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[ { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Eurystheus originally ordered Hercules to perform ten labours. Hercules accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus refused to recognize two: the slaying of the Lernaean Hydra, as Hercules' nephew and charioteer Iolaus had helped him; and the cleansing of the Augeas, because Hercules accepted payment for the labour. Eurystheus set two more tasks (fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing Cerberus), which Hercules also performed, bringing the total number of tasks to twelve.", "precise_score": -1.4536842107772827, "rough_score": 2.1540145874023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In his labours, Hercules was sometimes accompanied by a male companion (an eromenos), according to Licymnius and others, such as Iolaus, his nephew. Although he was supposed to perform only ten labours, this assistance led to two labours being disqualified: Eurystheus didn't count slaying the Hydra, because Iolaus helped him, nor the cleansing of the Augean stables because Hercules was paid for his services, or because the rivers did the work. Several of the labours involved the offspring (by various accounts) of Typhon and his mate Echidna, all overcome by Hercules.", "precise_score": -0.7057546377182007, "rough_score": 1.6525081396102905, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The second labour was to slay the Lernaean Hydra, which Hera had raised just to slay Hercules. Upon reaching the swamp near Lake Lerna, where the Hydra dwelt, Hercules covered his mouth and nose with a cloth to protect himself from the poisonous fumes. He fired flaming arrows into the Hydra's lair, the spring of Amymone, a deep cave that it only came out of to terrorize neighboring villages. He then confronted the Hydra, wielding a harvesting sickle (according to some early vase-paintings), a sword or his famed club. Ruck and Staples (1994: 170) have pointed out that the chthonic creature's reaction was botanical: upon cutting off each of its heads he found that two grew back, an expression of the hopelessness of such a struggle for any but the hero. The weakness of the Hydra was that only one of its heads was immortal.", "precise_score": -5.441305637359619, "rough_score": -4.68125581741333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Eurystheus and Hera were greatly angered that Hercules had survived the Nemean Lion and the Lernaean Hydra. For the third labour, they found a task which they thought would spell doom for the hero. It was not slaying a beast or monster, as it had already been established that Hercules could overcome even the most fearsome opponents. Instead, Eurystheus ordered him to capture the Ceryneian Hind, which was so fast that it could outrun an arrow.", "precise_score": 1.3824747800827026, "rough_score": -1.8158481121063232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The fifth labour was to clean the stables of King Augeas. This assignment was intended to be both humiliating (rather than impressive, as the previous labours had been) and impossible, since the livestock were divinely healthy (and immortal) and therefore produced an enormous quantity of dung. The Augean Stables had not been cleaned in over 30 years, and over 1,000 cattle lived there. However, Hercules succeeded by re-routing the rivers Alpheus and Peneus to wash out the filth.", "precise_score": 0.13218560814857483, "rough_score": -0.2686108350753784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The success of this labour was ultimately discounted because the rushing waters had done the work of cleaning the stables and because Hercules was paid for it. Eurystheus said that Hercules still had seven labours to perform. ", "precise_score": -4.141555309295654, "rough_score": -6.115712642669678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "After Hercules completed the first ten labours, Eurystheus gave him two more claiming that slaying the Hydra didn't count (because Iolaus helped Hercules) nor did cleaning the Augean Stables (either because he was paid for the job or because the rivers did the work).", "precise_score": 0.23196955025196075, "rough_score": 4.486913204193115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules finally made his way to the Garden of the Hesperides, where he encountered Atlas holding up the heavens on his shoulders. Hercules persuaded Atlas to get some of the golden Apples for him, by offering to hold up the heavens in his place for a little while. (Atlas could get the Apples because, in this version, he was the father or otherwise related to the Hesperides.) This would have made the labour – like the Hydra and the Augean Stables – void because Hercules had received help. When Atlas returned, he decided that he did not want to take the heavens back, and instead offered to deliver the Apples himself. But Hercules tricked him by agreeing to remain in place of Atlas on condition that Atlas relieve him temporarily while Hercules adjusted his cloak. Atlas agreed, but Hercules reneged and walked away with the Apples. According to an alternative version, Hercules slew Ladon, the dragon-like guardian of the Apples, instead. Eurystheus was furious that Hercules had accomplished something that Eurystheus thought could not possibly be done.", "precise_score": -8.037454605102539, "rough_score": -6.966841220855713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The fifth Labour of Heracles (Hercules in Latin) was to clean the Augean stables. Eurystheus intended this assignment both as humiliating (rather than impressive, like the previous labours) and as impossible, since the livestock were divinely healthy (immortal) and therefore produced an enormous quantity of dung (). These stables had not been cleaned in over 30 years, and 3,000 cattle lived there. However, Heracles succeeded by rerouting the rivers Alpheus and Peneus to wash out the filth.", "precise_score": 0.23609496653079987, "rough_score": 1.2593715190887451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Augeas" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "One of the tasks imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus was to obtain possession of the girdle of the Amazonian queen Hippolyta. He was accompanied by his friend Theseus, who carried off the princess Antiope, sister of Hippolyta, an incident which led to a retaliatory invasion of Attica, in which Antiope perished fighting by the side of Theseus. In some versions, however, Theseus marries Hippolyta and in others, he marries Antiope and she does not die; by this marriage with the Amazon Theseus had a son Hippolytus. The battle between the Athenians and Amazons is often commemorated in an entire genre of art, amazonomachy, in marble bas-reliefs such as from the Parthenon or the sculptures of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.", "precise_score": -6.353680610656738, "rough_score": -3.7868571281433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amazons" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The twelve labours of Heracles or Hercules (, hoi Hērakleous athloi) At the Perseus Project. are a series of episodes concerning a penance carried out by Heracles, the greatest of the Greek heroes, whose name was later Romanised as Hercules. They were accomplished over 12 years at the service of King Eurystheus. The episodes were later connected by a continuous narrative. The establishment of a fixed cycle of twelve labours was attributed by the Greeks to an epic poem, now lost, written by Peisander, dated about 600 BC. After Hercules killed his wife and children, he went to the oracle at Delphi. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance. Hercules was told to serve the king of Mycenae, Eurystheus, for 12 years. During these 12 years, Hercules is sent to perform twelve difficult feats, called labours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.476951599121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Driven mad by Hera (queen of the gods), Hercules slew his son, daughter, and wife Megara. After recovering his sanity, Hercules deeply regretted his actions; he was purified by King Thespius, then traveled to Delphi to inquire how he could atone for his actions. Pythia, the Oracle of Delphi, advised him to go to Tiryns and serve his cousin King Eurystheus for twelve years, performing whatever labours Eurystheus might set him; in return, he would be rewarded with immortality. Hercules despaired at this, loathing to serve a man whom he knew to be far inferior to himself, yet fearing to oppose his father Zeus. Eventually, he placed himself at Eurystheus's disposal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.530675888061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "As they survive, the labours of Hercules are not recounted in any single place, but must be reassembled from many sources. Ruck and Staples assert that there is no one way to interpret the labours, but that six were located in the Peloponnese, culminating with the rededication of Olympia. Six others took the hero farther afield, to places that were, per Ruck, \"all previously strongholds of Hera or the 'Goddess' and were Entrances to the Netherworld.\" In each case, the pattern was the same: Hercules was sent to kill or subdue, or to fetch back for Eurystheus (as Hera's representative) a magical animal or plant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80925464630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules wandered the area until he came to the town of Cleonae. There he met a boy who said that if Hercules slew the Nemean lion and returned alive within thirty days, the town would sacrifice a lion to Zeus, but if he did not return within thirty days or he died, the boy would sacrifice himself to Zeus. Another version claims that he met Molorchos, a shepherd who had lost his son to the lion, saying that if he came back within thirty days, a ram would be sacrificed to Zeus. If he did not return within thirty days, it would be sacrificed to the dead Hercules as a mourning offering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.093538284301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "While searching for the lion, Hercules fletched some arrows to use against it, not knowing that its golden fur was impenetrable. When he found and shot the lion, firing at it with his bow, he discovered the fur's protective property as the arrow bounced harmlessly off the creature's thigh. After some time, Hercules made the lion return to his cave. The cave had two entrances, one of which Hercules blocked; he then entered the other. In those dark and close quarters, Hercules stunned the beast with his club and, using his immense strength, strangled it to death. During the fight the lion bit off one of his fingers. Others say that he shot arrows at it, eventually shooting it in the unarmored mouth. After slaying the lion, he tried to skin it with a knife from his belt, but failed. He then tried sharpening the knife with a stone and even tried with the stone itself. Finally, Athena, noticing the hero's plight, told Hercules to use one of the lion's own claws to skin the pelt. Others say that Hercules' armor was, in fact, the hide of the lion of Cithaeron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.154125213623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "When he returned on the thirtieth day carrying the carcass of the lion on his shoulders, King Eurystheus was amazed and terrified. Eurystheus forbade him ever again to enter the city; from then on he was to display the fruits of his labours outside the city gates. Eurystheus would then tell Hercules his tasks through a herald, not personally. Eurystheus even had a large bronze jar made for him in which to hide from Hercules if need be. Eurystheus then warned him that the tasks set for him would become increasingly difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483793258666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The details of the struggle are explicit in the Bibliotheca (2.5.2): realizing that he could not defeat the Hydra in this way, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. His nephew then came upon the idea (possibly inspired by Athena) of using a firebrand to scorch the neck stumps after each decapitation. Hercules cut off each head and Iolaus cauterized the open stumps. Seeing that Hercules was winning the struggle, Hera sent a large crab to distract him. He crushed it under his mighty foot. He cut off the Hydra's one immortal head with a golden sword given to him by Athena. Hercules placed it under a great rock on the sacred way between Lerna and Elaius (Kerenyi 1959:144), and dipped his arrows in the Hydra's poisonous blood, and so his second task was complete. The alternative version of this myth is that after cutting off one head he then dipped his sword in it and used its venom to burn each head so it couldn't grow back. Hera, upset that Hercules had slain the beast she raised to kill him, placed it in the dark blue vault of the sky as the constellation Hydra. She then turned the crab into the constellation Cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474164962768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules later used an arrow dipped in the Hydra's poisonous blood to kill the centaur Nessus; and Nessus's tainted blood was applied to the Tunic of Nessus, by which the centaur had his posthumous revenge. Both Strabo and Pausanias report that the stench of the river Anigrus in Elis, making all the fish of the river inedible, was reputed to be due to the Hydra's poison, washed from the arrows Hercules used on the centaur. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433121681213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "After beginning the search, Hercules awoke from sleeping and saw the hind by the glint on its antlers. Hercules then chased the hind on foot for a full year through Greece, Thrace, Istria, and the land of the Hyperboreans. In some versions, he captured the hind while it slept, rendering it lame with a trap net. In other versions, he encountered Artemis in her temple; she told him to leave the hind and tell Eurystheus all that had happened, and his third labor would be considered to be completed. Yet another version claims that Hercules trapped the Hind with an arrow between its forelegs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.296052932739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Eurystheus had given Hercules this task hoping to incite Artemis's anger at Hercules for his desecration of her sacred animal. As he was returning with the hind, Hercules encountered Artemis and her brother Apollo. He begged the goddess for forgiveness, explaining that he had to catch it as part of his penance, but he promised to return it. Artemis forgave him, foiling Eurystheus' plan to have her punish him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.648224830627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Upon bringing the hind to Eurystheus, he was told that it was to become part of the King's menagerie. Hercules knew that he had to return the hind as he had promised, so he agreed to hand it over on the condition that Eurystheus himself come out and take it from him. The King came out, but the moment that Hercules let the hind go, it sprinted back to its mistress, and Hercules left saying that Eurystheus had not been quick enough.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960599899291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Eurystheus was disappointed that Hercules had overcome yet another creature and was humiliated by the Hind's escape, so he assigned Hercules another dangerous task. By some accounts, the fourth labour was to bring the fearsome Erymanthian Boar back to Eurystheus alive (there is no single definitive telling of the labors). On the way to Mount Erymanthos where the Boar lived, Hercules visited Pholus (\"caveman\"), a kind and hospitable centaur and old friend. Hercules ate with Pholus in his cavern (though the centaur devoured his meat raw) and asked for wine. Pholus had only one jar of wine, a gift from Dionysus to all the centaurs on Mount Erymanthos. Hercules convinced him to open it, and the smell attracted the other centaurs. They did not understand that wine needs to be tempered with water, became drunk, and attacked Hercules. Hercules shot at them with his poisonous arrows, killing many, and the centaurs retreated all the way to Chiron's cave.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.649124145507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Pholus was curious why the arrows caused so much death. He picked one up but dropped it, and the arrow stabbed his foot, poisoning him. One version states that a stray arrow hit Chiron as well; Chiron was immortal, but he still felt the pain. Chiron's pain was so great that he volunteered to give up his immortality and take the place of Prometheus, who had been chained to the top of a mountain to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle, although he was an immortal Titan. Prometheus' torturer, the eagle, continued its torture on Chiron, so Hercules shot it dead with an arrow. It is generally accepted that the tale was meant to show Hercules as being the recipient of Chiron's surrendered immortality. However, this tale contradicts the fact that Chiron later taught Achilles. The tale of the Centaurs sometimes appears in other parts of the twelve labours, as does the freeing of Prometheus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589795112609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules had visited Chiron to gain advice on how to catch the Boar, and Chiron had told him to drive it into thick snow, which sets this Labour in mid-winter. Hercules successfully caught the Boar, bound it, and carried it back to Eurystheus, who was frightened of it and ducked down in his half-buried storage pithos, begging Hercules to get rid of the beast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485605239868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Before starting on the task, Hercules had asked Augeas for one-tenth of the cattle if he finished the task in one day, and Augeas agreed. But afterwards Augeas refused to honour the agreement on the grounds that Hercules had been ordered to carry out the task by Eurystheus anyway. Hercules claimed his reward in court, and was supported by Augeas' son Phyleus. Augeas banished them both before the court had ruled. Hercules returned, slew Augeas, and gave his kingdom to Phyleus. According to the Odes of the poet Pindar, Hercules then founded the Olympic Games:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.243978023529053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The sixth labour was to defeat the Stymphalian birds, man-eating birds with beaks of bronze and sharp metallic feathers they could launch at their victim. They were sacred to Ares, the god of war. Furthermore, their dung was highly toxic. They had migrated to Lake Stymphalia in Arcadia, where they bred quickly and took over the countryside, destroying local crops, fruit trees, and townspeople. Hercules could not go too far into the swamp, for it would not support his weight. Athena, noticing the hero's plight, gave Hercules a rattle which Hephaestus had made especially for the occasion. Hercules shook the rattle and frightened the birds into the air. Hercules then shot many of them with his arrows. The rest flew far away, never to return. The Argonauts would later encounter them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231305122375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The seventh labour was to capture the Cretan Bull. Hercules sailed to Crete, where King Minos gave Hercules permission to take the Bull away and even offered him assistance (which Hercules declined because of pride). The Bull had been wreaking havoc on Crete by uprooting crops and leveling orchard walls. Hercules sneaked up behind the Bull and then used his hands to throttle it (stopping before it was killed), and then shipped it back to Tiryns. Eurystheus, who hid in his pithos at first sight of the creature, wanted to sacrifice the Bull to Hera, who hated Hercules. She refused the sacrifice because it reflected glory on Hercules. The Bull was released and wandered into Marathon, becoming known as the Marathonian Bull. Theseus would later sacrifice the bull to Athena and/or Apollo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.437636375427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The eighth labour was to bring back the Mares of Diomedes, which had been trained to eat human flesh by their owner, King Diomedes of Thrace. In one version of the story, Hercules brought a number of youths to help him. They took the mares, called Podargos (\"swift-footed\"), Lampon (\"the shining\"), Xanthos (\"the blond\"), and Deinos (\"the terrible\"), and were chased by Diomedes and his men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.853808403015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules was not aware that the horses were kept tethered to a bronze manger because they were wild; their madness being attributed to an unnatural diet of human flesh. Some versions say that they expelled fire when they breathed. They were man-eating and uncontrollable, and Hercules left his favoured companion, Abderus, in charge of them while he fought Diomedes, and found out that the boy was eaten. In revenge, Hercules fed Diomedes to his own horses, then founded the city of Abdera next to the boy's tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559846878051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In another version, Hercules stayed awake so that he didn't have his throat cut by Diomedes in the night, and cut the chains binding the horses. Having scared the horses onto the high ground of a peninsula, Hercules quickly dug a trench through the peninsula, filling it with water, thus making it an island. When Diomedes arrived, Hercules killed him with the axe he had used to dig the trench, and fed the body to the horses to calm them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228622436523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Both versions have eating making the horses calmer, and Hercules took the opportunity to bind their mouths shut, and easily took them back to Eurystheus, who dedicated the horses to Hera. In some versions, they were allowed to roam freely around Argos, having become permanently calm. In others, Eurystheus ordered the horses taken to Olympus to be sacrificed to Zeus, but Zeus refused them, and sent wolves, lions, and bears to kill them. Roger Lancelyn Green states in his Tales of the Greek Heroes that their descendants were used in the Trojan War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567648887634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Eurystheus' daughter Admete wanted the Belt of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, a gift from her father Ares. To please his daughter, Eurystheus ordered Hercules to retrieve the Belt as his ninth labour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97270393371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Taking a band of friends with him, Hercules set sail, stopping at the island of Paros, which was inhabited by some sons of Minos. The sons killed two of Hercules' companions, an act which set Hercules on a rampage. He killed two of the sons of Minos and threatened the other inhabitants until he was offered two men to replace his fallen companions. Hercules agreed and took two of Minos' grandsons, Alcaeus and Sthenelus. They continued their voyage and landed at the court of Lycus, whom Hercules defended in a battle against King Mygdon of Bebryces. After killing King Mygdon, Hercules gave much of the land to his friend Lycus. Lycus called the land Heraclea. The crew then set off for Themiscyra where Hippolyta lived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69910717010498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "All would have gone well for Hercules had it not been for Hera. Hippolyta, impressed with Hercules and his exploits, agreed to give him the belt and would have done so had Hera not disguised herself and walked among the Amazons sowing seeds of distrust. She claimed the strangers were plotting to carry off the queen of the Amazons. Alarmed, the women set off on horseback to confront Hercules. When Hercules saw them, he thought Hippolyta had been plotting such treachery all along and had never meant to hand over the Belt, so he killed her, took the Belt and returned to Eurystheus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.582571029663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The tenth labour was to obtain the Cattle of Geryon. In the fullest account in the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Hercules had to go to the island of Erytheia in the far west (sometimes identified with the Hesperides), or with the island which forms the city of Cádiz) to get the Cattle. On the way there, he crossed the Libyan desert and became so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at the Sun. The sun-god Helios \"in admiration of his courage\" gave Hercules the golden chariot Helios used to sail across the sea from west to east each night. Hercules rode the chariot to Erytheia; Hercules in the chariot was a favorite motif on black-figure pottery. Such a magical conveyance undercuts any literal geography for Erytheia, the \"red island\" of the sunset.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295570373535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "When Hercules landed at Erytheia, he was confronted by the two-headed dog Orthrus. With one blow from his olive-wood club, Hercules killed Orthrus. Eurytion the herdsman came to assist Orthrus, but Hercules dealt with him the same way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71086597442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "On hearing the commotion, Geryon sprang into action, carrying three shields and three spears, and wearing three helmets. He attacked Hercules at the River Anthemus, but was slain by one of Hercules' poisoned arrows. Hercules shot so forcefully that the arrow pierced Geryon's forehead, \"and Geryon bent his neck over to one side, like a poppy that spoils its delicate shapes, shedding its petals all at once.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547627449035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules then had to herd the Cattle back to Eurystheus. In Roman versions of the narrative, Hercules drove the Cattle over the Aventine Hill on the future site of Rome. The giant Cacus, who lived there, stole some of the Cattle as Hercules slept, making the Cattle walk backwards so that they left no trail, a repetition of the trick of the young Hermes. According to some versions, Hercules drove his remaining cattle past the cave, where Cacus had hidden the stolen animals, and they began calling out to each other. In other versions, Cacus' sister Caca told Hercules where he was. Hercules then killed Cacus, and set up an altar on the spot, later the site of Rome's Forum Boarium (the cattle market).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680886268615723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "To annoy Hercules, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them, and scatter them. Hercules within a year retrieved them. Hera then sent a flood which raised the level of a river so much, Hercules could not cross with the cattle. He piled stones into the river to make the water shallower. When he finally reached the court of Eurystheus, the cattle were sacrificed to Hera.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573813438415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The first additional Labour was to steal the apples from the garden of the Hesperides. Hercules first caught the Old Man of the Sea, the shape-shifting sea god, to learn where the Garden of the Hesperides was located. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577414512634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In some variations, Hercules, either at the start or at the end of this task, meets Antaeus, who was invincible as long as he touched his mother, Gaia, the earth. Hercules killed Antaeus by holding him aloft and crushing him in a bearhug. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494331359863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Herodotus claims that Hercules stopped in Egypt, where King Busiris decided to make him the yearly sacrifice, but Hercules burst out of his chains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71934986114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The twelfth and final labour was the capture of Cerberus, the 3-headed hound that was guardian of the gates of the underworld. To prepare for his descent into the underworld Hercules went to Eleusis (or Athens) to be initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries. He entered the underworld, and Hermes and Athena were his guides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082403182983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "While in the Underworld, Hercules met Theseus and Pirithous. The two companions had been imprisoned by Hades for attempting to obtain Persephone. One tradition tells of snakes coiling around their legs then turning into stone; another that Hades feigned hospitality and prepared a feast inviting them to sit. They unknowingly sat in chairs of forgetfulness and were permanently ensnared. When Hercules had pulled Theseus first from his chair, some of his thigh stuck to it (this explains the supposedly lean thighs of Athenians), but the earth shook at the attempt to liberate Pirithous, whose desire to have the goddess for himself was so insulting he was doomed to stay behind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.345976829528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hercules found Hades and asked permission to bring Cerberus to the surface, which Hades agreed to if Hercules could subdue the beast without using weapons. Hercules overpowered Cerberus with his hands and slung the beast over his back. He carried Cerberus out of the Underworld through a cavern entrance in the Peloponnese and brought it to Eurystheus, who again fled into his pithos. Eurystheus begged Hercules to return Cerberus to the Underworld, offering in return to release him from any further labours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507211685180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "After completing the Twelve Labours, one tradition says Hercules joined Jason and the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. However Herodorus (c. 400 BC) disputed this, and denied Hercules ever sailed with the Argonauts. A separate tradition (e.g. Argonautica) has Hercules accompany the Argonauts, but he did not travel with them as far as Colchis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.649116516113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labours of Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "File:Met, gandhara, hercules and the nemean lion, 1st century.JPG|Gandhara, India, 1st century", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4797444343566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nemean lion" }, { "answer": "Herkules", "passage": "File:Antalya Museum - Sarkophag 3 Herkules und Nemäischer Löwe.jpg|Roman-era relief, 2nd century", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.372118949890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nemean lion" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Notable queens of the Amazons are Penthesilea, who participated in the Trojan War, and her sister Hippolyta, whose magical girdle, given to her by her father Ares, was the object of one of the labours of Hercules. Amazon warriors were often depicted in battle with Greek warriors in amazonomachies in classical art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.020702838897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amazons" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Jordanes' Getica (c. 560), purporting to give the earliest history of the Goths, relates that the Goths' ancestors, descendants of Magog, originally dwelt within Scythia, on the Sea of Azov between the Dnieper and Don Rivers. After a few centuries, following an incident where the Goths' women successfully fended off a raid by a neighboring tribe, while the menfolk were off campaigning against Pharaoh Vesosis, the women formed their own army under Marpesia and crossed the Don, invading Asia. Her sister Lampedo remained in Europe to guard the homeland. They procreated with men once a year. These Amazons conquered Armenia, Syria, and all of Asia Minor, even reaching Ionia and Aeolia, holding this vast territory for 100 years. Jordanes also mentions that they fought with Hercules, and in the Trojan War, and that a smaller contingent of them endured in the Caucasus Mountains until the time of Alexander. He mentions by name the Queens Menalippe, Hippolyta, and Penthesilea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.486821174621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amazons" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Along with his record 18 major victories, Jack Nicklaus also holds the record for most runner-up finishes in major championships, with 19, including a record 7 at the Open Championship. Phil Mickelson has the second most with 11 runner-up finishes after the 2016 Open Championship, which includes a record 6 runner-up finishes at the U.S. Open, the one major he has never won. Arnold Palmer had 10 second places, including three in the major he never won, the PGA Championship. There have been three golfers with 8 runner-up finishes – Sam Snead, Greg Norman and Tom Watson. Norman shares the distinction of having lost playoffs in each of the four majors with Craig Wood (who lost the 1934 PGA final – at match play – on the second extra hole).", "precise_score": 0.7851682305335999, "rough_score": 0.2768767178058624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "The Golden Bear", "passage": "Jack William Nicklaus (born January 21, 1940), nicknamed \"The Golden Bear\", is a retired American professional golfer. He is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time, winning a total of 18 career major championships, while producing 19 second-place and 9 third-place finishes in them, over a span of 25 years. Nicklaus focused on the major championships (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship, and PGA Championship), and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events, yet still finished with 73 victories, third on the all-time list behind Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79).", "precise_score": 9.27694320678711, "rough_score": 8.405049324035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "After winning the U.S. Amateur in 1959 and 1961, and challenging for the 1960 U.S. Open (he finished in second place, two shots behind winner Arnold Palmer), Nicklaus turned professional at age 21 toward the end of 1961. Nicklaus' first professional win came in a major championship, the 1962 U.S. Open, when he defeated Palmer by three shots in a playoff. This win over Palmer began the on-course rivalry between the two golf superstars. In 1966, Nicklaus won the Masters Tournament for the second year in a row, becoming the first golfer to achieve this distinction, and also won The Open Championship, completing his career slam of major championships. At age 26, he became the youngest to do so at the time. In 1968 and 1969, Nicklaus did not win a major tournament. He then won another Open Championship in 1970.", "precise_score": -3.9402852058410645, "rough_score": -7.56824254989624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Between 1971 and 1980, he won an additional nine major championships, overtook Bobby Jones' record of 13 majors, and became the first player to complete double and triple career slams of golf's four professional major championships. At the age of 46, Nicklaus claimed his 18th and final major championship at the 1986 Masters Tournament, becoming that championship's oldest winner. Nicklaus joined the Senior PGA Tour (now known as the Champions Tour) in January 1990, when he became eligible, and by April 1996 had won 10 of the tour's tournaments, including eight of that tour's major championships, despite playing a very limited schedule. He continued to play at least some of the four regular Tour majors until 2005, when he made his final appearances at the Masters Tournament and The Open Championship.", "precise_score": -0.2558648884296417, "rough_score": -5.0136237144470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "The Golden Bear", "passage": "Nicklaus was raised in Upper Arlington, and attended Upper Arlington High School, whose nickname and mascot are called the Golden Bears. Nicklaus was an honorable mention All-Ohio selection in basketball as a shooting guard in his senior year, and received some recruiting interest from college basketball programs, including Ohio State. He also competed successfully during his youth in football, baseball, tennis, and track and field. ", "precise_score": 0.724284827709198, "rough_score": -5.519055366516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1957, Nicklaus won the International Jaycee Junior Golf Tournament, having lost the previous year in a playoff. Nicklaus also competed in his first of 44 consecutive U.S. Opens that year, but missed the cut. In 1958 at age 18, he competed in his first PGA Tour event, the Rubber City Open, at Akron, Ohio, tying for 12th place after being just one out of the lead at the 36-hole mark, and made the cut in the U.S. Open, tying for 41st place. Nicklaus also won two Trans-Mississippi Amateurs – in 1958 at Prairie Dunes Country Club and 1959 at Woodhill Country Club, with final match victories of 9 & 8 and 3 & 2, respectively. Also in 1959, Nicklaus won the North and South Amateur at Pinehurst, North Carolina and competed in three additional PGA Tour events, with his best finish being another 12th place showing at the Buick Open.", "precise_score": -5.293035984039307, "rough_score": -7.747398853302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "The Golden Bear", "passage": "Nicklaus began his professional career on the PGA Tour in 1962. While Nicklaus officially turned professional in late 1961, he debated heavily the idea of remaining an amateur in order to further emulate his idol, Bobby Jones. However, Nicklaus realized in order to be regarded the best, he would have to compete against the best and in greater frequency. Shortly after turning professional, Nicklaus' future agent, Mark McCormack, was interviewed by Melbourne Age writer Don Lawrence, who inquired about the American golf scene. When McCormack described Nicklaus, Lawrence referred to the \"large, strong, and blond\" player as \"the Golden Bear,\" a nickname that would become synonymous with Nicklaus throughout his professional life. However, another possible origination of the name derives from the high school that Nicklaus attended in Upper Arlington, Ohio, which uses the mascot the Golden Bears for its sports teams. As mentioned above, Nicklaus played on several Golden Bear athletic teams, including captaining its 1956 state-champion golf squad, suggesting that McCormack may have adopted the name through Nicklaus' high school affiliation. Regardless, by 1963, the nickname had stuck.", "precise_score": 2.913072347640991, "rough_score": -4.121195316314697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1963, Nicklaus won two of the four major championships—the Masters and the PGA Championship. These victories made him the then-youngest winner of the Masters and third-youngest winner of the PGA Championship, and each win came in just his second year as a professional. Earlier in 1963, Nicklaus injured his left hip playing an approach shot from the rough—an injury that would manifest itself years later. Ironically, Nicklaus credits this injury with assisting him in altering his swing heading into the 1963 Masters, thus allowing him to play a draw more easily. Along with three other wins including the Tournament of Champions, he placed second to Arnold Palmer on the PGA Tour money list with just over $100,000. He also teamed with Palmer to win the Canada Cup (now the World Cup of Golf) in France, representing the United States (this event was shortened to 63 holes due to heavy fog). Nicklaus also finished as low individual scorer for that event.", "precise_score": -3.760157585144043, "rough_score": -6.472866058349609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Despite winning no majors in 1964 (he had three runner-up finishes), Nicklaus led the PGA Tour money list for the first time in his career by a slim margin of $81.13 over Palmer. At The Open Championship at St Andrews, Nicklaus set a new record for the lowest score in the final 36 holes with 66-68 in high winds (the first time in the championship's history that 70 had been broken in each of the last two rounds). This was not enough, however, to win the event; Nicklaus placed second to Tony Lema. Nicklaus also set a record for the lowest final round score in the PGA Championship with a 64 (since broken by Brad Faxon in 1995 with a 63), but fell three shots short of champion Bobby Nichols and his record-setting 271 score. In 31 official worldwide events in 1964, Nicklaus achieved six victories, seven runners-up, placed in the top-five 21 times, the top-10 21 times, and had only one missed cut. Nicklaus and Palmer also defended their team title at the World Cup in Hawaii, with Nicklaus again finishing as low individual scorer.", "precise_score": -4.497158050537109, "rough_score": -7.232666492462158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "With a two-shot win at the 1971 PGA Championship in February over Billy Casper, Nicklaus became the first golfer to win all four majors twice in a career. In this championship, Nicklaus was the only player to break 70 consecutively in the first two rounds under windy conditions and finished at seven-under par 281. Nicklaus finished second twice and fifth in the remaining three major championships for the year. While he finished tied for second in the Masters with Johnny Miller, Nicklaus made a big enough impression on a young Nick Faldo (watching on TV in England) in order for Faldo to take up the game seriously.", "precise_score": -1.7664930820465088, "rough_score": -5.1377034187316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus' failure to win a major in 1974 was offset somewhat by winning the inaugural Tournament Players Championship and being named one of the 13 original inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame. Nicklaus said this honor was a \"nice memento\" after a \"disappointing season\". Although he had no major championship victories in 1974, Nicklaus still achieved four top-10 finishes in the four events, three of which were in the top four, and placed second on the official money list behind Johnny Miller. While less than a stellar year, Nicklaus was able to claim two victories and 13 top-10 finishes in 20 official worldwide events.", "precise_score": -3.521427631378174, "rough_score": -6.812105178833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus placed first on the PGA Tour money list again in 1976, despite competing in only 16 events, winning just two (Tournament Players Championship and World Series of Golf) – neither of them majors – and playing what he called \"hang-back-and-hope golf\". The 1976 Tournament Players Championship saw Nicklaus set a championship record of 19-under par 269 for his second win in this event which remained in place until Greg Norman's 24-under-par 264 assault in 1994. He also won the PGA Player of the Year award for a record fifth time. Between 1972 and 1976 the only time he failed to win this award was 1974. The year 1976 also concluded an official streak of 105 consecutive cuts made on the PGA Tour (ending at the World Open), which began for Nicklaus in 1970. At the time this streak was second only to Byron Nelson's record of 113.", "precise_score": -2.3131871223449707, "rough_score": -6.298734188079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "The following year, 1977, was also majorless for Nicklaus, but he did achieve four top-10 finishes in the four events inclusive of two second and one third-place finish – this being one shot out of the PGA Championship playoff between Lanny Wadkins and Gene Littler. Despite a brilliant final round 66 at the Masters, he finished second by two shots to Tom Watson. But his subsequent second-place finish behind Watson at the Open Championship at Turnberry created headlines around the world. In a one-on-one battle dubbed the \"Duel in the Sun,\" Nicklaus shot 65-66 in the final two rounds, only to be beaten by Watson, who scored 65-65. This event marked the first time 270 was broken in a major championship, and the third-place finisher Hubert Green scored 279. Nicklaus would later say:", "precise_score": -3.814004898071289, "rough_score": -7.459667205810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won the 1978 Open Championship at St. Andrews to become the only player to have won each major championship three times. This record has since been tied by Tiger Woods, by winning the 2008 U.S. Open. Nicklaus and Woods are the only two players to win three \"Career Grand Slams\". Nicklaus considered his performance in the 1978 Open as the finest four days of tee-to-green golf he had ever produced, and was most proud that the win came at St. Andrews, his favorite place to play golf. The victory was also his most emotional to date.", "precise_score": -2.801342725753784, "rough_score": -7.425975799560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In the 1980 PGA Championship, Nicklaus set another record in winning the championship by seven shots over Andy Bean at the Oak Hill Country Club, largely due to exceptional putting. Nicklaus shot an even-par 70 in the first round followed by three successive rounds in the 60s over the difficult course, and was the only player to break par for the 72 holes. For the week, the field averaged 74.60 strokes while Nicklaus averaged 68.50. This was Nicklaus' fifth and final victory in the PGA Championship, which elevated him to record-holder for the most wins in the stroke-play era, and which tied him with Walter Hagen for the most wins overall, since Hagen's victories were all during the match-play era. Nicklaus' seven-shot winning margin remained the largest for the stroke-play version of the championship until Rory's McIroy's 2012 victory. This victory also made Nicklaus the only player since Gene Sarazen in 1922 and Ben Hogan in 1948 to win the U.S. Open and PGA Championship the same year (subsequently equaled by Tiger Woods in 2000).", "precise_score": -5.783109188079834, "rough_score": -7.778867721557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Between 1981 and 1985, Nicklaus accumulated seven more top-10 placements in major championships, including three runner-up performances. He won only twice on the PGA Tour during this period, the Colonial National Invitation in 1982 and his own Memorial Tournament in 1984 for the second time, defeating Andy Bean in a sudden-death playoff to become the tournament's first repeat champion.", "precise_score": -1.640742301940918, "rough_score": -7.25540018081665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1986, Nicklaus capped his major championship career by recording his sixth Masters victory under incredible circumstances, posting a six-under par 30 on the back nine at Augusta for a final round of seven-under-par 65. At the 17th hole, Nicklaus hit his second shot to within 18 ft and rolled it in for birdie, raising his putter in celebration and completing an eagle-birdie-birdie run. Nicklaus made a solid par-4 at the 72nd hole, and waited for the succeeding players, several of whom (Tom Kite, Greg Norman) were still in contention, to fall short. Nicklaus played the final ten holes seven under par, with six birdies and an eagle. At age 46, Nicklaus became the oldest Masters winner in history, a record which still stands. On the feat, sports columnist Thomas Boswell remarked,", "precise_score": -2.9391534328460693, "rough_score": -6.337668418884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Over the course of his 25-year span (1962–1986) of winning 18 major championships, Nicklaus finished second an astounding 18 times (excluding the second-place finish at the 1960 U.S. Open as an amateur). He also placed third nine times and fourth seven times in this span and was one stroke out of a playoff on five of those occasions (1963 Open Championship, 1967 PGA Championship, 1975 Open Championship, 1977 PGA Championship, and 1979 Masters Tournament). His total span of 73 top-10 finishes over 39 years (1960–1998) is a record in total number as well as longevity among the four major championships and encompassed his tenure from an amateur through the majority of his Champions Tour career.", "precise_score": -0.5128876566886902, "rough_score": -0.46689221262931824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Between 1988 and 1998, Nicklaus also gave his name to promote the successful Jack Nicklaus Golf computer game series developed by Accolade. Several of the golf courses he designed were incorporated into the fourth incarnation of the game Jack Nicklaus 4 published in 1997. In addition, Jack Nicklaus 6: Golden Bear Challenge by Activision was published in 1999.", "precise_score": -0.6121826171875, "rough_score": -6.733148574829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus owns Nicklaus Golf Equipment, founded in 1992. Nicklaus Golf Equipment manufactures equipment in three brands: Golden Bear, Jack Nicklaus Signature, and Nicklaus Premium. These brands are designed to target golfers at different stages of golfing ability. ", "precise_score": -0.531241238117218, "rough_score": -7.178417682647705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "In 2010, Nicklaus partnered with Terlato Wines to produce a collection of three Napa Valley wines: Jack Nicklaus Private Reserve (a red blend), Cabernet Sauvignon and Private Reserve White (a white blend). In 2012, Golden Bear Reserve, a Bordeaux-style red blend, was released to mark the 50th anniversary of Jack Nicklaus' first major championship victory, the 1962 U.S. Open. ", "precise_score": -0.30432796478271484, "rough_score": -6.763426303863525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus holds the record for major championships on the PGA Tour with a total 18; Tiger Woods is in second place with 14. Nicklaus has the third most PGA Tour victories with 73, behind both Sam Snead (82) and Tiger Woods (79) . Nicklaus also holds the record for the most wins at The Masters with six, and The Players Championship with three. He played on six Ryder Cup teams, captained the team twice and the Presidents Cup team four times, and topped the PGA Tour money list and scoring average eight times each. For 24 straight seasons, from 1960 to 1983 inclusive, he made at least one top ten finish in a major championship, and this is a record.", "precise_score": 0.04631839692592621, "rough_score": 3.1913034915924072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Tables are occasionally constructed for interest showing the overall scoring records for those players who have completed all 288 holes in the majors during a season. In the 1970s, Jack Nicklaus led such a table in 1970–73, 1975 and 1979, with Gary Player leading in 1974, Raymond Floyd in 1976, and Tom Watson in 1977 and 1978. In the 1980s a notable leader was in 1987, when Ben Crenshaw was top of this compilation after finishing 4th, 4th, 4th and 7th in the four majors. In total Crenshaw took 1,140 strokes, only 12 more than the sum total of the four respective champions' scores of 1,128. Recent 'winners' of this accolade are Pádraig Harrington in 2008, Ross Fisher in 2009, Phil Mickelson in 2010, Charl Schwartzel in 2011, and Adam Scott in 2012. In 2013 Scott and fellow Australian Jason Day tied for this accolade with a cumulative score of +2. Rickie Fowler led in 2014 with −32 after top-five finishes in all four tournaments, while in 2015 Jordan Spieth led the standings by achieving the lowest all-time cumulative score in a year of −54, one shot better than the cumulative score of Tiger Woods in 2000. In 2016, Jason Day again led with -9, achieved despite not winning any of the major tournaments during the year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91736888885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1972: Jack Nicklaus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161874771118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1966: Jack Nicklaus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180281639099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1963: Jack Nicklaus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17837142944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1975: Jack Nicklaus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124591827392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1980: Jack Nicklaus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180383682250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* 1972: Jack Nicklaus '72 Masters, '72 U.S. Open (The 1971 PGA, also won by Nicklaus, was not consecutive due to being played prior to the Masters in 1971) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374898910522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "* Jack Nicklaus: 19 (1960–1983)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773426055908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": " Crampton was second to Jack Nicklaus on each occasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386168479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Men's major golf championships" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus has also taken part in various off-course activities, including golf course design, charity work and book writing. Nicklaus is a member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects and has helped design courses such as Harbour Town Golf Links. Nicklaus also runs his own tournament on the PGA Tour, the Memorial Tournament. His golf course design company is one of the largest in the world. Nicklaus' books vary from instructional to autobiographical, with his Golf My Way considered one of the best instructional golf books of all time; the video of the same name is the best selling golf instructional to date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653818130493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus was born on the East side of Columbus, grew up in the suburb of Upper Arlington, Ohio and is of German descent, the son of pharmacist Charlie Nicklaus (who ran several sites named Nicklaus Drug Store) and his wife Helen. Charlie was a skilled all-round athlete, who had played college football for the Ohio State University Buckeyes, and had gone on to play semi-professional football under an assumed name for the Portsmouth Spartans (who later became the NFL's Detroit Lions). Charlie had also been a scratch golfer and local tennis champion in his youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33459186553955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus took up golf at the age of 10, scoring a 51 at Scioto Country Club for his first nine holes ever played. Charlie Nicklaus had joined Scioto that same year, returning to golf to help heal a volleyball injury. Jack Nicklaus was coached at Scioto by club pro Jack Grout, a Texas-developed contemporary of golf greats Byron Nelson and Ben Hogan; Grout had played quite successfully on the PGA Tour, and would become Nicklaus' lifelong golf instructor. Nicklaus overcame a mild case of polio as a 13-year-old. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.300143241882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won the first of five straight Ohio State Junior titles at the age of 12. At 13, he broke 70 at Scioto Country Club for the first time, and became that year's youngest qualifier into the U.S. Junior Amateur, where he survived three match-play rounds. He had earned a handicap of +3 at age 13, the lowest in the Columbus area. Nicklaus won the Tri-State High School Championship (Ohio/Kentucky/Indiana) at the age of 14 with a round of 68, and also recorded his first hole-in-one in tournament play the same year. At 15, Nicklaus shot a 66 at Scioto Country Club, which was the amateur course record, and qualified for his first U.S. Amateur. He won the Ohio Open in 1956 at age 16, highlighted by a phenomenal third round of 64, competing against professionals. In all, Nicklaus won 27 events in the Ohio area from age 10 to age 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808056831359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "While attending Ohio State University, he won the U.S. Amateur twice (1959, 1961), and an NCAA Championship (1961). In the 1959 U.S. Amateur, Nicklaus defeated two-time winner and defending champion Charles Coe in the final 36-hole match 1-up, with a birdie on the final hole. This was significant not only because of Coe's proven ability as a player, but also because Nicklaus became the then-youngest champion in the modern era, second only to Robert A. Gardner, who won in 1909. In 1961, Nicklaus became the first player to win the individual title at the NCAA Championship and the U.S. Amateur in the same year. He was followed by Phil Mickelson (1990), Tiger Woods (1996), Ryan Moore (2004), and Bryson DeChambeau (2015). Nicklaus also won the NCAA Big Ten Conference Championship that year with a 72-hole aggregate of 283, while earlier claiming the Western Amateur in New Orleans. In his second and last U.S. Amateur win in 1961, Nicklaus convincingly defeated Dudley Wysong 8 & 6 at Pebble Beach in the 36-hole championship match. For the week, Nicklaus was 20 strokes under par, including 34 birdies and two eagles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.449467658996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "At the 1960 U.S. Open, Nicklaus shot a two-under par 282, finishing in second place two strokes behind Arnold Palmer, who won the tournament for the only time with a final round charge of six-under-par 65. This score remains the lowest ever by an amateur in the U.S. Open. Nicklaus played the final 36 holes with Ben Hogan, who later remarked that he had just played 36 holes with a kid who should have won by 10 shots. During the final 36 holes, Nicklaus was two-under-par; he had shot every round of the tournament at or below par, the only entrant to do so. Nicklaus had led by two shots with six holes to play. In 1960, Nicklaus also tied for 13th in the Masters Tournament. He tied for fourth in the 1961 U.S. Open, three shots behind champion Gene Littler, having played the final 54 holes one under par. Each of these three major championship finishes designated Nicklaus as low amateur. However, Nicklaus' one-under-par 287 tied for seventh in the 1961 Masters Tournament, and was second that year only to Charles Coe's low amateur placing, when he tied for second with Arnold Palmer at seven-under par 281, one shot behind champion Gary Player.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.149399757385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus represented the United States against Great Britain and Ireland on winning Walker Cup teams in both 1959 and 1961, decisively winning both of his matches in each contest. On the 1959 trip to Britain, he also made his only attempt at the British Amateur, the world's oldest international amateur event, at Royal St George's Golf Club, reaching the quarterfinal round (top 8). He was also a member of the victorious 1960 U.S. Eisenhower Trophy team, winning the unofficial individual title by 13 shots over teammate Deane Beman with a four-round score of 269, a record which still stands; this score was 18 shots lower than Ben Hogan's earlier U.S. Open aggregate of 287 at the same site (which had, however, been scored under much tougher conditions). Nicklaus was named the world's top amateur golfer by Golf Digest magazine for three straight years, 1959–1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.268996238708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus attended Ohio State from 1957 to 1961. He majored in pre-pharmacy his first three years, with good grades, and intended to follow his father into that profession after graduation. As his golf achievements mounted, Nicklaus changed his mind on his career path, switching programs to study insurance, as he planned at that stage to remain a career amateur in golf, and to make his living by selling insurance. For a time he worked in the insurance field while also attending college. He married Barbara Bash at age 20 in July 1960, and their first of five children (Jack, Jr.) was born in September 1961, but as of late October, Nicklaus was still intent on becoming the first amateur to win the Masters Tournament. In early November, he announced he was turning professional, to best support his family. He wound up a few course hours short of graduating from college. Ohio State granted him an honorary doctorate in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284616470336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "His first professional win came in his 17th start, when he defeated heavily favored Arnold Palmer in a Sunday playoff at Oakmont for the 1962 U.S. Open; Nicklaus earned $17,500 for his efforts. While the galleries were more than vocal in their support for Palmer (who had grown up in nearby Latrobe), Nicklaus won the playoff by three shots (71 to 74). In 90 holes, Nicklaus had only one three-putt green. The U.S. Open victory made Nicklaus the reigning U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur champion. In addition, at age 22, Nicklaus was the youngest U.S. Open champion since Bobby Jones won at age 21 in 1923, and he has remained the youngest winner since (John McDermott is still the youngest winner of the U.S. Open at age 19 in 1911). The U.S. Open win thrust Nicklaus into the national spotlight, and he was featured on the cover of Time magazine. This was also the beginning of the Nicklaus-Palmer rivalry, which attracted viewers to golf on television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588162422180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "By the end of the year, Nicklaus had picked up two more wins, those being back-to-back with the Seattle Open and the Portland Open. In addition, he tied for third in his first attempt at the PGA Championship. Nicklaus completed 1962 with over $60,000 in prize-money, made 26 of 26 cuts with 16 top-10 finishes, placed third on the PGA Tour money list, and was named Rookie of the Year. He also won the inaugural staging of the World Series of Golf, a select-field event for the year's major champions, and collected another $50,000 (unofficial money) for that win.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.258943557739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus's rise to fame so soon after turning professional brought him significant endorsement income off the golf course. These business opportunities were facilitated by Mark McCormack, who also managed Palmer and Gary Player. Golf was growing rapidly in popularity and media coverage during the early 1960s, led by the performances of these three star players, with Palmer's charging style and popularity with the galleries making him the world's most marketable sports figure. This association was the start of the agency that became known as International Management Group, and IMG, after building a base in golf management, eventually expanded into other sports. The Palmer-Nicklaus-Player association developed into the so-called \"Big Three\" of Golf. McCormack set up a series of televised golf matches around the world amongst the three stars, known as Big Three Golf, in the early 1960s. Nicklaus left IMG in the early 1970s, to set up his own management agency, Golden Bear Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.967904090881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won the Masters in 1965 and 1966, becoming the first consecutive winner of this event, and the youngest two-time and three-time winner. He broke Ben Hogan's 72-hole scoring record of 274 from 1953 by compiling a new aggregate of 271 in the 1965 Masters Tournament, which while tied by Raymond Floyd in 1976, lasted until Tiger Woods shot 270 in 1997, a 72-hole record subsequently tied by Jordan Spieth in 2015. Woods's and Spieth's scores of 270 were achieved with significantly improved golf equipment on essentially the same-length golf course over which Nicklaus and Floyd scored 271. During this 1965 tournament, Nicklaus hit 62 of 72 greens in regulation, and had 123 putts, inclusive of just one three-putt green. This was good enough to win by nine shots over Arnold Palmer and Gary Player; this margin of victory was a tournament record that would last for 32 years until Woods won by 12 shots in 1997. The week's performance was highlighted by a third-round 64 that consisted of eight birdies and no bogeys. It was of this round that Nicklaus said, \"I had never before and have never since played quite as fine a complete round of golf in a major championship as I did in the third round of the 1965 Masters\". This round tied Lloyd Mangrum's record set in 1940 at Augusta National and remained in place until Nick Price shot 63 during the third round in 1986. It was at this time that Bobby Jones stated Nicklaus played a game with which he was unfamiliar; Jones called Nicklaus' result \"the greatest performance in all of golfing history.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48943042755127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "After his record performance in 1965, some minor changes were made to Augusta National to toughen the course. Between these modifications and the difficult 1966 weather, Nicklaus successfully defended his title with an even par aggregate of 288, 17 shots higher. He won in an 18-hole playoff over Gay Brewer (Brewer had three-putted on the 18th green to force the playoff) and Tommy Jacobs by shooting a two-under-par 70. Nicklaus led the PGA Tour money list again in 1965 by a healthy margin over Tony Lema. Nicklaus and Lema formed the U.S. team for the World Cup, held in Madrid, Spain, but could not defend the title, as South Africa won. In all, Nicklaus competed in 28 official worldwide events in 1965, accumulating five victories, seven runners-up, 19 top-5 finishes, 23 top-10 finishes, and zero missed cuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.068657875061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1966, Nicklaus also won The Open Championship at Muirfield in Scotland under difficult weather conditions, using his driver just 17 times, because of very heavy rough. This was the only major he had failed to win up to that point. This win made him the youngest player, age 26 (his fifth year on Tour), and the only one after Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, and Gary Player (until Tiger Woods at age 24 in 2000, also during his fifth year on Tour) to win all four major championships, now known as the Career Slam. Nicklaus eventually accomplished the double career slam in 1971 and the triple career slam in 1978, winning all four majors two and three times, respectively. Nicklaus was part of another title for the U.S. in the World Cup in Japan. Nicklaus concluded 1966 playing 22 official worldwide events, with four victories, four runners-up, 14 top-5 finishes, 16 top-10 finishes, and zero missed cuts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.194753646850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1967, he won his second U.S. Open title at Baltusrol, breaking Hogan's 72-hole record by one shot with a 275. During the four rounds, Nicklaus hit 61 of 72 greens in regulation. Nicklaus finished this record win with a dramatic 238-yard 1-iron shot, uphill into a breeze and light rain, to the 72nd green (an approximate 260-yard equivalent) and holing a 22 ft birdie putt to close out a final nine of 30 and final round of 65 to beat Arnold Palmer by four shots. Nicklaus and Palmer were the only two players to break par for the week. Sports Illustrated ran a cover photo of Nicklaus throwing his leg high in the air with the headline, \"Nicklaus Breaks the Open Record.\" He also finished runner up in The Open Championship and third in the PGA Championship, one shot out of a playoff between Don January and Don Massengale. For a third time, Nicklaus led the PGA Tour money list for 1967. Later that year, Nicklaus and Palmer teamed up for a 13-shot wire-to-wire World Cup victory in Mexico City. Nicklaus competed in 24 official worldwide events in 1967, with five victories, four runners-up, 14 top-5 finishes, 16 top-10 finishes, and one missed cut. Angelo Argea was Nicklaus' caddie for most of his professional career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.290974617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "After Nicklaus won the 1967 U.S. Open in record breaking fashion, he did not win another major championship until the 1970 Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews. Moreover, his highest finish on the Tour money list for the years 1968–70 was second; his lowest was fourth, his worst ranking on the list since turning professional. However, it should be noted that his fourth-place ranking in 1970 would have been elevated to second if The Open Championship winnings were included during that period in the official PGA Tour money list, as they are today. Nicklaus finished runner-up in both the 1968 U.S. Open (to new rival Lee Trevino) and the 1968 Open Championship (to old rival Gary Player).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.642824172973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus did not make his inaugural appearance in the Ryder Cup until 1969 at age 29; eligibility rules at the time required a minimum five-year PGA Tour membership before points could be counted for team qualification; rules have been relaxed significantly since. In the 1969 Ryder Cup, the entire competition came down to the anchor singles match between Nicklaus and Tony Jacklin. At the par-5 17th hole with Nicklaus leading by the score of 1 up, Jacklin made a 35 ft eagle putt to square the match. With the entire competition outcome riding on this match, Nicklaus made a five-foot par putt on the last hole before controversially conceding Jacklin's par putt, ensuring that this game, and the overall match, ended in a tie. Afterwards United States team Captain Sam Snead said \"This is the greatest golf match you have ever seen in England\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999690055847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "During this period, Nicklaus also let his physical condition decline somewhat, putting on some excess weight, which affected his stamina. Following the Ryder Cup, he significantly improved his condition in the fall of 1969 by losing 25 lb in one month, and his game started to return to top form. In February 1970, Nicklaus' father, Charlie Nicklaus, died. Five months after this, Nicklaus won the 1970 Open Championship under difficult scoring conditions in Scotland where the wind howled up to 56 MPH, defeating fellow American Doug Sanders in an 18-hole playoff round in emotional fashion. On the 18th hole of the playoff, Nicklaus drove about 380 yards, through the par-4 green with a three-wood, and was forced to pitch back to the hole. His eagle pitch finished approximately eight feet short of the hole. Nicklaus threw his putter into the air after sinking the winning putt, as he was thrilled to have won the Open at the home of golf, St Andrews. He describes this period in his life:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.452847480773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus also went on to capture the Piccadilly World Match Play Championship in 1970 with a 2 & 1 win over Lee Trevino in the championship match. In all for the year, Nicklaus competed in 23 official worldwide events, won four, placed in the top-5 10 times, and the top-10 in 14.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496417045593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Although Nicklaus' performance had declined somewhat during this period, he was still ranked as the #1 player in the world, for 10 straight years, beginning in 1968, on the McCormack's World Golf Rankings, which were introduced that year by sports agent Mark McCormack. These rankings, the first attempt to take into account results from professional tours around the world, were not official during that era, but they eventually evolved into the current Official World Golf Ranking, starting in 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698034286499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "By the end of 1971, Nicklaus had won four additional PGA tournaments including the Tournament of Champions by eight shots and the National Team Championship with Arnold Palmer by six shots. With $244,490 in official PGA Tour earnings, Nicklaus established a new single season money record during the year. Nicklaus also claimed his third World Cup individual title in 1971, with help from a 63 in the third round. He also won the team competition with partner Lee Trevino by 12 shots. The year 1971 brought Nicklaus a victory in the Australian Dunlop International as well, punctuated by a course record 62 (his career low score in competition; one of three) in the second round. For the record, Nicklaus played in 23 official worldwide events in 1971, won eight, had 17 top-5 finishes, 20 top-10 finishes, and compiled a 5–1–0 record in that year's Ryder Cup competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.974052906036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won the first two major championships of 1972 by three shots each in wire-to-wire fashion. He won the Masters and the U.S. Open, creating talk of a calendar-year Grand Slam. Nicklaus opened with a four-under par 68 at Augusta National and never looked back. He was the only player under par for the week as he and the field battled difficult scoring conditions. In the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach again under severe scoring conditions, Nicklaus struck a one-iron on the 218-yard par-three 17th hole during the final round into a stiff, gusty ocean breeze that hit the flagstick and ended up three inches from the cup. The U.S. Open was Nicklaus' 13th career major and tied him with Bobby Jones for career majors (although a different group of tournaments had been considered majors in Jones's time). This victory was also Nicklaus' 11th professional major, tying him with Walter Hagen, and made him the first player to win the U.S. Amateur and U.S. Open championships on the same golf course.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.45212173461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won a total of seven tournaments during 1972, and was runner-up in a further three PGA Tour events. However, Nicklaus did not win the Grand Slam that year, as Lee Trevino repeated as the Open Championship winner (Nicklaus finished second, one shot behind), and Gary Player prevailed in the PGA Championship. Nicklaus closed out this remarkable year with a second of three consecutive Walt Disney World Golf Classic victories by shooting a 21-under par 267 to win by nine shots. He concluded 1972 by competing in 20 official worldwide events winning seven, placing second in four, and compiling 15 top-10 finishes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.143144607543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Bobby Jones' record of majors was soon broken when Nicklaus won the PGA Championship in August 1973 by four shots over Bruce Crampton for his 12th professional major (surpassing Hagen's mark of 11) and 14th overall when using the old-style configuration of Jones' day. In that year he won another six tournaments. When he won the 1973 Ohio King's Island Open, he became the first PGA Tour player to win a Tour event over a course which he designed himself. The PGA Player of the Year was awarded to Nicklaus for the third time, and the second year in a row. Nicklaus was also the first player to win over $300,000.00 in official money for a single season in 1972 at $320,542; he eclipsed that threshold again the following year with $308,362. The former total was $106,137 more than runner-up Lee Trevino. The latter total for the year 1973 catapulted Nicklaus over the $2 million career PGA Tour earnings mark, making him the first player to reach that milestone. Nicklaus teamed with Johnny Miller for another team title in the World Cup of Golf, held in Spain. For the year, Nicklaus competed in 20 official worldwide events and claimed seven victories, 14 top-five finishes, 17 top-10s, and compiled a 4–1–1 record in that year's Ryder Cup competition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.806240558624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus started off well in 1975: he won the Doral-Eastern Open, the Sea Pines Heritage Classic, and the Masters in consecutive starts. His Masters win was his fifth, a record he was to break eleven years later. In this tournament, Nicklaus's 40 ft birdie putt on the 16th hole of the final round was a key in his victory over Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in a riveting final-round battle. He also won the PGA Championship in August at Firestone Country Club by two shots over Bruce Crampton for his fourth win. Having won the Masters and PGA Championship, Nicklaus missed a playoff for the U.S. Open by two shots and a playoff for Open Championship by one shot. His performance in 1975 resulted in his being named PGA Player of the Year for the fourth time, tying Ben Hogan, and he was also named ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. Nicklaus also captured his fourth Australian Open during the year. The year 1975 yielded Nicklaus six wins, 12 top-5 finishes, and 16 top-10 finishes in 18 official worldwide events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.800406455993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1977, Nicklaus won his 63rd tour event, passing Ben Hogan to take second place on the career wins list, behind only Sam Snead (subsequently Hogan's official career PGA Tour victory total was put at 64, including his 1953 Open Championship which was retroactively deemed an official PGA Tour event). He also became the first player to amass over $3 million in official PGA Tour earnings. The year also saw Nicklaus win for the first time his own Memorial Tournament, where he described the victory as the most emotional moment of his entire career, and nearly decided to retire from competitive golf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.497477531433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "During the 1977 Ryder Cup at Royal Lytham & St Annes, Nicklaus approached the PGA of Great Britain about the urgency to improve the competitive level of the contest. The issue had been discussed earlier the same day by both past PGA of America President Henry Poe and British PGA President Lord Derby. Nicklaus pitched his ideas, adding: \"It is vital to widen the selection procedures if the Ryder Cup is to continue to enjoy its past prestige.\" The changes in team selection procedure were approved by descendants of the Samuel Ryder family, along with The PGA of America. The major change was expanding selection procedures to include players from the European Tournament Players' Division, and \"that European Members be entitled to play on the team.\" This meant that professional players on the European Tournament Players' Division, the forerunner to the European Tour we have today, from continental Europe would be eligible to play in the Ryder Cup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.060369491577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus won three other tournaments in 1978 on the PGA Tour, including the Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic, where he played the final 36 holes 13 under par; he scored five consecutive birdies over the closing holes in the final round. He also won his third Tournament Players Championship in difficult weather conditions; he had won three of the first five stagings of that tournament, and remains the championship's only three-time winner. He was named Sportsman of the Year by Sports Illustrated. The year 1978 also marked Nicklaus' sixth and final Australian Open victory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.132281303405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus suffered a lapse of form in 1979, not winning another tournament until June 1980. The year of 1979 was the first since turning professional in which he failed to win a tournament; he had only one runner-up finish, plus a tied-for-second with Ben Crenshaw behind 22-year-old Seve Ballesteros at The Open Championship. Previously, Nicklaus won at least one PGA Tour tournament per year (a record he shares with Arnold Palmer), and a minimum of two tournaments per year for 17 consecutive years, and this is another PGA Tour record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.781429290771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "During the offseason, Nicklaus addressed two problems which had hurt his performance. His lifelong teacher Jack Grout noticed that he had become much too upright with his full swing, causing a steep, oblique approach into the ball, compared with a more direct hit; this was corrected by slightly flattening his backswing. Then Nicklaus' short game, never a career strength, was further developed with the help of Phil Rodgers, a friend for more than 20 years, and earlier PGA Tour rival, who had become a fine coach. Rodgers lived for a time at the Nicklaus home while this work was going on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129328727722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1980, Nicklaus recorded only four top-10 finishes in 14 events, but two of these were record-setting victories in majors (the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship); the other two were a tie for fourth in The Open Championship and a runner-up finish in the Doral-Eastern Open to Raymond Floyd via his chip-in birdie on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff. These victories and placements more than justified the work Nicklaus put in toward his game during the off-season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.029768943786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus set a new scoring record for the 1980 U.S. Open with an aggregate of 272, eclipsing his earlier record of 275 from 1967 over the same golf course. That record, while since having been tied by three other players, stood until Rory McIlroy's 268 in winning the 2011 US Open. This was Nicklaus's second major win at Baltusrol Golf Club. Nicklaus opened with a record-tying 63 in round one and fought off his playing partner of all four rounds, 1978 Colgate World Match Play Championship winner, Isao Aoki. Entering the final round, Aoki had caught Nicklaus after three consecutive rounds of 68, but over the course of the last day, Nicklaus pulled away by two shots. Each player birdied the final two holes for a dramatic finish. Aoki's aggregate of 274 was the lowest score for a U.S. Open runner-up. Nicklaus' win was his fourth and final victory in the championship, tying him with Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones, and Ben Hogan. Nicklaus referred to this win as \"by far the most emotional and warmest reaction to any of my wins in my own country\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.686263084411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1983, Nicklaus closed out the PGA Championship and World Series of Golf with brilliant final rounds in the mid-60's, and passed many players to move into contention, but finished runner-up in each to Player of the Year Hal Sutton and Nick Price, respectively, who dominated the tournaments from start to finish. Despite not winning a PGA Tour event in 1983, Nicklaus finished 10th on the PGA Tour money list, and passed a significant milestone by becoming the first player to eclipse the $4 million level in career earnings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.825479507446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1985, Nicklaus finished second to Curtis Strange in the Canadian Open, which marked his seventh and final second-place finish in that tournament; this is a record for that event. These seven runner-up finishes came over the course of 21 events—or one second-place finish for every three tournaments played—and does not include a third-place finish in 1983, one shot out of the playoff between John Cook and Johnny Miller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334602355957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "During the five-year period between 1981 and 1985, the Ryder Cup matches provided Nicklaus with two bright spots. He completed his competition as a player in style by contributing a perfect 4–0–0 record (inclusive of a 5 & 3 anchor singles match win over Eamonn Darcy) in 1981, and captained the United States team in 1983 to a one-point win over Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.687198638916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "Some things cannot possibly happen, because they are both too improbable and too perfect. The U.S. hockey team cannot beat the Russians in the 1980 Olympics. Jack Nicklaus cannot shoot 65 to win The Masters at age 46. Nothing else comes immediately to mind. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795753479003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "There have been prettier swingers of the club than Jack Nicklaus. There may have been better ball-strikers than Jack Nicklaus. There have definitely been better short-game exponents than Jack Nicklaus. Other golfers have putted as well as Jack Nicklaus. There may have been golfers as dedicated and fiercely competitive as Jack Nicklaus. But no individual has been able to develop, combine and sustain all of the complex physical skills and the immense mental and emotional resources the game demands at its highest level as well as Jack Nicklaus has for as long as he has.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589580535888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "At the age of 58, Nicklaus made another valiant run at the 1998 Masters, where he tied for sixth despite being hampered by an ever-increasing painful left hip. Nicklaus' five-under par 283 is the lowest 72-hole score by a player over 50 in the Masters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114142417907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus became eligible to join the Senior PGA Tour, now known as the Champions Tour, when he turned 50 in January 1990, at which point he declared, \"I'm never satisfied. Trouble is, I want to play like me—and I can't play like me anymore.\" He then quickly won in his first start on the Tour, The Tradition, also a Senior Tour major championship. Nicklaus would go on to win another three Traditions—the final two in succession—while the most anyone else has won is two. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.542173385620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Later in the year, Nicklaus won the Senior Players Championship by six shots over Lee Trevino for his second win of the year, and also his second major of the year by shooting a record 27-under par 261. The next year, in 1991, Nicklaus won three of the five events he started in, those being the U.S. Senior Open at Oakland Hills by firing a 65 in a playoff against Chi Chi Rodriguez and his fine round of 69, the PGA Seniors Championship and The Tradition for the second year straight. These, again, were all majors on the Champions Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.183823585510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus has won all the Champions Tour majors with the exception of the Senior British Open. However, he never played in the Senior British Open until after he turned 60; this event was only elevated to a major in 2003. After a winless year in 1992, Nicklaus came back to win the U.S. Senior Open for the second time in 1993 by one shot over Tom Weiskopf. Also in that year he teamed up with Chi Chi Rodriguez and Raymond Floyd to win the Wendy's Three Tour Challenge for the Senior Tour team. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326803207397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1994, Nicklaus won the Senior Tour's version of the Mercedes Championship for his only win of the year. The Tradition was his again in 1995, in a year where he made the top 10 in all of the seven tournaments he entered in. His 100th career win came the next year, when he won the Tradition for the fourth time, and second time in succession. He made a double eagle in the final round. Nicklaus closed the final 36 holes with back-to-back seven-under par rounds of 65 to shoot a 16-under par 272 and win by three shots over Hale Irwin. This was to be his last win on the Champions Tour, and the last official win of his career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.615711212158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus played in his final U.S. Open at Pebble Beach Golf Links in 2000, where he shot 73-82 to miss the cut; this was the same tournament where Tiger Woods won his first Open when he outclassed the two second-place finishers by an incredible 15-shot margin. Later in the year, he was paired with Tiger Woods and Vijay Singh in his final PGA Championship only a few days after the death of his mother, where he missed the cut by one shot. In both tournaments, Nicklaus provided last minute heroics by reaching the par-5 18th in two shots in the U.S. Open and nearly holing his wedge shot for eagle at the par-5 18th in the PGA Championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.102455139160156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus played without much preparation in the 2005 Masters, a month after the tragic drowning death of his 17-month-old grandson Jake (child of his son, Steve) on March 1, 2005. In a written statement, Nicklaus said that it was impossible to put into words the devastation of his family. Nicklaus later spoke emotionally about the tragedy. He said: \"It's been an overwhelmingly difficult and trying time for my entire family. The loss of our precious 17-month-old grandson Jake was devastating.\" Nicklaus and his son Steve played golf as therapy for their grief following Jake's death. After days of playing, it was Steve who suggested his father return to The Masters. He made that his last appearance in the tournament. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210779190063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Later in 2005, Nicklaus finished his professional career at The Open Championship played at St Andrews on July 15, 2005. On St Andrews, Nicklaus stated:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.038984298706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus turned 65 in January that year, which was the last year he could enter The Open Championship as an exempt player. He played with Luke Donald and Tom Watson in his final round. After hitting his tee shot off the 18th tee in the second round, Nicklaus received a ten-minute standing ovation from the crowd. On the eighteenth fairway, he gave his final farewell to professional golf while standing on the iconic Swilken Bridge. Soon afterwards, Nicklaus ended his career with a fitting birdie, holing a 15-foot birdie putt on the 18th green. Nicklaus missed the 36-hole cut with a score of +3 (147). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.083799362182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "The last competitive tournament in which Nicklaus played in the United States was the Champions Tour's Bayer Advantage Classic in Overland Park, Kansas on June 13, 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522184371948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "On April 8, 2015, Nicklaus hit his first ever hole-in-one at the Augusta National Golf Club at the age of 75 when participating in the Masters' Par 3 Contest, albeit on the Par 3 Course, while playing with Gary Player and Ben Crenshaw. He hit 20 holes-in-one in professional tournament play at other venues over his career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001789093017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus devotes much of his time to golf course design and operates one of the largest golf design practices in the world. In the mid-1960s, Pete Dye initially requested Nicklaus' opinion in the architecture process of The Golf Club in suburban Columbus, Ohio, and the input increased from that point forward. Nicklaus considered golf course design another facet of the game that kept him involved and offered a challenge. His first design Harbour Town Golf Links, co-credited with Dye, was opened for play in 1969. A subsequent early, yet more prominent design was Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, OH which opened in 1974 and has hosted the Memorial Tournament since its inception in 1976. This course has also hosted the 1987 Ryder Cup and the 1998 Solheim Cup matches. For the first few years, all of his projects were co-designs with either Pete Dye or Desmond Muirhead, who were two of the leading golf course architects of that era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615196228027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "His first solo design, Glen Abbey Golf Course in Oakville, Ontario, opened for play in 1976. This course served as the host site for the Canadian Open for many years, the first being in 1977. In 2000, the King & Bear opened in St. Augustine, Florida, as a joint collaboration between Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer. In 2006, the Concession Golf Club opened in Sarasota, Florida, as a joint collaboration between Nicklaus and Tony Jacklin, to commemorate their historic Ryder Cup singles match in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.918889045715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus is in partnership with his four sons and his son-in-law through their company, Nicklaus Design. The company had 299 courses open for play at the end of 2005, which was nearly 1% of all the courses in the world (In 2005 Golf Digest calculated that there were nearly 32,000 golf courses in the world, approximately half of them in the United States. ). While the majority of Nicklaus-designed courses reside in the United States, a significant presence also occupies Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, and Mexico. For 2009, Nicklaus Design had 12 courses in Golf Digests \"75 Best Golf Resorts in North America\". Past and present Senior Design Associates with Nicklaus Design include Chris Cochran, Chet Williams and Dave Heatwole. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869821548461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus has written several golf instructional books, an autobiography (My Story), a book on his golf course design methods and philosophy, and has produced several golf videos. The writer Ken Bowden often assisted him with this work. His book Golf My Way is one of the all-time classics of golf instruction, and has been reissued several times since the initial printing in 1974. Nicklaus has also written golf instructional columns for Golf Magazine and for Golf Digest magazine, with which he is currently associated. He also appeared as a television analyst and commentator with ABC Sports on golf broadcasts. Several of the books have been reissued, sometimes under different titles, and My Story as a special high-quality limited edition for the 2000 Memorial Tournament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8944730758667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus continues to manage the Memorial Tournament he created in his home state of Ohio, which is played at Muirfield Village, a course which he co-designed with Desmond Muirhead and opened in 1974. The course was officially dedicated on Memorial Day, May 27, 1974, with an exhibition match between Nicklaus and Tom Weiskopf. Nicklaus scored a six-under par 66, which stood as the course record until 1979. The forerunner to this tournament, the Columbus Pro-Am, had its final year in 1975, and the inaugural Memorial Tournament was held the following year. The tournament is one of the more prestigious events on the PGA Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.102420806884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Each year, the tournament selects one or more individuals as honorees who have made a significant impact to the game. The inaugural tournament in 1976 paid tribute to the late Bobby Jones, while the 25th edition in 2000 honored Nicklaus, himself. This concept was Nicklaus' idea as a contribution to perpetuating achievements of the game's greatest individuals. The honoree is selected by the Captain's Club, a group that acts independently of the tournament organization, but also advises on player invitations and the general conduct of the event. Members of the Captain's Club include Peter Alliss, Peggy Kirk Bell, George H.W. Bush, Sean Connery, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player among others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757473945617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus and wife Barbara serve as honorary chairman and active chairwoman of the Nicklaus Children's Health Care Foundation in North Palm Beach, Florida which provides valuable programs and services to more than 4,000 hospitalized children and their families, free of charge, through Child Life programs, the Pediatric Oncology Support Team, and the Safe Kids program. The Nicklauses established \"The Jake\", a pro-am golf tournament played annually at The Bear's Club in Jupiter, Florida in honor of their 17-month-old grandson who drowned in a hot tub in 2005. It has become the foundation's chief fundraiser. Players like Robert Allenby, Raymond Floyd, Tom Watson, Ian Baker-Finch, Ernie Els, Jay Haas, Johnny Miller, and Gary Player have participated. No one accepts a fee. Everything goes to the foundation, more than $3 million over the past three years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.775280952453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus and retired General John Shalikashvili, who served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1993–97, are serving as honorary chairs for the American Lake Veterans Golf Course capital campaign in Tacoma, WA. The $4.5 million campaign in 2009 was established to complete the nation's only golf course designed for the rehabilitation of wounded and disabled veterans. The existing nine-hole course is operated, maintained, and managed by 160 volunteers. Funds are needed to add nine new holes and make other improvements to better accommodate demand from the growing influx of wounded veterans. A two-day event was held at Bighorn Golf Club at Palm Desert, CA featuring Nicklaus, who is donating his design services for the \"Nicklaus Nine\". In announcing his donation of services (valued at $500,000), Nicklaus said, \"I was moved to see the amazing efforts at American Lake Veterans Golf Course where our wounded warriors learn to play golf with the help of an incredible army of volunteers.\" Monies raised during the campaign will be used to construct the new holes, complete the construction of the Rehabilitation and Learning Center, make improvements to the original holes to enhance accessibility, upgrade the maintenance facilities and restrooms, and help underwrite operational costs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.828121185302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "He has also been known to reach out to younger golfers. One notable example came in 1984, when a teenage Canadian golfer who had previously met Nicklaus at an exhibition wrote him for career advice. The young golfer was right-handed but played left-handed; although he was showing considerable promise as a left-hander, he had been told that he might be an even better player if he switched to right-handed play. He wrote Nicklaus asking for advice; Nicklaus immediately wrote back telling him not to change if he was comfortable playing left-handed. The young Canadian, Mike Weir, decided to stay with left-handed play, and eventually became a Masters champion. He still keeps Nicklaus' letter framed in his home. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95842170715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus lends his name and likeness to a line of flavored lemonades from Arizona Beverage Company, the same company that sells the Arnold Palmer line of lemonade/iced tea blends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457052230834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus was consistently among the longest and straightest hitters on the PGA Tour during his prime. One early example was winning the official long drive contest at the 1963 PGA Championship with a belt of 341 yards, 17 inches (312 meters). This record lasted more than 20 years. He preferred the fade (left-to-right shape) for his ball flight, since this allowed the ball to stop quickly on hard and fast greens. Another factor in this decision was his distance capabilities, which were developed enough to allow him to play a fade and still reach long par fours and par fives in two shots. Nicklaus considers his longest drive in competition to be during the final round of the 1964 Masters on the 15th hole, where he had less than 160 yards left to the 500 yard par five. He hit an eight-iron slightly over the green for his second shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67502212524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "As his career matured, he also developed the ability to hit the right-to-left controlled draw when needed. Nicklaus debuted as a young pro who hit the ball very high, but he could also hit lower-trajectory shots when needed, after gaining pro experience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347155570983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "In 1968, IBM kept PGA Tour statistics for the first time, but did not continue this practice in the immediately subsequent years. Nicklaus led two categories for the 1968 season: he had an average driving distance of 275 yards, and hit 75 percent of greens in regulation; both marks were significantly ahead of rivals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015986442565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Even though official PGA Tour statistics did not begin until 1980, Nicklaus was consistently the leader in greens hit in regulation through that year, displaying great command of the long and middle irons. Indeed, Nicklaus remained in the top six of this category through 1985 – far past his best playing years. Nicklaus also finished 10th in driving distance and 13th in driving accuracy in 1980 at age 40, which equated to a \"Total Driving\" composite of 23 – a statistical level not attained since, by a comfortable margin. Nicklaus led this category through 1982. One key to Nicklaus' ball-striking ability and overall power was his exceptional swing tempo. Of this Tom Watson referred to it as Nicklaus' greatest strength in its ability to remain smooth. This proved an asset, especially under pressure, which allowed him to obtain great distance control with his irons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707159996032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus was also known for his course management skills. He would plan to hit each full shot to the optimal position, to best set up his next shot, usually aiming for level lies and clear approach lines, while favoring his preferred shot shapes. He would often hold back on power to achieve this, but had a power advantage over most rivals through the set, so that he could hit a 3-wood or 1-iron from the tee with increased accuracy to avoid trouble, with sufficient length to keep up with the drivers hit by most rivals. An exceptional example of this came in the final round of the 1966 Open Championship at Muirfield, on the 17th hole, a 530-yard par 5 hole. Nicklaus needed a birdie, but the hole was framed by tall fescue rough, and was playing downwind with very firm turf conditions. He used a 3-iron from the tee and hit the shot 290 yards, then hit a 5-iron 240 yards onto the green, two-putted for birdie, and parred the final hole to win the title.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799537658691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus was the first professional player to chart and document yardages on the course on a consistent, planned basis. For most of his career, Nicklaus was not known for his skill on touch shots with the wedges, so he would often play to avoid wedge shots which needed less-than-full swings. Gary Player states that Nicklaus had \"the greatest mind the game has ever known\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159659385681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "While not known for being an outstanding putter, Nicklaus was often able to make the important putts when he needed them. Nicklaus's putting was highly regarded by his rivals. He was also known as a conservative player at times, going for broke only when he needed to. This was especially apparent on the green, where he would often choose to be less aggressive and make sure of an easy two-putt. Nicklaus spoke about this in his autobiography. \"I was a fine two-putter, but sometimes too defensive—too concerned about three-putting—to go for putts that I probably should have gone for.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254589080810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "After his first year on the PGA Tour in 1962, Nicklaus received the PGA Tour Rookie of the Year award. As well as receiving the PGA Tour Player of the Year five times and topping the PGA Tour money list eight times, he has also attained the Bob Jones Award and the Payne Stewart Award, among others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903969764709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1974 and the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in 1995. His likeness was featured on a special commemorative issue five-pound note issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland, making him the first living person outside the Royal Family to appear on a British banknote. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540365219116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Jack Nicklaus", "passage": "There is a Jack Nicklaus Museum on the campus of The Ohio State University in his home town of Columbus, Ohio. The museum was opened in 2002 and is a state-of-the-art, 24000 sqft facility offering a comprehensive view of Nicklaus' life and career in and out of golf as well as exhibits celebrating the history and legends of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090893745422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus had the rare privilege of \"dotting the 'i'\" of \"Script Ohio\", the signature formation of the Ohio State University Marching Band, at the Ohio State homecoming game on October 28, 2006 when the Buckeyes played Minnesota; this is considered the greatest honor that can be bestowed on a non-band member. Nicklaus was the fifth non-band member to receive this award. Other recipients include Bob Hope and Woody Hayes. While at Ohio State University, Nicklaus became a member of the Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114295959472656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Along with Annika Sörenstam, Nicklaus was named a Global Ambassador for the International Golf Federation in 2008 and was instrumental in bringing golf to the Olympics for the 2016 and 2020 games. Golf was last an Olympic sport at the 1904 Games in St. Louis, Mo. when the United States and Canada were the only two competing countries. The International Olympic Committee approved the inclusion by a vote of 63–27, with two abstentions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.757240295410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "Nicklaus joined Arnold Palmer as an honorary starter for the 2010 Masters. Nicklaus became the eighth honorary starter since the tradition began in 1963 when Nicklaus won his first green jacket. The Big Three were once again reunited in Augusta for the 2012 Masters Tournament as Gary Player joined Palmer and Nicklaus to kickoff the 76th renewal of the major tournament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975085258483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "The Golden Bear", "passage": "Nicklaus, through his global reach in design and development, as well as the worldwide marketing and licensing of his golf and lifestyle brand, is atop Golf Inc. magazine's coveted list of the \"Most Powerful People in Golf\" for a record-extending sixth consecutive year. He is the only golf industry figure who has ever been named to the No. 1 spot for more than three years. Nicklaus topped the 2009 worldwide list of 35 individuals who were selected by a panel of editors for their ability to influence and impact the business of golf, be it the development of courses and communities, the operation of courses, the equipment used by golfers, or the rules and regulations of the game. Golf Inc. wrote that while the Golden Bear's reign at No. 1 is unprecedented, \"the fact is that he keeps adding to his legend, at the design table and in the business world. Despite a worldwide course development slowdown, Nicklaus's design firm has over 40 courses in development around the globe...And he remains perhaps golf's most respected spokesperson on a wide range of issues.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.980259418487549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "On May 19, 2014, the United States House of Representatives voted to pass , a bill that would award Nicklaus the Congressional Gold Medal \"in recognition of his service to the nation in promoting excellence and good sportsmanship.\" The bill says that Nicklaus' \"magnetic personality and unfailing sense of kindness and thoughtfulness have endeared him to millions throughout the world.\" Congressman Thomas Massie objected to a voice vote, and demanded a roll call vote. He then tried to rally opposition to the measure, but the vote passed easily over Massie's objection: 371–10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116294860839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "1 Defeated Arnold Palmer in 18-hole playoff – Nicklaus (71), Palmer (74).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413496017456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "2 Defeated Tommy Jacobs (2nd) & Gay Brewer (3rd) in 18-hole playoff – Nicklaus (70), Jacobs (72), Brewer (78). 1st, 2nd and 3rd places awarded in this playoff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11762809753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "3 Defeated Doug Sanders in 18-hole playoff – Nicklaus (72), Sanders (73).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393355369567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" }, { "answer": "Nicklaus", "passage": "1 In an 18-hole playoff, Nicklaus shot a (65) to Rodríguez's (69).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.236133575439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jack Nicklaus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers. He spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules (now better known as the \"Spruce Goose\"). He also acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines (TWA, subsequently acquired by and merged with American Airlines) and later acquired Air West, renaming it Hughes Airwest. Hughes Airwest was eventually acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines.", "precise_score": 0.19854003190994263, "rough_score": 2.0648345947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Hercules was nicknamed the \"Spruce Goose\" by critics, but was actually made largely from birch (not spruce), rather than of aluminum, because the contract required that Hughes build the aircraft of non-strategic materials. It was built in Hughes' Westchester, California facility. In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate War Investigating Committee to explain why the H-4 development had been so troubled, and why the F-11 had resulted in only two prototypes after $22 million spent. General Elliott Roosevelt and numerous other USAAF officers were also called to testify in hearings that transfixed the nation during August and again in November 1947. In a hotly disputed testimony over TWA's route awards and malfeasance in the defense acquisition process, Hughes turned the tables on his main interlocutor, Maine Senator Owen Brewster, and the hearings were widely interpreted as a Hughes victory. After display at the Long Beach, California harbor, the Hercules was moved to McMinnville, Oregon, where it is now part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum. ", "precise_score": 2.680140972137451, "rough_score": 2.868896007537842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "*The Hughes H-4 Hercules was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, \"The Spruce Goose\".", "precise_score": 2.6078152656555176, "rough_score": 1.0256330966949463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Birch" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the \"Spruce Goose\", although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It remains in good condition and is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. ", "precise_score": 3.933058738708496, "rough_score": 6.03337287902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In the spring of 1943 Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas, test flying his Sikorsky S-43 amphibian aircraft, practicing touch-and-go landings on Lake Mead in preparation for flying the H-4 Hercules. The weather conditions at the lake during the day were ideal and he enjoyed Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew the Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA aviation inspectors, two of his employees and actress Ava Gardner. Hughes dropped Gardner off in Las Vegas and proceeded to Lake Mead to conduct qualifying tests in the S-43. The test flight did not go well. The Sikorsky crashed into Lake Mead, killing CAA inspector Ceco Cline and Hughes employee Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe gash on the top of his head when he hit the upper control panel and had to be rescued by one of the others on board. Hughes paid divers $100,000 to raise the aircraft and later spent more than $500,000 restoring the aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.323421478271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "H-4 Hercules", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008734703063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The War Production Board (not the military) originally contracted with Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce the gigantic HK-1 Hercules flying boat for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to seagoing troop transport ships that were vulnerable to German U-boats. The project was opposed by the military services, thinking it would siphon resources from higher priority programs, but was advocated by Hughes' powerful allies in Washington, D.C. After disputes, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes elected to continue it as the H-4 Hercules. However, the aircraft was not completed until after the end of World War II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.755965232849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Hercules was the world's largest flying boat, the largest aircraft made from wood, and, at 319 ft, had the longest wingspan of any aircraft (the next largest wingspan was about 310 ft). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built; both of those titles are currently held by the Antonov An-225 Mriya.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.678261756896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Hercules flew only once for one mile (1.6 km), and 70 ft above the water, with Hughes at the controls, on November 2, 1947. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.820627212524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In 1947, after the U.S. Government rejected his massive H-4 Hercules, Hughes, who had suffered a near-fatal aircraft crash in 1946, told his aides that he wanted to screen some movies at a film studio near his home. He stayed in the studio's darkened screening room for more than four months, never leaving. He ate only chocolate bars and chicken and drank only milk, later urinating in the empty bottles and containers. He was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes that he continuously stacked and re-arranged. He wrote detailed memos to his aides giving them explicit instructions not to look at him nor speak to him unless spoken to. Throughout this period, Hughes sat fixated in his chair, often naked, continually watching movies. When he finally emerged in the spring of 1948, his hygiene was terrible. He had not bathed nor cut his hair and nails for weeks, although this may have been due to allodynia (pain response to stimuli that would normally not cause pain).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.939322471618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "* The Aviator (2004), directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hughes. Nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and winning five, the acclaimed film focuses primarily on Hughes' achievements in aviation and in the movies and on the increasing handicaps imposed on him by his obsessive–compulsive behavior, and ends shortly after the successful flight of the Hercules in 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.634115219116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "*In L.A. Noire, Hughes makes an appearance presenting his Hercules H-4 aircraft in the game introduction. The H-4 is later a central plot piece of DLC Arson Case, \"Nicholson Electroplating\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198861122131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Hughes" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "Hughes continued the program on his own under the designation \"H-4 Hercules\", signing a new government contract that now limited production to one example. Work proceeded slowly, and the H-4 was not completed until well after the war was over. It was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company at Hughes Airport, location of present-day Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California, employing the plywood-and-resin \"Duramold\" process – a form of composite technology – for the laminated wood construction, which was considered a technological tour de force. The specialized wood veneer was made by Roddis Manufacturing in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Hamilton Roddis had teams of young women ironing the (unusually thin) strong birch wood veneer before shipping to California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.051459789276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Hercules was a monumental undertaking. It is the largest aircraft ever built. It is over five stories tall with a wingspan longer than a football field. That's more than a city block. Now, I put the sweat of my life into this thing. I have my reputation all rolled up in it and I have stated several times that if it's a failure, I'll probably leave this country and never come back. And I mean it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.835465431213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "After the first two taxi runs, four reporters left to file stories, but the remaining press stayed for the final test run of the day. After picking up speed on the channel facing Cabrillo Beach, the Hercules lifted off, remaining airborne at 70 ft off the water at a speed of 135 mph for around a mile (1.6 km). At this altitude, the aircraft still experienced ground effect. The brief flight proved to detractors that Hughes' (now unneeded) masterpiece was flight-worthy—thus vindicating the use of government funds. However, the Spruce Goose never flew again. Its lifting capacity and ceiling were never tested. A full-time crew of 300 workers, all sworn to secrecy, maintained the aircraft in flying condition in a climate-controlled hangar. The company reduced the crew to 50 workers in 1962, and then disbanded it after Hughes' death in 1976. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.890275478363037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "In 1980, the Hercules was acquired by the Aero Club of Southern California, which put the aircraft on display in a large dome adjacent to the Queen Mary exhibit in Long Beach, California. In 1988, The Walt Disney Company acquired both attractions and the associated real estate. Disney informed the Aero Club of Southern California that it no longer wished to display the Hercules after its highly ambitious Port Disney was scrapped. After a long search for a suitable host, the Aero Club of Southern California arranged for the Hughes flying boat to be given to Evergreen Aviation Museum in exchange for payments and a percentage of the museum's profits. The aircraft was transported by barge, train, and truck to its current home in McMinnville, Oregon (about 40 miles (60 km) southwest of Portland), where it was reassembled by Contractors Cargo Company and is currently on display. The aircraft arrived in McMinnville on February 27, 1993, after a 138-day, 1055 mi trip from Long Beach. The dome is now used by Carnival Cruise Lines as its Long Beach terminal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371432304382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "By the mid-1990s, the former Hughes Aircraft hangars at Hughes Airport, including the one that held the Hercules, were converted into sound stages. Scenes from movies such as Titanic, What Women Want and End of Days have been filmed in the 315,000-square-foot (29,000 m2) aircraft hangar where Howard Hughes created the flying boat. The hangar will be preserved as a structure eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Buildings in what is today the large light industry and housing development in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.530801773071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hercules", "passage": "The Western Museum of Flight in Torrance, California has a large collection of construction photographs and blueprints of the Hercules.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.386438369750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Cracker Jack is an American brand of snack consisting of molasses-flavored caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts, well known for being packaged with a prize of trivial value inside. The Cracker Jack name was registered in 1896. The slogan \"The More You Eat The More You Want\" was also registered that year. Some food historians consider it the first junk food. Cracker Jack is famous for its connection to baseball lore. The Cracker Jack brand has been owned and marketed by Frito-Lay since 1997. Frito Lay has announced that the prize is going to be removed and replaced with a QR code which can be used to download a baseball game. ", "precise_score": 2.404672145843506, "rough_score": 2.7232017517089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "On April 30, 2013, Frito-Lay expanded the Cracker Jack product line to include other salty snacks in the spirit of the original Cracker Jack. Called Cracker Jack'D, it is distinct from the original Cracker Jack by using black packaging instead of the traditional red and white, as well as showing a more menacing version of Sailor Jack & Bingo. In addition, unlike the original Cracker Jack, Cracker Jack'D has not featured prizes in its packages. One of the products available under the Cracker Jack'D line, Cracker Jack'D Power Bites, gained much criticism before its official launch due to accusations of unhealthy amounts of caffeine in the Power Bites. ", "precise_score": 3.233651638031006, "rough_score": 3.5275168418884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Up until the mid-1990s, Frito-Lay was represented in PepsiCo's organizational structure as Frito-Lay, a single division of PepsiCo. This changed in 1996 when PepsiCo merged its snack food operations into what was titled the \"Frito-Lay Company\", made up of two subsequent divisions, Frito-Lay North America and Frito-Lay International. In 1997, Frito-Lay acquired the candied popcorn snack brand Cracker Jack, followed in 1998 by multiple international acquisitions and joint ventures, including Smith's Snackfood Company (Australia), as well as Savoy Brands (Latin America). ", "precise_score": 0.4168599247932434, "rough_score": -1.258833646774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frito-Lay" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The primary snack food brands and products produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's potato chips, Ruffles chips and Walker's potato crisps (distributed in the UK and Ireland under the Walker's brand and in the rest of Europe under the Lay's brand)—each of which generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009. Frito-Lay also comprises multiple brands outside of the chip category, including Rold Gold pretzels, Cracker Jack popcorn snacks and TrueNorth nut clusters and nut crisps. In India, Frito-Lay uses its international brands as well as Uncle Chipps, a homegrown brand that it bought out in 2000. Kurkure, Indian snack developed and produced by PepsiCo India on March 31 announced that it was now available in Canada, UAE and Gulf region too.", "precise_score": 2.0546188354492188, "rough_score": 2.7386484146118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frito-Lay" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "In 1896, the first lot of Cracker Jack was produced, the same year the name was registered. It was named by an enthusiastic sampler who remarked: \"That's a crackerjack!\" (a colloquialism meaning \"of excellent quality\"). In 1899, Henry Gottlieb Eckstein developed the \"waxed sealed package\" for freshness, known then as the \"Eckstein Triple Proof Package\", a dust-, germ-, and moisture-proof paper package. In 1902, the company was reorganized as Rueckheim Bros. & Eckstein. \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", a song written by lyricist Jack Norworth and composer Albert Von Tilzer, gave Cracker Jack free publicity when it was released in 1908 with the line: \"Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack!\" In 1922, the name of the Chicago company was changed to The Cracker Jack Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.859607696533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The faces of Cracker Jack ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.478447914123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Cracker Jack's Mascots Sailor Jack and his dog Bingo were introduced as early as 1916 and registered as a trademark in 1919. Sailor Jack was modeled after Robert Rueckheim, grandson of Frederick. Robert, the son of the third and eldest Rueckheim brother, Edward, died of pneumonia shortly after his image appeared at the age of 8. The sailor boy image acquired such meaning for the founder of Cracker Jack that he had it carved on his tombstone, which can still be seen in St. Henry's Cemetery in Chicago. Sailor Jack's dog Bingo was based on a real-life dog named Russell, a stray adopted in 1917 by Henry Eckstein, who demanded that the dog be used on the packaging. Russell died of old age in 1930.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4021841287612915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The Cracker Jack Company was purchased by Borden in 1964 after a bidding war between Borden and Frito-Lay. Borden sold the brand to Frito-Lay parent PepsiCo in 1997, who quickly incorporated Cracker Jack into the Frito-Lay portfolio. In 2013, Frito-Lay announced that Cracker Jack would undergo a slight reformulating, adding more peanuts to Cracker Jack and updating the prizes to make them more relevant to the times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.477922439575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Cracker Jack'D ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.016342163085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Cracker Jack is known for being commonly sold at baseball games and is even mentioned by name in the American standard \"Take Me Out To The Ball Game\". On June 16, 1993, the 100th anniversary of Cracker Jack was celebrated at Wrigley Field during the game between the Cubs and the expansion Florida Marlins. Before the game, Sailor Jack, the company's mascot, threw out the ceremonial first pitch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.587168216705322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "In 2004, the New York Yankees baseball team replaced Cracker Jack with the milder, sweet butter toffee flavored Crunch 'n Munch at home games. After a public outcry, the club immediately switched back to Cracker Jack. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.095638275146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The Cracker Jack Company began advertising on television in 1955. Cracker Jack appeared on CBS-Television's On Your Account, which was televised on 130 stations nationally. A new television ad for Cracker Jack ran during Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999. It was the first advertising for the Cracker Jack brand on television in 15 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361156463623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The actor who appeared in many charming and classic TV commercials for Cracker Jack in the 1960s, was Jack Gilford. He was most recognized for being the rubber-faced guy on the Cracker Jack commercials for a dozen years, from 1960-1972. Also Shari Lewis and Lamb Chop were Cracker Jack spokespersons in 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.149184226989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Cracker Jack includes a small \"mystery\" novelty item referred to as a \"Toy Surprise\" in each box. The tagline for Cracker Jack was originally \"Candy coated popcorn, peanuts and a prize\" but has since become \"Caramel coated popcorn & peanuts\" under Frito-Lay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5161441564559937, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Prizes were included in every box of Cracker Jack since 1912. One of the first prizes was in 1914 when they produced the first of two Cracker Jack baseball card issues, which featured players from both major leagues as well as players from the short-lived Federal League. Early \"toy surprises\" have included rings, plastic figurines, booklets, stickers, temporary tattoos and decoder rings. Books have been written cataloging the prizes and a substantial collector's market exists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30788803100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Up until 1937 Cracker Jack toy prizes were made in Japan. They were designed by Carey Cloud from 1938. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.803116798400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "The prizes attained pop-culture status with the catch-phrase \"came in a Cracker Jack box\", particularly when applied sarcastically to engagement and wedding rings of dubious investment. In recent years (under Frito-Lay) toy and trinket prizes have been replaced with paper prizes displaying riddles and jokes. In 2013, some prizes became codes for people to redeem \"nostalgic\" games on the Cracker Jack app through Google Play for Android-powered devices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.458555221557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cracker Jack" }, { "answer": "Cracker Jack", "passage": "Frito-Lay North America is the division which controls Frito-Lay product research and development, sales and distribution within the U.S. and Canada. Its primary brands include Lay's and Ruffles potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Tostitos tortilla chips and dips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Fritos corn chips, Rold Gold pretzels, Sun Chips, and Cracker Jack popcorn. Products made by this division are sold to independent distributors and retailers, and are transported from Frito-Lay's manufacturing plants to distribution centers, primarily in vehicles owned and operated by the company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8693621158599854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frito-Lay" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "A sheep in its first year is called a lamb, and its meat is also called lamb. The meat of a juvenile sheep older than one year is hogget; outside North America this is also a term for the living animal. The meat of an adult sheep is mutton, a term only used for the meat, not the living animals. The term mutton is sometimes used to refer to goat meat in the Indian subcontinent. ", "precise_score": 1.6460762023925781, "rough_score": 0.4324088394641876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "The definitions for lamb, hogget and mutton vary considerably between countries. Younger lambs are smaller and more tender. Mutton is meat from a sheep over two years old, and has less tender flesh. In general, the darker the colour, the older the animal. Baby lamb meat will be pale pink, while regular lamb is pinkish-red.", "precise_score": 3.8593058586120605, "rough_score": 1.2060298919677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "The term \"mutton\" is applied to goat meat in most of these countries, and the goat population has been rising. For example, mutton-curry is always made from goat meat. It is estimated that over one-third of the goat population is slaughtered every year and sold as mutton. The husbanded sheep population in India and South Asian countries has been in decline for over 40 years and has survived at marginal levels in mountainous regions, based on wild-sheep breeds, and mainly for wool production.", "precise_score": 3.264798879623413, "rough_score": 3.393928050994873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a carcase (carcass in American English) weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms (12 and 65 lbs). This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some Western countries. Hogget and mutton have a stronger flavour than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids and are preferred by some. Mutton and hogget also tend to be tougher than lamb (because of connective tissue maturation) and are therefore better suited to casserole-style cooking, as in Lancashire hotpot, for example.", "precise_score": 2.2697768211364746, "rough_score": 3.1531810760498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of domestic sheep (species Ovis aries) at different ages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3061026334762573, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Lamb is the most expensive of the three types, and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as \"lamb\", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. The stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the Mutton Renaissance Campaign in the UK. In Australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. Other languages, for example French and Italian, make similar, or even more detailed, distinctions between sheep meat by age and sometimes by gender, though these languages do not use different words to refer to the animal and its meat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.766151487827301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Lamb — a young sheep under 12 months of age which does not have any permanent incisor teeth in wear. (Note that the Australian definition requires 0 permanent incisors, whereas the New Zealand definition allows 0 incisors 'in wear'.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359219551086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Hogget — A term for a sheep of either sex having no more than two permanent incisors in wear, or its meat. Still common in farming usage, it is now rare as a domestic or retail term for the meat. Much of the \"lamb\" sold in the UK is \"hogget\" to an Antipodean farmer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.962481498718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Mutton — a female (ewe) or castrated male (wether) sheep having more than two permanent incisors in wear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.897825717926025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Ovine", "passage": "*Lamb — ovine animals of any age, including ewes and rams ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638364791870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Under the previous definition (2010 CFR §65.190), 'lamb' meant 'meat, other than mutton (or yearling mutton), produced from sheep'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2077507972717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Lamb — a young sheep that is less than one year old", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360956192016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Yearling lamb — a young sheep between 12 and 24 months old", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434520721435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "*Salt marsh lamb (also known as 'saltmarsh lamb' or by its French name, agneau de pré-salé) is the meat of sheep which graze on salt marsh in coastal estuaries that are washed by the tides and support a range of salt-tolerant grasses and herbs, such as samphire, sparta grass, sorrel and sea lavender. Depending on where the salt marsh is located, the nature of the plants may be subtly different. Salt marsh lamb has long been appreciated in France and is growing in popularity in the United Kingdom. Places where salt marsh lamb are reared in the UK include Harlech and the Gower Peninsula in Wales, the Somerset Levels and Morecambe Bay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.114163398742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Forequarter meat of sheep, as of other mammals, includes more connective tissue than some other cuts, and, if not from a young lamb, is best cooked slowly using either a moist method, such as braising or stewing, or by slow roasting or American barbecuing. It is, in some countries, sold already chopped or diced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.37174654006958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Meat from sheep features prominently in several cuisines of the Mediterranean, for example in Greece, where it is an integral component of many meals, including religious feasts such as Easter (see avgolemono, magiritsa); Turkey, in North Africa, the Middle East, in Jordan , Pakistan and Afghanistan; in the Basque culture, both in the Basque country of Europe and in the shepherding areas of the Western United States. In Northern Europe, mutton and lamb feature in many traditional dishes, including those of Iceland and of the United Kingdom, particularly in the western and northern uplands, Scotland and Wales. Mutton used to be an important part of Hungarian cuisine due to strong pastoral traditions but began to be increasingly looked down on with the spread of urbanisation. It is also very popular in Australia. Lamb and mutton are very popular in Central Asia and in certain parts of China, where other red meats may be eschewed for religious or economic reasons. Barbecued mutton is also a specialty in some areas of the United States (chiefly Owensboro, Kentucky) and Canada. However, meat from sheep is generally consumed far less in North America than in many European, Central American and Asian cuisines; for example, average per capita consumption of lamb in the United States is only 400 grams/year, with half the population never having tried it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8810877799987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" }, { "answer": "Sheep", "passage": "Sheep meat production ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.487113952636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lamb and mutton" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "Star Gazers (formerly known as Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler and later Jack Horkheimer: Star Gazer) is a five-minute astronomy show on American public television previously hosted by Jack Foley Horkheimer, executive director of the Miami Space Transit Planetarium. After his death in 2010 from a respiratory illness from which he had suffered since childhood, a series of guest astronomers hosted until 2011, when Dean Regas, James Albury and Marlene Hidalgo became permanent co-hosts. On the weekly program, the host informs the viewer of significant astronomical events for the upcoming week, including key constellations, stars and planets, lunar eclipses and conjunctions, as well as historical and scientific information about these events.", "precise_score": 2.8524069786071777, "rough_score": 3.254734992980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "From its inception until 1997, the show was named Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler. With the rise of the Internet, however, viewers let the show's producers and WPBT know that, instead of the program's web site showing up at the top of search results, search engines were giving results for the Hustler adult magazine. As a result, the producers renamed the show Star Gazer to avert any confusion, accidental or purposeful.", "precise_score": -2.0211760997772217, "rough_score": -0.44230371713638306, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "In 1964, Jack Horkheimer started working at the Miami Space Transit Planetarium for the Miami Museum of Science after meeting the museum's president, Arthur Smith. By the early 1970s, he was appearing on news programs talking about astronomy. He was approached by Florida's PBS affiliate, WPBT, to do a series of half-hour programs about astronomy, titled Horkheimer's Heavens. Horkheimer agreed on the condition that WPBT help him create a series of 5-minute shows on stargazing. This was the beginning of Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.314624309539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "In May 1985, the show went national, being broadcast on PBS stations around the United States with the enthusiastic Horkheimer that most people are familiar with. For the first two years of the national broadcast, Horkheimer hated the show and would not watch it, saying, \"Well this is certainly different from any Jack Horkheimer that I know.\" After that, Horkheimer realized that he was playing a character in order to generate enthusiasm for the show. The show started broadcasting in foreign markets in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.548260688781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "On August 20, 2010, Jack Horkheimer died. For more than a year after Horkheimer's death, the program continued to be produced under the title Jack Horkheimer: Star Gazer, using the same opening sequence which featured Jack Horkheimer's name and face. During that time, the program continued to use the same format with a series of guest hosts filling in for Horkheimer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.9293212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "The show has many catchphrases that viewers associate with Jack Horkheimer. Horkheimer's appearances on the show are always marked with his opening line, \"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\" and his signature closing line, \"Keep looking up!\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09321117401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "Jack Horkheimer was the creator, writer and original host of the series until his death on August 20, 2010. Horkheimer created the series in 1976 in cooperation with WPBT. He had been creating presentations for the Miami Space Transit Planetarium when he started the series. Horkheimer often appeared on news programs to host astronomical events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.690769672393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" }, { "answer": "Jack Horkheimer", "passage": "Jack Horkheimer's final broadcast was for the week of August 30 to September 5, 2010, and can be seen at . The show was his 1,708th episode and was titled, Celebrate Labor Day The Cosmic Way With A Giant Triangle Of Stars Overhead. The show was recorded approximately one month before Horkheimer's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.671696186065674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Gazers" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard Incorporated () or MasterCard Worldwide (stylized as mastercard) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the MasterCard International Global Headquarters, Purchase, New York, United States, in Westchester County. The Global Operations Headquarters is located in O'Fallon, Missouri, United States, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri. Throughout the world, its principal business is to process payments between the banks of merchants and the card issuing banks or credit unions of the purchasers who use the \"MasterCard\" brand debit and credit cards to make purchases. MasterCard Worldwide has been a publicly traded company since 2006. Prior to its initial public offering, MasterCard Worldwide was a cooperative owned by the more than 25,000 financial institutions that issue its branded cards.", "precise_score": -10.195404052734375, "rough_score": -10.709562301635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard, along with Visa, has been sued in a class action by ATM operators that claims the credit card networks' rules effectively fix ATM access fees. The suit claims that this is a restraint on trade in violation of federal law. The lawsuit was filed by the National ATM Council and independent operators of automated teller machines. More specifically, it is alleged that MasterCard's and Visa's network rules prohibit ATM operators from offering lower prices for transactions over PIN-debit networks that are not affiliated with Visa or MasterCard. The suit says that this price fixing artificially raises the price that consumers pay using ATMs, limits the revenue that ATM-operators earn, and violates the Sherman Act's prohibition against unreasonable restraints of trade. Johnathan Rubin, an attorney for the plaintiffs said, \"Visa and MasterCard are the ringleaders, organizers, and enforcers of a conspiracy among U.S. banks to fix the price of ATM access fees in order to keep the competition at bay.\" ", "precise_score": -10.808964729309082, "rough_score": -10.969271659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Plaintiffs allege that Visa, MasterCard, and major credit card issuers engaged in a conspiracy to fix interchange fees, also known as swipe fees, that are charged to merchants for the privilege of accepting payment cards at artificially high levels. In their complaint, the plaintiffs also alleged that the defendants unfairly interfere with merchants from encouraging customers to use less expensive forms of payment such as lower-cost cards, cash, and checks. ", "precise_score": -10.20654582977295, "rough_score": -11.047205924987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "On November 15, 2004, MasterCard Inc. paid damages to American Express, due to anticompetitive practices that prevented American Express from issuing cards through U.S. banks, and paid 1.8 billion dollars for settlement. ", "precise_score": -10.876553535461426, "rough_score": -11.195219039916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "As of 2013, MasterCard is under investigation by the European Union for the high fees it charges tourists who use their cards in Europe, and other anti-competitive practices that could hinder electronic commerce and international trade, and high fees associated with premium credit cards. The EU's competition regulator said that these fees were of special concern because of the growing role of non-cash payments. MasterCard charges non-European tourists much more than customers using cards issued in Europe. MasterCard could be fined up to 10 percent of its 2012 revenue or around $740 million. MasterCard was banned from charging fees on cross-border transactions conducted wholly within the EU via a ruling by the European Commission in 2007. The European Commission said that their investigation also includes large differences in fees across national borders. For instance, a 50-euro payment might cost 10 euro cents in the Netherlands but eight times that amount in Poland. The Commission argues that MasterCard rules that prohibit merchants from enjoying better terms offered in other EU countries may be against anti-trust law.", "precise_score": -10.263498306274414, "rough_score": -10.447125434875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) praised the action against MasterCard. BEUC said interbank fees push up prices and hurt consumers. BEUC Director General Monique Goyens said, \"\"So in the end, all consumers are hit by a scheme which ultimately rewards the card company and issuing bank.\" ", "precise_score": -10.812636375427246, "rough_score": -11.223694801330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In June 2013, MasterCard announced a partnership with British Airways to offer members the Executive Club Multi-currency Cash Passport, which will allow members to earn extra points and make multi-currency payments. The Passport card allows users to load up to ten currencies (euro, pound, U.S. dollar, Turkish Lira, Swiss franc, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, New Zealand dollar, U.A.E. dirham and South African rand) at a locked-in rate. When used, the card selects the local currency to ensure the best exchange rate, and if the local currency is not already loaded onto the card, funds are used from other currencies.", "precise_score": -10.401863098144531, "rough_score": -10.2866792678833, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard's current advertising campaign tagline is \"Priceless\". The slogan associated with the campaign is \"There are some things money can't buy. For everything else, there's MasterCard.\" The Priceless campaign in more recent iterations has been applicable to both MasterCard's credit card and debit card products. They also use the Priceless description to promote products such as their \"priceless travel\" site which features deals and offers for MasterCard holders, and \"priceless cities\", offers for people in specified locations. ", "precise_score": 6.424642562866211, "rough_score": -2.349158763885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The purpose of the campaign is to position MasterCard as a friendly credit card company with a sense of humor, as well as responding to the public's worry that everything is being commodified and that people are becoming too materialistic. ", "precise_score": -10.788825035095215, "rough_score": -11.04365348815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Many parodies have been made using this same pattern, especially on Comedy Central, though MasterCard has threatened legal action, contending that MasterCard views such parodies as a violation of its rights under the federal and state trademark and unfair competition laws, under the federal and state anti-dilution laws, and under the Copyright Act. Despite these claims, however, noted US consumer advocate and presidential candidate Ralph Nader emerged victorious (after a four-year battle) in the suit MasterCard brought against him after he produced his own \"Priceless\" political commercials. In the election ads Nader had criticized the corporate financing of both the Bush and Gore campaigns. Using the theme and some of the language behind the MasterCard \"Priceless\" campaign the election specified the dollar amounts contributed by corporate interests to both candidates and then summed it up with \"finding out the truth ... priceless\". MasterCard sued Nader's campaign committee and filed a temporary restraining order to stop the ads. The TRO was not granted and Nader defended the ads by claiming they were protected under the fair use doctrine. ", "precise_score": -10.85382080078125, "rough_score": -10.991086959838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 1994 Argentinian born Edgardo Apestguia created in Paraguay an ad campaign for Bancard's credit card. Its slogan was \"There are things money can't buy, but, for everything else, there is Bancard\". Plagiarism lawsuits were filed in Paraguay and Chile against MasterCard and their publicist Mc Cann, who registered the \"priceless\" slogan ads in the US in 1999 and was represented in Paraguay by Nafta and Biedermann publicists at the time.", "precise_score": 6.565162181854248, "rough_score": -4.629023551940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard Contactless (formerly branded Paypass ) is an EMV-compatible, \"contactless\" payment feature similar to American Express' ExpressPay, and Visa payWave. All three use the same symbol as shown on the right. It is based on the ISO/IEC 14443 standard that provides cardholders with a simpler way to pay by tapping a payment card or other payment device, such as a phone or key fob, on a point-of-sale terminal reader rather than swiping or inserting a card. PayPass can currently be used on transactions up to and including 30 GBP, 25 EUR, 50 USD, 100 CAD, 200 NOK, 80 NZD, or 100 AUD.", "precise_score": -10.622408866882324, "rough_score": -10.759767532348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard, originally known as Interbank/Master Charge, was created by several California banks as a competitor to the BankAmericard issued by Bank of America, which later became the Visa credit card issued by Visa Inc. From 1966 to 1979, MasterCard was called \"Interbank\" and \"Master Charge\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491015434265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The original banks behind MasterCard were United California Bank (later First Interstate Bank and subsequently merged into Wells Fargo Bank), Wells Fargo, Crocker National Bank (also subsequently merged into Wells Fargo), and the Bank of California (subsequently merged into the Union Bank of California). Robert Leavelle, Senior Vice President of Farmer's & Merchants Bank of Long Beach, California, along with his son Martin Leavelle, created the graphic image based on the two overlapping circles with the Master Charge title overlaid in the center of the logo. This was part of an effort by The Independent Banker's Association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440511703491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Master Charge", "passage": "In 1966, the aforementioned group of California banks formed the Interbank Card Association (ICA). With the help of New York's Marine Midland Bank, now HSBC Bank USA, these banks joined with the ICA to create \"Master Charge: The Interbank Card\". The card was given a significant boost in 1969, when First National City Bank joined, merging its proprietary Everything Card with Master Charge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355856895446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 1968, MasterCard International and Eurocard started a strategic alliance, which effectively allowed MasterCard access to the European market, and for Eurocard to be accepted on the MasterCard network. The Access card system from the United Kingdom joined the MasterCard/Eurocard alliance in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521600723266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 1979, \"Master Charge: The Interbank Card\" was renamed simply \"MasterCard\". In the early 1990s MasterCard then bought the British Access card and the Access name was dropped. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458884239196777, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2002, MasterCard International merged with Europay International SA, another large credit-card issuer association, which for many years issued cards under the name Eurocard (payment card).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53822135925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2006, MasterCard International underwent another name change to MasterCard Worldwide. This was done in order to suggest a more global scale of operations. In addition, the company introduced a new corporate logo adding a third circle to the two that had been used in the past (the familiar card logo, resembling a Venn diagram, remains unchanged). A new corporate tagline was introduced at the same time: \"The Heart of Commerce\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489956855773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2010, MasterCard expanded its e-commerce offering with the acquisition of DataCash, a UK-based payment processing and fraud/risk management provider. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408990859985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2012, MasterCard announced the expansion of its mobile contactless payments program, including markets across the Middle East. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5133056640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2014, MasterCard acquired Australian leading rewards program manager company Pinpoint for an undisclosed amount. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368553161621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard teamed with Apple in September 2014, to incorporate a new mobile wallet feature into Apple's new iPhone models, enabling users to more readily use their MasterCard, and other credit cards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507682800292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Both MasterCard and Visa have paid approximately $3 billion in damages resulting from a class-action lawsuit filed by Hagens Berman in January 1996. The litigation cites several retail giants as plaintiffs, including Wal-Mart, Sears, Roebuck & Co., and Safeway. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297782897949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In October 2010, Visa and MasterCard reached a settlement with the U.S. Justice Department in another antitrust case. The companies agreed to allow merchants displaying their logos to decline certain types of cards (because interchange fees differ), or to offer consumers discounts for using cheaper cards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255151748657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "On November 27, 2012, a federal judge entered an order granting preliminary approval to a proposed settlement to a class-action lawsuit filed in 2005 by merchants and trade associations against MasterCard, Visa, and many credit card issuers. The suit was filed due to price fixing and other anti-competitive trade practices employed by MasterCard and Visa. A majority of named-class plaintiffs have objected and vowed to opt out of the settlement. Opponents object to provisions that would bar future lawsuits and even prevent merchants from opting out of significant portions of the proposed settlement. Stephen Neuwirth, a lawyer representing Home Depot, said, “It’s so obvious Visa and MasterCard were prepared to make a large payment because of the scope of the releases being given. It’s all one quid pro quo and merchants like the Home Depot are being denied the chance to opt out of that quid pro quo and say this is a bad deal.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273270606994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard, along with Visa, engaged in systematic parallel exclusion against American Express during the 1980s and 1990s. MasterCard used exclusivity clauses in its contracts and blacklists to prevent banks from doing business with American Express. Such exclusionary clauses and other written evidence was used by the United States Department of Justice in regulatory actions against MasterCard and Visa. Discover has sued MasterCard for similar issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471085548400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 1996 about 4 million merchants sued MasterCard in federal court for making them accept debit cards if they wanted to accept credit cards and dramatically increasing credit card swipe fees. This case was settled with a multibillion-dollar payment in 2003. This was the largest anti-trust award in history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309610366821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 1998, the Department of Justice sued MasterCard over rules prohibiting their issuing banks from doing business with American Express or Discover. The Department of Justice won in 2001 and the verdict withstood appeal. American Express also filed suit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531394004821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "On August 23, 2001, MasterCard International Inc. was sued for violating the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526500701904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The European Union has repeatedly criticised MasterCard for monopolistic trade practices. In April 2009, MasterCard reached a settlement with the European Union in an antitrust case, promising to reduce debit card swipe fees to 0.2 percent of purchases. In December 2010, a senior official from the European Central Bank called for a break-up of the Visa/MasterCard duopoly by creation of a new European debit card for use in the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303472518920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "WikiLeaks published documents showing that American authorities lobbied Russia to defend the interests of Visa and MasterCard. In response MasterCard blocked payments to WikiLeaks. Members of the European Parliament expressed concern that payments from European citizens to a European corporation could apparently be blocked by the United States, and called for a further reduction in the dominance of Visa and MasterCard in the European payment system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362953186035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "On December 27, 2014, Visa Inc. and MasterCard suspended servicing some Russian banks in Crimea: Rossiya Bank, Sobinbank, SMP Bank and Investcapitalbank, after the USA issued sanctions against the Russian government due to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407697677612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2003, the Reserve Bank of Australia required that interchange fees be dramatically reduced, from about 0.95% of the transaction to approximately 0.5%. One notable result has been the reduced use of reward cards and increased use of debit cards. Australia also prohibited the \"no surcharge\" rule, a policy established by credit card networks like Visa and MasterCard to prevent merchants from charging a credit card usage fee to the cardholder. A surcharge would mitigate or even exceed the merchant discount paid by a merchant, but would also make the cardholder more reluctant to use the card as the method of payment. Australia has also made changes to the interchange rates on debit cards and has considered abolishing interchange fees altogether.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278839111328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "As of November 2006, New Zealand was considering similar actions, following a Commerce Commission lawsuit alleging price-fixing by Visa and MasterCard. In New Zealand, merchants pay a 1.8% fee on every credit card transaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46934700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In December 2010, MasterCard blocked all payments to WikiLeaks due to claims that they engage in illegal activity. In a response, a group of online activists calling themselves \"Anonymous\" organised a denial-of-service attack; as a result, the MasterCard website experienced downtime on December 8–9, 2010. On December 9, 2010 the servers of MasterCard underwent a massive attack as part of an Operation Avenge Assange for closing down payments of whistleblowing platform WikiLeaks. According to several news sites, security of thousands of credit cards was compromised during that attack due to a phishing-site set up by the attackers. However, MasterCard denied this, stating that \"cardholder account data has not been placed at risk\". WikiLeaks spokesman said: “We neither condemn nor applaud these attacks.\" U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay said that closing down credit lines for donations to WikiLeaks \"could be interpreted as an attempt to censor the publication of information, thus potentially violating WikiLeaks' right to freedom of expression\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367287635803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The company that enables WikiLeaks to accept credit and debit card donations said it would take legal action against Visa Europe and MasterCard. Iceland-based IT firm DataCell said it would move immediately to try to force the two companies to resume allowing payments to the website. DataCell had earlier said that suspension of payments towards WikiLeaks is a violation of the agreements with their customers. On July 14, 2011 DataCell announced they had filed a complaint with the European Commission claiming the closure by Visa and MasterCard of Datcell‘s access to the payment card networks violated the competition rules of the European Community. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34896469116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "On July 12, 2012 a Reykjavík court ruled that Valitor, Visa and MasterCard's partner in Iceland, had to start processing donations within fourteen days on pain of daily fines to the amount of ISK 800,000 (some $6000) for each day after that time, to open the payment gateway. Valitor also had to pay DataCell's litigation costs of ISK 1,500,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31656265258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2014, pursuant to an agreement between MasterCard and the Nigerian Government, acting through the National Identity Management Commission, the new Nigerian ID cards will bear MasterCard logo, contain personal database data and double as payment cards, irrevocably linking such payments to the individuals, sparking criticism by the Civil Rights Congress alleging that it \"represents a stamped ownership of a Nigerian by an American company ... reminiscent of the logo pasted on the bodies of African slaves transported across the Atlantic.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257416725158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard, Comerica Bank, and the U.S. Treasury Department teamed up in 2008 to create the Direct Express Debit MasterCard prepaid debit card. The federal government uses the Express Debit product to issue electronic payments to people who do not have bank accounts, who are often referred to collectively as the “unbanked”. Comerica Bank is the issuing bank for the debit card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305374145507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "The first of these Priceless ads was run during the 1997 World Series and there are numerous different TV, radio and print ads. MasterCard registered Priceless as a trademark. Actor Billy Crudup has been the voice in the US market; in the UK, actor Jack Davenport is the voice. The original idea and concept of the campaign stems from the advertising agency of McCann Erickson (as it was named in 1997). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339057922363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard MarketPlace ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528950691223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Through a partnership with an Internet company that specializes in personalized shopping, MasterCard introduced a Web shopping mall on April 16, 2010 that it said can pinpoint with considerable accuracy what its cardholders are likely to purchase. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400675773620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard engages in the sponsorship of major sporting events throughout the world. These include the New Zealand All Blacks the country's rugby team, Major League Baseball, the UEFA Champions League, the PGA Tour's Arnold Palmer Invitational Presented by MasterCard, the Canadian Hockey League's Memorial Cup and recently announced a new sponsorship deal with Australian Cricket team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493550300598145, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Previously it also sponsored FIFA World Cup but withdrew its contract after a court settlement and its rival Visa took up the contract in 2007. In 1997, MasterCard was the main sponsor of the MasterCard Lola Formula One team, which withdrew from the 1997 Formula One season after its first race due to financial problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575950622558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard has its headquarters in the MasterCard International Global Headquarters in Purchase, New York. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497450828552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Ann Cairns", "passage": "* Ann Cairns: President - International Markets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558220863342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "Prior to its IPO in 2006, MasterCard was an association that had a board of directors composed of banks. The current Board of Directors includes the following individuals:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533917427062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "* Richard Haythornthwaite, Chairman of the Board MasterCard Incorporated, President, PSI UK Ltd", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506730079650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "* Ajay Banga, President and Chief Executive Officer, MasterCard Worldwide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536116600036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In June 2013, MasterCard has announced the promotion of Gilberto Caldart to head of Latin America and Caribbean division. Ann Cairns, the president of MasterCard’s international markets division, stated that she is certain that Gilberto, as the new regional head will continue to help customers grow their business, and provide MasterCard cardholders with innovative payment products and solutions. Caldart joined MasterCard from Citi Brazil in 2008, where he served as country business manager and oversaw the retail bank, consumer finance and cards business. He holds a bachelor's degree in business administration and accounting, as well as a master's degree from Duke University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288331031799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard Contactless ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.581338882446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "In 2003, MasterCard concluded a nine-month PayPass market trial in Orlando, Florida with JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, and MBNA. More than 16,000 cardholders and more than 60 retailer locations participated in the market trial. In addition, MasterCard worked with Nokia, AT&T Wireless, and JPMorgan Chase to incorporate MasterCard PayPass into mobile phones using near-field communication technology, in Dallas, Texas. In 2011, Google and MasterCard launched Google Wallet, an Android application which allows a mobile device to send credit/debit card information directly to a Paypass-enabled payment terminal, bypassing the need for a physical card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33370590209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "PayPass", "passage": "During late 2015, Citicards in the USA stopped issuing Paypass-enabled plastic, but the keyfob was still available upon request. Effective July 16, 2016, Citicards will stop supporting Paypass completely. While existing plastic and keyfobs will continue to work until their expiration date, no new Paypass-enabled hardware will be issued to US customers after that date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496158599853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "QkR", "passage": "QkR", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414030075073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "QkR is a mobile payment app developed by MasterCard, for the purpose of ordering products and services through a smartphone with payments charged to the associated credit card. It is being deployed for use in large scale events, such as sport events, concerts, or movie theaters. Unlike other MasterCard mobile payment apps such as Pay Pass, QkR does not use NFC from the phone, but rather an Internet connection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249173164367676, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "QkR", "passage": "QkR is being marketed to vendors as a replacement for other mobile payment apps and a mobile ordering app, either distributed by the vendor (such as Starbucks's app, McDonalds' app, or Chipotle's mobile ordering app) or by a third party, such as Square, headed by Twitter cofounder Jack Dorsey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28448486328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard operates Banknet, a global telecommunications network linking all MasterCard card issuers, acquirers, and data processing centers into a single financial network. The operations hub is located in St. Louis, Missouri. Banknet uses the ISO 8583 protocol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454358100891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" }, { "answer": "Mastercard", "passage": "MasterCard's network differs significantly from Visa's. Visa's is a star-based system where all endpoints terminate at one of several main data centers, where all transactions are processed centrally. MasterCard's network is an edge-based, peer-to-peer network where transactions travel a meshed network directly to other endpoints, without the need to travel to a single point. This allows MasterCard's network to be much more resilient, in that a single failure cannot isolate a large number of endpoints. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455066680908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "MasterCard" } ]

