and supporters crashed just short of the Tri-State Airport in adjoining Ceredo, West Virginia. Everyone on board was killed.", "precise_score": 1.717245101928711, "rough_score": 0.43114104866981506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington's sports scene is dominated by Marshall University athletics and Huntington Prep basketball.", "precise_score": 0.4148804545402527, "rough_score": -4.831356048583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall's sports teams are known as the Thundering Herd. The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of Conference USA. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same two years later. Marshall teams were originally known as the Indians, and the green-white colors came in 1903, replacing black and blue. The Herald-Dispatch sports editor Carl \"Duke\" Ridgley tagged the team with the Thundering Herd name, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years, including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, Judges and others. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing.", "precise_score": -5.874993801116943, "rough_score": -2.2186367511749268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington Prep is currently ranked as one of the top ten basketball teams in the nation and have the top high school player in the class of 2013, Andrew Wiggins. All students are considered NCAA Division I prospects and are recruited by some of the top programs in the country. Huntington Prep is housed within St. Joseph Central Catholic High School, a religious school. The students are regular St. Joseph's students and must abide to the rules and regulations of the high school. Practice is held in the Recreation Center at Marshall University, with \"home\" games played at local high schools, the Cam Henderson Center, and formerly at the now demolished Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse.", "precise_score": -4.891165256500244, "rough_score": -6.287588119506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington was also home to the Huntington Stars (1939–1941), the Huntington Hornets (1956–1957), and the Huntington Blizzard, (1993–2000) ice hockey teams. The Blizzard played at the Big Sandy Superstore Arena, the Hornets played at the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse, and the Stars played at the former Iceland Arena. Marshall University has a club ice hockey team.", "precise_score": -1.9837758541107178, "rough_score": -1.0744184255599976, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The Marshall Thundering Herd are the intercollegiate athletic teams that collectively represent the Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. Thundering Herd athletic teams compete in Conference USA, which are members of the NCAA Division I. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball; men's baseball and football; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer.", "precise_score": 1.6015287637710571, "rough_score": 3.0846128463745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The November 14, 1970, plane crash that killed all 75 passengers on board, including 37 members of the Thundering Herd football team, is well documented. The event and its aftermath were depicted in the 2006 Warner Brothers motion picture, We Are Marshall, starring Matthew McConaughey and Matthew Fox.", "precise_score": 0.028184540569782257, "rough_score": 5.8887176513671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall plays football at Joan C. Edwards Stadium, which seats 38,019. The stadium, which opened for the 1991 season as Marshall University Stadium with a then-record crowd of 33,116 for a 24–23 win over New Hampshire, hosted a record crowd of 41,382 on September 10, 2010, when the Thundering Herd played the in-state rival West Virginia Mountaineers. On a facade on the stadium's west side is a bronze memorial dedicated to the 1970 plane-crash victims.", "precise_score": 0.9100421071052551, "rough_score": 4.589811325073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The city is the home of Marshall University as well as the Huntington Museum of Art; the Big Sandy Superstore Arena; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Huntington District); the Collis P. Huntington Historical Society and Railroad Museum; Camden Park, one of the world's oldest amusement parks; the headquarters of the CSX Transportation-Huntington Division, the largest division in the CSX network; and the Port of Huntington Tri-State, the largest river port in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.562308311462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The largest employers are Marshall University, Cabell Huntington Hospital, St. Mary’s Medical Center, CSX Transportation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Amazon, DirecTV, and the City of Huntington. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625204086303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The 2006 Warner Bros. motion picture We Are Marshall and the 2010 ABC series Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution were filmed in Huntington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483421325683594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Historically, the old Federal Era town of Guyandotte (now a neighborhood absorbed into Huntington proper) was first built upon in 1609 by French setters of the Ohio Valley, and has homes dating back to 1820 and a graveyard containing 18th-century French and Colonial-era settlers, including surnames such as LeTulle, Holderby, and Buffington. A farmer James Holderby (1782–1855) purchased the lands in 1821 upon which much of Huntington now stands which is why the area was known as Holderby's Landing prior to 1870-71 when it was incorporated and renamed; Holderby's estate included the lands gifted in 1837 to found what is now Marshall University. The C&O purchased the area in 1870, and by 1873 when the railroad connected Richmond to the Ohio, it had undergone a transition from a sleepy agricultural region with the nearby subscription Academy into a growing rail center poised to act as a spring board for a railroad to penetrate and connect the midwest with the eastern seaboard. The town of Guyandotte was officially absorbed in 1891.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.695952415466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington has seen a major revival since the opening of the Pullman Square Town Center on the vacant lot formerly known as the \"Superblock\" in 2005, the filming of the Warner Bros. motion picture We Are Marshall in 2006, and the filming of ABC’s Food Revolution in 2010. During the late 2000s recession, Huntington remained economically strong, adding jobs when most cities were losing them, and becoming one of the few cities in the United States to see housing property values rise. As of the most recent census in 2010, the population is on the rise for the first time in 6 decades. The modern Huntington Metro Area spans 7 counties across 3 states and is the largest in West Virginia with a population of more than 360,000. The largest employers are Marshall University, Cabell Huntington Hospital, St. Mary’s Medical Center, Amazon, DirecTV, and the City of Huntington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.303265571594238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall University", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853448867797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "At the time of Huntington's founding, Holderby's Landing was already the home of Marshall College State Normal School (now Marshall University). The university was founded in 1837 as a private subscription school by residents of Guyandotte and the surrounding area. The landmark Old Main, which now serves as the primary administrative building for the university, was built on land known as Maple Grove, at the time the home of the Mount Hebron Church in what was then the state of Virginia. John Laidley, a local attorney, hosted the meeting which led to the founding of Marshall Academy, which was named after Laidley's friend, the eminent John Marshall who had served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from January 1801 to July 1835.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.84985065460205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "On March 30, 1838, the institution was formally dedicated by the Virginia General Assembly as Marshall Academy. In 1858, the Virginia General Assembly changed the name to Marshall College. On June 20, 1863, Cabell County, Virginia, was one of the 50 counties separated from Virginia at the height of the American Civil War to form the State of West Virginia, and the college fell within the new state. In 1867, the West Virginia Legislature rededicated the institution as a teacher training facility and renamed it State Normal School of Marshall College. This began the history of the college as a state-supported post-secondary institution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897601127624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The story was dramatized in the Warner Bros. motion picture We Are Marshall, starring Matthew McConaughey and Matthew Fox. The film was released locally on December 12, 2006, and nationally on December 22, 2006. The movie depicts the aftermath of the aviation disaster for the families and university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758464813232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Shortly after Pullman Square was constructed, the city began upgrading the streetscape on 9th Street and the \"Old Main Corridor\" section of 4th Avenue. 9th Street was formerly known as the Ninth Street Plaza and was closed to vehicle traffic for years, which effectively killed most businesses there. Once anchored by Pullman Square on the north end, the old plaza was removed in 2006 and 9th Street has once again begun attracting businesses. The section of Fourth Avenue that connects downtown to Marshall University, known as the \"Old Main Corridor,\" has also been upgraded recently. The corridor is being upgraded yearly with new lighting, artistic and pedestrian-friendly design concepts, and bicycle lanes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866201400756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall University recently purchased the old Anderson-Newcomb/Stone & Thomas Building, which was built in 1902, with the intent of converting that historic structure into a state-of-the-art visual arts center. The goal being to raise the college’s presence as an innovative institution, give the visual art program more space to expand, and afford students more opportunities to become engaged in community initiatives and improve the quality of life for everyone in the city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97935962677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall/Downtown", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304839134216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "*Marshall University Campus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938916206359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The Ritter Park Historic District is a national historic district in South Side. The district encompasses 68 contributing buildings and 5 contributing structures, including the Ritter Park municipal park. The city purchased the park property in 1908. Dwellings in the district represent the finest styles in popular architecture from the years 1913 to 1940, including Colonial Revival, Bungalow/craftsman, and Tudor Revival. Notable buildings include the Ritter Park Apartments (1932), Weingartner House (c. 1923), Cammack House (1923), Marshall University President's House (1923), and Park Terrace Apartments (c. 1939–1940). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861834526062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Old Main at Marshall University, sits on Hal Greer Boulevard at 4th Avenue, in the Highlawn District, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Trustees of Marshall Academy purchased the land at Maple Grove for $40 in 1839. The building has been renovated several times. The 1870 renovation is the earliest section of Old Main to survive to the present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97599983215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Law enforcement and security for Marshall University is provided by the Marshall University Police Department. This protection includes the main campus area (including the streets on or immediately surrounding campus) as well as all other university owned or managed buildings and property, including the Marshall University Medical Center at Cabell Huntington Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83658504486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The two largest hospitals in Huntington are St. Mary's Medical Center and Cabell Huntington Hospital. St. Mary's and Cabell-Huntington are jointly designated as the only trauma center in the region. St. Mary's is the largest medical facility in the tri-state region. The medical center is the largest private employer in Cabell County with over 2,600 employees. As a teaching facility associated with the Joan C. Edwards Marshall University School of Medicine, St. Mary's trains medical residents in several specialties. The hospital campus is home to the St. Mary's School of Nursing, the St. Mary's School of Radiologic Technology, and the St. Mary’s School of Respiratory Care. All three programs are associated with Marshall University. St. Mary's is also home to a regional heart institute, regional cancer center, and regional neuroscience center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083332061767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Cabell Huntington Hospital is a not-for-profit, regional referral center with 303 staffed beds. Cabell Huntington cares for patients from more than 29 counties throughout West Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio. Opened in 1956, it is also a teaching hospital and home to the Marshall University Medical Center, which includes the Joan C. Edwards Schools of Medicine and Nursing. Cabell Huntington is also home to the Edwards Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Hoops Family Children's Hospital, and the Robert C. Byrd Center for Rural Health; a distinguished leader nationwide for rural health care delivery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.836984634399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "The Huntington Veteran's Administration (VA) Medical Center, on Spring Valley Drive, is an 80-bed medical and surgical care facility that offers primary inpatient and outpatient care, along with mental health services and subspeciality outpatient options. It is also the primary teaching facility for the Marshall University School of Medicine and is also affiliated with the University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine. In 1993, the Robert C. Byrd Clinical Addition expanded the hospital's surgery, radiology, laboratory, cardiology, nuclear medicine, and rehabilitation services and renovated inpatient care facilities. In 1998, a $10 million research facility was completed. The hospital is also the home of the Marshall University School of Pharmacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.106256484985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington has grown its economic base in recent years to include technology, retail, finance, education, and medical care (which constitutes the largest proportion of the city's employment). The largest employers are Marshall University, Cabell Huntington Hospital, St. Mary’s Medical Center, Amazon, DirecTV, and the City of Huntington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.679073333740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, volleyball, and track & field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball cross country, golf, and soccer. Marshall also fields club teams, not affiliated with the MU Athletic Department, in rugby union for both women and men, men's and women's lacrosse, and an equestrian team that competes in the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.004289627075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Some of the former players playing in college currently are Gorgui Dieng (University of Louisville), Justin Coleman (Louisville/Marshall University), Maurice Aniefiok (Ole Miss), Sim Bhuller (New Mexico State), Jeramiah Davis (University of Cincinnati), Aleksandar Kesic (Iona University), Charles Lee (Cleveland State), Ibrahima Djimde (Illinois), Negus Webster-Chan (Missouri), Stefan Jankovic (Missouri), Elijah Macon (West Virginia), JaVontae Hawkins (South Florida), along with more to come every year. Players on this years team hail from Canada, the U.S., Nigeria, and Russia. The team is coached by West Virginia natives Rob Fulford (Mullens HS), Arkell Bruce (Huntington HS), Baker Neal (Parkersburg South HS), Ryan Arrowood (Hannan HS), and David Meddings (Wayne HS).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.824863433837891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Huntington is home to colleges and universities including Marshall University and one of its graduate schools, the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, the Robert C. Byrd Institute for Advanced Manufacturing, [http://www.mctc.edu Mountwest Community & Technical College], the Huntington Junior College, St. Mary's Medical Center's School of Medical Imaging, School of Nursing, and School of Respiratory Care, as well as the Tri-State Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.75109577178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": " Interstate 64, which skirts the South Hills with four interchanges that serve the city: US 52 (West Huntington Expressway), WV 152/WV 527, WV 10, and US 60. Exits 6 through 15 service the City of Huntington. US 52 is at exit 6. Heading north on the four-lane expressway leads to West Huntington and across the West Huntington Bridge into Ohio. Heading south overlaps the interstate west towards Kenova, where US 52 exits and heads south paralleling with the Big Sandy River. This is at exit 1. Exit 8: Similar to exit 11, WV 527's southern terminus lies at the north side of I-64. WV 152 makes its northern terminus on the south side of the interstate. The two highways are the renumbered U.S. 52 that moved to a new route in 1979 south of Kenova. Both routes terminate into each other at exit 8. Exit 11: Hal Greer Boulevard (WV 10), north of I-64. South of I-64 the highway is known is 16th Street Road. The quickest way to Marshall University is at exit 11. Exit 15: US 60 near West Pea Ridge. US 60 west heads toward downtown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.150559425354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": " West Virginia Route 10 follows the Guyandotte River for much of its length and connects Huntington to Princeton. It enters the city south of Interstate 64 at Hal Greer Boulevard. North of I-64 the highway is known as 16th Street . The highway's northern terminus is in downtown just south of the Ohio River at U.S. Route 60, near Marshall University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.576268196105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Work began on the bridge in 1983 and was completed in August 1985 at a cost of $38 million. The designer of the bridge was Arvid Grant and Associated of Olympia, Washington and was the first bridge of its type in West Virginia. It was only the second of its kind in the United States since it utilized concrete instead of steel for its construction. It was built as a FHWA demonstration project. The Ohio River span and approach ramps on both sides of the river completed was what was known as Phase I. Future plans involved tolling the bridge and connecting it to U.S. Route 60 four blocks east The bridge was renamed for Marshall University's first member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Frank \"Gunner\" Gatski, during halftime of the Marshall-UTEP Football game on November 18, 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088232040405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "* Peter Marshall: actor, singer, television personality and game show host", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375996589660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Image:Huntington wv.jpg|Huntington as seen from Marshall University in 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.666299819946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Huntington, West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "A member of Conference USA, Marshall sponsors teams in six men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603012084960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball team is led by head coach Dan D'Antoni.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.307230472564697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Baseball at Marshall has long been handicapped by a lack of facilities, being the only sport at the university without a proper facility on or near campus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876976013183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "However, the 2013 Major League Baseball Draft brought significant notoriety to the Marshall Thundering Herd baseball team as Aaron Blair, a 6' 5\", 230 right handed pitcher became the highest player ever drafted out of Marshall when the Arizona Diamondbacks selected Blair with the 36th pick of the 1st round on June 6, 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.365437984466553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall also fields club teams, not affiliated with the Athletic Department, in rugby union for both women and men, men's ice hockey, and a men's lacrosse team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235788345336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Marshall's biggest rivalries are out of conference with Ohio University, Miami University. East Carolina University and University of Central Florida.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74264907836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "In 2003, Marshall renamed its stadium, honoring a major donor, Joan C. Edwards to the university and its athletic program. The facility became the first football stadium in Division I-A to be named after a woman; Mrs. Edwards husband, James F. Edwards, has his name on the actual playing field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.662604331970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" }, { "answer": "Marshall", "passage": "Also in 2003, Marshall University, under much scrutiny, disbanded its men's track & field program, expressing financial concerns with the school's 2005 move from MAC to Conference USA. Since that time it has been demonstrated that men's track paid for itself due to the students paying for the majority of their schooling. In May 2007, the track on campus was closed to make way for the new recreation center, and since that time the women's track and field team has trained and competed without a track of its own. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444584846496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marshall Thundering Herd" } ]

[ { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair—informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock—was a music festival attracting an audience of over 400,000 people, scheduled over three days on a dairy farm in New York state from August 15 to 17, 1969, but which ran over four days to August 18, 1969. ", "precise_score": -1.9965593814849854, "rough_score": -4.378723621368408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\", it was held at Max Yasgur's 600 acres dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 mi southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "precise_score": 7.380452632904053, "rough_score": 7.476130485534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The event was captured in the Academy Award winning 1970 documentary movie Woodstock, an accompanying soundtrack album, and Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", which commemorated the event and became a major hit for both Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Matthews Southern Comfort.", "precise_score": -7.301314353942871, "rough_score": -8.62612533569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, and Artie Kornfeld. Roberts and Rosenman financed the project. Lang had some experience as a promoter, having co-organized a small festival on the East Coast the prior year, the Miami Pop Festival, where an estimated 25,000 people attended the two-day event. Early in 1969, Roberts and Rosenman were New York City entrepreneurs, in the process of building Media Sound, a large audio recording studio complex in Manhattan. ", "precise_score": -7.148484706878662, "rough_score": -8.66944408416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In April 1969, newly minted superstars Creedence Clearwater Revival became the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000. The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups prior to Creedence committing to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented, \"Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on.\" Given their 3:00 a.m. start time and omission (at frontman John Fogerty's insistence) from the Woodstock film, members have expressed bitterness over their experiences at the famed festival. ", "precise_score": -8.757826805114746, "rough_score": -7.8274712562561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The original venue plan was for the festival to take place in Woodstock, New York, possibly near the proposed recording studio site owned by Alexander Tapooz. After local residents quickly shot down that idea, Lang and Kornfeld thought they had found another possible location in Saugerties, New York. But they had misunderstood, as the landowner's attorney made clear, in a brief meeting with Roberts and Rosenman. Growing alarmed at the lack of progress, Roberts and Rosenman took over the search for a venue, and discovered the 300 acre Mills Industrial Park () in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969. Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. On July 15, 1969, the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival. ", "precise_score": -5.738842487335205, "rough_score": -8.056351661682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In his 2007 book Taking Woodstock, Elliot Tiber relates that he offered to host the event on his 15 acre motel grounds, and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur. Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account and says that Tiber introduced him to a realtor, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur, Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set up at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond would become a popular skinny dipping destination.", "precise_score": 1.520488977432251, "rough_score": 1.755087971687317, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana, Janis Joplin, Sly & the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, and Johnny Winter were released separately by Legacy/SME Records, and were also collected in a box set titled The Woodstock Experience. Also, in 2009, Rhino/Atlantic Records issued a 6-CD box set titled Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm, which included further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material. ", "precise_score": -3.9122869968414307, "rough_score": -7.46699333190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 1996, the site of the concert and 1400 acre surrounding was purchased by cable television pioneer Alan Gerry for the purpose of creating the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. The Center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance by the New York Philharmonic. On August 13, 2006, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed before 16,000 fans at the new Center—37 years after their historic performance at Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -7.834502696990967, "rough_score": -5.0034003257751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald, the concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew), Canned Heat, Ten Years After, Jefferson Starship, Mountain, and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane line-up to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten, who played keyboard with the Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat. Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.", "precise_score": -3.9727489948272705, "rough_score": -6.791715621948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock August 15, 1969.jpg|A rainy day (August 15, 1969)", "precise_score": -5.0224928855896, "rough_score": -9.00753116607666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Lang and Kornfeld's lawyer, Miles Lourie, who had done legal work on the Media Sound project, suggested that they contact Roberts and Rosenman about financing a similar, but much smaller, studio Kornfeld and Lang hoped to build in Woodstock, New York. Unpersuaded by this Studio-in-the-Woods proposal, Roberts and Rosenman counter-proposed a concert featuring the kind of artists known to frequent the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band). Kornfeld and Lang agreed to the new plan, and Woodstock Ventures was formed in January 1969. The company offices were located in an oddly decorated floor of 47 West 57th Street in Manhattan. Burt Cohen, and his design group, Curtain Call Productions, oversaw the psychedelic transformation of the office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159778594970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "From the start, there were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined and knew what was needed for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, \"relaxed\" way of bringing entrepreneurs together. When Lang was unable to find a site for the concert, Roberts and Rosenman, growing increasingly concerned, took to the road and eventually came up with a venue. Similar differences about financial discipline made Roberts and Rosenman wonder whether to pull the plug or to continue pumping money into the project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020058631896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock was designed as a profit-making venture, aptly titled \"Woodstock Ventures\". It famously became a \"free concert\" only after the event drew hundreds of thousands more patrons than the organizers had prepared for. Tickets for the three-day event cost $18 in advance and $24 at the gate (equivalent to $ and $ in 2014). Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan. Around 186,000 advance tickets were sold, and the organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.62668228149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event, organizers felt they had two options: one was to complete the fencing and ticket booths, without which the promoters were almost certain to lose their shirts; the other option involved putting their remaining available resources into building the stage, without which the promoters feared they would have a disappointed and disgruntled audience. When the audience began arriving by the tens of thousands, the next day, on Wednesday before the weekend, the decision had been made for them. \"The fences at Woodstock\" became an oxymoron, while the stage at Woodstock gave birth to a legend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.067361831665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. Fearing chaos as thousands began descending on the community, Bethel did not enforce its codes. Eventually, announcements on radio stations as far away as WNEW-FM in Manhattan and descriptions of the traffic jams on television news discouraged people from setting off to the festival. Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed. The director of the Woodstock museum discussed below said this never occurred. To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389657974243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Hendrix and his new band, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows (introduced as The Experience, but corrected by Jimi) performed a two-hour set. His psychedelic rendition of the U.S. national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" occurred about into their set (after which he segued into \"Purple Haze\"). The song would become \"part of the sixties Zeitgeist\" as it was captured forever in the Woodstock film; Hendrix's image performing this number wearing a blue-beaded white leather jacket with fringe and a red head scarf has since been regarded as a defining moment of the 1960s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348551750183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Yet, in tune with the idealistic hopes of the 1960s, Woodstock satisfied most attendees. There was a sense of social harmony, which, with the quality of music, and the overwhelming mass of people, many sporting bohemian dress, behavior, and attitudes helped to make it one of the enduring events of the century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551648139953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Sound for the concert was engineered by sound engineer Bill Hanley. \"It worked very well,\" he says of the event. \"I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70 foot towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up.\" ALTEC designed marine plywood cabinets that weighed half a ton apiece and stood 6 ft tall, almost 4 ft deep, and 3 ft wide. Each of these enclosures carried four 15 in JBL D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4×2-Cell & 2×10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.488944053649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Jimi Hendrix – $30,000 for two sets plus $2,000 for expenses. Note- There was a cap of $15,000 per artist at Woodstock so a deal was made for Hendrix to play two sets, an acoustic set and a set with his band. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788830757141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Bob Dylan, in whose \"backyard\" the festival was held, was never in serious negotiation. Instead, Dylan signed in mid-July to play the Isle of Wight Festival of Music, on August 31. Dylan set sail for England on on August 15, the day the Woodstock Festival started. His son was injured by a cabin door and the family disembarked. Dylan, with his wife Sara, flew to England the following week. Dylan had been unhappy about the number of hippies piling up outside his house in the nearby town of Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26562786102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* The Jeff Beck Group: Jeff Beck disbanded the group prior to Woodstock. \"I deliberately broke the group up before Woodstock\", Beck said. \"I didn't want it to be preserved.\" Interestingly, it was to have been the first time that Beck would perform with Tim Bogert and Carmine Appice. Also, Beck's piano player Nicky Hopkins performed with Jefferson Airplane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097551345825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Led Zeppelin was asked to perform, their manager Peter Grant stated: \"We were asked to do Woodstock and Atlantic were very keen, and so was our U.S. promoter, Frank Barsalona. I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill.\" However, the group did play the first Atlanta International Pop Festival on July 5, as one of 22 bands at the two-day event. Woodstock weekend, Zeppelin performed south of the festival at the Asbury Park Convention Hall in New Jersey. Their only time out taken was to attend Elvis Presley's show at the International Hotel in Las Vegas, on August 12. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.240986824035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* The Byrds were invited, but chose not to participate, figuring Woodstock to be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. As bassist John York remembers: \"We were flying to a gig and Roger [McGuinn] came up to us and said that a guy was putting on a festival in upstate New York. But at that point they weren't paying all of the bands. He asked us if we wanted to do it and we said, 'No'. We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene. [...] So all of us said, 'No, we want a rest' and missed the best festival of all.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629847526550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Chicago, at the time still known as the Chicago Transit Authority, had initially been signed on to play at Woodstock. However, they had a contract with concert promoter Bill Graham, which allowed him to move Chicago's concerts at the Fillmore West. He rescheduled some of their dates to August 17, thus forcing the band to back out of the concert. Graham did so to ensure that Santana, which he managed at the time, would take their slot at the festival. According to singer and bassist Peter Cetera, \"We were sort of peeved at him for pulling that one.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.997137069702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, according to the Class of the 20th Century U.S. television special, is quoted as saying \"A lot of mud at Woodstock ... We were invited to play there, we turned it down.'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792330741882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Arthur Lee and Love declined the invitation, but Mojo Magazine later described inner turmoil within the band which caused their absence at the Woodstock festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622356414794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058430671691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "*Lighthouse declined to perform at Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61146354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Procol Harum was invited but refused because Woodstock fell at the end of a long tour and also coincided with the due date of guitarist Robin Trower's baby. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757670402526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Iron Butterfly was booked to appear, and is listed on the Woodstock poster for a Sunday performance, but could not perform because they were stuck at an airport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654574394226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "* Raven – attorney Miles Laurie, one of Michael Lang's lawyers set up a meeting with Raven manager, Marty Angelo and offered his band a spot on the lineup but only if they signed a contract with Lang to be Raven's record producer and 10% of future earnings. Raven turned down his offer based on the fact that the year before the band played at one of Woodstock's \"Sound Outs\" and the gig didn't go well. Lang assured them that his concert was going to be different. The band respectfully declined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052849769592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The documentary film Woodstock, directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by Thelma Schoonmaker and Martin Scorsese, was released in 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) went to Fred Weintraub, an executive at Warner Bros., and asked for money to film the festival. Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53499984741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The film has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress. In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.407054901123047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Another film on Woodstock named Taking Woodstock was produced in 2009 by Taiwanese American filmmaker Ang Lee. Lee practically rented out the entire town of New Lebanon, New York, to shoot the film. He was concerned with angering the locals, but they ended up being incredibly welcoming and excited to help with the film. The movie is based on Elliot Tiber, played by Demetri Martin, and his role in bringing Woodstock to Bethel, New York. The film also stars Jonathan Groff as Michael Lang and Henry Goodman and Imelda Staunton as Jake and Sonia Teichberg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873746871948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Two soundtrack albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More, was a 3-LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (e.g., \"[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good\", \"Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain\") and crowd noises (i.e., the rain chant) between songs. In 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released. Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously unreleased performances from the festival but not the stage announcements and crowd noises, were reissued by Atlantic as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788169860839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock also was released in 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. A longer double-disc set, Live at Woodstock (1999) features nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801624298095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2009, Joe Cocker released a live album of his entire Woodstock set. The album contained eleven tracks, ten of which were previously unreleased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061491012573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site, its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary, tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. Twenty thousand people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. In 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike Bethel, the town of Woodstock made several efforts to cash in on its notoriety. Bethel's stance changed in recent years, and the town now embraces the festival. Efforts have begun to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.236882209777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures, primarily by farmers in the area. The movie financed settlements and paid off the $1.4 million of debt Woodstock Ventures had incurred from the festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54464054107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock site today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069351196289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "The Museum at Bethel Woods opened on June 2, 2008. The Museum contains film and interactive displays, text panels, and artifacts that explore the unique experience of the Woodstock festival, its significance as the culminating event of a decade of radical cultural transformation, and the legacy of the Sixties and Woodstock today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.38548469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Woodstock 40th anniversary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560107231140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Another event occurred in Hawkhurst, Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus Santana and Grateful Dead cover bands. On August 14 and 15, 2009, a 40th anniversary tribute concert was held in Woodstock, IL and was the only festival to receive the official blessing of the \"Father of Woodstock\", Artie Kornfeld. Kornfeld later made an appearance in Woodstock with the event's promoters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.160150527954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock, which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405951499938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "As one of the biggest rock festivals of all time and a cultural touchstone for the late sixties, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase \"the Woodstock generation\" became part of the common lexicon. Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the final chords sounded. Cartoonist Charles Schulz named his recurring Peanuts bird character - which began appearing in 1966 but was yet unnamed -Woodstock in tribute to the festival. In April 1970, Mad magazine published a poem by Frank Jacobs and illustrated by Sergio Aragonés titled \"I Remember, I Remember The Wondrous Woodstock Music Fair\" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music. Keith Robertson's 1970 children's book Henry Reed's Big Show has the title character attempting to emulate the success of the festival by mounting his own concert at his uncle's farm. In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the \"Woodchuck\" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.566736221313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Contemporary culture continues to remember Woodstock, with Time magazine naming \"The Who at Woodstock – 1969\" to the magazine's \"Top 10 Music-Festival Moments\" list on March 18, 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.411587715148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "In 2005, Argentine writer Edgar Brau published Woodstock, a long poem commemorating the festival. An English translation of the poem was published in January 2007 by Words Without Borders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412077903747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "Wadham College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford, hosts an annual music and arts festival in its gardens, named 'Wadstock', after the Woodstock festival. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35489559173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Swami opening.jpg|Opening ceremony at Woodstock. Swami Satchidananda giving the opening speech", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674545288085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond hair.JPG|Two hippies at Woodstock", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056286811828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond cocker.JPG|Joe Cocker and the Grease Band performing at Woodstock", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034611701965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock-kids.jpg|Photo taken near Woodstock on August 18, 1969", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.521629333496094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond havens.JPG|Richie Havens at the Woodstock Festival", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992486953735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" }, { "answer": "Woodstock", "passage": "File:Woodstock redmond tents.JPG|Tents at the Woodstock Festival", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843830108642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Woodstock" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1525, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.", "precise_score": -1.75816011428833, "rough_score": -2.695815086364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "La Joconde", "passage": "was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea. The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means \"jocund\" (\"happy\" or \"jovial\") or, literally, \"the jocund one\", a pun on the feminine form of Lisa's married name, \"Giocondo\". In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning.", "precise_score": 0.3535015285015106, "rough_score": -1.9659594297409058, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. Although the Louvre states that it was \"doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506\", the art historian Martin Kemp says there is some difficulty in confirming the actual dates with certainty. According to Leonardo's contemporary, Giorgio Vasari, \"after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished\". Leonardo, later in his life, is said to have regretted \"never having completed a single work\". ", "precise_score": -5.709794998168945, "rough_score": -3.682276487350464, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre. The next day, painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation.", "precise_score": 4.5313520431518555, "rough_score": 5.463674068450928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who had once called for the Louvre to be \"burnt down\", came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned. Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso, who was brought in for questioning. Both were later exonerated. Two years later the thief was found. Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet, and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed. Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed da Vinci's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum. Peruggia may have also been motivated by a friend whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting's theft. A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear.[https://books.google.com/books?idkSdYINRtkWEC& The Lost Mona Lisa] by R. A. Scotti (Random House, 2010) However, the original painting remained in Europe. After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914. Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy. Before its theft, the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world. It was not until the 1860s that some critics, a thin slice of the French intelligentsia, began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. ", "precise_score": 1.3513100147247314, "rough_score": -1.7230815887451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent, and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisas left elbow with watercolour.", "precise_score": -2.8944339752197266, "rough_score": -3.282533645629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Once part of the king's collection, the Mona Lisa was among the very first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre, which became a national museum after the French Revolution. From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting's popularity grew from the middle of the 19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that the painting was somehow mysterious and a representation of the femme fatal. ", "precise_score": -3.6589813232421875, "rough_score": -4.478270053863525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Among the works created by Leonardo in the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisa or \"la Gioconda\", the laughing one. In the present era it is arguably the most famous painting in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality for which the work is renowned came to be called \"sfumato\" or Leonardo's smoke. Vasari, who is generally thought to have known the painting only by repute, said that \"the smile was so pleasing that it seemed divine rather than human; and those who saw it were amazed to find that it was as alive as the original\". ", "precise_score": 1.2086234092712402, "rough_score": 0.023401807993650436, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Among his famous drawings are the Vitruvian Man, a study of the proportions of the human body, the Head of an Angel, for The Virgin of the Rocks in the Louvre, a botanical study of Star of Bethlehem and a large drawing (160×100 cm) in black chalk on coloured paper of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist in the National Gallery, London. This drawing employs the subtle sfumato technique of shading, in the manner of the Mona Lisa. It is thought that Leonardo never made a painting from it, the closest similarity being to The Virgin and Child with St. Anne in the Louvre. ", "precise_score": -5.7841901779174805, "rough_score": -4.479466438293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Louvre Palace was altered frequently throughout the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis I renovated the site in French Renaissance style. Francis acquired what would become the nucleus of the Louvre's holdings, his acquisitions including Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. After Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1682, constructions slowed; however, the move permitted the Louvre to be used as a residence for artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.300005912780762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "During World War II the museum removed most of the art and hid valuable pieces. When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord. When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well. Select sculptures such as Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo were sent to the Château de Valençay. On 27 August 1939, after two days of packing, truck convoys began to leave Paris. By 28 December, the museum was cleared of most works, except those that were too heavy and \"unimportant paintings [that] were left in the basement\". In early 1945, after the liberation of France, art began returning to the Louvre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.661945343017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Italian holdings are notable, particularly the Renaissance collection. The works include Andrea Mantegna and Giovanni Bellini's Calvarys, which reflect realism and detail \"meant to depict the significant events of a greater spiritual world\". The High Renaissance collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, Virgin and Child with St. Anne, St. John the Baptist, and Madonna of the Rocks. Caravaggio is represented by The Fortune Teller and Death of the Virgin. From 16th century Venice, the Louvre displays Titian's Le Concert Champetre, The Entombment and The Crowning with Thorns. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.705730438232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louvre" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa (; or La Gioconda, ) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as \"the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.197658061981201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The title of the painting, which is known in English as Mona Lisa, comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote \"Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.\" Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma’am, Madam, or my lady in English. This became madonna, and its contraction mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled \"Mona\" (as used by Vasari), is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa (\"mona\" being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects) but this is rare in English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.508647918701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Before that discovery, scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting. Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait, identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.375380039215088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king's castle in Amboise. It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France. Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that da Vinci probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72346019744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In December 2015, it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology. The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side. Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004, Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting. According to Cotte, the underlying image is Leonardo's original Mona Lisa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.235403537750244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks. In April 1974, a woman, upset by the museum's policy for disabled people, sprayed red paint at it while it was being displayed at the Tokyo National Museum. On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure. In both cases, the painting was undamaged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.973153114318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751819610595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly. In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning. Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times, with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa's face and the direction of her gaze. He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.350343704223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist-photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisas landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro, Urbino and Rimini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76900863647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that \"the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation.\" This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had \"acted with a great deal of restraint.\" Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators \"some worry\", the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.781563758850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "At some point, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack developed near the top of the panel, extending down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid-18th century to early 19th century, two butterfly-shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about 1/3 the thickness of the panel. This intervention was skillfully executed, and successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. The flexible oak frame (added 1951) and cross braces (1970) help to keep the panel from warping further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.441684722900391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Because the Mona Lisas poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects. In 2004–05, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.171025276184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1909, the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame, a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.170271873474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world, but until the 20th century, Mona Lisa was one among many and not the \"most famous painting\" as it is now termed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0509033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington, D.C. It was shipped on the new liner SS France. In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued \"in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so.\" In 1974, the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.509583473205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 2014, 9.3 million people visited the Louvre, Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that \"80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.054821968078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt, although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law, which states that \"Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and cannot be otherwise.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.610163688659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting. Raphael, who had been to Leonardo's workshop several times, promptly used elements of the portrait's composition and format in several of his works, such as Young Woman with Unicorn (c. 1506 ), and Portrait of Maddalena Doni (c. 1506). Celebrated later paintings by Raphael, La velata (1515–16) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–15), continued to borrow from Leonardo's painting. Zollner states that \"None of Leonardo's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa. It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not jut as the likeness of a real person, but also as the embodiment of an ideal.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271101951599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism, but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance. In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a \"sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously\" and that \"Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague, infinite, inexpressible. One is moved, troubled ... repressed desires, hopes that drive one to despair, stir painfully.\" Walter Pater's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as \"older than the rocks among which she sits; like the vampire, she has been dead many times, and learned the secrets of the grave; and has been a diver in the deep seas, and keeps their fallen day about her.\" By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories, and upon the paintings theft in 1911, Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had \"simply become an incubus, and I was glad to be rid of her.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.589356899261475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The avant-garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa's popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Already in 1883, Le rire, an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe, by Sapeck (Eugène Bataille), was shown at the \"Incoherents\" show in Paris. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and a goatee. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like \"Elle a chaud au cul\" meaning: \"she has a hot ass\", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.705757141113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954. In 1963 following the painting's visit to the United States, Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One, like his works of Marilyn Monroe (Twenty-five Coloured Marilyns, 1962), Elvis Presley (1964) and Campbell's soup (1961–62). The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world. A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style. A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube. A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an [http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/daily-cartoon-141003-monalisasmall.gif animation] showing progressively maniacal smiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7971577644348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince (English: Leonardo da Vinci’s handy woman) held in Madrid's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work of da Vinci himself. However, since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to be a work by one of Leonardo's pupils, painted in da Vinci's studio while the other (Louvre version) was being painted. Their conclusion, based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration, that the painting is probably by Salaí (1480-1524) or by Melzi (1493-1572). This has been called into question by others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.915688514709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa, leading to the speculation that it is part of the world's first stereoscopic image pair. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.275983810424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Isleworth Mona Lisa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362022399902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. The owners claim that Leonardo contributed to the painting, a theory that Leonardo experts such as Zöllner and Kemp deny has any substance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0977373123168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Mona Lisa (copy, Thalwil, Switzerland).JPG| Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279793739318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Isleworthml.JPG |The Isleworth Mona Lisa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423959732055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "File:Mona Lisa (copy, Hermitage).jpg|16th century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055797576904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mona Lisa" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Leonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived.There are 15 significant artworks which are ascribed, either in whole or in large part, to Leonardo by most art historians. This number is made up principally of paintings on panel but includes a mural, a large drawing on paper and two works which are in the early stages of preparation. There are a number of other works that have also been variously attributed to Leonardo. Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.992599010467529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno, nicknamed Salai or Il Salaino (\"The Little Unclean One\" i.e., the devil), entered Leonardo's household in 1490. After only a year, Leonardo made a list of his misdemeanours, calling him \"a thief, a liar, stubborn, and a glutton\", after he had made off with money and valuables on at least five occasions and spent a fortune on clothes. Nevertheless, Leonardo treated him with great indulgence, and he remained in Leonardo's household for the next thirty years. Salai executed a number of paintings under the name of Andrea Salai, but although Vasari claims that Leonardo \"taught him a great deal about painting\", his work is generally considered to be of less artistic merit than others among Leonardo's pupils, such as Marco d'Oggiono and Boltraffio. In 1515, he painted a nude version of the Mona Lisa, known as Monna Vanna. Salai owned the Mona Lisa at the time of his death in 1525, and in his will it was assessed at 505 lire, an exceptionally high valuation for a small panel portrait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.747832298278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" }, { "answer": "Mona Lisa", "passage": "These paintings are famous for a variety of qualities which have been much imitated by students and discussed at great length by connoisseurs and critics. Among the qualities that make Leonardo's work unique are the innovative techniques which he used in laying on the paint, his detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and geology, his interest in physiognomy and the way in which humans register emotion in expression and gesture, his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition, and his use of the subtle gradation of tone. All these qualities come together in his most famous painted works, the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper and the Virgin of the Rocks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67056655883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci" } ]