[ { "answer": "Milk", "passage": "A White Russian is a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur (e.g., Kahlúa or Tia Maria), and cream served with ice in an Old Fashioned glass. Often milk will be used as an alternative to cream.", "precise_score": 6.043763160705566, "rough_score": 3.8488669395446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "White Russian (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Milk", "passage": "Many variants of the cocktail exist, both localised and widely known, such as a White Canadian (made with goat's milk), a Blind Russian (made with Baileys Irish Cream instead of cream – \"Blind\" comes from the drink being made with all-alcoholic ingredients), a White Mexican (made with horchata), an Anna Kournikova (made with skimmed milk, i.e. a \"skinny, low-fat\" White Russian), a White Cuban (made with rum instead of vodka), a White Belgian (made with chocolate liqueur instead of coffee liqueur), or a Dirty Russian (made with chocolate milk instead of cream). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8245949745178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "White Russian (cocktail)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jeff Foxworthy", "passage": "Comedian Jeff Foxworthy's 1993 comedy album You Might Be a Redneck If... cajoled listeners to evaluate their own behavior in the context of stereotypical redneck behavior. This resulted in more mainstream usage of the term.", "precise_score": 3.4903621673583984, "rough_score": -2.1450984477996826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Redneck" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Though preceded as a \"patriotically themed superhero\" by MLJ's The Shield, Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II, as evidenced by the unusual move at the time of premiering the character in his own title instead of an anthology title first. This popularity drew the attention and a complaint from MLJ that the character's triangular shield too closely resembled the chest symbol of their Shield character. In response, Goodman had Simon and Kirby create a distinctive round shield for issue 2, which went on to become an iconic element of the character. With his sidekick Bucky, Captain America faced Nazis, Japanese, and other threats to wartime America and the Allies. Stanley Lieber, now better known as Stan Lee, contributed to the character in issue #3 in the filler text story \"Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge\", which introduced the character's use of his shield as a returning throwing weapon. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fan-club called the \"Sentinels of Liberty\".", "precise_score": 6.577674388885498, "rough_score": 6.07412576675415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "After then guest-starring in the feature \"Iron Man\" in Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that \"split book\", beginning the following issue. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through issue #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during World War II and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick, Bucky. Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968); Gil Kane and John Romita Sr., each filled in once. Several stories were finished by penciller-inker George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciller Dick Ayers and inker John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were Frank Giacoia (as \"Frank Ray\") and Joe Sinnott, though Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist Syd Shores inked one story each.", "precise_score": 7.529263019561768, "rough_score": 7.808915138244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Barnes learns of Rogers' dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick. During their adventures, Franklin D. Roosevelt presents Captain America with a new shield, forged from an alloy of steel and vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst, so effective that it replaces his own firearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name. Captain America fights in numerous battles in WWII, primarily as a member of 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment \"Blue Spaders\". Captain America battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, the Hangman, the Fang, the Black Talon, and the White Death, among others.", "precise_score": 8.326269149780273, "rough_score": 8.341233253479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In late April 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. The pair reaches the plane just before take off. When Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Both are presumed dead, though it is later revealed that neither one died.", "precise_score": 3.6150119304656982, "rough_score": 1.4101266860961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Bucky is the name used by several different fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a sidekick to Captain America. The original Bucky, James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes, was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover-dated March 1941), which was published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics. In 2005 the original Bucky was brought back from supposed death as the brain-washed assassin Winter Soldier, and later briefly assumed the role of Captain America when Steve Rogers was presumed to be dead.", "precise_score": 4.561387062072754, "rough_score": 3.5517518520355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "When Joe Simon created his initial sketch of Captain America for Marvel Comics precursor Timely Comics in 1940, he included a young sidekick. \"The boy companion was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team,\" Simon said in his autobiography.Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. The Comic Book Makers (Crestwood/II, 1990), p. 50. ISBN 1-887591-35-4. Reissued (Vanguard Productions, 2003) ISBN 1-887591-35-4 Following the character's debut in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941), Bucky Barnes appeared alongside the title star in virtually every story in that publication and other Timely series, and was additionally part of the all-kid team the Young Allies. In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Bucky appeared alongside team-leader Captain America in the two published adventures of Timely/Marvel's first superhero group, the All-Winners Squad, in All Winners Comics #19 and 21 (Fall-Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and seriously wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend Betsy Ross, who became the superhero Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ended with #75 (Feb. 1950), by which time the series had been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.", "precise_score": 4.287547588348389, "rough_score": 6.412827014923096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Retroactive continuity, beginning with The Avengers #4 (March 1964), established that the original Captain America and Bucky went missing near the end of World War II and were secretly replaced by then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman by successor heroes using those identities.", "precise_score": 4.414046287536621, "rough_score": 4.4018235206604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Bucky appeared in very occasional flashbacks from the 1960s on, and co-starred with Captain America in flashback World War II adventures in Tales of Suspense #63-71 (March-Nov. 1965). His apparent death was depicted in flashback in The Avengers #56 (Sept. 1968).", "precise_score": 2.1184656620025635, "rough_score": 4.926223278045654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In 2005, series writer Ed Brubaker returned Bucky from his seeming death near the end of World War II. He additionally revealed that Barnes's official status as Captain America's sidekick was a cover-up, and that Barnes began as a 16-year-old operative trained to do things regular soldiers and the twenty-something Captain America normally would not do, such as conduct covert assassinations.", "precise_score": 8.59593677520752, "rough_score": 8.701316833496094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In 1940, Bucky accidentally walked in on Steve Rogers changing into his uniform, thus discovering his friend was Captain America and insisted that he join him. He underwent extensive training and was assigned to be Captain America's partner. The military justified putting a 15-year-old in harm's way by using him as a symbol to rally the youth of America (as revealed in Captain America vol. 5, #12, Dec 2005). They fight the Red Skull together, and Captain America accepts Bucky as his partner. Together, Captain America and Bucky fight Nazis both at home and abroad, as a duo and as part of the superhero team known as the Invaders, fighting Master Man in their first mission. Barnes also teams up with the sidekicks of other heroes in a group called the Young Allies. Additionally, Bucky was retconned in 1976 as the organizer of the flashback World War II super-team the Liberty Legion, set between the formations of the Invaders and the post-war All-Winners Squad. He was also briefly one of the Kid Commandos at this time. Bucky served as an advance scout for Captain America and the Invaders, often being assigned tasks that none of the heroes could be seen doing.", "precise_score": 4.7737507820129395, "rough_score": 3.5067267417907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Having trained under Steve Rogers (the original Captain America in World War II) and others in the time leading up to World War II, \"Bucky\" Barnes is a master of hand-to-hand combat and martial arts, as well as being skilled in the use of military weapons such as firearms and grenades. He also used throwing knives on occasion and was a gifted advance scout. His time as the covert Soviet agent known as the Winter Soldier helped to further hone his skills, making him the equal to his predecessor in combat skills and an expert assassin and spy. He is also fluent in many languages, including English, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Russian, Latin, and Japanese. He can understand French. ", "precise_score": 2.868553400039673, "rough_score": 2.4388320446014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the DC Comics/Marvel Comics one-shot intercompany crossover Batman/Captain America (Dec. 1996), written and drawn by John Byrne and set during World War II, Bucky briefly takes Dick Grayson/Robin's place as Batman's sidekick, while Robin becomes Captain America's sidekick. In this alternate reality (set in one of DC Comics' numerous \"Elseworlds\" continuities), Bucky dies (off-page) as he had done in numerous Avengers and Captain America recollections.", "precise_score": 8.72303581237793, "rough_score": 8.754450798034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "The alternate reality Ultimate Marvel version of Bucky Barnes is an adult sidekick of Captain America (Steve Rogers). This version is Steve Rogers' childhood friend who accompanies on missions as an Army press photographer. Surviving the war and believing Captain America's death, Bucky eventually marries Gail Richards and has a large extended family. During which, Bucky is diagnosed as having lung cancer from chain smoking back in the War. Barnes and Gail both live to see Steve's revival in the 21st century and renews their friendship. After America was taken by the Liberators, Bucky is captured at a cemetery with Steve and remains unseen. However, both he and Gail are seen being taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. protective custody after it is discovered that the Red Skull is Steve's and Gail's illegitimate son. ", "precise_score": 6.249334812164307, "rough_score": 7.374520778656006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the alternate reality Marvel MAX series U.S. War Machine, Bucky was serving in the present as Captain America, as the Captain had died in his stead in World War II. Bucky was accompanied here by two assistants, Hawkeye and Falcon, neither wearing a costume and both addressed by their real names.", "precise_score": 6.2146525382995605, "rough_score": 4.652235984802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* The character appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, with Bucky Barnes voiced by Scott Menville and Winter Soldier's animated debut voiced by Jon Curry. In the show, Bucky assisted Captain America during World War II. He and Captain America snuck in to a HYDRA base, where they battled creatures from other realms. When Bucky and Captain America later go after the Red Skull onto the villain's rocket ship, Bucky's leg got caught in a bar. When Captain America tried to help him, Bucky kicked his friend off, stating that \"The World needs Cap more than it needs Bucky Barnes\". Although presumed dead for decades, he returns (possibly due to Captain America's contact with the Cosmic Cube) as the mysterious Winter Soldier, one of Dell Rusk's government operatives along Doc Samson, Falcon and the Red Hulk.", "precise_score": 4.862465858459473, "rough_score": 6.290998935699463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "** In Captain America: The First Avenger, Bucky serves in World War II along with his best friend Steve Rogers and supposedly falls to his death.", "precise_score": 4.760087490081787, "rough_score": 5.991735935211182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely's first superhero team, the All-Winners Squad, in its two published adventures, in All Winners Comics #19 and #21 (Fall–Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend, Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ran until issue #73 (July 1949), at which time the series was retitled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale being a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.245648741722107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "After Rogers' return, Barnes, at Rogers' insistence, continued as Captain America, beginning in the one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield? (Feb. 2010). While Bucky Barnes continued adventuring in the pages of Captain America, Steve Rogers received his own miniseries (Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier) as well as taking on the leadership position in a new Secret Avengers ongoing series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.425051212310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Marvel stated in May 2011 that Rogers, following the public death of Bucky Barnes in the Fear Itself miniseries, would resume his Captain America identity in a sixth volume of Captain America, by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Steve McNiven. The Captain America title continued from issue #620 featuring team up stories with Bucky (#620-#628), Hawkeye (#629-#632), Iron Man (#633–635), Namor (#635.1), and Black Widow (#636-#640), and the title ended its print run with issue #640.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.450673580169678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Unable to create new Super-Soldiers and willing to hide the Project Rebirth fiasco, the American government casts Rogers as a patriotic superhero, able to counter the menace of the Red Skull as a counter-intelligence agent. He is supplied with a patriotic uniform of his own design, a bulletproof shield, a personal side arm, and the codename Captain America, while posing as a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. He forms a friendship with the camp's teenage mascot, James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.614784240722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In addition to Bucky, Captain America was occasionally assisted by the Sentinels of Liberty. Sentinels of Liberty was the title given to members of the Captain America Comics fan club who Captain America sometimes addressed as an aside, or as characters in the Captain America Comics stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.046828269958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "The last of these other official Captains, William Burnside, was a history graduate enamored with the Captain America mythos, having his appearance surgically altered to resemble Rogers and legally changing his name to \"Steve Rogers\", becoming the new \"1950s Captain America\". He self-administered to himself and his pupil James \"Jack\" Monroe a flawed, incomplete copy of the Super-Serum, which made no mention about the necessary Vita-Ray portion of the treatment. As a result, while Burnside and Monroe became the new Captain America and Bucky, they became violently paranoid, often raving about innocent people being communist sympathizers during the height of the Red Scare of the 1950s. Their insanity forced the U.S. government to place them in indefinite cryogenic storage until they could be cured of their mental illness. Monroe would later be cured and assume the Nomad identity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.103139877319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Captain America is plagued by guilt for having been unable to prevent Bucky's death. Although he takes the young Rick Jones (who closely resembles Bucky) under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Insisting that his hero move on from that loss, Jones convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume, but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised Red Skull, impersonating Rogers with the help of the Cosmic Cube, drives Jones away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.663837432861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rogers reveals his identity to the world and establishes a residence in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, as seen in Captain America vol. 4, #1–7 (June 2002 – Feb. 2003). Following the disbandment of the Avengers in the \"Avengers Disassembled\" story arc, Rogers, now employed by S.H.I.E.L.D., discovers Bucky is alive, having been saved and deployed by the Soviets as the Winter Soldier. Rogers resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter. After a mass supervillain break-out of the Raft, Rogers and Tony Stark assemble a new team of Avengers to hunt the escapees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.331736087799072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "The miniseries Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America #1–5 (June–Aug. 2007) follows the stunned superhero community after the apparent assassination. Captain America is purportedly laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, but Tony Stark (Iron Man) and others have actually returned Rogers' body to the Arctic where Rogers had been found years before, and whereupon Namor swore to guard him. In Captain America vol. 5, #30 (Sept. 2007), Stark, who previously had tried to convince close friend and colleague of both Rogers and Stark Clint Barton to take up the role, receives a letter containing Rogers' request that Bucky become the next Captain America, which Bucky agrees to do four issues later. Adopting the original shield, he dons a new costume incorporating a pistol and a knife. The Norse god superhero Thor communicates with what appears to be Rogers' spirit on the first anniversary of Rogers' death, setting up a massive electromagnetic surge to shut down global communications and give Rogers' spirit a moment of silence instead of the debates about what he would have done if he was still alive. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.341292381286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Captain America: Reborn #1 (Aug. 2009) reveals that Rogers did not die, and that the gun Sharon Carter had been hypnotized to use had caused Rogers to phase in and out of space and time, appearing at events in his lifetime and fighting various battles. Although Rogers manages to relay a message to the future by giving a time-delayed command to the Vision during the Kree-Skrull War, the Skull returns Rogers to the present, where he takes control of Rogers' mind and body. Rogers eventually regains control, and, with help from his allies, defeats the Skull in the fourth and final issues of this miniseries. In the subsequent one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield?, Rogers formally grants Bucky his Captain America shield and asks his former sidekick to continue as Captain America. The American President grants Rogers a full pardon for his anti-registration actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3253449201583862, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "The U.S. president appoints Rogers, in his civilian identity, as \"America's top cop\" and head of the nation's security, replacing Norman Osborn as the tenth Executive Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.. The Superhuman Registration Act is repealed and Rogers re-establishes the superhero team the Avengers, spearheaded by Iron Man, Thor, and Bucky as Captain America. In the miniseries Steve Rogers: Super Soldier, he encounters Jacob Erskine, the grandson of Professor Abraham Erskine and the son of Tyler Paxton, one of Rogers' fellow volunteers in the Super-Soldier program. Shortly afterward, Rogers becomes leader of the Secret Avengers, a black-ops superhero team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.283789157867432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "During the Fear Itself storyline, Steve Rogers is present when the threat of the Serpent is known. Following the apparent death of Bucky at the hands of Sin (in the form of Skadi), Steve Rogers ends up changing into his Captain America uniform. When the Avengers and the New Avengers are fighting Skadi, the Serpent ends up joining the battle and breaks Captain America's shield with his bare hands. Captain America and the Avengers teams end up forming a militia for a last stand against the forces of the Serpent. When it comes to the final battle, Captain America uses Thor's hammer to fight Skadi until Thor manages to kill the Serpent. In the aftermath of the battle, Iron Man presents him with his reforged shield, now stronger for its uru-infused enhancements despite the scar it bears. It is then revealed that Captain America, Nick Fury, and Black Widow are the only ones who know that Bucky actually survived the fight with Skadi as Bucky resumes his identity as Winter Soldier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.939725399017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Sebastian Stan portrays the character as Bucky Barnes in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), as the Winter Soldier in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and as both in Captain America: Civil War (2016).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5192561149597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Captain America and Bucky were both briefly revived, along with fellow Timely stars the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in the omnibus Young Men #24 (Dec. 1953), published by Marvel's 1950s iteration Atlas Comics. Bucky appeared alongside \"Captain America, Commie Smasher!\", as the hero was cover-billed, in stories published during the next year in Young Men and Men's Adventures, as well as in three issues of Captain America that continued the old numbering. Sales were poor, however, and the series was discontinued with Captain America #78 (Sept. 1954).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.555166006088257, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Bucky's death had been notable as one of the few comic book deaths that remained unreversed. An aphorism among comic book fans, known as the Bucky Clause, was that in comics, \"No one stays dead except Bucky, Jason Todd and Uncle Ben\". However, all three were brought back to life in their respective universes in 2006, although Uncle Ben turned out to be an alternate Ben from another reality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096451759338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Bucky's death has also been used to explain why the Marvel Universe has virtually no young sidekicks, as no responsible hero wants to endanger a minor in similar fashion. Stan Lee also disliked the plot device of kid sidekicks, saying in the 1970s that \"One of my many pet peeves has always been the young teenage sidekick of the average superhero\". Roger Stern and John Byrne had also considered bringing Bucky back, before deciding against it. However, in 1990, co-creator Jack Kirby, when asked if he had ever heard talk of resurrecting Bucky, answered: \"Speaking completely for myself, I wouldn't mind bringing Bucky in; he represents teenagers, and there are always teenagers; he's a universal character\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.013176918029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "A climactic scene of Bucky's return involves Captain America using the reality-altering Cosmic Cube to restore the Winter Soldier's memories. Writer Ed Brubaker, in an interview, said he intended no loophole, and that Captain America did not \"will\" the Winter Soldier to have Bucky's memories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.72582483291626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "As Captain America, he appeared as a regular character in the 2010-2013 Avengers series, from issue #1 (July 2010) through issue #7 (January 2011), and in issue #12.1 (June 2011). After the events of the 2011 \"Fear Itself\" storyline, Bucky returned to the role of Winter Soldier, this time as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in an eponymous series that lasted 19 issues. The first 14 issues were written by Brubaker, with the last story arc written by Jason Latour. Since January 2014, Bucky has been part of the cast of James Robinson's All-New Invaders. In July 2014, it was announced that Bucky would again have his own series, entitled Bucky Barnes: The Winter Soldier. The series is written by Ales Kot with art by Marco Rudy, and began in October 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.40553092956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "James Buchanan Barnes was born in Shelbyville, Indiana in 1925. He is an orphan, the son of a soldier killed in training at U.S. Army Camp Lehigh in Virginia just before the United States' entry into World War II. As a result, he is unofficially adopted by the camp as a mascot. Nicknamed \"Bucky\", he takes to wearing a uniform and becoming savvy with the ins and outs of military life, even though he is a teenager. It was at Lehigh that he meets and befriends Private Steven Rogers, who by all appearances is the clumsiest soldier in the camp. This was at the same time that reports of the then-mysterious Captain America begin to appear in news magazines, and Barnes eagerly devours the accounts of this new hero.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.821508407592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the closing days of World War II in 1945, Captain America and Bucky tried to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive device on it, with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. They reach the plane just before it takes off. Bucky unsuccessfully tries to defuse the bomb, and it explodes in mid-air before reaching its intended target. He will be believed to have been killed in action, as Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Rogers' body, preserved in suspended animation in a block of ice, is found decades later by The Avengers while searching the Arctic for the Sub-Mariner. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3487279415130615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "It was only in modern times that Captain America would learn that Bucky had a sister, Rebecca, whom he met at a veterans Christmas celebration. Bucky also had one notable post-mortem appearance when the Grandmaster challenged the West and East Coast Avengers for the destruction of the universe, apparently resurrecting long-dead friends and foes for them to fight. Captain America battled Bucky, whom he defeated, and the apparitions disappeared. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.108298301696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In 2005, Marvel launched a new Captain America series (Volume 5) with writer Ed Brubaker, who revealed that Bucky did not die in World War II. It was revealed that after the plane exploded, General Vasily Karpov and the crew of a Russian patrol submarine found Bucky's cold-preserved body, albeit with his left arm severed. Bucky was revived in Moscow, but suffered brain damage with amnesia as a result of the explosion. Scientists attached a bionic arm, periodically upgrading it as technology improved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0794196128845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the present day, the Winter Soldier seemingly kills the Red Skull and Jack Monroe (Nomad) under orders from former Soviet general Aleksander Lukin (Karpov's former protégé). The Winter Soldier launches a terrorist attack on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, killing hundreds, and charges the Cosmic Cube which Lukin sent him to retrieve. He kidnaps Sharon Carter, an agent of the international espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. and a former lover of Steve Rogers (Captain America). Upon her rescue, Carter tells Captain America that Winter Soldier looked like Bucky. S.H.I.E.L.D. chief Nick Fury confirms the Winter Soldier's existence, but cannot ascertain his identity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1310505867004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Captain America tracks down and confronts the Winter Soldier. Regaining his memories, Bucky becomes overwhelmed by guilt over his past actions, crushing the Cosmic Cube and teleporting away. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.813018798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Leading up to the Siege storyline, Bucky Barnes is shown still as Captain America talking with Steve Rogers in a dark body suit and standing next to him. But Rogers is back in costume and seen alongside Barnes still in his own Captain America costume. The two are helping restore Tony Stark's mind by using the shield as a conduit for Thor's lightning. In the second issue, Barnes is alongside Steve's team of heroes. Barnes (still in his Captain America suit) pulls Rogers aside just before they are about to leave for Asgard. Barnes tells Rogers that they should \"skip the argument\" and insists that Rogers use Captain America's shield. Rogers takes the shield, and Barnes is shown with a large gun in his hands, ready for the fight ahead. In the following issue, Barnes is shown fighting alongside Rogers with both wearing their respective Captain America uniforms in Asgard. After the events of Siege, Rogers returns the shield to Barnes and retires his uniform, leaving Barnes as the only Captain America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.106259822845459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "During the Fear Itself storyline, Barnes takes up the Captain America identity again, but is apparently killed in battle with Sin (in her Skadi form). He survives after being injected with a dose of the Infinity Formula. With the world believing him dead he returned to his former identity of Winter Soldier to perform special jobs behind the scenes relating to his earlier days as the Winter Soldier. Only Rogers, Nick Fury, and Black Widow know the truth of his \"death\". Bucky and Natasha then pursue sleeper agents trained by Bucky during his Winter Soldier days, awakened recently by an unknown ex-KGB agent, who turns out to be Ivan Kragoff, the Red Ghost and former prime minister of Latveria Lucia von Bardas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.073602199554443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "During the Original Sin storyline, Bucky initially participates in the investigation into the death of Uatu the Watcher, travelling into deep space with Moon Knight and Gamora to follow up a lead. After the Orb uses one of the Watcher's eyes to force the heroes in its vicinity to witness their deepest secrets, he returns to Earth after destroying the shuttle to strand his teammates, brutally attacking Nick Fury (actually a Life Model Decoy) as he proclaims that there will be \"No more secrets\". Following the revelation that Nick Fury has been secretly protecting Earth from various alien threats for years using more brutal methods than the heroes would have condoned, as well as the revelation that he killed the Watcher in self-defense and used the Watcher's eye to find the identity of his attacker when Uatu refused to break his oath and reveal that information himself, Fury now acts as the Watcher's replacement while Bucky takes over Fury's role as Earth's more ruthless guardian. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29730224609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Other characters called Bucky", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361509323120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Fred Davis - Late-World War II and post-war Bucky", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.921168804168701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Fearing that the deaths of Captain America and Bucky, if revealed, would be a blow to morale, President Truman asked William Naslund, the hero known as the Spirit of '76 (a member of the Crusaders), to assume the identity of Captain America. Assisting him was Fred Davis, a former bat-boy for the New York Yankees, who had posed as Bucky in 1942. The new Captain America and Bucky finished the rest of the war and continued to fight crime with the All-Winners Squad. Naslund was killed in 1946 fighting the android Adam II, and Captain America's identity passed to Jeff Mace, the Patriot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4645909368991852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Davis assisted Mace until 1948, when he was shot and wounded, forcing him to retire and leaving him with a permanent limp. In 1951, Davis joined the V-Battalion, a secret organization that hunted war criminals, and eventually became one of its leaders on the Penance Council. He served the V-Battalion in both a leadership role in the Penance Council, and as an engineer. Later in his life, he was killed by a Russian sleeper agent, who wanted to send a message to the true Bucky. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.632373809814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Jack Monroe - 1950s Bucky", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177373886108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In 1953, an orphan named Jack Monroe, who idolized Captain America and Bucky, discovered that his history teacher also had a similar passion, to the extent of undergoing plastic surgery to make him look like Steve Rogers and assuming his name as well. In addition, \"Rogers\" had discovered, in some old Nazi files stored in a warehouse in Germany, the lost formula for the Super-Soldier serum that had given Captain America his abilities. The two used the serum and began to fight Communists as Captain America and Bucky. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.164320468902588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Unfortunately, \"Rogers\" and Monroe were unaware of the stabilizing \"Vita-Ray\" process used on the original Captain America. As a result, despite their bodies being enhanced to peak human efficiency, they slowly grew paranoid and dangerously insane. By the middle of 1954 they were irrationally attacking anyone they perceived to be a Communist. In 1955 the Federal Bureau of Investigation managed to hunt them down and placed them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky would be revived years later after the return of Steve Rogers, going on another rampage, and would be defeated by the man they had modeled themselves after. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.699852466583252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Monroe was last seen reassuming his original Nomad costume. At this time, he had checked in on his former ward he called Bucky, who had since been adopted. Monroe was starting to have delusions again, and started hallucinating; his sanity was again destabilizing, as it had when he first became Bucky. In the same story, Jack Monroe was shot by the Winter Soldier (James Buchanan Barnes, the original Bucky) and dumped in the trunk of a car. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135991096496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Soon after awakening in the modern age, Steve Rogers met Rick Jones. Jones donned the Bucky costume in an attempt to make himself Captain America's partner. However, Rogers was still wracked with guilt over the original Bucky's death, and refused to make this a permanent arrangement. While Jones' time in this identity is short lived and the task of measuring up to the original Bucky was daunting, he profited from it with invaluable training from Rogers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.215490341186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "During his position as Bucky, Jones received training in combat gymnastics along with hand-to-hand combat by Captain America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.745119094848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "As the Super-Patriot, John Walker teamed up with a group known as the Bold Urban Commandos (BUCkies) as a backup team, who were sometimes used in staged attacks on the Super-Patriot during his public demonstrations. Walker's main partner was African-American Lemar Hoskins, who was allowed to continue to serve as Walker's partner when Walker became Captain America, while the other Buckies, disgruntled after being left out by the Commission on Superhuman Activities, became Left-Winger and Right-Winger. Hoskins used the name and costume of \"Bucky\" until he realized the racist connotations of the alias when applied to him (prior to the American Civil War, a male slave was often referred to as a \"buck\"). He then assumed the name \"Battlestar\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.243359088897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the wake of the Onslaught Reborn series, another Rikki Barnes (from an alternate Heroes Reborn universe where the Avengers and Fantastic Four never left) has been transported to the mainstream Earth. She sought to make contact with the new Captain America (Bucky Barnes) by contacting Patriot, befriended the Patriot in the process. In a new miniseries she is assuming the Nomad identity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.493704319000244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Barnes is a natural athlete who was trained by SHIELD and Captain America. She is a gifted fighter, marksman and acrobat with the familiarity with technological devices of a SHIELD agent. As Bucky she wore a bulletproof costume modeled after the original Bucky. She also made use of a vibranium-photonic energy shield along with vibranium soled boots that allowed her to run up walls, move silently, leap greater distances and land from great heights. She also wielded a pistol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30247688293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Other persons who have used the Bucky alias include an unnamed baby that Nomad looked after for a period (after which she was adopted and given the name Julia Winters ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233298301696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the House of M reality, James Buchanan Barnes is one of the United States government agents (alongside Mimic and Nuke) sent to Genosha to kill Magneto and as many of his followers as possible. Nuke and Mimic served as a distraction while Agent Barnes sneaked into Magneto's headquarters; and though he fatally stabs Professor Xavier, Bucky was killed by Magneto. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989639282226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In the 2005 What If? event, the Captain America story, set during the American Civil War, featured Steve Rogers' commanding officer, Colonel Buck Barnes, whom the men called \"Bucky\". His mercenary tendencies led to Rogers' desertion, and when he later intervened in Rogers' transformation into Captain America, his face was destroyed, turning him into an undead being known as the White Skull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0597190856933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In Ruins, which is set in a dystopian alternate future, Bucky is taken into custody alongside Victor Creed and others for several heinous crimes, including cannibalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314971923828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "An alternate-universe Bucky appears in the 2011 miniseries Captain America Corps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9003586769104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "A new Bucky named Steve Wilson-Bradley appears in an alternate timeline seen in Avengers: The Children's Crusade. This Bucky is the son of Elijah Bradley and Samantha Wilson (the daughter of the Falcon). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920766830444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "In a world where all the Marvel characters are small children depicted in A-Babies vs. X-Babies, Bucky is Steve's teddy bear, named Bucky Bear. He is stolen by Scott Summers, igniting an enormous battle between the baby Avengers and the baby X-Men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320716857910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "Bucky (as a teenager) will appear as a member of the Battleworld Runaways during \"Secret Wars\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.532729148864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes appears in Captain America's portion of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Carl Banas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.29172945022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Rod Keller. He appears in the episode \"World War Witch\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41006851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier appears in Avengers Assemble, with Winter Soldier voiced by Bob Bergen, and Bucky Barnes voiced by Robbie Daymond. In the episode \"Ghost from the Past\", Winter Soldier infiltrates Avengers Tower in order to abduct the Red Skull and take his own revenge which conflicts with Avengers needing information on Thanos. During a fight on a rocket, Winter Soldier fights Captain America before retreating. In the episode \"Spectrums\", a spectral replica of Winter Soldier (voiced by Roger Craig Smith ) is made from Captain America's fears thanks to Doctor Spectrum, however, Captain America eventually overcomes the nightmare. Bucky later appears in Avengers: Ultron Revolution. In the episode \"Saving Captain Rogers\", Captain America gets trapped in a hypnosis where Bucky helps fight Heinrich Zemo's HYDRA army. It was Bucky that enabled Captain America to snap out of the hypnosis to assist Iron Man and Black Widow against Helmut Zemo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6404998302459717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* The Ultimate version of Bucky Barnes appears in the animated direct-to-video film Ultimate Avengers, voiced by James Arnold Taylor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772893905639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Sebastian Stan portrays Bucky Barnes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Stan has a nine-picture deal with Marvel Studios to play the character. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943572998046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "** In Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Captain America ends up discovering that Bucky is the Winter Soldier during the fight against him. When it came to the fight on two of the Helicarriers, Winter Soldier broke Falcon's flight pack. After saving Captain America from the Potomac River following the Helicarrier's crash into the Triskelion, Winter Soldier disappears. In a post-credits scene, Winter Soldier visits the Captain America exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.828449249267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "** In the post-credits scene of Ant-Man, Bucky is shown to have his metal arm caught in a vice and Falcon speaks of \"Ant-Man (Scott Lang)|know[ing] a guy\" who could help.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273303985595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "** In Captain America: Civil War, Bucky remembers his friendship with Rogers, who tries to protect his friend from the authorities. That proves a difficult task, as Bucky is framed by Helmut Zemo for a terrorist bombing. When Bucky was brainwashed by Hydra, one of the murders Hydra made him commit was that of Tony Stark's parents, on December 16, 1991. Steve had learned that Bucky had murdered Stark's parents, but chose to keep that fact from Stark, in hopes of protecting both Stark and Bucky. Stark eventually learns from surveillance footage shown to himself, Bucky, and Steve by Zemo who his parents' murderer was. Stark was blinded with vengeance and chose to disregard that Hydra had brainwashed Bucky and forced him to kill Stark's parents. Eventually, Bucky's metal arm is destroyed by Iron Man during a grudge battle in Siberia, and he is granted sanctuary in Wakanda, where he chooses to return to suspended animation, hoping to get rid of Hydra's brainwashing program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.59503173828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes and Winter Soldier appear in Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet, again voiced by Rod Keller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174494743347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes appears in Captain America: Super Soldier, voiced by Sebastian Stan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5969104766845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Mikey Kelley (as Captain America) and by Yuri Lowenthal (as Winter Soldier). Both iterations are separate characters: Captain America [listed as \"Bucky Cap\"] is a playable character and the Winter Soldier is a boss and a playable villain character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5697176456451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "* Bucky Barnes and Winter Soldier are playable in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Scott Porter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.188338279724121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" }, { "answer": "Bucky", "passage": "IGN listed Bucky Barnes as the 53rd greatest comic book hero of all time stating that after Robin, Bucky is easily the most iconic superhero sidekick of the Golden Age and describing him as one of the central players in the Marvel Universe since his role of being Captain America. IGN also lists Bucky as #8 in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.154029607772827, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bucky" } ]

[ { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Throughout his entire lifetime and prolific career, Lewis became a world-renowned humanitarian and has supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. Until 2011, he served as national chairman and spokesman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) (formerly, the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America). Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit the company from 1952 to 1959, then every Labor Day weekend from 1966 to 2010, he hosted the live annual Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon raising over $2.6 billion for the cause in donations, during a nearly half-a-century run. ", "precise_score": 4.843512058258057, "rough_score": 3.8664801120758057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was an annual telethon held each Labor Day in the United States to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). The show was founded and hosted by actor and comedian Jerry Lewis, who hosted the broadcast from its 1966 inception until 2010.[http://www.mda.org/news/110803.html MDA: \"Jerry Lewis Completes Run as MDA National Chairman\", August 3, 2011.] The history of MDA's telethon dated back to the 1950s, when the Jerry Lewis Thanksgiving Party for MDA raised funds for the organization's New York City area operations. The telethon was held annually on Labor Day weekend beginning in 1966,[http://quest.mda.org/article/mdas-love-network-has-rich-vital-history \"MDA's 'Love Network' has a rich, vital history,\"] from Quest, 7/1/2005 and would raise $2.45 billion for MDA from its inception through 2009. ", "precise_score": 5.150547981262207, "rough_score": 7.42688512802124, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin and Lewis. Following that success, he was a solo star in films, nightclubs, concert stages, television, and recordings. Lewis also served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and host of the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 40 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7304182052612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "On August 3, 2011, it was announced that Lewis would no longer host telethons and is no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. Then on May 1, 2015, it was also announced that in view of \"the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving\", the telethon was being discontinued. In early 2016, Lewis made an online video statement for the organization on its website, in honor of its rebranding, marking his first appearance and comeback in support of the Muscular Dystrophy Association since his final Labor Day Telethon in 2010 and the ending of his tenure as national chairman in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.054940700531006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jerry Lewis" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "In the United States, telethons are held for various Charitable organizations; as of 2012, however, no national telethons currently exist. The longest-running national telethon in the United States was the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon, which was staged for over 21 hours each Labor Day to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association between 1966 and 2010. Over a three-year period from 2011 to 2013, the telecast was trimmed down to six hours, then to three, and then to two hours, by this point no longer serving as a telethon in the traditional sense and effectively becoming a pre-recorded benefit concert; from 2012 to 2014, the event had been renamed the MDA Show of Strength (founder Jerry Lewis also departed the organization on less than amicable terms at the same time the changes began). The MDA telethon had its final edition in 2014, before it was announced in May 2015 that the MDA was discontinuing its annual event.[http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/05/01/muscular-dystrophy-association-ends-labor-day-television-telethon/26709717/ USA Today: \"MDA ends Jerry Lewis Labor Day telethon\", May 1, 2015.] In the past, other charities such as the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, United Cerebral Palsy and the Children's Miracle Network produced telethons on a nationwide or regional basis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.838207721710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Jerry Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America (MDAA) in 1952 after a plea from a staff member who worked with Lewis and Dean Martin on The Colgate Comedy Hour. Lewis had previously taken part in what has been described as the very first telethon, a marathon 1951 broadcast benefiting a cardiac hospital that was organized by Budd Granoff, which featured the Martin and Lewis comedy team (his clients at that time). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.560351371765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" }, { "answer": "Muscular Dystrophy Association", "passage": "Through the 1980s, there were also Canadian \"Love Network\" affiliates, whose telethon presentations there benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada (MDC), an organization unrelated to the American MDA, but used Lewis's U.S. telethon for fundraising. The telethon also helped launch a new station – in Winnipeg, CKND-TV's first program on August 31, 1975 was the MDA telethon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.745491981506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon" } ]

[ { "answer": "Buck Rogers", "passage": "In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his three-decade-long series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars and featuring John Carter as the hero. The 1928 publication of Philip Francis Nowlan's original Buck Rogers story, Armageddon 2419, in Amazing Stories was a landmark event. This story led to comic strips featuring Buck Rogers (1929), Brick Bradford (1933), and Flash Gordon (1934). The comic strips and derivative movie serials greatly popularized science fiction.", "precise_score": -4.638270378112793, "rough_score": -0.9126478433609009, "source": "wiki", "title": "Science fiction" }, { "answer": "Buck Rogers", "passage": "Among the regular writers for Amazing by the end of the 1920s were several who were influential and popular at the time, such as David H. Keller and Stanton Coblentz, and some who would continue to be successful for much longer, most notably Edward E. Smith and Jack Williamson. Smith's The Skylark of Space, written between 1915 and 1920, was a seminal space opera that found no ready market when Argosy stopped printing science fiction. When Smith saw a copy of the April 1927 issue of Amazing, he submitted it to Sloane, and it appeared in the August–October 1928 issues. It was such a success that Sloane requested a sequel before the second installment had been published. It was also in the August 1928 issue that \"Armageddon – 2419 AD\", by Philip Francis Nowlan, appeared; this was the first appearance of Buck Rogers in print. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3878015279769897, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amazing Stories" } ]

[ { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "John Altschuler, formerly a writer for King of the Hill, told a Rolling Stone reporter that he saw signs that Mike Judge was thinking of reviving Beavis and Butt-head. On more than one occasion, Judge told the writers that one of their ideas for an episode of King of the Hill would work well for Beavis and Butt-head; eventually he concluded, \"Maybe we should just actually make some good Beavis and Butt-head episodes.\" Later, a Lady Gaga video convinced Van Toffler of the tenability of a Beavis and Butt-head revival: \"I felt like there was a whole crop of new artists—and what the world sorely missed was the point-of-view that only Beavis and Butt-Head could bring.\"", "precise_score": 3.3192403316497803, "rough_score": 2.0671205520629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beavis and Butt-Head" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "Michael Craig \"Mike\" Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, and musician. He created and starred in the animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997, 2011), King of the Hill (1997–2010) and The Goode Family (2009), and co-created the television sitcom Silicon Valley (2014–present).", "precise_score": 3.998047351837158, "rough_score": 5.992949962615967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "In 1997, Judge created King of the Hill for the Fox Network. Many of the show's characters were based on people he had known while living in Texas. Judge voiced characters Hank Hill and Boomhauer. The show centers on the Hills, a middle-class Methodist family in the small suburban town of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with issues comically. The series ran from January 12, 1997 to May 6, 2010 with a total of 259 episodes aired. The show is the fourth longest-running prime time animated series behind Family Guy,The Simpsons and South Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.308059215545654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "Judge also created Silicon Valley with King of the Hill executive producers John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. The HBO comedy is a single-camera live-action sitcom set in Northern California. One of its main themes is the idea that \"the people most qualified to succeed are the least capable of handling success\". The first season of Silicon Valley was 8 episodes long, and received critical and public acclaim. (Silicon Valley would be renewed for a second season on April 21, 2014, and a third HBO season began airing in April 2016.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7683634757995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "Despite his King of the Hill protagonist Hank Hill being identifiable as a conservative and his The Goode Family being essentially a satire of many liberal precepts, Judge avoids discussing his political leanings. The Goode Family has been described as a conservative show. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087600708007812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "In reviewing Idiocracy, Salon stated, \"Judge's gimlet eye is so ruthless that at times his politics seem to border on South Park libertarianism.\" A writer for the libertarian magazine Reason seems to agree, comparing King of the Hill to the anti-authoritarian point of view of South Park and The Simpsons, though he calls the show more populist, noting the disdain King of the Hill seems to have for bureaucrats, professionals, and big-box chains. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054012298583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" }, { "answer": "King of the Hill", "passage": "Still, Judge denies having political messages in his shows, saying in an IGN interview about King of the Hill:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73965835571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Judge" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Walt Disney Company", "passage": "On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4.24 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and approximately 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. The voting occurred on December 31, 2009 and the merger was approved. The acquisition of Marvel was finalized hours after the shareholder vote, therefore giving Disney full ownership of Marvel Entertainment. The company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange under its ticker symbol (MVL), due to the closing of the deal.", "precise_score": 4.2394256591796875, "rough_score": 2.6678683757781982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "In March 2013, Feld Entertainment agreed with Marvel to produce a Marvel Character based live arena show. Marvel was also launching a new pop culture and lifestyle web show, “Earth’s Mightiest Show”. On August 22, 2013, Marvel Entertainment announced that it was working with Hero Ventures on The Marvel Experience, a traveling production/attraction. In April 2014, Hong Kong Disneyland announced the construction of Iron Man Experience, the first Marvel ride at any Disney theme park. It will be built on a location in the park's Tomorrowland. ", "precise_score": -0.7761124968528748, "rough_score": -1.7901861667633057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "The Walt Disney Company", "passage": "Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Enterprises and Toy Biz, Inc. and marketed and stylized as MARVEL) is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998, merging Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, and is mainly known for its Marvel Comics, Marvel Animation and Marvel Television units. Marvel Studios, formerly under the Marvel umbrella, became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios, where it develops and produces its own shared universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0796942710876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "The Walt Disney Company", "passage": "In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion; it has been a limited liability company (LLC) since then. For financial reporting purposes, Marvel is reported as primarily a part of Disney's Consumer Products segment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7759299278259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "Over the years, Marvel Entertainment has entered in several partnerships and negotiations with other companies across a variety of businesses. , Marvel has film licensing agreements with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures, and a theme park licensing agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts extant before Disney's acquisition. Aside from their contract with Universal, Marvel's characters and properties have also appeared at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.297204971313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "\"It is a mini-Disney in terms of intellectual property,\" said Perelman. \"Disney's got much more highly recognized characters and softer characters, whereas our characters are termed action heroes. But at Marvel we are now in the business of the creation and marketing of characters.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16186237335205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "Marvel also purchased Heroes World Distribution, a regional distributor to comic-book shops on Dec. 28, 1994. Marvel's attempt to distribute its products directly led to a decrease in sales and aggravated the losses which Marvel suffered when the comic book bubble popped, the 1994 Major League Baseball strike massacred the profits of the Fleer unit, and Panini, whose revenue depended largely on Disney licensing, was hobbled by poor Disney showings at the box office.Raviv, pp. 38-39", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.673504829406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "Disney subsidiary (2009-present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.103156089782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "On September 16, 2009, the Jack Kirby estate served notices of termination to Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures to attempt to gain control of various Silver Age Marvel characters. Marvel sought to invalidate those claims. In mid-March 2010 Kirby's estate \"sued Marvel to terminate copyrights and gain profits from [Kirby's] comic creations.\" In July 2011, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a summary judgment in favor of Marvel, which was affirmed in August 2013 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The Kirby estate filed a petition on March 21, 2014 for a review of the case by the Supreme Court of the United States, but a settlement was reached on September 26, 2014 and the family requested that the petition be dismissed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.328860759735107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Disney", "passage": "*Marvel Films (1993-1996)/Marvel Studios, LLC (1996-2015) a film and television production company; now a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.938472270965576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marvel Entertainment" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders played a key role in the outcome of the Spanish–American War by assisting the American forces in forming a constricting ring around the city of Santiago de Cuba. The ultimate goal of the Americans in capturing the San Juan Heights (also known as Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill) was to attain a strategic position from which to move downhill and attack Santiago, a strong point for the Spanish military. The Spanish had a fleet of cruisers in port. The United States drove the Spanish cruisers out of their port by taking areas around Santiago and subsequently moving in on the city from multiple directions. Two days after the battle on San Juan Heights, the US navy destroyed Spain's Caribbean cruiser fleet at Santiago Bay. This took a tremendous toll on the Spanish military due to their widespread empire and heavy reliance upon naval capabilities. ", "precise_score": 3.861365795135498, "rough_score": 5.097805500030518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Battle of San Juan Hill", "passage": "On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's \"Colored\" regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his \"Rough Riders\", the 71st New York, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans. Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later.", "precise_score": 3.601287841796875, "rough_score": 2.7318484783172607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish–American War" }, { "answer": "Battle of San Juan Hill", "passage": "Battle of San Juan Hill", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696532249450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "San Juan Hill and another hill were separated by a small valley and pond; the river ran near the foot of both. Together, this geography formed San Juan Heights. Colonel Roosevelt and The Rough Riders made their way to the foot of what was dubbed Kettle Hill because of the old sugar refinement cauldrons that lay along it. The battle of San Juan Heights began with the firing of the artillery and battery at the Spanish location. Soon after battery-fire was returned and The Rough Riders, standing at the position of the friendly artillery, had to promptly move to avoid shells. The men moved down from their position and began making their way through and along the San Juan River towards the base of Kettle Hill. There they took cover along the riverbank and in the tall grass to avoid sniper and artillery fire that was being directed towards their position, however they were left vulnerable and pinned down. The Spanish rifles were able to discharge eight rounds in the twenty seconds it took for the United States rifles to reload. In this way they had a strong advantage over the Americans. The rounds they fired were 7mm Mauser bullets which moved at a high velocity and inflicted small, clean wounds. Some of the men were hit, but few were mortally wounded or killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.464905738830566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "As the troops of the various units began slowly creeping up the hill, firing their rifles at the opposition as they climbed, Roosevelt went to the captain of the platoons in back and had a word with him. He stated that it was his opinion that they could not effectively take the hill due to an insufficient ability to effectively return fire, and that the solution was to charge it full-on. The captain reiterated his colonel's orders to hold position. Roosevelt, recognizing the absence of the other Colonel, declared himself the ranking officer and ordered a charge up Kettle Hill. The captain stood hesitant, and Colonel Roosevelt rode off on his horse, Texas, leading his own men uphill while waving his hat in the air and cheering. The Rough Riders followed him with enthusiasm and obedience without hesitation. By then, the other men from the different units on the hill became stirred by this event and began bolting up the hill alongside their countrymen. The 'charge' was actually a series of short rushes by mixed groups of regulars and Rough Riders. Within twenty minutes Kettle Hill was taken, though casualties were heavy. The rest of San Juan Heights was taken within the hour following.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.471508979797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "The Rough Riders' charge on Kettle Hill was facilitated by a hail of covering fire from three Gatling Guns commanded by Lt. John H. Parker, which fired some 18,000 .30 Army rounds into the Spanish trenches atop the crest of both hills. Col. Roosevelt noted that the hammering sound of the Gatling guns visibly raised the spirits of his men: \"There suddenly smote on our ears a peculiar drumming sound. One or two of the men cried out, \"The Spanish machine guns!\" but, after listening a moment, I leaped to my feet and called, \"It's the Gatlings, men! Our Gatlings!\" Immediately the troopers began to cheer lustily, for the sound was most inspiring.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2825260162353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "Trooper Jesse D. Langdon of the 1st Volunteer Infantry, who accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in their assault on Kettle Hill, reported: \"We were exposed to the Spanish fire, but there was very little because just before we started, why, the Gatling guns opened up at the bottom of the hill, and everybody yelled, \"The Gatlings! The Gatlings!\" and away we went. The Gatlings just enfiladed the top of those trenches. We’d never have been able to take Kettle Hill if it hadn't been for Parker's Gatling guns.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.193256855010986, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Kettle Hill", "passage": "A Spanish counterattack on Kettle Hill by some 600 infantry was quickly decimated by one of Lt. Parker's Gatling guns recently emplaced on the summit of San Juan Hill, which killed all but forty of the attackers before they had closed to within 250 yards of the Americans on Kettle Hill. Col. Roosevelt was so impressed by the actions of Lt. Parker and his men that he placed his regiment's two 7mm Colt–Browning machine guns and the volunteers manning them under Parker, who immediately emplaced them—along with 10,000 rounds of captured 7mm Mauser ammunition—at tactical firing points in the American line. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.40536642074585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" }, { "answer": "Battle of San Juan Hill", "passage": "A first reunion of the Rough Riders was held in the Plaza Hotel in Las Vegas, New Mexico in 1899. Roosevelt, then Governor of New York, attended this event. In 1948, fifty years after the Rough Riders disbandment, the U.S. Post office issued a commemorative stamp in their honor and memory. The stamp depicts Captain William Owen \"Bucky\" O'Neill, who was killed in action while leading troop A at the Battle of San Juan Hill, July 1, 1898.Smithsonian National Postal Museum: Rough Riders Issue The Rough Riders continued to have annual reunions in Las Vegas until 1967, when the sole veteran to attend was Jesse Langdon. He died in 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.143589019775391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rough Riders" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stratego", "passage": "In a perfect information games like chess each player has complete information on the state of the game, but in other games, such as Tigris and Euphrates or Stratego, some information is hidden from players. This makes finding the best move more difficult, and may involve estimating probabilities by the opponents.", "precise_score": -9.409637451171875, "rough_score": -9.117676734924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Board game" }, { "answer": "Stratego", "passage": "* Abstract strategy games – e.g. chess, checkers, Go, Reversi, tafl games, or modern games such as Abalone, Stratego, Hive, or GIPF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89301872253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Board game" } ]

[ { "answer": "Buck", "passage": "For most types of deer in modern English usage, the male is a buck and the female a doe, but the terms vary with dialect, and according to the size of the species. The male red deer is a stag, while for other large species the male is a bull, the female a cow, as in cattle. In older usage, the male of any species is a hart, especially if over five years old, and the female is a hind, especially if three or more years old. The young of small species is a fawn and of large species a calf; a very small young may be a kid. A castrated male is a havier. A group of any species is a herd. The adjective of relation is cervine; like the family name Cervidae, this is from , meaning stag or deer.", "precise_score": 6.337536811828613, "rough_score": 6.803884506225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deer" }, { "answer": "Buck", "passage": "Deer appear in art from Palaeolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry. Their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a popular sport since at least the Middle Ages, and remains an important business today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.224709510803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deer" }, { "answer": "Buck", "passage": "The Chao Praya River Valley of Thailand was once primarily tropical seasonal moist deciduous forest and wet savanna that hosted populations of hog deer, the now-extinct Schomburgk's deer, Eld's deer, Indian sambar, and Indian muntjac. Both the hog deer and Eld's deer are rare, whereas Indian sambar and Indian muntjac thrive in protected national parks, such as Khao Yai. Many of these South Asian and Southeast Asian deer species also share their habitat with other herbivores, such as Asian elephants, the various Asian rhinoceros species, various antelope species (such as nilgai, four-horned antelope, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle in India), and wild oxen (such as wild Asian water buffalo, gaur, banteng, and kouprey). One way that different herbivores can survive together in a given area is for each species to have different food preferences, although there may be some overlap.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.108769416809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deer" }, { "answer": "Buck", "passage": "Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented pheromone, used to mark its home range. Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. All deer have a liver without a gallbladder. Deer also have a tapetum lucidum, which gives them sufficiently good night vision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.497836112976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deer" }, { "answer": "Buck", "passage": "The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, a medicine is made from stag horn, and the antlers of certain species are eaten when \"in the velvet\". Among the Inuit, the traditional ulu women's knife was made with an antler, horn, or ivory handle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.191408157348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deer" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": "The Boomtown Rats are an Irish new wave band that had a series of Irish and UK hits between 1977 and 1985. The group is led by vocalist Bob Geldof. The other members of the original line-up were Garry Roberts (lead guitar), Johnnie Fingers (keyboard), Pete Briquette (bass), Gerry Cott (rhythm guitar) and Simon Crowe (drums). The Boomtown Rats broke up in 1986, but reformed in 2013, without Johnnie Fingers or Gerry Cott.", "precise_score": -0.15627634525299072, "rough_score": -2.361680030822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" }, { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": "All six members originate from Dún Laoghaire, Ireland. Having been booked for their first gig under the name \"The Nightlife Thugs,\" the group agreed on the name change, when Garry Roberts threatened to resign if they were called that, to the \"Boomtown Rats\" after a gang of children that Geldof had read about in Woody Guthrie's autobiography, Bound for Glory . They became a notable band, but one whose accomplishments were overshadowed by the charity work of frontman Bob Geldof, a former journalist with the New Musical Express. ", "precise_score": -1.4967644214630127, "rough_score": -3.4431657791137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" }, { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": "Cott departed from the band at this point. According to Bob Geldof's autobiography, Is That It?, Cott had grown disillusioned with what he saw as the band's growing laziness in the studio and their apparent relinquishing of their early R'n'B influences for \"cod-reggae\". Throughout his time with the band, Cott had maintained a distance between himself and the other members and he resigned the day before the end of their 1981 world tour, only hours after the rest of the band had decided to confront him for refusing to join them and the road crew for a drink to celebrate Simon Crowe's birthday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660831451416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" }, { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": "The Boomtown Rats reformed in 2013. Bob Geldof said, \"Playing again with the Rats and doing those great songs again will be exciting afresh. We were an amazing band and I just feel it's the right time to re-Rat, to go back to Boomtown for a visit.\" In June 2013, it was announced that the band would be embarking on a UK and Ireland tour supported by a new compilation album, Back to Boomtown: Classic Rats Hits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.801690101623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" }, { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": "*Bob Geldof - lead vocals (1975-1986, 2013–present)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70106029510498, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" }, { "answer": "Bob Geldof", "passage": " bar:Bob text:Bob Geldof", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65912914276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Boomtown Rats" } ]

[ { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "Toward the end of the confirmation hearings, an FBI interview with Anita Hill was leaked. Hill, a black attorney, had worked for Thomas at the Department of Education and had subsequently moved with Thomas to the EEOC. After the leak, Hill was called to testify at Thomas's confirmation hearings. She testified that Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature, which she felt constituted sexual harassment or at least \"behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court.\"[http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-senate-s-hearings-on-the-thomas-nomination.html?pagewanted=12 \"The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination\"], The New York Times (1991-10-12):\"Q: Professor Hill, there's a big difference between your articulating your version of events, contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you. And in the transcript of your October 7 interview, you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment.", "precise_score": 3.027097463607788, "rough_score": 0.8893930912017822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarence Thomas" }, { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "Still the term was largely unknown until the early 1990s when Anita Hill witnessed and testified against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Since Hill testified in 1991, the number of sexual harassment cases reported in US and Canada increased 58 percent and have climbed steadily.", "precise_score": 0.6234313249588013, "rough_score": -1.4103049039840698, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sexual harassment" }, { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "Among the distinguished faculty, present and past, are mathematician Heisuke Hironaka, a Fields medalist, composers Eric Chasalow, Yehudi Wyner, David Rakowski, Donald Martino, Martin Boykan, Irving Fine, Harold Shapero, Arthur Berger and Leonard Bernstein, social theorist Herbert Marcuse, psychologist Abraham Maslow, linguist James Pustejovsky, human rights activist Eleanor Roosevelt, Anita Hill, historian David Hackett Fischer, economist Thomas Sowell, diplomat Dennis Ross, children's author Margret Rey, former United States Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, sociologist Morrie Schwartz, poets Olga Broumas and Adrienne Rich, author Stephen McCauley, and Pulitzer Prize–winning columnist Eileen McNamara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.038853645324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Brandeis University" }, { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "In 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He served in that role for 16 months and on July 1, 1991, was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed—or engaged in unseemly behavior toward—attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5681108236312866, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarence Thomas" }, { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "Anita Hill allegations ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.952991485595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarence Thomas" }, { "answer": "Anita Hill", "passage": "Clarence Thomas wrote an autobiography addressing Anita Hill's allegations, and she also wrote an autobiography addressing her experience in the hearings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6609559059143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarence Thomas" } ]

[ { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Crazy Horse is an American rock band best known for their association with Neil Young. Beginning in 1969 and continuing to the present day, they have been co-credited on a number of Young's albums, with 11 studio albums and numerous live albums being billed as by \"Neil Young and Crazy Horse\". They have also released six studio albums of their own, issued between 1971 and 2009. ", "precise_score": 7.947951316833496, "rough_score": 8.62128734588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "In 1978, Crazy Horse released their fourth album (Crazy Moon, which features some lead guitar by Young), and also joined Young on the tour that led to the successful Rust Never Sleeps and Live Rust, both credited to Neil Young and Crazy Horse.", "precise_score": 4.675662517547607, "rough_score": 5.290318012237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Neil Young and Crazy Horse released two albums in 2012. Americana was composed entirely of covers of traditional folk songs and singer-songwriter standards, while Psychedelic Pill featured original Neil Young songs. Neil Young and Crazy Horse toured throughout 2012, 2013 and 2014, traveling to the United States, Australia and Europe. Because Billy Talbot had a stroke in 2014, Rick Rosas replaced him on bass for shows during that year.", "precise_score": 4.254631519317627, "rough_score": 5.54364538192749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "With Neil Young, 1968–1970", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699965476989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "With their album complete, the Rockets reconnected with Neil Young, whom they had met two years earlier during the early days of Buffalo Springfield. In August 1968, three months after Buffalo Springfield dissolved, Young jammed with the Rockets on stage during their show at the Whisky a Go Go and soon after enlisted Whitten, Talbot, and Molina to back him on his second solo album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893074989318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Credited to Neil Young with Crazy Horse, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere includes the Top 100 pop hit \"Cinnamon Girl\" and the extended guitar workouts \"Down by the River\" and \"Cowgirl in the Sand\". Crazy Horse toured with Young during the first half of 1969 and, with the addition of Jack Nitzsche on electric piano, in early 1970. The 1970 tour was showcased on the 2006 album Live at the Fillmore East. Young would later opine that \"[on] some of the stuff, Nitzsche was in the way tonally... Crazy Horse was so good with the two guitars, bass and drums it didn't need anything else.\" Although Nitzsche disdained the rhythm section of Talbot and Molina, he retrospectively lauded Whitten as \"the only black man in the band.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.063576698303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Shortly after aborted sessions at Chess Studios in late 1974, Young, Talbot, and Molina spontaneously convened at Talbot's Echo Park home in 1975 with rhythm guitarist Frank \"Poncho\" Sampedro, who proved to be just the right person to help resurrect Crazy Horse. \"It was great\", Talbot would say of the coming together and the chemistry it evoked. \"We were all soaring. Neil loved it. We all loved it. It was the first time we heard the Horse since Danny Whitten died.\" After a five-year hiatus Neil Young and Crazy Horse was born again, and Young marked the occasion by finishing off the lyrics to \"Powderfinger\", soon to become one of the new lineup's signature songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.868414878845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Past members who performed with Neil Young and Crazy Horse ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7890405654907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Neil Young and Crazy Horse", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24070313572883606, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "Neil Young and Crazy Horse on film and video", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4907522201538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" }, { "answer": "Neil Young", "passage": "* McDonough, Jimmy. Shakey: Neil Young's Biography (first Anchor Books edition, 2003)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680682182312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crazy Horse (band)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Children's programming has played a part in NBC's programming since its initial roots in television. NBC's first major children's series, Howdy Doody, debuted in 1947 and was one of the era's first breakthrough television shows. From the mid-1960s until 1992, the bulk of NBC's children's programming was composed of mainly animated programming including classic Looney Tunes and Woody Woodpecker shorts; reruns of primetime animated sitcoms such as The Flintstones and The Jetsons; foreign acquisitions like Astro Boy and Kimba the White Lion; animated adaptions of Punky Brewster, ALF and Star Trek as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like The Banana Splits, The Bugaloos and H.R. Pufnstuf; and the original broadcasts of Gumby, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Underdog, The Smurfs, Alvin and the Chipmunks and Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears. From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called One to Grow On, which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. ", "precise_score": -1.1320385932922363, "rough_score": -1.7167048454284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "NBC" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "\"Where no man has gone before\" is a phrase originally made popular through its use in the title sequence of most episodes of the original Star Trek science fiction television series. It refers to the mission of the original Starship Enterprise. The complete introductory speech, narrated by William Shatner at the beginning of every episode of Star Trek except \"The Cage\" (which preceded Shatner's involvement with the show) and \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", is:", "precise_score": 2.785651206970215, "rough_score": -3.7010576725006104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The phrase was first introduced into Star Trek by Samuel Peeples, who is attributed with suggesting it be used as an episode name. The episode became \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", the second pilot of Star Trek. The phrase itself was subsequently worked into the show's opening narration, which was written after the episode. Indeed, the introductory sequence was devised in August 1966, after several episodes had been filmed, and shortly before the series was due to debut. It is the result of the combined input of several people, including Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and producers John D. F. Black and Bob Justman. Roddenberry's original narrative is as follows:", "precise_score": 2.483949899673462, "rough_score": -2.2539548873901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The quotation has also gained popularity outside Star Trek. The phrase has become a snowclone, a rhetorical device and type of word play in which one word within it is replaced while maintaining the overall structure. For example, an episode of Futurama that dealt with a character's devotion to Star Trek is named \"Where No Fan Has Gone Before\", a level in the videogame Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time is called \"Starbase: Where No Turtle Has Gone Before\". The Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti became the first barista in space on the International Space Station, tweeting \"To Boldly Brew...\" in May 2015; she wore Star Trek: The Next Generation garb for the occasion. ", "precise_score": 0.24673792719841003, "rough_score": -6.345793724060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The first series, now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and ran for three seasons on NBC. It followed the galactic adventures of James T. Kirk and the crew of the starship Enterprise, an exploration vessel of a 23rd-century interstellar \"United Federation of Planets\". In creating the first Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by Westerns such as Wagon Train, the Horatio Hornblower novels and Gulliver's Travels. In fact, the original series was originally described as Wagon Train to the Stars. These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek: The Animated Series and six feature films. Four spin-off television series were eventually produced: Star Trek: The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series; Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, set contemporaneously with The Next Generation; and Star Trek: Enterprise, set before the original series, in the early days of human interstellar travel. Four additional The Next Generation feature films were produced. In 2009, the film franchise underwent a \"reboot\" set in an alternate timeline, the \"Kelvin Timeline\", titled simply Star Trek. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show. A sequel to that film, Star Trek Into Darkness, premiered on May 16, 2013. A thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released in July 2016, to coincide with the franchise's 50th anniversary. A new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek: Discovery, will premiere in January 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access.", "precise_score": -0.20497916638851166, "rough_score": -3.433527946472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The first regular episode (\"The Man Trap\") of Star Trek: The Original Series aired on Thursday, September 8, 1966. While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd (out of 94 programs).", "precise_score": -2.5477492809295654, "rough_score": -5.282926082611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season. The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter-writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air. NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the \"Friday night death slot\", and substantially reduced its budget. In protest Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in Star Trek, which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season.Roddenberry did, however, co-author two scripts for the third season. Despite another letter-writing campaign, NBC cancelled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes.", "precise_score": -5.252986431121826, "rough_score": -7.335493087768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "After the original series was cancelled, Paramount Studios, which had bought the series from Desilu, licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses. Reruns began in the fall of 1969 and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets. This helped Star Trek develop a cult following greater than its popularity during its original run.", "precise_score": -6.090324401855469, "rough_score": -5.0638909339904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The series' newfound success led to the idea of reviving the franchise. Filmation with Paramount Television produced the first post original series show, Star Trek: The Animated Series. It ran on NBC for 22 half-hour episodes over two seasons on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1974. Although short-lived, typical for animated productions in that time slot during that period, the series garnered the franchise's only \"Best Series\" Emmy Award as opposed to the franchise's later technical ones. Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry began developing a new series, Star Trek: Phase II, in May 1975 in response to the franchise's newfound popularity. Work on the series ended, however, when the proposed Paramount Television Service folded.", "precise_score": -3.6284148693084717, "rough_score": -1.8292471170425415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: The Original Series or \"TOS\"Originally titled Star Trek, it has in recent years become known as Star Trek: The Original Series or as \"Classic Star Trek\"—retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole. debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission \"to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" The original 1966–1969 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-parter \"The Menagerie\" and the Harlan Ellison-written episode \"The City on the Edge of Forever\".", "precise_score": 8.288395881652832, "rough_score": 7.107139587402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: The Animated Series, produced by Filmation, ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from The Original Series, and many of the writers who worked on The Original Series, D. C. Fontana, David Gerrold, and Paul Schneider, wrote for the series. While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. Although it was originally sanctioned by Paramount, which owned the Star Trek franchise following its acquisition of Desilu in 1967, Gene Roddenberry often spoke of TAS as non-canon. Star Trek writers have used elements of the animated series in later live-action series and movies, and , the Animated Series has references in the library section of the official Startrek.com web site officially bringing the series into the franchise's main canon.", "precise_score": -8.629487037658691, "rough_score": -5.8219170570373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The Animated Series won Star Treks first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. Star Trek TAS briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon. Nickelodeon's Evan McGuire greatly admired the show and used its various creative components as inspiration for his short series called Piggly Wiggly Hears A Sound which never aired. Nickelodeon parent Viacom would purchase Paramount in 1994. In the early 1990s, the Sci-Fi Channel also began rerunning TAS. The complete TAS was also released on Laserdisc format during the 1980s. The complete series was first released in the USA on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.", "precise_score": -8.061595916748047, "rough_score": -5.807138442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: The Next Generation, also known as \"TNG\", takes place about a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, the Enterprise-D, and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) and Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes). Some crewmembers represent new alien races, including Deanna Troi, a half-Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis. Michael Dorn plays Worf, the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, alongside Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher, LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge, the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner, and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton. The show premiered on September 28, 1987, and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space 9 and Voyager. During its run it earned several Emmy awards and nominations – including a nomination for Best Dramatic Series during its final season – two Hugo Awards and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode \"The Big Goodbye\". ", "precise_score": -6.759286403656006, "rough_score": -7.117547988891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "On November 2, 2015, it was announced that a new Star Trek TV series is in development by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman. The new series will premiere on CBS All Access in January 2017. ", "precise_score": -8.406903266906738, "rough_score": -7.0446271896362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The Star Trek media franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry, owned by CBS. Gene Roddenberry sold Star Trek to NBC as a classic adventure drama; he pitched the show as \"Wagon Train to the Stars\" and as Horatio Hornblower in Space. The opening line, \"to boldly go where no man has gone before,\" was taken almost verbatim from a U.S. White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957. The central trio of Kirk, Spock, and McCoy was modeled on classical mythological storytelling.", "precise_score": 5.720784664154053, "rough_score": 2.6290109157562256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Of the various science fiction awards for drama, only the Hugo Award dates back as far as the original series.Although the Hugo Award is mainly given for print-media science fiction, its \"best drama\" award is usually given to film or television presentations. The Hugo does not give out awards for best actor, director, or other aspects of film production. Before 2002, films and television series competed for the same Hugo, before the split of the drama award into short drama and long drama. In 1968, all five nominees for a Hugo Award were individual episodes of Star Trek, as were three of the five nominees in 1967.The other two films nominated for the Hugo in 1967 were the films Fahrenheit 451 and Fantastic Voyage. The only Star Trek series not even to get a Hugo nomination are the animated series and Voyager, though only the original series and Next Generation ever won the award. No Star Trek feature film has ever won a Hugo, though a few were nominated. In 2008, the fan-made episode of Star Trek: New Voyages entitled \"World Enough and Time\" was nominated for the Hugo for Best Short Drama. ", "precise_score": -7.684085369110107, "rough_score": -6.347732067108154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In 1989, NASA used the Star Trek version of the quotation to title its retrospective of Project Apollo: Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992576599121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Following an early expedition to Newfoundland, Captain James Cook declared that he intended to go not only \"... farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it is possible for a man to go\" (emphasis added). Cook's most famous ship, the Endeavour, lent its name to the last-produced of the space shuttles, much as the Star Trek starship Enterprise lent its name to the program's test craft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213607788085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In-universe, the quote was attributed in the Star Trek: Enterprise pilot episode \"Broken Bow\" to warp drive inventor Dr. Zefram Cochrane in a recorded speech during the dedication of the facility devoted to designing the first engine capable of reaching Warp 5 (thus making interstellar exploration practical for humans) in the year 2119, some thirty-two years before the 2151 launch of first vessel powered by such an engine, the Enterprise (NX-01):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071467399597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The words \"no one\" were substituted for the original sequence's \"no man\" in the conclusion of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country as a gender-neutral and race-neutral quote in conjunction to the peace treaty between the Klingons and Federation at the end of the movie. This alternate wording had already been in use in the introductory sequence for Star Trek: The Next Generation, now narrated by Patrick Stewart:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638694763183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Outside Star Trek ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366016387939453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The phrase was referred to sarcastically on the retail box of the 1987 computer game Space Quest: The Sarien Encounter as \"His mission: to scrub dirty decks...to replace burned-out lightbulbs...TO BOLDLY GO WHERE NO MAN HAS SWEPT THE FLOOR!\" (emphasis original) and similarly in 1992 regarding Apple's System 7 (code named \"Star Trek\") which was planned to run on Intel x86 processors by calling it \"the OS that boldly goes where everyone else has been\". Likewise on Babylon 5, Ivanova implies that a woman is promiscuous by telling the captain, \"Good luck, Captain. I think you're about to go where... everyone has gone before.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.200407028198242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The split infinitive \"to boldly go\" has also been the subject of jokes by those who insist this is grammatically incorrect. British humorist and science-fiction author Douglas Adams describes, in his series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the long-lost heroic age of the Galactic Empire, when bold adventurers dared \"to boldly split infinitives that no man had split before\". In The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence M. Krauss begins a list of Star Trek's ten worst errors by quoting one of his colleagues who considers that their greatest mistake is \"to split an infinitive every damn time\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.607059478759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where no man has gone before" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise created by Gene Roddenberry and owned by CBS and Paramount Pictures.For a more detailed history of the ownership of the franchise, see the corporate ownership section. The television series Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Animated Series,See the Canon issues section of the The Animated Series page for more details. Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: Enterprise, Star Trek: Discovery as well as the Star Trek film franchise make up the franchise's canon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28546142578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers. The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world. The series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek. In addition, viewers have produced several fan productions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832419395446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek is noted for its influence on the world outside of science fiction. It has been cited as an inspiration for several technological inventions, including the cell phone and tablet computers. The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of television's first multiracial casts. Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921499252319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science-fiction series that would become Star Trek. Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space—a so-called \"Wagon Train to the Stars\" (like the popular Western TV series) —he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, intending each episode to act on two levels: as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.722718238830566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Most Star Trek stories depict the adventures of humansMembers of the human species are occasionally called \"Terrans\" in Star Trek, although usage has been inconsistent. and aliens who serve in Starfleet, the space-borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets. The protagonists have altruistic values, and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36502742767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Many of the conflicts and political dimensions of Star Trek represent allegories of contemporary cultural realities. Star Trek: The Original Series addressed issues of the 1960s, just as later spin-offs have reflected issues of their respective decades. Issues depicted in the various series include war and peace, the value of personal loyalty, authoritarianism, imperialism, class warfare, economics, racism, religion, human rights, sexism, feminism, and the role of technology. Roddenberry stated: \"[By creating] a new world with new rules, I could make statements about sex, religion, Vietnam, politics, and intercontinental missiles. Indeed, we did make them on Star Trek: we were sending messages and fortunately they all got by the network.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969587326049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Roddenberry intended the show to have a progressive political agenda reflective of the emerging counter-culture of the youth movement, though he was not fully forthcoming to the networks about this. He wanted Star Trek to show humanity what it might develop into, if it would learn from the lessons of the past, most specifically by ending violence. An extreme example is the alien species, the Vulcans, who had a violent past but learned to control their emotions. Roddenberry also gave Star Trek an anti-war message and depicted the United Federation of Planets as an ideal, optimistic version of the United Nations. His efforts were opposed by the network because of concerns over marketability, e.g., they opposed Roddenberry's insistence that the Enterprise have a racially diverse crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029427528381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek has also been accused of evincing racism and imperialism, however, by frequently depicting Starfleet and the Federation trying to impose their values and customs on other planets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416125297546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The central trio of Kirk, Spock and McCoy from Star Trek: The Original Series was modeled on classical mythological storytelling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55534839630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Richard Lutz wrote: “The enduring popularity of Star Trek is due to the underlying mythology which binds fans together by virtue of their shared love of stories involving exploration, discovery, adventure and friendship that promote an egalitarian and peace loving society where technology and diversity are valued rather than feared and citizens work together for the greater good. Thus Star Trek offers a hopeful vision of the future and a template for our lives and our society that we can aspire to.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316762924194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In early 1964, Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a proposed Star Trek TV series to Desilu Productions comparing it to Wagon Train, \"a Wagon Train to the stars.\" Desilu worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script, which was then pitched to NBC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.824458599090576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "One sign of the series' growing popularity was the first Star Trek convention which occurred on January 21–23, 1972 in New York City. Although the original estimate of attendees was only a few hundred, several thousand fans turned up. Star Trek fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.607392311096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Following the success of the science fiction movies Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of Phase II into the feature film, Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The film opened in North America on December 7, 1979, with mixed reviews from critics. The film earned $139 million worldwide, below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel. The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.267870903015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The success of the critically acclaimed sequel, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, reversed the fortunes of the franchise. While the sequel grossed less than the first movie, The Wrath of Khans lower production costs made it net more profit. Paramount produced six Star Trek feature films between 1979 and 1991. In response to the popularity of Star Trek feature films, the franchise returned to television with Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) in 1987. Paramount chose to distribute it as a first-run syndication show rather than a network show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374003410339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Following Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Roddenberry's role was changed from producer to creative consultant with minimal input to the films while being heavily involved with the creation of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Roddenberry died on October 24, 1991, giving executive producer Rick Berman control of the franchise. Star Trek had become known to those within Paramount as \"the franchise\", because of its great success and recurring role as a tent pole for the studio when other projects failed. TNG had the highest ratings of any Star Trek series and became the #1 syndicated show during the last years of its original seven-season run. In response to TNG's success, Paramount released a spin-off series Deep Space Nine in 1993. While never as popular as TNG, the series had sufficient ratings for it to last seven seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.784353256225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In January 1995, a few months after TNG ended, Paramount released a fourth TV series, Voyager. Star Trek saturation reached a peak in the mid-1990s with DS9 and Voyager airing concurrently and three of the four TNG-based feature films released in 1994, 1996, and 1998. By 1998, Star Trek was Paramount's most important property; the enormous profits of \"the franchise\" funded much of the rest of the studio's operations. Voyager became the flagship show of the new United Paramount Network (UPN) and thus the first major network Star Trek series since the original. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.225796699523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "After Voyager ended, UPN produced Enterprise, a prequel TV series to the original show. Enterprise did not enjoy the high ratings of its predecessors and UPN threatened to cancel it after the series' third season. Fans launched a campaign reminiscent of the one that saved the third season of the Original Series. Paramount renewed Enterprise for a fourth season, but moved it to the Friday night death slot. Like the Original Series, Enterprise ratings dropped during this time slot, and UPN cancelled Enterprise at the end of its fourth season. Enterprise aired its final episode on May 13, 2005. Fan groups, \"Save Enterprise\", attempted to save the series and tried to raise $30 million to privately finance a fifth season of Enterprise. Though the effort garnered considerable press, the fan drive failed to save the series. The cancellation of Enterprise ended an eighteen-year continuous production run of Star Trek programming on television. The poor box office performance in 2002 of the film Nemesis, cast an uncertain light upon the future of the franchise. Paramount relieved Berman, the franchise producer, of control of Star Trek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6791558265686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The team created the franchise's eleventh film, titled simply Star Trek, releasing it in May 2009. The film featured a new cast portraying the crew of the original show. Star Trek was a prequel of the original series set in an alternate timeline, known as the \"Kelvin Timeline\". This gave the film and future sequels to it freedom from the need to conform to the franchise's canonical timeline. The eleventh Star Trek film's marketing campaign targeted non-fans, even stating in the film's advertisements that \"this is not your father's Star Trek\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589046478271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The film earned considerable critical and financial success, grossing in inflation-adjusted dollars more box office sales than any previous Star Trek film. The plaudits include the franchise's first Academy Award (for makeup). The film's major cast members are contracted for two sequels. Paramount's sequel to the 2009 film, Star Trek Into Darkness, premiered in Sydney, Australia on April 23, 2013, but the film did not release in the United States until May 17, 2013. While the film was not as successful in the North American box office as its predecessor, internationally, in terms of box office receipts, Into Darkness was the most successful of the franchise. A thirteenth film entitled Star Trek Beyond was released on July 22, 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968063354492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek will return to subscription-television in January 2017. The new series, titled Star Trek: Discovery, will be the first series produced specifically for CBS All Access. Episodes will also be available on Netflix within 24 hours of their U.S. premieres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.506257057189941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Six television series make up the bulk of the Star Trek mythos: The Original Series, The Animated Series, The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, and Enterprise. All the different versions in total amount to 726 Star Trek episodes across the 30 seasons of the TV series.This episode count includes the animated series, and the original pilot, \"The Cage\". Two part episodes that were not originally aired at the same time are considered two separate episodes. Ten feature-length episodes were originally aired as two-hour presentations and are sometimes considered single episodes, however in this count they too are seen as two individual episodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.682167053222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The Star Trek wiki Memory Alpha differs from the count listed because it includes the feature films in its total and it uses the method that counts feature-length episodes as single episodes. This makes that wiki's total release count 728.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.876947402954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, also known as \"DS9\", takes place during the last years and the immediate post-years of The Next Generation (2369–2375) and aired for seven seasons, debuting the week of January 3, 1993. Like Star Trek: The Next Generation, it aired in syndication in the United States and Canada. Unlike the other Star Trek series, DS9 takes place primarily on a space station rather than aboard a starship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886506080627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Deep Space Nine stands apart from earlier Trek series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, conflict within the crew, and religious themes—all elements that critics and audiences praised but Roddenberry forbade in the original series and The Next Generation. Nevertheless, he was informed before his death of DS9, making this the last Star Trek series connected to Gene Roddenberry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584197044372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995, to May 23, 2001, launching a new Paramount-owned television network UPN. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a Star Trek series, and Commander Chakotay, played by Robert Beltran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.801212310791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek: Enterprise, originally titled Enterprise, is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The show centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp-five capable starship, the Enterprise, commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.072919845581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "During the show's first two seasons, Enterprise featured self-contained episodes, like The Original Series, The Next Generation and Voyager. The third season consisted of one arc, \"Xindi mission\", which had a darker tone and serialized nature similar to that of Deep Space 9. Season 4 consisted of several two to three episode mini-arcs. The final season showed the origins of elements seen in earlier series, and it rectified and resolved some core continuity problems between the various Star Trek series. Ratings for Enterprise started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast reviled the series finale, partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of members of The Next Generation cast. The cancellation of Enterprise ended an 18-year run of back-to-back new Star Trek shows beginning with The Next Generation in 1987.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.168169021606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen Star Trek feature films, the most recent being released in July 2016.[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2660888/] The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of The Original Series; the seventh film, Generations was designed as a transition from that cast to The Next Generation television series; the next three films, 8–10, focused completely on the Next Generation cast.Film titles of the North American and UK releases of the films no longer contained the number of the film following the sixth film (the sixth was Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country but the seventh was Star Trek Generations). However, European releases continued using numbers in the film titles until Nemesis. The eleventh and twelfth films take place in an alternate timeline from the rest of the franchise set with a new cast playing the original series characters, and with Leonard Nimoy as an elderly Spock providing a physical link to the original timeline. This alternate timeline has been named by CBS, for the computer came Star Trek Online , the Kelvin Timeline. Star Trek, Into Darkness, and Beyond occur in a separate timeline from the rest of the series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26162052154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Many licensed products are based on the Star Trek franchise. Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors; by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than $500,000 from royalties. Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials, which are generally considered non-canon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329222679138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Since 1967, hundreds of original novels, short stories, and television and movie adaptations have been published. The first original Star Trek novel was Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds, which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.370987892150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The first publisher of Star Trek fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books. In 1970, James Blish wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam, Spock Must Die!. Pocket Books is the publisher of Star Trek novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254834175109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Prolific Star Trek novelists include Peter David, Diane Carey, Keith R. A. DeCandido, J. M. Dillard, Diane Duane, Michael Jan Friedman, and Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. Several actors from the television series have also written or co-written books featuring their respective characters: William Shatner, John de Lancie, Andrew J. Robinson, J. G. Hertzler and Armin Shimerman. Voyager producer Jeri Taylor wrote two novels featuring back story for Voyager characters, and screen authors David Gerrold, D. C. Fontana, and Melinda Snodgrass have penned books, as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.529887199401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "A scholarly book published by Springer Science+Business Media in 2014 discusses the actualization of Star Treks holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475757598876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek-based comics have been almost continuously published since 1967. They have been offered by several companies, including Marvel, DC, Malibu, Wildstorm, and Gold Key. Tokyopop is publishing an anthology of Next Generation-based stories presented in the style of Japanese manga. , IDW Publishing secured publishing rights to Star Trek comics and published a prequel to the 2009 film, Star Trek: Countdown. In 2012, they published Volume I of Star Trek – The Newspaper Strip featuring the work of Thomas Warkentin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52057933807373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The Star Trek franchise has numerous games in many formats. Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games, Star Trek games continue to be popular among fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371261596679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Video games of the series include Star Trek: Legacy and Star Trek: Conquest. An MMORPG based on Star Trek called Star Trek Online was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World. It is set in the TNG universe about 30 years after the events of Star Trek: Nemesis. The most recent video game, set in the new timeline debuted in J. J. Abrams's film, was titled Star Trek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608288764953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "On June 8, 2010, Wiz Kids Games, which is owned by NECA, announced that they are developing a Star Trek collectible miniatures game using the HeroClix game system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11497974395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek has led directly or indirectly to the creation of a number of magazines which focus either on science fiction or specifically on Star Trek. Starlog was a magazine which was founded in the 1970s. Initially, its focus was on Star Trek actors, but then it began to expand its scope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269949913024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In 2013, Star Trek Magazine was a significant publication from the U.K. which was sold at newsstands and also via subscription. Other magazines through the years included professional magazines as well as magazines produced by fans, referred to as \"fanzines\". Star Trek: The Magazine was a magazine published in the U.S. which ceased publication in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373997688293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek and its spin-offs have proven highly popular in syndication and are shown on TV stations worldwide. The show's cultural impact goes far beyond its longevity and profitability. Star Trek conventions have become popular among its fans, who call themselves \"trekkies\" or \"trekkers\". An entire subculture has grown up around the show which was documented in the film Trekkies. Star Trek was the highest-ranked cult show by TV Guide. The franchise has also garnered many comparisons of the Star Wars franchise being rivals in the science fiction genre with many fans and scholars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744131088256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The Star Trek franchise inspired some designers of technologies, the Palm PDA and the handheld mobile phone. Michael Jones, Chief technologist of Google Earth, has cited the tricorder's mapping capability as one inspiration in the development of Keyhole/Google Earth. The Tricorder X Prize, a contest to build a medical tricorder device was announced in 2012. Ten finalists have been selected in 2014, and the winner will be selected in January 2016. Star Trek also brought teleportation to popular attention with its depiction of \"matter-energy transport\", with the famously misquoted phrase \"Beam me up, Scotty\" entering the vernacular. The Star Trek replicator is credited in the scientific literature with inspiring the field of diatom nanotechnology. In 1976, following a letter-writing campaign, NASA named its prototype space shuttle Enterprise, after the fictional starship. Later, the introductory sequence to Star Trek: Enterprise included footage of this shuttle which, along with images of a naval sailing vessel called the Enterprise, depicted the advancement of human transportation technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011763572692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Beyond Star Treks fictional innovations, its contributions to TV history included a multicultural and multiracial cast. While more common in subsequent years, in the 1960s it was controversial to feature an Enterprise crew that included a Japanese helmsman, a Russian navigator, a black female communications officer, and a Vulcan-Human first officer. Captain Kirk's and Lt. Uhura's kiss, in the episode \"Plato's Stepchildren\", was also daring, and is often mis-cited as being American television's first scripted, interracial kiss, even though several other interracial kisses predated this one. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.223052024841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Early TV comedy sketch parodies of Star Trek included a famous sketch on Saturday Night Live titled \"The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise\", with John Belushi as Kirk, Chevy Chase as Spock and Dan Aykroyd as McCoy. In the 1980s, Saturday Night Live did a sketch with William Shatner reprising his Captain Kirk role in The Restaurant Enterprise, preceded by a sketch in which he played himself at a Trek convention angrily telling fans to \"Get a Life\", a phrase that has become part of Trek folklore. In Living Color continued the tradition in a sketch where Captain Kirk is played by a fellow Canadian Jim Carrey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321499824523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "A feature-length film that indirectly parodies Star Trek is Galaxy Quest. This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth-based TV series called Galaxy Quest, modeled heavily on Star Trek, believe that what they are seeing is real. Many Star Trek actors have been quoted saying that Galaxy Quest was a brilliant parody. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032075881958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek has been blended with Gilbert and Sullivan at least twice. The North Toronto Players presented a Star Trek adaptation of Gilbert & Sullivan titled H.M.S. Starship Pinafore: The Next Generation in 1991 and an adaptation by Jon Mullich of Gilbert & Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore that sets the operetta in the world of Star Trek has played in Los Angeles and was attended by series luminaries Nichelle Nichols, D.C. Fontana and David Gerrold. A similar blend of Gilbert and Sullivan and Star Trek was presented as a benefit concert in San Francisco by the Lamplighters in 2009. The show was titled Star Drek: The Generation After That. It presented an original story with Gilbert and Sullivan melodies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.966184616088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Both The Simpsons and Futurama television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying Star Trek or with Trek allusions. An entire series of films and novels from Finland titled Star Wreck also parodies Star Trek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543222427368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In August 2010, the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a Star Trek themed training video for a conference. Revealed to the public in 2013, the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337089538574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Star Trek has been parodied in several non-English movies, including the German Traumschiff Surprise - Periode 1 which features a gay version of The Original Series bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series' episode \"The Man Trap\" in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Ömer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799342155456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Although Star Trek has been off the air since 2005, CBS and Paramount pictures have allowed fan-produced shows to be created. While not officially part of the Star Trek universe, several veteran Star Trek actors, actresses, and writers have contributed their talents to many of these productions. While none of these films have been created for profit, several fan productions have turned to crowdfunding from sites, such as Kickstarter to help with production costs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009069442749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "Two series set during the TOS time period are Star Trek Continues and the Hugo award nominated Star Trek: Phase II. Another series, Star Trek: Hidden Frontier, takes place on the Briar Patch, a region of space introduced in Star Trek Insurrection. It has had over 50 episodes produced, and has two spin-off series, Star Trek: Odyssey and Star Trek: The Helena Chronicles. Several standalone fan films have been created including Star Trek: Of Gods and Men. Future fan films include Star Trek: Axanar.Kickstarter[https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/194429923/star-trek-prelude-to-axanar Star Trek: Prelude to Axanar]Prelude to Axanar features some well known actors portraying both new and familiar characters in the Star Trek universe. Audio only fan productions includes Star Trek: The Continuing Mission. Several fan film parodies have also been created.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742431640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "The two Star Trek series to win multiple Saturn awards during their run were The Next Generation (twice winning for best television series) and Voyager (twice winning for best actress – Kate Mulgrew and Jeri Ryan).The science fiction Saturn Awards did not exist during broadcasting of the original series. Unlike the Hugo, the Saturn Award gives out prizes for best actor, special effects and music, and also unlike the Hugo (until 2002) movies and television shows have never competed against each other for Saturns. The original series retroactively won a Saturn Award for best DVD release. Several Star Trek films have won Saturns including categories best actor, actress, director, costume design, and special effects. However, Star Trek has never won a Saturn for best make-up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.013591766357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "As for non science fiction specific awards, the Star Trek series has won 31 Emmy Awards. The eleventh Star Trek film won the 2009 Academy Award for Best Makeup, the franchise's first Academy Award. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675911903381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "At Star Treks creation, Norway Productions, Roddenberry's production company, shared ownership with Desilu Productions and, after Gulf+Western acquired Desilu in 1967, with Paramount Pictures, the conglomerate's film studio. Paramount did not want to own the unsuccessful show; net profit was to be shared between Norway, Desilu/Paramount, Shatner, and NBC but Star Trek lost money, and the studio did not expect to syndicate it. In 1970 Paramount offered to sell all rights to Star Trek to Roddenberry, but he could not afford the $150,000 ($ in 2007) price.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.388004302978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" }, { "answer": "Star Trek", "passage": "In 1989, Gulf+Western renamed itself as Paramount Communications, and in 1994 merged with Viacom. In 2005, Viacom divided into CBS Corporation, whose CBS Television Studios subsidiary retained the Star Trek brand, and Viacom, whose Paramount Pictures subsidiary retained the Star Trek film library and rights to make additional films, along with video distribution rights to the TV series on behalf of CBS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.138501167297363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Trek" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lola", "passage": "In his only lead acting role, he portrayed Tony Starr in a 1985 CBS film based on Copacabana, alongside Annette O'Toole as Lola Lamarr and Joseph Bologna as Rico. Manilow penned all the songs for the movie, with lyrics provided by established collaborators Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and released Copacabana: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album on RCA Records. In October 1986, Manilow, along with Bruce Sussman, Tom Scott, and Charlie Fox, went to Washington, D.C. for two days of meetings with legislators, including lunch with then Senator Al Gore (D-TN). They were there to lobby against a copyright bill put forward by local television broadcasters that would mandate songwriter-producer source licensing of theme and incidental music on syndicated television show reruns and would disallow use of the blanket license then in effect. The songwriters said without the blanket license, artists would have to negotiate up front with producers individually, without knowing if a series would be a success. The license now pays according to a per-use formula. Manilow said that such a bill would act as a precedent for broadcasters to get rid of the blanket license entirely. ", "precise_score": 3.752023458480835, "rough_score": 0.7583418488502502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barry Manilow" }, { "answer": "Lola", "passage": "The song's lyrics refer to the Copacabana nightclub, \"the hottest spot north of Havana\". The story starts in the late 1940s, focused on Lola, a Copacabana showgirl, and her lover Tony, a bartender at the club. One night, a mobster named Rico takes an interest in Lola, but he overplays his hand while trying to seduce her and is attacked by Tony. The ensuing fight results in a shooting; after it is initially unclear \"who shot who,\" it soon becomes clear that Tony has died. Thirty years later, the club has been transformed into a discotheque, but a crazed and drunken Lola, having lost Tony, still spends her nights at the Copacabana dressed in her 1940s finery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.03795255720615387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Copacabana (song)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The Marquess of Queensberry rules is a code of generally accepted rules in the sport of boxing. They were named so as John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry publicly endorsed the code, although they were written by a sportsman named John Graham Chambers. The code of rules on which modern boxing is based, the Queensberry rules were the first to mention gloves in boxing.Dunning, Eric. [https://books.google.com/books?id", "precise_score": 7.902377128601074, "rough_score": 7.7462005615234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "the+Queensberry+rules+for+the+sport+of+boxing&hlen&ei", "precise_score": 1.406166911125183, "rough_score": 2.9374806880950928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The boxing code was written by John Graham Chambers, a Welshman, and drafted in London in 1865, before being published in 1867 as \"the Queensberry rules for the sport of boxing\". This code of rules superseded the Revised London Prize Ring rules (1853), which had themselves replaced the original London Prize Ring rules (1743) of Jack Broughton. This version persuaded boxers that \"you must not fight simply to win; no holds barred is not the way; you must win by the rules\". ", "precise_score": 3.962190628051758, "rough_score": 3.8772974014282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Prize fight", "passage": "One early prize fighter who fought under Marquess of Queensberry rules was Jem Mace, former English heavyweight champion, who defeated Bill Davis in Virginia City, Nevada under these rules in 1876. In 1889, the Queensberry rules came into use in the United States and Canada. ", "precise_score": 3.6970467567443848, "rough_score": 5.529995441436768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "onepage&qthe%20Queensberry%20rules%20for%20the%20sport%20of%20boxing&f", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003499031066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "false Sport matters: sociological studies of sport, violence, and civilization], Routledge, 1999. The Queensberry rules are intended for use in both professional and amateur boxing matches, thus separating it from the less popular American Fair Play Rules, which were strictly intended for amateur matches. In popular culture the term is sometimes used to refer to a sense of sportsmanship and fair play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.670348882675171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "# To be a fair stand-up boxing match in a 24-foot ring, or as near that size as practicable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38916301727295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "# The gloves to be fair-sized boxing gloves of the best quality and new.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455906867980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Current modern rules per the Association of Boxing Commissions are as follows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479559898376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Boxing match", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433647155761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "A boxing match consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and attention from their coaches. The fight is controlled by a referee who works in the ring to judge and control the fight, rule on the ability of the fighters to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. There are three judges at ringside to score the fight and assign points to the boxers, based on connecting punches, defense, knockdowns, and other more subjective measures. Because of the open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results. Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where his or her coach, as well as one or more “seconds”, may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261502265930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Each boxer enters into the ring from his assigned corner at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to his corner at the signaled end of each round.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404844284057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "If the fight goes to the conclusion of the scheduled number of rounds without a stoppage, the fighter with the higher score at the end of the fight is ruled the winner and the three judges rule it as, a. unanimous decision b. split decision and c. draws. A boxer may win the bout before a decision is reached through a knockout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275557518005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponent’s punch and not slip, as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to his or her feet and can continue. Should the referee count to ten, then the knocked-down boxer is ruled “knocked out” (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner by knockout (KO).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277130126953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Violations of these boxing rules may be ruled a “foul” by the referee, who may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality of the foul. An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed it to be disqualified. A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue. Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout may lead to a “no contest” result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027494430541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, spitting on or wrestling their opponent. Boxers typically wear shorts or trunks with the waistband raised so the opponent is not allowed to strike the groin area. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or striking with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist. They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, the back of the head/neck (commonly called a “rabbit-punch”), or the kidneys. They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while punching, or ducking below the level of the opponent's belt. If a “clinch” – a defensive move in which a fighter wraps his/her arms around those of the opponent and holds on to create a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again. Alternatively, the referee may direct the fighters to “punch out” of the clinch. When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled a knockout or called for the fight to continue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03004264831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marquess of Queensberry Rules" } ]