[ { "answer": "Earth's Population", "passage": "Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning \"the people\", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, implies \"writing, description or measurement\" ) is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population.", "precise_score": 4.974921226501465, "rough_score": -3.30139422416687, "source": "wiki", "title": "Demography" }, { "answer": "World pop", "passage": "The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN projections of world population out to the year 2150 (red high, orange ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402602195739746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Demography" }, { "answer": "World pop", "passage": " medium, green = low). The UN \"medium\" projection shows world population reaching an approximate equilibrium at 9 billion by 2075. Working independently, demographers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria expect world population to peak at 9 billion by 2070. Throughout the 21st century, the average age of the population is likely to continue to rise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315523147583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Demography" } ]

[ { "answer": "Frank Zappa", "passage": "The Mothers of Invention were an American rock band from California that served as the backing musicians for Frank Zappa. Their work is marked by the use of sonic experimentation, innovative album art, and elaborate live shows.", "precise_score": 3.131483554840088, "rough_score": 1.6679829359054565, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, the Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968). It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena. The cover photo parodied that of the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, its art provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa had met in New York. This initiated a lifelong collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums. ", "precise_score": -0.5343018770217896, "rough_score": 0.09569904208183289, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Zappa and the Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in the summer of 1968. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, the Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially. Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his \"electrical chamber music\". ", "precise_score": -0.21644657850265503, "rough_score": -1.4342402219772339, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of the Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the \"of Invention\"). It included British drummer Aynsley Dunbar, jazz keyboardist George Duke, Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of the Turtles: bass player Jim Pons, and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name \"The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie\", or \"Flo & Eddie\". ", "precise_score": 1.7763062715530396, "rough_score": -0.8273509740829468, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "In 1993, Zappa released Ahead Of Their Time, an album of previously recorded material by the original Mothers of Invention lineup.", "precise_score": -2.8125948905944824, "rough_score": -0.08586537092924118, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Originally an R&B band called The Soul Giants, the band's original lineup included Ray Collins, David Coronado, Ray Hunt, Roy Estrada and Jimmy Carl Black. Zappa was asked to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and Coronado, the band's original saxophonist/leader. Zappa insisted that they perform his original material, changing their name on Mothers Day to The Mothers (which for legal liability reasons was morphed by record executive decision into The Mothers of Invention), and leading them to substantial popular commercial success. Originally formed in 1964, the band first became popular playing in California's underground music scene in the late 1960s. Under Zappa's helm, it was signed to jazz label Verve Records as part of the label's diversification plans. Verve released the Mothers of Invention's début album Freak Out! in 1966, featuring a lineup including Zappa, Collins, Black, Estrada and Elliot Ingber.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7125706672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Under Zappa's leadership and a changing lineup, the band released a series of critically acclaimed albums, including Absolutely Free, We're Only in It for the Money and Uncle Meat, before being disbanded by Zappa in 1969. In 1970, he formed a new version of the Mothers that included Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons, George Duke, Aynsley Dunbar and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan (formerly of the Turtles, but who for contractual reasons were credited in this band as the Phlorescent Leech & Eddie). Later adding another ex-Turtle, bassist Jim Pons, this lineup endured through 1971, when Zappa was injured by an audience member during a concert appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.492471694946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Zappa focused on big-band and orchestral music while recovering from his injuries, and in 1973 formed the Mothers' final lineup, which included drummer Ralph Humphrey, trumpeter Sal Marquez, keyboardist/vocalist George Duke, trombonist Bruce Fowler, bassist Tom Fowler, percussionist Ruth Underwood and keyboardist/saxophonist Ian Underwood. The final album using the Mothers as a backing band, Bongo Fury (1975), featured guitarist Denny Walley and drummer Terry Bozzio, who continued to play for Zappa on non-Mothers releases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.500836372375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Frank Zappa", "passage": "The Soul Giants were formed in 1964. In 1964, Frank Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist following a fight between Collins and the group's original guitarist. Zappa accepted, and convinced the other members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract. Original leader David Coronado did not think that the band would be employable if they played original material, and left the band. Zappa soon assumed leadership and the role as co-lead singer, even though he never considered himself a singer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608765602111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "The band was renamed the Mothers, coincidentally on Mother's Day. The group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene. In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing Zappa's \"Trouble Every Day,\" a song about the Watts Riots. Wilson had earned acclaim as the producer for singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the folk-rock act Simon & Garfunkel, and was notable as one of the few African Americans working as a major label pop music producer at this time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.921786308288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Wilson signed the Mothers to the Verve Records division of MGM Records, which had built up a strong reputation in the music industry for its releases of modern jazz recordings in the 1940s and 1950s, but was attempting to diversify into pop and rock audiences. Verve insisted that the band officially rename themselves because \"Mother\" in slang terminology was short for \"motherfucker\"—a term that apart from its profanity, in a jazz context connotes a very skilled musical instrumentalist. The label suggested the name \"The Mothers Auxiliary\", which prompted Zappa to come up with the name \"The Mothers of Invention\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8836427927017212, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "With Wilson credited as producer, the Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, recorded the groundbreaking Freak Out! (1966) which, preceded by Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde, was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B, doo-wop, musique concrète, and experimental sound collages that captured the \"freak\" subculture of Los Angeles at that time. Although he was dissatisfied with the final product—in a late '60s radio interview (included in the posthumous MOFO Project/Object compilation) Zappa recounted that the side-long closing track \"Return of the Son of Monster Magnet\" was intended to be the basic track for a much more complex work which Verve did not allow him to complete—Freak Out immediately established Zappa as a radical new voice in rock music, providing an antidote to the \"relentless consumer culture of America\". The sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. While recording in the studio, some of the additional session musicians were shocked that they were expected to read the notes on sheet music from charts with Zappa conducting them, since it was not standard when recording rock music. The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements. Yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs. Most compositions are Zappa's, which set a precedent for the rest of his recording career. He had full control over the arrangements and musical decisions and did most overdubs. Wilson provided the industry clout and connections to get the group the financial resources needed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.0575995445251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Wilson nominally produced the Mothers' second album Absolutely Free (1967), which was recorded in November 1966, and later mixed in New York, although by this time Zappa was in de facto control of most facets of the production. It featured extended playing by the Mothers of Invention and focused on songs that defined Zappa's compositional style of introducing abrupt, rhythmical changes into songs that were built from diverse elements. Examples are \"Plastic People\" and \"Brown Shoes Don't Make It\", which contained lyrics critical of the hypocrisy and conformity of American society, but also of the counterculture of the 1960s. As Zappa put it, \"[W]e're satirists, and we are out to satirize everything.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.650618076324463, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year. As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with the Mothers of Invention, moved to New York. Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals. Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a \"gook baby\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.781991958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Reflecting Zappa's eclectic approach to music, the next album, Cruising with Ruben & the Jets (1968), was very different. It represented a collection of doo-wop songs; listeners and critics were not sure whether the album was a satire or a tribute. Zappa has noted that the album was conceived in the way Stravinsky's compositions were in his neo-classical period: \"If he could take the forms and clichés of the classical era and pervert them, why not do the same ... to doo-wop in the fifties?\" A theme from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is heard during one song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86393928527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing royalties whether they played or not. 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with the label's interference, left MGM Records for Warner Bros.' Reprise subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.909405708312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band. He often cited the financial strain as the main reason, but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort. Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling. Others were irritated by 'his autocratic ways', exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members. Several members would, however, play for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on Weasels Ripped My Flesh and Burnt Weeny Sandwich (both released in 1970).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841976165771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "This version of the Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album Chunga's Revenge (1970), which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie 200 Motels (1971), featuring the Mothers, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Co-directed by Zappa and Tony Palmer, it was filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London. Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting. The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician. It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film, a process which allowed for novel visual effects. It was released to mixed reviews. The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.961169719696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "After 200 Motels, the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, Fillmore East - June 1971 and Just Another Band From L.A.; the latter included the 20-minute track \"Billy the Mountain\", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on 200 Motels scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.957572937011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "In December 1971, there were two serious setbacks. While performing at Casino de Montreux in Switzerland, the Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino. Immortalized in Deep Purple's song \"Smoke on the Water\", the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album Swiss Cheese/Fire, released legally as part of Zappa's Beat the Boots II compilation. After a week's break, the Mothers played at the Rainbow Theatre, London, with rented gear. During the encore, an audience member pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed larynx, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a third after healing. This accident resulted in him using a wheelchair for an extended period, forcing him off the road for over half a year. Upon his return to the stage in September 1972, he was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed \"shorter than the other\" (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs \"Zomby Woof\" and \"Dancin' Fool\"), resulting in chronic back pain. Meanwhile, the Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.329853057861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "After releasing a solo jazz-oriented album Waka/Jawaka, and following it up with a Mothers album, The Grand Wazoo, with large bands, Zappa formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included Ian Underwood (reeds, keyboards), Ruth Underwood (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute and vocals), Bruce Fowler (trombone), Tom Fowler (bass), Chester Thompson (drums), [http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Ralph_Humphrey.html Ralph Humphrey] (drums), George Duke (keyboards, vocals), and Jean-Luc Ponty (violin).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.868262767791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album Apostrophe (') (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the Billboard pop album charts helped by the chart single \"Don't Eat The Yellow Snow\". Other albums from the period are Over-Nite Sensation (1973), which contained several future concert favorites, such as \"Dinah-Moe Humm\" and \"Montana\", and the albums Roxy & Elsewhere (1974) and One Size Fits All (1975) which feature ever-changing versions of a band still called the Mothers, and are notable for the tight renditions of highly difficult jazz fusion songs in such pieces as \"Inca Roads\", \"Echidna's Arf (Of You)\" and \"Be-Bop Tango (Of the Old Jazzmen's Church)\". A live recording from 1974, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 (1988), captures \"the full spirit and excellence of the 1973–75 band\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Zappa", "passage": "Zappa released Bongo Fury in 1975, which featured live recordings from a tour the same year that had reunited him with Captain Beefheart for a brief period. They later became estranged for a period of years, but were in contact at the end of Zappa's life. Bongo Fury was the last new album to be credited to the Mothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.194219589233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" }, { "answer": "Frank Zappa", "passage": "* Frank Zappa - guitar, vocals (1964-1969, 1970-1971, 1973-1975; d. 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848986625671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Mothers of Invention" } ]

[ { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The original form of Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant, this law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object", "precise_score": -2.5720508098602295, "rough_score": -1.8564432859420776, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's Second Law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass. Accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements. However, while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics, there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass. General relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass, but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales. With some justification, Newton's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed.", "precise_score": 0.044593073427677155, "rough_score": -1.7623823881149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The SI unit of force is the newton (symbol N), which is the force required to accelerate a one kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second squared, or . The corresponding CGS unit is the dyne, the force required to accelerate a one gram mass by one centimeter per second squared, or . A newton is thus equal to 100,000 dynes.", "precise_score": 9.127758979797363, "rough_score": 7.6124444007873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "An alternative unit of force in a different foot-pound-second system, the absolute fps system, is the poundal, defined as the force required to accelerate a one-pound mass at a rate of one foot per second squared. The units of slug and poundal are designed to avoid a constant of proportionality in Newton's Second Law.", "precise_score": 6.24345588684082, "rough_score": 5.7068963050842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.", "precise_score": 5.263726234436035, "rough_score": 4.897356986999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Acceleration, in physics, is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. An object's acceleration is the net result of any and all forces acting on the object, as described by Newton's Second Law. The SI unit for acceleration is metre per second squared Accelerations are vector quantities (they have magnitude and direction) and add according to the parallelogram law. As a vector, the calculated net force is equal to the product of the object's mass (a scalar quantity) and its acceleration.", "precise_score": 2.2378716468811035, "rough_score": 2.4246973991394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Acceleration" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force. The inverse relationship between mass and acceleration is called inertia. According to Newton's second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If a first body of mass mA is placed at a distance r (center of mass to center of mass) from a second body of mass mB, each body is subject to an attractive force , where is the \"universal gravitational constant\". This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass.When a distinction is necessary, M is used to denote the active gravitational mass and m the passive gravitational mass. Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are identical; since 1915, this observation has been entailed a priori in the equivalence principle of general relativity.", "precise_score": -1.4480270147323608, "rough_score": 1.1084219217300415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The force known as \"weight\" is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon. This force keeps the object from going into free fall. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances, and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by , where is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field, (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object).", "precise_score": -0.4628763198852539, "rough_score": -1.6736953258514404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The kilogram is a unit of mass, a property which corresponds to the common perception of how \"heavy\" an object is. Mass is an inertial property; that is, it is related to the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest, or if in motion to remain in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force. According to \"Newton's laws of motion\" and the equation , (second law of motion) when acted upon by a force F of one newton, an object with mass m of one kilogram will accelerate a at the rate of one meter per second per second (1 m/s2)—about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravityIn professional metrology (the science of measurement), the acceleration of Earth's gravity is taken as standard gravity (symbol: gn), which is defined as precisely meters per square second (m/s2). The expression means that for every second that elapses, velocity changes an additional 1 meter per second. In more familiar terms: an acceleration of 1m/s2 can also be expressed as a rate of change in velocity of precisely 3.6 km/h per second (≈2.2 mph per second).", "precise_score": 5.751737117767334, "rough_score": 7.162838459014893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kilogram" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The stability of the IPK is crucial because the kilogram underpins much of the SI system of measurement as it is currently defined and structured. For instance, the newton is defined as the force necessary to accelerate one kilogram at one meter per second squared. If the mass of the IPK were to change slightly, so too must the newton by a proportional degree. In turn, the pascal, the SI unit of pressure, is defined in terms of the newton. This chain of dependency follows to many other SI units of measure. For instance, the joule, the SI unit of energy, is defined as that expended when a force of one newton acts through one meter. Next to be affected is the SI unit of power, the watt, which is one joule per second. The ampere too is defined relative to the newton, and ultimately, the kilogram.", "precise_score": 6.270148754119873, "rough_score": 6.3385748863220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kilogram" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's Second Law states that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration.", "precise_score": -0.7194607257843018, "rough_score": -1.7899086475372314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metre per second squared" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The unit of force is the newton (N), and mass has the SI unit kilogram (kg). One newton equals one kilogram metre per second squared. Therefore, the unit metre per second squared is equivalent to newton per kilogram, N·kg−1, or N/kg. ", "precise_score": 5.237133979797363, "rough_score": 5.894843101501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metre per second squared" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The seven-volume Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manathir) hugely influenced thinking across disciplines from the theory of visual perception to the nature of perspective in medieval art, in both the East and the West, for more than 600 years. Many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haytham’s Optics ranks alongside that of Newton’s work of the same title, published 700 years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192806243896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Physics" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Major developments in this period include the replacement of the geocentric model of the solar system with the heliocentric Copernican model, the laws governing the motion of planetary bodies determined by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, pioneering work on telescopes and observational astronomy by Galileo Galilei in the 16th and 17th Centuries, and Isaac Newton's discovery and unification of the laws of motion and universal gravitation that would come to bear his name. Newton also developed calculus, the mathematical study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994477272033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Physics" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Though physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found to be an adequate approximation of nature. For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research today. Chaos theory, a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100129127502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Physics" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Mathematics provides a compact and exact language used to describe of the order in nature. This was noted and advocated by Pythagoras, Plato, Galileo, and Newton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148505210876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Physics" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "A scientific law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation which expresses a fundamental principle of some theory, such as Newton's law of universal gravitation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285826683044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Physics" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4098458290100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines, but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force. In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction, and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion, even at a constant velocity. Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years. By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light, and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.066999435424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Pre-Newtonian concepts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212794303894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newtonian mechanics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91365909576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Sir Isaac Newton sought to describe the motion of all objects using the concepts of inertia and force, and in doing so he found that they obey certain conservation laws. In 1687, Newton went on to publish his thesis Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this work Newton set out three laws of motion that to this day are the way forces are described in physics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.30053424835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's First Law of Motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force. This law is an extension of Galileo's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force (see a more detailed description of this below). Newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium \"natural state\" in place of the Aristotelian idea of the \"natural state of rest\". That is, the first law contradicts the intuitive Aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity. By making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity, Newton's First Law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities. Specifically, in systems where objects are moving with different velocities, it is impossible to determine which object is \"in motion\" and which object is \"at rest\". In other words, to phrase matters more technically, the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference, that is, in all frames related by a Galilean transformation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.968540668487549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25981616973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "A modern statement of Newton's Second Law is a vector equation:Newton's Principia Mathematica actually used a finite difference version of this equation based upon impulse. See Impulse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.549137115478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's second law applies only to a system of constant mass,\"It is important to note that we cannot derive a general expression for Newton's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F dP/dt ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.611663818359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "By substituting the definition of acceleration, the algebraic version of Newton's Second Law is derived:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91617202758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton never explicitly stated the formula in the reduced form above. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302552223205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The use of Newton's Second Law as a definition of force has been disparaged in some of the more rigorous textbooks, because it is essentially a mathematical truism. Notable physicists, philosophers and mathematicians who have sought a more explicit definition of the concept of force include Ernst Mach, Clifford Truesdell and Walter Noll. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.332292079925537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's Second Law can be used to measure the strength of forces. For instance, knowledge of the masses of planets along with the accelerations of their orbits allows scientists to calculate the gravitational forces on planets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.242057800292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's Third Law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies, \"Any single force is only one aspect of a mutual interaction between two bodies.\" and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body. Whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force −F on the first body. F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the \"action\" and −F the \"reaction\". The action and the reaction are simultaneous:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.796810150146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Combining Newton's Second and Third Laws, it is possible to show that the linear momentum of a system is conserved. Using", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032146453857422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In the special theory of relativity, mass and energy are equivalent (as can be seen by calculating the work required to accelerate an object). When an object's velocity increases, so does its energy and hence its mass equivalent (inertia). It thus requires more force to accelerate it the same amount than it did at a lower velocity. Newton's Second Law", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3397018909454346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale. Through experimentation, it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.793224334716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "A static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces, using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances. For example, an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the \"spring reaction force\", which equals the object's weight. Using such tools, some quantitative force laws were discovered: that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density (widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights); Archimedes' principle for buoyancy; Archimedes' analysis of the lever; Boyle's law for gas pressure; and Hooke's law for springs. These were all formulated and experimentally verified before Isaac Newton expounded his Three Laws of Motion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.584763526916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The notion \"force\" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes \"quantized\", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of \"forces\". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., V(x,y,z)\\to {\\hat V}(\\hat x,\\hat y,\\hat z).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.144312858581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete. A Grand Unified Theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics. Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.18640422821045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as \\scriptstyle \\vec{g} and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of m will experience a force:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1607420444488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's contribution to gravitational theory was to unify the motions of heavenly bodies, which Aristotle had assumed were in a natural state of constant motion, with falling motion observed on the Earth. He proposed a law of gravity that could account for the celestial motions that had been described earlier using Kepler's laws of planetary motion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946783065795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass (\\scriptstyle m_\\oplus) and the radius (\\scriptstyle R_\\oplus) of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.918939590454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214088439941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's laws and Newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects. However, in real life, matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object. For situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow, contract, expand, or otherwise change shape, the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material. For example, in extended fluids, differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.654318809509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "There are forces that are frame dependent, meaning that they appear due to the adoption of non-Newtonian (that is, non-inertial) reference frames. Such forces include the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force. These forces are considered fictitious because they do not exist in frames of reference that are not accelerating. Because these forces are not genuine they are also referred to as \"pseudo forces\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.788423538208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.709415912628174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Equivalently, the differential form of Newton's Second Law provides an alternative definition of torque:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9528169631958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newton's Third Law of Motion requires that all objects exerting torques themselves experience equal and opposite torques, and therefore also directly implies the conservation of angular momentum for closed systems that experience rotations and revolutions through the action of internal torques.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878850936889648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "which by Newton's Second Law must be equivalent to the change in momentum (yielding the Impulse momentum theorem).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.172085762023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Force" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In classical mechanics, for a body with constant mass, the (vector) acceleration of the body's center of mass is proportional to the net force vector (i.e. sum of all forces) acting on it (Newton's second law):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0052900314331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Acceleration" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "A frequently cited example of uniform acceleration is that of an object in free fall in a uniform gravitational field. The acceleration of a falling body in the absence of resistances to motion is dependent only on the gravitational field strength g (also called acceleration due to gravity). By Newton's Second Law the force, F, acting on a body is given by:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.147666931152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Acceleration" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The special theory of relativity describes the behavior of objects traveling relative to other objects at speeds approaching that of light in a vacuum. Newtonian mechanics is exactly revealed to be an approximation to reality, valid to great accuracy at lower speeds. As the relevant speeds increase toward the speed of light, acceleration no longer follows classical equations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408029556274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Acceleration" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In Newtonian physics, mass can be generalized as the amount of matter in an object. However, at very high speeds, special relativity postulates that energy is an additional source of mass. Thus, any stationary body having mass has an equivalent amount of energy, and all forms of energy resist acceleration by a force and have gravitational attraction. In addition, \"matter\" is a loosely defined term in science, and thus cannot be precisely measured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2761993408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "* Active gravitational massThe distinction between \"active\" and \"passive\" gravitational mass does not exist in the Newtonian view of gravity as found in classical mechanics, and can safely be ignored for many purposes. In most practical applications, Newtonian gravity is assumed because it is usually sufficiently accurate, and is simpler than General Relativity; for example, NASA uses primarily Newtonian gravity to design space missions, although \"accuracies are routinely enhanced by accounting for tiny relativistic effects\". The distinction between \"active\" and \"passive\" is very abstract, and applies to post-graduate level applications of General Relativity to certain problems in cosmology, and is otherwise not used. There is, nevertheless, an important conceptual distinction in Newtonian physics between \"inertial mass\" and \"gravitational mass\", although these quantities are identical; the conceptual distinction between these two fundamental definitions of mass is maintained for teaching purposes because they involve two distinct methods of measurement. It was long considered anomalous that the two distinct measurements of mass (inertial and gravitational) gave an identical result. The property, observed by Galileo, that objects of different mass fall with the same rate of acceleration (ignoring air resistance), shows that inertial and gravitational mass are the same. is a measure of the strength of an object's gravitational flux (gravitational flux is equal to the surface integral of gravitational field over an enclosing surface). Gravitational field can be measured by allowing a small \"test object\" to fall freely and measuring its free-fall acceleration. For example, an object in free fall near the Moon is subject to a smaller gravitational field, and hence accelerates more slowly, than the same object would if it were in free fall near the Earth. The gravitational field near the Moon is weaker because the Moon has less active gravitational mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.945529460906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In everyday usage, mass and \"weight\" are often used interchangeably. For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. In a constant gravitational field, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and it is unproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. But because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places, the distinction becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent, and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets. Conceptually, \"mass\" (measured in kilograms) refers to an intrinsic property of an object, whereas \"weight\" (measured in newtons) measures an object's resistance to deviating from its natural course of free fall, which can be influenced by the nearby gravitational field. No matter how strong the gravitational field, objects in free fall are weightless, though they still have mass. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.124505996704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Although inertial mass, passive gravitational mass and active gravitational mass are conceptually distinct, no experiment has ever unambiguously demonstrated any difference between them. In classical mechanics, Newton's third law implies that active and passive gravitational mass must always be identical (or at least proportional), but the classical theory offers no compelling reason why the gravitational mass has to equal the inertial mass. That it does is merely an empirical fact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.687036514282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Albert Einstein developed his general theory of relativity starting from the assumption that this correspondence between inertial and (passive) gravitational mass is not accidental: that no experiment will ever detect a difference between them (the weak version of the equivalence principle). However, in the resulting theory, gravitation is not a force and thus not subject to Newton's third law, so \"the equality of inertial and active gravitational mass [...] remains as puzzling as ever\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.155263900756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses is sometimes referred to as the \"Galilean equivalence principle\" or the \"weak equivalence principle\". The most important consequence of this equivalence principle applies to freely falling objects. Suppose we have an object with inertial and gravitational masses m and M, respectively. If the only force acting on the object comes from a gravitational field g, combining Newton's second law and the gravitational law yields the acceleration", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.629800796508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Pre-Newtonian concepts ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212794303894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Newtonian mass ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.377372741699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Robert Hooke had published his concept of gravitational forces in 1674, stating that all celestial bodies have an attraction or gravitating power towards their own centers, and also attract all the other celestial bodies that are within the sphere of their activity. He further stated that gravitational attraction increases by how much nearer the body wrought upon is to their own center. In correspondence with Isaac Newton from 1679 and 1680, Hooke conjectures that gravitational forces might decrease according to the double of the distance between the two bodies. Hooke urged Newton, who was a pioneer in the development of calculus, to work through the mathematical details of Keplerian orbits to determine if Hooke's hypothesis was correct. Newton's own investigations verified that Hooke was correct, but due to personal differences between the two men, Newton chose not to reveal this to Hooke. Isaac Newton kept quiet about his discoveries until 1684, at which time he told a friend, Edmond Halley, that he had solved the problem of gravitational orbits, but had misplaced the solution in his office. After being encouraged by Halley, Newton decided to develop his ideas about gravity and publish all of his findings. In November 1684, Isaac Newton sent a document to Edmund Halley, now lost but presumed to have been titled De motu corporum in gyrum (Latin for \"On the motion of bodies in an orbit\"). Halley presented Newton's findings to the Royal Society of London, with a promise that a fuller presentation would follow. Newton later recorded his ideas in a three book set, entitled Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin: \"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"). The first was received by the Royal Society on 28 April 1685–6; the second on 2 March 1686–7; and the third on 6 April 1686–7. The Royal Society published Newton’s entire collection at their own expense in May 1686–7. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.453798294067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Isaac Newton had bridged the gap between Kepler’s gravitational mass and Galileo’s gravitational acceleration, resulting in the discovery of the following relationship which governed both of these:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6010103225708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mass" } ]

[ { "answer": "1812", "passage": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written on September 14, 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "precise_score": 8.784097671508789, "rough_score": 9.405767440795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "1812", "passage": "During the War of 1812, Key, accompanied by the British Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel John Stuart Skinner, dined aboard the British ship HMS Tonnant, as the guests of three British officers: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, and Major General Robert Ross. Skinner and Key were there to negotiate the release of prisoners, one of whom was Dr.William Beanes, a resident of Upper Marlboro, Maryland who had been arrested after jailing marauding British troops who were looting local farms. Skinner, Key, and Beanes were not allowed to return to their own sloop because they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and with the British intent to attack Baltimore. Thus, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on the night of September 1314,1814.Hubbell, Jay B. The South in American Literature: 1607–1900. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 301.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.204911231994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Francis Scott Key" }, { "answer": "1812", "passage": "Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. \"Hail, Columbia\" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\", whose melody is identical to \"God Save the Queen\", the British national anthem, also served as a de facto anthem. Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", as well as \"America the Beautiful\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.105798721313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Unmanned programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the planets of the solar system, starting with Venus and Mars, and including \"grand tours\" of the outer planets. Manned programs sent the first Americans into low Earth orbit (LEO), won the Space Race with the Soviet Union by landing twelve men on the Moon from 1969 to 1972 in the Apollo program, developed a semi-reusable LEO Space Shuttle, and developed LEO space station capability by itself and with the cooperation of several other nations including post-Soviet Russia. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter.", "precise_score": -0.6070390939712524, "rough_score": 4.879957675933838, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a one-man space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. Reacting to loss of national prestige and security fears caused by early leads in space exploration by the Soviet Union, in 1961 President John F. Kennedy proposed the ambitious goal \"of landing a man on the Moon by the end of [the 1960s], and returning him safely to the Earth.\" This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, and NASA planned even more ambitious activities leading to a manned mission to Mars. However, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, and a semi-reusable Earth orbital shuttle. In the 1990s, funding was approved for NASA to develop a permanent Earth orbital space station in cooperation with the international community, which now included the former rival, post-Soviet Russia. To date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude, 80 km. ", "precise_score": -4.697864055633545, "rough_score": -2.623185634613037, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "For missions beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO), NASA has been directed to develop the Space Launch System (SLS), a Saturn-V class rocket, and the two to six person, beyond low Earth orbit spacecraft, Orion. In February 2010, President Barack Obama's administration proposed eliminating public funds for the Constellation program and shifting greater responsibility of servicing the ISS to private companies. During a speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, Obama proposed a new heavy-lift vehicle (HLV) to replace the formerly planned Ares V. In his speech, Obama called for a manned mission to an asteroid as soon as 2025, and a manned mission to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 was passed by Congress and signed into law on October 11, 2010. The act officially canceled the Constellation program.", "precise_score": -4.405871868133545, "rough_score": 0.27593207359313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The first successful landing on Mars was made by Viking 1 in 1976. Twenty years later a rover was landed on Mars by Mars Pathfinder. ", "precise_score": 1.4971206188201904, "rough_score": -0.16275599598884583, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Outside Mars, Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973. More than 20 years later Galileo sent a probe into the planet's atmosphere, and became the first spacecraft to orbit the planet. Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979, with Voyager 2 making the first (and so far only) visits to Uranus and Neptune in 1986 and 1989, respectively. The first spacecraft to leave the solar system was Pioneer 10 in 1983. For a time it was the most distant spacecraft, but it has since been surpassed by both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. ", "precise_score": -3.23525333404541, "rough_score": 5.621691703796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "On November 26, 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. Curiosity successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Mars. ", "precise_score": -1.6112213134765625, "rough_score": 2.779421329498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "NASA's ongoing investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars (Mars 2020 and InSight) and Saturn and studies of the Earth and the Sun. Other active spacecraft missions are Juno for Jupiter, Cassini for Saturn, New Horizons (for Jupiter, Pluto, and beyond), and Dawn for the asteroid belt. NASA continued to support in situ exploration beyond the asteroid belt, including Pioneer and Voyager traverses into the unexplored trans-Pluto region, and Gas Giant orbiters Galileo (1989–2003), Cassini (1997–), and Juno (2011–).", "precise_score": -2.4729881286621094, "rough_score": -1.8571833372116089, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The New Horizons mission to Pluto was launched in 2006 and successfully performed a flyby of Pluto on July 14, 2015. The probe received a gravity assist from Jupiter in February 2007, examining some of Jupiter's inner moons and testing on-board instruments during the flyby. On the horizon of NASA's plans is the MAVEN spacecraft as part of the Mars Scout Program to study the atmosphere of Mars. ", "precise_score": -1.4934403896331787, "rough_score": -0.6166502237319946, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "In September 2011, NASA announced the start of the Space Launch System program to develop a human-rated heavy lift vehicle. The Space Launch System is intended to launch the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and other elements towards the Moon, near-Earth asteroids, and one day Mars. The Orion MPCV conducted an unmanned test launch on a Delta IV Heavy rocket in December 2014. ", "precise_score": -3.7246336936950684, "rough_score": -3.364332675933838, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft (along with Viking 2) sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. On July 20, 1976, it became the first spacecraft to land successfully on Mars and perform its mission. Viking 1 held the record for the longest Mars surface mission of days or sols until that record was broken by Opportunity on May 19, 2010. ", "precise_score": 6.752984046936035, "rough_score": 6.654592990875244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Following launch using a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle on August 20, 1975, and a 10-month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about 5 days before orbit insertion. The Viking 1 Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, and trimmed to a 1513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on June 21. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found. The lander separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UTC and landed at 11:53:06 UTC. It was the first attempt by the United States at landing on Mars.", "precise_score": 7.034778118133545, "rough_score": 7.6315484046936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": " The orbiter primary mission ended at the beginning of solar conjunction on November 5, 1976. The extended mission commenced on December 14, 1976, after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to Phobos in February 1977. The periapsis was reduced to 300 km on March 11, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate — the rate at which the areocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on July 20, 1979. On August 7, 1980, Viking 1 Orbiter was running low on attitude control gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33943 km to 320 × 56000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980, after 1485 orbits.", "precise_score": 4.2342352867126465, "rough_score": 3.0356976985931396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:PIA17940-MartianMorningClouds-VikingOrbiter1-1976-20140212.jpg|Morning Clouds on Mars - Viking Orbiter 1 (taken in 1976) - (February 12, 2014). ", "precise_score": -0.3168153762817383, "rough_score": -3.071946620941162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Upon its arrival at Mars on November 13, 1971, Mariner 9 became the first space probe to maintain orbit around another planet. ", "precise_score": -1.8649022579193115, "rough_score": 2.0506842136383057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The inner Solar System has been made the goal of at least four unmanned programs. The first was Mariner in the 1960s and '70s, which made multiple visits to Venus and Mars and one to Mercury. Probes launched under the Mariner program were also the first to make a planetary flyby (Mariner 2), to take the first pictures from another planet (Mariner 4), the first planetary orbiter (Mariner 9), and the first to make a gravity assist maneuver (Mariner 10). This is a technique where the satellite takes advantage of the gravity and velocity of planets to reach its destination. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.80180025100708, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a permanent moon base. The goal was to start building the moon base by 2020, and by 2024, have a fully functional base that would allow for crew rotations and in-situ resource utilization. However, in 2009, the Augustine Committee found the program to be on a \"unsustainable trajectory.\" In 2010, President Barack Obama halted existing plans, including the Moon base, and directed a generic focus on manned missions to asteroids and Mars, as well as extending support for the International Space Station. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.672607898712158, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "On August 6, 2012, NASA landed the rover Curiosity on Mars. On August 27, 2012, Curiosity transmitted the first pre-recorded message from the surface of Mars back to Earth, made by Administrator Charlie Bolden:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.501774311065674, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Another major facility is Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama at which the Saturn 5 rocket and Skylab were developed. The JPL worked together with ABMA, one of the agencies behind Explorer 1, the first American space mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195283889770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37865161895752, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "File:PIA19142-MarsCuriosityRover-SelfPortrait-Mojave-20150131.jpg|Curiosity rover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323715209960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "NASA" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The lander and its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UTC. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 5 km/s. The aeroshell's retrorockets fired to begin the lander deorbit maneuver. After a few hours at about 300 km altitude, the lander was reoriented for atmospheric entry. The aeroshell with its ablative heat shield slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere. During this time, entry science experiments were performed by using a retarding potential analyzer, a mass spectrometer, as well as pressure, temperature, and density sensors. At 6 km altitude, traveling at about 250 m/s, the 16 m diameter lander parachutes deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and 8 seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds the parachute had slowed the lander to 60 m/s. At 1.5 km altitude, retrorockets on the lander itself were ignited and, 40 seconds later at about 2.4 m/s, the lander arrived on Mars with a relatively light jolt. The legs had honeycomb aluminum shock absorbers to soften the landing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.239402770996094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The Viking 1 Lander touched down in western Chryse Planitia (\"Golden Plain\") at at a reference altitude of −2.69 km relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3397.2 km and a flatness of 0.0105 (22.480° N, 47.967° W planetographic) at 11:53:06 UT (16:13 local Mars time). Approximately 22 kg of propellants were left at landing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.671833992004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "On the day after the landing the first color picture of the surface of Mars (displayed below) was taken. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took five days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned normally. The lander had two means of returning data to Earth: a relay link up to the orbiter and back, and by using a direct link to Earth. The data capacity of the relay link was about 10 times higher than the direct link.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607550621032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The Viking 1 Lander was named the Thomas Mutch Memorial Station in January 1982 in honor of the leader of the Viking imaging team. The lander operated for 2245 sols (about 2306 Earth days or 6 years) until November 11, 1982, (sol ), when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact. The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful. In 2006 the Viking 1 lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.765201091766357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Viking carried a biology experiment whose purpose was to look for evidence of life. The Viking spacecraft biological experiments weighed 15.5 kg (34 lbs) and consisted of three subsystems: the pyrolytic release experiment (PR), the labeled release experiment (LR), and the gas exchange experiment (GEX). In addition, independent of the biology experiments, Viking carried a gas chromatograph/mass mpectrometer (GCMS) that could measure the composition and abundance of organic compounds in the martian soil. The results were surprising and interesting: the GCMS gave a negative result; the PR gave a negative result, the GEX gave a negative result, and the LR gave a positive result. Viking scientist Patricia Straat stated in 2009, \"Our (LR) experiment was a definite positive response for life, but a lot of people have claimed that it was a false positive for a variety of reasons.\" Most scientists now believe that the data were due to inorganic chemical reactions of the soil; however, this view may be changing after the recent discovery of near-surface ice near the Viking landing zone. Some scientists still believe the results were due to living reactions. No organic chemicals were found in the soil. However, dry areas of Antarctica do not have detectable organic compounds either, but they have organisms living in the rocks. Mars has almost no ozone layer, unlike the Earth, so UV light sterilizes the surface and produces highly reactive chemicals such as peroxides that would oxidize any organic chemicals. The Phoenix Lander discovered the chemical perchlorate in the Martian soil. Perchlorate is a strong oxidant so it may have destroyed any organic matter on the surface. If it is widespread on Mars, carbon-based life would be difficult at the soil surface.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.17950963973999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:Mars Viking 12a001.png |First image by the Viking 1 lander from the surface of Mars, showing lander's footpad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.776526927947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:Mars Viking 12a240.png |Viking 1 lander image of a martian sunset over Chryse Planitia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.849246978759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:Mars Viking 11d128.png |Trenches dug by soil sampler device.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358516693115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:Mars Viking 11h016.png |Viking 1 lander site (February 11, 1978).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.938830852508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:PSP 001521 2025 RED VL-1 lander.png |Viking 1 lander taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (December 2006).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.881408214569092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Image:Mars Viking 11a097.png |Dunes and large boulder. Pole in the center is an instrument boom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.309020042419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Gravitational time dilation is a phenomenon predicted by the theory of General Relativity whereby time passes more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential. Scientists used the lander to test this hypothesis, by sending radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructing the lander to send back signals, in cases which sometimes included the signal passing close to the Sun. Scientists found that the observed Shapiro delays of the signals matched the predictions of General Relativity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109203338623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Viking 1" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|The Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272318840026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Mars 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603470802307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "First soft landing on Mars (between 1960 and 1973). Although, the spacecraft failed shortly after landing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8196146488189697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "First successful rover on Mars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870073318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity surface and geology, and searched for clues to past water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 and landed in 2004. Communication with Spirit stopped on sol 2210 (March 22, 2010). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended. Opportunity arrived at Endeavour crater on 9 August 2011, at a landmark called Spirit Point named after its rover twin, after traversing 13 miles from Victoria crater, over a three-year period. As of January 26, 2016, Opportunity has lasted for more than twelve years on Mars — although the rovers were intended to last only three months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6428399085998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "File:Mars global surveyor.jpg|Artist depiction of Mars Global Surveyor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348114967346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space probe" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.257645606994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets were the Babylonians, who lived in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia BC. The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th-century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus, that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC. The MUL.APIN is a pair of cuneiform tablets dating from the 7th century BC that lays out the motions of the Sun, Moon and planets over the course of the year. The Babylonian astrologers also laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology. The Enuma anu enlil, written during the Neo-Assyrian period in the 7th century BC, comprises a list of omens and their relationships with various celestial phenomena including the motions of the planets. Venus, Mercury and the outer planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were all identified by Babylonian astronomers. These would remain the only known planets until the invention of the telescope in early modern times. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.263543128967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "By the 1st century BC, during the Hellenistic period, the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets. These schemes, which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians, would eventually eclipse the Babylonians' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness, and account for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye. These theories would reach their fullest expression in the Almagest written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE. So complete was the domination of Ptolemy's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries. To the Greeks and Romans there were seven known planets, each presumed to be circling Earth according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy. They were, in increasing order from Earth (in Ptolemy's order): the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504800796508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "In 1500, Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, in his Tantrasangraha, revised Aryabhata's model. In his Aryabhatiyabhasya, a commentary on Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya, he developed a planetary model where Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. Most astronomers of the Kerala school who followed him accepted his planetary model. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968165397644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century (such as Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta) were very different from the traditional ones. These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter (the asteroid belt), and had a much smaller mass; as a result they were reclassified as \"asteroids\". In the absence of any formal definition, a \"planet\" came to be understood as any \"large\" body that orbited the Sun. Because there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets, and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846, there was no apparent need to have a formal definition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.671616554260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Acknowledging the problem, the IAU set about creating the definition of planet, and produced one in August 2006. The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and a new class of dwarf planets was created, initially containing three objects (Ceres, Pluto and Eris). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18394947052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "The names for the planets in the Western world are derived from the naming practices of the Romans, which ultimately derive from those of the Greeks and the Babylonians. In ancient Greece, the two great luminaries the Sun and the Moon were called Helios and Selene; the farthest planet (Saturn) was called Phainon, the shiner; followed by Phaethon (Jupiter), \"bright\"; the red planet (Mars) was known as Pyroeis, the \"fiery\"; the brightest (Venus) was known as Phosphoros, the light bringer; and the fleeting final planet (Mercury) was called Stilbon, the gleamer. The Greeks also made each planet sacred to one among their pantheon of gods, the Olympians: Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods; Phainon was sacred to Cronus, the Titan who fathered the Olympians; Phaethon was sacred to Zeus, Cronus's son who deposed him as king; Pyroeis was given to Ares, son of Zeus and god of war; Phosphoros was ruled by Aphrodite, the goddess of love; and Hermes, messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit, ruled over Stilbon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691621780395508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Today, most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods. Although modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets, other European languages, because of the influence of the Roman Empire and, later, the Catholic Church, use the Roman (Latin) names rather than the Greek ones. The Romans, who, like the Greeks, were Indo-Europeans, shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods. During the later period of the Roman Republic, Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon, to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable. When the Romans studied Greek astronomy, they gave the planets their own gods' names: Mercurius (for Hermes), Venus (Aphrodite), Mars (Ares), Iuppiter (Zeus) and Saturnus (Cronus). When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, the naming practice was retained with Neptūnus (Poseidon). Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933382034301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Some Romans, following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt, believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth. The order of shifts went Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon (from the farthest to the closest planet). Therefore, the first day was started by Saturn (1st hour), second day by Sun (25th hour), followed by Moon (49th hour), Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Venus. Because each day was named by the god that started it, this is also the order of the days of the week in the Roman calendar after the Nundinal cycle was rejected – and still preserved in many modern languages. In English, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday are straightforward translations of these Roman names. The other days were renamed after Tiw (Tuesday), Wóden (Wednesday), Thunor (Thursday), and Fríge (Friday), the Anglo-Saxon gods considered similar or equivalent to Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98528003692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Non-European cultures use other planetary-naming systems. India uses a system based on the Navagraha, which incorporates the seven traditional planets (Surya for the Sun, Chandra for the Moon, and Budha, Shukra, Mangala, Bṛhaspati| and Shani for Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and the ascending and descending lunar nodes Rahu and Ketu. China and the countries of eastern Asia historically subject to Chinese cultural influence (such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam) use a naming system based on the five Chinese elements: water (Mercury), metal (Venus), fire (Mars), wood (Jupiter) and earth (Saturn). In traditional Hebrew astronomy, the seven traditional planets have (for the most part) descriptive names - the Sun is חמה Ḥammah or \"the hot one,\" the Moon is לבנה Levanah or \"the white one,\" Venus is כוכב נוגה Kokhav Nogah or \"the bright planet,\" Mercury is כוכב Kokhav or \"the planet\" (given its lack of distinguishing features), Mars is מאדים Ma'adim or \"the red one,\" and Saturn is שבתאי Shabbatai or \"the resting one\" (in reference to its slow movement compared to the other visible planets). The odd one out is Jupiter, called צדק Tzedeq or \"justice.\" Steiglitz suggests that this may be a euphemism for the original name of כוכב בעל Kokhav Ba'al or \"Baal's planet,\" seen as idolatrous and euphemized in a similar manner to Ishbosheth from II Samuel ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537384033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "It is not known with certainty how planets are formed. The prevailing theory is that they are formed during the collapse of a nebula into a thin disk of gas and dust. A protostar forms at the core, surrounded by a rotating protoplanetary disk. Through accretion (a process of sticky collision) dust particles in the disk steadily accumulate mass to form ever-larger bodies. Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form, and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional material by their gravitational attraction. These concentrations become ever denser until they collapse inward under gravity to form protoplanets. After a planet reaches a mass somewhat larger than Mars' mass, it begins to accumulate an extended atmosphere, greatly increasing the capture rate of the planetesimals by means of atmospheric drag. Depending on the accretion history of solids and gas, a giant planet, an ice giant, or a terrestrial planet may result. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76301383972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "# Mars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109418869018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Terrestrials: Planets that are similar to Earth, with bodies largely composed of rock: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. At 0.055 Earth masses, Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet (and smallest planet) in the Solar System. Earth is the largest terrestrial planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.476560592651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying insolation or internal energy, leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes, (on Earth), planet-wide dust storms (on Mars), a greater-than-Earth-sized anticyclone on Jupiter (called the Great Red Spot), and holes in the atmosphere (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet, HD 189733 b, has been claimed to have such a weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.410453796386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Of the eight planets in the Solar System, only Venus and Mars lack such a magnetic field. In addition, the moon of Jupiter Ganymede also has one. Of the magnetized planets the magnetic field of Mercury is the weakest, and is barely able to deflect the solar wind. Ganymede's magnetic field is several times larger, and Jupiter's is the strongest in the Solar System (so strong in fact that it poses a serious health risk to future manned missions to its moons). The magnetic fields of the other giant planets are roughly similar in strength to that of Earth, but their magnetic moments are significantly larger. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tilted relative the rotational axis and displaced from the centre of the planet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043984413146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System (such as Neptune and Pluto) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies (this is also common in satellite systems). All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites, often called \"moons\". Earth has one, Mars has two, and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary-type systems. Many moons of the giant planets have features similar to those on the terrestrial planets and dwarf planets, and some have been studied as possible abodes of life (especially Europa). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.150758743286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Planet" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Curiosity rover – Rover sent to Mars by NASA in 2012", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.10411262512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mariner 4 – first Mars flyby, first close and high resolution images of Mars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91348648071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mariner 9 – first Mars orbiter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484886169433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Exploration Rover – a Mars rover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89286994934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Express – a Mars orbiter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939409255981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Global Surveyor – a Mars orbiter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807999610900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Orbiter Mission - India's first Interplanetary probe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.648308753967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter – an advanced climate, imaging, sub-surface radar, and telecommunications Mars orbiter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642542839050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Mars Pathfinder – a Mars lander + rover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211150169372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "* Viking 1 – first soft landing on Mars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.921316146850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "*CNES Mars Netlander", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255205154418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Mars", "passage": "*Mars Science Laboratory rover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223801612854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spacecraft" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tupperware", "passage": "Earl Silas Tupper (July 28, 1907 – October 5, 1983) was an American-born businessman and inventor, best known as the inventor of Tupperware, an airtight plastic container for storing food.", "precise_score": 2.5265893936157227, "rough_score": 1.963157057762146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earl Tupper" }, { "answer": "Tupperware", "passage": "Creation of Tupperware", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.483942985534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earl Tupper" }, { "answer": "Tupperware", "passage": "Tupper founded the Tupperware Plastics Company in 1938, and in 1946, the company introduced Tupper Plastics to hardware and department stores. Around 1948, he joined forces with Brownie Wise, who caught his attention after she made a lengthy phone call to his office in South Grafton, Massachusetts, during which she explained her extraordinary success selling Tupperware via home parties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5081050395965576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earl Tupper" }, { "answer": "Tupperware", "passage": "Based on a marketing strategy developed by Wise, Tupperware was withdrawn from sale in retail stores in the early 1950s, and Tupperware \"parties\" soon became popular in homes. This was the first instance of \"party-plan\" marketing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9870822429656982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earl Tupper" }, { "answer": "Tupperware", "passage": "The corporate headquarters was moved from Massachusetts to Orlando, Florida. After his falling-out with Wise, which resulted in her dismissal in 1958, Tupper sold The Tupperware Company for $16 million to Rexall. Shortly afterward, he divorced his wife, gave up his U.S. citizenship to avoid taxes, and bought an island just off the coast of Costa Rica. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.85445499420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Earl Tupper" } ]

[ { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "The GEICO Cavemen are trademarked characters of the auto insurance company GEICO, used in a series of television advertisements that aired beginning in 2004. The campaign was created by Joe Lawson of The Martin Agency. In 2004, GEICO began an advertising campaign featuring Neanderthal-like cavemen in a modern setting. The premise of the commercials is that GEICO advertises that using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\"; and that this slogan offends several cavemen, who not only still exist in modern society but live as intelligent, urbane bachelors. ", "precise_score": 7.222161769866943, "rough_score": 6.907484531402588, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# A caveman in a psychotherapy session complains to his therapist, played by Talia Shire, about GEICO's attitude towards cavemen. The therapist says that an ad that said \"So easy a therapist could do it\" wouldn't make sense to her.", "precise_score": 3.671438455581665, "rough_score": 0.6588167548179626, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# Continuing the therapy session, the therapist says \"No one said it was going to be easy.\" The caveman replies that if Geico had taken that attitude, \"I wouldn't be having an existential meltdown right now.\" Another concurrent psychotherapy commercial has the caveman role playing with a stuffed doll caveman. He says, \"He's just a doll!\"", "precise_score": -0.19664093852043152, "rough_score": -0.4126163125038147, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Number 1 Fan\": A caveman is shown on a Jumbotron at a basketball game as the \"GEICO Ultimate Fan.\" He rejects the congratulations of those sitting around him, although he just won court-side seats. As the commercial ends, the arena announcer plugs GEICO, using the \"so easy\" phrase.", "precise_score": 2.732053756713867, "rough_score": 1.9441337585449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Bowling\": The continuation of the 19th commercial, the caveman comes across a bowling alley and sees two of his caveman buddies there and joins the game with them. The caveman who just came in went first, and one of his buddies went second. While the second caveman's pin sweeper is sweeping the pins, it shows on the pin sweeper an advertisement for Geico with the \"So easy\" phrase, along with the GEICO logo on the pinsetter. This was also set to \"Let Me Be Myself\" by 3 Doors Down. This video served as the ending to the music video of the same song.", "precise_score": 3.4736156463623047, "rough_score": 0.8665421009063721, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Glovebox\": This is a commercial for a Geico iPhone App called \"Glovebox\" which is demonstrated by a hand model (with an unusually hairy hand). The end of the commercial's script states the app is \"So Easy a Caveman Can Do It\", which angers the hand model, who is revealed to be a Caveman as he storms off, saying, \"Where's my coat? It was suede, with the fringe!\"", "precise_score": 4.912505149841309, "rough_score": 1.474625825881958, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The GEICO Cavemen (from ads claiming using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\").", "precise_score": 6.07491397857666, "rough_score": 5.289772987365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "Jeff Daniel Phillips and Ben Weber played the two earliest cavemen and continuously reprise their roles. Actor John Lehr appears most frequently as the caveman, while Ben Wilson has also portrayed one of the characters. The makeup effects for the caveman include facial prosthetics, dental veneers, lace hairpieces, and body hair, and were designed and created by Tony Gardner and his special effects company Alterian, Inc. In an online interview with Esquire, Joe Lawson said that one aspect of the ads is a critique of modern political correctness.[http://www.esquire.com/the-side/geico032007 The Evolution of the Postmodern Caveman - Esquire] The cavemen have been honored by the Madison Avenue Advertising Walk of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4316184520721436, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# A caveman on a moving sidewalk at an airport spots a GEICO billboard featuring an overly silly representation of a caveman, along with the insulting phrase. The Röyksopp song \"Remind Me\" plays in the background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.693551540374756, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# All three cavemen are at a high-rise-apartment party. On the balcony, two of them discuss one caveman's decision to purchase GEICO's insurance because of its low price. The second caveman doesn't entirely fault him, but states that \"a little loyalty would be nice\" in their opposition to the company. During their discussion, the third caveman interrupts from inside, exclaiming excitedly \"Tina's here; we're getting back together!\" The first caveman quickly snaps at him, exclaiming, \"Hey! Give us a minute!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3582379817962646, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# A caveman dances in various styles in a rather ridiculous manner, remarking how hard it is to dance in such a style, making such exclamations as \"GEICO probably thinks this is easy, too!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1943219900131226, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Match\": Focusing on GEICO's sports marketing efforts, a caveman faces Billie Jean King in a tennis match. The caveman is winning handily, but when he looks at the scoreboard he realizes that it shows him losing 0-6, 0-6, 0-5. He doesn't understand, until he realizes the tournament is sponsored by GEICO. Feeling set up and humiliated by GEICO, he stands up and says \"I get it! I quit, but I get it!\" He then notices the chair he was just sitting in also bears a bold GEICO logo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.589992046356201, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Plane Banner\": A caveman and his girlfriend arrive at the beach. As the lady begins to disrobe to her bikini a plane flies by with a GEICO banner. The distraught caveman takes his sunglasses off and says \"I'll be in the car\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.376757621765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Metal Detector\": A caveman is walking on the beach with his girlfriend, looking for treasure with a metal detector. The device beeps, exciting the couple. The caveman digs into the sand with a net and pulls out a set of car keys with a GEICO key chain attached. He throws the keys and metal detector on the ground and walks away in disgust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.190492153167725, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Breaking Point\": A caveman who is dressed as a caricature of Modern Man sees an advertisement for Geico on many televisions through a window and can't take it anymore; he takes off his glasses, unties his ponytail, and takes off his coat, and runs away acting like his former caveman-self set to \"Let Me Be Myself\" by 3 Doors Down. This scene was used in part for the music video of the same song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.332648515701294, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "# \"Fire\": Part of a separate series of Geico commercials where in which actor Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and asks a rhetorical and/or obvious question. In the commercial, his question is \"Could switching to GEICO really save you 15 percent or more on car insurance? Did the Cavemen invent fire?\" The scene then cuts to one of the Cavemen on a bed reading with a woman, he looks at the camera and sighs, then picks up his remote and turns his fireplace on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.559330940246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO Cavemen" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "The Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO) is an American auto insurance company headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It is the second largest auto insurer in the United States, after State Farm. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway that as of 2015 provided coverage for more than 22 million motor vehicles owned by more than 14 million policy holders. GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. GEICO sells its policies through local agents, called GEICO Field Representatives, and over the phone directly to the consumer, and through their website. Its mascot is a Gold dust day gecko with a Cockney accent, voiced by English actor Jake Wood. GEICO is well known in popular culture for its advertising, having made a large number of commercials intended", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457605361938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO was founded in 1936 by Leo Goodwin Sr. and his wife Lillian Goodwin to provide auto insurance directly to federal government employees and their families. Since 1925, Goodwin had worked for USAA, an insurer which specialized in insuring only military personnel; he decided to start his own company after rising as far as a civilian could go in USAA's military-dominated hierarchy. Based on Goodwin's experience at USAA, GEICO's original business model was predicated on the assumption that federal employees as a group would constitute a less risky and more financially stable pool of insureds, as opposed to the general public. Despite the presence of the word \"government\" in its name, GEICO has always been a private corporation not affiliated with any government organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181868553161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1937, the Goodwins relocated GEICO from San Antonio, Texas to Washington, D.C. and reincorporated the company as a D.C. corporation after realizing that their business model would work best in the place with the highest concentration of federal employees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866867065429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "An important figure in GEICO's history is David Lloyd Kreeger, who became president of the company in 1964 and helped steer it into a major insurance enterprise. In 1948, he formed a group of investors who bought into GEICO right before it went public that year. He became senior vice president and general counsel of the company. Six years after becoming president of GEICO in 1964, he was named chairman and chief executive officer. He retained those titles until he retired in 1975. He continued as chairman of the executive committee until 1979, when he was named honorary chairman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866275787353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1974, under Kreeger's leadership, GEICO began to insure the general public, after real-time access to computerized driving records became available throughout the United States, and it was briefly the fifth-largest U.S. auto insurer. By 1975, it was clear that GEICO had expanded far too rapidly (during the 1973–75 recession) when it reported a $126.5 million loss. To prevent GEICO from collapsing, a consortium of 45 insurance companies agreed to take over a quarter of its policies, and it was forced to issue a stock offering (thus diluting existing stockholders) to raise money to pay claims. It took five years (during which the company shrank significantly) and a massive reorganization to set GEICO on the path to recovery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748923301696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has also offered other types of insurance besides auto, including homeowner's insurance from 1962 to 1996. A sister company, the Government Employees Life Insurance Company (GELICO), offered life insurance from 1975 to 1985. Although GEICO has since focused on its core auto insurance competency (selling GELICO to Legal & General), it uses its established direct sales infrastructure to market homeowner's and other types of insurance underwritten by other companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001758575439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1996, after many years as a publicly traded firm, GEICO became a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191147804260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO generally deals directly with consumers via telephone and internet; however, the local agent program has more than 150 offices countrywide. GEICO is now the second largest writer of private auto insurance in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274534225463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "After several years of denying claims and even canceling policies for policyholders that used their personal car for ridesharing companies such as Uber and Lyft, GEICO began offering rideshare coverage in select states in 2015, including in high-population states such as Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Georgia. The policy, which is issued through GEICO's commercial department, has received critical praise from insurance experts and quickly launched GEICO as the largest insurance provider for TNC drivers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09544849395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has many well-known ad campaigns. In 2012 GEICO spent over $1.1 billion in advertising, or 6.8% of its revenue. All are made and produced by The Martin Agency, which is based in Richmond, Virginia. GEICO ads have featured several well-known mascots, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776058197021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The GEICO Gecko is the most prevalent spokesperson mascot and speaks with a Cockney accent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444815635681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* Maxwell, the GEICO \"Piggy\" who shouts a long \"Whee\" and appears in more radio and TV commercials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156901359558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* Actor Mike McGlone, who uses film noir-style narration to compare the ease of GEICO to things, famous people, or idioms. (\"Could switching to GEICO really save you 15% or more on car insurance?...Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea?\") The scene is then acted out, with typically humorous results. In addition to Johnson, other ads have included Charlie Daniels, Andrés Cantor, Foghorn Leghorn, Elmer Fudd, R. Lee Ermey, and Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones among others, including Maxwell the Piggy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741082191467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The \"money savers\" campaign enlisted actors to portray average consumers who have resorted to various humorous extremes in order to save money, such as teaching a dog to sing or teaching a group of Guinea pigs to row a boat and perform some mundane task for the consumer, and then presented switching to GEICO as an easy alternative to such endeavors with the common line \".... there's an easier way to save money.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.34184741973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The \"Happier Than....\" duo features Jimmy (actor Timothy Ryan Cole) and Ronnie (musician Alex Harvey) playing a guitar and a mandolin, respectively, on a small portable stage. They comment on a fictitious preceding event, such as a man dressed in 15th century attire laughing as he leads a trio of speed boats with the painted names Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. After cutting to the duo, one says to the other \"You know, folks who save hundreds of dollars by switching to GEICO sure are happy.\" The other then replied, \"How happy are they, (Jimmy/Ronnie)?\" and in the case above, the response is \"Happier than Christopher Columbus with speedboats!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06960678100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* CASH, the stack of cash that represents the money you could have saved by switching to GEICO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275236129760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "There are also GEICO ads that feature stories from GEICO customers about situations in which the company assisted them, but are translated by celebrities like Little Richard and Joan Rivers. Film trailer announcer Don LaFontaine appeared in one such ad, shortly before his death. The tag announcer for these spots was D.C. Douglas. GEICO is also an official sponsor of the National Hockey League and themed commercials for that always feature members of the hometown Washington Capitals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.065536499023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has long been involved in motorsports sponsorships. Since 2008, the company has sponsored the Germain Racing team, first in the NASCAR Nationwide Series with Mike Wallace, and later in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series with Max Papis and Casey Mears. Mears has driven the #13 GEICO car since the fall of 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409903526306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO's major competitors include Amica Mutual Insurance, Liberty Mutual Insurance, State Farm, Allstate, 21st Century Insurance, Progressive, Nationwide Insurance, and United Services Automobile Association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35408878326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" } ]

[ { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The TARDIS (;; Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is a fictional time machine and spacecraft in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who and its associated spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood.", "precise_score": 5.55414342880249, "rough_score": 3.693474769592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The production team conceived of the TARDIS travelling by dematerialising at one point and rematerialising elsewhere, although sometimes in the series it is shown also to be capable of conventional space travel. In the 2006 Christmas special, \"The Runaway Bride\", the Doctor remarks that for a spaceship, the TARDIS does remarkably little flying. The ability to travel simply by fading into and out of different locations became one of the trademarks of the show, allowing for a great deal of versatility in setting and storytelling without a large expense in special effects. The distinctive accompanying sound effect – a cyclic wheezing, groaning noise – was originally created in the BBC Radiophonic Workshop by Brian Hodgson. He produced the effect by dragging a set of house keys along the strings of an old, gutted piano. The resulting sound was recorded and electronically processed with echo and reverb. When employed in the series, the sound is usually synchronised with the flashing light on top of the police box, or the fade-in and fade-out effects of a TARDIS (see \"Controls\" below). Writer Patrick Ness has described the ship's distinctive dematerialisation noise as \"a kind of haunted grinding sound\", while the Doctor Who Magazine comic strips traditionally use the onomatopoeic phrase \"vworp vworp vworp\".", "precise_score": -2.644479274749756, "rough_score": -3.65493106842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "Although a TARDIS is supposed to blend inconspicuously into whatever environment it turns up in, the Doctor's TARDIS retains the shape of a police box because of a fault that occurred in the first Doctor Who serial, An Unearthly Child (1963). The ability to alter its appearance was first mentioned in the second episode of the series, where the First Doctor and Susan noted the unit was malfunctioning. (\"It's still a police box! Why hasn't it changed?\") It was first given a general term of a \"camouflage unit\" in The Time Meddler (1965). The name \"chameleon circuit\" was first used in the 1975 Target Books novelisation of The Terror of the Autons, and eventually mentioned on screen in Logopolis (1981). The circuit was called a \"cloaking device\" by the Eighth Doctor in the television movie Doctor Who (1996), and again a \"chameleon circuit\" in the 2005 series episode \"Boom Town\".", "precise_score": -1.0874078273773193, "rough_score": -4.986848831176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "As one of the most recognisable images connected with Doctor Who, the TARDIS has appeared on numerous items of merchandise associated with the programme. TARDIS scale models of various sizes have been manufactured to accompany other Doctor Who dolls and action figures, some with sound effects included. Fan-built full-size models of the police box are also common. There have been TARDIS-shaped video games, play tents for children, toy boxes, cookie jars, book ends, key chains, and even a police-box-shaped bottle for a TARDIS bubble bath. The 1993 VHS release of The Trial of a Time Lord was contained in a special-edition tin shaped like the TARDIS.", "precise_score": -2.018728733062744, "rough_score": -3.43239688873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Dr. Who", "passage": "* In Lego Dimensions, Lego visions of the Twelfth Doctor and the TARDIS appeared in the game, interacting with Batman, Gandalf, and Wildstyle and assisting them on their quest to stop Lord Vortech. The TARDIS was involved in the final battle where it rams Vortech out of a wormhole and was later used to help the protagonists imprison Vortech. A smaller vision of it is a playable vehicle in the game and in the Dr. Who Level Pack, but it can only time travel at small station-like areas.", "precise_score": -3.3297460079193115, "rough_score": -3.5241897106170654, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "Doctor Who has become so much a part of British popular culture that not only has the shape of the police box become more immediately associated with the TARDIS than with its real-world inspiration, the term \"TARDIS-like\" has been used to describe anything that seems to be bigger on the inside than on the outside. The name TARDIS is a registered trademark of the British Broadcasting Corporation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.501927375793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "When Doctor Who was being developed in 1963, the production staff discussed what the Doctor's time machine would look like. To keep the design within budget, it was decided to make it resemble a police telephone box. This was explained in the context of the series as a disguise created by the ship's \"chameleon circuit\", a mechanism which is responsible for changing the outside appearance of the ship the millisecond it lands in order to fit in with its environment. The Ninth Doctor explains that if, for example, a TARDIS (with a working chameleon circuit) were to materialise in ancient Rome it might disguise itself as a statue on a plinth. The First Doctor explains that if it were to land in the middle of the Indian Mutiny, it might take on the appearance of a howdah (the carrier on the back of an elephant). A further premise was that the circuit was broken, explaining why it was \"stuck\" in that form. The reason for his not repairing this, revealed by the Ninth Doctor, is because \"I like it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.69944429397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The first police box prop to be built for the programme was designed by Peter Brachacki, who worked as designer on the first episode. Nevertheless, one story has it the box came from Z-Cars, while Doctor Who producer Steven Moffat has said that the original TARDIS prop was reused from Dixon of Dock Green, although this is explicitly contradicted by the research cited on the BBC's own website. Despite changes in the prop, the TARDIS has become the show's most consistently recognisable visual element.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.440223693847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The TARDIS has been shown to be incredibly rugged, withstanding gunfire (the 1996 television movie, Doctor Who; \"The Runaway Bride\"), temperatures of 3000 degrees without even scorching (\"42\"), atmospheric re-entry (\"Voyage of the Damned\"), falls of several miles (\"The Satan Pit\") and sinking into pooling acid (\"The Almost People\"). In The Curse of Peladon, after the TARDIS falls down the side of a cliff, the Third Doctor remarks that it \"may have its faults, but it is indestructible.\" This does not apply when facing certain extremely advanced weaponry, often created after the Doctor's Type 40 TARDIS, such as Dalek missiles (\"The Parting of the Ways\"), for which the TARDIS requires additional shielding. Another piece of advanced Dalek technology which comes near to destroying the TARDIS is the power source of the \"Crucible\" in \"Journey's End\" (2008). In Frontios (1984), the Fifth Doctor believes the TARDIS to have been destroyed in a meteorite bombardment, apparently contradicting the earlier claim of indestructibility. It explodes in The Mind Robber (1968) and the crew end up \"out of the time space dimension. Out of reality.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.693014621734619, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "In the 2005 series, the keys are also remotely linked to the TARDIS, capable of signalling its presence or impending arrival by heating up and glowing. The TARDIS' keys have varied in design from an ordinary Yale key to an ankh-like key embossed with an alien pattern (identified in Terrance Dicks and Malcolm Hulke's 1972 book The Making of Doctor Who as the constellation of Kasterborous, Gallifrey's home system) from seasons 11 to 13, after which it reverted to the Yale key design. The ankh-like key was also used in the 1996 television movie. In Ghost Light and Survival, a different design, featuring the Seal of Rassilon, was used. The revived series uses the Yale key version, most notably shown in \"Blink\" (2007), when the Weeping Angels attempt to gain access to the TARDIS using a stolen key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.864271640777588, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "In the \"Doctor Who: Adventure Games\", the TARDIS has a \"drawing room\" containing items that the Doctor has used in past episodes, like the Fourth Doctor's long scarf, the Second Doctor's recorder and items like the Fob Watch used to change the Doctor's Time Lord biology to human in the episode \"Human Nature\". The Drawing Room is the Doctor's private study, and the Eleventh Doctor advises Amy Pond not to mess around with anything, and no one is allowed to sit in his chair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.041519165039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "In addition, a cavernous, steampunk-inspired console room was used in the television movie Doctor Who (1996) and may have been a reconfiguration of either of the previously mentioned console rooms, as first suggested in New Adventures novels, most specifically the Lungbarrow (1997) by Marc Platt, where the TARDIS reconfigures the console room to reflect the interior of the Doctor's former home and later in the Big Finish Productions audio plays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.34667682647705, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "In the 2005 series, the console room became a dome-shaped chamber with organic-looking support columns, and the interior doors were removed. The change in configuration is explained in \"Time Crash\" (2007) by the Fifth Doctor as a mere changing of \"the desktop theme\" to \"Coral\" (he also indicates that a \"Leopard Skin\" theme is also available, but he dislikes it). Several episodes of the revived series, such as \"Army of Ghosts\" (2006) and the end of \"The Unicorn and the Wasp\" (2008), reveal that there is storage space directly underneath the console room; the Doctor is shown periodically obtaining equipment from this area via a panel in the floor. The 2005 console room was destroyed by the regeneration energy of the Tenth Doctor in the final scene of The End of Time (2009–10) and cold open of \"The Eleventh Hour\" (2010), although it makes a reappearance in the 2011 episode \"The Doctor's Wife\" as well as the 50th anniversary special The Day of the Doctor. This console room has made the most appearances in the revived series, and is the most well known one. The console room is currently stored at the Doctor Who experience in Cardiff. A new console room, along with a new police box exterior, made its debut in \"The Eleventh Hour\". It was revealed in \"The Doctor's Wife\" that the older TARDIS interior designs are not destroyed or remodelled, but 'archived' off the official schematic without the Doctor's knowledge. The TARDIS reveals that she has around thirty console rooms archived, even those that the Doctor has yet to use. These archived console rooms are still capable of controlling TARDIS functions as shown when Amy and Rory are able to lower the TARDIS shields from an archived control room. The active console room at a given time will be the one connected to the exterior doors for ingress and egress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.081607818603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The 1996 television movie was the first appearance of the central column being attached to the ceiling. After season 26, a new design for the TARDIS console room featured the console being suspended from the ceiling via the central column. This design was never built because the show was cancelled before a 27th season was produced, but the set was used in a Doctor Who night presented by Sylvester McCoy, where a miniature was built and McCoy was superimposed into it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.409870147705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "In the television movie Doctor Who (1996), access to the Eye of Harmony is controlled by means of a device that requires a human eye to open. Why the Doctor would programme such a requirement is retroactively explained in the Big Finish Productions audio play The Apocalypse Element (2000), where a Dalek invasion of Gallifrey prompts the Time Lords to code their security locks to the retinal patterns of the Sixth Doctor's companion Evelyn Smythe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676114082336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "At times the TARDIS is shown to have a mind of its own. It is heavily implied in the television series that the TARDIS is \"alive\" and intelligent to a degree (first in The Edge of Destruction, 1964), and shares a bond with those who travel in it; in the television movie Doctor Who (1996), the Doctor calls the TARDIS \"sentimental\". In \"The Parting of the Ways\" (2005), the Doctor leaves a message for Rose when he believes he will never return, asking her to let the TARDIS die. In the same episode, Rose claims that the TARDIS is alive, echoing the Doctor's earlier statement in \"Boom Town\". The Doctor's TARDIS is also explicitly said to have died in the episode \"Rise of the Cybermen\" (2006), though the Doctor is able to revive it by giving up some of his life energy (reducing his life expectancy by a decade in the process). Other abilities the TARDIS displays include creating snow via \"atmospheric excitation\" (\"The Runaway Bride\", 2006) and, through a \"chameleon arch\", engineering an almost witness protection-style relocation by making its Time Lord another species and placing him/her in a newly fabricated identity with new memories somewhere else in space and time (\"Human Nature\", 2007; \"The Family of Blood\", 2007; \"Utopia\", 2007). In \"The Doctor's Wife\" (2011), the TARDIS's intelligence is temporarily transferred to a humanoid body, during which time it is shown to possess a degree of precognition as well as limited telepathic abilities and a genuine fondness for the Doctor and his companions. This episode also demonstrates that certain capabilities of the physical TARDIS are operable independently of its intelligence, in particular the physical TARDIS's internal password security system (which is language-independent, relying on meanings rather than the words themselves) and ability to travel between \"bubble universes\". In \"The Name of the Doctor\" (2013), the TARDIS actively resists traveling to the planet Trenzalore, the site of the Doctor's grave, and once there, forces the Doctor to crash-land it on the planet's surface.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.183929920196533, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The sound of the Doctor's TARDIS featured in the final scene of the Torchwood episode \"End of Days\" (2007). As Torchwood Three's hub is situated at a rift of temporal energy, the Doctor often appears on Roald Dahl Plass directly above it in order to recharge the TARDIS. In the episode, Jack Harkness hears the tell-tale sound of the engines, smiles and afterwards is nowhere to be found; the scene picks up in the cold open of the Doctor Who episode \"Utopia\" (2007) in which Jack runs to and holds onto the TARDIS just before it disappears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.922083377838135, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* \"Doctorin' the Tardis\" was a 1988 novelty pop single by The Timelords (better known as The KLF) which hit number one in the UK and had chart success worldwide. It was a reworking of several songs (principally \"Rock and Roll Part 2\", \"Block Buster!\" and the Doctor Who theme music) with lyrics referencing Doctor Who, specifically the TARDIS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.652220726013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* A TARDIS is seen inside the docking bay of the eponymous Red Dwarf in series 3 and 5. Some members of the production team had also worked on Doctor Who. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.712143898010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* A similar model of a TARDIS or police box was displayed on Inspector Raymond Fowler's credenza throughout the second (1996) series of The Thin Blue Line. Fowler was portrayed by Rowan Atkinson who, three years later, appeared as the Doctor in Steven Moffat's charity special, \"Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.108822822570801, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* In a 2009 episode of NCIS, \"Power Down\", Special Agent Tim McGee compares the unexpectedly spacious interior of a cargo container to the TARDIS. McGee briefly explains the meaning to his co-worker, Tony DiNozzo, who replies with \"Doctor Who - who watches that?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07021427154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* In the TV series Leverage, Alec Hardison was a huge fan of Doctor Who and made several references to the TARDIS over the course of the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52750301361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* Upon entering the buried (and thus externally invisible) portion of a warehouse in the 4th series of the Doctor Who spin-off series, Torchwood, former companion Jack Harkness declares, \"It's bigger on the inside.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.218282699584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "* On November 23, 2013, for the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who, a group of fans filmed the TARDIS visiting Antarctica. It was the first time a physical prop of the TARDIS was ever filmed on the continent, and was documented in a YouTube video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.06797981262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "TARDIS" } ]

[ { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer. Followed by Psion's Series 3, in 1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA style. It also had a full keyboard. The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the IBM Simon, which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which became the world's best-selling PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the \"PDA phone\", now called \"smartphone\". Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. The terms \"personal digital assistant\" and \"PDA\" apply to smartphones but are not used in marketing, media, or general conversation to refer to devices such as the BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone or Android devices.", "precise_score": -0.11154520511627197, "rough_score": -1.5005731582641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Personal digital assistant" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Advancements in electronics allowed the computing power necessary for handwriting recognition to fit into a smaller form factor than tablet computers, and handwriting recognition is often used as an input method for hand-held PDAs. The first PDA to provide written input was the Apple Newton, which exposed the public to the advantage of a streamlined user interface. However, the device was not a commercial success, owing to the unreliability of the software, which tried to learn a user's writing patterns. By the time of the release of the Newton OS 2.0, wherein the handwriting recognition was greatly improved, including unique features still not found in current recognition systems such as modeless error correction, the largely negative first impression had been made. After discontinuation of Apple Newton, the feature has been ported to Mac OS X 10.2 or later in form of Inkwell (Macintosh).", "precise_score": 0.978421688079834, "rough_score": 5.156782150268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Handwriting recognition" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Many of the original PDAs, such as the Apple Newton and Palm Pilot, featured a touchscreen for user interaction, having only a few buttons—usually reserved for shortcuts to often-used programs. Some touchscreen PDAs, including Windows Mobile devices, had a detachable stylus to facilitate making selections. The user interacts with the device by tapping the screen to select buttons or issue commands, or by dragging a finger (or the stylus) on the screen to make selections or scroll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4317626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Personal digital assistant" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "* Newton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885066032409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Personal digital assistant" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "*Apple Newton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992039680480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Personal digital assistant" }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Apple also experimented with a number of other unsuccessful consumer targeted products during the 1990s, including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, the eWorld online service, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division based on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts. Ultimately, none of these products helped and Apple's market share and stock prices continued to slide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.093240737915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apple Inc." }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Apple's first logo, designed by Ron Wayne, depicts Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. It was almost immediately replaced by Rob Janoff's \"rainbow Apple\", the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it. Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes for the \"bitten\" logo, and Jobs immediately took a liking to it. However, Jobs insisted that the logo be colorized to humanize the company. The logo was designed with a bite so that it would not be confused with a cherry. The colored stripes were conceived to make the logo more accessible, and to represent the fact the Apple II could generate graphics in color. This logo is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide. Both Janoff and Apple deny any homage to Turing in the design of the logo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.93650484085083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apple Inc." }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "Apple's first slogan, \"Byte into an Apple\", was coined in the late 1970s. From 1997 to 2002, the slogan \"Think Different\" was used in advertising campaigns, and is still closely associated with Apple. Apple also has slogans for specific product lines — for example, \"iThink, therefore iMac\" was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and \"Say hello to iPhone\" has been used in iPhone advertisements. \"Hello\" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, Newton, iMac (\"hello (again)\"), and iPod. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808915138244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apple Inc." }, { "answer": "Newton", "passage": "In the early 1990s, two companies, ParaGraph International, and Lexicus came up with systems that could understand cursive handwriting recognition. ParaGraph was based in Russia and founded by computer scientist Stepan Pachikov while Lexicus was founded by Ronjon Nag and Chris Kortge who were students at Stanford University. The ParaGraph CalliGrapher system was deployed in the Apple Newton systems, and Lexicus Longhand system was made available commercially for the PenPoint and Windows operating system. Lexicus was acquired by Motorola in 1993 and went on to develop Chinese handwriting recognition and predictive text systems for Motorola. ParaGraph was acquired in 1997 by SGI and its handwriting recognition team formed a P&I division, later acquired from SGI by Vadem. Microsoft has acquired CalliGrapher handwriting recognition and other digital ink technologies developed by P&I from Vadem in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7227181196212769, "source": "wiki", "title": "Handwriting recognition" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "The series featured British actor Edward Woodward as Robert McCall, a former covert operations officer of an unnamed US government intelligence organization, which was often referred to simply as \"The Agency\" or \"The Company\" (it is implied that it is the CIA), who tries to atone for his past by offering, free of charge, his services as a troubleshooter, a protector, and an investigator. People in need find him through a newspaper classified ad: \"Got a problem? Odds against you? Call the Equalizer. 212 555 4200.\" When he begins this business in the pilot episode, it is revealed that the nickname \"Equalizer\" was bestowed on him by another operative by the name of \"Brahms,\" played by Jerry Stiller.", "precise_score": 3.1600658893585205, "rough_score": 4.487770080566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "Apart from accomplishing the character's basic transport, and setting the tone of series through its contribution to McCall's style, the Equalizer television series was the first—and, as of December 2014, the only—American television series in which Jaguar Cars contracted with a television production company to feature its automobiles for promotional purposes; hence, the series required each season to have a current example of their line of vehicles. As such, in the pilot episode of the series McCall's primary car was a Lacquer Black 1985 Jaguar XJ6 Series III Vanden Plas with Dove Gray colored leather interior, which, with the first production episode of the first season, consistently became a standard 1986 Series III. For the second season, the car was replaced with a 1987 model with the same paint and the Sable Tan leather interior, while in the third and fourth seasons the car was updated to Jaguar's replacement Series III models, the 1988 and 1989 XJ40s, respectively (with continuity in the paint and interior).", "precise_score": -9.465083122253418, "rough_score": -7.829158782958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "The Equalizer is an American crime drama television series, originally airing on CBS from fall 1985 until late-spring 1989. It starred Edward Woodward as a retired espionage/intelligence officer with a mysterious past, who uses the skills from his former career to exact vigilante justice on behalf of innocent people who are hopelessly trapped in dangerous circumstances. The series combined elements of the spy film, private investigator/police procedural drama, and vigilante genres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.031307220458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "In 1988, I.R.S. Records released the Stewart Copeland album The Equalizer & Other Cliff Hangers, which featured some of Copeland's Equalizer score. The fourth track, \"The Equalizer Busy Equalizing,\" is an extended version of the show's main theme.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591317176818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "The original theme (in stereo but w/o the TV version's sound effects) can be found on Television's Greatest Hits Vol.7-Cable Ready CD. The original theme in stereo with sound effects can be found on \"The Equalizer Season One\" DVD set (published by Universal Studios—see DVD releases below). Although the season one episodes were originally broadcast in monaural and are encoded in mono for this DVD release, Universal took the stereo theme from the \"Cable Ready\" CD (the only known stereo version of the original theme as it was broadcast) and added very similar sounding effects back into the mix before encoding it on each episode in this set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800045013427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "On February 12, 2008, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of The Equalizer on DVD in Region 1 (US only). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09490966796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "Visual Entertainment also released a limited edition complete series set on DVD on August 19, 2014. The Equalizer Complete Collection Limited Edition set contains all 88 episodes plus 12 hours of bonus content including CI5: The New Professionals, the last film ever done by Edward Woodward; also A Congregation of Ghosts and The Story of The Equalizer featuring interviews with cast and crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011922836303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "In Region 2, Universal Playback UK released season 1 on DVD on April 21, 2008. In late 2011, Fabulous Films announced that they had acquired the rights to the series. They have subsequently released seasons 2–4. On May 27, 2013, Fabulous Films released The Equalizer: The Complete Collection on DVD. This 24-disc box set contains all 88 episodes of the series as well as bonus content including an all-new documentary featuring interviews with cast and crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444221496582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" }, { "answer": "The Equalizer", "passage": "The short-lived Saturday morning TV series Flip! featured The Get-Even Guy, a series of short films which spoofed The Equalizer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.884116172790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Equalizer" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dimples", "passage": "Golf balls are spherical, usually white (although other colours are allowed), and minutely pock-marked by dimples that decrease aerodynamic drag by increasing air turbulence around the ball in motion, which delays \"boundary layer\" separation and reduces the drag-inducing \"wake\" behind the ball,", "precise_score": -1.4426926374435425, "rough_score": -4.841306686401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" } ]

[ { "answer": "Insecticide", "passage": "Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. This is used with a can or bottle that contains a payload and propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol or mist. As propellant expands to drive out the payload, only some propellant evaporates inside the can to maintain a constant pressure. Outside the can, the droplets of propellant evaporate rapidly, leaving the payload suspended as very fine particles or droplets. Typical payload liquids dispensed in this way are insecticides, deodorants and paints.", "precise_score": -8.298852920532227, "rough_score": -8.050724983215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aerosol spray" } ]

[ { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Hopper was not actually the one who found the insect, as she readily acknowledged. The date in the log book was September 9, 1947, although sometimes erroneously reported as 1945. The operators who did find it, including William \"Bill\" Burke, later of the Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia, were familiar with the engineering term and, amused, kept the insect with the notation \"First actual case of bug being found.\" Hopper loved to recount the story. This log book, complete with attached moth, is part of the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.", "precise_score": -5.149168491363525, "rough_score": -5.495450019836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Software bug" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "* In 2000, Joe Trela correctly answered moth for the million dollar question: \"What insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term Computer Bug.\" in the United States version of the game show Who Wants to be a Millionaire.", "precise_score": 8.575587272644043, "rough_score": 9.177082061767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Software bug" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "* While she was working on a Mark II Computer at a US Navy research lab in Dahlgren, Virginia in 1947, her associates discovered a moth stuck in a relay impeding its operation. While neither Hopper nor her crew mentioned the phrase \"debugging\" in their logs, the case was held as an instance of literal \"debugging\", perhaps the first in history. The term bug had been in use for many years in engineering. The remains of the moth can be found in the group's log book at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -2.4467153549194336, "rough_score": -5.662158012390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grace Hopper" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947. ", "precise_score": 5.382701873779297, "rough_score": 0.15702466666698456, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight. Many insects spend at least part of their lives under water, with larval adaptations that include gills, and some adult insects are aquatic and have adaptations for swimming. Some species, such as water striders, are capable of walking on the surface of water. Insects are mostly solitary, but some, such as certain bees, ants and termites, are social and live in large, well-organized colonies. Some insects, such as earwigs, show maternal care, guarding their eggs and young. Insects can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Male moths can sense the pheromones of female moths over great distances. Other species communicate with sounds: crickets stridulate, or rub their wings together, to attract a mate and repel other males. Lampyridae in the beetle order Coleoptera communicate with light.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82663345336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Four super radiations of insects have occurred: beetles (evolved about 300 million years ago), flies (evolved about 250 million years ago), and moths and wasps (evolved about 150 million years ago). These four groups account for the majority of described species. The flies and moths along with the fleas evolved from the Mecoptera.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.608994007110596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is because inside the chorion two additional membranes develop from embryonic tissue, the amnion and the serosa. This serosa secretes a cuticle rich in chitin that protects the embryo against desiccation. In Schizophora however the serosa does not develop, but these flies lay their eggs in damp places, such as rotting matter. Some species of insects, like the cockroach Blaptica dubia, as well as juvenile aphids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous. The eggs of ovoviviparous animals develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as those in the genus of cockroaches known as Diploptera, are viviparous, and thus gestate inside the mother and are born alive. Some insects, like parasitic wasps, show polyembryony, where a single fertilized egg divides into many and in some cases thousands of separate embryos. Insects may be univoltine, bivoltine or multivoltine, i.e. they may have one, two or many broods (generations) in a year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.794169425964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism. In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. This system is typical in bees and wasps. Polymorphism is where a species may have different morphs or forms, as in the oblong winged katydid, which has four different varieties: green, pink and yellow or tan. Some insects may retain phenotypes that are normally only seen in juveniles; this is called paedomorphosis. In peramorphosis, an opposite sort of phenomenon, insects take on previously unseen traits after they have matured into adults. Many insects display sexual dimorphism, in which males and females have notably different appearances, such as the moth Orgyia recens as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.638343811035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Many insects possess very sensitive and, or specialized organs of perception. Some insects such as bees can perceive ultraviolet wavelengths, or detect polarized light, while the antennae of male moths can detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers. The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) is known for its wagging movements as a form of communication within the colony; it can waggle with a frequency of 10.6±2.1 Hz (n190). These wagging movements can signal the arrival of new material into the nest and aggression between workers can be used to stimulate others to increase foraging expeditions. There is a pronounced tendency for there to be a trade-off between visual acuity and chemical or tactile acuity, such that most insects with well-developed eyes have reduced or simple antennae, and vice versa. There are a variety of different mechanisms by which insects perceive sound, while the patterns are not universal, insects can generally hear sound if they can produce it. Different insect species can have varying hearing, though most insects can hear only a narrow range of frequencies related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes have been found to hear up to 2 kHz., and some grasshoppers can hear up to 50 kHz. Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or hosts, respectively. For instance, some nocturnal moths can perceive the ultrasonic emissions of bats, which helps them avoid predation. Insects that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.27634334564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and others as high as twenty-four caterpillars per cell. The number of caterpillars is different among species, but always the same for each sex of larva. The male solitary wasp in the genus Eumenes is smaller than the female, so the mother of one species supplies him with only five caterpillars; the larger female receives ten caterpillars in her cell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.244478225708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm. Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.203369140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.999445915222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.940305709838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of Müllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5083589553833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insect" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Grace was very curious as a child, a lifelong trait: at the age of seven she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked, and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock). For her preparatory school education, she attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey. Rejected for early admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her test scores in Latin were too low), she was admitted the following year. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at Yale University in 1930.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269137382507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grace Hopper" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "* 2013: Google made the Google Doodle for Hopper's 107th birthday an animation of her sitting at a computer, using COBOL to print out her age. At the end of the animation, a moth flies out of the computer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.028924942016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grace Hopper" }, { "answer": "Moth", "passage": "Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041632652282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peru", "passage": "Paddington Bear is a fictional character in children's literature. He first appeared on 13 October 1958 and has been featured in more than twenty books written by Michael Bond and illustrated by Peggy Fortnum and other artists. The friendly bear from deepest, darkest Peru—with his old hat, battered suitcase (complete with a secret compartment, enabling it to hold more items than it would at first appear), duffle coat and love of marmalade—has become a classic character from English children's literature. Paddington books have been translated into 30 languages across 70 titles and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.", "precise_score": 6.5881242752075195, "rough_score": 7.839322566986084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paddington Bear" }, { "answer": "Peru", "passage": "Paddington arrives as a stowaway coming from \"Darkest Peru\", sent by his Aunt Lucy (one of his only known relatives aside from an Uncle Pastuzo who gave Paddington his hat) who has gone to live in the Home for Retired Bears in Lima. He claims, \"I came all the way in a lifeboat, and ate marmalade. Bears like marmalade.\" He tells them that no-one can understand his Peruvian name, so the Browns decide to call him Paddington after the railway station in which he was found. Paddington's Peruvian name is ultimately revealed to be \"Pastuso\" (not to be confused with his \"Uncle Pastuzo\"). Bond originally wanted Paddington to have \"travelled all the way from darkest Africa\", but his agent advised him that there were no bears in darkest Africa, and thus it was amended to darkest Peru, home of the spectacled bear.[http://www.harperchildrens.com/hch/author/author/bond/interview2.asp Michael Bond and R.W. Alley’s Paddington Bear]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9076309204101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paddington Bear" }, { "answer": "Peru", "passage": "* Aunt Lucy: Paddington's aunt from South America. She was his legal guardian until she had to move into the Home for Retired Bears in Lima, Peru. Why she had to do this was never made clear, until the movie, as she is shown to be of sound mind and body during her visits to England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.251194000244141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paddington Bear" }, { "answer": "Peru", "passage": "*An Unexpected Party – The Browns celebrate Paddington's (temporary) return to Peru with a farewell party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.180596351623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paddington Bear" }, { "answer": "Peru", "passage": "On 13 October 2008, Google celebrated the 50th anniversary of the first Paddington publication by placing an image of the travelling bear with a sign showing Peru and London incorporated into Google's logo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.38823366165161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paddington Bear" } ]

[ { "answer": "N", "passage": "In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention), all civil aircraft must be registered with a national aviation authority (NAA) using procedures set by each country. Every country, even those not party to the Chicago Convention, has a NAA whose functions include the registration of civil aircraft. An aircraft can only be registered once, in the one jurisdiction. The NAA allocates a unique alphanumeric string to identify the aircraft, which also indicates the nationality (i.e., country of registration ) of the aircraft, and provides a legal document called a Certificate of Registration, one of the documents which must be carried when the aircraft is in operation. ", "precise_score": -2.088858127593994, "rough_score": 0.023146897554397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "The registration identifier must be displayed prominently on the aircraft. Most countries also require the registration identifier to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage in case of a post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation. Military aircraft typically use tail codes and serial numbers. ", "precise_score": -0.46848347783088684, "rough_score": 3.6716105937957764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "The first use of aircraft registrations was based on the radio callsigns allocated at the London International Radiotelegraphic Conference in 1913. The format was a single letter prefix followed by four other letters (like A-BCDE). The major nations operating aircraft were allocated a single letter prefix but minor countries had to share a single letter prefix but were allocated exclusive use of the first letter of the suffix. This was modified by agreement by the International Bureau at Berne and published on April 23, 1913. Although initial allocations were not specifically for aircraft but for any radio user, the International Air Navigation Convention held in Paris in 1919 (Paris Convention of 1919) made allocations specifically for aircraft registrations, based on the 1913 callsign list. The agreement stipulated that the nationality marks were to be followed by a hyphen then a group of four letters that must include a vowel (and for the convention Y was considered to be a vowel). This system operated until the adoption of the revised system in 1928.", "precise_score": -0.23974104225635529, "rough_score": -1.3794755935668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Article 20 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), signed in 1944, requires that all aircraft engaged in international air navigation bears its appropriate nationality and registration marks. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique \"registration\", which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft.", "precise_score": -1.2486671209335327, "rough_score": 1.3364156484603882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention describes the definitions, location, and measurement of nationality and registration marks. The aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the country's callsign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (making the registration a quick way of determining the country of origin) and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code, and consists of one to five digits or characters respectively. A supplement to Annex 7 provides an updated list of approved nationality and common marks used by various countries.", "precise_score": -4.5917558670043945, "rough_score": -5.449378490447998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "In the United States, the registration number is commonly referred to as an \"N\" number, because all aircraft registered there have a number starting with the letter N. An alphanumeric system is used because of the large numbers of aircraft registered in the United States. An N-number may only consist of one to five characters, must start with a digit other than zero, and cannot end in a run of more than two letters. In addition, N-numbers may not contain the letters I or O, due to their similarities with the numerals 1 and 0. ", "precise_score": 5.614660263061523, "rough_score": 4.520508766174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Each alphabetic character in the suffix can have one of 24 discrete values, while each numeric digit can be one of 10, except the first, which can take on only nine values. This yields a total of 915,399 possible registration numbers in the namespace, though certain combinations are reserved either for government use or for other special purposes. With so many possible calls, radio shortcuts are used. Normally when flying entirely within the United States, an aircraft would not identify itself starting with \"N\", since that is assumed. Also, after initial contact is made with an aircraft control site, only the last two or three characters are typically used.", "precise_score": 0.6347264647483826, "rough_score": -3.154468536376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "An older aircraft (registered before 31 December 1948) may have a second letter in its identifier, identifying the category of aircraft. This additional letter is not actually part of the aircraft identification (e.g. NC12345 is the same registration as N12345). Aircraft category letters have not been included on any registration numbers issued since 1 January 1949, but they still appear on antique aircraft for authenticity purposes. The categories were:", "precise_score": 2.094766139984131, "rough_score": 3.249709129333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Although each aircraft registration identifier is unique, some countries allow it to be re-used when the aircraft has been sold, destroyed or retired. For example, N3794N is assigned to a Mooney M20F. It had been previously assigned to a Beechcraft Bonanza (specifically, the aircraft in which Buddy Holly was killed). Also note that an individual aircraft may be assigned different registrations during its existence. This can be because the aircraft changes ownership, jurisdiction of registration, or in some cases for vanity reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8645339012146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "International standards", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356017112731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "The International Radiotelegraph Convention at Washington in 1927 revised the list of markings. These were adopted from 1928 and are the basis of the currently used registrations. The markings have been amended and added to over the years, and the allocations and standards have since 1947 been managed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.511279106140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Country-specific usage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466286659240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "When painted on the fuselage, the prefix and suffix are usually separated by a dash (for example, YR-BMA). When entered in a flight plan, the dash is omitted (for example, YRBMA). In some countries that use a number suffix rather than letters, like the United States (N), South Korea (HL), and Japan (JA), the prefix and suffix are connected without a dash. Aircraft flying privately usually use their registration as their radio callsign, but many aircraft flying in commercial operations (especially charter, cargo, and airlines) use the ICAO airline designator or a company callsign. In some instances, it may be sufficient to simply display the suffix letters, with the country prefix omitted. For example, gliders registered in Australia would omit the VH prefix and simply display the suffix. Obviously, this is only suitable where the aircraft does not fly in the airspace of another country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.557190895080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Even if the suffix usually consists of alphabetical characters in a certain country, gliders and ultralights may sometimes use digits instead. For example, in Germany, D-ABCD will be a powered airplane while D-1234 is a glider. In Australia, early glider registration suffixes began with the letters \"G-AU\", and it is not uncommon to find such gliders only displaying the last two letters of the suffix, as they lacked the range to travel internationally. For example, VH-GIQ would simply be displayed as IQ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.711536407470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Different countries have different registration prefixes: Canadian registrations start with C, British with G, German with D, and so forth. A comprehensive list is tabulated below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.026925086975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "United States", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17654037475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "The following are the combinations that could be used:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34858512878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N1 to N99 — Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) internal use only", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883325576782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N1A to N9Z", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329734802246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N1AA to N9ZZ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370502471923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N10A to N99Z", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383835792541504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N10AA to N99ZZ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412078857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N100 to N999", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143624305725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N100A to N999Z", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191458702087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N100AA to N999ZZ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238668441772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N1000 to N9999", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099157333374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N1000A to N9999Z", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160842895507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*N10000 to N99999", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026183128356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*C = airline, commercial and private", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305158615112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*R = restricted (such as cropdusters and racing aircraft) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702204704284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "*X = experimental", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339786529541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "For example, N-X-211, the Ryan NYP aircraft flown by Charles Lindbergh as the Spirit of St. Louis, was registered in the experimental category.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.699699401855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "There is a unique overlap in the United States with aircraft having a single number followed by two letters and radio call signs issued by the Federal Communications Commission to Amateur Radio operators holding the Amateur Extra class license. For example, N4YZ is, on the one hand, a Cessna 206 registered to a private individual in California, while N4YZ is also issued to an Amateur Radio operator in North Carolina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.641764163970947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Decolonisation and independence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469802856445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "The impact of decolonisation and independence on aircraft registration schemes has varied from place to place. Most countries, upon independence, have had a new allocation granted, taken from either an existing ITU allocation or the former country's ITU allocation. For example, after partition in 1947, India retained the VT designation used by the British Raj, while Pakistan adopted the AP designation from the newly allocated ITU callsigns APA-ASZ. Hong Kong, which formerly used the VR-H designation, had the \"VR\" replaced with the Chinese \"B\" upon the 1997 Handover to China, resulting in aircraft designations with only four letters in total (as opposed to the international norm of five letters).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.690847873687744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" }, { "answer": "N", "passage": "Registration prefixes and patterns by countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935785293579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft registration" } ]

[ { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Kerrigan gained considerable fame beyond the skating world when, on January 6, 1994, she was clubbed in the right knee with a police baton by Shane Stant after a practice session at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, an assault planned by rival Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly and co-conspirator Shawn Eckardt (1967–2007). The incident became known as The Whack Heard Round the World. ", "precise_score": -2.086588144302368, "rough_score": -0.46251651644706726, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – April 5, 1994) was an American musician who was best known as the lead singer, guitarist, and primary songwriter of the rock band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene and grunge genre. Nirvana's debut album Bleach was released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989.", "precise_score": -4.890191555023193, "rough_score": -5.260115623474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "During the last years of his life, Cobain struggled with heroin addiction, chronic health problems and depression. He also had difficulty coping with his fame and public image, and the professional and personal pressures surrounding himself and his wife, musician Courtney Love. On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead at his home in Seattle, the victim of what was officially ruled a suicide by a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head. The circumstances of his death at age 27 have become a topic of public fascination and debate. Since their debut, Nirvana, with Cobain as a songwriter, has sold over 25 million albums in the U.S., and over 75 million worldwide. Cobain was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, along with Nirvana bandmates Novoselic and Dave Grohl, in their first year of eligibility.", "precise_score": -5.024502277374268, "rough_score": -3.263381242752075, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "After attaining mainstream success, Cobain became a devoted champion of lesser known indie bands, covering songs by The Vaselines, Meat Puppets, Wipers and Fang onstage and/ or in the studio, wearing Daniel Johnston T-shirts during photo shoots, having the K Records logo tattooed on his forearm, and enlisting bands like Butthole Surfers, Shonen Knife, Chokebore and Half Japanese along for the In Utero tour in late 1993 and early 1994. Cobain even invited his favorite musicians to perform with him: ex-Germs guitarist Pat Smear joined the band in 1993, and the Meat Puppets appeared onstage during Nirvana's 1993 MTV Unplugged appearance to perform three songs from their second album, Meat Puppets II.", "precise_score": -7.846423149108887, "rough_score": -4.520830154418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Following a tour stop at Terminal Eins in Munich, Germany, on March 1, 1994, Cobain was diagnosed with bronchitis and severe laryngitis. He flew to Rome the next day for medical treatment, and was joined there by his wife, Courtney Love, on March 3, 1994. The next morning, Love awoke to find that Cobain had overdosed on a combination of champagne and Rohypnol. Cobain was immediately rushed to the hospital, and spent the rest of the day unconscious. After five days in the hospital, Cobain was released and returned to Seattle. Love later stated that the incident was Cobain's first suicide attempt. ", "precise_score": -7.305736541748047, "rough_score": -6.510998725891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "On April 8, Cobain's body was discovered at his Lake Washington Boulevard home by an electrician named Gary Smith who had arrived to install a security system. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, the electrician reported seeing no visible signs of trauma, and initially believed that Cobain was asleep until he saw the shotgun pointing at his chin. A note was found, addressed to Cobain's childhood imaginary friend \"Boddah\", that stated that Cobain had not \"felt the excitement of listening to as well as creating music, along with really writing... for too many years now\". A high concentration of heroin and traces of diazepam were also found in his body. Cobain's body had been lying there for days; the coroner's report estimated Cobain to have died on April 5, 1994. ", "precise_score": -5.331270217895508, "rough_score": -5.806697368621826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Soaked in Bleach is a 2015 American docudrama directed by Benjamin Statler. The film details the events leading up to the death of Kurt Cobain, as seen through the perspective of Tom Grant, the private detective who was hired by Courtney Love to find Cobain, her husband, shortly before his death in 1994. It also explores the premise that Cobain's death was not a suicide. The film stars Tyler Bryan as Cobain and Daniel Roebuck as Grant, with Sarah Scott portraying Courtney Love and August Emerson as Dylan Carlson.", "precise_score": -6.749357223510742, "rough_score": -3.9001946449279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Kerrigan is the 1992 Olympic Bronze medalist, the 1993 US National Champion, the 1994 Olympic Silver medalist, and a two-time world medalist. Kerrigan is noted for her conflict on and off the ice with skating rival Tonya Harding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.52999210357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "After the 1992 Olympics, she had many corporate sponsorship contracts (with companies such as Campbell's Soup, Evian, Reebok, and Seiko. and opportunities to perform professionally, which were permitted after the International Skating Union abolished the earlier strict amateur status rules that had governed eligibility for the sport. In preparation for the 1994 Olympic season, she curtailed these activities in order to focus on her training instead. She also began working with a sports psychologist to better handle her nerves in competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111424446105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "January 1994 attack", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528289794921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "1994 Winter Olympics and post-event controversy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09632682800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Seven weeks after the attack, Kerrigan skated what she considered to be the best two performances of her life and won the silver medal in the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre, finishing second to Oksana Baiul and ahead of Chen Lu, who took the bronze medal as Tonya Harding finished in eighth place amid controversy. Kerrigan won the short program but lost the free skate to Baiul in a close and controversial 5–4 decision. CBS Television played up the controversy by portraying it as a Cold War East-West split, singling out German judge Jan Hoffmann in particular for supposed biased judging. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09471607208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Kerrigan's Olympic skating outfits were designed by noted fashion designer Vera Wang. Along with Christian Lacroix's designs for Surya Bonaly in 1992, Wang's designs marked a new trend for couture designs in figure skating. Kerrigan's white 1992 free skating costume resembled a wedding dress with sheer illusion sleeves and a basketweave design on the bodice. Kerrigan's 1994 Olympic dresses were also designed by Wang. She wore another white dress trimmed with black velvet bands and sheer black sleeves for the original program, and a champagne-colored dress set with 11,500 rhinestones for the free skate. Wang donated those two dresses to Kerrigan. The value of the white dress was estimated at $9,600 and the crystal-trimmed dress at $13,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.220751762390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "In 2014, ESPN aired The Price of Gold, a 30 for 30 documentary about the 1994 attack. On February 23, 2014, NBC aired a documentary during the 2014 Winter Olympics on the incident called Nancy & Tonya. The documentary is available on Netflix.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.12977409362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Kerrigan" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Nirvana's acoustic Unplugged set, which was released posthumously as an album in 1994, may have provided a hint of Cobain's future musical direction. The record has drawn comparisons to R.E.M.'s 1992 release, Automatic for the People, and in 1993, Cobain himself predicted that the next Nirvana album would be \"pretty ethereal, acoustic, like R.E.M.'s last album\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361122131347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "\"Yeah, he talked a lot about what direction he was heading in\", Cobain's friend, R.E.M.'s lead singer Michael Stipe, told Newsweek in 1994. \"I mean, I know what the next Nirvana recording was going to sound like. It was going to be very quiet and acoustic, with lots of stringed instruments. It was going to be an amazing fucking record, and I'm a little bit angry at him for killing himself. He and I were going to record a trial run of the album, a demo tape. It was all set up. He had a plane ticket. He had a car picking him up. And at the last minute he called and said, 'I can't come'\". Stipe was chosen as the godfather of Cobain and Courtney Love's daughter, Frances Bean Cobain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.853255748748779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "On March 18, 1994, Love phoned the Seattle police informing them that Cobain was suicidal and had locked himself in a room with a gun. Police arrived and confiscated several guns and a bottle of pills from Cobain, who insisted that he was not suicidal and had locked himself in the room to hide from Love. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.853363037109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Love arranged an intervention regarding Cobain's drug use on March 25, 1994. The ten people involved included musician friends, record company executives, and one of Cobain's closest friends, Dylan Carlson. The intervention was initially unsuccessful, with an angry Cobain insulting and heaping scorn on its participants and eventually locking himself in the upstairs bedroom. However, by the end of the day, Cobain had agreed to undergo a detox program. Cobain arrived at the Exodus Recovery Center in Los Angeles, California on March 30, 1994. The staff at the facility were unaware of Cobain's history of depression and prior attempts at suicide. When visited by friends, there was no indication to them that Cobain was in any negative or suicidal state of mind. He spent the day talking to counselors about his drug abuse and personal problems, happily playing with his daughter Frances. These interactions were the last time Cobain saw his daughter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.154696464538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "The following night, Cobain walked outside to have a cigarette, and climbed over a six-foot-high fence to leave the facility (which he had joked earlier in the day would be a stupid feat to attempt). He took a taxi to Los Angeles Airport and flew back to Seattle. On the flight, he sat next to Duff McKagan of Guns N' Roses. Despite Cobain's own personal animosity towards Guns N' Roses, and specifically Axl Rose, Cobain \"seemed happy\" to see McKagan. McKagan later stated he knew from \"all of my instincts that something was wrong\". Most of his close friends and family were unaware of his whereabouts. On April 2 and 3, Cobain was spotted in numerous locations around Seattle. On April 3, Love contacted private investigator Tom Grant, and hired him to find Cobain. Cobain was not seen the next day. On April 7, amid rumors of Nirvana breaking up, the band pulled out of the 1994 Lollapalooza music festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.349865913391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "A public vigil was held for Cobain on April 10, 1994, at a park at Seattle Center drawing approximately seven thousand mourners. Prerecorded messages by Novoselic and Love were played at the memorial. Love read portions of Cobain's suicide note to the crowd, crying and chastising Cobain. Near the end of the vigil, Love arrived at the park and distributed some of Cobain's clothing to those who still remained. Grohl would say that the news of Cobain's death was:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.73236083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Cobain" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "The O. J. Simpson murder case (officially the People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson) was a criminal trial held at the Los Angeles County Superior Court, in which former National Football League star and actor O. J. Simpson was tried on two counts of murder for the June 12, 1994, deaths of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown-Simpson and restaurant waiter, Ron Goldman. The trial spanned from the jury's swearing-in on November 9, 1994, to opening statements on January 24, 1995, to a verdict on October 3, 1995, when Simpson was acquitted. The case has been described as the most publicized criminal trial in American history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.287099838256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "At 12:10 a.m. on June 13, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman were found murdered outside of Nicole's Bundy Drive condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Brown had been stabbed multiple times in the head and neck, and had defensive wounds on her hands. Through the gaping wound in her neck, the larynx could be seen, and vertebra C3 was incised. Both victims had been dead for several hours prior to their discovery. Among other evidence, one of the first two officers on the scene, Robert Riske, discovered a single bloody glove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130301475524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Lawyers convinced the LAPD to allow Simpson to turn himself in at 11 a.m. on June 17, 1994, even though the double murder charge meant no bail would be set and a possible death penalty verdict if convicted. Over 1,000 reporters waited for Simpson at the police station, but he failed to appear. At 2 p.m., the Los Angeles Police Department issued an all-points bulletin. At 5 p.m., Robert Kardashian, a friend of Simpson and one of his defense lawyers, read a letter by Simpson to the media. In the letter Simpson sent greetings to 24 friends and wrote, \"First everyone understand I had nothing to do with Nicole's murder ... Don't feel sorry for me. I've had a great life.\" To many, this sounded like a suicide note, and the reporters joined the search for Simpson. According to Simpson's lawyer, Robert Shapiro, also present at Kardashian's press conference, Simpson's psychiatrists agreed with the suicide note interpretation. Over the television, Shapiro appealed to Simpson to surrender.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.122783660888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Since Simpson wanted a speedy trial, the defense and prosecuting attorneys worked around the clock for several months to prepare their cases. In October 1994, Judge Ito started interviewing 304 prospective jurors, each of whom had to fill out a 75-page questionnaire. On November 3, 12 jurors were seated with 12 alternates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.209317207336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "Then the prosecution turned to the events of the evening of June 12, 1994, where Karen Lee Crawford, the manager of the Mezzaluna restaurant where Brown ate that Sunday night, was called to testify. She recounted that Nicole's mother phoned the restaurant at 9:37 p.m. about her lost eyeglasses, and how Crawford found them and put them in a white envelope, and that waiter Goldman departed from the restaurant after his shift was over. He left the restaurant at 9:50 p.m., to drop them off at Brown's house. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.700677871704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "*The bloody shoe prints at the crime scene were identified by FBI shoe expert William Bodziak as having been made by a pair of extremely rare and expensive Bruno Magli shoes, of which it was reported that only 299 pairs were sold in the United States. The large size 12 (305 mm) prints matched Simpson's shoe size. In the criminal trial, Simpson's defense attorneys said the prosecution had no proof Simpson had ever bought such shoes, however, then freelance photographer E.J. Flammer claimed to have found a photograph he had taken of Simpson in 1993 that appeared to show him wearing a pair of the shoes at a public event, which was later published in the National Enquirer. Simpson's defense team claimed that the photograph was doctored, although other pre-1994 photos appearing to show Simpson wearing Bruno Magli shoes were later discovered and published. It should be noted that none of these photos appeared until late in the trial and not during the \"big shoe debate\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559772491455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "*At the June 1994 grand jury hearing, Ross Cutlery provided store receipts indicating that Simpson had purchased a 12-inch (305 mm) stiletto knife six weeks before the murders. The knife was determined to be similar to the one the coroner said caused the stab wounds. The prosecution did not present this evidence at trial after discovering that store employees had sold their story to The National Enquirer for $12,500. The knife was later collected from Simpson's residence by his attorneys who presented it to Judge Ito and subsequently was sealed in a manila envelope to be opened only if brought up at trial. It turned out not to be the murder weapon because tests on the knife determined that an oil used on new cutlery was still present on the knife indicating the knife had never been used. The police searched Simpson's Rockingham estate three times and could not find this knife. Simpson told the attorneys exactly where it was in the house and it was promptly recovered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.258227348327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "*Jill Shively testified to the 1994 grand jury that she saw a white Ford Bronco speeding away from Bundy Drive in such a hurry that it almost collided with another car at an intersection. She talked to the television show Hard Copy for $5,000, after which prosecutors declined to use her testimony at trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.360804557800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "* A few months before the murders in 1994, Simpson completed a film pilot for Frogmen, an adventure series, in which he starred. Although the prosecution investigated reports that Simpson, who played the leader of a group of former United States Navy SEALs, received \"a fair amount of\" military training—including use of a knife—for Frogmen, and there is a scene in which he holds a knife to the throat of a woman, it was not introduced as evidence during the trial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82083511352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "In March 1995, Detective Mark Fuhrman testified to driving over to Simpson's house to question him on the night of the murders and, after getting no response after buzzing the intercom of the house, which was empty, scaling one of the walls. He found blood marks on the driveway of Simpson's home, as well as a black leather glove on the premises near the location of Kaelin's bungalow, which had the blood of both murder victims on it as well as Simpson's. Despite an aggressive cross-examination by F. Lee Bailey, Fuhrman denied on the stand that he was racist or had used the word \"nigger\" to describe black people in the 10 years prior to his testimony. But a few months later, the defense played audio tapes of Fuhrman repeatedly using the word – 41 times, in total. The tapes had been made between 1985 and 1994 by a young North Carolina screenwriter named Laura McKinny. She had interviewed Fuhrman for a screenplay she was developing on police officers. The Fuhrman tapes became one of the cornerstones of the defense's case that Fuhrman's testimony lacked credibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.504438400268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "In closing arguments, Darden ridiculed the notion that police officers might have wanted to frame Simpson. He questioned why, if the LAPD was against Simpson, they went to his house eight times on domestic violence calls against Brown between 1986 and 1988 without arresting him before eventually arresting and citing him for abuse in January 1989, and why they then waited five days to arrest him for the 1994 murders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.457213401794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "The media coverage was itself at times controversial; the issue of whether or not to allow any video cameras into the courtroom was among the first issues Judge Ito had to decide, ultimately ruling that live camera coverage was warranted. Ito would be later criticized for this decision by other legal professionals, and Ito himself, along with others related to the case (Marcia Clark, Mark Fuhrman, Kato Kaelin), was said to have been influenced to some degree by the media presence, and the publicity that came with it. The trial was covered in 2,237 news segments from 1994 through 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070079803466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" }, { "answer": "1994", "passage": "On June 27, 1994, Time published a cover story \"An American Tragedy\" with a mugshot image of O. J. Simpson on the cover. The image was darker than a typical magazine image, and the Time photo was darker than the original, as shown on a Newsweek cover released at the same time. Time itself then became the object of a media scandal, and it was found it had employed photo manipulation to darken the photo, for the purpose of, as commentators have claimed, making Simpson appear more \"menacing\". The publication of the cover photo drew widespread criticism of racist editorializing, and yellow journalism. Time publicly apologized. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.987772941589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "O. J. Simpson murder case" } ]

[ { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "Scientologists claim that in the hands of a trained operator, the meter can indicate whether a person has been relieved from the spiritual impediment of past experiences. In accordance with a 1974 federal court order, the Church of Scientology asserts that the E-meter is intended for use only in church-sanctioned auditing sessions; it is not a curative or medical device. The E-meters used by the Church were previously manufactured by Scientologists at their Gold Base facility, but now are manufactured in Hong Kong and Taiwan.", "precise_score": -7.627589225769043, "rough_score": -10.02405071258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" }, { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "In the Scientology E-meter, the large control, known as the \"tone arm\", adjusts the meter bias, while a smaller controls the gain. The operator manipulates the tone arm to keep the needle near the center of the dial so its motion is easily observed. A simple E-meter powered by direct current, such as that used by the Scientologists and the like, displays several kinds of electrodermal activity (EDA) on the one dial without distinction, including changes in conductance, resistance, and bioelectric potential. Researchers in psychophysiology are also exploring admittance and impedance aspects of EDA that can be observed only with alternating current. ", "precise_score": -8.859861373901367, "rough_score": -10.334033012390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" }, { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "From then on, the E-meter was a required tool for Scientology ministers. The \"Hubbard Mark II\" E-meter was christened in 1960, and the Hubbard Mark III shortly after. On December 6, 1966, Hubbard won a patent on the Mark V version under the name \"Hubbard Electropsychometer\". Corydon wrote that the Hubbard E-meter was actually developed by Scientologists Don Breeding and Joe Wallis, though the patent () does not list other developers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588188171386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" }, { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "Having found that Scientology was a religion, the Court wrote that the government was forbidden by the First Amendment of the Constitution to rule on the truth or falsity of the Church's doctrines and interfere with its practices, provided the claims are not manifestly insincere and the practices are reasonably harmless. The Court ordered a new trial with the mandate that the trial court could not forbid auditing, use of the E-meter, or purveyance of the literature within a religious context. The FDA appealed the decision, but in 1969, the US Supreme Court declined to review the case, commenting only that \"Scientology meets the prima facie test of religion\". In his 1973 judgment, District Court Judge Gerhard Gesell ruled that:Hubbard and his fellow Scientologists developed the notion of using an E-Meter to aid auditing. Substantial fees were charged for the meter and for auditing sessions using the meter. They repeatedly and explicitly represented that such auditing effectuated cures of many physical and mental illnesses. An individual processed with the aid of the E-Meter was said to reach the intended goal of 'clear' and was led to believe that there was reliable scientific proof that once cleared many, indeed most, illnesses would successfully be cured. Auditing was guaranteed to be successful. All this was and is false. Unable to do more under the mandate from the Court of Appeals, Judge Gesell ordered all the property to be returned to the Church, and thereafter, the E-meter may be used only in \"bona fide religious counseling\". All meters and referring literature must include a label disclaiming any medical benefits:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830087661743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" }, { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "In October 2009, a three-judge panel at the Correctional Court in Paris, France convicted the church and six of its members of organized fraud. The Court's decision followed a three-week trial, where two plaintiffs alleged they were defrauded by the organization. One plaintiff's complaint involved the use of an E-Meter by Scientologists with medical implications. This plaintiff claimed that, after being audited with the device, she was encouraged to pay tens of thousands of euros for vitamins, books, and courses to improve her condition. She argued that amounted to fraud. The Court agreed, and the ruling was upheld on appeal in 2013. See Scientology in France#Conviction for fraud.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710005760192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" }, { "answer": "Scientologists", "passage": "As of January 2005, the cost of the Mark V was $900 and the Mark VII Super Quantum E-meter was US $4,650 (up from US $3,850 in 1995). Scientologists of the Free Zone have developed their own E-meter models which are available at much lower prices. They also offer circuit diagrams and instructions for building a meter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140983581542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "E-meter" } ]

[ { "answer": "São Paulo", "passage": "Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries. Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities, and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are Iguazu Falls, Recife, Olinda, Machu Picchu, the Amazon rainforest, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Maceió, Buenos Aires, Florianópolis, San Ignacio Miní, Isla Margarita, Natal, Lima, São Paulo, Angel Falls, Brasília, Nazca Lines, Perito Moreno Glacier, Cuzco, Belo Horizonte, Lake Titicaca, Los Roques archipelago, Bogotá, Patagonia, Gran Sabana, Cartagena and the Galápagos Islands. ", "precise_score": -5.307586669921875, "rough_score": -5.945001125335693, "source": "wiki", "title": "South America" } ]