[ { "answer": "NASDAQ", "passage": "Expedia, Inc. is an American-based parent company to several global online travel brands including Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Hotwire.com, trivago, Egencia (formerly Expedia Corporate Travel), Venere.com, Expedia Local Expert, Classic Vacations, Expedia CruiseShipCenters, Travelocity, Orbitz and HomeAway. Expedia, Inc.’s companies operate more than 100 branded points of sale in more than 60 countries. Expedia also powers travel bookings for over 10,000 partners such as airlines and hotels, consumer brands, and high traffic websites through Expedia Affiliate Network, 80% of which is powered by their API. Expedia Inc. is listed on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol EXPE. ", "precise_score": -1.5347883701324463, "rough_score": -4.110370635986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Expedia, Inc." }, { "answer": "NASDAQ", "passage": "The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007, primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market. The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds. GOOG shares split into GOOG Class C shares and GOOGL class A shares. The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.494745254516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "NASDAQ", "passage": "* NASDAQ Stock Exchange: To be listed on the NASDAQ a company must have issued at least 1.25 million shares of stock worth at least $70 million and must have earned more than $11 million over the last three years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.935027599334717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stock exchange" }, { "answer": "NASDAQ", "passage": "Stock exchanges originated as mutual organizations, owned by its member stock brokers. There has been a recent trend for stock exchanges to demutualize, where the members sell their shares in an initial public offering. In this way the mutual organization becomes a corporation, with shares that are listed on a stock exchange. Examples are Australian Securities Exchange (1998), Euronext (merged with New York Stock Exchange), NASDAQ (2002), Bursa Malaysia (2004), the New York Stock Exchange (2005), Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, and the São Paulo Stock Exchange (2007).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.538959503173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stock exchange" } ]

[ { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro (Spanish for \"fox\") is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega, a fictional character created in 1919 by pulp writer Johnston McCulley. He is a Californio nobleman living in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican rule (between 1821 and 1846), although some movie adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the earlier Spanish rule.", "precise_score": 6.456766128540039, "rough_score": 8.246033668518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The character has been featured in numerous books, films, television series, and other media. Tiburcio Vásquez, Juan Nepomuceno Cortina and Joaquin Murrieta are cited as inspirations for Zorro. ", "precise_score": -8.590930938720703, "rough_score": -6.679678440093994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In The Curse of Capistrano, Don Diego Vega becomes Señor Zorro in the pueblo of Los Angeles in California \"to avenge the helpless, to punish cruel politicians\", and \"to aid the oppressed.\" He is the title character, as he is dubbed the \"Curse of Capistrano.\"", "precise_score": 0.312627911567688, "rough_score": -1.3882752656936646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The story involves him romancing Lolita Pulido, an impoverished noblewoman. While Lolita is unimpressed with Diego, who pretends to be a passionless fop, she is attracted to the dashing Zorro. His rival is Captain Ramon. Other characters include Sgt. Pedro Gonzales, Zorro's enemy but Diego's friend; Zorro's deaf and mute servant Bernardo; his ally Fray (Friar) Felipe; his father Don Alejandro Vega; and a group of noblemen (caballeros) who at first hunt him but are won over to his cause.", "precise_score": -4.556192398071289, "rough_score": 0.3825123608112335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In McCulley's later stories, Diego's surname became de la Vega. In fact, the writer was wildly inconsistent. The first magazine serial ended with the villain dead and Diego publicly exposed as Zorro, but in the sequel the villain was alive, and the next entry had the double identity still secret.", "precise_score": 0.37927520275115967, "rough_score": 2.238893985748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Several Zorro productions have expanded on the character's exploits. Many of the continuations feature a younger character taking up the mantle of Zorro.", "precise_score": -9.808747291564941, "rough_score": -9.008148193359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Although McCulley's stories were set in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican rule (between 1821 and 1846), some movie adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the earlier Spanish era.", "precise_score": -7.593216419219971, "rough_score": -8.614683151245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In The Curse of Capistrano, Diego is described as \"unlike the other full-blooded youths of the times\"; though proud as befitting his class (and seemingly uncaring about the lower classes), he shuns action, rarely wearing his sword except for fashion, and is indifferent to romance with women. This is, of course, a sham. This portrayal, with minor variations, is followed in most Zorro media.", "precise_score": -7.906675815582275, "rough_score": -7.570220947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "A notable exception to this portrayal is Disney's Zorro (1957–59), where Diego, despite using the original facade early in the series, instead becomes a passionate and compassionate crusader for justice and simply masquerades as \"the most inept swordsman in all of California.\" In this show, everyone knows Diego would love to do what Zorro does, but thinks he does not have the skill.", "precise_score": -7.72519063949585, "rough_score": -7.179694175720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The Family Channel's Zorro (1990–1993) takes this concept further. While Diego pretends to be inept with a sword, the rest of his facade is actually exaggerating his real interests. Diego is actually well versed and interested in art, poetry, literature, and science. His facade is pretending to be interested in only these things and to have no interest in swordplay or action. Zorro also has a well-equipped laboratory in his hidden cave in this version of the story.", "precise_score": -8.589333534240723, "rough_score": -8.177391052246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The fox is never depicted as Zorro's emblem. It is used as a metaphor for the character's wiliness, such as in the lyrics \"Zorro, 'the Fox', so cunning and free ...\" from the Disney television show theme.", "precise_score": -6.436241626739502, "rough_score": -4.811812400817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "McCulley's concept of a band of men helping Zorro is often absent from other versions of the character. An exception is Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939), starring Reed Hadley as Diego. In Douglas Fairbanks' version, he also has a band of masked men helping him. In McCulley's stories, Zorro was aided by a deaf-mute named Bernardo. In Disney's Zorro television series, Bernardo is not deaf but pretends to be, and serves as Zorro's spy. He is a capable and invaluable helper for Zorro, sometimes wearing the mask to reinforce his master's charade. The Family Channel's Zorro television series replaces Bernardo with a teenager named Felipe, played by Juan Diego Botto, with a similar disability and pretense.", "precise_score": -7.834418296813965, "rough_score": -4.745193004608154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The historical figure most often associated with the Zorro character is Joaquin Murrieta, whose life was fictionalized in an 1854 dime novel by John Rollin Ridge. In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro Murrieta's (fictitious) brother Alejandro succeeds Diego as Zorro. As a hero with a secret identity who taunts his foes by signing his deeds, Zorro finds a direct literary predecessor in Sir Percival Blakeney, hero of the Scarlet Pimpernel pulp series by Baroness Emmuska Orczy.", "precise_score": -6.996176719665527, "rough_score": -0.43021416664123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The character recalls other figures, such as Robin Hood, Reynard the Fox, Salomon Pico, Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza, and Tiburcio Vasquez. Another possible historical inspiration is William Lamport, an Irish soldier who lived in Mexico in the seventeenth century. His life was the subject of a fictive book by Vicente Riva Palacio; The Irish Zorro (2004) is a recent biography. Another is Estanislao, a Yokuts man who led a revolt against the Mission San Jose in 1827.", "precise_score": -5.259444713592529, "rough_score": -2.3632683753967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Like Sir Percy in The Scarlet Pimpernel, Don Diego avoids suspicion by playing the role of an effete dandy who wears lace, writes poetry, and shuns violence. The all-black Fairbanks film costume, which with variations has remained the standard costume for the character, was likely adapted from the Arrow serial film character The Masked Rider (1919). This character was the first Mexican black-clad masked rider on a black horse to appear on the silver screen. Fairbanks's costume in The Mark of Zorro, released the following year, resembled that of the Rider with only slight differences in the mask and hat. ", "precise_score": -5.62185001373291, "rough_score": -6.157435417175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro, The Gay Blade (1981), a parody, with George Hamilton. Diego, Jr., breaks his leg shortly after launching his career as a new Zorro, and his gay twin brother Ramon, now calling himself Bunny Wigglesworth, volunteers to fill in while he recuperates.", "precise_score": -8.460222244262695, "rough_score": -8.54177188873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mask of Zorro (1998), played against tradition, with Anthony Hopkins as an aged Don Diego de la Vega and Antonio Banderas as Alejandro Murrieta, a misfit outlaw/cowboy who is groomed to become the next Zorro.", "precise_score": -1.201326608657837, "rough_score": -3.666597843170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "20th Century Fox is working on a reboot Zorro film called Zorro Reborn with Gael Garcia Bernal in the title role set in the future with a script by Glen Gers, Lee Shipman, and Brian McGeevy. Sony also plans another film with a script by Christopher Stetson Boal based on the novel by Isabel Allende as a less traditional swashbuckler and more of a Dark Knight style unveiling of the character with a new backstory, gritty realism and emotional core with swordplay, combined with the martial arts that came from Europe and created a deadly combination of action and lethal fighting systems that combined swords, daggers, grappling and bare knuckles. Sony is also planning on working a Django Unchained and Zorro crossover movie. Lantica Media and Sobini films are producing a Zorro film called Z with Jonas Cuaron to write and direct the film. Bernal was once again courted to star as the masked hero. Production is expected to begin in the fall.", "precise_score": -9.564739227294922, "rough_score": -1.5253530740737915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* La Gran Aventura Del Zorro (1976), Mexican Western with Rodolfo de Anda, the first Mexican actor to play the role; with Pedro Armendáriz Jr. as the villain and set in a very primitive San Francisco Bay Area.", "precise_score": -7.876315116882324, "rough_score": -7.169327735900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In addition to a variety of Zorro films, European producers also used a similar character called the Coyote. ", "precise_score": -7.281961917877197, "rough_score": -9.011537551879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939), with Reed Hadley as the original Zorro/Don Diego de la Vega", "precise_score": -0.7213607430458069, "rough_score": -3.956943988800049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro (also known as The New Zorro or New World Zorro or Zorro 1990) was an early 1990s television series featuring Duncan Regehr. Regehr portrayed him for 88 episodes on The Family Channel from 1990 to 1993. Two feature-length videos were episode compilations. It was shot entirely in Madrid, Spain.", "precise_score": -9.132928848266602, "rough_score": -8.686326026916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro: La Espada y la Rosa (The Sword and the Rose), a (2007) Spanish language telenovela from Sony Pictures and Telemundo, starring Peruvian actor Christian Meier as Don Diego de la Vega/Zorro and Marlene Favela as Esmeralda Sánchez de Moncada. This was filmed in the colonial village of Villa de Leyva, Colombia.", "precise_score": 2.3756463527679443, "rough_score": -1.0665533542633057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro: Generation Z, (2006) animated series follows a descendant of the original Zorro, also named Diego De La Vega, fighting crime and the corrupt government of Pueblo Grande in a future setting.", "precise_score": 0.41668790578842163, "rough_score": -3.4000508785247803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Walt Disney's Zorro: [1. Presenting Señor Zorro; 2. Zorro Frees The Indians; 3. Zorro And The Ghost; 4. Zorro's Daring Rescue] (1957) released by Disneyland Records. This album retold stories from the Disney Zorro television series and featured Guy Williams as Zorro and Don Diego, Henry Calvin as Sergeant Garcia, Phil Ross as Monastario, Jan Arvan as Torres, Jimmie Dodd from The Mickey Mouse Club as Padre Felipe, with other voices by Dallas McKennon and sound effects by Jimmy Macdonald and Eddie Forrest. Record story adaptations by Bob Thomas and George Sherman. Music composed and conducted by William Lava.", "precise_score": -8.078815460205078, "rough_score": -7.6929216384887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro. (2011) Based on The Curse of Capistrano. Produced by Hollywood Theater of the Ear for Blackstone Audio.It features the voice talents of Val Kilmer as Diego de la Vega/Zorro, Ruth Livier as Lolita Pulido, Elizabeth Peña as Doña Catalina Pulido, Armin Shimmerman as the Landlord, Mishach Taylor as Sgt Pedro Gonzalez, Keith Szarabajka as Cpt Ramone, Ned Schmidtke as Don Carlos Pulido, Scott Brick as the Governor, Stefan Rudnicki as Fray Felipe, Kristoffer Tabori as Don Alejando de la Vega, Philip Proctor as Don Audre, John Sloan as the Magistrado, and Gordo Panza in numerous roles.", "precise_score": -0.9429322481155396, "rough_score": -3.2484729290008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Dynamite Entertainment relaunched the character in 2008 with writer Matt Wagner first adapting Isabel Allende's novel before writing his own stories. The publisher also released an earlier unpublished tale called \"Matanzas\" by Don McGregor and artist Mike Mayhew. Zorro also appears in the 2013 Dynamite title Masks alongside Green Hornet, Kato, The Shadow, and The Spider. Written by Chris Roberson with art by Alex Ross and Dennis Calero. ", "precise_score": -10.1428861618042, "rough_score": -6.699769496917725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The character also appeared in European comics and is universally beloved in Latin America, usually in licensed, translated reprints of American comics. In the Netherlands, Zorro was drawn by Hans G. Kresse for the weekly Pep.", "precise_score": -7.045255184173584, "rough_score": -7.569478511810303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Michael Smuin’s critically lauded modern ballet version of Zorro premiered in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco in 2003. Composer Charles Fox provided the score, and Matthew Robbins wrote the libretto. Ann Beck was costume designer and Douglas W. Schmidt was set designer. Smuin himself choreographed. ", "precise_score": -10.543149948120117, "rough_score": -8.473432540893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Culture Clash’s Zorro in Hell opened in 2005 in the Berkeley Repertory theater, then in 2006 in the La Jolla Playhouse and the Montelban Theater in Los Angeles. Zorro In Hell was written and performed by Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas and Herbert Siguenza. Culture Clash used the legend of Zorro as a lens to examine California’s cultural, economic and historical issues. The LA Times called it “a zany bicultural send-up of California history.” ", "precise_score": -10.531439781188965, "rough_score": -9.232579231262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*In 2015, The M7 Con Western Convention, held at the Los Angeles Convention Center featured a segment on the history of Zorro in film and television. The presentation focused on the great Zorro actors including Douglas Fairbanks, Tyrone Power, Guy Williams, and Duncan Regehr. Maestro Ramon Martinez and actor Alex Kruz gave a live demonstration of the Spanish style of fencing known as La Verdadera Destreza. The two dueled live as Zorro and the Comandante much to the delight of the crowd. ", "precise_score": -8.705214500427246, "rough_score": -6.543752670288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The copyright and trademark status of the Zorro character and stories are disputed. Zorro Productions, Inc., asserts that it \"controls the worldwide trademarks and copyrights in the name, visual likeness and the character of Zorro.\" It further states \"[t]he unauthorized, unlicensed use of the name, character and/or likeness of 'Zorro' is an infringement and a violation of state and federal laws.\" ", "precise_score": -10.281424522399902, "rough_score": -8.987899780273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Hanna-Barbara Productions' Pixie and Dixie cartoon featured a Zorro-like character with a mask, cape and sword known in the episode \"Mark of the Mouse.\" Hanna-Barbara Production's El Kabong character, an alternate persona of Quick Draw McGraw is loosely based upon Zorro.", "precise_score": -10.57744026184082, "rough_score": -8.853114128112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The character Roronoa Zoro from the popular anime One Piece is known to be loosely based on Zorro.", "precise_score": -8.72910213470459, "rough_score": -7.968952178955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro debuted in McCulley's 1919 story The Curse of Capistrano, serialized in five parts in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly. At the denouement, Zorro's true identity is revealed to all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52736759185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford, on their honeymoon, selected the story as the inaugural picture for their new studio, United Artists, beginning the character's cinematic tradition. The story was adapted as the film The Mark of Zorro (1920), which was a commercial success. McCulley's story was rereleased by publisher Grosset & Dunlap under the same title, to tie in with the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.59599781036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In response to public demand fueled by the film, McCulley wrote more than sixty more Zorro stories, beginning in 1922. The last, \"The Mask of Zorro\" (not to be confused with the 1998 film), was published posthumously in 1959. These stories ignore Zorro's public revelation of his identity. McCulley died in 1958, just as the Disney-produced Zorro television show was becoming popular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.641693115234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In later stories, McCulley introduces characters such as pirates and Native Americans, some of whom know Zorro's identity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.455978393554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "His heroic pose consists of rearing on his horse Tornado, sword raised high. (The logo of Zorro Productions, Inc. uses an example of this pose.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959824562072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro is an agile athlete and acrobat, using his bullwhip as a gymnastic accoutrement to swing through gaps between city roofs, and is very capable of landing from great heights and taking a fall. Although he is a master swordsman and marksman, he has more than once demonstrated his prowess in unarmed combat against multiple opponents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85949420928955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In some versions, Zorro keeps a medium-sized dagger tucked in his left boot for emergencies. He has used his cape as a blind, a trip-mat and a disarming tool. Zorro's boots are also sometimes weighted, as is his hat, which he has thrown, Frisbee-style, as an efficiently substantial warning to enemies. But more often than not, he uses psychological mockery to make his opponents too angry to be coordinated in combat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942167282104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro is a skilled horseman. The name of his jet-black horse has varied through the years. In The Curse of Capistrano, it was unnamed. Later versions named the horse Tornado/Toronado or Tempest. In other versions, Zorro rides a white horse named Phantom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.164183616638184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The 1890s penny dreadful treatment of the Spring-heeled Jack character as a masked avenger may have inspired some aspects of Zorro's heroic persona. Spring Heeled Jack was portrayed as a nobleman who created a flamboyant, masked alter ego to fight injustice, frequently demonstrated exceptional athletic and combative skills, maintained a hidden lair and was known to carve the letter \"S\" into walls with his rapier as a calling card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059835433959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Johnston McCulley's original magazine serial, The Curse of Capistrano from All-Story Weekly, was published in 1924 as a novel by Grosset & Dunlap under the title The Mark of Zorro. It was reprinted by MacDonald & Co. in 1959 and by Tor books in 1998, ISBN 978-0-8125-4007-9.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.268301963806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Johnston McCulley's Zorro novels and short stories are being reprinted by Bold Venture Press in a series of trade paperback editions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696083068847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro: The Complete Pulp Adventures Volume One March 2016 ISBN 978-1530392445", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166903495788574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Johnston McCulley's Zorro short stories were reprinted by Pulp Adventures Inc. in a series of trade paperback editions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865165710449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro The Master's Edition Volume One (1932–1944) February 2000 ISBN 1-891729-20-9", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214628219604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro The Master's Edition Volume Two (1944–1946) January 2002 ISBN 1-891729-21-7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246309280395508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro The Master's Edition: A Task For Zorro (1947) July 2002 ISBN 1-891729-31-4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178685188293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro and the Jaguar Warriors by Jerome Preisler September 1998 ISBN 978-0-8125-6767-0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156760215759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro and The Dragon Riders by David Bergantino March 1999 ISBN 978-0-8125-6768-7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270065307617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro and the Witch's Curse by John Whitman April 2000 ISBN 978-0-8125-6769-4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156499862670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Gerard Ronan's Biography of William Lamport \"The Irish Zorro\" was published by Brandon Books in 2004. ISBN 978-0-86322-329-7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039241790771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Minstrel Books published A series of young reader novels based on the motion picture The Mask of Zorro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888284683227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro filmographic books have also been published:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933265686035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** The Legend of Zorro by Bill Yenne 1991 Mallard Press ISBN 978-0-7924-5547-9", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151493072509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro Unmasked The Official History by Sandra Curtis 1998 Hyperion ISBN 978-0-7868-8285-4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083002090454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Tales of Zorro anthology edited by Richard Dean Starr 2008 Moonstone Books ISBN 978-1-933076-31-7", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195047378540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** The Mask of Zorro: A Novelization by James Luceno 1998 Pocket Books ISBN 978-0671519896 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14846420288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** The Legend of Zorro: A Novelization by Scott Ciencin 2005 HarperCollins ISBN 978-0060833046", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921516418457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Zorro by Isabel Allende 2005 HarperCollins ISBN 0-06-077897-0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207062721252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "** Young Zorro: The Iron Brand by Jan Adkins 2005 Harper Collins ISBN 978-0060839468", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245899200439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The character has been adapted for over forty films.[http://www.zorro.com/et-movie.html Zorro Productions, Inc.] They include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.074766159057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro (1920), with Douglas Fairbanks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037514686584473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925), with Douglas Fairbanks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.355792045593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939), with Reed Hadley", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058342933654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro (1940), with Tyrone Power", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81177043914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Sign of Zorro (1958), with Guy Williams, portions of the first 13 Zorro TV series episodes edited into a feature film, released overseas in 1958 and domestically in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07088565826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro, the Avenger (1959), with Guy Williams, another theatrical compilation of several Zorro TV episodes, released overseas, and was not seen in the United States until it was eventually aired on the Disney Channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839156150817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro (1974), a made for television movie with Frank Langella as Zorro that reuses the Alfred Newman theme from 1940's The Mark of Zorro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774055480957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Legend of Zorro (2005), the sequel to 1998's The Mask of Zorro, again starring Antonio Banderas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893278121948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* À la manière de Zorro / In the Way of Zorro (1926) Belgium William Elie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588407516479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Il sogno di Zorro (1952) Italy Walter Chiari", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222583770751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro alla corte di Spagna / Zorro at the Spanish Court (1962) Italy George Ardisson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.177593231201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* La venganza del Zorro / Zorro the Avenger (1962) Spain Frank Latimore", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.565311431884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* L'ombra di Zorro / The Shadow of Zorro (1962) Italy, Spain & France Frank Latimore", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688002586364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Le tre spade di Zorro / The Three Swords of Zorro (1963) Spain & Italy Guy Stockwell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915314674377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro e i tre moschettieri / Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963) Italy Gordon Scott", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224666595458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro contro Maciste / Samson and the Slave Queen (1963) Italy & Spain Pierre Brice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700281143188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* El Zorro cabalga otra vez / Behind the Mask of Zorro (1965) Italy & Spain Tony Russel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920197486877441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro il ribelle / Zorro the Rebel (1966) Italy Howard Ross", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25871467590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* El Zorro (1968) Italy & Spain George Ardisson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729779243469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* I nipoti di Zorro / The Nephews of Zorro (1968) Italy Dean Reed (comedy with Franco & Ciccio)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708353996276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro marchese di Navarra / Zorro, the Navarra Marquis (1969) Italy Nino Vingelli", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128500938415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro alla corte d'Inghilterra / Zorro in the Court of England (1969) Italy Spiros Focás", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943087577819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* El Zorro justiciero (1969) Italy & Spain Fabio Testi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942994117736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* La última aventura del Zorro (1970) Spain & Italy Carlos Quiney", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.446026802062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* El Zorro de Monterrey (1971) Spain & Italy Carlos Quiney", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.135940551757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro il cavaliere della vendetta / Zorro, Rider of Vengeance (1971) Spain & Italy Carlos Quiney", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783123970031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Erotic Adventures of Zorro (1972) France, USA & West Germany Douglas Frey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110013961791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Les aventures galantes de Zorro (1972) France & Belgium Jean-Michel Dhermay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050055503845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Il figlio di Zorro / Son of Zorro (1973) Italy & Spain Alberto Dell'Acqua", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.881274223327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Le meravigliose avventure di Zorro (1974) Italy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228816032409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Il sogno di Zorro / Grandsons of Zorro (1975) Italy Franco Franchi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1007719039917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro (1975) Italy & France Alain Delon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861348152160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* La marque de Zorro (1975) France Monica Swinn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5849609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Ah sì? E io lo dico a Zzzzorro! / Mark of Zorro (1976) Italy & Spain George Hilton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196540832519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro Rides Again (1937), with John Carroll as a modern-day descendant, James Vega", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.105928421020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro's Black Whip (1944), with Linda Stirling as an 1880s female descendent, The Black Whip", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211990356445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Son of Zorro (1947), with George Turner as a Civil War descendant, Jeff Stewart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995648384094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Ghost of Zorro (1949), with Clayton Moore as Ken Mason, Zorro's grandson/\"The Ghost of Zorro\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755284309387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro, a Disney half-hour television series, running from 1957 to 1959, starring Guy Williams as Zorro. The two features listed above starring Guy Williams were episode compilations, and there were four one-hour follow-ups on the Walt Disney anthology television series in the 1960–1961 TV season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132972717285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro (1974), with Frank Langella, a made for television remake of the 1940 film", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907363891601562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The New Adventures of Zorro, 1981 animated series from Filmation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825502395629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro and Son, 1983", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14426040649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Kaiketsu Zorro (1996) Japanese anime version from NHK and Ashi Productions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062294006347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The New Adventures of Zorro, 1997 animated series from Warner Bros..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647073745727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Amazing Zorro, 2002 made for TV animated film created by DIC Entertainment. It premiered on television on Nickelodeon Sunday Movie Toons and was released on DVD and VHS shortly afterward by MGM Home Entertainment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931768417358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro, a 2009 TV series from the GMA Network of the Philippines. The lead role is portrayed by Richard Gutierrez with leading ladies Rhian Ramos, Bianca King, and Michelle Madrigal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383159637451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro: The Chronicles, an upcoming animated series (2016) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976387023925781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Adventures of Zorro. (1957) Based on the original Johnston McCulley story The Curse of Capistrano (aka The Mark of Zorro). It was written by Maria Little, directed by Robert M. Light and produced by Mitchell Gertz. This short-lived radio show was a series of short episodes. Only a handful of episodes are known to have survived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.747405052185059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mark of Zorro. (1997) [No longer available] Produced by the BBC it starred Mark Arden as Zorro, Louise Lombard as Lolita and Glyn Houston as Friar Felipe. It aired in 5 parts. 1. July 3 97 Night of the Fox: 2. July 10 97 Deadly Reckonings: 3. July 17 97 The Avenging Blade 4. July 24 97 The Place of Skulls 5. July 31 97 The Gathering Storm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.815067291259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro and the Pirate Raiders. (2009) Based on the D.J. Arneson adaptation of Johnston McCulley's The Further Adventures of Zorro. Produced by Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air. Published by Brilliance Audio. It features Kevin Cirone, Shonna McEachern, Hugh Metzler, J.T. Turner, Sam Donato, Joseph Zamperelli Jr., and Dan Powell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241438865661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro Rides Again. (2011) Based on the D.J. Arneson adaptation of Johnston McCulley's \"Zorro Rides Again\". Produced by Colonial Theatre on the Air. It features the voice talents of Kevin Cirone, Jeremy Benson, Shonna McEachern, Shana Dirk, Sam Donato, and Hugh Metzler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597807884216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Due to the popularity of the Disney TV series, in 1958, The Topps Company produced an 88-card set featuring stills from that year's movie. The cards were rare and became collectors' items. In the same year the Louis Marx company released a variety of Zorro toys such as hats, swords, toy pistols and a playset with the Lido company also making plastic figures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924464225769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "A major toy line based on the classic Zorro characters, motifs and styling, was released by Italian toy giant, Giochi Preziosi, master toy licensees of the property. The toy range was developed by Pangea Corporation and released worldwide in 2005 and featured action figures in various scales, interactive playsets and roleplaying items. New original characters were also introduced, including Senor Muerte, who served as a foil to Zorro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.030596733093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In 2007, Brazilian toymaker Gulliver Toys licensed the rights to Zorro: Generation Z, which was co-developed by BKN and Pangea Corporation. The toy range was designed concurrent and in association with the animated program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961607933044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In 2011, US-based collectibles company Triad Toys released a 12-inch Zorro action figure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215493202209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro has appeared in many different comic book series over the decades. In Hit Comics # 55 published by Quality Comics in November 1948, Zorro is summoned by Kid Eternity, in this version has only a whip and does not wear a mask. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678078651428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Dell Comics published Zorro in Four Color Comics # 228 (1949), 425 (1952), 497 (1953), 538 (1954), 574 (1954), 617 (1955) and 732 (1957), This stories featured artwork by Everett Raymond Kinstler (497, 538, and 574), Bob Fujitani, Bob Correa and Alberto Giolitti. In 1958, it resumed publication in Four Colors, based on the Disney's TV series, with the first stories featuring artwork by Alex Toth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012303352355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro was given his own title in 1959, which lasted 7 more issues and then was made a regular feature of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories (also published by Dell) from #275 to #278. From 1965 to 1974, through Disney Studio Program, the Walt Disney Studio had a unit producing comic book stories exclusively for foreign consumption, to meet the demand, other countries produced Zorro comics under license from Disney: Brazil, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.369083404541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Gold Key Comics began a Zorro series in 1966, but, like their contemporaneous Lone Ranger series, it featured only material reprinted from the earlier Dell comics, and folded after 9 issues, in 1968. The character remained dormant for the next twenty years until it was revived by Marvel Comics in 1990, for a 12-issue tie-in with the Duncan Regehr television series Zorro. Many of these comics had Alex Toth covers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.393628120422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro In Old California Eclipse Books ISBN 978-0-913035-12-2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203917503356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro The Complete Classic Adventures By Alex Toth. Volume One Image Comics 1988. ISBN 978-1-58240-014-3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.075277328491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro The Dailies – The First Year By Don McGregor, Thomas Yeates. Image Comics 2001. ISBN 1-58240-239-6", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.730679512023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Alex Toth's Zorro: The Complete Dell Comics Adventures. Hermes Press 2013. ISBN 978-1613450314", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03747844696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro: The Complete Dell Pre-Code Comics. Hermes Press 2014. ISBN 9781613450666", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191888809204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In 1993 Topps Comics published a 2-issue mini-series Dracula Versus Zorro followed by a Zorro series that ran 11 issues. Topps published two miniseries of Lady Rawhide, a spin-off from the Zorro stories created by writer Don McGregor and artist Mike Mayhew. McGregor subsequently scripted a miniseries adaptation of The Mask of Zorro film for Image Comics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.59986686706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "A newspaper daily and Sunday strip were also published in the late 1990s. This was written by McGregor and rendered by Tom Yeates. Papercutz once published a Zorro series and graphic novels as well. This version is drawn in a manga style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.417827606201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "It was announced on June 18, 2014 that Quentin Tarantino would co-write a series with Matt Wagner teaming Zorro with Tarantino's character Django Freeman from the movie Django Unchained. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592101097106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Approximately 65 separate Zorro live productions have been produced. These have included traditional stage plays, comedies, melodramas, musicals, children’s plays, stunt shows, and ballets. Some examples include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.818649291992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Ken Hill wrote and directed the musical production of Zorro, which opened on 14 February 1995 at the East Stratford Theater in London. Ken Hill’s production received rave reviews and immense box office success. Ken Hill died just days before the opening. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344733238220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Michael Nelson wrote a stage adaptation of Zorro for the Birmingham Children’s Theater in 1996. Beaufort County Now called it “a fun and fast paced production perfect for children 6 and up.” Abe Reybold directed with scenic design by Yoshi Tanokura and costume designs by Donna Meester. Jay Tumminello provided an original score. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.712860107421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Theater Under the Stars in Houston, Texas, put on Zorro, the Musical as an opera in 1998. It was written and directed by Frank Young and starring Richard White as Zorro. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11918830871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*In 1999, Anthony Rhine and Joseph Henson wrote Zorro Live!, which was performed at the Riverside Light Opera theater. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004488945007324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*In 2002, playwright Michael Harris wrote The Legend of Zorro, which has been performed in many high schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665349006652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Award-winning playwright Bernardo Solano wrote a modern adaptation of Zorro for TheatreWorks at the University of Colorado in 2007. Robert Castro directed and Justin Huen starred as Zorro. The Denver post called the production “a fresh take,” and “a formula other companies should emulate.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985414505004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*In Uppsala, Sweden, Erik Norberg wrote a Zorro stage adaptation for the Stadsteatern Theatre directed by Alexander Oberg and starring Danilo Bejarano as Zorro. The production opened in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967180252075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*The Scottish children’s theater troupe Visible Fictions put on a touring production of The Mask of Zorro in 2009. Davey Anderson wrote the script and Douglas Irvine directed. Robin Peoples designed the sets, which The New York Times called “a triumph.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515222549438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Lifehouse Theater, a Redlands, CA-based company, put on 'Zorro, written and scored by Wayne Scott. Zorro opened in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27562427520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*In 2012, Janet Allard and Eleanor Holdridge produced and directed Zorro at the Constellation Theatre in Washington, DC. Holdridge directed and Danny Gavigan played Zorro. The Washington Post said of the production, “Constellation augments its classical thrust in a thoughtful way with 'Zorro,' which continues the company’s laudable efforts at delivering intimate theater with high standards for design.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043623924255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*The Oregon-based ballet troupe Ballet Fantastique produced Zorro: The Ballet as an opener to their 2013 season. Eugene Weekly called the ballet “zesty, fresh, fantastic treat.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264132499694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*Z – The Musical of Zorro by Robert W. Cabell was released in 1998 as a CD. The CD premiere with Ruben Gomez (Zorro) and Debbie Gibson (Carlotta) is published as a CD. The stage premiere took place on June 13, 2013 at the Clingenburg Festspiele in Klingenberg am Main, Bavaria, Germany, with Karl Grunewald and Philip Georgopoulos as alternating Zorros, Judith Perez as Carlotta, Daniel Coninx as Governor Juan Carlos, Daniel Pabst as Capitàn Raphaél Ramerez and Christian Theodoridis as Sergeant Santiago Garcia. This production was directed by Marcel Krohn and premiered in the presence of the composer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06628704071045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "*A musical titled Zorro opened in the West End in 2008. It is directed by Christopher Renshaw, choreographed by Rafael Amargo and features music composed by the world famous Gipsy Kings. It was nominated for 5 Oliviers, including Best Musical. It has since enjoyed professional productions in Tokyo, Paris, Amsterdam, Moscow, Prague, Warsaw, Tel Aviv, Seoul, Shanghai, São Paulo and elsewhere. The US premiere production took place in 2012 at Hale Centre Theatre in Salt Lake City, Utah, with a further production at the Alliance Theater in Atlanta Georgia, where it won five awards including Best Musical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551342964172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "On the commercial release of the Zorro 1957 Disney TV series' Zorro theme, the lead vocal was by Henry Calvin, the actor who played Sergeant Garcia on the program. The song was written by Jimmie Dodd.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482605934143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The Chordettes sang the single version of the song, complete with the \"Sounds of the Z\" and the clip clopping of Zorro's horse, which is heard at the song's end. The song hit Number 17 in 1958 according to the Billboard Charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324112892150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In 1964, Henri Salvador sang \"Zorro est arrivé.\" It tells from a child's point of view how exciting it is whenever a villain threatens to kill a lady in the television series. But every time again, to his relief, the \"great and beautiful\" Zorro comes to the rescue. An early music video was made at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716788291931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Alice Cooper's 1982 album Zipper Catches Skin includes the song \"Zorro's Ascent\" which is about Zorro facing his death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351398468017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro (1986), Sinclair ZX Spectrum ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134966850280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro (1995), PC ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26014518737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Mask of Zorro (1999), Game Boy Color", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267176628112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Shadow of Zorro (2001), PC, PlayStation 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160016059875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* The Destiny of Zorro (2008), Wii", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980138778686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* Zorro: Quest for Justice (2009), Nintendo DS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297804832458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "* There is a Zorro themed poker machine at gaming establishments in Australia and New Zealand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347543716430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In July 2001, the Gold Rush Games published The Legacy of Zorro Introductory Adventure Game (ISBN 1-890305-26-X) by Mark Arsenault for Fuzion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022481918334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In 1999, TriStar Pictures Inc. sued Del Taco, Inc., due to a fast-food restaurant advertising campaign that allegedly infringed Zorro Productions’ claims to a trademark on the character of Zorro. In an August 1999 order, the court ruled that it would not invalidate Zorro Productions’ trademarks as a result of the defendant's arguments that certain copyrights in Zorro being in the public domain or owned by third parties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946462631225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "A dispute took place in the 2001 case of Sony Pictures Entertainment v. Fireworks Ent. Group. On January 24, 2001, Sony Pictures, TriStar Pictures and Zorro Productions, Inc. sued Fireworks Entertainment, Paramount Pictures, and Mercury Entertainment, claiming that the Queen of Swords television series infringed upon the copyrights and trademarks of Zorro and associated characters. Sony and TriStar had paid licensing fees to Zorro Productions, Inc., related to the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro. Queen of Swords was a 2000–2001 television series set in Spanish California during the early 19th century and featuring a hero who wore a black costume with a red sash and demonstrated similarities to the character of Zorro, including the sword-fighting skills, use of a whip and bolas, and horse-riding skills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.637752532958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Zorro Productions, Inc., argued that it owned the copyright to the original character because Johnston McCulley assigned his Zorro rights to Mitchell Gertz in 1949. Gertz died in 1961, and his estate transferred to his children, who created Zorro Productions, Inc. Fireworks Entertainment argued that the original rights had already been transferred to Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. in 1920 and provided documents showing this was legally affirmed in 1929, and also questioned whether the copyright was still valid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.245588302612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The court ruled that \"since the copyrights in The Curse of Capistrano and The Mark of Zorro lapsed in 1995 or before, the character Zorro has been in the public domain\". Judge Collins also stated that: \"Plaintiffs' argument that they have a trademark in Zorro because they licensed others to use Zorro, however, is specious. It assumes that ZPI had the right to demand licenses to use Zorro at all.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626327514648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In another legal action in 2010, Zorro Productions, Inc., sued Mars, Incorporated, makers of M&M's chocolate candies, and ad agency BBDO Worldwide over a commercial featuring a Zorro-like costume. The case was settled with \"each party shall bear its own costs incurred in connection with this action, including its", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.706514358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In March 2013, Robert W. Cabell, author of Z - the Musical of Zorro (1998), filed another lawsuit against Zorro Productions, Inc. The lawsuit asserted that the Zorro character is in the public domain and that the trademark registrations by Zorro Productions, Inc., are therefore fraudulent. In October, 2014, Cabell’s lawsuit was dismissed, with the judge ruling that the state of Washington (where the case was filed) did not have jurisdiction over the matter. However the judge later reversed his decision and had the case transferred to California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27027416229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "In June 2015, Robert W. Cabell's legal dispute with Zorro Productions, Inc. resulted in the Community Trade Mark for \"Zorro\" being declared invalid by the European Union's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market for goods of classes 16 and 41. This follows the ‘Winnetou’ ruling of the Office’s First Board of Appeal in which the Board of Appeal ruled that the name of famous characters cannot be protected as a trademark in these classes. Both rulings are currently being appealed. Zorro Productions, Inc. owns approximately 1300 other ZORRO related trademarks worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451872825622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "Bob Kane has credited Zorro as part of the inspiration for Batman. Like Zorro, Bruce Wayne is affluent, the heir of wealth built by his parents. His everyday persona encourages others to think of him as shallow, foolish and uncaring to throw off suspicion. Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns and The Dark Knight Strikes Again both include multiple Zorro references like the Batman inscribing a Z on a defeated foe. In later tellings of Batmans origins, Bruce Wayne's parents are murdered by a robber as the family leaves a showing of the 1940 film The Mark of Zorro, starring Tyrone Power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.342941284179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "The Masked Rider, the primary mascot of Texas Tech University, is similar to Zorro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169259071350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" }, { "answer": "Zorro", "passage": "A cave that was used as a filming location in various Zorro productions is now known as \"Zorro's Cave\" and remains in place, now hidden behind a condominium complex, on land that was once the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., recognized as the most widely filmed outdoor shooting location in the history of Hollywood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379075050354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zorro" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Lorax", "passage": "In 2011, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 2012, DeVito voiced the Lorax in The Lorax. In 2013, along with Rashida Jones, he voiced Herb for the third time on \"The Changing of the Guardian\" episode of The Simpsons (aired on January 27, 2013. season 24, episode 11). He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends Champions for Earth tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the 3DS game Detective Pikachu, dedicated fans started a petition requesting Devito as the English voice actor for the titular character. The petition gained 40,000 signatures but he declined to audition for the role. ", "precise_score": -1.0302143096923828, "rough_score": -0.4600934386253357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "The Lorax", "passage": "After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991, his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters. She approved a live-action feature-film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey, as well as a Seuss-themed Broadway musical called Seussical, and both premiered in 2000. The Grinch has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season, after premiering in 1998 (under the title How the Grinch Stole Christmas) at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, where it has become a Christmas tradition. In 2003, another live-action film was released, this time an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat that featured Mike Myers as the title character. Audrey Geisel has spoken critically of the film, especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat, and stated that she would not allow any further live-action adaptations of Geisel's books. However, an animated CGI feature film adaptation of Horton Hears a Who! was approved, and was eventually released on March 14, 2008, to critical acclaim. A CGI-animated feature film adaptation of The Lorax was released by Universal on March 2, 2012 (on what would have been the 108th birthday of Seuss).", "precise_score": -5.741485595703125, "rough_score": -4.84199857711792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Seuss" }, { "answer": "Lorax", "passage": "A major film star, he is known for his roles in Tin Men, Throw Momma from the Train, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Ruthless People, Man on the Moon, Terms of Endearment, Romancing the Stone, Twins, Batman Returns, Other People's Money, Get Shorty and L.A. Confidential and for his voiceover in such films as Space Jam, Hercules and The Lorax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.721662521362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "The Lorax", "passage": "Many of Geisel's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues: The Lorax (1971), about environmentalism and anti-consumerism; \"The Sneetches\" (1961), about racial equality; The Butter Battle Book (1984), about the arms race; Yertle the Turtle (1958), about Hitler and anti-authoritarianism; How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957), criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season; and Horton Hears a Who! (1954), about anti-isolationism and internationalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084565162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Seuss" }, { "answer": "The Lorax", "passage": "Geisel's earlier artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors, but in children's books of the postwar period, he generally employed the starker medium of pen and ink, normally using just black, white, and one or two colors. Later books such as The Lorax used more colors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405072212219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Seuss" }, { "answer": "The Lorax", "passage": "From 1972 to 1983, Geisel wrote six animated specials which were produced by DePatie-Freleng: The Lorax (1972); Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973); The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975); Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977); Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980); and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982). Several of the specials won multiple Emmy Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.299497604370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Seuss" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "A presser foot is an attachment used with sewing machines to hold fabric flat as it is fed through the machine and stitched. Sewing machines have feed dogs in the bed of the machine to provide traction and move the fabric as it is fed through the machine, while the sewer provides extra support for the fabric by guiding it with one hand. A presser foot keeps the fabric flat so that it does not rise and fall with the needle and pucker as it is stitched. When especially thick workpieces are to be sewn, such as quilts, a specialized attachment called a walking foot is often used rather than a presser foot.", "precise_score": -4.675944805145264, "rough_score": -7.87552547454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Presser foot" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Isaac Merritt Singer (October 27, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an American inventor, actor, and entrepreneur. He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Many had patented sewing machines before Singer, but his success was based on the practicality of his machine, the ease with which it could be adapted to home use, and its availability on an installment payment basis. Singer fathered at least 24 children with various wives and mistresses.", "precise_score": -1.321407675743103, "rough_score": 2.0058271884918213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Lerow & Blodgett sewing machines were being constructed and repaired in Phelps' shop. Phelps asked Singer to look at the sewing machines, which were difficult to use and produce. Singer concluded that the sewing machine would be more reliable if the shuttle moved in a straight line rather than a circle, with a straight rather than a curved needle. Singer was able to obtain US Patent number 8294 for his improvements on August 12, 1851.", "precise_score": 0.4996131956577301, "rough_score": 3.6118481159210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Up to then, sewing machines had been industrial machines, made for garments, shoes, bridles and for tailors, but in 1856, smaller machines began to be marketed for home use. However, at the then enormous price of over $100, few sold. Singer invested heavily in mass production utilizing the concept of interchangeable parts developed by Samuel Colt and Eli Whitney for their firearms. He was able to cut the price in half, while at the same time increasing his profit margin by 530%. Singer was the first who put a family machine, \"the turtle back\", on the market. Eventually, the price came down to $10. According to PBS, \"His partner, Edward Clark, pioneered installment purchasing plans and accepted trade-ins, causing sales to soar.\"", "precise_score": -7.148514270782471, "rough_score": -6.852525234222412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832.[http://www.ismacs.net/sewing_machine_history.html A Brief History of the Sewing Machine] His machine used an eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854. In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841. ", "precise_score": -9.286040306091309, "rough_score": -6.524377822875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844, thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851, and the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent.", "precise_score": -5.107699871063232, "rough_score": -0.17806129157543182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer.", "precise_score": -2.519026756286621, "rough_score": 3.6938414573669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time.", "precise_score": 1.6001883745193481, "rough_score": 3.6407315731048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War. ", "precise_score": -2.7781853675842285, "rough_score": -2.7859349250793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design, with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s.", "precise_score": -4.755281448364258, "rough_score": -5.243010520935059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Singer's prototype sewing machine became the first to work in a practical way. It could sew 900 stitches per minute, far better than the 40 of an accomplished seamstress on simple work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.851286888122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1856, manufacturers Grover & Baker, Singer, Wheeler & Wilson, all accusing each other of patent infringement, met in Albany, New York to pursue their suits. Orlando B. Potter, a lawyer and president of the Grover and Baker Company, proposed that, rather than squander their profits on litigation, they pool their patents. This was the first patent pool, a process which enables the production of complicated machines without legal battles over patent rights. They agreed to form the Sewing Machine Combination, but for this to be of any use, they had to secure the cooperation of Elias Howe, who still held certain vital uncontested patents. Terms were arranged; Howe received a royalty on every sewing machine manufactured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496909141540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Sewing machines began to be mass-produced. I. M. Singer & Co manufactured 2,564 machines in 1856, and 13,000 in 1860 at a new plant on Mott Street in New York. Later, a massive plant was built near Elizabeth, New Jersey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.372159957885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isaac Singer" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533808708190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716343879699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132617950439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention.[http://www.moah.org/virtual/sewing.html Sewing Machines] His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630746841430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch. Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical prosition. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.934273719787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489327430725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/536932/sewing-machine], \"Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2011.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059581756591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Elias Howe sewing machine.png|Elias Howe's lockstitch machine, invented in 1845", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340765953063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "File:Annual report of the American Institute, of the City of New York (1862) (18247412249).jpg|Elliptic sewing machine with elliptic hook and stationary bobbin, American Institute Fair, 1862", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722859382629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.93656063079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842089653015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "William Jones started making sewing machines in 1859 and in 1860 formed a partnership with Thomas Chadwick. As Chadwick & Jones, they manufactured sewing machines at Ashton-under-Lyne, England until 1863. Their machines used designs from Howe and Wilson produced under licence. Thomas Chadwick later joined Bradbury & Co. William Jones opened a factory in Guide Bridge, Manchester in 1869. In 1893 a Jones advertising sheet claimed that this factory was the \"Largest Factory in England Exclusively Making First Class Sewing Machines\". The firm was renamed as the Jones Sewing Machine Co. Ltd and was later acquired by Brother Industries of Japan, in 1968. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.258906364440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and women's magazines and household guides such as Mrs Beeton's offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.382808685302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "In 1877 the world's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines, and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.939863204956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889.[http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/sewmachine.htm Sewing Machine History – Invention of the Sewing Machine] By the end of the First World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55461311340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned stitches. Ignoring strictly decorative aspects, over three dozen distinct stitch formations are formally recognized by the ISO 4915:1991 standard, involving one to seven separate threads to form the stitch. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8549222946167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Chainstitch was used by early sewing machines and has two major drawbacks:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232882499694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "* The stitch is not self-locking, and if the thread breaks at any point or is not tied at both ends, the whole length of stitching comes out. It is also easily ripped out.[http://home.howstuffworks.com/sewing-machine1.htm] The Home Sewing Machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166215896606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most household sewing machines and most industrial \"single needle\" sewing machines from two threads, one passed through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or shuttle. Each thread stays on the same side of the material being sewn, interlacing with the other thread at each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver. As a result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn; it does not need to be near an edge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33679485321045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Overlock, also known as \"serging\" or \"serger stitch\", can be formed with one to four threads, one or two needles, and one or two loopers. Overlock sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the edge immediately in front of the stitch formation. Household and industrial overlock machines are commonly used for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics, for garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does not need to be pressed open, and for protecting edges against raveling. Machines using two to four threads are most common, and frequently one machine can be configured for several varieties of overlock stitch. Overlock machines with five or more threads usually make both a chainstitch with one needle and one looper, and an overlock stitch with the remaining needles and loopers. This combination is known as a \"safety stitch\". A similar machine used for stretch fabrics is called a mock safety.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55313491821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "When creating a zigzag stitch, the back-and-forth motion of the sewing machine's needle is controlled by a cam. As the cam rotates, a fingerlike follower, connected to the needle bar, rides along the cam and tracks its indentations. As the follower moves in and out, the needle bar is moved from side to side. Very old sewing machines lack this hardware and so cannot natively produce a zigzag stitch, but there are often shank-driven attachments available which enable them to do so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039763450622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Besides the basic motion of needles, loopers and bobbins, the material being sewn must move so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different part of the material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For general categories, there are: drop feed, needle feed, walking foot, puller, and manual. Often, multiple types of feed are used on the same machine. Besides these general categories, there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining fur, making seams on caps, and blindstitching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951613426208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Needle feed", "passage": "Needle feed ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42774772644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Needle feed", "passage": "A needle feed, used only in industrial machines, moves the material while the needle is in the material. In fact, the needle may be the primary feeding force. Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back and forth, while other implementations keep the axis vertical while moving it forward and back. In both cases, there is no feed action while the needle is out of the material. Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified drop feed, and is very common on industrial two needle machines. Household machines do not use needle feed as a general rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177380561828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Needle feed", "passage": "A walking foot replaces the stationary presser foot with one that moves along with whatever other feed mechanisms the machine already has. As the walking foot moves, it shifts the workpiece along with it. It is most useful for sewing heavy materials where needle feed is mechanically inadequate, for spongy or cushioned materials where lifting the foot out of contact with the material helps in the feeding action, and for sewing many layers together where a drop feed will cause the lower layers to shift out of position with the upper layers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.248438835144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with an auxiliary puller feed, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the needles) and pulls it with a force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the [http://sewingmachinesview.com/ basic sewing machine]. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and limitations, pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.570086479187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the character of the material being sewn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079645156860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Industrial sewing machines are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task. Industrial machines, unlike domestic machines, perform a single dedicated task and are capable of long hours of usage and as such have larger moving parts and comparatively much larger motors. Industrial machines are also more generic; a motor for almost any type of machine can work on any brand. Overlocker or straight-stitch machine motors are the same. Sewing feet and bobbins between brands are also interchangeable. However, with domestic machines the motor, and to a lesser extent bobbins and sewing feet, are brand specific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789973258972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Before sewing machines were invented women spent much of their time maintaining their family's clothing. Middle-class housewives, even with the aid of a hired seamstress, would devote several days of each month to this task. It took an experienced seamstress at least 14 hours to make a dress shirt for a man; a woman's dress took 10 hours; and a pair of summer pants took nearly three hours.[http://historywired.si.edu/detail.cfm?ID", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822545051574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "502 19th Century Fashion and the Sewing Machine] Most individuals would have only two sets of clothing: a work outfit and a Sunday outfit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838197708129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Sewing machines reduced the time for making a dress shirt to an hour and 15 minutes; the time to make a dress to an hour; and the time for a pair of summer pants to 38 minutes. This reduced labor resulted in women having a diminished role in household management, and allowed more hours for their own leisure as well as the ability to seek more employment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49927043914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "Industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden placed upon housewives, moving clothing production from housewives and seamstresses to large-scale factories. The movement to large-scale factories also resulted in a decrease in the amount of time clothing production took, which caused the prices for clothing to drop significantly. This is because manufacturers were able to decrease the number of workers needed to produce the same amount of clothing, resulting in reduced costs. Increased supply also lowered the cost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.921839714050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "The initial effects of sewing machines on workers were both positive and negative, however in the long run the negative effects decreased. Many of the women who had previously been busy at home could now seek employment in factories, increasing the income for their family. This allowed for families to be able to afford more sets of clothing and items than they previously could. For seamstresses, home sewing machines allowed them to produce clothing for the average person during periods when demand for fitted clothes was low, effectively increasing their earnings. When industrial sewing machines initially became popular many seamstresses working in factories as well as those working at home lost their jobs as it meant that fewer workers could produce the same output. In the long run these now unemployed workers along with thousands of men and children would eventually be able to gain employment in jobs created as the clothing industry grew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.93114185333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "The sewing machine's effects on the clothing industry resulted in major changes for other industries as well. Cotton production needed to increase in order to match the demand of the new clothing factories. As a result, cotton became planted in new areas where it hadn't previously been farmed. Other industries involved in the process benefited as well such as metal companies who provided for parts of the machines and shippers to move the increased amounts of goods.[http://sewingmachine.umwblogs.org/the-sewing-machine-its-impact-on-america/ The Sewing Machine and Its Impact on America] Gun makers visited clothing factories in order to perfect their own mass production techniques. In addition to being important for clothing production, sewing machines also became important in the manufacturing of furniture with upholstery, curtains and towels, toys, books, and many other products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.477435111999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "There are other variations of sewing machines aside from purely human-driven ones. These include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971379280090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "*High-speed industrial sewing machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369894027709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" }, { "answer": "Sewing Machine", "passage": "*Electrical, programmable, automatic pattern stitching sewing machine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30485725402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sewing machine" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Some zithers combine stoppable (melody) strings with a greater number of \"open\" harmony or chord strings. On instruments with stoppable strings, such as the violin or guitar, the player can shorten the vibrating length of the string, using their fingers directly (or more rarely through some mechanical device, as in the nyckelharpa and the hurdy-gurdy). Such instruments usually have a fingerboard attached to the neck of the instrument, that provides a hard flat surface the player can stop the strings against. On some string instruments, the fingerboard has frets, raised ridges perpendicular to the strings, that stop the string at precise intervals, in which case the fingerboard is also called a fretboard.", "precise_score": 0.4559354782104492, "rough_score": 2.4890825748443604, "source": "wiki", "title": "String instrument" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having \"a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides.\" The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. A 3,300-year-old stone carving of a Hittite bard playing a stringed instrument is the oldest iconographic representation of a chordophone and clay plaques from Babylonia show people playing an instrument that has a strong resemblance to the guitar, indicating a possible Babylonian origin for the guitar.", "precise_score": -1.934004545211792, "rough_score": -1.416089653968811, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "A guitar's frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck. The bending stress on the neck is considerable, particularly when heavier gauge strings are used (see Tuning), and the ability of the neck to resist bending (see Truss rod) is important to the guitar's ability to hold a constant pitch during tuning or when strings are fretted. The rigidity of the neck with respect to the body of the guitar is one determinant of a good instrument versus a poor one. The shape of the neck can also vary, from a gentle \"C\" curve to a more pronounced \"V\" curve. There are many different types of neck profiles available, giving the guitarist many options. Some aspects to consider in a guitar neck may be the overall width of the fretboard, scale (distance between the frets), the neck wood, the type of neck construction (for example, the neck may be glued in or bolted on), and the shape (profile) of the back of the neck. Other types of material used to make guitar necks are graphite (Steinberger guitars), aluminum (Kramer Guitars, Travis Bean and Veleno guitars), or carbon fiber (Modulus Guitars and ThreeGuitars). Double neck electric guitars have two necks, allowing the musician to quickly switch between guitar sounds.", "precise_score": -0.9342963695526123, "rough_score": -0.9746610522270203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The fingerboard, also called the fretboard, is a piece of wood embedded with metal frets that comprises the top of the neck. It is flat on classical guitars and slightly curved crosswise on acoustic and electric guitars. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which the fretboard's surface constitutes a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Most modern guitars feature a 12\" neck radius, while older guitars from the 1960s and 1970s usually feature a 6-8\" neck radius. Pinching a string against a fret on fretboard effectively shortens the vibrating length of the string, producing a higher pitch. Fretboards are most commonly made of rosewood, ebony, maple, and sometimes manufactured using composite materials such as HPL or resin. See the section \"Neck\" below for the importance of the length of the fretboard in connection to other dimensions of the guitar. The fingerboard plays an essential role in the treble tone for acoustic guitars. The quality of vibration of the fingerboard is the principal characteristic for generating the best treble tone. For that reason, ebony wood is better, but because of high use, ebony has become rare and extremely expensive. Most guitar manufacturers have adopted rosewood instead of ebony.", "precise_score": -2.5630898475646973, "rough_score": -1.4943817853927612, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The truss rod is a metal rod that runs along the inside of the neck. It is used to correct changes to the neck's curvature caused by aging of the neck timbers, changes in humidity, or to compensate for changes in the tension of strings. The tension of the rod and neck assembly is adjusted by a hex nut or an allen-key bolt on the rod, usually located either at the headstock, sometimes under a cover, or just inside the body of the guitar underneath the fretboard and accessible through the sound hole. Some truss rods can only be accessed by removing the neck. The truss rod counteracts the immense amount of tension the strings place on the neck, bringing the neck back to a straighter position. Turning the truss rod clockwise tightens it, counteracting the tension of the strings and straightening the neck or creating a backward bow. Turning the truss rod counter-clockwise loosens it, allowing string tension to act on the neck and creating a forward bow. Adjusting the truss rod affects the intonation of a guitar as well as the height of the strings from the fingerboard, called the action. Some truss rod systems, called double action truss systems, tighten both ways, pushing the neck both forward and backward (standard truss rods can only release to a point beyond which the neck is no longer compressed and pulled backward). The artist and luthier Irving Sloane pointed out, in his book Steel-String Guitar Construction, that truss rods are intended primarily to remedy concave bowing of the neck, but cannot correct a neck with \"back bow\" or one that has become twisted. Classical guitars do not require truss rods, as their nylon strings exert a lower tensile force with lesser potential to cause structural problems. However, their necks are often reinforced with a strip of harder wood, such as an ebony strip that runs down the back of a cedar neck. There is no tension adjustment on this form of reinforcement.", "precise_score": -3.125530242919922, "rough_score": -2.692300319671631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "On almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge has saddles that are adjustable for each string so that intonation stays correct up and down the neck. If the open string is in tune, but sharp or flat when frets are pressed, the bridge saddle position can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to remedy the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the saddle forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. On an instrument correctly adjusted for intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the bridge saddle is slightly but measurably longer than the scale length of the instrument. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all fretted notes caused by stretching the string during fretting.", "precise_score": -4.33483362197876, "rough_score": -1.8646595478057861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The size of the five string banjo is largely standardized—but smaller and larger sizes exist, including the long-neck or Seeger neck variation designed by Pete Seeger. Petite variations on the five-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. S.S. Stewart introduced the banjeaurine, tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo. Between these sizes and standard lies the A-scale banjo, which is two frets shorter and usually tuned one full step above standard tunings. Many makers have produced banjos of other scale lengths, and with various innovations.", "precise_score": -3.696678876876831, "rough_score": 0.29272186756134033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The plectrum banjo is a standard banjo without the short drone string. It usually has 22 frets on the neck and a scale length of 26 to 28 inches, and was originally tuned C3 G3 B3 D4. It can also be tuned like the top four strings of a guitar, which is known as \"Chicago tuning.\" As the name suggests, it is usually played with a guitar-style pick (that is, a single one held between thumb and forefinger), unlike the five-string banjo, which is either played with a thumbpick and two fingerpicks, or with bare fingers. The plectrum banjo evolved out of the five-string banjo, to cater to styles of music involving strummed chords. The plectrum is also featured in many early jazz recordings and arrangements.", "precise_score": 0.25363656878471375, "rough_score": 1.4390684366226196, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "In the late 1890s Banjo maker F.C Wilkes developed a six-string version of the banjo, with the 6th string \"tunnelled\" through the neck. It is arguable that Arthur O. Windsor influenced development and perfection of the zither banjo and created the open-back banjo along with other modifications to the banjo type instruments, such as the modern non-solid attached resonator. (Gibson claims credit for this modification on the American Continent.) Windsor claimed he created the hollow neck banjo with a truss rod, and buried the 5th string in the neck after the 5th fret so to put the tuning peg on the peg-head rather than in the neck. Gibson claims credit for perfecting the tone ring.", "precise_score": -1.8702775239944458, "rough_score": 0.035848282277584076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "A fret is a raised element on the neck of a stringed instrument. Frets usually extend across the full width of the neck. On most modern western fretted instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard. On some historical instruments and non-European instruments, frets are made of pieces of string tied around the neck. ", "precise_score": 4.13755464553833, "rough_score": 1.0721157789230347, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Frets divide the neck into fixed segments at intervals related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret represents one semitone in the standard western system, in which one octave is divided into twelve semitones. Fret is often used as a verb, meaning simply \"to press down the string behind a fret\". Fretting often refers to the frets and/or their system of placement.", "precise_score": 1.6976627111434937, "rough_score": 2.7957534790039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Instruments with straight frets like guitars require a special compensation on the saddle and nut. Every time a string is fretted it is also stretched, and as it stretches the string rises in pitch, making all fretted tones sound sharp. When the saddle is positioned properly, however, the fretted tones all sound sharp to the same degree as long as the distances between the frets are correct. With the right nut compensation, the pitch of the unfretted string can be raised by the same amount. As a result, when the tension of the strings is lowered, the pitches of all notes, both fretted and unfretted, becomes correct.", "precise_score": -4.062178611755371, "rough_score": -2.5990171432495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Third bridge is a plucking method where the player frets a string and strikes the side opposite the bridge. The technique is mainly used on electric instruments, because these have a pickup that amplifies only the local string vibration. It is possible on acoustic instruments as well, but less effective. For instance, a player might press on the seventh fret on a guitar and pluck it at the head side to make a tone resonate at the opposed side. At electric instruments this technique generates multitone sounds reminiscent of a clock or bell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.381990909576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "String instrument" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "A string at a certain tension and length only produces one note, To produce multiple notes, string instruments use one of two methods. One is to add enough strings to cover the required range. The other is to provide a way to stop the strings along their length to shorten the part that vibrates. The piano and harp are examples of the former method, where each note on the instrument has its own string or course of multiple strings. (Many notes on a piano are strung with a \"choir\" of three strings tuned alike.) A guitar represents the second method—the player's fingers push the string against the fingerboard to force the string over a fret and shorten the vibrating part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.794014930725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "String instrument" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Moving frets during performance is usually impractical. The bridges of a koto, on the other hand, may be moved by the player occasionally in the course of a single piece of music. Many modern Western harps include levers, either directly moved by fingers (on Celtic harps) or controlled by foot pedals (on orchestral harps), to raise the pitch of individual strings by a fixed amount. The Middle Eastern zither, the qanun, is equipped with small levers called mandal that allow each course of multiple strings to be incrementally retuned \"on the fly\" while the instrument is being played. These levers raise or lower the pitch of the string course by a microtone, less than a half step.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.191825866699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "String instrument" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "All lute type instruments traditionally have a bridge, which holds the string at the proper action height from the fret/finger board. On acoustic instruments, the bridge performs an equally important function of transmitting string energy into the \"sound box\" of the instrument, thereby increasing the sound volume. The specific design, and materials the used in the construction of the bridge of an instrument, have a dramatic impact upon both the sound and responsiveness of the instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.195204734802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "String instrument" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The guitar is a popular musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from 4 to 18 strings, usually having 6. The sound is projected either acoustically or through electrical amplification (for an acoustic guitar or an electric guitar, respectively). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the right hand while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. The modern guitar was preceded by the gittern, the vihuela, the four-course Renaissance guitar, and the five-course baroque guitar, all of which contributed to the development of the modern six-string instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7885751724243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Electric guitars can have solid, semi-hollow, or hollow bodies; solid bodies produce little sound without amplification. Electromagnetic pickups convert the vibration of the steel strings into signals, which are fed to an amplifier through a patch cable or radio transmitter. The sound is frequently modified by other electronic devices (effects units) or the natural distortion of valves (vacuum tubes) or the pre-amp in the amplifier. There are two main types of magnetic pickups, single- and double-coil (or humbucker), each of which can be passive or active. The electric guitar is used extensively in jazz, blues, R & B, and rock and roll. The first successful magnetic pickup for a guitar was invented by George Beauchamp, and incorporated into the 1931 Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) \"Frying Pan\" lap steel; other manufacturers, notably Gibson, soon began to install pickups in archtop models. After World War II the completely solid-body electric was popularized by Gibson in collaboration with Les Paul, and independently by Leo Fender of Fender Music. The lower fretboard action (the height of the strings from the fingerboard), lighter (thinner) strings, and its electrical amplification lend the electric guitar to techniques less frequently used on acoustic guitars. These include tapping, extensive use of legato through pull-offs and hammer-ons (also known as slurs), pinch harmonics, volume swells, and use of a tremolo arm or effects pedals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.340253829956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Hybrids of acoustic and electric guitars are also common. There are also more exotic varieties, such as guitars with two, three, or rarely four necks, all manner of alternate string arrangements, fretless fingerboards (used almost exclusively on bass guitars, meant to emulate the sound of a stand-up bass), 5.1 surround guitar, and such.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4960622787475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Solid body seven-string guitars were popularized in the 1980s and 1990s. Other artists go a step further, by using an eight-string guitar with two extra low strings. Although the most common seven-string has a low B string, Roger McGuinn (of The Byrds and Rickenbacker) uses an octave G string paired with the regular G string as on a 12-string guitar, allowing him to incorporate chiming 12-string elements in standard six-string playing. In 1982 Uli Jon Roth developed the \"Sky Guitar\", with a vastly extended number of frets, which was the first guitar to venture into the upper registers of the violin. Roth's seven-string and 33-fret \"Mighty Wing\" guitar features a six-octave range.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.246338844299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The nut is a small strip of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other medium-hard material, at the joint where the headstock meets the fretboard. Its grooves guide the strings onto the fretboard, giving consistent lateral string placement. It is one of the endpoints of the strings' vibrating length. It must be accurately cut, or it can contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage or string buzz. To reduce string friction in the nut, which can adversely affect tuning stability, some guitarists fit a roller nut. Some instruments use a zero fret just in front of the nut. In this case the nut is used only for lateral alignment of the strings, the string height and length being dictated by the zero fret.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.900471210479736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Frets are metal strips (usually nickel alloy or stainless steel) embedded along the fretboard and located at exact points that divide the scale length in accordance with a specific mathematical formula. Pressing a string against a fret determines the strings' vibrating length and therefore its resultant pitch. The pitch of each consecutive fret is defined at a half-step interval on the chromatic scale. Standard classical guitars have 19 frets and electric guitars between 21 and 24 frets, although guitars have been made with as many as 27 frets. Frets are laid out to accomplish an equal tempered division of the octave. Each set of twelve frets represents an octave. The twelfth fret divides the scale length exactly into two halves, and the 24th fret position divides one of those halves in half again. The ratio of the spacing of two consecutive frets is \\sqrt[12]{2} (twelfth root of two). In practice, luthiers determine fret positions using the constant 17.817—-an approximation to 1/(1-1/\\sqrt[12]{2}). If the nth fret is a distance x from the bridge, then the distance from the (n+1)th fret to the bridge is x-(x/17.817). Frets are available in several different gauges and can be fitted according to player preference. Among these are \"jumbo\" frets, which have much thicker gauge, allowing for use of a slight vibrato technique from pushing the string down harder and softer. \"Scalloped\" fretboards, where the wood of the fretboard itself is \"scooped out\" between the frets, allow a dramatic vibrato effect. Fine frets, much flatter, allow a very low string-action but require that other conditions, such as curvature of the neck, be well-maintained to prevent buzz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.905635833740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Inlays are visual elements set into the exterior surface of a guitar. The typical locations for inlay are on the fretboard, headstock, and on acoustic guitars around the soundhole, known as the rosette. Inlays range from simple plastic dots on the fretboard to intricate works of art covering the entire exterior surface of a guitar (front and back). Some guitar players have used LEDs in the fretboard to produce unique lighting effects onstage. Fretboard inlays are most commonly shaped like dots, diamond shapes, parallelograms, or large blocks in between the frets. Dots are usually inlaid into the upper edge of the fretboard in the same positions, small enough to be visible only to the player. These usually appear on the odd numbered frets, but also on the 12th fret (the one octave mark) instead of the 11th and 13th frets. Some older or high-end instruments have inlays made of mother of pearl, abalone, ivory, colored wood or other exotic materials and designs. Simpler inlays are often made of plastic or painted. High-end classical guitars seldom have fretboard inlays as a well-trained player is expected to know his or her way around the instrument. In addition to fretboard inlay, the headstock and soundhole surround are also frequently inlaid. The manufacturer's logo or a small design is often inlaid into the headstock. Rosette designs vary from simple concentric circles to delicate fretwork mimicking the historic rosette of lutes. Bindings that edge the finger and sound boards are sometimes inlaid. Some instruments have a filler strip running down the length and behind the neck, used for strength or to fill the cavity through which the truss rod was installed in the neck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.524967670440674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings. On all electric, acoustic and original guitars, the bridge holds the strings in place on the body. There are many varied bridge designs. There may be some mechanism for raising or lowering the bridge saddles to adjust the distance between the strings and the fretboard (action), or fine-tuning the intonation of the instrument. Some are spring-loaded and feature a \"whammy bar\", a removable arm that lets the player modulate the pitch by changing the tension on the strings. The whammy bar is sometimes also referred to as a \"tremolo bar\". (See Tremolo for further discussion of this term—the effect of rapidly changing pitch produced by a whammy bar is more correctly called \"vibrato\".) Some bridges also allow for alternate tunings at the touch of a button.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7051236629486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "MIDI converters use a hexaphonic guitar signal to determine pitch, duration, attack, and decay characteristics. The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) sends the note information to an internal or external sound bank device. The resulting sound closely mimics numerous instruments. The MIDI setup can also let the guitar be used as a game controller (i.e., Rock Band Squier) or as an instructional tool, as with the Fretlight Guitar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.663952827453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The table below shows a pitch's name found over the six strings of a guitar in standard tuning, from the nut (zero), to the twelfth fret.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.294532775878906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "For four strings, the 5th fret on one string is the same open-note as the next string; for example, a 5th-fret note on the sixth string is the same note as the open fifth string. However, between the second and third strings, an irregularity occurs: The 4th-fret note on the third string is equivalent to the open second string.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.521994590759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Open tuning refers to a guitar tuned so that strumming the open strings produces a chord, typically a major chord. The base chord consists of at least 3 notes and may include all the strings or a subset. The tuning is named for the open chord, Open D, open G, and open A are popular tunings. All similar chords in the chromatic scale can then be played by barring a single fret. Open tunings are common in blues and folk music, and they are used in the playing of slide and bottleneck guitars. Many musicians use open tunings when playing slide guitar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.50105619430542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "For the standard tuning, there is exactly one interval of a major third between the second and third strings, and all the other intervals are fourths. The irregularity has a price - chords cannot be shifted around the fretboard in the standard tuning E-A-D-G-B-E, which requires four chord-shapes for the major chords. There are separate chord-forms for chords having their root note on the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth strings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.159794807434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "In contrast, regular tunings have equal intervals between the strings, and so they have symmetrical scales all along the fretboard. This makes it simpler to translate chords. For the regular tunings, chords may be moved diagonally around the fretboard. The diagonal movement of chords is especially simple for the regular tunings that are repetitive, in which case chords can be moved vertically: Chords can be moved three strings up (or down) in major-thirds tuning and chords can be moved two strings up (or down) in augmented-fourths tuning. Regular tunings thus appeal to new guitarists and also to jazz-guitarists, whose improvisation is simplified by regular intervals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.584239482879639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "* In major-thirds tuning, the interval between open strings is always a major third. Consequently, four frets suffice to play the chromatic scale. Chord inversion is especially simple in major-thirds tuning. Chords are inverted simply by raising one or two notes by three strings. The raised notes are played with the same finger as the original notes.: In contrast, in standard tuning, the shape of inversions depends on the involvement of the irregular major-third.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.130124568939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "* All-fourths tuning replaces the major third between the third and second strings with a fourth, extending the conventional tuning of a bass guitar. With all-fourths tuning, playing the triads is more difficult, but improvisation is simplified, because chord-patterns remain constant when moved around the fretboard. Jazz guitarist Stanley Jordan uses the all-fourths tuning EADGCF. Invariant chord-shapes are an advantage of other regular tunings, such as major-thirds and all-fifths tunings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.363047122955322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "A capo (short for capotasto) is used to change the pitch of open strings. Capos are clipped onto the fretboard with the aid of spring tension, or in some models, elastic tension. To raise the guitar's pitch by one semitone, the player would clip the capo onto the fretboard just below the first fret. Its use allows players to play in different keys without having to change the chord formations they use. Because of the ease with which they allow guitar players to change keys, they are sometimes referred to as \"cheaters\" or the \"hillbilly crutch\". Classical performers are known to use them to enable modern instruments to match the pitch of historical instruments such as the renaissance lute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.283077716827393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guitar" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The banjo is usually tuned with friction tuning pegs or planetary gear tuners, rather than the worm gear machine head used on guitars. Frets have become standard since the late 19th century, though fretless banjos are still manufactured and played by those wishing to execute glissando, play quarter tones, or otherwise achieve the sound and feeling of early playing styles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.544717788696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The modern five-string banjo is a variation on Sweeney's original design. The fifth string is usually the same gauge as the first, but starts from the fifth fret, three quarters the length of the other strings. This lets the string be tuned to a higher open pitch than possible for the full-length strings. Because of the short fifth string, the five-string banjo uses a reentrant tuning—the string pitches don't proceed lowest to highest across the fingerboard. Instead, from low to high pitch, they are usually fourth lowest, third, second, first, and fifth highest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.216740608215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The short fifth string presents special problems for a capo. For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example) it is possible simply to re-tune the fifth string. Otherwise, various devices called fifth string capos effectively shorten the vibrating part of the string. Many banjo players use model railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), that they hook the string under to press it down on the fret.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.654442310333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The shorter-necked, tenor banjo, with 17 (\"short scale\") or 19 frets, is also typically played with a plectrum. It became a popular instrument after about 1910. Early models used for melodic picking typically had 17 frets on the neck and a scale length of 19½ to 21½ inches. By the mid-1920s, when the instrument was used primarily for strummed chordal accompaniment, 19-fret necks with a scale length of 21¾ to 23 inches became standard. The usual tuning is the all-fifths tuning C3 G3 D4 A4, in which there are exactly seven semitones (a perfect fifth) between the open notes of consecutive strings. Other players (particularly in Irish traditional music) tune the banjo G2 D3 A3 E4 like an octave mandolin, which lets the banjoist duplicate fiddle and mandolin fingering. The popularisation of this tuning was usually attributed to the late Barney McKenna, banjoist with The Dubliners. Fingerstyle on tenor banjo retuned to open G tuning dgd'g' or lower open D tuning Adad' (three finger picking, frailing) have been explored by Mirek Patek. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3543710708618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The six-string banjo began as a British innovation by William Temlet, one of England's earliest banjo makers. He opened a shop in London in 1846, and sold banjos with closed backs and up to seven strings. He marketed these as \"zither\" Banjos from his 1869 patent. American Alfred Davis Cammeyer (1862–1949), a young violinist-turned banjo concert player, devised the five or six-string zither banjo around 1880. It had a wood resonator and metal \"wire\" strings (the 1st and 2nd melody strings and 5th \"thumb\" string. The 3rd melody string was gut and the 4th was silk covered) as well as frets and guitar-style tuning machines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.672952175140381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Banjo" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Pressing the string against the fret reduces the vibrating length of the string to that between the bridge and the next fret between the fretting finger and the bridge. This is damped if the string were stopped with the soft fingertip on a fretless fingerboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.277387619018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Frets make it much easier for a player to achieve an acceptable standard of intonation, since the frets determine the positions for the correct notes. Furthermore, a fretted fingerboard makes it easier to play chords accurately.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60097599029541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "A disadvantage of frets is that they restrict pitches to the temperament defined by the fret positions. A player may still influence intonation, however, by pulling the string to the side to increase string tension and raise the pitch. This technique (commonly called 'bending') is often used by electric guitarists of all genres, and is an important part of sitar playing. On instruments with frets that are thicker off the fingerboard, string tension and pitch vary with finger pressure behind the fret. Sometimes a player can pull the string toward the bridge or nut, thus lowering or raising the string tension and pitch. However, except for instruments that accommodate extensive string pulling, like the sitar, much less influence on intonation is possible than on unfretted instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.941807746887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Since the intonation of most modern western fretted instruments is equal tempered, the ratio of the distances of two consecutive frets to the bridge is \\sqrt[12]{2}, or approximately 1.059463. Theoretically, the twelfth fret should divide the string in two exact halves. To compensate for the increase in string tension when the string is pressed against the frets, the bridge position is adjusted slightly so the 12th fret plays exactly in tune.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.785549640655518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Many instruments' frets are not spaced according to the semitones of equal temperament, including the Appalachian dulcimer (with frets in a diatonic scale), the Turkish Saz (with frets spaced according to the Makam system of Turkish folk music), the Arabic Buzuq (with frets spaced according to the Arabic maqam system), and the Persian setar and tar (with frets spaced according to the Persian Dastgah system), and the Turkish tanbur (with as many as 5 frets per semitone, to cover all of the commas of the Turkish Makam system).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42983341217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fan frets (or fanned frets, or slanted frets): Most frets are perpendicular to the instrument's neck centerline and parallel to each other. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8269429206848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "On a fanned fret board, the frets are spread out like a fan—with only one center fret perpendicular to the neck’s centerline and the rest angled. This gives the lower-pitched strings more length and the higher strings shorter length (comparable to a piano or a harp where different strings also have different lengths).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.764753341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "The idea is to give more accurate tuning and deeper bass. Some think that fanned frets might be more ergonomic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.890096664428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fanned frets first appeared on the 16th century Orpharion, a variant of the cittern, tuned like a lute. John Starrett revived the idea in the late seventies on his innovative instrument, the Starrboard. Rickenbacker employed a slanted fret, but it was not multi scale, or fanned. Novax Guitars among others offers such guitars today. The appearance of angled frets on these modern instruments belies the antiquity of this technique.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300424575805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Scalloped fretboard: Scalloping involves the wood between some or all of the frets being scooped out. This allows a lighter touch for a more precise playing while executing bends or vibratos (since there's no contact between the fingertips and the wooden part of the fingerboard). It has some popularity with musicians playing heavy metal music, although the concept can also be seen in ancient instruments such as the sitar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.94751262664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fat frets: on older guitars (especially the Fender Stratocaster), frets were typically made out of thin wire, and some electric guitar players replaced that with thicker wire, for \"fat frets\" or \"jumbo frets\". Fat frets do make bending easier, and they change the feel of the guitar--\"smoother, more buttery\". A side effect of a thicker fret is a less precise note, since the string is held over a wider surface, causing a slight blurring of the tone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.429506778717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Semi-fretted instruments ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.231097221374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "It is also possible to find semi-fretted instruments; examples include the Malagasy kabosy and the Afghan Rubab. Semi-fretted versions of guitars and other fretted string instruments, however, are usually one-off, custom adaptations made for players who want to combine elements of both types of sound. One arrangement is for the frets to extend only part of the way along the neck so that the higher notes can be played with the smooth expression possible with a fretless fingerboard. Another approach is the use of frets that extend only partway across the fretboard so that some courses of strings are fretted and others fretless, for example Ryszard Latecki's [http://www.unfretted.com/loader.php?LINK=/profs/ryszard Latar].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.058184623718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fret intonation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513710021972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fret wear", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169857025146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "On instruments equipped with steel strings, such as folk guitars and electric guitars, frets are eventually bound to wear down as the strings cut grooves into them. When this happens, the instrument may need refretting (the frets are removed and replaced) or, in less severe cases, \"fret dressing\" (the frets are leveled, polished, and possibly recrowned).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.676159620285034, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Often, a few fret dressings can be performed on a guitar before it requires complete refretting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22781753540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Tied gut frets, used on instruments such as the lute or viol, wear quickly, and must be replaced regularly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.303339958190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fret buzz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069515228271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fret buzz is one of the many undesirable phenomena that can occur on a guitar or similar stringed instrument. Fret buzz occurs when the vibrating part of one or more strings physically strikes the frets that are higher than the fretted note (or open note). This causes a \"buzzing\" sound on the guitar that can range from a small annoyance, to severe enough to dampen the note and greatly reduce sustain. Sometimes, fret buzz can be so minimal that there is only a small change in the tone (timbre) of the note, without any noticeable buzzing. Fret buzz can be caused by different things: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.549411296844482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "*Improperly installed frets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259969711303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" }, { "answer": "Fret", "passage": "Fret buzz is evident in some famous recordings; an example is \"Friends\" by Led Zeppelin (although this example is undoubtedly caused by alternate open tunings that reduce string tension). In some songs, such as \"My Last Serenade\" by Killswitch Engage, the guitars are tuned to Dropped C and the low tension of the strings are used to create fret buzz by the bass player in order to create a dirty sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4818243980407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fret" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sweet Polly Purebred", "passage": "The villains almost always managed to menace Sweet Polly Purebred (voiced by Norma MacMillan), an anthropomorphic canine TV reporter, as part of their nefarious schemes; she was a helpless damsel in distress most of the time and had a habit of singing in a somewhat whining tone of voice, \"Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone?\" This she would sing, to the music of the song \"Oh Where Has My Little Dog Gone\", whenever in jeopardy. Recurring villains included:", "precise_score": 6.228924751281738, "rough_score": 7.417457580566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Underdog (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Sweet Polly Purebred", "passage": "Underdog, Shoeshine Boy's heroic alter ego, appears whenever love interest Sweet Polly Purebred is being victimized by such villains as Simon Bar Sinister or Riff Raff. Underdog nearly always speaks in rhyming couplets, as in \"There's no need to fear, Underdog is here!\" His voice was supplied by Wally Cox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1823666095733643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Underdog (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Sweet Polly Purebred", "passage": "*\"March of the Monsters,\" the first appearance of Sweet Polly Purebred as giant robots run amok.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591462135314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Underdog (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Cad Lackey", "passage": "* Simon Bar Sinister, voiced by Allen Swift, is a mad scientist with a voice reminiscent of Lionel Barrymore. He has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A Bar Sinister is a diagonal line, running from top right to bottom left on medieval family crests, indicating the person is a bastard by birth; this was a clever inside joke typical of animation writing at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872796058654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Underdog (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Sweet Polly Purebred", "passage": "In 1999, Biggers created a new episode of Underdog as a half-hour radio show narrated by veteran Boston newsman Tom Ellis with new original music composed by Biggers. Radio stations were asked to participate in Biggers' Victory Over Violence organization by airing the adventure in which the evil Simon Bar Sinister develops a Switchpitch baseball to turn positive people negative. His attempt to become king of Boston is foiled by Underdog (played by Biggers) and Sweet Polly Purebred (portrayed by Nancy Purbeck).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.195844650268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Underdog (TV series)" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes (epic poet, scholar, and director of the Library of Alexandria) tells the myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis. In the Argonautica, Jason is impelled on his quest by king Pelias, who receives a prophecy that a man with one sandal would be his nemesis. Jason loses a sandal in a river, arrives at the court of Pelias, and the epic is set in motion. Nearly every member of the next generation of heroes, as well as Heracles, went with Jason in the ship Argo to fetch the Golden Fleece. This generation also included Theseus, who went to Crete to slay the Minotaur; Atalanta, the female heroine, and Meleager, who once had an epic cycle of his own to rival the Iliad and Odyssey. Pindar, Apollonius and the Bibliotheca endeavor to give full lists of the Argonauts. ", "precise_score": 6.314356803894043, "rough_score": 6.0045084953308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Although Apollonius wrote his poem in the 3rd century BC, the composition of the story of the Argonauts is earlier than Odyssey, which shows familiarity with the exploits of Jason (the wandering of Odysseus may have been partly founded on it). In ancient times the expedition was regarded as a historical fact, an incident in the opening up of the Black Sea to Greek commerce and colonization. It was also extremely popular, forming a cycle to which a number of local legends became attached. The story of Medea, in particular, caught the imagination of the tragic poets. ", "precise_score": -3.821185827255249, "rough_score": -5.573091506958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Jason (; Iásōn) was an ancient Greek mythological hero who was famous for his role as the leader of the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea.", "precise_score": 6.263022422790527, "rough_score": 4.137409210205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "Argonauts", "passage": "In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece ( chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold-hair winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.", "precise_score": 6.821285724639893, "rough_score": 5.717001914978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden Fleece" }, { "answer": "Argonautic", "passage": "The earliest Greek thought about poetry considered the theogonies to be the prototypical poetic genre—the prototypical mythos—and imputed almost magical powers to it. Orpheus, the archetypal poet, also was the archetypal singer of theogonies, which he uses to calm seas and storms in Apollonius' Argonautica, and to move the stony hearts of the underworld gods in his descent to Hades. When Hermes invents the lyre in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, the first thing he does is sing about the birth of the gods. Hesiod's Theogony is not only the fullest surviving account of the gods, but also the fullest surviving account of the archaic poet's function, with its long preliminary invocation to the Muses. Theogony also was the subject of many lost poems, including those attributed to Orpheus, Musaeus, Epimenides, Abaris, and other legendary seers, which were used in private ritual purifications and mystery-rites. There are indications that Plato was familiar with some version of the Orphic theogony. A silence would have been expected about religious rites and beliefs, however, and that nature of the culture would not have been reported by members of the society while the beliefs were held. After they ceased to become religious beliefs, few would have known the rites and rituals. Allusions often existed, however, to aspects that were quite public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.49190616607666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Argonautic", "passage": "The monumental events of Heracles are regarded as the dawn of the age of heroes. To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle and the Trojan War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435297012329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Argonauts", "passage": "Argonauts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23292064666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem Argonautica and the tragedy Medea. In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name. Jason is also the main character in the British TV series Atlantis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.805423259735107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and wished to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. Pelias was the product of a union between their shared mother, Tyro (\"high born Tyro\"), the daughter of Salmoneus, and the sea god Poseidon. In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons. Alcimede I (wife of Aeson) already had an infant son named Jason whom she saved from being killed by Pelias, by having women cluster around the newborn and cry as if he were still-born. Alcimede sent her son to the centaur Chiron for education,[http://www.pbs.org/mythsandheroes/myths_four_jason.html Wood, Michael. \"Jason and the Argonauts\", In Search of Myths & Heroes, PBS] for fear that Pelias would kill him — she claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, still fearful that he would one day be overthrown, consulted an oracle who warned him to beware of a man with one sandal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.272080421447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Jason assembled for his crew, a number of heroes, known as the Argonauts after their ship, the Argo. The group of heroes included the Boreads (sons of Boreas, the North Wind) who could fly, Heracles, Philoctetes, Peleus, Telamon, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux, Atalanta, Meleager and Euphemus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.758480072021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new \"race\" called Minyae. Jason fathered twins with the queen. Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts. He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women. Note: In \"Hercules, My Shipmate\" Robert Graves claims that Heracles fathered more children than anyone else of the crew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.910843849182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "After Lemnos the Argonauts landed among the Doliones, whose king Cyzicus treated them graciously. He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there. What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the Gegeines which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms and wore leather loincloths. While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding the ship and raided it. Heracles was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most them before Jason and the others returned. Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.856644630432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Sometime after their fight with the Gegeines, they sent some men to find food and water. Among these men was Heracles' servant Hylas who was gathering water while Heracles was out finding some wood to carve a new oar to replace the one that broke. The nymphs of the stream where Hylas was collecting were attracted to his good looks, and pulled him into the stream. Heracles returned to his Labors, but Hylas was lost forever. Others say that Heracles went to Colchis with the Argonauts, got the Golden Girdle of the Amazons and slew the Stymphalian Birds at that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.14743709564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night. In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other. The Argonauts killed many of the Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus. Cyzicus' wife killed herself. The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653261184692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ship into the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.173032760620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "Argonautic", "passage": "Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem Argonautica, written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.340541362762451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "Argonautic", "passage": "Another Argonautica was written by Gaius Valerius Flaccus in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length. The poem ends abruptly with the request of Medea to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage. It is unclear if part of the epic poem has been lost, or if it was never finished. A third version is the Argonautica Orphica, which emphasizes the role of Orpheus in the story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.321846008300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by Livio Stecchini but his theories have not been widely adopted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582188606262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "The Argonauts", "passage": "Jason appeared in the Hercules episode \"Hercules and the Argonauts\" voiced by William Shatner. He is shown to have been a student of Philoctetes and takes his advice to let Hercules travel with him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.29809856414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jason" }, { "answer": "Argonautic", "passage": "In later versions of the story, the ram is said to have been the offspring of the sea god Poseidon and Themisto (less often, Nephele or Theophane). The classic telling is the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, composed in mid-third century BC Alexandria, recasting early sources that have not survived. Another, much less-known Argonautica, using the same body of myth, was composed in Latin by Valerius Flaccus during the time of Vespasian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.214495658874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golden Fleece" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vacuum cleaner", "passage": "Roomba is a series of autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners sold by iRobot.", "precise_score": 4.754120349884033, "rough_score": 5.822539806365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roomba" }, { "answer": "Vacuum cleaning", "passage": "From the earliest models on, Roomba vacuum cleaning robots have been hacked to extend their functionality. The first adaptations were based on a microcontroller that was directly connected to the motor drivers and sensors. Versions manufactured after October 2005 contain an electronic and software interface that allows hackers to more easily control or modify behavior and remotely monitor its sensors. One early application was using the device to map a room. The native code for Roomba is written in a dialect of Lisp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7737627029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roomba" }, { "answer": "Vacuum cleaner", "passage": "In response to the growing interest of hackers in their product, the company developed the iRobot Create. In this model the vacuum cleaner motor is replaced by a \"cargo bay\" for mounting devices like TV cameras, lasers and other robotic parts. It provides a greatly enhanced 25-pin interface providing both analog and digital bidirectional communication with the hosted device allowing use as the mobile base for completely new robots. Together with a computing platform like a netbook or handheld device with wireless networking, it can be remotely controlled through a network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416528701782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roomba" } ]