[ { "answer": "10", "passage": "Talc is a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. In loose form, it, along with corn starch, is one of the most widely used substances known as baby powder (in the case of talc, often called simply talcum powder). It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, and in an exceptionally rare crystal form. It has a perfect basal cleavage, and the folia are non-elastic, although slightly flexible. It is the softest known mineral and listed as 1 on the Mohs hardness scale. As such, it can be easily scratched by a fingernail. It has a specific gravity of 2.5–2.8, a clear or dusty luster, and is translucent to opaque. Talc is not soluble in water, but is slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids. Its color ranges from white to grey or green and it has a distinctly greasy feel. Its streak is white.", "precise_score": 4.544715881347656, "rough_score": 6.171551704406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Talc is used in many industries—including paper making, plastic, paint and coatings, rubber, food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and ceramics. A coarse grayish-green high-talc rock is soapstone or steatite, used for stoves, sinks, electrical switchboards, crayons, soap, etc. It is often used for surfaces of lab counter tops and electrical switchboards because of its resistance to heat, electricity and acids. Talc finds use as a cosmetic (talcum powder), as a lubricant, and as a filler in paper manufacture. Talc, with heavy refinement, has been used in baby powder, an astringent powder used to prevent rashes on the area covered by a diaper. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents not use baby powder because it poses a risk of respiratory problems—including breathing trouble and serious lung damage if the baby inhales it. The particles are so small that it is difficult to keep them out of the air while applying the powder. Zinc oxide-based ointments are a much safer alternative. ", "precise_score": -5.713784694671631, "rough_score": -4.446959018707275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Talc is widely used in the ceramics industry in both bodies and glazes. In low-fire art-ware bodies it imparts whiteness and increases thermal expansion to resist crazing. In stonewares, small percentages of talc are used to flux the body and therefore improve strength and vitrification. It is a source of MgO flux in high temperature glazes (to control melting temperature). It is also employed as a matting agent in earthenware glazes and can be used to produce magnesia mattes at high temperatures.", "precise_score": -5.49739408493042, "rough_score": -4.7275495529174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Patents are pending on the use of magnesium silicate as a cement substitute. Its production requirements are less energy-intensive than ordinary Portland cement (at a heating requirement of around 650 °C for talc compared to 1500 °C for limestone to produce Portland cement), while it absorbs far more carbon dioxide as it hardens. This results in a negative carbon footprint overall, as the cement substitute removes 0.6 tonnes of CO2 per tonne used. This contrasts with a positive carbon footprint of 0.4 tonne per tonne of conventional cement.", "precise_score": -7.9109721183776855, "rough_score": -5.2796406745910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Chemistry and crystal structure together define a mineral. With a restriction to 32 point groups, minerals of different chemistry may have identical crystal structure. For example, halite (NaCl), galena (PbS), and periclase (MgO) all belong to the hexaoctahedral point group (isometric family), as they have a similar stoichiometry between their different constituent elements. In contrast, polymorphs are groupings of minerals that share a chemical formula but have a different structure. For example, pyrite and marcasite, both iron sulfides, have the formula FeS2; however, the former is isometric while the latter is orthorhombic. This polymorphism extends to other sulfides with the generic AX2 formula; these two groups are collectively known as the pyrite and marcasite groups. ", "precise_score": -10.019104957580566, "rough_score": -6.092775821685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The hardness of a mineral defines how much it can resist scratching. This physical property is controlled by the chemical composition and crystalline structure of a mineral. A mineral's hardness is not necessarily constant for all sides, which is a function of its structure; crystallographic weakness renders some directions softer than others. An example of this property exists in kyanite, which has a Mohs hardness of 5½ parallel to [001] but 7 parallel to [100]. ", "precise_score": -1.2438111305236816, "rough_score": 0.21152223646640778, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The most common scale of measurement is the ordinal Mohs hardness scale. Defined by ten indicators, a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it. The scale ranges from talc, a phyllosilicate, to diamond, a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material. The scale is provided below:", "precise_score": 4.539911270141602, "rough_score": 6.6055989265441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Lustre indicates how light reflects from the mineral's surface, with regards to its quality and intensity. There are numerous qualitative terms used to describe this property, which are split into metallic and non-metallic categories. Metallic and sub-metallic minerals have high reflectivity like metal; examples of minerals with this lustre are galena and pyrite. Non-metallic lustres include: adamantine, such as in diamond; vitreous, which is a glassy lustre very common in silicate minerals; pearly, such as in talc and apophyllite, resinous, such as members of the garnet group, silky which common in fibrous minerals such as asbestiform chrysotile. ", "precise_score": -6.738863468170166, "rough_score": -4.559806823730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The sulfide minerals are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a sulfur; tellurium, arsenic, or selenium can substitute for the sulfur. Sulfides tend to be soft, brittle minerals with a high specific gravity. Many powdered sulfides, such as pyrite, have a sulfurous smell when powdered. Sulfides are susceptible to weathering, and many readily dissolve in water; these dissolved minerals can be later redeposited, which creates enriched secondary ore deposits. Sulfides are classified by the ratio of the metal or semimetal to the sulfur, such as M:S equal to 2:1, or 1:1. Many sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores; examples include sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc, galena (PbS), an ore of lead, cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury, and molybdenite (MoS2, an ore of molybdenum. Pyrite (FeS2), is the most commonly occurring sulfide, and can be found in most geological environments. It is not, however, an ore of iron, but can be instead oxidized to produce sulfuric acid. Related to the sulfides are the rare sulfosalts, in which a metallic element is bonded to sulfur and a semimetal such as antimony, arsenic, or bismuth. Like the sulfides, sulfosalts are typically soft, heavy, and brittle minerals. ", "precise_score": -7.334843158721924, "rough_score": -5.505945205688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The halide minerals are compounds where a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine) is the main anion. These minerals tend to be soft, weak, brittle, and water-soluble. Common examples of halides include halite (NaCl, table salt), sylvite (KCl), fluorite (CaF2). Halite and sylvite commonly form as evaporites, and can be dominant minerals in chemical sedimentary rocks. Cryolite, Na3AlF6, is a key mineral in the extraction of aluminium from bauxites; however, as the only significant occurrence at Ivittuut, Greenland, in a granitic pegmatite, was depleted, synthetic cryolite can be made from fluorite. ", "precise_score": -6.751073837280273, "rough_score": -4.6427483558654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer, with pictorial examples. ", "precise_score": 1.3671711683273315, "rough_score": 1.6563446521759033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohs scale of mineral hardness" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to in the Earth's mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the carbon source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years (25% to 75% of the age of the Earth). Diamonds are brought close to the Earth's surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma, which cools into igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites. Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earth's mantle. An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Several non-diamond materials, which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties. Special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural diamonds, synthetic diamonds, and diamond simulants. The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας – adámas \"unbreakable\".", "precise_score": -8.303041458129883, "rough_score": -4.940267562866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The magma in volcanic pipes is usually one of two characteristic types, which cool into igneous rock known as either kimberlite or lamproite. The magma itself does not contain diamond; instead, it acts as an elevator that carries deep-formed rocks (xenoliths), minerals (xenocrysts), and fluids upward. These rocks are characteristically rich in magnesium-bearing olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole minerals which are often altered to serpentine by heat and fluids during and after eruption. Certain indicator minerals typically occur within diamantiferous kimberlites and are used as mineralogical tracers by prospectors, who follow the indicator trail back to the volcanic pipe which may contain diamonds. These minerals are rich in chromium (Cr) or titanium (Ti), elements which impart bright colors to the minerals. The most common indicator minerals are chromium garnets (usually bright red chromium-pyrope, and occasionally green ugrandite-series garnets), eclogitic garnets, orange titanium-pyrope, red high-chromium spinels, dark chromite, bright green chromium-diopside, glassy green olivine, black picroilmenite, and magnetite. Kimberlite deposits are known as blue ground for the deeper serpentinized part of the deposits, or as yellow ground for the near surface smectite clay and carbonate weathered and oxidized portion.", "precise_score": -9.224055290222168, "rough_score": -5.9446234703063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Somewhat related to hardness is another mechanical property toughness, which is a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 7.5–10 MPa·m1/2. This value is good compared to other ceramic materials, but poor compared to most engineering materials such as engineering alloys, which typically exhibit toughnesses over 100 MPa·m1/2. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond has a cleavage plane and is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others. Diamond cutters use this attribute to cleave some stones, prior to faceting. \"Impact toughness\" is one of the main indexes to measure the quality of synthetic industrial diamonds.", "precise_score": -2.755244255065918, "rough_score": -2.17596173286438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity. Their high refractive index is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity. Diamonds cut glass, but this does not positively identify a diamond because other materials, such as quartz, also lie above glass on the Mohs scale and can also cut it. Diamonds can scratch other diamonds, but this can result in damage to one or both stones. Hardness tests are infrequently used in practical gemology because of their potentially destructive nature. The extreme hardness and high value of diamond means that gems are typically polished slowly using painstaking traditional techniques and greater attention to detail than is the case with most other gemstones; these tend to result in extremely flat, highly polished facets with exceptionally sharp facet edges. Diamonds also possess an extremely high refractive index and fairly high dispersion. Taken together, these factors affect the overall appearance of a polished diamond and most diamantaires still rely upon skilled use of a loupe (magnifying glass) to identify diamonds 'by eye'. ", "precise_score": -1.1923555135726929, "rough_score": -2.8595757484436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "In this reaction, the ratio of talc and kyanite depends on aluminium content, with more aluminous rocks favoring production of kyanite. This is typically associated with high-pressure, low-temperature minerals such as phengite, garnet, glaucophane within the lower blueschist facies. Such rocks are typically white, friable, and fibrous, and are known as", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1406402587890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "It is also often used in basketball to keep a player's hands dry. Most tailor's chalk, or French chalk, is talc, as is the chalk often used for welding or metalworking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.530845642089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Talc is used in the production of the materials that are widely used in the building interiors such as base content paints in wall coatings. Other areas that utilize talc to a great extent are organic agriculture, food industry, cosmetics, and hygiene products such as baby powder and detergent powder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4442877769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "In Hogans et al. v. Johnson & Johnson et al., No. 1422-CC09012 (22d Cir. Ct. Mo. February 23, 2016), a St. Louis jury linked ovarian cancer to the use of talcum powder for the first time in the United States and awarded actual and punitive damages ($10 mil / $62 mil respectively) to the family of an Alabama woman who died from ovarian cancer. There are at least 1,200 other talcum powder-related lawsuits pending, with about 1,000 of them in St. Louis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.636412620544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits to respirable talc dusts at 2 mg/m3 over an eight-hour workday. At levels of 1000 mg/m3, inhalation of talc is considered immediately dangerous to life and health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.430405139923096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "One particular issue with commercial use of talc is its frequent co-location in underground deposits with asbestos ore. Stringent quality control since 1976, including separating cosmetic and food-grade talc from \"industrial\" grade talc, has eliminated this issue, but it remains a potential hazard requiring mitigation in the mining and processing of talc. A 2010 US FDA survey failed to find asbestos in a variety of talc-containing products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.36680793762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Talc" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound. Most often, they are crystalline and abiogenic in origin. A mineral is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regard to it having an ordered atomic structure. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.872976303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Minerals can be described by various physical properties which relate to their chemical structure and composition. Common distinguishing characteristics include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, and specific gravity. More specific tests for minerals include magnetism, taste or smell, radioactivity and reaction to acid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.684111595153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The first three general characteristics are less debated than the last two. The first criterion means that a mineral has to form by a natural process, which excludes anthropogenic compounds. Stability at room temperature, in the simplest sense, is synonymous to the mineral being solid. More specifically, a compound has to be stable or metastable at 25 °C. Classical examples of exceptions to this rule include native mercury, which crystallizes at −39 °C, and water ice, which is solid only below 0 °C; as these two minerals were described prior to 1959, they were grandfathered by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Modern advances have included extensive study of liquid crystals, which also extensively involve mineralogy. Minerals are chemical compounds, and as such they can be described by fixed or a variable formula. Many mineral groups and species are composed of a solid solution; pure substances are not usually found because of contamination or chemical substitution. For example, the olivine group is described by the variable formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, which is a solid solution of two end-member species, magnesium-rich forsterite and iron-rich fayalite, which are described by a fixed chemical formula. Mineral species themselves could have a variable compositions, such as the sulfide mackinawite, (Fe, Ni)9S8, which is mostly a ferrous sulfide, but has a very significant nickel impurity that is reflected in its formula. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.630128383636475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "50 Dana Classification 8th edition – Organic Compounds]. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-20.[http://www.mindat.org/strunz.php?a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339583396911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "9 Strunz Classification – Organic Compounds]. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-20. The organic class includes a very rare group of minerals with hydrocarbons. The IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names adopted in 2009 a hierarchical scheme for the naming and classification of mineral groups and group names and established seven commissions and four working groups to review and classify minerals into an official listing of their published names. According to these new rules, \"mineral species can be grouped in a number of different ways, on the basis of chemistry, crystal structure, occurrence, association, genetic history, or resource, for example, depending on the purpose to be served by the classification.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.86215877532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The Nickel (1995) exclusion of biogenic substances was not universally adhered to. For example, Lowenstam (1981) stated that \"organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere.\" The distinction is a matter of classification and less to do with the constituents of the minerals themselves. Skinner (2005) views all solids as potential minerals and includes biominerals in the mineral kingdom, which are those that are created by the metabolic activities of organisms. Skinner expanded the previous definition of a mineral to classify \"element or compound, amorphous or crystalline, formed through biogeochemical processes,\" as a mineral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886784553527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Commercially valuable minerals and rocks are referred to as industrial minerals. For example, muscovite, a white mica, can be used for windows (sometimes referred to as isinglass), as a filler, or as an insulator. Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Examples are cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury, sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc, or cassiterite (SnO2), an ore of tin. Gems are minerals with an ornamental value, and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and usually, rarity. There are about 20 mineral species that qualify as gem minerals, which constitute about 35 of the most common gemstones. Gem minerals are often present in several varieties, and so one mineral can account for several different gemstones; for example, ruby and sapphire are both corundum, Al2O3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17197036743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Under low-grade metamorphic conditions, kaolinite reacts with quartz to form pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.129104614257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + SiO2 → Al2Si4O10(OH)2 + H2O", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751147270202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Al2Si4O10(OH)2 → Al2SiO5 + 3 SiO2 + H2O", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56403923034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Classifying minerals ranges from simple to difficult. A mineral can be identified by several physical properties, some of them being sufficient for full identification without equivocation. In other cases, minerals can only be classified by more complex optical, chemical or X-ray diffraction analysis; these methods, however, can be costly and time-consuming. Physical properties applied for classification include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, cleavage and fracture, and specific gravity. Other less general tests include fluorescence, phosphorescence, magnetism, radioactivity, tenacity (response to mechanical induced changes of shape or form), piezoelectricity and reactivity to dilute acids. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.536365509033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Crystal structure results from the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral. This crystal structure is based on regular internal atomic or ionic arrangement that is often expressed in the geometric form that the crystal takes. Even when the mineral grains are too small to see or are irregularly shaped, the underlying crystal structure is always periodic and can be determined by X-ray diffraction. Minerals are typically described by their symmetry content. Crystals are restricted to 32 point groups, which differ by their symmetry. These groups are classified in turn into more broad categories, the most encompassing of these being the six crystal families. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.072575569152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Polymorphism can extend beyond pure symmetry content. The aluminosilicates are a group of three minerals — kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite — which share the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Kyanite is triclinic, while andalusite and sillimanite are both orthorhombic and belong to the dipyramidal point group. These difference arise correspond to how aluminium is coordinated within the crystal structure. In all minerals, one aluminium ion is always in six-fold coordination by oxygen; the silicon, as a general rule is in four-fold coordination in all minerals; an exception is a case like stishovite (SiO2, an ultra-high pressure quartz polymorph with rutile structure). In kyanite, the second aluminium is in six-fold coordination; its chemical formula can be expressed as Al[6]Al[6]SiO5, to reflect its crystal structure. Andalusite has the second aluminium in five-fold coordination (Al[6]Al[5]SiO5) and sillimanite has it in four-fold coordination (Al[6]Al[4]SiO5). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.195382118225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The diaphaneity of a mineral describes the ability of light to pass through it. Transparent minerals do not diminish the intensity of light passing through it. An example of such a mineral is muscovite (potassium mica); some varieties are sufficiently clear to have been used for windows. Translucent minerals allow some light to pass, but less than those that are transparent. Jadeite and nephrite (mineral forms of jade are examples of minerals with this property). Minerals that do not allow light to pass are called opaque. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860081672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Colour is the most obvious property of a mineral, but it is often non-diagnostic. It is caused by electromagnetic radiation interacting with electrons (except in the case of incandescence, which does not apply to minerals). Two broad classes of elements are defined with regards to their contribution to a mineral's colour. Idiochromatic elements are essential to a mineral's composition; their contribution to a mineral's colour is diagnostic. Examples of such minerals are malachite (green) and azurite (blue). In contrast, allochromatic elements in minerals are present in trace amounts as impurities. An example of such a mineral would be the ruby and sapphire varieties of the mineral corundum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47423267364502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The streak of a mineral refers to the colour of a mineral in powdered form, which may or may not be identical to its body colour. The most common way of testing this property is done with a streak plate, which is made out of porcelain and coloured either white or black. The streak of a mineral is independent of trace elements or any weathering surface. A common example of this property is illustrated with hematite, which is coloured black, silver, or red in hand sample, but has a cherry-red to reddish-brown streak. Streak is more often distinctive for metallic minerals, in contrast to non-metallic minerals whose body colour is created by allochromatic elements. Streak testing is constrained by the hardness of the mineral, as those harder than 7 powder the streak plate instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.27269458770752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Cleavage, parting, fracture, and tenacity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014123916625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "By definition, minerals have a characteristic atomic arrangement. Weakness in this crystalline structure causes planes of weakness, and the breakage of a mineral along such planes is termed cleavage. The quality of cleavage can be described based on how cleanly and easily the mineral breaks; common descriptors, in order of decreasing quality, are \"perfect\", \"good\", \"distinct\", and \"poor\". In particularly transparent mineral, or in thin-section, cleavage can be seen a series of parallel lines marking the planar surfaces when viewed at a side. Cleavage is not a universal property among minerals; for example, quartz, consisting of extensively interconnected silica tetrahedra, does not have a crystallographic weakness which would allow it to cleave. In contrast, micas, which have perfect basal cleavage, consist of sheets of silica tetrahedra which are very weakly held together. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.436517715454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Parting, sometimes called \"false cleavage\", is similar in appearance to cleavage but is instead produced by structural defects in the mineral as opposed to systematic weakness. Parting varies from crystal to crystal of a mineral, whereas all crystals of a given mineral will cleave if the atomic structure allows for that property. In general, parting is caused by some stress applied to a crystal. The sources of the stresses include deformation (e.g. an increase in pressure), exsolution, or twinning. Minerals that often display parting include the pyroxenes, hematite, magnetite, and corundum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.684261322021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Tenacity is related to both cleavage and fracture. Whereas fracture and cleavage describes the surfaces that are created when a mineral is broken, tenacity describes how resistant a mineral is to such breaking. Minerals can be described as brittle, ductile, malleable, sectile, flexible, or elastic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.269034385681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "High specific gravity is a diagnostic property of a mineral. A variation in chemistry (and consequently, mineral class) correlates to a change in specific gravity. Among more common minerals, oxides and sulfides tend to have a higher specific gravity as they include elements with higher atomic mass. A generalization is that minerals with metallic or adamantine lustre tend to have higher specific gravities than those having a non-metallic to dull lustre. For example, hematite, Fe2O3, has a specific gravity of 5.26 while galena, PbS, has a specific gravity of 7.2–7.6, which is a result of their high iron and lead content, respectively. A very high specific gravity becomes very pronounced in native metals; kamacite, an iron-nickel alloy common in iron meteorites has a specific gravity of 7.9, and gold has an observed specific gravity between 15 and 19.3. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.874322891235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Dropping dilute acid (often 10% HCl) aids in distinguishing carbonates from other mineral classes. The acid reacts with the carbonate ([CO3]2−) group, which causes the affected area to effervesce, giving off carbon dioxide gas. This test can be further expanded to test the mineral in its original crystal form or powdered. An example of this test is done when distinguish calcite from dolomite, especially within rocks (limestone and dolostone respectively). Calcite immediately effervesces in acid, whereas acid must be applied to powdered dolomite (often to a scratched surface in a rock), for it to effervesce. Zeolite minerals will not effervesce in acid; instead, they become frosted after 5–10 minutes, and if left in acid for a day, they dissolve or become a silica gel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.751132011413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Tectosilicates, also known as framework silicates, have the highest degree of polymerization. With all corners of a tetrahedra shared, the silicon:oxygen ratio becomes 1:2. Examples are quartz, the feldspars, feldspathoids, and the zeolites. Framework silicates tend to be particularly chemically stable as a result of strong covalent bonds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.050802230834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Feldspathoids are structurally similar to feldspar, but differ in that they form in Si-deficient conditions which allows for further substitution by Al3+. As a result, feldsapthoids cannot be associated with quartz. A common example of a feldsapthoid is nepheline ((Na, K)AlSiO4); compared to alkali feldspar, nepheline has an Al2O3:SiO2 ratio of 1:2, as opposed to 1:6 in the feldspar. Zeolites often have distinctive crystal habits, occurring in needles, plates, or blocky masses. They form in the presence of water at low temperatures and pressures, and have channels and voids in their structure. Zeolites have several industrial applications, especially in waste water treatment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.820155143737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Phyllosilicates consist of sheets of polymerized tetrahedra. They are bound at three oxygen sites, which gives a characteristic silicon:oxygen ratio of 2:5. Important examples include the mica, chlorite, and the kaolinite-serpentine groups. The sheets are weakly bound by van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds, which causes a crystallographic weakness, in turn leading to a prominent basal cleavage among the phyllosilicates. In addition to the tetrahedra, phyllosilicates have a sheet of octahedra (elements in six-fold coordination by oxygen) that balanced out the basic tetrahedra, which have a negative charge (e.g. [Si4O10]4−) These tetrahedra (T) and octahedra (O) sheets are stacked in a variety of combinations to create phyllosilicate groups. Within an octahedral sheet, there are three octahedral sites in a unit structure; however, not all of the sites may be occupied. In that case, the mineral is termed dioctahedral, whereas in other case it is termed trioctahedral. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.352127075195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Inosilicates consist of tetrahedra repeatedly bonded in chains. These chains can be single, where a tetrahedron is bound to two others to form a continuous chain; alternatively, two chains can be merged to create double-chain silicates. Single-chain silicates have a silicon:oxygen ratio of 1:3 (e.g. [Si2O6]4−), whereas the double-chain variety has a ratio of 4:11, e.g. [Si8O22]12−. Inosilicates contain two important rock-forming mineral groups; single-chain silicates are most commonly pyroxenes, while double-chain silicates are often amphiboles. Higher-order chains exist (e.g. three-member, four-member, five-member chains, etc.) but they are rare. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067907333374023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "The pyroxene group consists of 21 mineral species. Pyroxenes have a general structure formula of XY(Si2O6), where X is an octahedral site, while Y can vary in coordination number from six to eight. Most varieties of pyroxene consist of permutations of Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+ to balance the negative charge on the backbone. Pyroxenes are common in the Earth's crust (about 10%) and are a key constituent of mafic igneous rocks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.609807014465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Cyclosilicates, or ring silicates, have a ratio of silicon to oxygen of 1:3. Six-member rings are most common, with a base structure of [Si6O18]12−; examples include the tourmaline group and beryl. Other ring structures exist, with 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 having been described. Cyclosilicates tend to be strong, with elongated, striated crystals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81375503540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Tourmalines have a very complex chemistry that can be described by a general formula XY3Z6(BO3)3T6O18V3W. The T6O18 is the basic ring structure, where T is usually Si4+, but substitutable by Al3+ or B3+. Tourmalines can be subgrouped by the occupancy of the X site, and from there further subdivided by the chemistry of the W site. The Y and Z sites can accommodate a variety of cations, especially various transition metals; this variability in structural transition metal content gives the tourmaline group greater variability in colour. Other cyclosilicates include beryl, Al2Be3Si6O18, whose varieties include the gemstones emerald (green) and aquamarine (bluish). Cordierite is structurally similar to beryl, and is a common metamorphic mineral. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.15774917602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Sorosilicates, also termed disilicates, have tetrahedron-tetrahedron bonding at one oxygen, which results in a 2:7 ratio of silicon to oxygen. The resultant common structural element is the [Si2O7]6− group. The most common disilicates by far are members of the epidote group. Epidotes are found in variety of geologic settings, ranging from mid-ocean ridge to granites to metapelites. Epidotes are built around the structure [(SiO4)(Si2O7)]10− structure; for example, the mineral species epidote has calcium, aluminium, and ferric iron to charge balance: Ca2Al2(Fe3+, Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). The presence of iron as Fe3+ and Fe2+ helps understand oxygen fugacity, which in turn is a significant factor in petrogenesis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.73292064666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Orthosilicates consist of isolated tetrahedra that are charge-balanced by other cations. Also termed nesosilicates, this type of silicate has a silicon:oxygen ratio of 1:4 (e.g. SiO4). Typical orthosilicates tend to form blocky equant crystals, and are fairly hard. Several rock-forming minerals are part of this subclass, such as the aluminosilicates, the olivine group, and the garnet group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619951248168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Other orthosilicates include zircon, staurolite, and topaz. Zircon (ZrSiO4) is useful in geochronology as the Zr4+ can be substituted by U6+; furthermore, because of its very resistant structure, it is difficult to reset it as a chronometer. Staurolite is a common metamorphic intermediate-grade index mineral. It has a particularly complicated crystal structure that was only fully described in 1986. Topaz (Al2SiO4(F, OH)2, often found in granitic pegmatites associated with tourmaline, is a common gemstone mineral. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.621053695678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The gold group, with a cubic close-packed structure, includes metals such as gold, silver, and copper. The platinum group is similar in structure to the gold group. The iron-nickel group is characterized by several iron-nickel alloy species. Two examples are kamacite and taenite, which are found in iron meteorites; these species differ by the amount of Ni in the alloy; kamacite has less than 5–7% nickel and is a variety of native iron, whereas the nickel content of taenite ranges from 7–37%. Arsenic group minerals consist of semi-metals, which have only some metallic; for example, they lack the malleability of metals. Native carbon occurs in two allotropes, graphite and diamond; the latter forms at very high pressure in the mantle, which gives it a much stronger structure than graphite. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.394859790802002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The carbonate minerals are those were the main anionic group is carbonate, [CO3]2−. Carbonates tend to be brittle, many have rhombohedral cleavage, and all react with acid. Due to the last characteristic, field geologists often carry dilute hydrochloric acid to distinguish carbonates from non-carbonates. The reaction of acid with carbonates, most commonly found as the polymorph calcite and aragonite (CaCO3), relates to the dissolution and precipitation of the mineral, which is a key in the formation of limestone caves, features within them such as stalactite and stalagmites, and karst landforms. Carbonates are most often formed as biogenic or chemical sediments in marine environments. The carbonate group is structurally a triangle, where a central C4+ cation is surrounded by three O2− anions; different groups of minerals form from different arrangements of these triangles. The most common carbonate mineral is calcite, and is the primary constituent of sedimentary limestone and metamorphic marble. Calcite, CaCO3, can have a high magnesium impurity; under high-Mg conditions, its polymorph aragonite will form instead; the marine geochemistry in this regard can be described as an aragonite or calcite sea, depending on which mineral preferentially forms. Dolomite is a double carbonate, with the formula CaMg(CO3)2. Secondary dolomitization of limestone is common, where calcite or aragonite are converted to dolomite; this reaction increases pore space (the unit cell volume of dolomite is 88% that of calcite), which can create a reservoir for oil and gas. These two minerals species are members of eponymous mineral groups: the calcite group includes carbonates with the general formula XCO3, and the dolomite group constitutes minerals with general formula XY(CO3)2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.282275676727295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The sulfate minerals all contain the sulfate anion, [SO4]2−. They tend to be transparent to translucent, soft, and many are fragile. Sulfate minerals commonly form as evaporites, where they precipitate out of evaporating saline waters; alternative, sulfates can also be found in hydrothermal vein systems associated with sulfides, or as oxidation products of sulfides. Sulfates can be subdivided into anhydrous and hydrous minerals. The most common hydrous sulfate by far is gypsum, CaSO4⋅2H2O. It forms as an evaporite, and is associated with other evaporites such as calcite and halite; if it incorporates sand grains as it crystallizes, gypsum can form desert roses. Gypsum has very low thermal conductivity and maintains a low temperature when heated as it loses that heat by dehydrating; as such, gypsum is used as an insulator in materials such as plaster and drywall. The anhydrous equivalent of gypsum is anhydrite; it can form directly from seawater in highly arid conditions. The barite group has the general formula XSO4, where the X is a large 12-coordinated cation. Examples include barite (BaSO4), celestine (SrSO4), and anglesite (PbSO4); anhydrite is not part of the barite group, as the smaller Ca2+ is only in eight-fold coordination. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.103717803955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The phosphate minerals are characterized by the tetrahedral [PO4]3− unit, although the structure can be generalized, and phosphorus is replaced by antimony, arsenic, or vanadium. The most common phosphate is the apatite group; common species within this group are fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F), chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) and hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)). Minerals in this group are the main crystalline constituents of teeth and bones in vertebrates. The relatively abundant monazite group has a general structure of ATO4, where T is phosphorus or arsenic, and A is often a rare-earth element (REE). Monazite is important in two ways: first, as a REE \"sink\", it can sufficiently concentrate these elements to become an ore; secondly, monazite group elements can incorporate relatively large amounts of uranium and thorium, which can be used to date the rock based on the decay of the U and Th to lead. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8023600578308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "It has been suggested that biominerals could be important indicators of extraterrestrial life and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present life on the planet Mars. Furthermore, organic components (biosignatures) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in both pre-biotic and biotic reactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365957260131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mineral" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of oxygen, and showed that the only product of the combustion was carbon dioxide, proving that diamond is composed of carbon. Later in 1797, Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86607837677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem. Four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds: these are carat (its weight), cut (quality of the cut is graded according to proportions, symmetry and polish), color (how close to white or colorless; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue), and clarity (how free is it from inclusions). A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.650224685668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Diamonds occur most often as euhedral or rounded octahedra and twinned octahedra known as macles. As diamond's crystal structure has a cubic arrangement of the atoms, they have many facets that belong to a cube, octahedron, rhombicosidodecahedron, tetrakis hexahedron or disdyakis dodecahedron. The crystals can have rounded off and unexpressive edges and can be elongated. Sometimes they are found grown together or form double \"twinned\" crystals at the surfaces of the octahedron. These different shapes and habits of some diamonds result from differing external circumstances. Diamonds (especially those with rounded crystal faces) are commonly found coated in nyf, an opaque gum-like skin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.58131217956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Diamond-bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth's surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions. The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed—150 km or more (three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes). This is a relatively rare occurrence. These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes. The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action, but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased. During eruption these pipes are open to the surface, resulting in open circulation; many xenoliths of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes. Diamond-bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest, coolest regions of continental crust (cratons). This is because cratons are very thick, and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable. Not all pipes contain diamonds, and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.747364044189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Once diamonds have been transported to the surface by magma in a volcanic pipe, they may erode out and be distributed over a large area. A volcanic pipe containing diamonds is known as a primary source of diamonds. Secondary sources of diamonds include all areas where a significant number of diamonds have been eroded out of their kimberlite or lamproite matrix, and accumulated because of water or wind action. These include alluvial deposits and deposits along existing and ancient shorelines, where loose diamonds tend to accumulate because of their size and density. Diamonds have also rarely been found in deposits left behind by glaciers (notably in Wisconsin and Indiana); in contrast to alluvial deposits, glacial deposits are minor and are therefore not viable commercial sources of diamond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.715600967407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "The hardness of diamond contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in engagement or wedding rings, which are often worn every day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.083942413330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": " Color in diamond has two additional sources: irradiation (usually by alpha particles), that causes the color in green diamonds; and plastic deformation of the diamond crystal lattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. \"Black\", or Carbonado, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the crystal lattice, known as a carbon flaw. The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the normal color range, and applies a grading scale from \"D\" (colorless) to \"Z\" (light yellow). Diamonds of a different color, such as blue, are called fancy colored diamonds, and fall under a different grading scale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8746113777160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "In 2008, the Wittelsbach Diamond, a blue diamond once belonging to the King of Spain, fetched over US$24 million at a Christie's auction. In May 2009, a blue diamond fetched the highest price per carat ever paid for a diamond when it was sold at auction for 10.5 million Swiss francs (6.97 million euro or US$9.5 million at the time). That record was however beaten the same year: a 5 carat vivid pink diamond was sold for $10.8 million in Hong Kong on December 1, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.29056167602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Although most gem-grade diamonds are sold newly polished, there is a well-established market for resale of polished diamonds (e.g. pawnbroking, auctions, second-hand jewelry stores, diamantaires, bourses, etc.). One hallmark of the trade in gem-quality diamonds is its remarkable concentration: wholesale trade and diamond cutting is limited to just a few locations; in 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat, India. Other important centers of diamond cutting and trading are the Antwerp diamond district in Belgium, where the International Gemological Institute is based, London, the Diamond District in New York City, the Diamond Exchange District in Tel Aviv, and Amsterdam. One contributory factor is the geological nature of diamond deposits: several large primary kimberlite-pipe mines each account for significant portions of market share (such as the Jwaneng mine in Botswana, which is a single large-pit mine that can produce between 12500000 carat to 15000000 carat of diamonds per year ). Secondary alluvial diamond deposits, on the other hand, tend to be fragmented amongst many different operators because they can be dispersed over many hundreds of square kilometers (e.g., alluvial deposits in Brazil).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.09447956085205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "As a part of reducing its influence, De Beers withdrew from purchasing diamonds on the open market in 1999 and ceased, at the end of 2008, purchasing Russian diamonds mined by the largest Russian diamond company Alrosa. As of January 2011, De Beers states that it only sells diamonds from the following four countries: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada. Alrosa had to suspend their sales in October 2008 due to the global energy crisis, but the company reported that it had resumed selling rough diamonds on the open market by October 2009. Apart from Alrosa, other important diamond mining companies include BHP Billiton, which is the world's largest mining company; Rio Tinto Group, the owner of Argyle (100%), Diavik (60%), and Murowa (78%) diamond mines; and Petra Diamonds, the owner of several major diamond mines in Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8704195022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Diamonds are extremely hard, but also brittle and can be split up by a single blow. Therefore, diamond cutting is traditionally considered as a delicate procedure requiring skills, scientific knowledge, tools and experience. Its final goal is to produce a faceted jewel where the specific angles between the facets would optimize the diamond luster, that is dispersion of white light, whereas the number and area of facets would determine the weight of the final product. The weight reduction upon cutting is significant and can be of the order of 50%. Several possible shapes are considered, but the final decision is often determined not only by scientific, but also practical considerations. For example, the diamond might be intended for display or for wear, in a ring or a necklace, singled or surrounded by other gems of certain color and shape. Some of them may be considered as classical, such as round, pear, marquise, oval, hearts and arrows diamonds, etc. Some of them are special, produced by certain companies, for example, Phoenix, Cushion, Sole Mio diamonds, etc. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.305587768554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "Approximately 130000000 carat of diamonds are mined annually, with a total value of nearly US$9 billion, and about 100000 kg are synthesized annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.628847122192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. The ore is crushed, during which care is required not to destroy larger diamonds, and then sorted by density. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of X-ray fluorescence, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Before the use of X-rays became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.758693695068359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": " Ball was a geologist in British service. to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725. Currently, one of the most prominent Indian mines is located at Panna. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308625221252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": " Twenty percent of that amount has been mined in the last five years, and during the last 10 years, nine new mines have started production; four more are waiting to be opened soon. Most of these mines are located in Canada, Zimbabwe, Angola, and one in Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850394248962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "10", "passage": "As of 2010, nearly all 5,000 million carats (1,000 tonnes) of synthetic diamonds produced per year are for industrial use. Around 50% of the 133 million carats of natural diamonds mined per year end up in industrial use. Mining companies' expenses average $40 to $60 per carat for natural colorless diamonds, while synthetic manufacturers' expenses average $2,500 per carat for synthetic, gem-quality colorless diamonds. However, a purchaser is more likely to encounter a synthetic when looking for a fancy-colored diamond because nearly all synthetic diamonds are fancy-colored, while only 0.01% of natural diamonds are. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.005278587341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" }, { "answer": "ten", "passage": "Screening devices based on diamond type detection can be used to make a distinction between diamonds that are certainly natural and diamonds that are potentially synthetic. Those potentially synthetic diamonds require more investigation in a specialized lab. Examples of commercial screening devices are D-Screen (WTOCD / HRD Antwerp) and Alpha Diamond Analyzer (Bruker / HRD Antwerp).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.614164352416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diamond" } ]