[ { "answer": "Smell as sweet", "passage": "\"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a frequently referenced part of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her rival's house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague.\" The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are.", "precise_score": 5.780657768249512, "rough_score": 4.4727463722229, "source": "wiki", "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" }, { "answer": "Smell as sweet", "passage": "A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo. Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising \"queer theory\" in Queering the Renaissance, comparing their friendship with sexual love. Mercutio, in friendly conversation, mentions Romeo's phallus, suggesting traces of homoeroticism. An example is his joking wish \"To raise a spirit in his mistress' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down.\" Romeo's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline, a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring. As Benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. Shakespeare's procreation sonnets describe another young man who, like Romeo, is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual. Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way. In this view, when Juliet says \"...that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet\", she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7338013648986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Romeo and Juliet" }, { "answer": "Smell as sweet", "passage": "By any other name would smell as sweet;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.117762565612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" }, { "answer": "Smell as sweet", "passage": "By any other name would smell as sweet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.367977142333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" }, { "answer": "Smell as sweet", "passage": "By any other word would smell as sweet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034122467041016, "source": "wiki", "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "DKNY is a New York-based fashion house specializing in fashion goods for men and women founded in 1984 by Donna Karan.", "precise_score": 9.612946510314941, "rough_score": 8.816996574401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "Inspired by her daughter Gaby, Donna Karan founded DKNY in 1989 as a younger, more affordable fast fashion diffusion line to run alongside her existing Donna Karan New York label. Many labels and brands have branched off of the original DKNY brand/label including DKNY Jeans, DKNY Active, DKNY Underwear, DKNY Juniors, DKNY Kids, DKNY Pure. DKNY Men, launched in 1992, consists of tailored suits, dress wear, formalwear, casual wear, sportswear, and shoes.", "precise_score": 6.774609565734863, "rough_score": 7.974573135375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "American fashion design is dominated by a clean-cut, urban, casual style; reflecting the athletic, health-conscious lifestyles of urban city-dwellers. A designer who helped to set the trend in the United States for sport-influenced day wear throughout the 1940s and 50s was Claire McCardell. Many of her designs have been revived in recent decades. Famous American brands and designers include Vera Wang, Bill Blass, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, Anna Sui, Ralph Lauren, Oscar de la Renta, Carolina Herrera, Michael Kors, Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford, Tommy Hilfiger, Geoffrey Beene, Oleg Cassini, Perry Ellis, Kenneth Cole, James Galanos, Todd Oldham, Donna Karan, Liz Claiborne, and Nolan Miller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4972589015960693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fashion design" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "After 15 years at Anne Klein, ten of which as head designer, in 1984 Karan and her late husband Stephan Weiss were offered the opportunity to start their own business by Takihyo LLC, owner of Anne Klein.[http://www.donnakaran.com/_pages/company/3c1289ec-8f7c-4608-bc47-68ce68717268/about-donna donnakaran.com - About Donna][http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Donna_Karan voguepedia - Donna Karan]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.29514217376709, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "Donna Karan New York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268853187561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "Donna Karan's mainline label Donna Karan New York, also referred as Donna Karan Collection, debuted for fall 1985 with the women's collection Seven Easy Pieces, \"where a handful of interchangeable items work together to create an entire wardrobe that goes from day to evening, week day to weekend, season to season\". In July 1991 she launched her first menswear collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922347068786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "The Donna Karan Beauty collection, which specializes in fragrances, was launched in 1992. In 2001, the Donna Karan Home collection, which includes traditional luxury bedding and accessories, and DKNY Home, which has more contemporary and fashion-forward bedding, were introduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.322260856628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "Stores opened in London in 1997 and New York City in 1999. The DKNY headquarters is located at 550 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, New York. There are currently seventy Donna Karan collection and DKNY stores globally, including twenty stores in China including Hong Kong and Shanghai, two stores in Canada including Vancouver, B.C. and Montreal, four in Dubai. DKNY has also opened some stores in Denmark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0135316848754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" }, { "answer": "Donna Karan", "passage": "Since 2005, Donna Karan has offered online shopping of its DKNY and associated lines at the label's web site. Products range from DKNY and DKNY Jeans womenswear, accessories, underwear, shoes, baby clothing, the PURE collection to DKNY menswear. The latter was available up until the spring 2002 season. Since then only the DKNY Jeans label, underwear, eyewear and watches have been offered online for men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.073596477508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "DKNY" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "\"When You Wish upon a Star\" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio. The original version was sung by Cliff Edwards in the character of Jiminy Cricket, and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. The song has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company. The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 261546 and 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821.", "precise_score": 8.624632835388184, "rough_score": 5.316690444946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "When You Wish upon a Star" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records \"cover version\" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. It won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was also the first Disney song to win an Oscar.", "precise_score": -3.7120723724365234, "rough_score": -4.635021209716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "When You Wish upon a Star" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Pinocchio is a 1940 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Italian children's novel The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. It was the second animated feature film produced by Disney, made after the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).", "precise_score": -2.6590332984924316, "rough_score": -5.05190372467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Critical analysis of Pinocchio identifies it as a simple morality tale that teaches children of the benefits of hard work and middle-class values. Although it became the first animated feature to win a competitive Academy Award – winning two for Best Music, Original Score and for Best Music, Original Song for \"When You Wish Upon A Star\" – it was initially a box office disaster. It eventually made a profit in its 1945 reissue, and is considered one of the greatest animated films ever made, with a rare 100% rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes. The film and characters are still prevalent in popular culture, featuring at various Disney parks and in other forms of entertainment. In 1994, Pinocchio was added to the United States National Film Registry for being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".", "precise_score": 3.4895529747009277, "rough_score": -3.6996781826019287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "After singing the film's signature song \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", Jiminy Cricket explains that he is going to tell a story of a wish coming true. His story begins in the Tuscany workshop of a woodworker named Geppetto. Jiminy watches as Geppetto finishes work on a wooden marionette whom he names Pinocchio (a name his cat Figaro and fish Cleo both dislike). Before falling asleep, Geppetto makes a wish on a star that Pinocchio would be a real boy. During the night, a Blue Fairy visits the workshop and brings Pinocchio to life, although he still remains a puppet. She informs him that if he proves himself brave, truthful, and unselfish, he will become a real boy, and assigns Jiminy to be his conscience.", "precise_score": 1.877123475074768, "rough_score": -5.200769424438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "The songs in Pinocchio were composed by Leigh Harline with lyrics by Ned Washington. Leigh Harline and Paul J. Smith composed the incidental music score. The soundtrack was first released on February 9, 1940. Jiminy Cricket's song, \"When You Wish Upon A Star\", became a major hit and is still identified with the film, and later as the theme song of The Walt Disney Company itself. The soundtrack won an Academy Award for Best Original Score.", "precise_score": 5.6677565574646, "rough_score": -1.1152673959732056, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "M. Keith Booker considers the film to be the most-down-to-earth of the classic Disney animated films despite its theme song and magic, and notes that the film's protagonist has to work to prove his worth, which he remarked seemed \"more in line with the ethos of capitalism\" than most of the Disney films. Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh believe that the male protagonists of films like Pinocchio and Bambi (1942) were purposefully constructed by Disney to appeal to both boys and girls. Mark I. Pinksy said that it is \"a simple morality tale — cautionary and schematic — ideal for moral instruction, save for some of its darker moments\", and noted that the film is a favorite of parents of young children.", "precise_score": -2.0844523906707764, "rough_score": -2.3746795654296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "With the re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1944 came the tradition of re-releasing Disney films every seven to ten years. Pinocchio was theatrically re-released in 1945, 1954, 1962, 1971, 1978, 1984, and 1992. RKO handled the first two reissues in 1945 and 1954, while Disney itself reissued the film from 1962 on through its Buena Vista Distribution division.", "precise_score": -2.3240208625793457, "rough_score": -3.434384822845459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "The more comprehensive digital restoration that was done for the 1992 re-issue was released on VHS in 1993, followed by its fourth VHS release and first release on Disney DVD in 1999. The film was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line, although early printings of the 1999 VHS did use the Masterpiece Collection logo. The second Disney DVD release and final issue in the VHS format premiered as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classics Collection VHS/DVD line on March 7, 2000. A special edition VHS and DVD of the film was released in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2003. The UK Special Edition VHS featured the 1992 Walt Disney Classics logo at the beginning of the tape. The fourth DVD release and first Blu-ray Disc release (the second Blu-ray in the Walt Disney Platinum Editions series) was released on March 10, 2009. Like the 2008 Sleeping Beauty Blu-ray release, the Pinocchio Blu-ray package featured a new restoration by Lowry Digital in a two-disc Blu-ray set, with a bonus DVD version of the film also included. This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30, 2011. ", "precise_score": -2.996079206466675, "rough_score": -5.342615604400635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "The studio continued releasing animated shorts and features, such as Pinocchio (1940), Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). After World War II began, box-office profits declined. When the United States entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, many of Disney's animators were drafted into the armed forces. The U.S. and Canadian governments commissioned the studio to produce training and propaganda films. By 1942, 90% of its 550 employees were working on war-related films. Films such as the feature Victory Through Air Power and the short Education for Death (both 1943) were meant to increase public support for the war effort. Even the studio's characters joined the effort, as Donald Duck appeared in a number of comical propaganda shorts, including the Academy Award-winning Der Fuehrer's Face (1943).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4027485847473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Walt Disney Company" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "The plot of the film involves an old wood-carver named Geppetto who carves a wooden puppet named Pinocchio. The puppet is brought to life by a blue fairy, who informs him that he can become a real boy if he proves himself to be \"brave, truthful, and unselfish\". Pinocchio's efforts to become a real boy involve encounters with a host of unsavory characters. The film was adapted by Aurelius Battaglia, William Cottrell, Otto Englander, Erdman Penner, Joseph Sabo, Ted Sears, and Webb Smith from Collodi's book. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen and Hamilton Luske, and the film's sequences were directed by Norman Ferguson, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney, and Bill Roberts. Pinocchio was a groundbreaking achievement in the area of effects animation, giving realistic movement to vehicles, machinery and natural elements such as rain, lightning, smoke, shadows and water. The film was released to theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on February 23, 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69164752960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Geppetto discovers that his wish has come true, and is filled with joy. However, on his way to school, Pinocchio is led astray by Honest John the Fox and his companion, Gideon the Cat, who convince him to join Stromboli's puppet show, despite Jiminy's objections. Pinocchio becomes Stromboli's star attraction as a marionette who can sing and dance without strings while performing with marionettes of Dutch girls, French can-can girls, and Russian Cossacks. However, when Pinocchio wants to go home for the night, Stromboli locks him up in a birdcage. Jiminy arrives to see Pinocchio, and is unable to free him. The Blue Fairy then appears, and asks Pinocchio why he wasn’t at school. Jiminy urges Pinocchio to tell the truth, but instead he starts telling lies, which causes his nose to grow longer and longer. Pinocchio vows to be good from now on, and the Blue Fairy restores his nose back to its original form and sets them free, while warning him that this will be the last time she can help him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.597489356994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Meanwhile, across town, Honest John and Gideon meet a coachman who promises to pay them big money if they can find foolish little boys for him to take to Pleasure Island. Encountering Pinocchio on his way home, they convince him that he needs to take a vacation there. On the way to Pleasure Island, he befriends Lampwick, a delinquent boy. With no rules or authority to enforce their activity, Pinocchio and the other boys soon enjoy smoking, gambling, vandalizing, and getting drunk, much to Jiminy's dismay. Later, while trying to get home, Jiminy discovers that the island hides a horrible curse: the boys brought to Pleasure Island literally transform into donkeys, who are then sold into slave labor. Jiminy runs back to warn Pinocchio, only to find that Lampwick fully transformed into a terrified donkey; Pinocchio manages to escape, only partially transformed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071036338806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Upon returning home, Pinocchio and Jiminy find the workshop empty. They soon discover (through a message left by the Blue Fairy) that Geppetto had ventured out to search for Pinocchio, but was swallowed by a giant whale named Monstro, and is now living in his belly. Determined to rescue his father, Pinocchio jumps into the sea, with Jiminy accompanying him. Pinocchio is soon also swallowed by Monstro, where he is reunited with Geppetto. Pinocchio devises a plan to make Monstro sneeze, giving them a chance to escape. The plan works, but the enraged whale chases them, and smashes their raft. Pinocchio pulls Geppetto to safety in a cave before Monstro crashes into it. They are all washed up on a beach on the other side. Geppetto, Figaro, Cleo, and Jiminy survive, but Pinocchio lies motionless face down in a tide pool. Back home, the group mourns for him. The Blue Fairy, however, decides that Pinocchio has proven himself brave, truthful, and unselfish, that he is reborn as a real human boy (his donkey ears and tail also gone), and everyone celebrates. Jiminy steps outside to thank the Fairy, and is rewarded by a solid gold badge that certifies him as an official conscience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408971786499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Dickie Jones as Pinocchio, a wooden puppet carved by Geppetto, and turned into a living puppet by the Blue Fairy. Jones also provided the voice of Alexander, a boy transformed into a donkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129684448242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Cliff Edwards as Jiminy Cricket, a cheerful and wise cricket, who acts as Pinocchio's \"conscience\", and the partial narrator of the story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741761207580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Christian Rub as Mister Geppetto, a kind and elderly woodcarver, who creates Pinocchio, and wishes for him to become a real boy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152308464050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Walter Catlett as \"Honest\" John Worthington Foulfellow, a sly anthropomorphic red fox, and the main antagonist of the film, who tricks Pinocchio twice in the film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701822280883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Charles Judels as Stromboli, a large, sinister, bearded Italian puppet-maker, who forces Pinocchio to perform onstage in order to make money. He speaks with an Italian accent, and curses in Italian when he gets angry, though he is identified as a gypsy. He is the only antagonist of the film to be part of the official Disney Villains line-up. Judels also voiced the devious and sadistic Coachman, owner and operator of Pleasure Island, who enjoys turning unruly boys into donkeys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.833391189575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Evelyn Venable as The Blue Fairy, who brings Pinocchio to life, and turns him into a real boy at the end of the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910575866699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "* Frankie Darro as Lampwick, a naughty boy that Pinocchio befriends on his way to Pleasure Island. He is turned into a donkey on Pleasure Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3389310836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "In September 1937, during the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, animator Norman Ferguson brought a translated version of Carlo Collodi's 1883 Italian children's novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio to the attention of Walt Disney. After reading the book \"Walt was busting his guts with enthusiasm\" as Ferguson later recalled. Pinocchio was intended to be the studio's third film, after Bambi. However, due to difficulties with Bambi (adapting the story and animating the animals realistically), it was put on hold and Pinocchio was moved ahead in production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.149460315704346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Unlike Snow White, which was a short story that the writers could expand and experiment with, Pinocchio was based on a novel with a very fixed story. Therefore, the story went through drastic changes before reaching its final incarnation. In the original novel, Pinocchio is a cold, rude, ungrateful, inhuman creature that often repels sympathy and only learns his lessons by means of brutal torture. The writers decided to modernize the character and depict him similar to Edgar Bergen's dummy Charlie McCarthy, but equally as rambunctious as the puppet in the book. The story was still being developed in the early stages of animation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806631088256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Early scenes animated by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston show that Pinocchio's design was exactly like that of a real wooden puppet with a long pointed nose, a peaked cap and bare wooden hands. Walt Disney, however, was not pleased with the work that was being done on the film. He felt that no one could really sympathize with such a character and called for an immediate halt in production. Fred Moore redesigned the character slightly to make him more appealing but the design still retained a wooden feel. Young and upcoming animator Milt Kahl felt that Thomas, Johnston and Moore were \"rather obsessed with the idea of this boy being a wooden puppet\" and felt that they should \"forget that he was a puppet and get a cute little boy; you can always draw the wooden joints and make him a wooden puppet afterwards\". Hamilton Luske suggested to Kahl that he should demonstrate his beliefs by animating a test sequence. Kahl showed Disney a test scene in which Pinocchio is underwater looking for his father. From this scene Kahl re-envisioned the character by making him look more like a real boy, with a child's Tyrolean hat and standard cartoon character four-fingered (or three and a thumb) hands with Mickey Mouse-type gloves on them. The only parts of Pinocchio that still looked more or less like a puppet were his arms, legs and his little button wooden nose. Disney embraced Kahl's scene and immediately urged the writers to evolve Pinocchio into a more innocent, naïve, somewhat coy personality that reflected Kahl's design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.604708194732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "However, Disney found that the new Pinocchio was too helpless and was far too often led astray by deceiving characters. Therefore, in the summer of 1938 Disney and his story team established the character of the cricket. Originally the cricket was only a minor character that Pinocchio killed by squashing him with a mallet and that later returned as a ghost. Disney dubbed the cricket Jiminy, and made him into a character that would try to guide Pinocchio into the right decisions. Once the character was expanded, he was depicted as a realistic cricket with toothed legs and waving antennae, but Disney wanted something more likable. Ward Kimball had spent several months animating a \"Soup Eating Sequence\" in Snow White, which was cut from the film due to pacing reasons. Kimball was about to quit until Disney rewarded him for his work by promoting him to the supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket. Kimball conjured up the design for Jiminy Cricket, whom he described as a little man with an egg head and no ears. \"The only thing that makes him a cricket is because we call him one,\" Kimball later joked. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.823245048522949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Due to the huge success of Snow White, Walt Disney wanted more famous voices for Pinocchio, which marked the first time an animated film had used celebrities as voice actors. He cast popular singer Cliff Edwards, also known as \"Ukelele Ike\", as Jiminy Cricket. Edwards was a popular entertainer who had made the first million-selling record. Disney rejected the idea of having an adult play Pinocchio and insisted that the character be voiced by a real child. He cast 12-year-old child actor Dickie Jones, who had previously been in Frank Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. He also cast Frankie Darro as Lampwick, Walter Catlett as Foulfellow the Fox, Evelyn Venable as the Blue Fairy, Charles Judels as both the villainous Stromboli and the Coachman, and Christian Rub as Geppetto, whose design was even a caricature of Rub.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.962894439697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "During the production of the film, the character model department was headed by Joe Grant, whose department was responsible for the building of three-dimensional clay models of the characters in the film, known as maquettes. These models were then given to the staff to observe how a character should be drawn from any given angle desired by the artists. The model makers also built working models of Geppetto's cuckoo clocks, as well as Stromboli's gypsy wagon and the Coachman's carriage. However, owing to the difficulty animating a realistic moving vehicle, the artists filmed the carriage maquettes on a miniature set using stop motion animation. Then each frame of the animation was transferred onto animation cels using an early version of a Xerox. The cels were then painted on the back and overlaid on top of background images with the cels of the characters to create the completed shot on the rostrum camera. Like Snow White, live-action footage was shot for Pinocchio with the actors playing the scenes in pantomime, supervised by Hamilton Luske. Rather than tracing, which would result in stiff unnatural movement, the animators used the footage as a guide for animation by studying human movement and then incorporating some poses into the animation (though slightly exaggerated).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35212230682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Pinocchio was a groundbreaking achievement in the area of effects animation. In contrast to the character animators who concentrate on the acting of the characters, effects animators create everything that moves other than the characters. This includes vehicles, machinery and natural effects such as rain, lightning, snow, smoke, shadows and water, as well as the fantasy or science-fiction type effects like Fairy Dust. The influential abstract animator Oskar Fischinger, who mainly worked on Fantasia contributed to the effects animation of the Blue Fairy's wand. Effects animator Sandy Strother kept a diary about his year-long animation of the water effects, which included splashes, ripples, bubbles, waves and the illusion of being underwater. To help give depth to the ocean, the animators put more detail into the waves on the water surface in the foreground, and put in less detail as the surface moved further back. After the animation was traced onto cels, the animators would trace it once more with blue and black pencil leads to give the waves a sculptured look. To save time and money, the splashes were kept impressionistic. These techniques enabled Pinocchio to be one of the first animated films to have highly realistic effects animation. Ollie Johnston remarked \"I think that's one of the finest things the studio's ever done, as Frank [Thomas] said, 'The water looks so real a person can drown in it, and they do.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.768802642822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Nicolas Sammond argues that the film is \"an apt metaphor for the metaphysics of midcentury American child-rearing\" and that the film is \"ultimately an assimilationist fable\". He considered it to be the central Disney film and the most strongly middle class, intended to relay the message that indulging in \"the pleasures of the working class, of vaudeville, or of pool halls and amusement parks, led to a life as a beast of burden\". For Sammond, the purpose of Pinocchio is to help convey to children the \"middle-class virtues of deferred gratification, self-denial, thrift, and perseverance, naturalized as the experience of the most average American\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.668581008911133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Pinocchio went into release accompanied by generally positive reviews. Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times gave the film five out of five stars, saying \"Pinocchio is here at last, is every bit as fine as we had prayed it would be—if not finer—and that it is as gay and clever and delightful a fantasy as any well-behaved youngster or jaded oldster could hope to see.\" Time gave the film a positive review, saying \"In craftsmanship and delicacy of drawing and coloring, in the articulation of its dozens of characters, in the greater variety and depth of its photographic effects, it tops the high standard Snow White set. The charm, humor and loving care with which it treats its inanimate characters puts it in a class by itself.\" The film won the Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score, the first Disney film to win either.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.096080303192139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Initially, Pinocchio was not a box-office success. The box office returns from the film's initial release were both below Snow White's unprecedented success and below studio expectations. Of the film's $2.289 million negative cost – twice the cost of Snow White – Disney only recouped $1 million by late 1940, with studio reports of the film's final original box office take varying between $1.4 million and $1.9 million. Animation historian Michael Barrier notes that Pinocchio returned rentals of less than one million by September 1940, and in its first public annual report, Walt Disney Productions charged off a $1 million loss to the film. Barrier relays that a 1947 Pinocchio balance sheet listed total receipts to the studio of $1,423,046.78. This was primarily due to the fact that World War II and its aftermath had cut off the European and Asian markets overseas, and hindered the international success of Pinocchio and other Disney releases during the early and mid-1940s. Joe Grant recalled Walt Disney being \"very, very depressed\" about Pinocchio's initial returns at the box office. RKO recorded a loss of $94,000 for the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.063911437988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Many film historians consider this to be the film that most closely approaches technical perfection of all the Disney animated features. Film critic Leonard Maltin said, \"with Pinocchio, Disney reached not only the height of his powers, but the apex of what many critics consider to be the realm of the animated cartoon.\" Despite its initial struggles at the box office, a series of reissues in the years after World War II proved more successful, and allowed the film to turn a profit. By 1973, the film had earned $13 million from the initial 1940 release and four reissues; further reissues in subsequent years have brought Pinocchios lifetime gross to $84,254,167 at the box office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.824222564697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "In 1994, Pinocchio was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Filmmaker Terry Gilliam selected it as one of the ten best animated films of all time in a 2001 article written for The Guardian and in 2005, Time named it one of the 100 best films of the last 80 years, and then in June 2011 named it the best animated movie of \"The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.379886627197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its \"Ten top Ten\"—the best ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Pinocchio was acknowledged as the second best film in the animation genre, after Snow White. It was nominated for the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.52276611328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "On Rotten Tomatoes, a website which aggregates film reviews, the film has the website's highest rating of 100%, meaning every single one of the 41 reviews of the film, from contemporaneous reviews to modern re-appraisals, on the site are positive. The general consensus of the film on the site is \"Ambitious, adventurous, and sometimes frightening, Pinocchio arguably represents the pinnacle of Disney's collected works - it's beautifully crafted and emotionally resonant.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.077598571777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "In 1987, Filmation released a \"thin-veiled\" animated sequel to Pinocchio, entitled Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night. Set a year after Pinocchio became a real boy, the movie received mainly negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure. Disney sued Filmation for copyright infringement, but Filmation won the lawsuit on the grounds that Collodi's work is in the public domain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9643731117248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "In the mid-2000s, DisneyToon Studios began development on a sequel to Pinocchio. Robert Reece co-wrote the film's screenplay, which saw Pinocchio on a \"strange journey\" for the sake of something dear to him. \"It's a story that leads Pinocchio to question why life appears unfair sometimes,\" said Reece. John Lasseter cancelled Pinocchio II soon after being named Chief Creative Officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.948188304901123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Many of Pinocchios characters are meetable characters at Disney parks. Pinocchio's Daring Journey is a popular ride at the original Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Park in Paris. Pinocchio Village Haus is a quick service restaurant at Walt Disney World that serves pizza and macaroni and cheese. There are similar quick-service restaurants at the Disneyland parks in Anaheim and Paris as well, with almost identical names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.245369911193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Disney on Ice starring Pinocchio, toured internationally from 1987 to 1992. A shorter version of the story is also presented in the current Disney on Ice production \"One Hundred Years Of Magic\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.950971603393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "Aside from the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Game Boy, and SNES games based on the animated film, Geppetto and Pinocchio also appear as characters in the game Kingdom Hearts. The inside of Monstro is also featured as one of the worlds. Jiminy Cricket appears as well, acting as a recorder, keeping a journal of the game's progress in Kingdom Hearts, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, and, Kingdom Hearts II. Pinocchio's home world was slated to appear in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, but was omitted due to time restrictions, although talk-sprites of Pinocchio, Geppetto, Honest John and Gideon have been revealed. As compensation, this world appears in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance, under the name \"Prankster's Paradise\", with Dream world versions of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket, Geppetto, Cleo, Monstro and the Blue Fairy appearing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567816734313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" }, { "answer": "Pinocchio", "passage": "On April 8, 2015, Deadline reported that Disney is developing a live action film based on the animated Pinocchio, with Peter Hedges penning the script.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.330737113952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In the 20th century, DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek, Sorona, Corfam, and Lycra. DuPont developed Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) for the refrigerant industry, and later more environmentally friendly refrigerants. It also developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair.", "precise_score": 0.8675330877304077, "rough_score": -0.4129648506641388, "source": "wiki", "title": "DuPont" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armor. In the Second World War DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain's Royal Air Force to make flak jackets. With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world.", "precise_score": 2.128565549850464, "rough_score": 2.6721487045288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "DuPont" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "DuPont has been awarded the National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of \"high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, \"Teflon\" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics\"; the second in 2002 \"for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons\". DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylurea herbicides. In 1996, DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of Kevlar.", "precise_score": -0.45097842812538147, "rough_score": -4.092550277709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "DuPont" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In 1971, research chemist Stephanie Kwolek discovered a liquid crystalline polymer solution. Its exceptional strength and stiffness led to the invention of Kevlar®, a synthetic fibre, woven into a fabric and layered, that, by weight, has five times the tensile strength of steel. In the mid-1970s, DuPont the company which employed Kwolek introduced Kevlar. Immediately Kevlar was incorporated into a National Institute of Justice (NIJ) evaluation program to provide lightweight, able body armor to a test pool of American law enforcement officers to ascertain if everyday able wearing was possible. Lester Shubin, a program manager at the NIJ, managed this law enforcement feasibility study within a few selected large police agencies, and quickly determined that Kevlar body armor could be comfortably worn by police daily, and would save lives.", "precise_score": 0.06147664785385132, "rough_score": 2.2288522720336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The earliest of these “all” fabric vests designed to address this ice pick test was Warwick Mills’s TurtleSkin ultra tightly woven para-aramid fabric with a patent filed in 1993. Shortly after the TurtleSkin work, in 1995 DuPont patented a medium density fabric that was designated as Kevlar Correctional. It should be noted that these textile materials do not have equal performance with cutting-edge threats and these certifications were only with ice pick and were not tested with knives.", "precise_score": -1.305554747581482, "rough_score": -4.814949035644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In recent years, advances in material science have opened the door to the idea of a literal \"bulletproof vest\" able to stop handgun and rifle bullets with a soft textile vest, without the assistance of additional metal or ceramic plating. However, progress is moving at a slower rate compared to other technical disciplines. The most recent offering from Kevlar, Protera, was released in 1996. Current soft body armor can stop most handgun rounds (which has been the case for roughly 15 years ), but armor plates are needed to stop rifle rounds and steel-core handgun rounds such as 7.62×25mm. The para-aramids have not progressed beyond the limit of 23 grams per denier in fiber tenacity.", "precise_score": -4.101198196411133, "rough_score": -4.628108024597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Ballistic nylon (until the 1970) or Kevlar or Spectra (a competitor for Kevlar) or the polyethylene fiber could be used to manufacture bullet proof vests. The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon & supplemented by plates of fiber-glass, steel, ceramic, titanium, Doron & composites of ceramic and fiberglass the last being the most effective. ", "precise_score": 2.2185781002044678, "rough_score": 2.8905022144317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "2. Unlike Kevlar, the Spectra used in bulletproof vests is usually not woven. instead the strong polyethelene polymer filaments are spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other. Resin is used to coat the fibers, sealing them together to form a sheet of Spectra cloth. Two sheets of cloth are then placed at right angles to one another and again bonded, forming a nonwoven fabric that is next sandwiched between two sheets of polyethelene film. The vest shape can then be cut from the material.", "precise_score": -2.6812920570373535, "rough_score": -4.219291687011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, this high-strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components.", "precise_score": 6.013500213623047, "rough_score": 7.1194658279418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor, because of its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is 5 times stronger than steel. It is also used to make modern drumheads that withstand high impact. When used as a woven material, it is suitable for mooring lines and other underwater applications.", "precise_score": -1.6096882820129395, "rough_score": 1.1993259191513062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide – branded Kevlar – was invented by Polish-American chemist Stephanie Kwolek while working for DuPont, in anticipation of a gasoline shortage. In 1964, her group began searching for a new lightweight strong fiber to use for light but strong tires. The polymers she had been working with at the time, poly-p-phenylene-terephthalate and polybenzamide, formed liquid crystal while in solution, something unique to those polymers at the time.", "precise_score": 1.9942559003829956, "rough_score": 2.070927143096924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "* Aramids (1961) - known as Nomex, Kevlar and Twaron", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.747485160827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Synthetic fiber" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In 1975 Richard A. Armellino, the founder of American Body Armor, marketed an all Kevlar vest called the K-15, consisting of 15 layers of Kevlar that also included a 5\" × 8\" ballistic steel \"Shok Plate\" positioned vertically over the heart and was issued US Patent #3,971,072 for this innovation. Similarly sized and positioned \"trauma plates\" are still used today on the front ballistic panels of most able vests, reducing blunt trauma and increasing ballistic protection in the center-mass heart/sternum area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.378081798553467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In 1976, Richard Davis, founder of Second Chance Body Armor, designed the company's first all-Kevlar vest, the Model Y. The lightweight, able vest industry was launched and a new form of daily protection for the modern police officer was quickly adapted. By the mid-to-late 1980s, an estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of police patrol officers wore able vests daily. By 2006, more than 2,000 documented police vest \"saves\" were recorded, validating the success and efficiency of lightweight able body armor as a standard piece of everyday police equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.443458557128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "During the 1980s, the US military issued the PASGT kevlar vest, rated at NIJ level IIA,being able to stop pistol rounds (including 9 mm FMJ) and fragmentation. West Germany issued a similar rated vest called the Splitterschutzweste.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.697365760803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar soft armor had its shortcomings because if \"large fragments or high velocity bullets hit the vest, the energy could cause life-threatening, blunt trauma injuries\" in selected, vital areas. Ranger Body Armor was developed for the American military in 1991. Although it was the second modern US body armor that was able to stop rifle caliber rounds and still be light enough to be worn by infantry soldiers in the field, it still had its flaws: \"it was still heavier than the concurrently issued PASGT (Personal Armor System for Ground Troops) anti-fragmentation armor worn by regular infantry and ... did not have the same degree of ballistic protection around the neck and shoulders.\" The format of Ranger Body Armor (and more recent body armor issued to US special operations units) highlights the trade-offs between force protection and mobility that modern body armor forces organizations to address.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.08713960647583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Since the 1970s, several new fibers and construction methods for bulletproof fabric have been developed besides woven Kevlar, such as DSM's Dyneema, Honeywell's Gold Flex and Spectra, Teijin Twaron's Twaron, Pinnacle Armor's Dragon Skin, and Toyobo's Zylon. These newer materials are advertised as being lighter, thinner and more resistant than Kevlar, although they are much more expensive. The US military has developed body armor for the working dogs who aid GIs in battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.915407180786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "A third textile layer is often found between the carrier and the ballistic components. The ballistic panels are covered in a coated pouch or slip. This slip provides the encapsulation of the ballistic materials. Slips are manufactured in two types: heat sealed hermetic slips and simple sewn slips. For some ballistic fibers such as Kevlar the slip is a critical part of the system. The slip prevents moisture from the user's body from saturating the ballistic materials. This protection from moisture cycling increases the useful life of the armor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461801528930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "One should not forget that there is another known para aramid fiber called Twaron, produced in the Netherlands and is a direct competitor of Kevlar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082749366760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "1. To make Kevlar cloth, the Kevlar yarns are woven in the simplest pattern, plain or tabby weave. which is merely the over & under pattern of threads the interlace alternatively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024046897888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bulletproof vest" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The solution was \"cloudy, opalescent upon being stirred, and of low viscosity\" and usually was thrown away. However, Kwolek persuaded the technician, Charles Smullen, who ran the \"spinneret\", to test her solution, and was amazed to find that the fiber did not break, unlike nylon. Her supervisor and her laboratory director understood the significance of her accidental discovery and a new field of polymer chemistry quickly arose. By 1971, modern Kevlar was introduced. However, Kwolek was not very involved in developing the applications of Kevlar. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690356254577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride in a condensation reaction yielding hydrochloric acid as a byproduct. The result has liquid-crystalline behavior, and mechanical drawing orients the polymer chains in the fiber's direction. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was the solvent initially used for the polymerization, but for safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of N-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride. As this process had been patented by Akzo (see above) in the production of Twaron, a patent war ensued. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.361213684082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar (poly paraphenylene terephthalamide) production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated sulfuric acid, needed to keep the water-insoluble polymer in solution during its synthesis and spinning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562847137451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Several grades of Kevlar are available:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34754753112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar K-29 – in industrial applications, such as cables, asbestos replacement, brake linings, and body/vehicle armor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912731170654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar K49 – high modulus used in cable and rope products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.984530448913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar K100 – colored version of Kevlar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898490905761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar K119 – higher-elongation, flexible and more fatigue resistant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6193265914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar K129 – higher tenacity for ballistic applications", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592996597290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar AP – 15% higher tensile strength than K-29 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.799142837524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar XP – lighter weight resin and KM2 plus fiber combination ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481009483337402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar KM2 – enhanced ballistic resistance for armor applications ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929001808166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The ultraviolet component of sunlight degrades and decomposes Kevlar, a problem known as UV degradation, and so it is rarely used outdoors without protection against sunlight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93508529663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "When Kevlar is spun, the resulting fiber has a tensile strength of about 3,620 MPa, and a relative density of 1.44. The polymer owes its high strength to the many inter-chain bonds. These inter-molecular hydrogen bonds form between the carbonyl groups and NH centers. Additional strength is derived from aromatic stacking interactions between adjacent strands. These interactions have a greater influence on Kevlar than the van der Waals interactions and chain length that typically influence the properties of other synthetic polymers and fibers such as Dyneema. The presence of salts and certain other impurities, especially calcium, could interfere with the strand interactions and care is taken to avoid inclusion in its production. Kevlar's structure consists of relatively rigid molecules which tend to form mostly planar sheet-like structures rather like silk protein. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.856550216674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar maintains its strength and resilience down to cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C); in fact, it is slightly stronger at low temperatures. At higher temperatures the tensile strength is immediately reduced by about 10–20%, and after some hours the strength progressively reduces further. For example, at 160 °C (320 °F) about 10% reduction in strength occurs after 500 hours. At 260 °C (500 °F) 50% strength reduction occurs after 70 hours. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886775970458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is often used in the field of cryogenics for its low thermal conductivity and high strength relative to other materials for suspension purposes. It is most often used to suspend a paramagnetic salt enclosure from a superconducting magnet mandrel in order to minimize any heat leaks to the paramagnetic material. It is also used as a thermal standoff or structural support where low heat leaks are desired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.362234115600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is a well-known component of personal armor such as combat helmets, ballistic face masks, and ballistic vests. The PASGT helmet and vest used by United States military forces since the 1980s both have Kevlar as a key component, as do their replacements. Other military uses include bulletproof facemasks used by sentries and spall liners used to protect the crews of armoured fighting vehicles. Even Nimitz-class aircraft carriers include Kevlar armor around vital spaces. Related civilian applications include emergency services' protection gear if it involves high heat (e.g., fire fighting), and Kevlar body armor such as vests for police officers, security, and SWAT. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.489798545837402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, chaps and other articles of clothing designed to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat. Kevlar-based protective gear is often considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made of more traditional materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.286629676818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "It is used for motorcycle safety clothing, especially in the areas featuring padding such as shoulders and elbows. In fencing it is used in the protective jackets, breeches, plastrons and the bib of the masks. It is increasingly being used in the peto, the padded covering which protects the picadors' horses in the bullring. Speedskaters also frequently wear an under-layer of Kevlar fabric to prevent potential wounds from skates in the event of a fall or collision", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.716437816619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "In kyudo, or Japanese archery, it may be used as an alternative to more expensive hemp for bow strings. It is one of the main materials used for paraglider suspension lines. It is used as an inner lining for some bicycle tires to prevent punctures. In table tennis, plies of Kevlar are added to custom ply blades, or paddles, in order to increase bounce and reduce weight. Tennis racquets are sometimes strung with Kevlar. It is used in sails for high performance racing boats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.15602445602417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "With advancements in technology, Nike used Kevlar in shoes for the first time. It launched the Elite II Series, with enhancements to its earlier version of basketball shoes by using Kevlar in the anterior as well as the shoe laces. This was done to decrease the elasticity of the tip of the shoe in contrast to nylon used conventionally as Kevlar expanded by about 1% against nylon which expanded by about 30%. Shoes in this range included LeBron, HyperDunk and Zoom Kobe VII. However these shoes were launched at a price range much higher than average cost of basketball shoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.937187194824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for loudspeaker cones, specifically for bass and midrange drive units. Additionally, Kevlar has been used as a strength member in fiber optic cables such as the ones used for audio data transmissions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.623528480529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar can be used as an acoustic core on bows for string instruments. Kevlar's physical properties provide strength, flexibility, and stability for the bow's user. To date, the only manufacturer of this type of bow is CodaBow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941126823425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is also presently used as a material for tailcords (a.k.a. tailpiece adjusters), which connect the tailpiece to the endpin of bowed string instruments. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.417448997497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is sometimes used as a material on marching snare drums. It allows for an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a cleaner sound. There is usually a resin poured onto the Kevlar to make the head airtight, and a nylon top layer to provide a flat striking surface. This is one of the primary types of marching snare drum heads. Remo's \"Falam Slam\" patch is made with Kevlar and is used to reinforce bass drum heads where the beater strikes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.821402549743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is used in the woodwind reeds of Fibracell. The material of these reeds is a composite of aerospace materials designed to duplicate the way nature constructs cane reed. Very stiff but sound absorbing Kevlar fibers are suspended in a lightweight resin formulation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.664831161499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Wicks for fire dancing props are made of composite materials with Kevlar in them. Kevlar by itself does not absorb fuel very well, so it is blended with other materials such as fiberglass or cotton. Kevlar's high heat resistance allows the wicks to be reused many times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.432215690612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar is sometimes used as a substitute for Teflon in some non-stick frying pans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757430076599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The fiber is used in woven rope and in cable, where the fibers are kept parallel within a polyethylene sleeve. The cables have been used in suspension bridges such as the bridge at Aberfeldy in Scotland. They have also been used to stabilize cracking concrete cooling towers by circumferential application followed by tensioning to close the cracks. Kevlar is widely used as a protective outer sheath for optical fiber cable, as its strength protects the cable from damage and kinking. When used in this application it is commonly known by the trademarked name Parafil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.43382740020752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar was used by scientists at Georgia Institute of Technology as a base textile for an experiment in electricity-producing clothing. This was done by weaving zinc oxide nanowires into the fabric. If successful, the new fabric will generate about 80 milliwatts per square meter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.382545471191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "A retractable roof of over 60,000 square feet (5,575 square metres) of Kevlar was a key part of the design of Montreal's Olympic stadium for the 1976 Summer Olympics. It was spectacularly unsuccessful, as it was completed ten years late and replaced just ten years later in May 1998 after a series of problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938407897949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "Kevlar can be found as a reinforcing layer in rubber bellows expansion joints and rubber hoses, for use in high temperature applications, and for its high strength. It is also found as a braid layer used on the outside of hose assemblies, to add protection against sharp objects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.428228378295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "A thin Kevlar window has been used by the NA48 experiment at CERN to separate a vacuum vessel from a vessel at nearly atmospheric pressure, both 192 cm in diameter. The window has provided vacuum tightness combined with reasonably small amount of material (only 0.3% to 0.4% of radiation length).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100163459777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The Motorola RAZR Family, the Motorola Droid Maxx, and the OnePlus 2 have a Kevlar backplate, chosen over other materials such as carbon fiber due to its resilience and lack of interference with signal transmission. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29056453704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" }, { "answer": "Kevlar", "passage": "The Kevlar fiber/epoxy matrix composite materials can be used in marine current turbine (MCT) or wind turbine due to their high specific strength and light weight compared to other fibers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.330301284790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kevlar" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kayak", "passage": "A kayak roll (often referred to as an Eskimo roll) is the act of righting a capsized kayak by use of body motion and/or a paddle. Typically this is done by lifting the torso towards the surface, flicking the hips to right the kayak, and applying a small force by means of the paddle to assist the torso back over the boat. The roll is an essential for paddlers who attempt serious whitewater (Class IV or greater), as exiting the boat and swimming gives the paddler less maneuverability and control, and thus leaves him/her more exposed than in the boat.", "precise_score": 6.5444183349609375, "rough_score": 8.471989631652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kayak roll" }, { "answer": "Kayak", "passage": "The skill of righting a capsized kayak was devised by the hunter-gatherer societies that also developed the kayak as a hunting boat; the Aleut and Inuit people. The Greenland Inuit used several techniques that allowed the kayak to be righted with or without a paddle, also using only one hand, or without hands at all. A survey in Greenland in 1911 found that of a total of 2,228 hunters with a kayak of their own, 867 were able to roll. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4465651512146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kayak roll" }, { "answer": "Kayak", "passage": "In 1605, some Inuit men and their kayaks were brought back to Europe by a Danish expedition; they gave a demonstration of rolling and racing against rowing boats in Copenhagen harbour, watched by King Christian IV. A similar exhibition was held at The Hague in 1625. Paul Egede, the teenaged son of a missionary living with the Inuit, was probably the first non-native to learn to roll a kayak in the 1730s. Rolling was demonstrated in 1889 at Sandviken, Norway by Oluf Dietrichson, a member of Nansen's 1888 Greenland expedition. With the rapid growth in the sport of kayaking in Europe and the USA during the 1920s, the ability to roll was popularised by an Austrian kayaker, Edi Hans Pawlata (1900–1966). Although not, as he claimed, the first European to acquire the skill, he developed a technique in which the hand grips the end of the paddle, which proved easy to master. His \"Pawlata roll\" is still sometimes taught to beginners. Greenlandic kalaaleq, Manasse Mathæussen (1915–1989), earned a living giving rolling demonstrations and kayak stunts for films. In 1949, he set a record by performing 10 successive rolls in 18 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.406620025634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kayak roll" }, { "answer": "Kayak", "passage": "Some techniques are rarely used by modern paddlers. The Pawlata roll is performed while gripping the far end of one paddle blade and sweeping the other from front to back. The Steyr roll is a reverse Pawlata. In the put across roll, one paddle blade is gripped while the rest of the paddle extends out at right angles to the kayak; the paddler pulls down on the paddle to right the kayak without any sweeping action. The storm roll utilises a vertical rather than horizontal sweeping action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2991658449172974, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kayak roll" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "A set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes have more than one drone (and, sometimes, more than one chanter) in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag.", "precise_score": 1.6783630847930908, "rough_score": 2.6949386596679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The chanter is the melody pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter; some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the inside walls are parallel (or \"cylindrical\") for its full length, or it can be bored in a conical shape. ", "precise_score": 4.144986152648926, "rough_score": 5.185110569000244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no easy way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music. Primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments (or \"ornaments\") are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, and take many years of study to master. A few bagpipes (such as the musette de cour, the uilleann pipes, the Northumbrian smallpipe, the piva and the left chanter of the surdulina) have closed ends or stop the end on the player's leg, so that when the player \"closes\" (covers all the holes) the chanter becomes silent.", "precise_score": -1.825439453125, "rough_score": -0.9021431803703308, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Most bagpipes have at least one drone: a pipe which is generally not fingered but rather produces a constant harmonizing note throughout play (usually the tonic note of the chanter). Exceptions are generally those pipes which have a double-chanter instead. A drone is most commonly a cylindrically-bored tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds exist. The drone is generally designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be adjusted.", "precise_score": 3.925726890563965, "rough_score": 4.887758731842041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The chanter is the part of the bagpipe upon which the player creates the melody. It consists of a number of finger-holes, and in its simpler forms looks similar to a recorder. On more elaborate bagpipes, such as the Northumbrian bagpipes or the Uilleann pipes, it also may have a number of keys, to increase the instrument's range and/or the number of keys (in the modal sense) it can play in. Like the rest of the bagpipe, they are often decorated with a variety of substances, including metal (silver/nickel/gold/brass), bone, ivory, or plastic mountings.", "precise_score": 1.7396501302719116, "rough_score": 1.3283586502075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chanter" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Another variant of the chanter is the two-piped chanter (often called a double chanter). The chanter pipes may be designed to be played separately, one with each hand, or the two chanters may be played in unison (as in most Arabic bagpipes). One chanter may provide a drone accompaniment to the other, or the two chanters may play in a harmony of thirds and sixths (as in the southern Italian zampogna). In pipes of the Carpathian basin up to five separate chanter bores may be placed in parallel within a single chanter assembly, providing both melodic and rhythmic possibilities: in the simplest case, one pipe is used to play the melody while the second provides a variable drone, while more complex pipes may separate certain individual notes into separate, stopped pipes.", "precise_score": 6.3011474609375, "rough_score": 7.737192630767822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chanter" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Because of the accompanying drone or drones, the lack of modulation in bagpipe melody, and stable timbre of the reed sound, in many bagpipe traditions the tones of the chanter are tuned using just intonation, although bagpipe tuning is highly variable across traditions. On the Great Highland bagpipe, tuning of the individual notes of the chanter is done using tape to slightly cover the finger holes as needed. Historically, it was done with wax, as was done with other woodwind instruments.", "precise_score": 0.07769328355789185, "rough_score": 1.1278103590011597, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chanter" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "In music, a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout most or all of a piece. The word drone is also used to refer to any part of a musical instrument that is just used to produce such an effect, as is the archaic term burden (bourdon or burdon) such as, \"the drone [pipe] of a bagpipe,\" the pedal point in an organ, or the lowest course of a lute. Burden also refers to a part of a song that is repeated at the end of each stanza, such as the chorus or refrain.", "precise_score": 0.4734390377998352, "rough_score": -1.5293160676956177, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drone (music)" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Drone is also the term for the part of a musical instrument intended to produce the drone effect's sustained pitch, generally without the ongoing attention of the player. Different melodic Indian instruments (e.g. the sitar, the sarod, the sarangi and the rudra veena) contain a drone. For example, the sitar features three or four resonating drone strings, and Indian notes (sargam) are practiced to a drone. Bagpipes (like the Great Highland Bagpipe and the Zampogna) feature a number of drone pipes, giving the instruments their characteristic sounds. A hurdy-gurdy has one or more drone strings. The fifth string on a five-string banjo is a drone string with a separate tuning peg that places the end of the string five frets down the neck of the instrument; this string is usually tuned to the same note as that which the first string produces when played at the fifth fret, and the drone string is seldom fretted. The bass strings of the Slovenian drone zither also freely resonate as a drone. The Welsh Crwth also features two drone strings.", "precise_score": 2.4279043674468994, "rough_score": -0.5231577754020691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drone (music)" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Archaeological evidence of musical instruments was discovered in excavations at the Royal Cemetery in the Sumerian city of Ur. These instruments, one of the first ensembles of instruments yet discovered, include nine lyres ( the Lyres of Ur), two harps, a silver double flute, sistra and cymbals. A set of reed-sounded silver pipes discovered in Ur was the likely predecessor of modern bagpipes. The cylindrical pipes feature three side-holes that allowed players to produce whole tone scales. These excavations, carried out by Leonard Woolley in the 1920s, uncovered non-degradable fragments of instruments and the voids left by the degraded segments that, together, have been used to reconstruct them. The graves these instruments were buried in have been carbon dated to between 2600 and 2500 BC, providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.16156005859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of India is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the Munda and Dravidian language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musical instruments in the area begins with the Indus Valley Civilization that emerged around 3000 BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physical evidence of musical instruments. A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, and examination of the Indus script has also revealed representations of vertical arched harps identical in design to those depicted in Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact. Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred with the Rigveda, or hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes. Other prominent instruments in use during the early centuries AD were the snake charmer's double clarinet, bagpipes, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musical instruments until the Middle Ages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.159402847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "European music between 800 and 1100 became more sophisticated, more frequently requiring instruments capable of polyphony. The 9th-century Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh mentioned in his lexicographical discussion of music instruments that, in the Byzantine Empire, typical instruments included the urghun (organ), shilyani (probably a type of harp or lyre), salandj (probably a bagpipe) and the lyra. The Byzantine lyra, a bowed string instrument, is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the violin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.506909370422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The ninth century revealed the first bagpipes, which spread throughout Europe and had many uses from folk instruments to military instruments. The construction of pneumatic organs evolved in Europe starting in fifth-century Spain, spreading to England in about 700. The resulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck to large pipe organs. Literary accounts of organs being played in English Benedictine abbeys toward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected to churches. Reed players of the Middle Ages were limited to oboes; no evidence of clarinets exists during this period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.765105247497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical instrument" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Bagpipes is a wind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. Though the Scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best known in the Anglophone world, bagpipes have been played for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, including Turkey, the Caucasus, and around the Persian Gulf. The term \"bagpipe\" is equally correct in the singular or plural, although in the English language, pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as \"the pipes\", \"a set of pipes\" or \"a stand of pipes.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.998298645019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "An innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called \"cauld wind pipes\", air is not heated or moistened by the player's breathing, so bellows-driven bagpipes can use more refined or delicate reeds. Such pipes include the Irish uilleann pipes, the Scottish border pipes and Lowland pipes; Northumbrian smallpipes, pastoral pipes and English Border pipes in Britain, and the musette de cour in France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.803798198699951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The evidence for pre-Roman era bagpipes is still uncertain but several textual and visual clues have been suggested. The Oxford History of Music says that a sculpture of bagpipes has been found on a Hittite slab at Euyuk in the Middle East, dated to 1000 BC. Several authors identify the Ancient Greek askaulos (ἀσκός askos – wine-skin, αὐλός aulos – flute) with the bagpipe. In the 2nd century AD, Suetonius described the Roman emperor Nero as a player of the tibia utricularis. Dio Chrysostom wrote in the 1st century of a contemporary sovereign (possibly Nero) who could play a pipe (tibia, Roman reedpipes similar to Greek and Etruscan instruments) with his mouth as well as by tucking a bladder beneath his armpit. It has been suggested that the bagpipes were first brought to the British Isles during the period of Roman rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.005706787109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The bagpipe was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire, and the 9th century Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments cited the salandj (a bagpipe) as a typical Byzantine instrument. Known in Byzantine Greek as the dankiyo (from ancient Greek: angion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον) \"the container\"), it continued to be played throughout the empire's former realms to the present. (See Balkan Gaida, Greek Tsampouna, Pontic Greek Aggeion or Tulum, Cretan Askomandoura, Armenian Parkapzuk, and Romanian Cimpoi.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.84899616241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "In the early part of the second millennium, bagpipes began to appear with frequency in Western European art and iconography. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, written in Galician-Portuguese and compiled in Castile in the mid-13th century, depicts several types of bagpipes. Though evidence of bagpipes in the British Isles prior to the 14th century is contested, bagpipes are explicitly mentioned in The Canterbury Tales (written around 1380): A baggepype wel coude he blowe and sowne, /And ther-with-al he broghte us out of towne. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26771354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Actual examples of bagpipes from before the 18th century are extremely rare; however, a substantial number of paintings, carvings, engravings, manuscript illuminations, and so on survive. They make it clear that bagpipes varied hugely throughout Europe, and even within individual regions. Many examples of early folk bagpipes in continental Europe can be found in the paintings of Brueghel, Teniers, Jordaens, and Durer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.171825408935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The first clear reference to the use of the Scottish Highland bagpipes is from a French history, which mentions their use at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547. George Buchanan (1506–82) claimed that they had replaced the trumpet on the battlefield. This period saw the creation of the ceòl mór (great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins, with battle-tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes and laments. The Highlands of the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmonds, MacArthurs, MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairloch.J. Porter, \"Introduction\" in J. Porter, ed., Defining Strains: The Musical Life of Scots in the Seventeenth Century (Peter Lang, 2007), ISBN 3-03910-948-0, p. 35.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.907753944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Evidence of the bagpipe in Ireland occurs in 1581, when John Derrick's The Image of Irelande clearly depicts a bagpiper. Derrick's illustrations are considered to be reasonably faithful depictions of the attire and equipment of the English and Irish population of the 16th century. The \"Battell\" sequence from My Ladye Nevells Booke (1591) by William Byrd, which probably alludes to the Irish wars of 1578, contains a piece entitled The bagpipe: & the drone. In 1760, the first serious study of the Scottish Highland bagpipe and its music was attempted, in Joseph MacDonald's Compleat Theory. Further south, a manuscript from the 1730s by a William Dixon from Northumberland contains music that fits the border pipes, a nine-note bellows-blown bagpipe whose chanter is similar to that of the modern Great Highland bagpipe. However the music in Dixon's manuscript varied greatly from modern Highland bagpipe tunes, consisting mostly of extended variation sets of common dance tunes. Some of the tunes in the Dixon manuscript correspond to tunes found in early 19th century published and manuscript sources of Northumbrian smallpipe tunes, notably the rare book of 50 tunes, many with variations, by John Peacock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.65647029876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "As Western classical music developed, both in terms of musical sophistication and instrumental technology, bagpipes in many regions fell out of favour due to their limited range and function. This triggered a long, slow decline that continued, in most cases, into the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.255949020385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Extensive and documented collections of traditional bagpipes can be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the International Bagpipe Museum in Gijón, Spain, the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, England and the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum in Northumberland. and the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix AZ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.201714515686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "During the expansion of the British Empire, spearheaded by British military forces that included Highland regiments, the Scottish Great Highland bagpipe became well-known worldwide. This surge in popularity was boosted by large numbers of pipers trained for military service in World War I and World War II. The surge coincided with a decline in the popularity of many traditional forms of bagpipe throughout Europe, which began to be displaced by instruments from the classical tradition and later by gramophone and radio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81085205078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Nations such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia the Great Highland bagpipe is commonly used in the military and is often played in formal ceremonies. Foreign militaries patterned after the British Army have also taken the Highland bagpipe into use including Uganda, Sudan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan, and Oman. Many police and fire services in Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and the United States have also adopted the tradition of fielding pipe bands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.318208694458008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "In recent years, often driven by revivals of native folk music and dance, many types of bagpipes have enjoyed a resurgence in popularity and, in many cases, instruments that were on the brink of obscurity have become extremely popular. In Brittany, the Great Highland bagpipe and concept of the pipe band were appropriated to create a Breton interpretation, the bagad. The pipe band idiom has also been adopted and applied to the Galician gaita as well. Additionally, bagpipes have often been used in various films depicting moments from Scottish and Irish history; the film Braveheart and the theatrical show Riverdance have served to make the uilleann pipes more commonly known.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.347618103027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Bagpipes are sometimes played at formal events in Commonwealth universities, particularly in Canada. Because of the Scottish influences on the sport of Curling, bagpipes are also the official instrument of the World Curling Federation and are commonly played during a ceremonial procession of teams before major curling championships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.856884002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Bagpipe making was once a craft that produced instruments in many distinctive local traditional styles. Today, the world's biggest producer of the instrument is Pakistan, where the industry was worth $6.8 million in 2010. In the late 20th century, various models of electronic bagpipes were invented. The first custom-built MIDI bagpipes were developed by the Asturian piper known as Hevia (José Ángel Hevia Velasco). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.273778915405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Types of bagpipes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51925277709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Dozens of types of bagpipes today are widely spread across Europe and the Middle East, as well as through much of the former British Empire. The name bagpipe has almost become synonymous with its best-known form, the Great Highland bagpipe, overshadowing the great number and variety of traditional forms of bagpipe. Despite the decline of these other types of pipes over the last few centuries, in recent years many of these pipes have seen a resurgence or revival as musicians have sought them out; for example, the Irish piping tradition, which by the mid 20th century had declined to a handful of master players is today alive, well, and flourishing a situation similar to that of the Asturian gaita, the Galician gaita, the Portuguese Gaita transmontana, the Aragonese gaita de boto, Northumbrian smallpipes, the Breton biniou, the Balkan gaida, the Romanian cimpoi, the Black Sea tulum, the Scottish smallpipes and pastoral pipes, as well as other varieties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.475866794586182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Traditionally, one of the purposes of the bagpipe was to provide music for dancing. This has declined with the growth of dance bands, recordings, and the decline of traditional dance. In turn, this has led to many types of pipes developing a performance-led tradition, and indeed much modern music based on the dance music tradition played on bagpipes is no longer suitable for use as dance music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.362233638763428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Bag piper, Padre, Currie Hall, Royal Military College of Canada, fall 2011.jpg|The Scottish Great Highland bagpipe played at a Canadian military function", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296106338500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Sruti upanga.jpg|A sruti upanga, a Southern Indian bagpipe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165839195251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Duda Bagpipe 001.jpg|A Hungarian duda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994708061218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Serbian bagpiper.jpg|A Serbian piper", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085533142089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Lithuanian bagpipes.png|Lithuanian piper", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166004180908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Pibecwd.jpg|Welsh bagpipe (double-reed type)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947549819946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "File:Bagpipe player damascus.jpg|Syrian piper in Damascus, Syria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275955200195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Since the 1960s, bagpipes have also made appearances in other forms of music, including rock, metal, jazz, hip-hop, punk, and classical music, for example with Paul McCartney's \"Mull of Kintyre\", AC/DC's \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\", and Peter Maxwell Davies's composition An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.256952285766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "Periodicals covering specific types of bagpipes are addressed in the article for that bagpipe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646343231201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bagpipes" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "On the Great Highland Bagpipe, the internal bore is conical: it is this that gives the chanter its exceptional volume. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.003325939178467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chanter" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The practice chanter is used as a practice instrument for the Great Highland Bagpipe. It is somewhat similar in appearance, though slightly smaller than the bagpipe chanter, and has a top piece so it can be blown directly from the mouth. It is also used as a first instrument so that learners can initially learn the finger technique before learning the mechanics of controlling the bag. It is almost exclusively made of hardwood or plastic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0998270511627197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chanter" }, { "answer": "Bagpipe", "passage": "The systematic use of drones originated in instrumental music of ancient Southwest Asia, and spread north and west to Europe, east to India, and south to Africa. It is a key component of much Australian aboriginal music through the didgeridoo. It is used in Indian music and is played with the tanpura (or tambura) and other Indian drone instruments like the ottu, the ektar, the dotara (or dotar; dutar in Persian Central Asia), the surpeti, the surmandal (or swarmandal) and the shank (conch shell). Most of the types of bagpipes that exist worldwide have up to three drones, making this one of the first instruments that comes to mind when speaking of drone music. In America, most forms of the African-influenced banjo contain a drone string. Since the 1960s, the drone has become a prominent feature in drone music and other forms of avant-garde music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.635566234588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drone (music)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Priceline.com", "passage": "Shatner has appeared in advertisements for many companies and products. In the early 1980s he appeared in print and television ads endorsing the Commodore VIC-20 home computer. Since the late 1990s he has done a series of commercials for the travel web site priceline.com, in which Shatner plays a pompous, fictionalized version of himself. Although he received stock options for the commercials, Shatner says that reports that they are now worth hundreds of millions of dollars are exaggerated. Shatner was also the CEO of the Toronto, Ontario-based C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures, a special effects studio that operated from 1994 to 2010. ", "precise_score": -1.1418485641479492, "rough_score": -3.8243565559387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Shatner" } ]

[ { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trifecta or triactor: the bettor must pick the three horses that finish first, second, and third, in the exact order.", "precise_score": 5.141216278076172, "rough_score": 6.391721725463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trifecta (3連勝単式, Sanrensho Tanshiki), abbreviated as San-ren-tan (3連単): The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third (Keiba, Keirin, Kyōtei and Auto Race).", "precise_score": 3.5455260276794434, "rough_score": 4.336249828338623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Box: a box can be placed around exotic betting types such as exacta, trifecta or superfecta bets. This places a bet for all permutations of the numbers in the box. An exacta box with two numbers, commonly called quinella or quiniela, is a bet on either of two permutations: A first and B second, or B first and A second. A trifecta box with three numbers has six possible permutations (of the horses in the \"box\" three can finish first, two can finish second, and one can finish third: 3 × 2 × 1) and costs six times the betting base amount. A trifecta box with five numbers has 60 possible permutations and costs 60 times the betting base amount (5 × 4 × 3). In France, a \"box\" gives only the ordered permutations going along an ordered list of numbers such that a trifecta box with six numbers would cost 20 times the base amount.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.842916250228882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.31315016746521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "In Australia, certain exotic bet types can be laid as \"flexi\" bets. Usually the price of an exotic bet is determined by a set multiple of the outcome, for example $60 for a five horse boxed trifecta at one unit ($1)—or $30 at half unit (50c). If the bet is successful, the bettor will get either the full winning amount shown on the board, or half the winning amount. Under a flexi system the bettor can nominate their desired total wager, and their percentage of payout is determined by this wager's relationship to the full unit price. Using a five horse box trifecta, the bettor may wish to lay only $20 on the outcome. Their percentage of winnings is now calculated as $20/$60 = 33.3%. If the bet is successful, the payout will be 33.3% of the winning amount for a full unit bet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.946045398712158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "In recent times the \"Roving Banker\" variant for Trifecta and First4 betting is now offered. For a Roving Banker First4 the player selects one, two or three runners they believe will definitely finish 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th, and up to three selections as Roving Banker(s) with other runners to fill the remaining place(s). A Roving Banker Trifecta is where the player believes that one or two runners will definitely finish 1st, 2nd or 3rd. The bet can be placed by picking the player's favourite runner to finish in any place within the bet and complete the Trifecta with any number of other runners to fill the other placing(s). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.24246814846992493, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third, in the correct order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.2462477684021, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third, in the correct order (introduced on 26 May 2010).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9884068965911865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" }, { "answer": "Trifecta", "passage": "* Trio Ordre (Trifecta): The bettor must correctly pick the first, second and third finishers in their finishing order. Only available on races with less than 8 starters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.09892463684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Parimutuel betting" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": " One of Wright's most famous private residences was built from 1934 to 1937—Fallingwater—for Mr. and Mrs. Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr., at Mill Run, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh. It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. Wright wanted the new residents to live with the waterfalls, to make them part of their everyday lives. He didn't want them to just look at them every now and again. Constructed over a 30-foot waterfall, the house may look very big on the outside but on the inside it is quite small, which surprises some visitors. It was made with three bedrooms, a massive living room and a dining room. The house was more of a design for a family getaway, not for a live-in family. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of $8,000. It was one of Wright's most expensive pieces. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed.", "precise_score": 2.720766544342041, "rough_score": -0.239645317196846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "Two U.S.National Historic Landmarks are in Stewart Township. They are Fallingwater and Kentuck Knob. Both were designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and are available for touring.", "precise_score": 5.423041820526123, "rough_score": 4.544940948486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. His creative period spanned more than 70 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0510053634643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "During the later 1920s and 1930s Wright's Organic style had fully matured with the design of Graycliff, Fallingwater and Taliesin West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.52840805053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "Later in his life and well after his death in 1959, Wright received much honorary recognition for his lifetime achievements. He received Gold Medal awards from The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1941 and the American Institute of Architects (AIA Gold Medal) in 1949. The medal was a symbolic \"burying the hatchet\" between Wright and the AIA. In a radio interview he commented, \"Well, the AIA I never joined, and they know why. When they gave me the gold medal in Houston, I told them frankly why. Feeling that the architecture profession is all that's the matter with architecture, why should I join them?\" He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities (including his \"alma mater\", the University of Wisconsin) and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, Fallingwater was named \"The Building of the 20th century\" in an unscientific \"Top-Ten\" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia. On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USA's other greatest architects including Eero Saarinen, I.M. Pei, Louis Kahn, Philip Johnson and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House and the Johnson Wax Building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.683231353759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "In 1992, the Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals, including a June 2013 revival at Fallingwater, in Bull Run, Pennsylvania, by Opera Theater of Pittsburgh. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.391216278076172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "* Fallingwater (Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr. Residence), Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1935–1937", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.25874137878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright" }, { "answer": "Fallingwater", "passage": "The first is the internationally renowned Fallingwater house, perched over Bear Run waterfalls north of Ohiopyle. Public tours are offered, which allow enjoying Bear Run also. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.656740665435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania" } ]

[ { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up is a brand of lemon-lime flavored, non-caffeinated soft drink. The rights to the brand are held by Dr Pepper Snapple Group in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world. The U.S. version of the 7 Up logo includes a red cherry between the \"7\" and \"Up\"; this red cherry has been animated and used as a mascot for the brand as Cool Spot.", "precise_score": -2.702089309692383, "rough_score": -4.384685039520264, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda", "passage": "7 Up was created by Charles Leiper Grigg, who launched his St. Louis–based company The Howdy Corporation in 1920. Grigg came up with the formula for a lemon-lime soft drink in 1929. The product, originally named \"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda\", was launched two weeks before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. It contained lithium citrate, a mood-stabilizing drug, until 1950. It was one of a number of patent medicine products popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Its name was later shortened to \"7 Up Lithiated Lemon Soda\" before being further shortened to just \"7 Up\" by 1936.", "precise_score": -4.793766021728516, "rough_score": -7.426868915557861, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Diet 7 Up", "passage": "Diet 7 Up : This diet soda was originally introduced in 1963 as Like (not to be confused with 7 Up's Like Cola from the 1980s), it was discontinued in 1969 due to the U.S. government ban of cyclamate sweetener. After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970. It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979. Diet 7 Up was reformulated and advertised as being sweetened with Splenda (sucralose); the formula has been re-tooled and listed the following ingredients: filtered carbonated water, natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, calcium disodium EDTA. The ingredients for Diet 7 Up with Splenda are: filtered carbonated water, natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, acesulfame potassium, sucralose. The 7 Up Company claims they switched back to aspartame because they conducted a nationwide study showing that people preferred the taste with aspartame instead of with Splenda.", "precise_score": -8.07855224609375, "rough_score": -8.625347137451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7Up", "passage": "Cherry 7 Up : A cherry flavored variant introduced in 1987. Cherry7 Up flavor, with these ingredients listed for the United States version: Carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, citric acid, natural and artificial flavors, potassium benzoate, red 40. One known ingredient among the \"natural and artificial flavors\" is apple juice. The version sold in the United States is colored pink and comes in a clear bottle, while the international version is colorless and currently comes in a pink bottle. It was renamed and reformulated as Cherry 7 Up Antioxidant in January 2009. Contains 10% of U.S. daily recommended Vitamin E dosage per 8 fl oz serving . On November 8, 2012, Dr Pepper Snapple Group said they will pull 7Up with antioxidants off the shelves to reformulate them by 2013. They also said that its decision was not related to the lawsuit, but because of consistency across the board. ", "precise_score": -9.942103385925293, "rough_score": -9.926472663879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Orange 7 Up", "passage": "Orange 7 Up : This flavor was available for a short time in Norway during the mid-1990s. It was released at the same time as Raspberry 7 Up. It was a clear colored lemon, lime and orange flavored soft drink. It was pulled off the market after 2–3 years. Today, Orange 7 Up can still be bought in Austria. , it is available in the Netherlands. ", "precise_score": -5.21697998046875, "rough_score": -8.127911567687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Orange 7 Up", "passage": "Raspberry 7 Up : This flavor was available for a short time in Norway, Denmark (and possibly other European countries) during the late 80s. It was released at the same time as Orange 7 Up. It was a clear colored lemon, lime and raspberry flavoured soft-drink. It was pulled off the European market after 2–3 years, but can still be found in several Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore.", "precise_score": -4.117657661437988, "rough_score": -7.40438175201416, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Gold : 7 Up Gold was marketed for a short time in 1988 as a spice-flavored beverage, similar to Vernor's Ginger Ale. Even though 7 Up's marketing slogan at that time was Never Had It, Never Will (referring to caffeine), 7 Up Gold did list caffeine as one of its ingredients. It was introduced by 7 Up in the hopes of capturing 1% of the cola market. However, it only captured one-tenth of one percent of the cola market apparently because people were confused by 7 Up marketing a soft drink with caffeine, and therefore it was discontinued. The 7 Up Gold recipe was actually an unused Dr Pepper invention. ", "precise_score": -4.641521453857422, "rough_score": -8.237274169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "dnL / 7 Upside Down : dnL was the name of a soft drink produced by Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages in the United States. It was part of the 7 Up family of soft drinks, and was introduced in September 2002. It was launched in the same year as other attempts to extend soft drink brand names with new variations, including Pepsi Blue, Dr Pepper Red Fusion and Vanilla Coke. It was arguably poorly marketed, and, while it remained listed as an official product of the company in late 2005, it was scheduled to be discontinued for 2006 in favor of the \"7 Up Plus\" brand. ", "precise_score": -1.6407506465911865, "rough_score": -4.881920337677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "The product's name came from the fact that the \"dnL\" logo is the \"7 Up\" logo turned upside-down. The product itself was also, in many ways, the opposite of 7 Up: while 7 Up is caffeine-free, colorless, and comes in a green bottle, dnL contained caffeine and was an unusual shade of green (vaguely similar to the green of 7 Up's bottle) in a clear bottle. And while 7 Up has a fairly standard lemon-lime flavor, the \"citrus\" flavor of dnL is that of lime-lemon, (primarily lime flavored with a hint of lemon). ", "precise_score": -10.164153099060059, "rough_score": -9.966758728027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Plus : 7 Up Plus was a family of fruit-flavored soft drinks, produced by Cadbury-Schweppes. Touted as a healthy alternative, it contained no caffeine and has 2 grams of carbohydrates per serving, as well as 5% apple juice, which is uncommon among American market carbonated beverages. It is sweetened with Splenda, and the original flavor, Mixed Berry, was released in summer 2004. Two additional flavors have been added to the line: Cherry and Island Fruit. In Ireland in 2007, 7 Up launched a range of flavored water.", "precise_score": -3.498084545135498, "rough_score": -6.975719928741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "The Uncola", "passage": "* The Uncola. (1967-1990s) (some with actor Geoffrey Holder)", "precise_score": -3.655036687850952, "rough_score": -7.086832046508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "Westinghouse bought 7 Up in 1969 and sold it in 1978 to Philip Morris, who then in 1986 sold it to a group led by the investment firm Hicks & Haas. 7 Up merged with Dr Pepper in 1988; Cadbury Schweppes bought the combined company in 1995. The Dr Pepper Snapple Group was spun off from Cadbury Schweppes in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115896224975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. In 2006, the version of the product sold in the U.S. was re-formulated so that it could be marketed as being \"100% natural\". This was achieved by eliminating the chelating-agent calcium disodium EDTA, and replacing sodium citrate with potassium citrate in order to reduce the beverage's sodium content. This re-formulation contains no fruit juice and, in the U.S., is sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). The manufacturing process used in the production of HFCS has led some public health and advocacy groups to challenge the ad campaign's \"natural\" claims. In 2007, after the Center for Science in the Public Interest threatened to sue 7 Up, it was announced that 7 Up would stop being marketed as \"100% natural\". Instead, It is now promoted as having \"100% Natural Flavors\". The controversy does not extend to other countries, such as the United Kingdom, where HFCS is not generally used in foods, including 7 Up. In 2011, 7 Up began test-marketing a formula, called 7 Up Retro, using sugar rather than HFCS. Container labels sport the caption, \"Made With Real Sugar\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413887023925781, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "There exists a myth that the 7 Up name comes from the drink having a pH over 7. That would make it neutral or basic on the scale; however, this is not the case, as the 7 Up pH is close to 3.79, similar to other drinks of the type. The real origin of the name is unclear, though Britvic claims that the name comes from the seven main ingredients in the drink, while others have claimed that the number was a coded reference to the lithium contained in the original recipe, which has an atomic mass of approximately 7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485239028930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Ten : Introduced in 2013, along with \"Ten\" variations for most of the major Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up brands, this contains 10 calories. It is a blend using high fructose corn syrup along with aspartame and Acesulfame potassium to sweeten it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870193481445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "Tropical 7 Up : Introduced in 2014 for a limited time, as well as a return in 2015 with newer branding, this is a pineapple/mango-flavored 7 Up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140632629394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Retro : This 2011 formulation uses sugar rather than high-fructose corn syrup as its sweetener. Introduced on the 2011 season finale of The Apprentice, packaging in 12 oz. cans features either the 1970s disco mirrorball themed logo or the 1980s logo. It is also available in 12 oz. glass bottles with a label inspired by 7 Up's original logo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195838928222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Diet Cherry 7 Up", "passage": "Diet Cherry 7 Up : Diet Cherry 7 Up has recently been re-introduced due to popular demand after having been missing due to the existence of 7 Up Plus Cherry flavor. Ingredients are: filtered carbonated water and contains 2% or less of each of the following: citric acid, natural and artificial flavors, potassium benzoate (protects flavor), aspartame, potassium citrate, acesulfame potassium, red 40. Phenylketonurics: Contains phenylalanine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95268440246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7-Up", "passage": "7 Up Free : 7 Up Free is sold in the Iceland, UK, Ireland, Spain, Norway, Argentina, Finland, UAE, Uruguay, Pakistan, and the Netherlands. It contains no caffeine, sugar, colorings or preservatives and is marketed as \"Natural Lemon and Lime flavour\" similar to the \"100% natural\" American version. It contains a combination of artificial sugars, and for eight years was the only variety on the Norwegian market. The lack of the usual light or zero-label is confusing to Norwegian consumers, who often buy it not knowing they are buying a product with artificial sugars.. In the UK, 7 Up Free has been sold in a 600 ml, rather than 500 ml bottle since early 2010. This is part of 7-Up's UK manufacturer Britvic's healthy living push whereby sugar free product versions are sold in a larger bottle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603106498718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Light : In International markets, Pepsico sells 7 Up Light as the diet version of 7 Up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.204890251159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Lime : 7 Up Lime is sold in the U.S. and in Argentina. In the U.S. it is not as strong and is less carbonated. In Argentina it is much more carbonated and is 5% lime juice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913740158081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "Cherry 7 Up", "passage": "7 Up Cherry : 7 Up Cherry is a variant currently available in the UK. It is a different drink from Cherry 7 Up and uses a different recipe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578994750976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7Up", "passage": "Image:7up logo europe 2011.jpg|New 7 Up (PepsiCo) 2L bottles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883069038391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7Up", "passage": "7UP Revive : 7UP Revive is a variant of the 7UP brand which is available in India(launched in 2015) and is marketed as a Hydrotonic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219461441040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "Salted lemon 7 Up : Salted lemon 7 Up is a drink originating in Hong Kong, which is made of salted lemon and 7 Up. It is a common drink that can be found in dai pai dong and cha chaan teng. It is also named one of the Hong Kong summer drink by Cathay Pacific Discovery. The origin of salted lemon 7 Up is unknown. It may be a variation of lemon 7 Up, come from their food culture, or a recreation of lime soda. variating a new species of drink. People in Hong Kong believe that salted lemon 7 Up can cure a sore throat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.682138442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Mojito Flavour : This flavour was launched in France in 2014 and has also been available in the UK and Ireland since early 2016. The version sold in the UK is based on 7 Up Free and contains no sugar, colour or caffeine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736061096191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "In 2007, Cadbury Schweppes entered into a licensing partnership with Vita Food Products to produce a line of barbecue sauces and marinades flavored with Dr Pepper, 7 Up and A&W Root Beer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930938720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Ice Cola : Introduced in 1995 by Pepsi for the International market. It was a clear cola. It was not as popular as hoped and was discontinued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733772277832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Citrus Splash : Available in Canada from Pepsico, citrus and lemon-lime. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295576095581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Lemon Squeeze : Available in Canada from Pepsico. Similar to Sierra Mist Lemon Squeeze. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377359390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Tropical : Available in France from Pepsico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258750915527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Tropical Splash : Available in Canada from Pepsico in the early 2000s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310009002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Pomegranate : Available in the US for one year during the holidays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338241577148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Frootaz : Tropical flavor variant available in the Philippines marketed by Pepsico for a short time in the 2000s, and then discontinued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08875846862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "7 Up Yerbabuena : Available for a limited time only in Colombia, 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216530799865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Fresh up with 7 Up (1957)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192180633544922, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Nothing does it like 7 Up! (1957–1958)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388476371765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Get real action, 7 Up your thirst away (1963–1964)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343153953552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Crisp refreshing 7 Up (1960s-1970s)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13193416595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* UNdo it with 7 Up (1977–78)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117466926574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* America is turning 7 Up (1978–79)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291595458984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Feelin' 7 Up (1980)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356244087219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Canada's turning 7 Up (1980) Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445195198059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* 7 Up, The Difference is Clear (1982)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459481239318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Never Had It, Never Will (1980s, reference to 7 Up not containing caffeine)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220097541809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* It's cool to be clear - 7 Up (early 1990s, one of more campaigns featuring Fido Dido)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183584213256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Happy 1997 Up! (1997 New Year's campaign)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51261043548584, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Make 7 Up Yours. (1999–2005)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36441707611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* \"Bheja fry .. 7 Up try\" (2008)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426573753356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Be yourself. Be refreshing. Be 7 Up. (2011 in a spot featuring Cee Lo Green)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12820053100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "* Don't grow up. 7 Up. (UK 2012-)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469529151916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" }, { "answer": "7 up", "passage": "Fresh-Up Freddie was the rooster mascot for 7 Up in the 1950s. He gave viewers lessons about how to plan successful parties and picnics by having a plenty of 7 Up on hand. The commercials were produced by Disney, giving the character the specific Disney look of the time.[http://www.toonopedia.com/fresh-up.htm Fresh-Up Freddie at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. [http://www.webcitation.org/6jOsVqsIZ Archived] from the original on July 30, 2016. Freddie has been described as a hybrid of the rooster Panchito Pistoles from The Three Caballeros and the zany Aracuan Bird from the same film. He often was dressed in human clothes. Freddie also appeared in the 1957 Zorro TV series' commercial intermissions. Here, he was put against Pete the Cat. Freddie, who was featured in a small amount of merchandising, was voiced by Paul Frees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410634994506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "7 Up" } ]

[ { "answer": "Curds and Whey", "passage": "Eating her curds and whey;", "precise_score": -9.603750228881836, "rough_score": -10.242082595825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Little Miss Muffet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Top Hat", "passage": "The Mad Hatter in Pandora Hearts manga series is a chain (creature from the Abyss) that was contracted by Xerxes Break. The hatter basically looks like a large top hat with flowery decorations (similar to Break's top hat). When summoned, it can destroy all chains and objects from the Abyss within a large area. The Mad Hatter resembles the Alice in Wonderland character of the same name but gives off a more sinister feel. The character of Break himself, in fact, seems to be a melding of both the Mad Hatter and the White Knight (possibly because Break's first chain was the White Knight).", "precise_score": -1.359894871711731, "rough_score": -3.120051622390747, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hatter" }, { "answer": "Top Hat", "passage": "The Hatter introduced in Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland wears a large top hat with a hatband reading \"In this style 10/6\". This is the hat's price tag, indicative of his trade, and giving the price in pre-decimal British money as ten shillings and six pence (or half a guinea).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.975037097930908, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hatter" }, { "answer": "Top Hat", "passage": "It has often been claimed that the Hatter's character may have been inspired by Theophilus Carter, an eccentric furniture dealer.Millikan, Lauren (5 March 2011). [http://www.carleton.edu/departments/ENGL/Alice/FootHatter.html \"The Mad Hatter\"]. Carleton University. Retrieved 14 June 2015. Carter was supposedly at one time a servitor at Christ Church, one of the University of Oxford's colleges. This is not substantiated by university records. He later owned a furniture shop, and became known as the \"Mad Hatter\" from his habit of standing in the door of his shop wearing a top hat. Sir John Tenniel is reported to have come to Oxford especially to sketch him for his illustrations. There is no evidence for this claim, however, in either Carroll's letters or diaries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.210721969604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Hatter" } ]

[ { "answer": "Maple Syrup", "passage": "Quebec's highest point at metres is Mont d'Iberville, known in English as Mount Caubvick, located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province, in the Torngat Mountains. The most populous physiographic region is the Saint Lawrence Lowland. It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region, limited to the North by the Laurentian Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians. It mainly covers the areas of the Centre-du-Québec, Laval, Montérégie and Montreal, the southern regions of the Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudière, Laurentides, Mauricie and includes Anticosti Island, the Mingan Archipelago, and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests ecoregion. Its landscape is low-lying and flat, except for isolated igneous outcrops near Montreal called the Monteregian Hills, formerly covered by the waters of Lake Champlain. The Oka hills also rise from the plain. Geologically, the lowlands formed as a rift valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes. The most recent layers of sedimentary rock were formed as the seabed of the ancient Champlain Sea at the end of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago. The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec province. Mixed forests provide most of Canada's springtime maple syrup crop. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to settlement patterns in 17th century New France.", "precise_score": -8.725027084350586, "rough_score": -8.659753799438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quebec" } ]

[ { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The hook and lateral or hook and ladder is a trick play in American or Canadian football. It starts with the hook, which is where a wide receiver runs a predetermined distance, usually 10 yards down the field, and along the sideline, and \"hooks in\" towards the center of the field to receive a forward pass from the quarterback. Another offensive player (usually another wide receiver) times a run so that he is at full speed, just behind the player with the ball at the time of the catch. As the defenders close in on the stationary ball carrier, he laterals or hands the ball to the teammate running at full speed in the opposite direction of the original receiver. ", "precise_score": 5.456389904022217, "rough_score": -0.23331350088119507, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hook and lateral" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "\"Hook and Ladder\" The \"hook and lateral\" is sometimes referred to as a \"hook and ladder.\" The play is referred to as the \"hook and ladder\" on the cover of EA Sports NCAA Football 2008, possibly because the term has been incorrectly used commonly by sportscasters, coaches and fans for years.", "precise_score": 1.9088536500930786, "rough_score": -0.1832507848739624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hook and lateral" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "On the January 2, 2007 broadcast of ESPN's Around the Horn, sportswriter Woody Paige claimed, perhaps facetiously, that the name \"hook and ladder\" originated with NYC Firemen Football Team in Hell's Kitchen, New York. This was in response to the other panelists ridiculing his use of \"hook and ladder\" rather than \"hook and lateral\". The next day, Jay Mariotti claimed the phrase \"hook and ladder\" referred to coal mining in Pennsylvania in the 1930s — his research claims that coal miners need a hook and ladder when trapped in a mine. Another possible explanation is that \"hook and ladder\" is just a corruption of the phrase \"hook and lateral\".", "precise_score": -2.5645744800567627, "rough_score": -5.017651557922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hook and lateral" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "A flea flicker is an unorthodox play, often called a \"trick play\", in American football which is designed to fool the defensive team into thinking that a play is a run instead of a pass. It can be considered an extreme variant of the play action pass and an extension of the halfback option play.", "precise_score": 4.354342460632324, "rough_score": 3.0116162300109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flea flicker (American football)" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Flea flicker plays have been used in some key National Football League games, including the Super Bowl, leading to dramatic results:", "precise_score": 2.9681031703948975, "rough_score": 2.596656084060669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flea flicker (American football)" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In American football, the fumblerooski is a trick play. ", "precise_score": 5.035867691040039, "rough_score": 5.716867923736572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fumblerooski" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The trick only works if the offensive team \"plays it\" well, and none of the defenders notices exactly where the ball hit the ground. In the event either fails, the defenders can simply grab the ball from the stationary receiver, making this a dangerous ploy. Although the name implies great similarities with the fumblerooski, the two are very different in terms of on-field action. The play is also dangerous for the receiver since the trajectory of the football's \"bounce\" is unpredictable due to the oblong shape of the ball. A football thrown in one direction may bounce off the ground in a completely different one.", "precise_score": -0.04218076169490814, "rough_score": -0.4364214241504669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "After the snap the quarterback hands off or laterals the football to a running back or another player on his team, who then runs towards or parallel to the line of scrimmage. Before the running back crosses the line of scrimmage, he laterals the football back to the quarterback, who looks to pass to an eligible receiver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8394193649292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flea flicker (American football)" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "*November 18, 1985: Joe Theismann of the Washington Redskins infamously had his career come to an end on a nationally televised Monday Night Football game at the hands of New York Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor. The play in question was a flea flicker attempt which failed to fool the Giants’ defense. Upon tackling Theismann, Taylor’s entire weight came crashing down on Theismann, severely breaking his leg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.239017009735107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flea flicker (American football)" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "*January 3, 2009: During the NFC Wild Card, Kurt Warner successfully completed a flea flicker against the Atlanta Falcons with running back Edgerrin James and wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. Warner and the Arizona Cardinals were finding early success running the ball in the first quarter of the game, so Warner handed the ball off to James, who ran about 2 yards towards the line of scrimmage and then turned and pitched the football back 5 yards to Warner. The pitch was almost unseen as the safeties and linebackers had their views blocked by the defensive line which was collapsing on the running play. The play ended with a 50-yard throw (42 yards officially from the original line of scrimmage) to Fitzgerald, who jumped backwards in the air while in double-coverage to make the catch in the front left corner of the endzone for the touchdown, which helped the Cardinals to take an early 7–0 lead in the game, and ultimately win their first playoff game in 10 years, and their first home playoff game in over 60 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.471304893493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flea flicker (American football)" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In American football a play is a close to the ground \"plan of action\" or \"strategy\" used to move the ball down the field. A play occurs at either the snap from the center or at kickoff. Most commonly plays occur at the snap during a down. These plays vary between basic to very complicated. Football players keep a record of these plays in their playbook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21899700164795, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football plays" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "An option play is a play in which the quarterback holds the ball and runs to either side of the offensive line, waiting for an opportunity to run upfield and advance the ball. At the same time, the running back follows, allowing the quarterback the 'option' of pitching the ball just before he is tackled. This tactic forces defensive players to commit to either preventing the pitch or tackling the quarterback, allowing the offensive team to choose the best result. The option play requires a very fast and mobile quarterback to execute it, and employs a great deal of risk, because if the pitch is mishandled it is a live ball that can be recovered by the defense. The option is rarely seen outside of college football, as high school teams lack the skill to execute it properly, and defensive players on professional teams are quick enough to disrupt the play to the point that it doesn't merit the risk involved. College football teams West Virginia and Air Force often employ this playstyle. A common form of the option executed on the high school, collegiate, and occasionally professional levels is the veer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.461641311645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football plays" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "A route is a path or pattern that a receiver in American football and Canadian football runs to get open for a forward pass. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122547149658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football plays" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In attempting to halt the advancing of the football by the offensive team, the defensive team has many options. There are various formations that are commonly employed to defend against a passing attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119131088256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football plays" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "A \"shut-down back\" is a superior defensive back who does not need the assistance of another team-mate to cover a receiver. Football coaches value him because they may assign other tasks (for example, blitzing) to his team-mates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185467720031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "American football plays" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The following terms are used in American football and Canadian football. For Canadian Football only, see the Glossary of Canadian football.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85436725616455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glossary of American football" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "A trick play, also known as a gadget play or a gimmick play, is a play in American football that uses deception and unorthodox tactics to fool the opposing team. A trick play is often risky, offering the potential for a large gain or a touchdown if it is successful, but with the chance of a significant loss of yards or a turnover if not. Trick plays are rarely used not only because of the riskiness, but to also maintain the element of surprise for when they are used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.282821178436279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Trick plays take advantage of the fact that nearly all American football plays are either a pass from the quarterback or a run by the halfback. As a result, defenses will think pass when the quarterback has the ball and run when the running back has it. They respond by quickly changing position in an attempt to block further motion of the offense's players. Trick plays depart from these expectations, attempting to have the defense move into position to block the wrong play. They tend only to work if they are unanticipated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.611672401428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In most conventional forms of American football, the quarterback receives the ball during the snap and then either throwing it or handing it off to another player. That player, the \"receiver\", attempts to move the ball forward past the line of scrimmage. If they are successful, the line moves forward to that point and the process continues through a series of \"plays\", eventually (ideally) to a touchdown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.395992279052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "As with a fake punt, there are a number of different forms for a fake field goal. Usually the holder (often the punter or backup quarterback on most teams) will throw or run as with the fake punt. Danny White was both quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s and often executed this play. Less frequently, the placekicker, who virtually never handles the ball in an American football game, will serve as the passer or rusher on a fake field goal. Examples include then-New England kicker Adam Vinatieri receiving a direct snap and throwing a touchdown pass during an NFL game in 2004, and LSU kicker Colt David rushing for a 15-yard touchdown in 2007 after receiving the ball on a blind lateral from holder (and starting QB) Matt Flynn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92436408996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "* The Nebraska Cornhuskers scored a famous touchdown in the 1984 Orange Bowl against the Miami Hurricanes on a fumblerooski play. The ball was deliberately left sitting on the field during a fake sweep, allowing Nebraska lineman Dean Steinkuhler to surreptitiously pick it up and run unchallenged towards the endzone. The play has subsequently been banned at most levels of competitive football.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2625932693481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The Statue of Liberty is a trick play in American football.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3435845375061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Although many variations of the play exist, the most common involves the quarterback taking the snap from the center, dropping back, and gripping the ball with two hands as if he were to throw. He then places the ball behind his back with his non-throwing hand, while pump-faking a throw to one side of the field. While his arm is still in motion during the fake throw, he hands the ball off behind his back to a running back or a wide receiver in motion, who runs the football to the opposite side of the field. The objective is to trick the defense out of position, leaving them unable to catch up with the runner as he moves in the direction opposite to the fake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.279703140258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Amos Alonzo Stagg was the first to call the play, and Stagg credited Clarence Herschberger with being the first player to run the play. The play was made popular by Fielding H. Yost during his tenure as head coach of the football team at the University of Michigan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79311752319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The most famous use in recent years was by Jared Zabransky and Ian Johnson in the 2007 Fiesta Bowl between the undefeated Boise State Broncos and the Oklahoma Sooners. The play, known as \"Statue Left\" by the Broncos, clinched Boise State a two-point conversion for the overtime victory. The game between the two teams is referred to as one of the closest and most exciting college football games of all time, due in part to the do-or-die nature of this play. It is run in the trips shotgun set. The Sooners saw another Statue of Liberty play in their September 6, 2008, game against the Cincinnati Bearcats. Bearcats quarterback Dustin Grutza handed off to John Goebel, but the Sooners stopped Goebel for only a short gain. The Broncos executed the same play nearly eight years later - once against the Wyoming Cowboys and also while facing the Arizona Wildcats in the Fiesta Bowl. Both plays resulted in touchdowns for Jay Ajayi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.440643310546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The New England Patriots employed an unusual variant of the play in their 2007 NFL divisional playoff game against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Strictly speaking, the play, which the Patriots called \"Double Pop,\" was actually a reverse Statue of Liberty play, in that the run, not the pass, was the fake element. Center Dan Koppen faked a direct snap to Patriots running back Kevin Faulk, causing the defense to move to stop the run; meanwhile, Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, who received the football, faked an over-the-head snap, and held the Statue of Liberty pose with his back to the defense before turning around and throwing a touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker in the back of the end zone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530024528503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty play" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "The Notre Dame Box is a variation of the single-wing formation used in American football, with great success by Notre Dame in college football and the Green Bay Packers of the 1920s and 1930s in the NFL. Green Bay's coach, Curly Lambeau, learned the Notre Dame Box while playing for Knute Rockne in the late 1910s. Rockne learned it from Jesse Harper, who learned it from coach Amos Alonzo Stagg. It contained two tight ends, and 4 backs. The formation often featured an unbalanced line where the center (that is, the player who snapped the ball) was not strictly in the center of the line, but close to the weakside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721237182617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Notre Dame Box" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Players line up in T formation then shift to a box formation. Although modern use of this offensive formation is largely defunct and exterminated among college and professional teams, several high school football teams across the United States have revived the Notre Dame Box offense and have been highly efficient and successful. Three notable high school who successfully implemented the Notre Dame Box offense extensively are Western Harnett High School in Lillington, North Carolina, Nauset Regional High School in Eastham, Massachusetts and Isabella High School in Maplesville, Alabama", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123104095458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Notre Dame Box" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "Use of the Notre Dame Box in modern times has been limited in part due to changes in football rulebooks regarding motion. The frequent shifts in the backfield that are employed by the system are still legal, but teams must now set themselves in a formation for at least one second before snapping the ball or sending a player into motion. This motion player must be moving backward or laterally. Canadian football never adopted these changes, and (even though it is not used in that variant of the sport) the original version of the system is still legal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508302688598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Notre Dame Box" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In the late 1990s, Western Harnett High School of Lillington, North Carolina was featured on ESPN after their program experienced a major turnaround credited to their employment of the Notre Dame Box.[http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/146621/ Old-Time Football Earns Western Harnett National Attention :: WRAL.com] The head coach of that team, Travis Conner, later moved on to Jacksonville High School in nearby Jacksonville, North Carolina and installed the Notre Dame Box there, as well. He then moved onto Bunker Hill High School and completely transformed their football program, with the new system Bunker Hill produced 3 top 10 rushers with the leader being Reggie Davis who rushed for a single season near 2,000 yards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18777847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Notre Dame Box" }, { "answer": "Football", "passage": "In 2010, Keith Kenyon took over the head coaching duties of the Varsity Football team at Nauset Regional High School in Massachusetts. His single wing offense is largely based on the Notre Dame Box formation. Since his arrival, he has taken a downtrodden Nauset team to a playoff contender in his first 2 years. Nauset went 6-5 in 2010, 8-3 in 2011, and 9-2 in 2012 due to the success of the Notre Dame Box. Also during the 2011 season, Nauset played in the Atlantic Coast League Championship game on Thanksgiving Day against rival, and eventual undefeated D-II State Champion, Dennis-Yarmouth, for a chance to qualify for the playoffs. In 2012, Nauset once again played for the Atlantic Coast League Championship against Plymouth South. Nauset came into the game undefeated, but ultimately lost 13-12 on a last second hook-and-ladder pass, barely missing out on the MIAA State Playoffs for the second year in a row. Before coach Kenyon arrived at Nauset in 2010, the football team had a combined record of 5-46 since 2005, including back-to-back winless seasons in 2005 and 2006, and also a 27-game losing streak from 2004-2007. Kenyon's single wing Notre Dame Box undoubtedly turned around the Nauset football program and turned them into one of the most dangerous and prolific teams in Eastern Massachusetts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.470320701599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Notre Dame Box" } ]

[ { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "Captain Morgan is a brand of rum produced by alcohol conglomerate Diageo. It is named after the 17th-century Welsh privateer of the Caribbean, Sir Henry Morgan who died on 26 August 1688. Since 2011, the label has used the slogan \"To Life, Love and Loot.\"", "precise_score": 8.372047424316406, "rough_score": 8.178343772888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In 2001, Seagrams sold the \"Captain Morgan\" brand to Diageo. Diageo made an announcement on 24 June 2008, that it intends to build and operate a new rum distillery on St. Croix, Virgin Islands beginning in 2010 and to source from it beginning at the end of their current supply contract in 2012.", "precise_score": -0.9400981664657593, "rough_score": -4.719120979309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In 2011, to bring it into line with the international version, Morgan's Spiced in the UK was rebranded as Captain Morgan's Spiced. This was accompanied by a large media campaign and parties hosted around the UK in clubs and bars to advertise the new rum. The \"Captain Morgan\" mascot was introduced along with \"Morganettes\".", "precise_score": -0.7756446003913879, "rough_score": -5.171985149383545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In 1944, the Seagram Company started producing rum under the name Captain Morgan Rum Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.378864288330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In the 1950s the governments of both the United States and its Puerto Rico commonwealth territory instituted a number of job creation programs in Puerto Rico. Taxes on rum entering the contiguous 48 states from Puerto Rico were made lower than those on rum coming from foreign countries. At this time both Seagram's and the Bacardi family built large new plants near San Juan. In 1985, Seagrams sold its rum distillery and manufacturing facilities in Camuy and Arecibo—and doing business as Puerto Rican Destillers—to Destilería Serrallés, a Puerto Rican concern that had been producing the Don Q brand in Puerto Rico since 1865. As part of the contract Seagrams also licensed to Serralles the rights to produce and distribute the \"Captain Morgan\" brand in Puerto Rico and the rest of the Caribbean until 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.839244842529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In 1984, Captain Morgan Original Spiced Rum was introduced to the United States. Captain Morgan is, by volume, the second largest brand of spirits in the United States, and the seventh largest worldwide. , 7.6 million 9-liter cases were sold. Most Captain Morgan rum is sold in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, and Global Travel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.458487510681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In November 2009, the NFL banned a covert ad campaign, allegedly put on by Diageo. It was understood that for each NFL player striking the \"Captain Morgan\" pose on camera during a regular season game, Diageo would donate $10,000 to the Gridiron Greats (a non-profit which helps retired NFL players with various hardships after leaving the game). The league made this announcement following such a celebration by Brent Celek of the Philadelphia Eagles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.493577003479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "In 2010 two American territories, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands bickered over plans for the Captain Morgan to move operations to the U.S.V.I under tax incentives. The matter came to a head when it created a debate in the United States Congress over the USVI's attempt to use tax benefits to lure the company to that territory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.974791526794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "The likeness of the Captain Morgan character was created by award winning artist Don Maitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.007468223571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "Captain Morgan's Rum is distilled from sugar cane. The combination of the type of yeasts employed for fermentation, distillation method, aging conditions, and blending determines the characteristic flavor of rum. Made with molasses, water, mash and yeast, Captain Morgan Original Spiced rum is distilled in a continuous still. Once distilled, the clear spirit is aged in oak barrels for up to a year, adding a golden color and character to the rum before the flavors and spices are added. The brand’s taste is achieved through a proprietary recipe, which is blended into the rum mixture at the final stages of production, making use of spices indigenous to the Caribbean Islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.556131362915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "*Black - The original Captain Morgan rum, this is a full-bodied blend of pot and continuous still rums from Jamaica, Guyana & Barbados aged in oak, has a dark colour and distinctive rich taste. Available only in the United Kingdom, Germany, Scandinavia, South Africa, and some other countries. Packaged in a traditional Captain Morgan bottle with a black label highlighting the words \"Jamaica Rum\". 100 proof (USA - 80 proof)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.430482864379883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" }, { "answer": "Captain Morgan", "passage": "*100 Proof - The highest alcoholic content of the Captain Morgan line of drinks. Closest relation is Captain Morgan's Original Spiced Rum. 100 proof", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.985480308532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain Morgan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "The Newfoundland dog is known for its calm and docile nature and its strength. They are highly loyal and make ideal working dogs. It is for this reason that this breed is known as \"the gentle giant\". International kennel clubs generally describe the breed as having a sweet temper. It typically has a deep bark, and is easy to train if started young. They are wonderfully good with children, but small children can get accidentally leaned on and knocked down. Newfoundlands are ideal companions in the world of therapy and are often referred to as the nanny dog. The breed was memorialized in \"Nana\", the beloved guardian dog in J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan.However, in the animated Peter Pan Disney film, Nana was depicted as a St. Bernard. The Newfoundland in general is good with other animals, but its size can cause problems if it is not trained.", "precise_score": 3.2272744178771973, "rough_score": 5.414026260375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newfoundland (dog)" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "* Luath: Landseer Newfoundland pet of J. M. Barrie and the inspiration for \"Nana,\" the Darling children's nurse in Peter Pan.", "precise_score": 6.329723358154297, "rough_score": 7.240696907043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newfoundland (dog)" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "* Nana: The 'nurse' dog of Wendy, John and Michael in J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan", "precise_score": 3.7948412895202637, "rough_score": 0.5019832849502563, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newfoundland (dog)" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Maggie Banning – Maggie is Peter and Moira Banning's daughter and Jack's younger sister. Sweet and imaginative, she is captivated by stories of Peter Pan. Maggie is the only one who retains faith in Peter and mistrusts Hook. When she learns that her father is the famous Peter Pan, Maggie accepts him and tells Hook off that he's the one who needs a mother to straighten up his bad attitude. She is played by Amber Scott.", "precise_score": -10.720377922058105, "rough_score": -10.713173866271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Wendy's daughter Jane is portrayed in as a cynical, no-nonsense, down-to-earth girl who refuses to believe her mother's stories about Peter Pan. Unlike Wendy, she is not interested in playing \"mother\" for the Lost Boys and spends most of her time in Neverland just wanting to leave. ", "precise_score": -10.425969123840332, "rough_score": -10.678903579711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "The works of J. M. Barrie about Peter Pan feature many memorable characters. The numerous adaptations and sequels to those stories feature many of the same characters, and introduce new ones. Most of these strive for continuity with Barrie's work, developing a fairly consistent cast of characters living in Neverland and the real-world settings of Barrie's stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159186363220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "A number of characters appear throughout J. M. Barrie's works, including the play Peter Pan, the novel Peter and Wendy, and the novel Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.066730499267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Peter Pan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300288200378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Peter Pan is a boy who refuses to grow up. He can fly, and lives on the island of Neverland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285175323486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Captain Hook is a pirate, and Peter Pan's archenemy. He is determined to get revenge on Peter for cutting off his right hand and feeding it to a crocodile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330550193786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Tinker Bell is a tinker fairy, and a companion to Peter Pan at the time of his adventures with Wendy Darling. Tink follows Peter but is very jealous of Wendy and Tiger Lily, and wants to get rid of them so she can have Peter to herself. In the original play she is represented by a darting light and voiced by a tinkling bell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13788890838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Queen Mab: the queen of the fairies who live in Kensington Gardens and who teaches Peter Pan to fly, in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258752822875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Wendy Moira Angela Darling is a girl befriended by Peter Pan and who flies with him to Neverland to be a mother for him and the Lost Boys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83922004699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Tiger Lily: the chief's daughter, often described as a princess, who is captured by the Pirates and left to drown on Marooners' Rock, and rescued by Peter Pan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244126319885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Mermaids are half woman and half fish; they live in the sea but are often seen in the Mermaids' Lagoon. They're vain and care for their looks and good appearance. They can be dangerous creatures who dislike all humans (except Peter Pan) and are jealous of Wendy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232650756835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Maimie Mannering : a little girl who is helped and befriended by Peter Pan in Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, and considered to be Wendy's literary predecessor. Although enjoying Kensington Gardens and her friendship with Peter when she stays behind one day after Lock Out time, she comes to realise that her mother is very worried about her so she must return. When she grows up, she continues to think of Peter, dedicating presents and letters to him. To remember Maimie, Peter rides the imaginary goat she created for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003883361816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Peter Banning is Peter Pan, grown up. When he fell in love with Moira, he abandoned his eternal youth. He was adopted by an American couple named Hank and Jane Banning, and forgot about his life as Peter Pan. He is played by Robin Williams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01038932800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Thud Butt is a member of the Lost Boys who accepts the possibility that Peter Banning may be Peter Pan from the start, and strikes up a friendship with him. At the end of the film, with Rufio having been slain by Hook, Peter chooses Thud Butt as the Lost Boys' new leader. He is played by Raushan Hammond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270330429077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Disney's Peter Pan-Tinker Bell franchise", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438854217529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Danny: Danny is Jane's little brother. He believes entirely in his mother's stories about Peter Pan and is very similar to his uncle Michael (from the original Disney film adaptation), even to wearing footed-pajamas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93853759765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Gwendolyn Jane Mary Darling Carlisle is a human girl whom Peter Pan brings to Never Land, and a descendant of Wendy Darling. She lives with her parents and grandmother in the same house that Wendy had lived in so long ago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.974637031555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Peter Pan in Scarlet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27010440826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "Peter Pan and the Pirates", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325512886047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Crooked Tail: a mermaid who was once beautiful, but conceited and haughty until a potion meant to enhance her beauty went horribly awry and turned her into a green-skinned hag. She helped Peter Pan rescue Wendy from two mermaids who tried to turn Wendy into a mermaid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220914840698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" }, { "answer": "Peter Pan", "passage": "*Short Tom: Captain Hook's mischievous one-eyed pet parrot; is capable of speech, though extremely limited. He constantly tries to warn the pirates when Peter Pan steals aboard, but usually fails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24174976348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characters of Peter Pan" } ]

[ { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, pronounced; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "precise_score": 4.313560962677002, "rough_score": 5.873684406280518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "In 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. Shortly after, he was elected to the United States Senate and the couple married the following year. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she aided her husband's administration with her presence in social events and with her highly publicized restoration of the White House. On November 22, 1963, she was riding with him in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral, and she married Aristotle Onassis in 1968.", "precise_score": 4.37080192565918, "rough_score": 5.060126781463623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Bouvier enrolled as a student in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York in the fall of 1947. She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more geographically isolated Vassar. Bouvier was an accomplished student, participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.Spoto, pp. 67-68. Due to her dislike of the college, she did not take an active part in its social life, and instead traveled back to New York City on the weekends. She had made her society debut in the summer before entering college, and became a frequent presence in New York social functions; Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the \"debutante of the year\". Bouvier spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France – at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris – in a study-abroad program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -3.7867817878723145, "rough_score": -4.73112154006958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Wedding and early years of marriage to John F. Kennedy (1952–1959) ", "precise_score": -7.715561866760254, "rough_score": -5.964909553527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John Kennedy", "passage": "The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her husband's parents, Joe and Rose Kennedy.O'Brien, pp. 295-296.Leaming (2001), pp. 31-32. In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John Kennedy suffered from Addison's Disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain due to a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent two spinal operations that almost proved fatal. Additionally, Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella. They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to John's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown. ", "precise_score": -9.217989921569824, "rough_score": -8.375754356384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy gave birth to a daughter, Caroline, on November 27, 1957, via Caesarean section. She and John Kennedy were at the time campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958 issue of Life. They traveled together during the campaign, trying to narrow the geographical gap between them that had persisted for the first five years of the marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value she had for his campaign, Kenneth O'Donnell remembering \"the size of the crowd was twice as big\" when she accompanied her husband, also recalling her as \"always cheerful and obliging\". But her husband's mother observed Kennedy as not being \"a natural-born campaigner\" due to her shyness and being uncomfortable with too much attention. In November 1958, John Kennedy was reelected to a second term. He credited Kennedy's help with securing his victory due to her visibility in both ads and stumping, calling her \"simply invaluable\". ", "precise_score": -9.241971969604492, "rough_score": -7.825833320617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his nationwide campaign on January 3, 1960. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners. But shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant again and due to her previous high-risk pregnancies was forced to stay at home in Georgetown. Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, Campaign Wife, answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.", "precise_score": -6.375997066497803, "rough_score": -4.278676986694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John Kennedy", "passage": "On July 13, 1960, John Kennedy was nominated by the Democratic Party for President of the United States in Los Angeles at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.Spoto, pp. 155-157. She watched the September 26, 1960 debate between her husband and Vice President Richard Nixon at Hyannis Port with Marian Cannon, wife of Arthur Schlesinger. Days after the debates, Kennedy contacted Schlesinger, informing him that her husband wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13 and wished for them to give him new ideas and speeches. On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood.", "precise_score": -8.821127891540527, "rough_score": -6.416359901428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "When her husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961, 31-year-old Kennedy became the third youngest First Lady in American history. As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from their immediate predecessors by their relative youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they \"emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments\" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' \"cool, TV-oriented culture\". The discussion on Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first First Lady to have her own press secretary, Helen Thomas, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.Beasley, pp. 78–83 Portrayed by the media as the ideal woman, academic Maurine Beasley has stated that Kennedy \"created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors\". Nevertheless, by attracting worldwide positive public attention, the First Lady gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies. ", "precise_score": -9.028100967407227, "rough_score": -7.762043476104736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Throughout her husband's presidency, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President — more than any of the preceding First Ladies. Despite the initial worry that she might not have \"political appeal\", she proved popular among international dignitaries. Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history. At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, \"There was also that fellow who came with her.\" Even President Kennedy joked, \"I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!\" ", "precise_score": -8.81862735748291, "rough_score": -8.185453414916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "The First Lady was deeply affected by the death, entering a state of depression afterward.Leaming (2014), pp. 120-122. But losing their child had a positive impact on the marriage, bringing the couple closer together in their shared grief. Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while President Kennedy always \"regarded Jacqueline with genuine affection and pride\", their marriage \"never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963\". Aware of her depression, Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis invited her to his yacht. Despite President Kennedy initially having reservations, he reportedly believed that it would be \"good for her\". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration and by much of the general public, as well as in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was, but had \"melancholy after the death of my baby\".", "precise_score": -2.090923547744751, "rough_score": -5.4052324295043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "On November 21, 1963, The First Lady and the President left the White House for a political trip to Texas, the first time she had joined her husband on such a trip in the US. After a breakfast on November 22, they flew from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas' Love Field on Air Force One, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, which had been personally selected by President Kennedy. A motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the President was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated next to her husband in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.", "precise_score": -4.563847064971924, "rough_score": -5.4291887283325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy", "passage": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married in St. Mary's Church in Newport on September 12, 1953.", "precise_score": 6.134003639221191, "rough_score": 6.642151832580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newport, Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born in 1957 and is the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr., nicknamed \"John-John\" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr., died in 1999 when the small plane he was piloting crashed en route to Martha's Vineyard. ", "precise_score": -6.690720558166504, "rough_score": -6.655093193054199, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy narrowly beat Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election on November 8, 1960, A little over two weeks later, on November 25, Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy, Jr., via Caesarean section. She spent two weeks recovering in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834672927856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "At the urging of John Kenneth Galbraith, U.S. Ambassador to India, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962, which was amply documented in photojournalism of the time as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. She was gifted with a horse called Sardar by the President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, as he had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses. Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy \"conducted herself magnificently” although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries. In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, Colombia, England, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08501148223877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135090827941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The President was taken to Dallas' Parkland Hospital. The First Lady was allowed, at her request, to be present in the operating room. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted \"them to see what they have done to Jack\". She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on board Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as President. The unlaundered suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964, and under the terms of an agreement with Caroline Kennedy will not be placed on public display until 2103. Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.658097267150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "On November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life. In that session, she famously compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt. The era of the Kennedy administration would subsequently often be referred to as the \"Camelot Era\", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's \"effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.627769470214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination. Wanting to \"do something nice for Jackie\", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and Great Britain. At her request, he renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956894874572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband. She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration. Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.918517112731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967, when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication of William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, despite its having been commissioned by her. They sued its publishers, Harper & Row, in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year with Manchester removing passages detailing President Kennedy's family life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Kennedy in particular, were prepared to take to preserve President Kennedy's public image.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139289855957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy \"America's unofficial roving ambassador\" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk. Alam, p. 32 According to historian Milton Osbourne, her visit was \"the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb\". She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia in April 1968, despite her initial reluctancy due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.657060623168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Following the death, John F. Kennedy Jr. stated to the press, \"My mother died surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved. She did it in her own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that.\" The funeral was held a few blocks away from her apartment on May 23, 1994, at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager. She was buried alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.750356674194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Throughout her lifetime, Kennedy acquired a large collection of jewelry. Her triple-strand pearl necklace designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as First Lady in the White House. Often referred to as the \"berry brooch,\" the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961. She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them \"Jackie bracelets\"; she also favored his white enamel and gold \"banana\" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831219673156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965. Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled \"Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years,\" the exhibition focused on her time as a First Lady. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27495002746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "* A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in Middleburg, Virginia. The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.188971519470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "The city is the county seat of Newport County (a county that no longer has any governmental functions other than court administrative and sheriff corrections boundaries). Newport was known for being the city of some of the \"Summer White Houses\" during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. The population was 24,027 as of 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654623985290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newport, Rhode Island" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Cuban Missile Crisis, The Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the establishment of the Peace Corps, developments in the Space Race, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Trade Expansion Act to lower tariffs, and the Civil Rights Movement all took place during his presidency. His New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy increased the number of American military advisors in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over Eisenhower, and tolerated a military coup against the country's president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45324993133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy", "passage": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917, to businessman/politician Joseph Patrick \"Joe\" Kennedy, Sr. (1888–1969) and philanthropist/socialite Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald-Kennedy (1890–1995). His father was the oldest son of businessman/politician Patrick Joseph \"P. J.\" Kennedy (1858–1929) and Mary Augusta Hickey-Kennedy (1857–1923). His mother was the daughter of Boston Mayor John Francis \"Honey Fitz\" Fitzgerald (1863–1950) and Mary Josephine \"Josie\" Hannon-Fitzgerald (1865–1964). All of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003173828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "His brothers were Joseph Patrick \"Joe\" Kennedy, Jr. (1915–1944), Robert Francis \"Bobby\" Kennedy (1925–1968), and Edward Moore \"Ted\" Kennedy (1932–2009). Joseph Jr. was killed in action during World War II. Robert was JFK's attorney general and then a senator who was assassinated in 1968; Ted was a long-serving U.S. senator from 1962 until his death from brain cancer in 2009. His sisters were Rose Marie \"Rosemary\" Kennedy (1918–2005), Kathleen Agnes \"Kick\" Kennedy (1920–1948), Eunice Mary Kennedy (1921–2009), Patricia Helen \"Pat\" Kennedy (1924–2006), and Jean Ann Kennedy (born 1928).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.157784461975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy was in Chelsea Naval Hospital from May to December 1942. On June 12, he was presented the Navy and Marine Corps Medal (the Navy's highest noncombat decoration for heroism) for his heroic actions on August 1–2, 1943, and the Purple Heart Medal for his back injury on PT-109, on August 1, 1943 (injured on August 2). After the war, Kennedy felt that the medal he had received for heroism was not a combat award and asked that he be reconsidered for the Silver Star Medal for which had been recommended initially. (His father also requested the Silver Star, which is awarded for gallantry in action, for Kennedy). In 1950, The Department of the Navy offered Kennedy a Bronze Star Medal to recognize his meritorious service, however he would have to return his Navy and Marine Corps Medal in order to receive it. He declined the medal. In 1959, the Navy again offered him the Bronze Star. Kennedy responded, repeating his original request concerning the award. He received the same response from the Navy as he had in 1950. The Navy said his actions were a lifesaving case. Both of Kennedy's original medals are on display currently at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170639991760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "In 1958, Kennedy was re-elected to a second term in the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, by a wide margin. It was during his re-election campaign that Kennedy's press secretary at this time, Robert E. Thompson, put together a film entitled The U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy Story, which exhibited a day in the life of the Senator and showcased his family life as well as the inner workings of his office. It was the most comprehensive film produced about Kennedy up to that time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503344535827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the \"common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034163475036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests in the early stage of the Cold War. In 1961, Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The president started off on the wrong foot by reacting aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was intended for domestic audiences in the Soviet Union, but Kennedy interpreted it as a personal challenge. His mistake helped raise tensions going into the Vienna Summit of June 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148534774780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman met Sir Robert Thompson, head of the British Advisory Mission to South Vietnam and the concept of the Strategic Hamlet Program was formed. It was approved by Kennedy and South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem. It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation, village internment, and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from Communist insurgents. It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612077713012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "When Robert Kennedy was asked in 1964 what his brother would have done if the South Vietnamese had been on the brink of defeat, he replied, \"We'd face that when we came to it.\" At the time of Kennedy's death, no final policy decision had been made as to Vietnam. In 2008, Theodore Sorensen wrote \"I would like to believe that Kennedy would have found a way to withdraw all American instructors and advisors [from Vietnam]. But even someone who knew JFK as well as I did can't be certain, because I do not believe he knew in his last weeks what he was going to do.\" Sorensen added that, in his opinion, Vietnam \"was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it.\" U.S. involvement in the region escalated until Lyndon Johnson, his successor, directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson passed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. It reversed Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops, and reaffirmed the policy of assistance to the South Vietnamese. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.601505279541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "On June 26, President Kennedy gave a public speech in West Berlin reiterating the American commitment to Germany and criticizing communism. He was met with an ecstatic response from a massive audience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20860767364502, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "Relations between the United States and Iraq became strained following the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958, which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim. On June 25, 1961 Qasim mobilized troops along the border between Iraq and Kuwait, declaring the latter nation \"an indivisible part of Iraq\" and causing a short-lived \"Kuwait Crisis\". The United Kingdom—which had just granted Kuwait independence on June 19 and whose economy was heavily dependent on Kuwaiti oil—responded on July 1 by dispatching 5,000 troops to the country to deter an Iraqi invasion. At the same time, Kennedy dispatched a U.S. Navy task force to Bahrain, and the U.K. (at the urging of the Kennedy administration) brought the dispute to United Nations Security Council, where the proposed resolution was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The situation was resolved in October, when the British troops were withdrawn and replaced by a 4,000-strong Arab League force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670597076416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "The anti-imperialist and anti-communist Iraqi Ba'ath Party overthrew and executed Qasim in a violent coup on February 8, 1963. While there have been persistent rumors that the CIA orchestrated the coup, declassified documents and the testimony of former CIA officers indicate there was no direct American involvement, although the CIA was actively seeking to find a suitable replacement for Qasim within the Iraqi military and had been informed of an earlier Ba'athist coup plot. The Kennedy administration was pleased with the outcome and ultimately approved a $55 million arms deal for Iraq.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826717376708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "The economy turned around and prospered during the Kennedy administration. GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963, while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased. Industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales rose by 40%. This rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around 1969, and has yet to be repeated for such a sustained period of time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717667579650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In his first State of the Union Address in January 1961, President Kennedy said \"The denial of constitutional rights to some of our fellow Americans on account of race - at the ballot box and elsewhere - disturbs the national conscience, and subjects us to the charge of world opinion that our democracy is not equal to the high promise of our heritage.\" Kennedy believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, including anti-poverty legislation, and he distanced himself from it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020140647888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In September 1962, James Meredith enrolled at the University of Mississippi, but was prevented from entering. Attorney General Robert Kennedy responded by sending 400 federal marshals, while President Kennedy reluctantly sent 3,000 troops after the situation on campus turned violent. The Ole Miss riot of 1962 left two dead and dozens injured, but Meredith did finally enroll in his first class. Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier and he began to doubt whether the \"evils of Reconstruction\" of the 1860s and 1870s he had been taught or believed in were true. The instigating subculture at the Old Miss riot and at many other racially ignited events, was the Ku Klux Klan.Gitlin (2009), The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture, p. 29 On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed Executive Order 11063, prohibiting racial discrimination in federally supported housing or \"related facilities\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767000198364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked the doorway to the University of Alabama to stop two African American students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach and the Alabama National Guard, which had just been federalized by order of the president. That evening Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio, launching his initiative for civil rights legislation—to provide equal access to public schools and other facilities, and greater protection of voting rights. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15241527557373, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "In 1963, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who hated civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and viewed him as an upstart troublemaker, presented the Kennedy Administration with allegations that some of King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Concerned that the allegations, if made public, would derail the Administration's civil rights initiatives, Robert Kennedy and the president both warned King to discontinue the suspect associations. After the associations continued, Robert Kennedy issued a written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701749801635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy initially proposed an overhaul of American immigration policy that later was to become the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, sponsored by Kennedy's brother Senator Edward Kennedy. It dramatically shifted the source of immigration from Northern and Western European countries towards immigration from Latin America and Asia. The policy change also shifted the emphasis in the selection of immigrants in favor of family reunification. Kennedy wanted to dismantle the selection of immigrants based on country of origin and saw this as an extension of his civil rights policies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582939147949219, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time on Friday November 22, 1963, while on a political trip to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough (no relation) and conservative John Connally. Traveling in a presidential motorcade through downtown Dallas, he was shot once in the back, the bullet exiting via his throat, and once in the head.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649089813232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy was taken to Parkland Hospital for emergency medical treatment, but pronounced dead at 1:00 pm. Only 46, President Kennedy died younger than any other U.S. president to date. Lee Harvey Oswald, an order filler at the Texas School Book Depository from which the shots were suspected to have been fired, was arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, and was subsequently charged with the assassination of Kennedy. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a patsy, but was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24, before he could be prosecuted. Ruby was then arrested and convicted for the murder of Oswald. Ruby successfully appealed his conviction and death sentence but became ill and died of cancer on January 3, 1967, while the date for his new trial was being set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85832405090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Johnson created the Warren Commission—chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination, which concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy, and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy. The results of this investigation are disputed by many. The assassination proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. A 2004 Fox News poll found that 66% of Americans thought there had been a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, while 74% thought there had been a cover-up. A Gallup Poll in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought Oswald did it alone. In 1979, the U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that it believed \"that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy.\" In 2002, historian Carl M. Brauer concluded that the public's \"fascination with the assassination may indicate a psychological denial of Kennedy's death, a mass wish...to undo it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028748512268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy's wife, Jacqueline and their two deceased minor children were buried with him later. His brother, Senator Robert Kennedy, was buried nearby in June 1968. In August 2009, his brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, was also buried near his two brothers. John F. Kennedy's grave is lit with an \"Eternal Flame\". Kennedy and William Howard Taft are the only two U.S. presidents buried at Arlington. According to the JFK Library, \"I Have a Rendezvous with Death\", by Alan Seeger \"was one of John F. Kennedy's favorite poems and he often asked his wife to recite it\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44785213470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Camelot era", "passage": "\"Camelot Era\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357619285583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Kennedy administration", "passage": "The term \"Camelot\" came to be used retrospectively as iconic of the Kennedy administration, and the charisma of him and his family. The term was first publicly used by his wife in a post-assassination Life magazine interview with Theodore H. White, in which she revealed his affection for the contemporary Broadway musical of the same name, particularly the closing lines of the title song: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954692840576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Television became the primary source by which people were kept informed of events surrounding John F. Kennedy's assassination. In fact, television started to come of age before the assassination. On September 2, 1963, Kennedy helped inaugurate network television's first half-hour nightly evening newscast according to an interview with CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846158981323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "The US Special Forces had a special bond with Kennedy. \"It was President Kennedy who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Special Forces and giving us back our Green Beret,\" said Forrest Lindley, a writer for the US military newspaper Stars and Stripes who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. This bond was shown at Kennedy's funeral. At the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of Kennedy's death, General Michael D. Healy, the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, spoke at Arlington Cemetery. Later, a wreath in the form of the Green Beret would be placed on the grave, continuing a tradition that began the day of his funeral when a sergeant in charge of a detail of Special Forces men guarding the grave placed his beret on the coffin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971505165100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Ultimately, the death of President Kennedy and the ensuing confusion surrounding the facts of his assassination are of political and historical importance insofar as they marked a turning point and decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment—a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and implied by Oliver Stone in several of his films, such as his landmark 1991 JFK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177199363708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Although President Kennedy opposed segregation and had shown support for the civil rights of African Americans, he originally believed in a more measured approach to legislation given the political realities he faced in Congress, especially with the Southern Conservatives. However, impelled by the civil rights demonstrations of Martin Luther King, Kennedy in 1963 proposed legislative action. In a radio and TV address to the nation in June 1963—a century after President Abraham Lincoln had signed the Emancipation Proclamation—Kennedy became the first president to call on all Americans to denounce racism as morally wrong. Kennedy's civil rights proposals led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.124067306518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy is the only president to have predeceased both his mother and father. He is also the only president to have predeceased a grandparent. His maternal grandmother, Mary Josephine \"Josie\" Hannon, died in August 1964, nine months after his assassination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87297534942627, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Throughout the English-speaking world, the given name Kennedy has sometimes been used in honor of President Kennedy, as well his brother Robert. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33256721496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy International Airport, American airport (renamed from Idlewild in December 1963) in New York City; nation's busiest international gateway", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955585479736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy Memorial Airport American airport in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Ashland ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499470710754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge American seven-lane transportation hub across Ohio River; completed in late 1963, the bridge links Kentucky and Indiana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917309761047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy School of Government, American institution (renamed from Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration in 1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676337242126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy Space Center, U.S. government installation that manages and operates America's astronaut launch facilities in Titusville, near Cocoa Beach, FL", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316645622253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School—trains United States Army personnel for the United States Army Special Operations Command and Army Special Operation Forces at Fort Bragg outside Fayetteville, NC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42331600189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy University, American private educational institution founded in California in 1964; locations in Pleasant Hill, Campbell, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071148872375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "* John F. Kennedy High School is the name of many secondary schools", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480850219726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John f kennedy", "passage": "* John F Kennedy (horse), Irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse foaled in 2012", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360445022583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280519485473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Kennedy received a signet ring engraved with his arms for his 44th birthday as a gift from his wife, and the arms were incorporated into the seal of the USS John F. Kennedy. Following his assassination, Kennedy was honored by the Canadian government by having a mountain, Mount Kennedy, named for him, which his brother, Robert Kennedy, climbed in 1965 to plant a banner of the arms at the summit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.502388000488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "John F. Kennedy" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hallmark", "passage": "In the 1970s Recycled Paper Greetings, a small company needing to establish a competing identity against the large companies like Hallmark Cards, began publishing humorous \"whimsical\" card designs with the artist's name credited on the back. This was away from what was known as the standard look (sometimes called the Hallmark look.) By the 1980s there was a thriving market for what were now called \"alternative\" greeting cards, and the name stuck even though these \"alternative\" cards changed the look of the entire industry.", "precise_score": -9.464073181152344, "rough_score": -9.21634292602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greeting card" }, { "answer": "Hallmark", "passage": "Hallmark Cards and American Greetings are the two largest producers of greeting cards in the world today (both are U.S-based companies).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271225929260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greeting card" } ]

[ { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "Angels on horseback is a hot hors d'œuvre or savoury made of oysters wrapped with bacon. The dish, when served atop breads, can also be a canapé.", "precise_score": 6.711506366729736, "rough_score": 5.747829914093018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "The dish is typically prepared by rolling shucked oysters in bacon and baking them in an oven. Modern variations of angels on horseback include skewering and frying. Serving can vary widely to taste on either skewers or breads, with additional accompaniments or condiments. Angels on horseback differ from the similar, fruit-based, devils on horseback, but the dishes' names are sometimes erroneously considered synonyms.", "precise_score": 4.578629970550537, "rough_score": 4.136959552764893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oyster", "passage": "The origins of the dish are unclear. The name most likely derives from the French anges à cheval, and there appears to be no significance in the oyster/angel and bacon/horse links. Its first occurrence, according to the Oxford English Dictionary and other sources, is in 1888, in Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. However, there is a reference in an Australian newspaper to the dish, which includes a brief recipe, from 1882. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.377729415893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "References to angels on horseback in the United States date to the mid- to late 1890s. One of the earliest references in an American newspaper is an 1896 article from the New York Times, where the dish is suggested as an appetizer; according to the Times, the dish is to be credited to Urbain Dubois, the chef of the German emperor. In this version, the angels on horseback are skewered, sprinkled with cayenne pepper, and broiled. The article suggests serving the dish with lemon and parsley, but without toast. In the 1930s, they are suggested as part of a picnic menu, and in 1948 again as an appetizer. In the 1950s, American newspapers featured the dish with interest, from papers including the Chicago Tribune, with the articles \"For Oyster Treat, Try Angels on Horseback: They're Delectable Appetizer Sunday Menu\", and \"These Angels on Horseback Are Oysters\", and the Los Angeles Times. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.257614612579346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "Angels on horseback did achieve a certain popularity in the 1960s in Washington, D.C.; Evangeline Bruce, wife of US ambassador and diplomatic envoy David K. E. Bruce and renowned for her \"Washington soirees\", served them regularly during the Kennedy administration but even there, the name itself was not commonplace, as suggested by the words of gossip columnist Liz Smith: \"Sometimes the oysters were raw, sometimes they were grilled and wrapped in bacon. Then Mrs. Bruce called them Angels on Horseback.\" As late as the 1980s, the Chicago Tribune published an article calling the dish \"intriguing\", suggesting it had not yet become commonplace in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.249099612236023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "Publications from the 1990s onwards discuss angels on horseback as an indulgence or a delicacy with frequency. 1001 Foods to Die For noted it as an indulgence in North American due to the elevation of oysters to a delicacy status. The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink noted that the luxury of oysters results in cocktail sausages replacing the oysters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.169571876525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oysters", "passage": "According to the classic recipe, shucked oysters are wrapped in bacon which is then broiled in the oven, about three minutes per side. An early recipe, from 1902, suggests frying the skewered oysters and bacon in butter. The dish is often served on toast, though if prepared on skewers and broiled, it can be eaten straight from the skewer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.925622463226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" }, { "answer": "Oyster", "passage": "Variations on the preparation and presentation of the angels on horseback vary considerably. In Feng Shui Food, it is prepared by rolling a shucked oyster in bacon and skewering it with a cocktail stick, fried and served with a squeeze of lime. Joanna Pruess's book Seduced by Bacon includes a recipe for \"Angels and Devils\", with the suggestion that \"a little hot red pepper sauce can transform them from heavenly to hellishly hot tasting, or somewhere inbetween.\" Myles Bader, author of The Wizard of Food's Encyclopedia of Kitchen & Cooking Secrets, suggests serving angels on horseback on toast with a lemon wedge or hollandaise sauce. An Italian variant replaces bacon with prosciutto.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6047427654266357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angels on horseback" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "George Michael \"Micky\" Dolenz, Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as the drummer and principal lead singer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees.", "precise_score": 3.7204177379608154, "rough_score": 5.319921970367432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "According to Mike Nesmith, it was Dolenz's voice that made the Monkees' sound distinctive, and even during tension-filled times Nesmith and Peter Tork voluntarily turned over lead vocal duties to Dolenz on their own compositions.", "precise_score": 4.802964210510254, "rough_score": 3.4425411224365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Micky purchased one of the first 25 Moog synthesizers, the third Moog Synthesizer ever commercially sold. (The first two belonged to Wendy Carlos and Buck Owens.) His performance on the Monkees song \"Daily Nightly\" (written by Michael Nesmith) from the LP Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman.", "precise_score": 0.10047977417707443, "rough_score": 2.0791921615600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Since Davy Jones's death in 2012, Dolenz has been the only member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception.", "precise_score": 5.694453716278076, "rough_score": 3.407733917236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "After The Monkees television show ended, Dolenz continued performing providing voice-overs for a number of Saturday-morning cartoon series including The Funky Phantom, Partridge Family 2200 A.D., The Scooby-Doo Show, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids, These Are the Days, Devlin and Wonder Wheels (from The Skatebirds). Dolenz provided the voice of Arthur in the first season of the animated series The Tick. Dolenz also played one of Alan Matthews' bandmates in the sitcom Boy Meets World, and later joined Davy Jones and Peter Tork in episode eight of the 3rd season (titled \"Rave On\"), although they did not play themselves. In 1972, Dolenz played Vance in the murder mystery film Night of the Strangler and was in an episode of Adam 12 titled \"Dirt Duel\" S5/Ep01. Dolenz provided the voice of Two-Face's twin henchmen in the two-part episode \"Two-Face\" on Batman: The Animated Series. In a September 2006 radio interview, Dolenz reported that he is the current voice of Snuggle the Fabric Softener Bear.", "precise_score": 1.8040268421173096, "rough_score": 1.2517049312591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2009, Dolenz inked a deal to record an album of the classic songs of Carole King, titled \"King for a Day\". The album (released on Gigitone Records) was produced by Jeffrey Foskett, who has worked extensively with Brian Wilson and played on Wilson’s 2004 Grammy-winning Brian Wilson Presents Smile. King’s songs \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", \"Sometime in the Morning\", and \"The Porpoise Song (Theme From Head)\" have emerged as signature songs from The Monkees. As of February 2010, he was appearing on stage in London in 'Hairspray with Michael Ball.' The show also went on tour and had a successful run in Dublin, Ireland during November 2010. In 2011, he rejoined Tork and Jones for An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour. Jones' sudden death in February 2012 led to Dolenz and Tork reuniting with Michael Nesmith for a 12 concert tour of the United States in November and December, 2012. The trio would tour again both in 2013 and 2014. ", "precise_score": -0.656226396560669, "rough_score": -0.2805735170841217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series The Monkees (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). He is also an executive producer of the cult film Repo Man (1984). In 1981, Nesmith won the first Grammy Award given for Video of the Year for his hour-long television show, Elephant Parts. ", "precise_score": 2.8726797103881836, "rough_score": 0.7228488326072693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "When The Monkees TV series ended in 1968, Nesmith enrolled part-time at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and studied American History and Music History. Michael and Phyllis's second son, Jonathan, was born in February 1968. Nesmith's third son, Jason, was born in August 1968 to Nurit Wilde, whom he met while working on The Monkees TV series. In 1969, Nesmith formed the group First National Band with Kuehne, John Ware and Red Rhodes. Nesmith wrote most of the songs for the band, including a single titled \"Joanne\" that received some airplay and was a moderate chart hit for seven weeks during 1970, rising to number 21 on the Billboard Top 40. The First National Band has been credited with being among the pioneers of country-rock music. ", "precise_score": 0.37818312644958496, "rough_score": 0.8156771063804626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Nesmith began his recording career in 1963 by releasing a single on the Highness label. He followed this in 1965 with a one-off single released on Edan Records followed by two more recorded singles; one was titled \"The New Recruit\" under the name \"Michael Blessing,\" released on Colpix Records, coincidentally also the label of Davy Jones, though they did not meet until The Monkees formed.", "precise_score": 2.4748172760009766, "rough_score": 1.4139022827148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Gretsch guitar company built a one-off natural finish 12-string electric guitar for Nesmith when he was performing with The Monkees (Gretsch had a promotional deal with the group). He earlier played a customized Gretsch twelve-string, which had originally been a six-string model. Nesmith used this guitar for his appearances on the television series, as well as The Monkees' live appearances in 1966 and 1967. Beginning in 1968, Nesmith used a white 6-string Gibson SG for his live appearances with The Monkees. He would use that guitar in their motion picture Head for the live version of \"Circle Sky,\" and also for the final original Monkees tour in 1969 with Davy Jones and Micky Dolenz. In a post on his Facebook page in 2011, Nesmith reported that both guitars were stolen in the early 1970s.", "precise_score": 1.7341257333755493, "rough_score": 3.6610522270202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Nesmith appeared again in 1989 with Dolenz, Tork, and Jones when the Monkees received a Hollywood Walk of Fame Star.", "precise_score": 6.10292387008667, "rough_score": 2.588850975036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 1995, Nesmith was again reunited with the Monkees to record their studio album (and first to feature all four since Head), entitled Justus, released in 1996. He also wrote and directed a Monkees television special entitled Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees. To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together.", "precise_score": 4.007665157318115, "rough_score": 1.001633644104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2012, 2013, and 2014 Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography (\"Daydream Believer\" was sung by the audience and played by the band). When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \"I never really left. It is a part of my youth that is always active in my thoughts and part of my overall work as an artist. It stays in a special place.\" Despite not touring with Dolenz and Tork for The Monkees' 50th anniversary reunion in 2016, Nesmith contributed vocally and instrumentally to the Monkees album Good Times!. Nesmith additionally contributed a song, \"I Know What I Know\" and was reportedly \"thrilled\" at the outcome of the album. ", "precise_score": 4.624164581298828, "rough_score": 1.2518455982208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson, February 13, 1942) is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees.", "precise_score": 2.7270853519439697, "rough_score": 0.6831769347190857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Tork was a proficient musician, and though the group was not allowed to play their own instruments on their first two albums, he was an exception, playing what he described as \"third chair guitar\" on Mike Nesmith's song, \"Papa Gene's Blues,\" from their first album. He subsequently played keyboards, bass guitar, banjo, harpsichord, and other instruments on their recordings. He also co-wrote, along with Joey Richards, the closing theme song of the second season of The Monkees, \"For Pete's Sake\". On the television show, he was relegated to playing the \"lovable dummy,\" a persona Tork had developed as a folk singer in New York's Greenwich Village. ", "precise_score": 2.4537694454193115, "rough_score": -0.0506029948592186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Tork's record and movie production entity, the Breakthrough Influence Company (BRINCO), also failed to launch, despite such talent as future Little Feat guitarist, Lowell George.[http://www.monkees.com/read/peter.lasso Peter Tork biography], Monkees.com He was forced to sell his house in 1970, and he and a pregnant Reine Stewart moved into the basement of David Crosby's home. Tork was credited with co-arranging a Micky Dolenz solo single on MGM Records in 1971 (\"Easy on You\", b/w \"Oh Someone\"). An arrest and conviction for possession of hashish resulted in three months in an Oklahoma penitentiary in 1972. He moved to Fairfax in Marin County, California, in the early 1970s, where he joined the 35-voice Fairfax Street Choir and played guitar for a shuffle blues band called Osceola. Tork returned to Southern California in the mid-1970s, where he married and had a son and took a job teaching at Pacific Hills School in Santa Monica for a year and a half. He spent a total of three years as a teacher of music, social studies, math, French and history and coaching baseball at a number of schools, but enjoyed some more than others. ", "precise_score": 2.0494015216827393, "rough_score": 0.6193415522575378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 1986, Tork rejoined fellow Monkees Davy Jones and Micky Dolenz for a highly successful 20th anniversary reunion tour. Three new songs were recorded by Tork and Dolenz for a greatest hits release. The three Monkees recorded Pool It!. A decade later, all four group members recorded Justus, the first recording with all four members since 1968. The quartet performed live in the United Kingdom in 1997, but for the next several years only the trio of Tork, Dolenz and Jones toured together. The trio of Monkees parted ways in 2001 with a public feud but reunited in 2011 for a series of 45th anniversary concerts in England and the United States.", "precise_score": 6.282972812652588, "rough_score": 5.370321750640869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 2012, Peter joined Micky Dolenz and Michael Nesmith with a Monkees tour in honor of the album Headquarters 45th anniversary as well as in tribute to the late Davy Jones. The trio would tour again in 2013 and 2014. ", "precise_score": 7.376420974731445, "rough_score": 6.949446201324463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "David Thomas \"Davy\" Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman best known as a member of the band The Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of Oliver! as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of The Brady Bunch television show and later reprised parody film; Love, American Style; and My Two Dads. Jones is considered one of the great teen idols. ", "precise_score": 2.2828056812286377, "rough_score": -0.36657047271728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The NBC television series the Monkees was popular, and remained in syndication. After the group disbanded in 1971, Jones reunited with Micky Dolenz as well as Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart in 1974 as a short-lived group called Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart.", "precise_score": 2.200709104537964, "rough_score": 3.7785403728485107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "A Monkees television show marathon (\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\") broadcast on 23 February 1986 by MTV resulted in a wave of Monkeemania not seen since the group's heyday. Jones reunited with Dolenz and Peter Tork from 1986 to 1989 to celebrate the band's renewed success and promote the 20th anniversary of the group. A new top 20 hit, \"That Was Then, This Is Now\" was released (though Jones did not perform on the song) as well as an album, Pool It!.", "precise_score": 3.8638744354248047, "rough_score": -0.7119371294975281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled Justus, the first album since 1967's Headquarters that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together.", "precise_score": 6.745396614074707, "rough_score": 4.815980434417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Jones also returned to theatre several times after the Monkees. He appeared in several productions of Oliver! as the Artful Dodger, and in 1989 toured the US portraying Fagin. Jones also co-starred with Micky Dolenz in Harry Nilsson's play The Point at the Mermaid Theatre, London in 1978.", "precise_score": -1.5624839067459106, "rough_score": 0.6709726452827454, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Guitarist Michael Nesmith stated that Jones's \"spirit and soul live well in my heart, among all the lovely people, who remember with me the good times, and the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Nesmith commented, \"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had bad dreams all night long.\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\" ", "precise_score": 5.909496784210205, "rough_score": 5.7440643310546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees are an American Pop-rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "precise_score": 7.445906639099121, "rough_score": 6.9948577880859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "For the first few months of their initial five-year career as \"The Monkees\", the four actor-musicians were allowed only limited roles in the recording studio. This was due in part to the amount of time required to film the television series. Nonetheless, Nesmith did compose and produce some songs from the beginning, and Peter Tork contributed limited guitar work on the sessions produced by Nesmith. They eventually fought for and earned the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the band's name. The sitcom was canceled in 1968, but the band continued to record music through 1971.", "precise_score": 2.772130250930786, "rough_score": -0.37942659854888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Out of 437 applicants, the other three chosen for the cast of the TV show were Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz. Nesmith had been working as a musician since early 1963 and had been recording and releasing music under various names, including Michael Blessing and \"Mike & John & Bill\" and had studied drama in college; contrary to popular belief, of the final four, Nesmith was the one member who actually saw the ad in the Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter. Tork, the last to be chosen, had been working the Greenwich Village scene as a musician, and had shared the stage with Pete Seeger; he learned of The Monkees from Stephen Stills, whom Rafelson and Schneider had rejected. Dolenz was an actor (his father was veteran character actor George Dolenz) who had starred in the TV series Circus Boy as a child, using the stage name Mickey Braddock, and he had also played guitar and sung in a band called the Missing Links before the Monkees, which had recorded and released a very minor single, \"Don't Do It\". By that time he was using his real name; he found out about The Monkees through his agent.", "precise_score": 6.197461128234863, "rough_score": 6.365331172943115, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "According to Nesmith, it was Dolenz's voice that made the Monkees' sound distinctive, and even during tension-filled times Nesmith and Tork sometimes turned over lead vocal duties to Dolenz on their own compositions, such as Tork's \"For Pete's Sake,\" which became the closing title theme for the second season of the television show.", "precise_score": 3.441988945007324, "rough_score": 1.2927558422088623, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In assigning instruments for purposes of the television show, a dilemma arose as to which of the four would be the drummer. Both Nesmith (a skilled guitarist and bassist) and Tork (who could play several stringed and keyboard instruments) were peripherally familiar with the instrument but both declined to give the drum set a try. Jones knew how to play the drums and tested well enough initially on the instrument, but the producers felt that, behind a drum kit, the camera would exaggerate his short stature and make him virtually hidden from view. Thus, Dolenz (who only knew how to play the guitar) was assigned to become the drummer. Tork taught Dolenz his first few beats on the drums, enough for him to fake his way through filming the pilot, but he was soon taught how to play properly. Thus, the lineup for the TV show most frequently featured Nesmith on guitar, Tork on bass, Dolenz on drums and Jones as a frontman, singer and percussionist. This, however, is in opposition to the lineup which would have made the most sense based upon the members' musical strengths. For example, Tork is actually a better guitar player than Nesmith, while Nesmith had at one time specifically trained on the bass. While Jones certainly had a strong lead voice and sings lead on several Monkees recordings, Dolenz's voice is regarded, particularly by Nesmith, as one of the most distinctive in popular music history and a hallmark of the Monkees' sound. This theoretical lineup was actually depicted once, in the music video for the band's song \"Words\", which shows Jones on drums, Tork playing lead guitar, Nesmith on bass and Dolenz fronting the group. In concert appearances Tork also took much of the guitar duties, even in appearances with Nesmith, and Dolenz often plays rhythm guitar on stage.", "precise_score": 4.8586225509643555, "rough_score": 1.7784950733184814, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In DVD commentary tracks included in the Season One release, Nesmith admitted that Tork was better at playing guitar than bass. In Tork's commentary he stated that Jones was a good drummer, and had the live performance lineups been based solely on playing ability, it should have been Tork on guitar, Nesmith on bass and Jones on drums, with Dolenz taking the fronting role. The four Monkees performed all the instruments and vocals for most of the live set. The most notable exceptions were during each member's solo sections where, during the December 1966 – May 1967 tour, they were backed by the Candy Store Prophets. During the summer 1967 tour of the United States and the UK (from which the Live 1967 recordings are taken), they were backed by a band called The Sundowners. In 1968 the Monkees toured Australia and Japan. The results were far better than expected. Wherever they went, the group was greeted by scenes of fan adulation reminiscent of Beatlemania. This gave the singers increased confidence in their fight for control over the musical material chosen for the series.", "precise_score": 4.319204807281494, "rough_score": 3.831808090209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The high of Headquarters was short-lived, however. Recording and producing as a group was Tork's major interest and he hoped that the four would continue working together as a band on future recordings, according to the liner notes of the 2007 Rhino reissue of Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.. \"Cuddly Toy\" on Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. would mark the last time Dolenz, who originally played guitar before the Monkees, would make a solo stand as a studio drummer. In commentary for the DVD release of the second season of the show, Tork said that Dolenz was \"incapable of repeating a triumph.\" Having been a drummer for one album, Dolenz lost interest in being a drummer and indeed, he largely gave up playing instruments on Monkees recordings (producer Chip Douglas also had identified Dolenz's drumming as the weak point in the collective musicianship of the quartet, having to splice together multiple takes of Dolenz's \"shaky\" drumming for final use). By this point the four did not have a common vision regarding their musical interests, with Nesmith and Jones also moving in different directions—Nesmith following his country/folk instincts and Jones reaching for Broadway-style numbers. The next three albums featured a diverse mixture of musical style influences, including country-rock, folk-rock, psychedelic rock, soul/R&B, guitar rock, Broadway and English music hall sensibilities.", "precise_score": 3.514832019805908, "rough_score": 0.15530304610729218, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Using Chip Douglas again to produce, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., released in November 1967 was the Monkees' fourth No. 1 album in a row, staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was also their last No. 1 album. It featured the hit single \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" (#3 on charts) b/w \"Words\" (#11 on charts), the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar/backing vocals, Tork on piano/backing vocals, Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals; the B-side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals, Peter played organ, Mike played guitar, percussion, and provided backing vocals, and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals. Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog Synthesizer on two tracks, the Nesmith-penned \"Daily Nightly\", along with \"Star Collector\". All of its songs, except for two, were featured on the Monkees' television show during the second season.", "precise_score": 4.6808295249938965, "rough_score": 5.589239597320557, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee, which rehashed many of the ideas from Head, only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for the television special, Dolenz noted that after filming was complete, Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going-away present, engraved \"From the guys down at work.\" (Tork kept the back, but replaced the watch several times in later years.) Most of the songs from the 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Monkee TV Special would not be officially released until over 40 years later, on the 2010 and 2011 Rhino Handmade Deluxe boxed sets of Head and Instant Replay.", "precise_score": 1.5285981893539429, "rough_score": 0.5190983414649963, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The final album with Michael Nesmith from the Monkees original incarnation would be their eighth album, The Monkees Present, released in October 1969, which peaked at No. 100 on the Billboard charts. It would include the Nesmith composed country-rock singles \"Listen to the Band\" and \"Good Clean Fun\" (released in September 1969). Other notable songs include the Dolenz composition \"Little Girl\", which featured Louie Shelton on electric guitar, joining Micky on acoustic guitar, along with \"Mommy and Daddy\" (B-side to the \"Good Clean Fun single) in which he sang about America's treatment of the Native Americans and drug abuse, and in an earlier take, released on Rhino Handmade's 2011 Deluxe Edition of Instant Replay, sang about JFK's assassination and the Vietnam war. Jones collaborated with Bill Chadwick on some slower ballads, along with releasing a couple of older upbeat songs from 1966.", "precise_score": 3.334116220474243, "rough_score": 5.095580101013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "On April 14, 1970, Nesmith joined Dolenz and Jones for the last time as part of the original incarnation of the Monkees to film a Kool-Aid commercial, with Nesmith leaving the group to continue recording songs with his own country-rock group called Michael Nesmith & The First National Band, which he had started recording with on February 10, 1970. His first album with his own band was called Magnetic South, and at the time he left the Monkees in April, he was recording songs for his second album with The First National Band, called Loose Salute.", "precise_score": 6.1073384284973145, "rough_score": 4.7921271324157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled Davy Jones, featuring the single \"Rainy Jane\" / \"Welcome to My Love\". Both Jones and Dolenz released multiple singles as solo artists in the years following the original break-up of the Monkees. The duo continued to tour throughout most of the 1970s.", "precise_score": 3.605766773223877, "rough_score": 1.331221580505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Partly because of repeats of the television series The Monkees on Saturday mornings and in syndication, The Monkees Greatest Hits charted in 1976. The LP, issued by Arista, who by this time had custody of the Monkees' master tapes, courtesy of their corporate owner, Screen Gems, was actually a re-packaging of an earlier (1972) compilation LP called Refocus that had been issued by Arista's previous label imprint, Bell Records, also owned by Screen Gems. Dolenz and Jones took advantage of this, joining ex-Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to tour the United States. From 1975 to 1977, as the \"Golden Hits of The Monkees\" show (\"The Guys who Wrote 'Em and the Guys who Sang 'Em!\"), they successfully performed in smaller venues such as state fairs and amusement parks, as well as making stops in Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Singapore. They also released an album of new material as Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart. Nesmith had not been interested in a reunion. Tork claimed later that he had not been asked, although a Christmas single (credited to Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones and Peter Tork due to legal reasons) was produced by Chip Douglas and released on his own label in 1976. The single featured Douglas' and Howard Kaylan's \"Christmas Is My Time Of Year\" (originally recorded by a 1960s group Christmas Spirit), with a B-side of Irving Berlin's \"White Christmas\" (Douglas released a remixed version of the single, with additional overdubbed instruments, in 1986). This was the first (albeit unofficial) Monkees single since 1971. Tork also joined Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart on stage at Disneyland on July 4, 1976, and also joined Dolenz and Jones on stage at the Starwood in Hollywood in 1977.", "precise_score": 1.5677011013031006, "rough_score": -0.5803980827331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "By now, Nesmith was amenable to a reunion, but forced to sit out most projects because of prior commitments to his Pacific Arts video production company. However, he did appear with the band in a 1986 Christmas medley music video for MTV, and appeared on stage with Dolenz, Jones, and Tork at the Greek Theatre, in Los Angeles, on September 7, 1986. In September 1988, the three rejoined to play Australia again, Europe and then North America, with that string of tours ending in September 1989. Nesmith again returned at the Universal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles, show on July 10, 1989 and took part in a dedication ceremony at the Hollywood Walk of Fame, when the Monkees received a TV star there in 1989.", "precise_score": 4.935674667358398, "rough_score": 3.571803569793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The sudden revival of the Monkees in 1986 helped move the first official Monkees single since 1971, \"That Was Then, This Is Now\", to the No. 20 position in Billboard Magazine. The success, however, was not without controversy. Jones had declined to sing on the track, recorded along with two other new songs included in a compilation album, Then & Now... The Best of The Monkees. Some copies of the single and album credit the new songs to \"The Monkees\", others as \"Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork (of the Monkees)\". Reportedly, these recordings were the source of some personal friction between Jones and the others during the 1986 tour; Jones would typically leave the stage when the new songs were performed.", "precise_score": 1.107056975364685, "rough_score": 0.3549351692199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from Justus. For the first time since the brief 1986 reunion, Nesmith returned to the concert stage for a tour of the United Kingdom in 1997, highlighted by two sold-out concerts at Wembley Arena in London. The full quartet also appeared in an ABC television special titled Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees, which was written and directed by Nesmith and spoofed the original series that had made them famous. Following the UK tour, Nesmith declined to continue future performances with the Monkees, having faced harsh criticism from the British music press for his deteriorating musicianship. Tork noted in DVD commentary that \"In 1966, Nesmith had learned a reasonably good version of the famous 'Last Train to Clarksville' guitar lick, but in 1996, Mike was no longer able to play it\" and so Tork took over the lead guitar parts.", "precise_score": 6.151113986968994, "rough_score": 4.196593761444092, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just couldn't handle the backstage problems. I'd given them 30 days notice that I was leaving so my position is that I resigned first and then they dropped me. Thank God I don't need the Monkees anymore...I'm a recovering alcoholic and haven't had a drink in several years. I'm not against people drinking—just when they get mean and abusive. I went on the anniversary tour with the agreement that I didn't have to put up with drinking and difficult behavior offstage. When things weren't getting better, I gave the guys notice that I was leaving in 30 days for good. ", "precise_score": 0.3135601580142975, "rough_score": 1.1480473279953003, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Jones and Dolenz went on to tour the United Kingdom in 2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006.", "precise_score": 4.358480930328369, "rough_score": -0.5028858184814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The 45th anniversary tour would be the last with Jones, who died of a heart attack due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point, the band went quiet and a recording of Jones singing \"I Wanna Be Free\" played while footage of him was screening behind the band. For Jones' signature song, \"Daydream Believer\", Dolenz said that the band had discussed who should sing the song and had concluded that it should be the fans, saying \"It doesn't belong to us anymore. It belongs to you.\"", "precise_score": 4.236512184143066, "rough_score": 1.1450673341751099, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Dolenz and Tork toured as the Monkees in 2015 without Nesmith's participation. Nesmith stated that he was busy with other ventures, although Dolenz stated \"He's always invited.\" In February 2016, Dolenz announced that the Monkees would be releasing a new album, entitled Good Times!, as a celebration of their 50th Anniversary. Good Times!, produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne. It features unused songs written for the band in the 60s as well as songs by contemporary songwriters. One track includes an archived Jones vocal track. All three surviving members appear on the new album. The album was announced in conjunction with the band's 50th anniversary tour, which will again feature just Dolenz and Tork. ", "precise_score": 4.533677101135254, "rough_score": 3.9594199657440186, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* 1962: Jones lands the part of Michael in the stage show Peter Pan, in which he is coached on the tone of his voice. Later that year, he lands the role of the Artful Dodger in the Broadway musical production of Oliver! Nesmith receives his first guitar during Christmas of 1962. He will build his proficiency with it to rehabilitate his hands after they are injured. Tork takes part in folk ensembles. The initial idea for The Monkees is developed", "precise_score": 1.0843437910079956, "rough_score": 3.5741019248962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* 1965: Jones's first singles and album are released. He appears on Dick Clark's Where the Action Is. Nesmith releases more singles and plays with folk group. He records for Colpix. Record World gives one of Nesmith's singles a four star review. He appears on a couple of TV shows performing music. Tork still performs in Greenwich Village clubs. Dolenz sings on stage. At the end of the year, the four Monkees are cast in the TV show. Rafelson: \"It's often been said that the Monkees were manufactured, but the term irritates me just a little bit. The Monkees were more like a Japanese marriage: arranged. In America and elsewhere the divorce rate is pretty high, but in Japan things go better.\" ", "precise_score": 2.551331043243408, "rough_score": 2.374439239501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* April 1966: The Monkees begin rehearsing as a band to produce music for the upcoming TV Show and records. Nesmith, Dolenz, and Tork were all experienced guitar players, but no one had experience playing the drums. Jones had been a singer on Broadway, but lacked any experience with any musical instruments. Producer Ward Sylvester tells Tork that he would have signed the band even without a TV show.", "precise_score": 6.315129280090332, "rough_score": 3.792025089263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* January 1967: The Monkees' second album is released while they were on tour, without the Monkees' knowledge. This upsets Nesmith and Tork, as they had been told that they were going to be doing their own album. Dolenz and Jones are initially indifferent because to them, coming from the acting world, it was just a soundtrack to the TV show and they were doing their job by singing what they were asked to sing. But when they saw how angry Nesmith and Tork were, they too joined in that anger.", "precise_score": 4.201566696166992, "rough_score": 0.6422171592712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "After Headquarters, the Monkees started using a mixture of themselves playing along with other musicians, including members of the Wrecking Crew and Candy Store Prophets along with other musicians such as Stephen Stills, Neil Young, and Harry Nilsson; but they still wrote, sang, produced, and played on their remaining albums, except for their final offering from the original incarnation in 1970, Changes, which was recorded after Nesmith and Tork had left the group and featured Dolenz and Jones singing to the backing tracks of what Jones referred to in the liner notes of the 1994 reissue that album as \"a rejected Andy Kim album\". In the same liner notes, Jones stated that he was unhappy about that recording and claimed that it was not a real album. The final album featured one Dolenz composition.", "precise_score": 3.503323554992676, "rough_score": 2.10375714302063, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "A stage musical opened in the UK at the Manchester Opera House on Friday March 30, 2012, and was dedicated to Davy Jones (the Jones family attended the official opening on April 3). The production is a Jukebox musical and starred Stephen Kirwan, Ben Evans, Tom Parsons and Oliver Savile as actors playing the parts of the Monkees (respectively Dolenz, Jones, Nesmith, Tork) who are hired by an unscrupulous businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \"Manchester Gets it First\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre.", "precise_score": 4.281387805938721, "rough_score": 4.975782871246338, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Dolenz began his show business career in 1956 when he starred in a children’s show called Circus Boy under the name Mickey Braddock. He played an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at the start of the 20th century. The program ran for two seasons, after which Dolenz made sporadic appearances on network television shows and pursued his education. Dolenz went to Ulysses S. Grant High School in Valley Glen, Los Angeles, California, and graduated in 1962. In 1964, he was cast as Ed in the episode \"Born of Kings and Angels\" of the NBC education drama series, Mr. Novak, starring James Franciscus as an idealistic Los Angeles teacher. Dolenz was attending college in Los Angeles when he was hired for the \"drummer\" role in NBC's The Monkees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.797567367553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855048179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 1965, Dolenz was cast in the television sitcom The Monkees and became the drummer and a lead vocalist in the band created for the show. He was not at that time a drummer. He needed lessons even to be able to mime credibly but eventually was taught how to play properly. By the time The Monkees went on tour in late 1966, Dolenz was competent enough to play the drums himself. (He learned to play right-handed and left-footed.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4437966346740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, writers of many of The Monkees' songs, observed quickly that when brought in to the studio together, the four actors would try to crack each other up. Because of this, they would often bring in each singer individually. The antics escalated until one time Micky poured a cup of ice on Don Kirshner's head; at the time, Dolenz did not know Kirshner on sight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.907722473144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Thanks in part to reruns of The Monkees on Saturday mornings and in syndication, The Monkees Greatest Hits charted in 1976. The LP, issued by Arista (a subsidiary of Screen Gems), was actually a repackaging of a 1972 compilation LP called Refocus that had been issued by Arista's previous label imprint, Bell Records, also owned by Screen Gems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595799446105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Dolenz and Jones took advantage of this, joining ex-Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to tour the United States. From 1975 to 1977, as the \"Golden Hits of The Monkees\" show (\"The Guys who Wrote 'Em and the Guys who Sang 'Em!\"), they successfully performed in smaller venues such as state fairs and amusement parks as well as making stops in Japan, Thailand, and Singapore. They also released an album of new material as Dolenz, Jones, Boyce & Hart (they could not use the Monkees name for legal reasons).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.508910655975342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Post-Monkees television and film career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205642700195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "MTV re-ignites Monkee Mania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150201797485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 1986, a screening of the entire Monkees television series by MTV led to renewed interest in the group, followed by a single (\"That Was Then, This Is Now\" reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S.), a 20th Anniversary Tour, a greatest hits album and a brand new LP, Pool It! in 1987. The group's original albums were reissued and all hit the record charts at the same time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70088005065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Since 1986, Dolenz has joined the other ex-Monkees for several reunion tours, most recently in 2011 and 2012 with a series of concerts in England and two tours of the United States, and has toured extensively as a solo artist. He has continued to direct for television both in the United Kingdom and the United States, and had occasional acting gigs, including roles in the TV series The Equalizer and as the Mayor on the cable TV series Pacific Blue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.776541233062744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Micky Dolenz" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "While in college, Nesmith began to write more songs and poetry, and after he and Phyllis married in 1963, the two of them decided to move to Los Angeles so Nesmith could pursue his songwriting and singing career. At the time, Phyllis was pregnant with their first child, Christian DuVal. Nesmith began singing in folk clubs around Los Angeles and had one notable job as the \"Hootmaster\" for the Monday night hootenannies at The Troubadour, a West Hollywood night club that featured new artists. Here Nesmith met, socialized, and performed with many different members of the burgeoning new L.A. music scene. Randy Sparks from the New Christy Minstrels offered Nesmith a publishing deal for his songs, and it was while Nesmith was at this publishing house that Barry Friedman, also known as the Rev. Frazier Mohawk, brought the ad for The Monkees TV series auditions to Nesmith's attention. In October 1965, Nesmith landed the role as the wool hat-wearing, guitar player \"Mike\" in The Monkees TV series, which required real-life musical talent (writing, instrument playing, singing, recording, and performing in live concerts as part of The Monkees musical band). The Monkees television series aired from 1966 until 1968 and has developed a cult following over the years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.663443565368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855048179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "From 1965 to early 1970, Nesmith was a member of the television pop-rock band The Monkees, created for the television situation comedy of the same name. According to his May 2015 interview on Gilbert Gottfried's podcast, someone showed him a copy of the famous press advertisement asking for \"four insane boys\" so he applied for the job. Nesmith won his role largely by appearing blasé when he auditioned. He wore a wool hat to keep his hair out of his eyes, riding his motorcycle to the audition. Producers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider remembered \"Wool Hat\", and called Nesmith back.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3702625036239624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Once he was cast, Screen Gems bought his songs so they could be used in the show. Many of the songs Nesmith wrote for The Monkees, such as \"The Girl I Knew Somewhere,\" \"Mary, Mary,\" and \"Listen to the Band\" became minor hits. One song he wrote, \"You Just May Be the One,\" is in mixed meter, interspersing 5/4 bars into an otherwise 4/4 structure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.445555686950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "As with the other Monkees, Nesmith came to be frustrated by the manufactured image of the whole project. Although he was permitted to write and produce two songs per album and his music was frequently featured in episodes of the series. Nesmith was the most publicly vocal about the Monkees prefabricated image. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.09882116317749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees succeeded in ousting supervisor Don Kirshner (with Nesmith punching a hole in a wall to make a point with Kirshner and attorney Herb Moelis) and took control of their records and song choices, but they worked as a four-man group on only one album, 1967's Headquarters. The band never overcame the credibility problems they faced when word spread that they had not played on their first records; Nesmith instigated this when he called the band's first non-studio press conference and called More of The Monkees \"probably the worst record in the history of the world\". However, their singles and albums continued to sell well, until the disastrous release of Head.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.969710350036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Nesmith's last contractual Monkees commitment was a commercial for Kool-Aid and Nerf balls, in April 1970 (fittingly, the spot ends with Nesmith frowning and saying, \"Enerf's enerf!\"). With the band's fortunes continuing to fall, Nesmith asked to be released from his contract, and had to pay a default: \"I had three years left... at $150,000 a year,\" which he had to pay back. He continued to feel the financial bite for years afterwards, until his inheritance from his mother's Liquid Paper fortune in 1980 eased those concerns. In a 1980 interview with Playboy he said of that time, \"I had to start telling little tales to the tax man while they were putting tags on the furniture.\" While Nesmith had continued to produce his compositions with the Monkees, he withheld many of the songs from the final Monkees albums, only to release them on his post-Monkees solo records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.345254421234131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Return to the Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.919461250305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Nesmith did not participate in the Monkees' 20th anniversary reunion. However, he did appear during an encore with the other three members at the Greek Theatre on September 7, 1986. In a 1987 interview for Nick Rocks, Nesmith stated, \"When Peter called up and said 'we're going to go out, do you want to go?' I was booked. But, if you get to L.A ... I'll play.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5855109691619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "As he prepared for his exit from The Monkees in 1970, Nesmith was approached by John Ware of The Corvettes, a band that featured Nesmith's friend John London, who played on some of the earliest pre-Monkees Nesmith 45s as well as numerous Monkees sessions, and had 45s produced by Nesmith for the Dot label in 1969. Ware wanted Nesmith to put together a band. Nesmith said he would be interested only if noted pedal steel player Orville \"Red\" Rhodes was part of the project; Nesmith's musical partnership with Rhodes continued until Rhodes's death in 1995. The new band was christened Michael Nesmith and the First National Band and went on to record three albums for RCA Records in 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6588797569274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2012, Nesmith briefly toured Europe prior to re-joining The Monkees for their tours of the United States. Intermixing the Monkees concerts, Nesmith also launched solo tours of the U.S. Unlike his 1992 U.S. tour, which predominantly featured music from his RCA recordings, Nesmith stated his 2013 tour featured songs that he considers \"thematic, chronological and most often requested by fans\". Chris Scruggs, grandson of Earl Scruggs, replaced the late Red Rhodes on the steel guitar. The tour was captured on a forthcoming live album, Movies Of The Mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.200649738311768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In a promotional video to support Pacific Arts' video release of Tapeheads, Nesmith was introduced with a voice-over making fun of his Monkees persona. The narration teases Nesmith, who approaches the camera to speak, poking fun at his \"missing hat.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.768570899963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Nesmith" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut. His paternal grandfather was of Norwegian descent, while his mother was of half German Jewish and half British Isles ancestry. He began studying piano at the age of nine, showing an aptitude for music by learning to play several different instruments, including the banjo and both acoustic bass and guitars. Tork attended Windham High School in Willimantic, Connecticut, and was a member of the first graduating class at E.O. Smith High School in Storrs, Connecticut. He attended Carleton College before he moved to New York City, where he became part of the folk music scene in Greenwich Village during the first half of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.710250377655029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855048179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \"open, Nordic look,\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid 1960s, created for a television comedy sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork was the oldest member of the group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.673674583435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Tork was close to his grandmother, staying with her sometimes in his Greenwich Village days, and after he became a Monkee. \"Grams\" was one of his most ardent supporters and managed his fan club, often writing personal letters to members, and visiting music stores to make sure they carried Monkees records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.408980369567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Six albums were produced with the original Monkees lineup, four of which went to No 1 on the Billboard chart. This success was supplemented by two years of the TV show, a series of successful concert tours both across America and abroad, and a trippy-psychedelic movie, Head, a bit ahead of its time. However, tensions, both musical and personal, were increasing within the group. The band finished a Far East tour in December 1968 (where his copy of Naked Lunch was confiscated by Australian Customs ) and then filmed an NBC television special, 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee, which rehashed many of the ideas from Head, only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45483684539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "No longer getting the group dynamic he wanted, and pleading \"exhaustion\" from the grueling schedule, Tork bought out the remaining four years of his contract after filming was complete on December 20, 1968, at a default of $150,000/year. In the DVD commentary for the 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee TV special—originally broadcast April 14, 1969—Dolenz noted that Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going-away present, engraved \"From the guys down at work\". Tork kept the back, but replaced the watch several times in later years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.755870819091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Post-Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148077011108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "Striking out on his own, he formed a group called 'Peter Tork And/Or Release' with girlfriend Reine Stewart on drums (she had played drums on part of 33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee), Riley \"Wyldflower\" Cummings (ex The Gentle Soul) on bass and – sometimes – singer/keyboard player Judy Mayhan. Tork said in April 1969, \"We sometimes have four. We're thinking of having a rotating fourth. Right now, the fourth is that girl I'm promoting named Judy Mayhan.\" \"We're like Peter's back-up band\", added Stewart, \"except we happen to be a group instead of a back-up band.\" Release hoped to have a record out immediately, and Tork has said that they did record some demos, which he may still have stored away somewhere. According to Stewart the band were supposed to go to Muscle Shoals as the backing band for Mayhan's Atlantic Records solo album Moments (1970) but they were ultimately replaced.[http://www.stevehoffman.tv/forums/showthread.php?t", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8572254180908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Horgan produced the six tracks (which included two Monkees covers, \"Shades of Gray\" and \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\"), with George Dispigno as engineer. The four other tracks were \"Good Looker,\" \"Since You Went Away\" (which appeared on the Monkees 1987 CD \"Pool It\"), \"Higher & Higher\" and \"Hi Hi Babe.\" Also present at the sessions were Joan Jett, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, and Tommy Ramone of the Ramones. The tracks were recorded at Blue Horizon House, 165 West 74th Street, home of Sire Records, but Seymour Stein, president of Sire, rejected the demo, stating \"there's nothing there.\" Tork recorded a second set of demos in New York City, but little is known about these (other than the fact that one track was a yet another version of \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\" with an unknown rock band, and featured a violin solo).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7623872756958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Monkees reunion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975788116455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 2002, Tork resumed working with his band Shoe Suede Blues. The band performs original blues music, Monkees covers (blues versions of some), and covers of classic blues hits by greats such as Muddy Waters and has shared the stage with bands such as Captain Zig. The band toured extensively in 2006-7 following the release of the album \"Cambria Hotel\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.320062637329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "Tork also had an occasional roles as Topanga Lawrence's father on the sitcom Boy Meets World, as well as a guest character on 7th Heaven. In 1995, Tork appeared as himself on the show Wings, bidding against Crystal Bernard's character for the Monkeemobile. In 1999, he appeared as the Band Leader of a wedding band in season one episode 13, \"Best Man\", of The King of Queens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.939772129058838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2011, he joined Dolenz and Jones for the 2011 tour, An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.395771503448486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peter Tork" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855048179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "From 1966 to 1971, Jones was a member of the Monkees, a pop-rock group formed expressly for a television show of the same name. With Screen Gems producing the series, Jones was shortlisted for auditions, as he was the only Monkee who was signed to a deal with the studio, but still had to meet producers Bob Rafelson's and Bert Schneider's standards. Jones sang lead vocals on many of the Monkees' recordings, including \"I Wanna Be Free\" and \"Daydream Believer\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.505801200866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \"You're always hearing all those great songs on the radio, in commercials, movies, almost everywhere.\" The tour (Jones's last) came to fruition entitled, An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931901931762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Post-Monkees career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224504470825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "After the Monkees officially disbanded in 1971, Jones kept himself busy by establishing a New York City-style street market in Los Angeles, called \"The Street\" which cost approximately $40,000. He also collaborated with musical director Doug Trevor on a one-hour ABC television special entitled Pop Goes Davy Jones, which featured new artists The Jackson 5 and the Osmonds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.36305570602417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Jones also continued acting after the Monkees, either as himself or another character. He appeared in two episodes each of Love, American Style and My Two Dads. Jones also appeared in animated form as himself in 1972 in an hour-long episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies. Other television appearances include Sledge Hammer!, Boy Meets World, Hey Arnold!, The Single Guy (where he is mistaken for Dudley Moore) and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch in which he sang \"Daydream Believer\" to Sabrina (Melissa Joan Hart) as well as (I'll) Love You Forever. In 2009, Jones made a cameo appearance as himself in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode \"SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One\" (his appearance was meant to be a pun on Davy Jones' Locker).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.603099346160889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Despite his initial high profile after the end of the Monkees, Jones struggled to establish himself as a solo artist. Glenn A. Baker, author of Monkeemania: The True Story of the Monkees, commented in 1986 that \"for an artist as versatile and confident as (Davy) Jones, the relative failure of his post-Monkees activities is puzzling. For all his cocky predictions to the press about his future plans, Davy fell into a directionless heap when left to his own devices.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.780529499053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 2001, Jones released Just Me, an album of his own songs, some written for the album and others originally on Monkees releases. In the early 2000s he was performing in the Flower Power Concert Series during Epcot's Flower and Garden Festival, a yearly gig he would continue until his death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.415842056274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Jones married his second wife Anita Pollinger on 24 January 1981, and also had two daughters with her – Jessica Lillian (born 4 September 1981) and Annabel Charlotte (born 26 June 1988). They divorced in 1996 during the Monkees' 30th Anniversary reunion tour. Jones married for a third time on 30 August 2009 to Jessica Pacheco, 32 years his junior. This was Pacheco's third marriage as well. On 28 July 2011, Pacheco filed to divorce Jones in Miami-Dade County, Florida, but dropped the suit in October. They were still married when he died in February 2012. Pacheco was omitted from Jones' will, which he made before their marriage. His oldest daughter Talia, whom he named his executor, was granted by the court the unusual request that her father's will be sealed, on the basis that \"planning documents and financial affairs as public opinion could have a material effect on his copyrights, royalties and ongoing goodwill.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.249311447143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In addition to his career as an entertainer, Jones' other first love was horses. Training as a jockey in his teens, Jones later said, \"I made one huge mistake. When the Monkees finished in 1969–70, I should have got away from Hollywood and got back into the racing game. Instead I waited another 10 years. Everyone makes mistakes in life and for me that was the biggest.\" He held an amateur rider's licence and rode in his first race at Newbury in Berkshire, England for trainer Toby Balding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.171172142028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "On 1 February 1996, he won his first race, on Digpast, in the one-mile Ontario Amateur Riders Handicap at Lingfield in Surrey. Jones also had horse ownership interests in both the US and the UK, and served as a commercial spokesman for Colonial Downs racetrack in Virginia. In tribute to Jones, Lingfield Park announced that the first two races on the card for 3 March 2012 would be renamed the \"Hey Hey We're The Monkees Handicap\" and the \"In Memory of Davy Jones Selling Stakes\" with successful horses in those races accompanied into the Winners' Enclosure by some of the Monkees' biggest hits. Plans were also announced to erect a plaque to commemorate Jones next to a Monkey Puzzle tree on the course. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.282662868499756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order not to draw more attention to the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones's family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623663902282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The news of Jones' death triggered a surge of Internet traffic, causing sales of the Monkees' music to increase dramatically. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.289837837219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Monkees co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He may not have lived as long as we wanted him to, but he survived about seven lifetimes, including being perhaps the biggest rock star of his time.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28784465789795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Yahoo! Music commented that Jones's death \"hit so many people so hard\" because \"Monkees nostalgia cuts across generations: from the people who discovered the band during their original 1960s run; to the kids who came of age watching 1970s reruns; to the twenty- and thirtysomethings who discovered the Monkees when MTV (a network that owes much to the Monkees' influence) began airing old episodes in 1986.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.04513931274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Time magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the Monkees' classic sitcom, and Jones in particular, saying \"even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell The Monkees short. It was far better television than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a stylistically ambitious show, with a distinctive visual style, absurdist sense of humour and unusual story structure. Whatever Jones and the Monkees were meant to be, they became creative artists in their own right, and Jones's chipper Brit-pop presence was a big reason they were able to produce work that was commercial, wholesome and yet impressively weird.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.338546752929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Mediaite columnist Paul Levinson noted that \"The Monkees were the first example of something created in a medium – in this case, a rock group on television – that jumped off the screen to have big impact in the real world.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840266227722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "* They Made a Monkee Out of Me, autobiography (print book) by Davy Jones, Dome PR, 1987, ISBN 978-0-9618614-0-7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.64061164855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "* They Made a Monkee Out of Me: Davy Jones Reads His Autobiography, (audiobook), Dove Entertainment Inc (November 1988).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.792029857635498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "* \"Mutant Monkees Meet the Masters of the Multimedia Manipulation Machine!\" Written with Alan Green, Click! Publishing, First Edition, 1992, (softcover) ISBN O-9631235-0-5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.053117752075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Davy Jones (musician)" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Dolenz described the Monkees as initially being \"a TV show about an imaginary band ... that wanted to be The Beatles, [but] that was never successful\". The actor-musicians, however, soon became a real band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.742204666137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees have sold more than 75 million records worldwide and had international hits, including \"Last Train to Clarksville\", \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\", \"Daydream Believer\" and \"I'm a Believer\". At their peak in 1967, the band outsold The Beatles and The Rolling Stones combined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.222914695739746, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Aspiring filmmaker Bob Rafelson developed the initial idea for The Monkees in 1962, but was unsuccessful in selling the series. He had tried selling it to Revue, the television division of Universal Pictures. In May 1964, while working at Screen Gems, Rafelson teamed up with Bert Schneider, whose father, Abraham Schneider, headed the Colpix Television and Screen Gems Television units of Columbia Pictures. Rafelson and Schneider ultimately formed Raybert Productions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4435396194458, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night inspired Rafelson and Schneider to revive Rafelson's idea for The Monkees. As \"The Raybert Producers\", they sold the show to Screen Gems Television on April 16, 1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, The Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61808967590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "During the casting process Don Kirshner, Screen Gems' head of music, was contacted to secure music for the pilot that would become The Monkees. Not getting much interest from his usual stable of Brill Building writers, Kirshner assigned Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to the project. The duo contributed four demo recordings for the pilot. One of these recordings was \"(Theme From) The Monkees\" which helped get the series the green light. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.118070602416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "When The Monkees was picked up as a series, development of the musical side of the project accelerated. Columbia-Screen Gems and RCA Victor entered into a joint venture called Colgems Records primarily to distribute Monkees records. Raybert set up a rehearsal space and rented instruments for the group to practice playing in April 1966, but it quickly became apparent they would not be in shape in time for the series debut. The producers called upon Kirshner to recruit a producer for the Monkees sessions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.204121589660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Kirshner called on Snuff Garrett, composer of several hits by Gary Lewis & the Playboys, to produce the initial musical cuts for the show. Garrett, upon meeting the four Monkees in June 1966, decided that Jones would sing lead, a choice that was unpopular with the group. This cool reception led Kirshner to drop Garrett and buy out his contract. Kirshner next allowed Nesmith to produce sessions, provided he did not play on any tracks he produced. Nesmith did, however, start using the other Monkees on his sessions, particularly Tork as a guitarist. Kirshner came back to the enthusiastic Boyce and Hart to be the regular producers, but he brought in one of his top East Coast associates, Jack Keller, to lend some production experience to the sessions. Boyce and Hart observed quickly that when brought into the studio together, the four actors would fool around and try to crack each other up. Because of this, they would often bring in each singer individually. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1600019931793213, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees' debut and second albums were meant to be a soundtrack to the first season of the TV show, to cash in on the audience. In the 2006 Rhino Deluxe Edition re-issue of their second album, More of the Monkees, Mike Nesmith stated, \"The first album shows up and I look at it with horror because it makes [us] appear as if we are a rock 'n' roll band. There's no credit for the other musicians. I go completely ballistic, and I say, 'What are you people thinking?' [The powers that be say], 'Well, you know, it's the fantasy.' I say, 'It's not the fantasy. You've crossed the line here! You are now duping the public. They know when they look at the television series that we're not a rock 'n' roll band; it's a show about a rock 'n' roll band. ... nobody for a minute believes that we are somehow this accomplished rock 'n' roll band that got their own television show. ... you putting the record out like this is just beyond the pale.\" Within a few months of their debut album, Music Supervisor Don Kirshner would be forcibly dismissed and the Monkees would take control as a real band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.444438934326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees' first single, \"Last Train to Clarksville\" b/w \"Take a Giant Step\", was released in August 1966, just weeks prior to the TV broadcast debut. In conjunction with the first broadcast of the television show on September 12, 1966, on the NBC television network, NBC and Columbia had a major hit on their hands. The first long-playing album, The Monkees, was released a month later, spent 13 weeks at #1 and stayed on the Billboard charts for 78 weeks. Twenty years later, during their reunion, it would spend another 24 weeks on the Billboard charts. This first album is also notable, in addition to containing their debut single, for containing band member Nesmith's first foray into country-rock, \"Papa Gene's Blues,\" which mixed country, rock and Latin flavors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.215474128723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Unlike most television shows of the time, The Monkees episodes were written with many setups, requiring frequent breaks to prepare the set and cameras for short bursts of filming. Some of the \"bursts\" are considered proto-music videos, inasmuch as they were produced to sell the records. Eric Lefcowitz, in The Monkees Tale, pointed out that the Monkees were—first and foremost—a video group. The four actors would spend 12-hour days on the set, many of them waiting for the production crew to do their jobs. Noticing that their instruments were left on the set unplugged, the four decided to turn them on and start playing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005364418029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "After working on the set all day, the Monkees (usually Dolenz or Jones) would be called into the recording studio to cut vocal tracks. As the band was essential to this aspect of the recording process, there were few limits on how long they could spend in the recording studio, and the result was an extensive catalogue of unreleased recordings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9069583415985107, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Pleased with their initial efforts, Columbia (over Kirshner's objections) planned to send the Monkees out to play live concerts. The massive success of the series—and its spin-off records—created intense pressure to mount a touring version of the group. Against the initial wishes of the producers, the band went out on the road and made their debut live performance in December 1966 in Hawaii.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.571950912475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "They had no time to rehearse a live performance except between takes on set. They worked on the TV series all day, recorded in the studio at night and slept very little. The weekends were usually filled with special appearances or filming of special sequences. These performances were sometimes used during the actual series. The episode \"Too Many Girls (Fern and Davy)\" opens with a live version of \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" being performed as the scene was shot. One entire episode was filmed featuring live music. The last show of the premiere season, \"Monkees on Tour\", was shot in a documentary style by filming a concert in Phoenix, Arizona, on January 21, 1967. Bob Rafelson wrote and directed the episode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383940696716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "With Jones sticking primarily to vocals and tambourine (except when filling in on the drums when Dolenz came forward to sing a lead vocal), the Monkees' live act constituted a classic power trio of electric guitar, electric bass and drums (except when Tork passed the bass part to Jones or one of The Sundowners in order to take up the banjo or electric keyboards).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3021422624588013, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Kirshner and More of the Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736016273498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Andrew Sandoval noted in Rhino's 2006 Deluxe Edition CD reissue of More of the Monkees that album sales were outstripping Nielsen ratings, meaning that more people were buying the music than watching the television show, which meant that the producers decided that more attention needed to be paid to the music and that more music needed to be produced for more albums. Sandoval also noted that their second album, More of the Monkees, propelled by their second single, \"I'm a Believer\" b/w \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\", became the biggest selling LP of their career, spending 70 weeks on the Billboard charts, staying No. 1 for 18 weeks, becoming the third biggest selling album of the 1960s and also returning to the charts in 1986 for another 26 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462635040283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "At the time songwriters Boyce and Hart considered the Monkees to be their project, with Tommy Boyce stating in the 2006 Rhino reissue of More of the Monkees that he considered the Monkees to be actors in the television show, while Boyce and Hart were the songwriters and producers doing the records. They wanted Micky to sing the faster songs and have Davy sing the ballads. He also stated in the liner notes that he felt that Michael's country leanings didn't fit in with the Monkees' image, and although he thought that Peter was a great musician, he had a different process of thinking about songs that wasn't right for the Monkees. Music Coordinator Kirshner, though, realizing how important the music was, wanted to move the music in a newer direction than Boyce and Hart to get the best record, and so he decided to move the production to New York where his A-list of writers/producers resided.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9636218547821045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "However, the Monkees had been complaining that the music publishing company would not allow them to play their own instruments on their records, or to use more of their own material. These complaints intensified when Kirshner moved track recording from California to New York, leaving the band out of the musical process until they were called upon to add their vocals to the completed tracks. This campaign eventually forced Kirshner to let the group have more participation in the recording process. Dolenz's initial reaction, mentioned in the 2006 Rhino CD reissue of More of the Monkees, was \"To me, these were the soundtrack albums to the show, and it wasn't my job. My job was to be an actor and to come in and to sing the stuff when I was asked to do so. I had no problem with that . . . It wasn't until Mike and Peter started getting so upset that Davy and I started defending them . . . they were upset because it wasn't the way they were used to making music. The artist is the bottom line. The artist decides what songs are gonna go on and in what order and who writes 'em and who produces 'em.\" Nesmith, when asked about the situation, in Rolling Stone magazine, said, \". . . We were confused, especially me. But all of us shared the desire to play the songs we were singing. Everyone was accomplished--the notion [that] I was the only musician is one of those rumors that got started and won't stop--but it was not true . . . We were also kids with our own taste in music and were happier performing songs we liked--and/or wrote--than songs that were handed to us . . . The [TV show's] producers [in Hollywood] backed us and David went along. None of us could have fought the battles we did [with the music publishers] without the explicit support of the show's producers.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.936144828796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Four months after their debut single was released in September 1966, on January 16, 1967, the Monkees held their first recording session as a fully functioning, self-contained band, recording an early version of Nesmith's self-composed top 40 hit single \"The Girl I Knew Somewhere\", along with \"All of Your Toys\" and \"She's So Far Out, She's In\". Four days later, on January 20, 1967, their debut self-titled album made its belated release in the U.K. (it was released in October '66 in the U.S.). This same month Kirshner released their second album of songs that used session musicians, More of the Monkees, without the band's knowledge. Nesmith and Tork were particularly upset when they were on tour in January 1967 and discovered this second album. The Monkees were annoyed at not having even been told of the release in advance, at having their opinions on the track selection ignored, at Kirshner's self-congratulatory liner notes and also because of the amateurish-looking cover art, which was merely a composite of pictures of the four taken for a J.C. Penney clothing advertisement. Indeed, the Monkees had not even been given a copy of the album; they had to buy it from a record store. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.756600856781006, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The climax of the rivalry between Kirshner and the band was an intense argument among Nesmith, Kirshner and Colgems lawyer Herb Moelis, which took place at the Beverly Hills Hotel in January 1967. Kirshner had presented the group with royalty checks and gold records. Nesmith had responded with an ultimatum, demanding a change in the way the Monkees' music was chosen and recorded. Moelis reminded Nesmith that he was under contract. The confrontation ended with Nesmith punching a hole in a wall and saying, \"That could have been your face!\" However, each of the members, including Nesmith, accepted the $250,000 royalty checks (equivalent to approximately $ in today's funds).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.400557994842529, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Kirshner's dismissal came in early February 1967, when he violated an agreement between Colgems and the Monkees not to release material directly created by the group together with unrelated Kirshner-produced material. Kirshner violated this agreement when he released \"A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You\", composed and written by Neil Diamond, as a single with an early version of \"She Hangs Out\", a song recorded in New York with Davy Jones' vocals, as the B-side. This single was only released in Canada and was withdrawn after a couple weeks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.429749965667725, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Kirshner was reported to have been incensed by the group's unexpected rebellion, especially when he felt they had \"modicum talent\" when compared to the superstars of the day like John Lennon and Paul McCartney. In the liner notes for Rhino's 2006 Deluxe Edition CD reissue of More of the Monkees, Kirshner stated, \"[I controlled the group] because I had a contract. I kicked them out of the studio because I had a TV show that I had to put songs in, and to me it was a business and I had to knock off the songs.\" This experience led directly to Kirshner's later venture, The Archies, which was an animated series—the \"stars\" existed only on animation cels, with music done by studio musicians, and obviously could not seize creative control over the records issued under their name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.608345031738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Screen Gems held the publishing rights to a wealth of material, with the Monkees being offered the first choice of many new songs. Due to the abundance of material numerous tracks were recorded but left unreleased, until Rhino Records started releasing them through the Missing Links series of albums, starting in the late 1980s. A rumor persists that the Monkees were offered \"Sugar, Sugar\" in 1967, but declined to record it. Producer and songwriter Jeff Barry, joint writer and composer of \"Sugar, Sugar\" with Andy Kim, has denied this, saying that the song had not even been written at the time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.234750747680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees wanted to pick the songs they sang and play on the songs they recorded, and be the Monkees. With Kirshner dismissed as Musical Supervisor, in late February 1967 Nesmith hired former Turtles bassist Douglas Farthing Hatlelid, who was better known by his stage name Chip Douglas, to produce the next Monkees album, which was to be the first Monkees album where they were the only musicians, outside of most of the bass, and the horns. Douglas was responsible for both music presentation—actually leading the band and engineering recordings—and playing bass on most of Headquarters. This album, along with their next, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., would serve as the soundtrack to the second season of the television show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.273454189300537, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In March 1967 \"The Girl I Knew Somewhere\", composed by Nesmith and performed by Dolenz, Nesmith, Tork and bassist John London, was issued as the B-side to the Monkees' third single, \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\", and it rose to No. 39 on the charts. The A-side rose to No. 2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.217097759246826, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Issued in May 1967, Headquarters had no songs released as singles in the United States, but it would still be their third No. 1 album in a row, with many of its songs played on the second season of the television show. Having a more country-folk-rock sound than the pop outings under Kirshner, Sandoval notes in the 2007 Deluxe Edition reissue from Rhino that the album rose to No. 1 on May 24, 1967, with the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper released the following week, which would knock Headquarters to the #2 spot on the charts for the next 11 weeks, the same weeks which would become known by the counterculture as the \"Summer of Love\". A selection that Dolenz wrote and composed, \"Randy Scouse Git,\" was issued under the title \"Alternate Title\" (due to the controversial title of the song) as a single internationally, where it rose to No. 2 on the charts in the UK and Norway, and in the top 10 in other parts of the world. Tork's \"For Pete's Sake\" would be used as the closing theme for the television show. Nesmith would continue in his country-rock leanings, adding the pedal steel guitar to three of the songs, along with contributing his self-composed countrified-rock song \"Sunny Girlfriend\". Tork added the banjo to the Nesmith-composed rocker \"You Told Me\", a song whose introduction was satirical of the Beatles' \"Taxman\". Other notable songs are the Nesmith-composed straightforward pop-rock song \"You Just May Be the One\", used on the television series during both seasons, along with \"Shades of Gray\" (with piano introduction written by Tork ), \"Forget that Girl\" and \"No Time\", used in the television show. The Monkees wrote five of the 12 songs on the album, plus the two tracks \"Band 6\" and \"Zilch\". The Los Angeles Times, when reviewing Headquarters, stated that \"The Monkees Upgrade Album Quality\" and that \"The Monkees are getting better. Headquarters has more interesting songs and a better quality level [than previous albums] . . . None of the tracks is a throwaway . . . The improvement trend is laudable.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7139129638671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "At the height of their fame in 1967, they also suffered from a media backlash. Nesmith states in the 2007 Rhino reissue of Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., \"Everybody in the press and in the hippie movement had got us into their target window as being illegitimate and not worthy of consideration as a musical force [or] certainly any kind of cultural force. We were under siege; wherever we went there was such resentment for us. We were constantly mocked and humiliated by the press. We were really gettin' beat up pretty good. We all knew what was going on inside. Kirshner had been purged. We'd gone to try to make Headquarters and found out that it was only marginally okay and that our better move was to just go back to the original songwriting and song-making strategy of the first albums except with a clear indication of how [the music] came to be . . . The rabid element and the hatred that was engendered is almost impossible to describe. It lingers to this day among people my own age.\" Tork disagreed with Nesmith's assessment of Headquarters, stating, \"I don't think the Pisces album was as groovy to listen to as Headquarters. Technically it was much better, but I think it suffers for that reason.\" Both Headquarters and Pisces are highly revered by most Monkees fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.790841102600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "With Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., the Monkees fourth album, they went back to making music for the television show, except that they had control over the music and which songs would be chosen. They used a mixture of themselves and session musicians on the album. They would use this strategy of themselves playing, plus adding session musicians (including the Wrecking Crew, Louie Shelton, Glen Campbell, members of the Byrds and the Association, drummer \"Fast\" Eddie Hoh, Lowell George, Stephen Stills, Buddy Miles, and Neil Young) throughout their recording career, relying more on session musicians when the group became temporarily estranged after Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. and recorded some of their songs separately.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.854349613189697, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The song \"What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?\", recorded in June 1967 and featured on Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., is seen as a landmark in the fusion of country and rock despite Nesmith's prior country-flavored rock songs for the Monkees. Nesmith stated, \"One of the things that I really felt was honest was country-rock. I wanted to move the Monkees more into that because ... if we get closer to country music, we'll get closer to blues, and country blues, and so forth. ... It had a lot of un-country things in it: a familiar change from a I major to a VI minor — those kinds of things. So it was a little kind of a new wave country song. It didn't sound like the country songs of the time, which was Buck Owens.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.608730316162109, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Their next single, \"Daydream Believer\" (with a piano intro written by Tork), would shoot to No. 1 on the charts, letting the Monkees hold the No. 1 position in the singles chart and the album chart with Pisces simultaneously. \"Daydream Believer\" used the non-album track \"Goin' Down\" as its B-side, which featured Nesmith and Tork on guitar with Micky on lead vocals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.257250785827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039359092712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees decided that they no longer needed Chip Douglas as a producer, and starting in November 1967, they largely produced their own sessions. Although the Monkees albums after this date will state \"Produced by The Monkees\", they would mostly be recording as solo artists. In a couple of cases, Boyce and Hart had returned from the first two albums to produce, but credit was given to the Monkees. It was also during this time that Michael Nesmith recorded his first solo album, The Wichita Train Whistle Sings, a big band jazz instrumental collection of interpretations of Nesmith's compositions, arranged by the jazz musician Shorty Rogers. Praised in The Los Angeles Times by the author of The Encyclopedia of Jazz, jazz critic Leonard Feather wrote \"Verbally and musically, Mike Nesmith is one of the most articulate spokesmen for the new and literate breed of pop musicians who have spring from the loins of primitive rock. [The album] with its carriage trade of symphony, rock, country, western, and swing, and with jazz riding in the caboose, may well indicate where contemporary popular music will be situated in the early 1970s.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.475437879562378, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Considered by some to be the Monkees' \"White Album\" period (for example, Sandoval mentions this in the liner notes of Rhino Handmade's 2010 Deluxe reissue of the album), each of the Monkee's contributions reflected his own musical tastes, which resulted in an eclectic album. Micky sang the pop songs (e.g., \"I'll Be Back Upon My Feet\"), and performed a double-vocal with Mike on the Nesmith/Allison composed \"Auntie's Municipal Court\". Davy sang the ballads (e.g., \"Daydream Believer\" and \"We Were Made for Each Other\") and Nesmith contributed some experimental songs, like the progressive \"Writing Wrongs\", the unusual hit song \"Tapioca Tundra\", and the lo-fi 1920s sound of \"Magnolia Simms\". This last song is notable for added effects to make it sound like an old record (even including a \"record skipping\" simulation) made before the Beatles \"Honey Pie\", which used a similar effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2183440923690796, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Propelled by the hit singles \"Daydream Believer\" and \"Valleri\", along with Nesmith's self-penned top 40 hit \"Tapioca Tundra\", The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees reached No. 3 on the Billboard charts shortly after it was released in April 1968. It was the first album released after NBC announced they were not renewing The Monkees for a third season. The album cover—a quaint collage of items looking like a display in a jumble shop or toy store—was chosen over the Monkees' objections. It was the last Monkees' album to be released in separate, dedicated mono and stereo mixes. During the 1986 reunion, it would return to the Billboard charts for 11 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.730576992034912, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Screen Gems and NBC went ahead with the existing format anyway, commissioning Monkees writers Gerald Gardner and Dee Caruso to create a straight-comedy, no-music half-hour in the Monkees mold; a pilot episode was filmed with the then-popular nightclub act The Pickle Brothers. The pilot had the same energy and pace of The Monkees, but never became a series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942769050598145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In June 1968, Music Supervisor Lester Sill chose to release the two non-album tracks \"D.W. Washburn\" b/w \"It's Nice To Be With You\" as the Monkees' next single. The Leiber/Stoller-penned A-side would break into the Top 20, peaking at No. 19 on the charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.737360000610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "After The Monkees was canceled in February 1968, Rafelson directed the four Monkees in a feature film, Head. Schneider was executive producer, and the project was co-written and co-produced by Bob Rafelson with a then relatively unknown Jack Nicholson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744007110595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The film was not a commercial success, in part because it was the antithesis of The Monkees television show, intended to comprehensively demolish the group's carefully groomed public image. Rafelson and Nicholson's Ditty Diego-War Chant (recited at the start of the film by the Monkees), ruthlessly parodies Boyce and Hart's \"Monkees Theme\". A sparse advertising campaign (with no mention of the Monkees) squelched any chances of the film doing well, and it played only briefly. In commentary for the DVD release, Nesmith said that by this time, everyone associated with the Monkees \"had gone crazy\". They were each using the platform of the Monkees to push their own disparate career goals, to the detriment of the Monkees project. Indeed, Nesmith said, Head was Rafelson and Nicholson's intentional effort to \"kill\" the Monkees, so that they would no longer be bothered with the matter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.483236312866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The soundtrack album to the movie, Head, reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts. Jack Nicholson assembled the film's soundtrack album, weaving dialogue and sound effects from the film in between the songs from the film. The six (plus \"Ditty Diego\") Monkees songs on the album range from psychedelic pop to straight ahead rockers to Broadway rock to eastern-influenced pop to a folk-rock ballad. Although the Monkees performed \"Circle Sky\" live in the film, the studio version is chosen for the soundtrack album. The live version would later be released on various compilations, including Rhino's Missing Links series of Monkees albums. The soundtrack album also includes a song from the film's composer, Ken Thorne. The album had a mylar cover, to give it a mirror-like appearance, so that the person looking at the cover would see his own head, a play on the album title Head. Peter Tork said, \"That was something special ... [Jack] Nicholson coordinated the record, made it up from the soundtrack. He made it different from the movie. There's a line in the movie where [Frank] Zappa says, 'That's pretty white.' Then there's another line in the movie that was not juxtaposed in the movie, but Nicholson put them together in the [soundtrack album], when Mike says, 'And the same thing goes for Christmas.' ... that's funny, ... very different from the movie ...that was very important and wonderful that he assembled the record differently from the movie. ... It was a different artistic experience.\" The soundtrack album is a cult favorite among the Monkees' fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.636080741882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Over the intervening years Head has developed a cult following for its innovative style and anarchic humor. Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.836245536804199, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Early 1969: Tork's resignation, Instant Replay and The Monkees Present", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.36387825012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Since the Monkees at this point were producing their own songs with very little of the other band members involvement, they planned a future double album (eventually to be reduced to The Monkees Present) on which each Monkee would separately produce one side of a disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92375659942627, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In February 1969, the Monkees' seventh album, Instant Replay, without Tork's involvement beyond playing guitar on \"I Won't Be the Same Without Her\", was released, which reached No. 32 on the charts. The single from the album was \"Tear Drop City\", which peaked at No. 56 on the U.S. Billboard chart and No. 34 on the Australian chart. According to Rhino Handmade's 2011 Deluxe Edition reissue of this album, Davy Jones told Melody Maker, \"Half of the songs were recorded over the last three years, but there are also about six new ones.\" The Monkees wanted to please the original 1966 fans by offering up new recordings of some previously unreleased older styled songs, as well as gain a new audience with what they considered a more mature sound. Nesmith continued in his country-rock vein after offering straight ahead rock and experimental songs on the two prior albums. Nesmith stated in Rhino Handmade's 2011 Deluxe Edition reissue, \"I guess it was the same embryo beating in me that was somewhere in Don Henley and Glenn Frey and Linda Ronstadt and Neil Young. Everybody who was hanging out in those times. I could just feel this happening that there was this thing. So, I headed off to Nashville to see if I couldn't get some of the Nashville country thing into the rock 'n' roll or vice versa. What I found was that Nashville country was not the country that was going to be the basis of country-rock and that it was Western, Southwest country. It was coming much more out of the Southern California scene. I ended up with a lot of Dobro, mandolin, banjo, and things that were hard-core mountain music stuff ... the Nashville cats were so blown out by playin' this kind of music. They loved it, for one thing.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.455056190490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Dolenz contributed the biggest and longest Monkees' production, \"Shorty Blackwell\", a song inspired by his cat of the same name. Dolenz called it his \"feeble attempt at something to do with Sgt. Pepper.\" Jones contributed an electric guitar rocker, \"You and I.\" Both Jones and Dolenz continued their role of singing on the pop songs. Lyrically, it has a theme of being one of the Monkees' most melancholy albums.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.046102285385132, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Throughout 1969 the trio appeared as guests on television programs such as The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, The Johnny Cash Show, Hollywood Squares, and Laugh-In. The Monkees also had a contractual obligation to appear in several television commercials with Bugs Bunny for Kool-Aid drink mix as well as Post cereal box singles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699911117553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In the summer of 1969 the three Monkees embarked on a tour with the backing of the soul band \"Sam and the Good-Timers\". The concerts for this tour were longer sets than their earlier concert tours, many shows running over two hours. Although the tour was met with some positive critical reception (Billboard in particular praised it), other critics were not favorable of the mixing of the Monkees' pop music with the Goodtimers' R&B approach. Toward the end of the tour, some dates were canceled due to poor ticket sales, and the tour failed to re-establish the band commercially, with no single entering the Top 40 in 1969. Dolenz remarked that the tour \"was like kicking a dead horse. The phenomenon had peaked.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.953273296356201, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "This left Dolenz and Jones to record the bubblegum pop album Changes as the ninth and final album by the Monkees released during its original incarnation. By this time, Colgems was hardly putting any effort into the project, and they sent Dolenz and Jones to New York for the Changes sessions, to be produced by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim. In comments for the liner notes of the 1994 re-release of Changes, Jones said that he felt they had been tricked into recording an \"Andy Kim album\" under the Monkees name. Except for the two singers' vocal performances, Changes is the only album that fails to win any significant praise from critics looking back 40 years to the Monkees' recording output. The album spawned the single \"Oh My My\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \"Midnight Train\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \"Oh My My\" b/w \"I Love You Better\" single from the Changes album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, Changes would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.391057968139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \"Do It in the Name of Love\" and \"Lady Jane\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\"Do It in the Name Of Love\" b/w \"Lady Jane\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.451052188873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "MTV and Nickelodeon reignite Monkeemania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211430549621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Brushed off by critics during their heyday as manufactured and lacking talent, the Monkees experienced a critical and commercial rehabilitation two decades later. A Monkees TV show marathon (\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\") was broadcast on February 23, 1986, on the then five-year-old MTV video music channel. In February and March, Tork and Jones played together in Australia. Then in May, Dolenz, Jones, and Tork announced a \"20th Anniversary Tour\" produced by David Fishof and they began playing North America in June. Their original albums began selling again as Nickelodeon began to run their old series daily. MTV promotion also helped to resurrect a smaller version of Monkeemania, and tour dates grew from smaller to larger venues and became one of the biggest live acts of 1986 and 1987. A new greatest hits collection was issued, reaching platinum status.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.543767929077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The 1980s reunion tours were the most lucrative venture the three had ever seen in their days as the Monkees, far surpassing the monies they had made in the 1960s. Nesmith had little financial need to join in Monkees-related projects, mostly as his mother Bette Nesmith Graham was the inventor of Liquid Paper, leaving Nesmith over $25 million upon her death in 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.234869003295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "A new album by the touring trio, Pool It! (the Monkees' tenth), appeared the following year and was a moderate success. From 1986 to 1989, the Monkees would conduct major concert tours in the United States, Australia, Japan, and Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585192680358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "New Monkees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.985108375549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "In 1987, a new television series called New Monkees appeared. Four young musicians were placed in a similar series based on the original show, but \"updated\" for the 1980s. The New Monkees left the air after 13 episodes. (Neither Bob Rafelson nor Bert Schneider were involved in the development or production of the series, although it was produced by \"Straybert Productions\" headed by Steve Blauner, Rafelson and Schneider's partner in BBS Productions.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.851210594177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In the 1990s, the Monkees continued to record new material. In 1993, Dolenz and Jones worked together on a television commercial, and another reunion tour was launched with the two of them in 1994. Rhino Records re-issued all the original LPs on CD, each of which included between three and six bonus tracks of previously unreleased or alternate takes; the first editions came with collectible trading cards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.503246784210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Their eleventh album Justus was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. Justus was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (Justus = Just Us).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.545220375061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In October, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in The Hollywood Reporter that he \"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to The Monkees).\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.814265251159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour commenced on May 12, 2011 in Liverpool, England, before moving to North America in June and July for a total of 43 performances. Sandoval noted, \"Their mixed feelings on the music business and their long and winding relationship weighed heavily, but once they hit the stage, the old magic was apparent. For the next three months...[they brought] the music and memories to fans in the band's grandest stage show in decades. Images from their series and films flashed on a huge screen behind them; even Rolling Stone, whose owner, Jann Wenner, has vowed to keep them out of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, gushed.\" Nesmith did not take part in the tour, which grossed approximately $4 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.708505630493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Fall 2012 tour was very well received by both fans and critics, resulting in the band scheduling a 24-date summer tour for 2013. Dubbed \"A Midsummer’s Night With the Monkees\", concerts also featured Nesmith, Dolenz, and Tork. \"The reaction to the last tour was euphoric\", Dolenz told Rolling Stone magazine. \"It was pretty apparent there was a demand for another one.\" A third tour with Nesmith would follow in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7935428023338318, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2014, the Monkees were inducted into the Pop Music Hall of Fame at the 2014 Monkees Convention. At the convention the band announced a 2014 tour of the Eastern and Midwestern US. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.759840965270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Controversy over the Monkees' studio abilities hit early in 1967. Dolenz told a reporter that the Wrecking Crew provided the backing tracks for the first two Monkees albums, and that his origin as a drummer was simply that a Monkee had to be tasked with learning the drums since he knew how to play only the guitar. A January 28, 1967 Saturday Evening Post article quoted Nesmith railing against the music creation process. \"Do you know how debilitating it is to sit up and have to duplicate somebody else’s records?\" he asked. \"Tell the world we don’t record our own music... Our records are not our forté,\" he added. The whistle blowing on themselves worked in forcing producer Don Kirshner out of the project and the band taking creative control for its third album. But when the Monkees toured the U.K. in 1967, the story that the band was recording their own music for its current album and playing their own instruments on stage was not the headline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0332233905792236, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Making the front pages of several U.K. and international music papers was that the group members did not always play all of their own instruments or sing all of the backing vocals in the studio during their tour of England. The group was derisively dubbed the \"Pre-Fab Four\", and the London Sunday Mirror called them a \"Disgrace to the Pop World.\" Piling on later that year was tour opener Jimi Hendrix who before he left the tour told Melody Maker magazine, \"Oh God, I hate them! Dishwater....You can't knock anybody for making it, but people like the Monkees?\" Dealing with the controversy on the television series proved challenging. An interview tag at the end of episode No. 31 of their TV show, \"Monkees at the Movies\", which first aired April 1967, where Bob Rafelson asked the group about accusations that they did not play their instruments in concert, to which Nesmith responded, \"I'm fixin' to walk out there in front of fifteen thousand people, man! If I don't play my own instrument, I'm in a lot of trouble!\" But in the \"Devil and Peter Tork\" episode, the episode serves as a parable as a Kirshner-like producer has Tork sign over his soul to be a success as a musician. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.678846836090088, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In November 1967, the wave of anti-Monkee sentiment was reaching its peak while the Monkees released their fourth album, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones Ltd. In liner notes for the 1995 re-release of this album, Nesmith was quoted as saying that after Headquarters, \"The press went into a full-scale war against us, talking about how 'The Monkees are four guys who have no credits, no credibility whatsoever and have been trying to trick us into believing they are a rock band.' Number 1, not only was this not the case; the reverse was true. Number 2, for the press to report with genuine alarm that the Monkees were not a real rock band was looney tunes! It was one of the great goofball moments of the media, but it stuck.\" Davy Jones stated in 1969 to Tiger Beat, \"I get so angry when musicians say, 'Oh, your music is so bad,' because it's not bad to the kids. Those people who talk about 'doing their own thing' are groups that go and play in the clubs that hold 50 people, while we're playing to 10,000 kids. You know, it hurts me to think that anybody thinks we're phony, because we're not. We're only doing what we think is our own thing.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.166643142700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "It was reported in Rolling Stone on October 11, 2011 that Tork still feels that the Monkees do not get the respect that they deserve. \"With all due modesty since I had little to do with it, the Monkees' songbook is one of the better songbooks in pop history\", he says. \"Certainly in the top five in terms of breadth and depth. It was revealed that we didn't play our own instruments on the records much at the very moment when the idealism of early Beatlemania in rock was at its peak. So we became the ultimate betrayers. The origins of the group were obvious and everyone understood that, but suddenly some little switch was flipped and all that stuff came crashing down around our ears.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.668519020080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* May 1966: Filming for the TV show starts, taking 12 hours a day for the cast of the Monkees. The public is informed in the beginning that the Monkees are \"manufactured\", as seen in this Washington Post report: \"The series stars a fearsome foursome in the Monkees, a wholly manufactured singing group of attractive young men who come off as a combination of the Beatles, the Dead End Kids and the Marx Brothers. Critics will cry foul. Longhairs will demand, outraged, that they be removed from the air. But the kids will adore the Monkees [...] unlike other rock 'n' roll groups, the boys had never performed together before. Indeed, they'd never even met [...] they've been working to create their own sound.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860735893249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* June 1966: Although the producers want the Monkees to create their own music, they had not progressed enough by this point and still lacked the \"upbeat, young, happy, driving, pulsating sound\" that they desired. Dolenz stated, \"I'm sure that Rafelson and Schneider said in all honesty, 'Yeah, don't worry, when we start going you're gonna record your own tunes and it will be wonderful.' But the things get caught up in the inertia of the moment. NBC gets involved. RCA gets involved. Screen Gems gets involved. Millions and millions of dollars are on the line [...] people aren't as forthcoming. Mike's style was very distinct, country-western, Peter was very folk-rock, neither of which at the time would have been considered mainstream pop. Davy would have done all Broadway tunes [...] I ended up singing the leads [...] pop-rock was more my style.\" However, they used selections of Nesmith's authorship and composition from the beginning. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.21040678024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* June 10, 1966: The Monkees' first recording sessions take place. These sessions feature members of the Wrecking Crew, a group of studio musicians in Los Angeles who would play on several Monkees album tracks, mostly those produced by Nesmith. These sessions were unsuccessful, however, and most future sessions in 1966 would feature the Candy Store Prophets, a studio band led by Boyce & Hart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.082658767700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "* June 25, 1966: Nesmith produces his first Monkees track in a recording studio, his two self-composed songs \"All the King's Horses\", \"The Kind of Girl I Could Love\", plus \"I Don't Think You Know Me\", as a way for Raybert Productions to fulfill their promise to him to allow him to produce and record his own music. He is not allowed to play the instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.003969192504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "* July 1966: Various producers from Boyce & Hart to Jack Keller to Nesmith continue to record sessions. Nesmith gets all four members to sing on his productions. On July 18, 1966 Nesmith also gets Tork to play guitar on the songs he is producing for the first time. Sessions continue in this manner, with the hired producers Boyce & Hart and Jack Keller and Monkees member Nesmith producing/recording songs in the studio through November 1966. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9783352613449097, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* August 1966: The Monkees' first single is released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863136291503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* September 1966: The Monkees' TV show premieres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005147933959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* October 1966: The Monkees' debut album is released. Group member Nesmith, in particular, is angered when he sees the album cover, because he thinks it makes it look like they played all of the instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.136890888214111, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* October 2, 1966: The Monkees give their first public interview, which appears in The New York Times, in which Jones is asked if the big push for the Monkees is fair to the real rock groups, to which he responds, \"... That's the breaks, but you can't fool the people, you really can't.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462906837463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* October 24, 1966: Newsweek interviews the Monkees. They are asked how the music is created. Davy Jones tells them, \"This isn't a rock 'n' roll group. This is an act.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.691321849822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* December 1966: The Monkees perform live in concert starting December 3, 1966. TV Week in the meantime, interviews Rafelson about why the Monkees' public access to interviews is limited, wondering if it could be related to embarrassing questions regarding their musical prowess, to which Rafelson assures that they do all of their own playing and singing. He also states that interviews are almost impossible due to them spending 12 hours a day filming the TV show, 4 hours recording, rehearsing for concert tours, and spending some weekends making personal appearance tours. During this time frame, the Monkees are generally barred from making television appearances on shows outside of their own, as Raybert fears the group's overexposure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910420417785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* December 27, 1966: The Monkees are again interviewed about their music in Look magazine. Tork responds, \"We have the potential, but there's not time to practice.\" Dolenz says, \"We're advertisers. We're selling the Monkees. It's gotta be that way.\" Nesmith says, \"They're in the middle of something good and they're trying to sell something. They want us to be the Beatles, but we're not. We're us. We're funny.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.045811653137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* December 28, 1966: Weekly Variety reports that the Monkees are selling faster than the Beatles did at their launch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9454345703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* January 16, 1967: Four months after their first single is released, the Monkees hold their first recording session as a self-contained, fully functioning band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594157218933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* January 28, 1967: Band member Nesmith speaks to the Saturday Evening Post in an expose, stating, \"The music had nothing to do with us. It was totally dishonest. Do you know how debilitating it is to sit up and have to duplicate somebody else's records? That's really what we're doing. The music happened in spite of the Monkees. It was what Kirshner wanted to do. Our records are not our forte. I don't care if we never sell another record. Maybe we were manufactured [...] Tell the world we're synthetic because [...] we are. Tell them the Monkees are wholly man-made overnight, that millions of dollars have been poured into this thing. Tell the world we don't record our own music. But that's us they see on television. That show is really a part of us. They're not seeing something invalid.\" Decades later, Nesmith reflected, \"The press decided they were going to unload on us as being somehow illegitimate, somehow false. That we were making an attempt to dupe the public, when in fact it was me that was making the attempt to maintain the integrity. So, the press went into a full-scale war against us. Telling us the Monkees are four guys who have no credits, no credibility whatsoever, who have been trying to trick us into believing that they are a rock band. Number one, not only was it not the case, the reverse was true. Number two, [for] the press to report with genuine alarm that the Monkees were not a real rock band was looney tunes. It was one of the great goofball moments of the media, but it stuck.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.49161958694458, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* February 4, 1967: Although the Monkees have continued to play and record their own music for their upcoming album, Jones records some songs with hired producer Jeff Barry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.510424613952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* February 1967: Kirshner works behind the Monkees' backs to release another single without the band's knowledge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589579582214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* February 25, 1967: Jones is interviewed for the New Musical Express, and says, \"I can only speak for myself. I am an actor and I have never pretended to be anything else. The public have made me into a rock 'n' roll singer. No one is trying to fool anyone! People have tried to put us down by saying we copied the Beatles. So, all right, maybe the Monkees is a half-hour Hard Day's Night. But now we read that the Who are working on a TV a group. Now who's copying who?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.830641746520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* February 27, 1967: Kirshner is dismissed as Music Coordinator for the Monkees, primarily due to his handling of the third would-be-but-withdrawn single from the Monkees. Lester Sill takes his place. The Monkees continue recording their own songs, with them playing instruments, getting ready for their next album. In the meantime, the Nesmith-penned \"The Girl I Knew Somewhere\" is released as part of the Monkees third single, which features the Monkees playing as a self-contained band, which becomes a top 40 hit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.477656841278076, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* May 1967: The Monkees' first self made album, Headquarters, is released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109113693237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Tork commented on some of the controversy when writing about Jones's death: \"When we first met, I was confronted with a slick, accomplished, young performer, vastly more experienced than I in the ways of show biz, and yes, I was intimidated. Englishness was at a high premium in my world, and his experience dwarfed my entertainer's life as a hippie, basket-passing folk singer on the Greenwich Village coffee house circuit. If anything, I suppose I was selected for the cast of 'The Monkees' TV show partly as a rough-hewn counterpart to David's sophistication. [...] the Monkees—the group now, not the TV series—took a lot of flack for being 'manufactured,' by which our critics meant that we hadn't grown up together, paying our dues, sleeping five to a room, trying to make it as had the Beatles and Rolling Stones. Furthermore, critics said, the Monkees' first albums—remember albums?—were almost entirely recorded by professional studio musicians, with hardly any input from any of us beyond lead vocals. I felt this criticism keenly, coming as I did from the world of the ethical folk singer, basically honoring the standards of the naysayers. We did play as a group live on tour.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.03345251083374, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Critics of the Monkees observed that they were simply the \"Pre-Fab four\", a made-for-TV knockoff of the Beatles; the Beatles, however, took it in their stride and hosted a party for the Monkees when they visited England. The party occurred during the time when the Beatles were recording Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band; as such, the party inspired the line in the Monkees' tune \"Randy Scouse Git\", written by Dolenz, which read, \"the four kings of EMI are sitting stately on the floor.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.371131896972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film Back in the U.S. singing \"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\", the theme from The Monkees show, while backstage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969629287719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees \"Cuddly Toy\" and \"Daddy's Song\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \"Cuddly Toy\" would be recorded several months before Nilsson's own debut in October 1967. At the press conference announcing the formation of Apple, the Beatles named Harry Nilsson as both their favorite American artist and as their favorite American group. Derek Taylor, the Beatles's press officer, had introduced them to Harry's music. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.010432243347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In June 2007, Tork complained to the New York Post that Jann Wenner had blackballed the Monkees from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.855659484863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "[Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.471162796020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In a Facebook post, Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside, and further stated: \"I can see the HOF (Hall of Fame) is a private enterprise. It seems to operate as a business, and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise. The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner's pleasure. This seems proper to me. It is their business in any case. It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate, nor should it be compelled to conform to one.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.974267959594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2015, Micky Dolenz said, \"As far as the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame I’ve never been one to chase awards or anything like that; it’s never been very important to me. I was very proud to win an Emmy for The Monkees, having come out of television as a kid. When we won the Emmy for best TV show in ’66 or ‘67 that was a huge feather in my cap. But I’ve never chased that kind of stuff. I’ve never done a project and thought, “What do I do here to win an award?” Specifically as far as the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame I’ve been very flattered that the fans and people have championed the Monkees. Very flattered and honored that they do. If you know anything about the organization, and I’ve done charity work for the foundation, the Hall of Fame is a private club. It’s like a country club and they have the right to do that; that’s their prerogative. That’s their private club. That’s kind of how I feel about it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.944457054138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Various magazines and news outlets, such as Time, NPR radio, The Christian Science Monitor, Goldmine magazine, Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75457763671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "Beginning in 1987, Rhino Records started to make available previously unreleased Monkees recordings on a series of albums called Missing Links. Having numerous quality songwriters, musicians, producers and arrangers—along with high budgets—at their hands while making albums during the 1960s, the band was able to record as many songs as the Beatles in half the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41773796081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "The three volumes of this initial series contained 59 songs. These include the group's first recordings as a self-contained band, including the intended single \"All Of Your Toys,\" Nesmith's Nashville sessions, and alternate versions of songs featured only on the television series. The Listen to the Band box set also contained previously unreleased recordings, as did the 1994-95 series CD album reissues. Rhino/Rhino Handmade's Deluxe Edition reissue series has also included alternate mixes, unreleased songs, and the soundtrack to 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Monkee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.426694393157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees, selected specifically to appeal to the youth market as American television's response to the Beatles with their manufactured personae and carefully produced singles, are seen as an original precursor to the modern proliferation of studio and corporation-created bands. But this critical reputation has softened somewhat, with the recognition that the Monkees were neither the first manufactured group nor unusual in this respect. The Monkees also frequently contributed their own songwriting efforts on their albums and saw their musical skills improve. They ultimately became a self-directed group, playing their own instruments and writing many of their own songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886603355407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Noted Monkees and 1960s music historian Andrew Sandoval noted, in The Hollywood Reporter, that the Monkees \"pioneered the music video format [and band member Mike Nesmith dreamed up the prototype for what would become MTV] and paved the way for every boy band that followed in their wake, from New Kids on the Block to 'N Sync to Jonas Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance Easy Rider and Five Easy Pieces, which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.332808494567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Chicago Tribune interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a lot of musicians, you know. I can't tell you the amount of people that have come up and said, 'I wouldn't have been a musician if it hadn't been for the Monkees.' It baffles me even now,\" Jones added. \"I met a guy from Guns N' Roses, and he was overwhelmed by the meeting, and was just so complimentary.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5579938888549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The Monkees found unlikely fans among musicians of the punk rock period of the mid-1970s. Many of these punk performers had grown up on TV reruns of the series, and sympathized with the anti-industry, anti-Establishment trend of their career. Sex Pistols and Minor Threat both recorded versions of \"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" and it was often played live by Toy Love. The Japanese new wave pop group The Plastics recorded a synthesizer and drum-machine version of \"Last Train to Clarksville\" for their 1979 album Welcome Plastics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.908555030822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Glenn A. Baker, author of Monkeemania: The True Story of the Monkees, described the Monkees as \"rock's first great embarrassment\" in 1986:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095026016235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Like an illegitimate child in a respectable family, the Monkees are destined to be regarded forever as rock's first great embarrassment; misunderstood and maligned like a mongrel at a ritzy dog show, or a test tube baby at the Vatican. The rise of the pre-fab four coincided with rock's desperate desire to cloak itself with the trappings of respectability, credibility and irreproachable heritage. The fact was ignored that session players were being heavily employed by the Beach Boys, the Beatles, the Mamas and the Papas, the Byrds and other titans of the age. However, what could not be ignored, as rock disdained its pubescent past, was a group of middle-aged Hollywood businessmen had actually assembled their concept of a profitable rock group and foisted it upon the world. What mattered was that the Monkees had success handed to them on a silver plate. Indeed, it was not so much righteous indignation but thinly disguised jealousy which motivated the scornful dismissal of what must, in retrospect, be seen as entertaining, imaginative and highly memorable exercise in pop culture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28844165802002, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Mediaite columnist Paul Levinson noted that \"The Monkees were the first example of something created in a medium—in this case, a rock group on television—that jumped off the screen to have big impact in the real world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865747451782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "When commenting on the death of Jones on February 29, 2012, Time magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the television show, saying that \"even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn't sell The Monkees short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a stylistically ambitious show, with a distinctive visual style, absurdist sense of humor and unusual story structure. Whatever Jones and the Monkees were meant to be, they became creative artists in their own right, and Jones' chipper Brit-pop presence was a big reason they were able to produce work that was commercial, wholesome and yet impressively weird.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.555997848510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Both the style and substance of the Monkees were imitated by American boy band Big Time Rush (BTR), who performed in their own television series which -- by admission of series creator Scott Fellows -- was heavily influenced by the Monkees. Similar to the Monkees, Big Time Rush featured a \"made-for-tv\" boy band often caught in a series of misadventures, hijinks, and somewhat slapstick comedy. The show, now in reruns but still hugely popular on Teen Nick, is highly stylized and patterned after the Monkees, even capped with similar cartoonish sound effects. Like the Monkees, BTR has also seen critical and commercial success in America and worldwide through album, singles and high TV ratings worldwide.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.363164901733398, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Mike Nesmith's individual song publishing opened the way for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band to record \"Mary, Mary\" for their groundbreaking second album, East-West, in 1966---months before the song was recorded by the Monkees for the controversial More of the Monkees second album. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.356155872344971, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Linda Ronstadt would have her first major hit two years later, when her folk-rock group The Stone Poneys recorded Nesmith's \"Different Drum,\" a song they may have found by way of the Greenbriar Boys' earlier version. Except for a comic and brief playing of the song on a Monkees television episode, neither Nesmith nor the Monkees themselves recorded the song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.27336597442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "* Australian indie-rock bands of the 1980s such as Grooveyard (\"All The King's Horses\"), Prince Vlad & the Gargoyle Impalers (\"Mary, Mary\", \"For Pete's Sake\", \"Circle Sky\"), the Upbeat, and the Mexican Spitfires (\"Mary, Mary\") performed Monkees cover versions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.470172882080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees also had a big influence on Paul Westerberg, lead singer and songwriter for the Replacements; \"Daydream Believer\" and \"You Just May Be The One\" are staples at his live shows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13762378692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The band's legacy was strengthened by Rhino Entertainment's acquisition of the Monkees' franchise from Columbia Pictures in the early 1990s. The label has released several Monkees-related projects, including remastered editions of both the original television series and their complete music library, as well as their motion picture Head.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935205459594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "The highly respected Criterion Collection, whose stated goal is to release \"a continuing series of important classic and contemporary films, [and] has been dedicated to gathering the greatest films from around the world and publishing them in editions that offer the highest technical quality and award-winning, original supplements\" recognized The Monkees film Head as meeting their criteria when they fully restored and released it on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010. They stated that Head was \"way, way ahead of its time\" and \"arguably the most authentically psychedelic film made in 1960s Hollywood\", Head dodged commercial success on its release but has since been reclaimed as one of the great cult objects of its era.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092199325561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In the book, Hey, Hey We're The Monkees, Rafelson explains, \"[Head] explored techniques on film that hadn't been used before. The first shot of Micky under water is a perfect example. Now you see it on MTV all the time, but it was invented for the movie [...] I got two long-haired kids out of UCLA who created the effects that the established laboratory guys said couldn't be done. We invented double-matted experiences. Polarization hadn't been used in movies before. [...] When it was shown in France, the head of the Cinematheque overly praised the movie as a cinematic masterpiece, and from that point on, this movie began to acquire an underground reputation.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.475518226623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "Other examples of the Monkees impact:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320880889892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Brian Wilson, of the Beach Boys, noted in the Monkees Anthology CD liner notes that \"The Monkees inspired me to write \"Break Away\" with my dad. Thank you for all of the good music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018512725830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Glen Campbell, who was a touring member of the Beach Boys, and a successful solo artist, mentioned in the Monkees Anthology CD liner notes that \"I love the Monkees because I dug their music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.111442565917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Nirvana's lead singer Kurt Cobain was a fan of the Monkees, and put their logo on the back of one of his early guitars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241301536560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* U2 was a big fan of the Monkees, and had Davy Jones come out during one of their concerts to sing \"Daydream Believer.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.990626335144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* R.E.M.'s lead singer Michael Stipe had once stated that they would not accept induction into the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame until the Monkees were inducted. (R.E.M. has since been inducted.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05770206451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In The Simpsons episode \"Fear of Flying,\" a flashback to Marge's childhood showed that she had a Monkees lunchbox on her first day of school, only for another girl to taunt her about her love for the band by telling her they did not play their own instruments or write their own songs—and claim that Mike Nesmith's hat was not his own. In the present, Marge notes that the girl was right, however her psychiatrist assures her by saying, \"The Monkees weren't about music, Marge. They were about rebellion, about political and social upheaval!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.931618690490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The 1999 British Pop band S Club 7's T.V. show Miami 7 featured a very similar storyline to the Monkees TV Show as they were also a manufactured band trying to become famous like the Monkees. It was also the 2nd time a manufactured band had appeared on television in the USA. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690388679504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In 2010, Nick Vernier Band created a digital \"Monkees reunion\" through the release of Mister Bob (featuring The Monkees), a new song produced under license from Rhino Entertainment, containing vocal samples from the band's recording \"Zilch.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.314360618591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In 2011, \"Mister Bob\" was released as a single to coincide with the Monkees's 45th Anniversary Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998968124389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In 2013, the closing song of Mad Men Season 6, Episode 12 is the Monkees' \"Porpoise Song\", also known as the theme from their 1968 psychedelic film (co-written by a young Jack Nicholson), \"Head\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707883834838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In 2008, the Monkees were inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530990600585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* In 2014 the Monkees were inducted into America's Pop Music Hall of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.189022064208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Music Business Association (Music Biz) honored The Monkees with an Outstanding Achievement Award celebrating their 50th anniversary on May 16, 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.257537841796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707634925842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* More of The Monkees (1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716665267944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Birds, The Bees & the Monkees (1968)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92660903930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees Present (1969)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722038269042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Golden Hits of The Monkees (1975–77) (Dolenz, Jones, Boyce and Hart)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8936238288879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* Sounds of The Monkees (1986; 1987) (Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595282554626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees Live (1989) (Dolenz, Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9160876274108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees Summer Tour (1989) (Dolenz, Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7961502075195312, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkees", "passage": "* Monkees: The 30th Anniversary Tour (1996) (Dolenz, Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7459607124328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "Monkee", "passage": "* Monkeemania Returns Tour (2001–2002) (Dolenz, Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.341767311096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (2011) (Dolenz, Jones, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.638432025909424, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* An Evening with The Monkees (Fall 2012) (Dolenz, Nesmith, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.801273822784424, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* A Midsummer's Night with the Monkees (Summer 2013) (Dolenz, Nesmith, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5792086124420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* The Monkees Live in Concert (Spring 2014) (Dolenz, Nesmith, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.48115348815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "* An Evening with the Monkees (2015) (Dolenz, Tork)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2872772216796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "There was also \"The Monkees\" comic published in the United States by Dell Comics, which ran for seventeen issues from 1967 to 1969. In the United Kingdom, a Daily Mirror \"Crazy Cartoon Book\" featured four comic stories as well as four photos of The Monkees, all in black and white; it was published in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036674499511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" }, { "answer": "The Monkees", "passage": "In 2000, VH-1 produced the television biopic Daydream Believers: The Monkees' Story. In 2002, the movie was released on DVD, and featured both commentaries and interviews with Dolenz, Jones and Tork. The aired version did differ from the DVD release as the TV version had an extended scene with all four Monkees meeting the Beatles but with a shortened Cleveland concert segment. It was also available on VHS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.146235466003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Monkees" } ]