[ { "answer": "Atoll", "passage": "Where coral islands form from atoll reefs, the result is an island or string of islands in a roughly circular form, surrounding a shallow lagoon.", "precise_score": 0.564998984336853, "rough_score": 0.9824839234352112, "source": "wiki", "title": "Coral island" }, { "answer": "Atoll", "passage": "A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs. Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. They have also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines. There is an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of water classified as estuaries. Lagoons are common coastal features around many parts of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2467732429504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lagoon" }, { "answer": "Atoll", "passage": "Atoll lagoons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.406828880310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lagoon" }, { "answer": "Atoll", "passage": "Atoll lagoons form as coral reefs grow upwards while the islands that the reefs surround subside, until eventually only the reefs remain above sea level. Unlike the lagoons that form shoreward of fringing reefs, atoll lagoons often contain some deep (>20m) portions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7307543754577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lagoon" }, { "answer": "Atoll", "passage": " https://www.google.co.in/search?qatoll&espv", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462904930114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lagoon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. Until the 1910s, most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote. It effectively overruled Minor v. Happersett, in which a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give women the right to vote.", "precise_score": 8.342628479003906, "rough_score": 8.010302543640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "There were several attempts to amend the Constitution, prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, to grant universal and limited suffrage to women. One of the attempts the \"Petition for Universal Suffrage,\" signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, among others, called for a Constitutional Amendment to \"prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of their citizens on the ground of sex\" in 1865. In another attempt, the House Joint Resolution (H.J. Res.) 159, called for the limited suffrage of women who were spinsters or widows and owned property in 1888. Both attempts to amend the Constitution failed.", "precise_score": -0.286622017621994, "rough_score": -2.909006118774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "The Nineteenth Amendment is identical to the Fifteenth Amendment, except that the Nineteenth prohibits the denial of suffrage because of sex and the Fifteenth because of \"race, color, or previous condition of servitude\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.348294734954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "At home, the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments. In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country. A growing civil rights movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination, with Martin Luther King, Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, sought to end racial discrimination. Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. The launch of a \"War on Poverty\" expanded entitlements and welfare spending. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671998977661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States" }, { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4% of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual, bisexual, or transgender. A 2012 Gallup poll also concluded that 3.5% of adult Americans identified as LGBT. The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7%. In a 2013 survey, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6% of Americans identify as straight, while 1.6% identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7% identify as being bisexual.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165820121765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States" }, { "answer": "Sex", "passage": "The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman. Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other Western countries). In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide. Same-sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same-sex couples to adopt. Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633456230163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Albuquerque", "passage": "Bugs pops out of the hole, and sees no sign of the Black Forest on his map. (Variants on this comment would be used in later cartoons as the lead-in to the joke that Bugs while tunneling did indeed turn wrong somewhere in New Mexico, usually by not taking a left turn at Albuquerque, this cartoon being the first time Bugs says his popular catchphrase: \"I KNEW I ‘shoulda’ [should have] made ‘dat’ [that] left ‘toin’ [turn] in ‘Albakoikie’ [Albuquerque]\"). Bugs asks Göring about the directions to Las Vegas, oblivious to his location. Göring is almost tricked into going to Las Vegas, but then quickly realizes he’s being tricked and replies: \"Las Veegas? Why, there is no Las Veegas in Germany!\" For once genuinely alarmed by his mistaken destination, Bugs hightails it, saying \"‘Joimany’ [Germany]? Yipe!\". Göring chases after him, sucking him with his musket as a plunger.", "precise_score": 5.452127456665039, "rough_score": 5.0664753913879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herr Meets Hare" }, { "answer": "Albuquerque", "passage": "Bugs' popularity soared during World War II because of his free and easy attitude, and he began receiving special star billing in his cartoons by 1943. By that time Warner Bros. had become the most profitable cartoon studio in the United States. In company with cartoon studios such as Disney and Famous Studios, Warners pitted its characters against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and the Japanese. Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips (1944) features Bugs at odds with a group of Japanese soldiers. This cartoon has since been pulled from distribution due to its depiction of Japanese people. He also faces off against Hermann Göring and Hitler in Herr Meets Hare (1945), which introduced his well-known reference to Albuquerque as he mistakenly winds up in the Black Forest of 'Joimany' instead of Las Vegas, Nevada. Bugs also appeared in the 1942 two-minute U.S. war bonds commercial film Any Bonds Today?, along with Porky and Elmer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.939381122589111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bugs Bunny" } ]

[ { "answer": "Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr", "passage": "A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 34 countries: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the U.S. itself. It was the largest coalition since World War II. U.S. Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was designated to be the commander of the Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area. The Soviet Union also supported United States intervention.", "precise_score": 2.614879846572876, "rough_score": -0.920752227306366, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "H. Norman Schwarzkopf", "passage": "H. Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. (; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012) was a United States Army general. While serving as Commander-in-Chief, United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War.", "precise_score": 5.213066577911377, "rough_score": 3.722867012023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norman Schwarzkopf Jr." }, { "answer": "General Schwarzkopf", "passage": "The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 17 January 1991. The Coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure. The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner, who briefly served as U.S. Central Command's Commander-in-Chief – Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the U.S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.12139093875885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gulf War" }, { "answer": "Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr", "passage": "* Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. (1934–2012), American military figure", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77444076538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stormin' Norman" }, { "answer": "H. Norman Schwarzkopf", "passage": "Schwarzkopf was born Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. on August 22, 1934 in Trenton, New Jersey, to Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. and Ruth Alice (née Bowman). His father was a German-American 1917 graduate of the United States Military Academy and veteran of World War I. His mother was a housewife from West Virginia who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson. The senior Schwarzkopf later became the Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, where he worked as a lead investigator on the 1932 Lindbergh baby kidnapping case. In January 1952, the younger Schwarzkopf's birth certificate was amended to make his name \"H. Norman Schwarzkopf\", reportedly because his father detested his first name. The younger Schwarzkopf had two older sisters, Ruth Ann and Sally Joan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.601042747497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norman Schwarzkopf Jr." }, { "answer": "Norman Schwarzkopf", "passage": "Norman Schwarzkopf was described by childhood friends as active and assertive, protective of his sisters and a skilled athlete. He spent his childhood attached to his father, who subsequently became the narrator for the Gang Busters radio program. When Norman Schwarzkopf was eight years old, his father returned to the military amid World War II. His continuous absence made home life difficult, particularly for his wife. As a 10-year-old cadet at Bordentown Military Institute, near Trenton, he posed for his official photograph wearing a stern expression because – as he said afterwards – \"Some day when I become a general, I want people to know that I’m serious.\" In 1946, when Norman Schwarzkopf was 12, he moved with his father to Tehran, Iran. In Iran, Norman learned shooting, horseback riding, and hunting. Schwarzkopf developed a lifelong interest in Middle Eastern culture. The family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, in 1947, following a new military assignment for Herbert Schwarzkopf. The senior Schwarzkopf visited Italy, Heidelberg, Frankfurt, and Berlin, Germany during his military duties, and the younger Schwarzkopf accompanied him. By 1951 he had returned to Iran briefly before returning to the United States. Herbert Schwarzkopf died in 1958. From a young age, Norman wanted to be a military officer, following his father's example.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.764406204223633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norman Schwarzkopf Jr." }, { "answer": "It Doesn't Take a Hero", "passage": "In 1992, Schwarzkopf published a memoir, It Doesn't Take a Hero, about his life; it became a bestseller. Schwarzkopf sold the rights to his memoirs to Bantam Books for $5,000,000. In 1993, Schwarzkopf was found to have prostate cancer, for which he was successfully treated. Among the many honors he received was the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. Queen Elizabeth II honorarily knighted Schwarzkopf and he was awarded many other military accolades from foreign countries. He led the Pegasus Parade at the Kentucky Derby and was an honorary guest at the Indianapolis 500. He supported several children's charities and national philanthropic causes, and he was a spokesperson for prostate cancer awareness, recovery of the grizzly bear from endangered species status, and served on the Nature Conservancy board of governors. Schwarzkopf otherwise sought to live out a low-profile retirement in Tampa, though he briefly served as a military commentator for NBC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236786842346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norman Schwarzkopf Jr." }, { "answer": "General Schwarzkopf", "passage": "Among reactions to Schwarzkopf's death, George H. W. Bush said of him; \"General Norm Schwarzkopf, to me, epitomized the 'duty, service, country' creed that has defended our freedom and seen this great Nation through our most trying international crises. More than that, he was a good and decent man and a dear friend.\" In a statement, President Barack Obama said \"From his decorated service in Vietnam to the historic liberation of Kuwait and his leadership of United States Central Command, General Schwarzkopf stood tall for the country and Army he loved.\" In a letter, Secretary of the Army John McHugh and Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno wrote in a joint statement, \"Our nation owes a great debt of gratitude to General Schwarzkopf and our Soldiers will hold a special place in their hearts for this great leader. While much will be written in coming days of his many accomplishments, his most lasting and important legacies are the tremendous Soldiers he trained and led.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.581805229187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Norman Schwarzkopf Jr." } ]

[ { "answer": "Women's shoes", "passage": "Going on to serve as a freelance designer, Louboutin designed women's shoes for Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, and Maud Frizon. In the late 1980s, he turned away from fashion to become a landscape gardener and to contribute to Vogue but missed working with shoes and set up his company in 1991.", "precise_score": -1.2362723350524902, "rough_score": 1.699020504951477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christian Louboutin" }, { "answer": "Women's shoes", "passage": "Datuk Jimmy Choo, OBE Jimmy Choo Yeang Keat (), (born 15 November 1948) is a Malaysian fashion designer based in the United Kingdom. He is best known for co-founding Jimmy Choo Ltd that became known for its handmade women's shoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1640499830245972, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jimmy Choo" }, { "answer": "Women's shoes", "passage": "Louboutin has topped the Luxury Institute's annual Luxury Brand Status Index (LBSI) for three years; the brand's offerings were declared the Most Prestigious Women's Shoes in 2007, 2008, and 2009. By 2011, Louboutin became the most searched-for shoe brand online. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5857176780700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christian Louboutin" }, { "answer": "Women's shoes", "passage": "In 2011, Christian Louboutin company filed a US trademark infringement claim of its red-soled shoes against designer Yves Saint Laurent. The firm is expecting that the YSL shoe design will be revoked and is seeking US$1 million in damages. However, in August 2011, U.S. District Judge Victor Marrero denied the firm's request to stop the sale of women's shoes with red soles by Yves Saint Laurent. The judge questioned the validity of the trademark, writing, \"Louboutin's claim would cast a red cloud over the whole industry, cramping what other designers do, while allowing Louboutin to paint with a full palette.\" Judge Marrero also wrote, \"Louboutin is unlikely to be able to prove its red outsole brand is entitled to trademark protection, even if it has gained enough public recognition in the market to have acquired secondary meaning.\" In his thirty-two-page decision, Judge Marrero compared fashion designers to painters and noted how creativity for both is dependent upon using color as \"an indispensable medium\" that \"plays a unique role.\" The Court observed that: \"The law should not countenance restraints that would interfere with creativity and stifle competition by one designer, while granting another a monopoly invested with the right to exclude use of an ornamental or functional medium necessary for freest and most productive artistic expression by all engaged in the same enterprise.\" Jewelry company Tiffany & Co., which has its blue box trademarked, filed an amicus curiae brief supporting the right to trademark a color. In September 2012, the court finally ruled that Louboutin retains the exclusive right to use the color red on the bottom of its shoes whenever the outer portion of the shoe is any color besides red, while Yves Saint Laurent can continue to sell its shoes with red soles as long as the whole shoe is red. The YSL monochromatic shoe – red upper, red outsole – over which the lawsuit originally had been brought and against which Louboutin had tried and failed to get a preliminary injunction, therefore won't infringe the trimmed-down trademark. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.939516067504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Christian Louboutin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The game was first sold under the famous Connect Four trademark by Milton Bradley in February 1974.", "precise_score": 1.9159119129180908, "rough_score": 0.4954322278499603, "source": "wiki", "title": "Connect Four" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Yahtzee is a dice game made by Milton Bradley (now owned by Hasbro), which was first marketed as \"Yatzie\" by National Association Service of Toledo, Ohio, in the early 1940s. Yatzie was included in a game set called \"LUCK - 15 Grand Dice Games\". It was marketed under the name of Yahtzee by game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe in 1956. Lowe is also responsible for introducing Bingo to the U.S. market. The game is a development of earlier dice games such as Poker Dice, Yacht and Generala. It is also similar to Yatzy, which is popular in Scandinavia.", "precise_score": -0.2556222081184387, "rough_score": -0.8193187117576599, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yahtzee" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Yahtzee was marketed by the E.S. Lowe Company from 1956 till 1973. In 1973, the Milton Bradley Company purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold worldwide. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner Hasbro, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year. A classic edition is currently being marketed by Winning Moves.", "precise_score": -0.9561054110527039, "rough_score": -1.5710009336471558, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yahtzee" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The game and its contents were copyrighted by Lowe in 1956, 1961, 1967, and 1972. In 1973, Milton Bradley purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold in America and around the globe. The game has maintained its popularity. According to current owner Hasbro, 50 million Yahtzee games are sold each year.", "precise_score": -0.9647472500801086, "rough_score": -2.3484044075012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yahtzee" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Hungry Hungry Hippos is a tabletop game made for 2–4 players, produced by Hasbro, under the brand of its subsidiary, Milton Bradley. The idea for the game was published in 1967 by toy inventor Fred Kroll and it was introduced in 1978. The objective of the game is for each player to collect as many marbles as possible with their 'hippo' (a toy hippo model). The game is marketed under the \"Elefun and Friends\" banner, along with Elefun, Mouse Trap and Gator Golf. The game was referenced in the 2010 Disney Pixar movie, Toy Story 3 and the 2001 cult film Donnie Darko.", "precise_score": 2.0014638900756836, "rough_score": 3.704495668411255, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hungry Hungry Hippos" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Battleship (also Battleships or Sea Battle ) is a guessing game for two players. It is known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which dates from World War I. It was published by various companies as a pad-and-pencil game in the 1930s, and was released as a plastic board game by Milton Bradley in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.464807987213135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The game of Battleship is thought to have its origins in the French game L'Attaque played during World War I, although parallels have also been drawn to E. I. Horseman's 1890 game Baslinda, and the game is said to have been played by Russian officers before World War I. The first commercial version of the game was Salvo, published in 1931 in the United States by the Starex company. Other versions of the game were printed in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Strathmore Company's Combat: The Battleship Game, Milton Bradley's Broadsides: A Game of Naval Strategy and Maurice L. Freedman's Warfare Naval Combat. Strategy Games Co. produced a version called Wings which pictured planes flying over the Los Angeles Coliseum. All of these early editions of the game consisted of pre-printed pads of paper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.560296058654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "In 1967 Milton Bradley introduced a version of the game that used plastic boards and pegs. The method of play involved using pegboards and miniaturized plastic ships, and was thought of by Ed Hutchins. In 1977, Milton Bradley also released a computerized Electronic Battleship, followed in 1989 by Electronic Talking Battleship. In 2008, an updated version of Battleship was released, using hexagonal tiles. In the updated version, each player's board contains several islands on which \"captured man\" figurines can be placed. Ships may be placed only around the islands, and only in the player's half of the board. When the movie Battleship was released, the board game reverted to the original 1967 style. The 2008 updated version is still available as Battleship Islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.124837398529053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "There are two typical complements of ships, as given in the Milton Bradley version of the rules:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526995658874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "* In the 1931 Salvo edition of the game, players target a specified number of squares at one time, and all of the squares are attacked simultaneously. A player may initially target six squares per turn, and this is decreased as ships are lost. In other variants of this mechanic, the number of shots a player is allowed to fire each turn may either be fixed at five for the whole game, be equal to the number of unsunk ships belonging to the player, or be equal to the size of the player's largest undamaged ship. The receiving player may either call the result of each shot in turn, or simply announce, say, \"two hits and three misses\", leaving their opponent to work out the consequences of the salvo. In the modern Milton Bradley rules for Battleship, Salvo is listed as a variation \"for more experienced players\", with the number of shots being equal to the number of ships that the firing player has remaining. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.256170272827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battleship (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Twister is a game of physical skill produced by Milton Bradley Company and Winning Moves, that has been inducted into the American National Toy Hall of Fame. It is played on a large plastic mat that is spread on the floor or ground. The mat has six rows of large colored circles on it with a different color in each row: red, yellow, blue and green. A spinner is attached to a square board and is used to determine where the player has to put their hand or foot. The spinner is divided into four labeled sections: right foot left foot, right hand and left hand. Each of those four sections is divided into the four colors (red, yellow, blue and green). After spinning, the combination is called (for example: \"right hand yellow\") and players must move their matching hand or foot to a circle of the correct color. In a two-player game, no two people can have a hand or foot on the same circle; the rules are different for more players. Due to the scarcity of colored circles, players will often be required to put themselves in unlikely or precarious positions, eventually causing someone to fall. A person is eliminated when they fall or when their elbow or knee touches the mat. There is no limit to how many can play at once, but more than four is a tight fit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9733951091766357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Submitted for patent and marketed by Milton Bradley in 1966, Twister became a success when actress Eva Gabor played it with Johnny Carson on television's The Tonight Show on May 3, 1966. However, in its success, Twister was also controversial. The company that produced the game, Milton Bradley, was accused by its competitors of selling \"sex in a box\". That accusation was probably because Twister was the first popular American game to use human bodies as playing pieces. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.730861663818359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "In 1964 Guyer and Foley took the games to Mel Taft, the Vice President of the Milton Bradley Co.. Mel immediately saw the possibilities in a line of games where the people were the players, and the game he chose to lead with was \"Pretzel\". When it was discovered that the name was not available, the Milton Bradley Co. chose \"Twister\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.324836730957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "In the fall of 1965, Reyn and Chuck took the game to the Milton Bradley Company in Springfield, MA where Mel Taft, the senior vice-president of R & D, chose PRETZEL as the best of the eight game ideas. Mel found there was a trademark problem, so he changed the game’s name to TWISTER, and Milton Bradley began to market Twister in 1966. It was the first game on store shelves that used players as the playing pieces. .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.694142818450928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "When the Milton Bradley Company found that several major retailers refused to stock the game, Mel called Reyn to tell him that they were cancelling their television advertising and pulling the product from the store shelves. What executives at Milton Bradley did not know was the public relations company Mel had hired had already been paid. So, he let the plan to have TWISTER played on the Tonight Show go forward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.90721321105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "In 1985 Hasbro acquired the Milton Bradley Company, becoming Twister's parent company. The Reyn Guyer Creative Group continues to work closely with Hasbro to develop and market new additions to the line of Twister products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.987829685211182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twister (game)" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "Since the 1970s, Travel Yahtzee has been sold in various forms as part of Milton Bradley's line of travel games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9816901683807373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yahtzee" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The Game of Life, also known simply as Life, is a board game originally created in 1860 by Milton Bradley, as The Checkered Game of Life. The Game of Life was America's first popular parlor game. The game simulates a person's travels through his or her life, from college to retirement, with jobs, marriage, and possible children along the way. Two to six players can participate in one game. Variations of the game accommodate eight to ten players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.29586124420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Game of Life" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The game was originally created in 1860 by Milton Bradley as The Checkered Game of Life. This was the first game created by Bradley, a successful lithographer, whose major product until that time was a portrait of Abraham Lincoln with a clean-shaven face, which did not do well once the subject grew his famous beard. The game sold 45,000 copies by the end of its first year. Like many games from the 19th century, such as The Mansion of Happiness by S. B. Ives in 1843, it had a strong moral message. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.001180648803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Game of Life" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "The Game of Life, copyrighted by the Milton Bradley Company in 1963, had some differences from later versions. For example, once a player reached the Day of Reckoning, they had to choose between moving on to Millionaire Acres (if they had a lot of money), or trying to become a Millionaire Tycoon (if they had little or no money) with the risk of being sent to the \"Poor Farm\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.578567504882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Game of Life" }, { "answer": "Milton Bradley", "passage": "This version had Art Linkletter as the spokesman, included his likeness on the $100,000 bills (with his name displayed on the bills as \"Arthur Linkletter Esq.\") and a rousing endorsement from Linkletter on the cover of the box. It was advertised as a \"Milton Bradley 100th Anniversary Game\" and as \"A Full 3-D Action Game.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.571013450622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Game of Life" } ]

[ { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "This article refers to the SeaWorld killer whale shows. For the original killer whale (orca) named Shamu, see Shamu", "precise_score": 0.269671767950058, "rough_score": -5.176628589630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "Shamu is the name used for several SeaWorld orca (killer whale) shows and is the stage name given to the \"star\" of those shows, beginning with the original Shamu in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The orca Shamu died in 1971, but the name Shamu was trademarked by SeaWorld (as well as the names \"Namu\" and \"Ramu\") and has been given to different orcas at different times when performing in Shamu shows.", "precise_score": 0.6990475654602051, "rough_score": -1.678300142288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "The first \"Baby Shamu\" was named Kalina. She was the first surviving orca born in captivity on September 26, 1985. Ten orca calves had been born in captivity before 1985, but five were stillborn and the others all died within two months of their births. Kalina's parents, Katina and Winston, were bestowed the names Kandu VI (Katina) and Ramu (Winston). The stage name \"Grandbaby Shamu\" was given to Kalina's first calf, which was born on February 2, 1993 – a male named Keet. The first \"Great Grandbaby Shamu\" was Keet's first calf, born on December 21, 2004 – a female named Kalia. Kalia gave birth to the first \"Great Great Grandbaby Shamu\" Amaya, on December 2, 2014. The father is Ulises.", "precise_score": -2.0323543548583984, "rough_score": -4.338250160217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "In March, 2016, SeaWorld announced they are ending their orca breeding programs making their current orcas, \"the last generation of orcas in SeaWorld's care.\" SeaWorld also announced they will be phasing out their theatrical orca whale shows and will introduce, \"new, inspiring, natural orca encounters rather than theatrical shows,…[focussing] on orca enrichment, exercise and overall health\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194181442260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "The orca performances have been held in SeaWorld's Shamu Stadium(s), which each seat 5,500, and all of the shows have involved a part where one or more whales splash the audience. The San Diego show has usually ended with a hangglider landing at or near the stadium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.531689643859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On February 23, 1984, a 7-year-old female orca by the name of Kandu V grabbed a SeaWorld San Diego trainer, Joanne Hay, and pinned her against a tank wall during a performance.The San Diego Union-Tribune. [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/24/seaworld-san-diego-suspends-shamu-show-after/ \"SeaWorld San Diego suspends Shamu show\"]. Retrieved 2011-07-08.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8072919845581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On March 4, 1987, 20-year-old SeaWorld San Diego trainer, Jonathan Smith, was grabbed by one of the park’s 6-ton killer whales. The orca dragged the trainer to the bottom of the tank, then carried him bleeding all the way back to the surface and then spat him out. Smith gallantly waved to the crowd when a second orca slammed into him. He continued to pretend he was unhurt as the whales repeatedly dragged him to the bottom of the stadium pool. Smith was cut all around his torso, had a ruptured kidney and a six-inch laceration of his liver, yet he managed to escape the pool with his life. Later reports indicated that the whales involved in the attack were the 10-year-old female Kenau and the 9-year-old female Kandu V, who had previously attacked the trainer Joanne Hay in 1984. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111723899841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*In November, 1987, Orky (II) was involved in an accident that injured trainer John Sillick during a show for the public. Sillick was riding on the back of a female orca when Orky breached. Sillick's back, leg, and pelvis were broken when Orky landed on top of him. A lawsuit ensued. According to Sillick's lawyer, after several operations Sillick can again walk but his activity is limited. Orky may have been responding to another trainer's (perceived) signal to breach. Court documents are sealed but the judge's remarks, which were not sealed, revealed that Orky may have had \"visual limitations\" that had not been disclosed to the trainer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860025405883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Killer-whale", "passage": "*On June 12, 1999, 22-year-old Kasatka grabbed her trainer Ken Peters by the leg and attempted to throw him from the pool during a public show at SeaWorld San Diego.USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20100415/v2animalattackschart_tb.art.htm \"A rap sheet of captive animals\"]. Retrieved 2011-07-08.Orlando Sentinel. [http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2010-04-25/business/os-seaworld-list-trainer-accidents-20100425_1_killer-whale-named-kasatka-trainer-steve-aibel \"Feds detail 5 earlier SeaWorld killer-whale incidents\"]. Retrieved 2011-07-09.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680150032043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*In late July 2004, during a show at the SeaWorld park in San Antonio, Texas, a male orca named Kyuquot (nickname Ky) repeatedly jumped on top of his trainer, Steve Aibel, forcing him underwater and barred the trainer from escaping the water. After several minutes the trainer was able to calm the animal and he exited the pool unhurt. \"Veterinarians believe the whale… felt threatened by the trainer, perhaps a result of the effects of adolescent hormones.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.731889724731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On April 4, 2005, SeaWorld Orlando trainer Sam Davis was repeatedly \"bumped\" by an 11-year-old male orca named Taku. The show continued uninterrupted but the trainer was later taken to Sand Lake Hospital for unspecified minor injuries and released the same day. Additional eyewitness account: \"The trainer and Taku were about to slide on the slide out at the end of the show when Taku completely stopped and started \"bumping\" the trainer. The trainer was male and he finally swam out of the tank. I knew something was wrong because none of the whales except Kalina wanted to perform. Then they finally got Taku out to splash people at the end of the show, when this incident took place.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.997953414916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On November 15, 2006, a SeaWorld San Diego trainer was injured when the park's 18-year-old female killer whale, Orkid, grabbed veteran trainer Brian Rokeach by the foot and pulled him to the bottom of the tank, refusing to release him for an extended period of time. Orkid released Rokeach only after heeding fellow trainer Kenneth Peters's repeated attempts to call the animal’s attention back to the stage. Rokeach suffered a torn ligament in his ankle but was not taken to the hospital. In response to the incident, SeaWorld increased the number of trainers who must be available during performances and in water training to five staff members but this however was ineffective because no more than two weeks later trainer Kenneth Peters was involved in a similar incident with different orca.USA Today. [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-04-14-animal-attacks-inside_N.htm \"Orcas and trainers under OSHA scrutiny\"]. Retrieved 2011-07-09.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8163423538208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On November 29, 2006, Kasatka, one of SeaWorld San Diego's then seven orcas, grabbed her trainer, Ken Peters, by the foot and dragged him to the bottom of the tank not once but twice during an evening show at Shamu Stadium. The senior trainer escaped only after staff members managed to separate the two with safety nets. This was the second documented incident of Kasatka attacking Peters; the first attack had occurred in 1999. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.529879093170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" }, { "answer": "Orca", "passage": "*On February 24, 2010, toward the end of a \"Dine with Shamu\" show, the orca \"Tilikum\" pulled down an experienced female trainer. Dawn Brancheau, a 40-year-old with extensive training experience, drowned as at least two dozen tourists looked on from above a whale tank and from an underwater viewing area. Brancheau was finishing up a session with Tilikum, the largest orca in SeaWorld's collection, following the Dine with Shamu show. Following this accident, trainers no longer go into the water with the orcas at SeaWorld parks shows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.145656585693359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shamu (SeaWorld show)" } ]

[ { "answer": "A carving knife", "passage": "Who cut off their tails with a carving knife,", "precise_score": -2.3978185653686523, "rough_score": -4.5139241218566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Three Blind Mice" } ]

[ { "answer": "1959", "passage": "Hawaii ( ; locally,; ) is the 50th and most recent state of the United States of America, receiving statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas. The state does not observe daylight saving time.", "precise_score": 2.481292247772217, "rough_score": -1.1343387365341187, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "answer": "1959", "passage": "The Kingdom of Hawaii was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders in a coup d'état. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959. ", "precise_score": 0.8107994198799133, "rough_score": -2.4348502159118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "answer": "1959", "passage": "Annexation—the Territory of Hawaii (1898–1959)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.467409133911133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "answer": "1959", "passage": "Political changes of 1954—the State of Hawaii (1959–present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4038143157958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "answer": "1959", "passage": "In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law. The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it. The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of self-governing territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.755260944366455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" }, { "answer": "1959", "passage": "The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries; sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, military, tourism and education. Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents was . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of the continental U.S. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.21882438659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hawaii" } ]