[ { "answer": "J.P. Morgan", "passage": "*Merchant banking can be called \"very personal banking\"; merchant banks offer capital in exchange for share ownership rather than loans, and offer advice on management and strategy. Merchant banking is also a name used to describe the private equity side of a firm. Current examples include Defoe Fournier & Cie. and JPMorgan Chase's One Equity Partners. The original J.P. Morgan & Co., Rothschilds, Barings and Warburgs were all merchant banks. Originally, \"merchant bank\" was the British English term for an investment bank.", "precise_score": -7.721829414367676, "rough_score": -9.457305908203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Investment banking" }, { "answer": "J.P. Morgan", "passage": "Risk management involves analyzing the market and credit risk that an investment bank or its clients take onto their balance sheet during transactions or trades. Credit risk focuses around capital markets activities, such as loan syndication, bond issuance, restructuring, and leveraged finance. Market risk conducts review of sales and trading activities utilizing the VaR model and provide hedge-fund solutions to portfolio managers. Other risk groups include country risk, operational risk, and counterparty risks which may or may not exist on a bank to bank basis. Credit risk solutions are key part of capital market transactions, involving debt structuring, exit financing, loan amendment, project finance, leveraged buy-outs, and sometimes portfolio hedging. Front office market risk activities provide service to investors via derivative solutions, portfolio management, portfolio consulting, and risk advisory. Well-known risk groups in JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs and Barclays engage in revenue-generating activities involving debt structuring, restructuring, loan syndication, and securitization for clients such as corporates, governments, and hedge funds. J.P. Morgan IB Risk works with investment banking to execute transactions and advise investors, although its Finance & Operation risk groups focus on middle office functions involving internal, non-revenue generating, operational risk controls.[http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/investbk/solutions/riskmgmt Risk Management Consulting | J.P. Morgan][http://careers.jpmorgan.com/student/jpmorgan/careers/europe/business/ops J.P. Morgan | Operations - internships and graduate roles][http://careers.jpmorgan.com/student/jpmorgan/careers/us/business/finance J.P. Morgan | Business areas - Finance] Credit default swap, for instance, is a famous credit risk hedging solution for clients invented by J.P. Morgan's Blythe Masters during the 1990s. The Loan Risk Solutions group within Barclays' investment banking division and Risk Management and Financing group[http://www.goldmansachs.com/what-we-do/securities/prime-brokerage/risk-mgmt-and-financing.html Goldman Sachs | Prime Brokerage - Risk Management and Financing] housed in Goldman Sach's securities division are client-driven franchises. However, risk management groups such as operational risk, internal risk control, legal risk, and the one at Morgan Stanley are restrained to internal business functions including firm balance-sheet risk analysis and assigning trading cap that are independent of client needs, even though these groups may be responsible for deal approval that directly affects capital market activities. Risk management is a broad area, and like research, its roles can be client-facing or internal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579919815063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Investment banking" } ]

[ { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965), known by his stage name Moby, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, DJ and photographer. He is well known for his electronic music, veganism, and support of animal rights. Moby has sold over 20 million albums worldwide. AllMusic considers him \"one of the most important dance music figures of the early 1990s, helping bring the music to a mainstream audience both in the UK and in America\". ", "precise_score": 6.263278961181641, "rough_score": 6.95352029800415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Richard Melville Hall", "passage": "Richard Melville Hall was born in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, to Elizabeth McBride (née Warner), a medical secretary, and James Frederick Hall, a chemistry professor who died when Richard was two years old. He was raised by his mother in Darien, Connecticut. ", "precise_score": 1.0527275800704956, "rough_score": 1.5653327703475952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "According to Hall, his middle name and the nickname \"Moby\" were given to him by his parents because of an ancestral relationship to Moby Dick author Herman Melville: \"The basis for Richard Melville Hall—and for Moby—is that supposedly Herman Melville was my great-great-great-grand uncle.\" ", "precise_score": 4.042797565460205, "rough_score": 5.644165515899658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby released his first singles for Instinct under several different names, such as Barracuda, Brainstorm, and UHF. His first single was a commercial failure—a rap record with vocalist Jimmy Mack, titled Time's Up, featuring several remixes and stems for remixing. Very few copies were ever sold.", "precise_score": -10.2645263671875, "rough_score": -9.289170265197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "His first single under the pseudonym 'Moby' was \"Mobility\", but it was his remix of Mobilitys b-side, \"Go\", that proved to be his first breakthrough. Go (Woodtick Mix), a progressive house track using the string line from \"Laura Palmer's Theme\" from the TV drama Twin Peaks, reached the UK top ten in October 1991 and earned him his first appearance on Top of the Pops. Some of his other singles in 1992 and 1993 were \"Next Is the E\", \"Thousand\" (with its 1,000 Beats Per Minute tempo), and \"Voodoo Child\".", "precise_score": -10.162927627563477, "rough_score": -9.351048469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby speaks about his experience of transcendental meditation and advocates the use of meditation for high risk youth at the David Lynch Foundation \"Change Begins Within\" benefit concert, held at Radio City Music Hall on the April 3, 2009. Guest speakers and performers included Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Donovan, Eddie Vedder, Ben Harper, Paul Horn, Jim James, Bettye LaVette, Sheryl Crow, Angelo Badalamenti, Russell Simmons, Mike Love, Jerry Seinfeld and Howard Stern. ", "precise_score": -10.277749061584473, "rough_score": -8.270655632019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period best known for Typee (1846), a romantic account of his experiences in Polynesian life, and his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851). His work was almost forgotten during his last thirty years. His writing draws on his experience at sea as a common sailor, exploration of literature and philosophy, and engagement in the contradictions of American society in a period of rapid change. He developed a complex, baroque style: the vocabulary is rich and original, a strong sense of rhythm infuses the elaborate sentences, the imagery is often mystical or ironic, and the abundance of allusion extends to Scripture, myth, philosophy, literature, and the visual arts.", "precise_score": -3.121628761291504, "rough_score": -5.306800365447998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In August 1850, Melville moved his growing family to Arrowhead, a farm near Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he established a profound but short-lived friendship with Nathaniel Hawthorne, to whom he dedicated Moby-Dick. Moby-Dick was another commercial failure, published to mixed reviews. Melville's career as a popular author effectively ended with the cool reception of Pierre (1852), in part a satirical portrait of the literary scene. His Revolutionary War novel Israel Potter appeared in 1855. From 1853 to 1856, Melville published short fiction in magazines, most notably \"Bartleby, the Scrivener\" (1853), \"The Encantadas\" (1854), and \"Benito Cereno\" (1855). These and three other stories were collected in 1856 as The Piazza Tales. In 1857, he voyaged to England, where he reunited with Hawthorne for the first time since 1852, and then went on to tour the Near East. The Confidence-Man (1857), was the last prose work he published during his lifetime. He moved to New York to take a position as Customs Inspector and turned to poetry. Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866) was his poetic reflection on the moral questions of the Civil War. In 1867 his oldest child, Malcolm, died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot. Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land, a metaphysical epic, appeared in 1876. In 1886, his second son, Stanwix, died and Melville retired. During his last years, he privately published two volumes of poetry, left one volume unpublished, and returned to prose of the sea: the novella Billy Budd, left unfinished at his death, was published in 1924.", "precise_score": -6.495725154876709, "rough_score": -6.475888252258301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In March 1837 he was again withdrawn from Albany Academy. Gansevoort had copies of John Todd's Index Rerum, a blank book, more of a register, in which one could index remarkable passages from books one had read, for easy retrieval. Among the sample entries was \"Pequot, beautiful description of the war with,\" with a short title reference to the place in Benjamin Trumbull's A Complete History of Connecticut (1797 or 1818) where the description could be found. The two surviving volumes are the best evidence for Melville's reading in this period, because there is little doubt that Gansevoort's reading served him as a guide. The entries include books that Melville later used for Moby-Dick and Clarel, such as \"Parsees—of India—an excellent description of their character, & religion & an account of their descent—East India Sketch Book p. 21.\" Other entries are on Panther, the pirate's cabin, and storm at sea from James Fenimore Cooper's The Red Rover, Saint-Saba. ", "precise_score": -8.599699020385742, "rough_score": -8.7083101272583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In early May 1850 Melville wrote to fellow sea author Richard Henry Dana Jr. a letter that contains what is the earliest surviving mention of the writing of Moby-Dick, saying he was already \"half way\" done. In June he described the book to his English publisher as \"a romance of adventure, founded upon certain wild legends in the Southern Sperm Whale Fisheries\", and promised it would be done by the fall. The manuscript has not survived, so it is impossible to know its state at this critical juncture. Over the next several months, Melville radically transformed his initial plan, conceiving what Delbanco has described as \"the most ambitious book ever conceived by an American writer\". ", "precise_score": -7.934449672698975, "rough_score": -6.760415554046631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Melville wrote ten letters to Hawthorne, \"all of them effusive, profound, deeply affectionate\". Melville was inspired and encouraged by his new relationship with Hawthorne during the period that he was writing Moby-Dick. He dedicated this new novel to Hawthorne, though their friendship was to wane only a short time later.Cheever(2006), 196", "precise_score": -7.922926425933838, "rough_score": -8.837711334228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On October 18 The Whale was published in Britain in three volumes, and on November 14 Moby-Dick appeared in the United States as a single volume. In between these dates, on October 22, 1851, the Melvilles' second child, Stanwix, was born. On December 1 Hawthorne wrote a letter of appraisal to Duyckinck, prompted in part by his disagreement with the review in Literary World: \"What a book Melville has written! It gives me an idea of much greater power than his preceding ones. It hardly seemed to me that the review of it, in the Literary World, did justice to its best points.\" ", "precise_score": -6.972804546356201, "rough_score": -5.911715030670166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Melville's writing style shows enormous changes throughout the years as well as consistencies. In the words of Arvin, Melville's development \"had been abnormally postponed, and when it came, it came with a rush and a force that had the menace of quick exhaustion in it.\" As early a juvenile piece as \"Fragments from a Writing Desk\" from 1839, scholar Sealts points out, already shows \"a number of elements that anticipate Melville's later writing, especially his characteristic habit of abundant literary allusion\". Typee and Omoo were documentary adventures that called for a division of the narrative in short chapters. Such compact organization bears the risk of fragmentation when applied to a lengthy work such as Mardi, but with Redburn and White Jacket, Melville turned the short chapter into an instrument of form and concentration. A number of chapters of Moby-Dick are no longer than two pages in standard editions, and an extreme example is Chapter 122, consisting of a single paragraph of 36 words (including the thrice-repeated \"Um, um, um.\") The skillful handling of chapters in Moby-Dick is one of the most fully developed Melvillean signatures, and is a measure of \"his manner of mastery as a writer\". Individual chapters have become \"a touchstone for appreciation of Melville's art and for explanation\" of his themes. In contrast, the chapters in Pierre, called Books, are divided into short numbered sections, seemingly an \"odd formal compromise\" between Melville's natural length and his purpose to write a regular romance that called for longer chapters. As satirical elements were introduced, the chapter arrangement restores \"some degree of organization and pace from the chaos\". The usual chapter unit then reappears for Israel Potter, The Confidence-Man and even Clarel, but only becomes \"a vital part in the whole creative achievement\" again in the juxtaposition of accents and of topics in Billy Budd.", "precise_score": -8.219921112060547, "rough_score": -8.72992992401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Melville's early works were \"increasingly baroque\" in style, and with Moby-Dick Melville's vocabulary had grown superabundant. Bezanson calls it an \"immensely varied style\". According to critic Warner Berthoff, three characteristic uses of language can be recognized. First, the exaggerated repetition of words, as in the series \"pitiable,\" \"pity,\" \"pitied,\" and \"piteous\" (Ch. 81, \"The Pequod Meets the Virgin\"). A second typical device is the use of unusual adjective-noun combinations, as in \"concentrating brow\" and \"immaculate manliness\" (Ch. 26, \"Knights and Squires\"). A third characteristic is the presence of a participial modifier to emphasize and to reinforce the already established expectations of the reader, as the words \"preluding\" and \"foreshadowing\" (\"so still and subdued and yet somehow preluding was all the scene ...,\" \"In this foreshadowing interval ...\"). ", "precise_score": -9.223344802856445, "rough_score": -9.265329360961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Melville owned an edition of Shakespeare's works by 1849, and his reading of it greatly influenced the style of his next book, Moby-Dick (1851). The critic F. O. Matthiessen found that the language of \"Shakespeare went far beyond all other influences\" upon the book, in that it inspired Melville to discover his own full strength. On almost every page, debts to Shakespeare can be discovered. The \"mere sounds, full of Leviathanism, but signifying nothing\" at the end of \"Cetology\" (Ch.32) echo the famous phrase in Macbeth: \"Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.\" Ahab's first extended speech to the crew, in the \"Quarter-Deck\" (Ch.36), Matthiessen points out, is \"virtually blank verse\" and so is Ahab's soliloquy at the beginning of \"Sunset\" (Ch.37):'I leave a white and turbid wake;/ Pale waters, paler cheeks, where'er I sail./ The envious billows sidelong swell to whelm/ My track; let them; but first I pass.' Through Shakespeare, Melville infused Moby-Dick with a power of expression he had not previously possessed. Reading Shakespeare had been \"a catalytic agent\" for Melville, one that transformed his writing \"from limited reporting to the expression of profound natural forces.\" The extent to which Melville assimilated Shakespeare is evident in the description of Ahab, Matthiessen continues, which ends in language \"that suggests Shakespeare's but is not an imitation of it: 'Oh, Ahab! what shall be grand in thee, it must needs be plucked from the skies and dived for in the deep, and featured in the unbodied air!' The imaginative richness of the final phrase seems particularly Shakespearean, \"but its two key words appear only once each in the plays...and to neither of these usages is Melville indebted for his fresh combination.\" Melville's diction depended upon no source, and his prose is not based on anybody else's verse but on \"a sense of speech rhythm\". ", "precise_score": -8.294200897216797, "rough_score": -8.575959205627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Melville, says recent literary critic Lawrence Buell, \"is justly said to be nineteenth-century America’s leading poet after Whitman and Dickinson, yet his poetry remains largely unread even by many Melvillians.\" True, Buell concedes, even more than most Victorian poets, Melville turned to poetry as an \"instrument of meditation rather than for the sake of melody or linguistic play.\" It is also true that he turned from fiction to poetry late in life. Yet he wrote twice as much poetry as Dickinson and probably as many lines as Whitman, and he wrote distinguished poetry for a quarter of a century, twice as long as his career publishing prose narratives. The three novels of the 1850s which Melville worked on most seriously to present his philosophical explorations, Moby-Dick, Pierre, and The Confidence Man, seem to make the step to philosophical poetry a natural one rather than simply a consequence of commercial failure. ", "precise_score": -7.33103609085083, "rough_score": -7.717092514038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Some passages and sections of Melville's works demonstrate his willingness to address all forms of sexuality, including the homoerotic, in his works. Commonly noted examples from Moby-Dick are the \"marriage bed\" episode involving Ishmael and Queequeg, which is interpreted as male bonding; and the \"Squeeze of the Hand\" chapter, describing the camaraderie of sailors' extracting spermaceti from a dead whale. Rosenberg notes that critics say that \"Ahab's pursuit of the whale, which they suggest can be associated with the feminine in its shape, mystery, and in its naturalness, represents the ultimate fusion of the epistemological and sexual quest.\" In addition, he notes that Billy Budd's physical attractiveness is described in quasi-feminine terms: \"As the Handsome Sailor, Billy Budd's position aboard the seventy-four was something analogous to that of a rustic beauty transplanted from the provinces and brought into competition with the highborn dames of the court.\"", "precise_score": -8.866497993469238, "rough_score": -9.18842887878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "*In 2010 a species of extinct giant sperm whale, Livyatan melvillei, was named in honor of Melville. The paleontologists who discovered the fossil were fans of Moby-Dick and dedicated their discovery to the author.", "precise_score": -7.050791263580322, "rough_score": -8.792733192443848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby gained attention in the early 1990s with his electronic dance music work, which experimented in the techno and breakbeat hardcore genres. With his fifth studio album, the electronica and house music-influenced Play, he gained international success. Originally released in mid-1999, the album sold 6,000 copies in its first week, and it re-entered the charts in early 2000 and became an unexpected hit, producing eight singles and selling over 10 million copies worldwide. Moby followed the album in 2002 with 18, which was also successful, selling over 5 million copies worldwide and receiving mostly positive reviews, though some criticized it for being too similar to Play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.01893138885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "His next major release, 2005's mostly upbeat Hotel was a stylistic departure, incorporating more alternative rock elements than previous albums, and received mixed reviews. It sold around 2 million copies worldwide. After 2008's dance-influenced Last Night (2008), he returned to the downtempo electronica of Play and 18 with 2009's mostly-ambient Wait for Me, finding higher critical acclaim and moderate sales, as well as 2011's Destroyed. Moby's latest album, Innocents, was released on October 1, 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.424399375915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby has also co-written, produced, and remixed music for Michael Jackson, David Bowie, Daft Punk, Mylène Farmer, Brian Eno, Pet Shop Boys, Britney Spears, New Order, Public Enemy, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Soundgarden, and others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509055137634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Schaumgummi", "passage": "He has also released music under the names \"Voodoo Child\" and \"Schaumgummi\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193351745605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby's first live solo performance was witnessed by future longtime manager Eric Härle, who later described the occasion to HitQuarters by saying: \"The music was amazing, but the show was riddled with technical mishaps. It left me very intrigued and impressed in a strange way.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.968161582946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 1993, Moby signed with Mute Records (Elektra in North America) and released an EP titled Move. This became his second appearance on Top of the Pops. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.529701232910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Disillusioned by the lack of feedback he was receiving from the music media, who struggled to comprehend the artist's new electronic music and refused to take it very seriously, Moby decided to release a punk rock album, Animal Rights, in 1996. It included a cover version of Mission of Burma's \"That's When I Reach for My Revolver\" and was followed by a tour of Europe with the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Soundgarden. The single \"Come on Baby\" from Animal Rights was Moby's third Top of the Pops performance. It was notable for its very aggressive look and sound. Ironically, just as Moby decided to change direction, the electronic music he had moved away from started to gain recognition and popularity through artists like The Chemical Brothers and The Prodigy. Also in 1996, Moby contributed the song \"Republican Party\" to the AIDS benefit album Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152803421020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "According to manager Eric Härle, the album almost ruined his career, because the new direction not only left audiences cold—with music media uninterested and his existing fan base largely alienated—but led to people being confused as to what kind of artist Moby really was. Härle has stated that Moby \"managed to wipe out all of his early good work and we found ourselves struggling for even the slightest bit of recognition. He became a has-been in the eyes of a lot of people in the industry\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.449084281921387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby made a special guest appearance in an episode where Space Ghost is possessed by the Curse of Kintavé of the Ghost Planet Industries original television series Space Ghost Coast to Coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318560600280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 1999, Moby released the album Play. The album had moderate sales after its release, but eventually went on to sell over ten million records worldwide a year later. Every song on the album was licensed internationally to various films, advertisements, and TV shows, as well as independent films and non-profit groups. Moby performed three times on Top of the Pops with singles from the album. Play mixes songs from Alan Lomax's 1993 Atlantic recording Sounds of the South: A Musical Journey From the Georgia Sea Islands to the Mississippi Delta. For the song \"Natural Blues\", Moby mixes \"Trouble So Hard\" performed by Vera Hall from the Alan Lomax Sounds of the South compilation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504732131958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2000, Moby contributed his song \"Flower\" to the intro of the Nicolas Cage remake of Gone in 60 Seconds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74493408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In July 2001, Moby: PlaytheDVD was released. Produced by Moby and Jeff Rogers (Swell), the DVD was nominated for a 2002 Grammy award. The DVD included various sections: \"Live on TV\", most of the music videos from the album (excluding \"South Side\" with Gwen Stefani), \"Give An Idiot a Camcorder\" (Moby was given a camcorder and the tape was later edited by Tara Bethune-Lea man), and an 88-minute \"Mega Mix\" of all the remixes created for the album. The \"Mega Mix\" was accompanied by visuals created in Toronto at Crush, led by director Kathi Prosser. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710184097290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2002 Moby released the follow-up to Play, 18, which earned gold and platinum awards in over 30 countries, and sold more than four million copies. Moby toured extensively for both Play and 18, playing well over 500 shows in the course of four years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008090019226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "He founded the Area:One Festival in 2001, a popular touring festival that features an eclectic range of musical genres. The Area:One tour featured Outkast, New Order, Incubus, Nelly Furtado, Paul Oakenfold, and Moby himself. Area2 tour (2002) featured David Bowie, Moby, Blue Man Group, Busta Rhymes, and Carl Cox. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.852964401245117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In the next few years, Moby co-wrote \"Is It Any Wonder\" with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, remixed the Beastie Boys, David Bowie, Nas and Metallica, produced and co-wrote the track \"Early Mornin'\" for Britney Spears' fourth studio album In the Zone, and collaborated with Public Enemy on \"Make Love, Fuck War\", which was released prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Moby also had his song \"Extreme Ways\" used in the Bourne movies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530150413513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2003, Moby headlined the Pyramid stage at Glastonbury. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.224052429199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2005, Moby released Hotel under the label Pacha. Instead of his relying on samples for vocals, all of the vocals and instruments were performed live in the studio, by Moby and vocalist Laura Dawn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.490015029907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Hotel spawned two of Moby's biggest European hits, \"Lift Me Up\" and \"Slipping Away\", both of which were number 1 European singles. In the UK, ITV used a specially remixed version of \"Lift Me Up\" as its Formula 1 coverage theme music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987515449523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2007, Moby also started a rock band, The Little Death with his friends Laura Dawn, Daron Murphy, and Aaron A. Brooks. The Little Death released an album in 2010. In 2008, Moby released Last Night, an eclectic album of electronic dance music inspired by a night out in his New York neighborhood (the Lower East Side). The singles from Last Night include \"Alice\", \"Disco Lies\", \"I Love to Move in Here\", and \"Ooh Yeah\". The album was recorded in Moby's home studio in Manhattan, New York and features a number of guest vocalists, including Wendy Starland, MC Grandmaster Caz (one of the writers of \"Rapper's Delight\"), Sylvia from the band Kudu, British MC Aynzli, and the Nigerian 419 Squad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082588195800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In a November 2008 interview with SuicideGirls, Moby spoke about the follow-up album to Last Night: \"I want to make a really emotional, beautiful record. I don't know if I will succeed, but my goal is to make something very personal, very melodic, very beautiful.\" On April 14, 2009, Moby confirmed that the album would be released on June 30. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955634117126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "I recorded the album here in my studio on the lower east side (although 'studio' always seems like an overly grand word for a bunch of equipment set up in a small bedroom). In the past I've worked in large and small studios, but for this record I wanted to record everything at home by myself\", Moby said on his journal. \"I started working on the album about a year ago, and the creative impetus behind the record was hearing a David Lynch speech at BAFTA, in the UK. David was talking about creativity, and to paraphrase, about how creativity in and of itself, and without market pressures, is fine and good. It seems as if too often an artist's, musician's or writer's creative output is judged by how well it accommodates the marketplace, and how much market share it commands and how much money it generates. In making this record I wanted to focus on making something that I loved, without really being concerned about how it might be received by the marketplace. As a result it's a quieter and more melodic and more mournful and more personal record than some of the records I've made in the past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.610325813293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby and David Lynch discussed the recording process of the album on Lynch's online channel, David Lynch Foundation Television Beta. The first single off the album was \"Shot in the Back of the Head\", and the video was directed by David Lynch. The single was available for free download from Moby's website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0848970413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Wait for Me was mixed by Ken Thomas, who had previously produced some Sigur Rós albums. According to Moby,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482954978942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby toured for the album with a full band, something that occurred rarely during Moby's Last Night promotion, except for selected festival performances. Moby raised between $75,000 and $100,000 to help those affected by domestic violence after all funding for the state's domestic violence program was cut in July. To do this, he donated the profits from his upcoming shows in California (San Diego, San Francisco, and Los Angeles). Moby headlined the Australian 2009 Falls Festival, as well as the other Sunset Sounds festivals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243429183959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On February 22, 2010, Moby announced a UGC competition with Genero.TV asking his fans to create a videoclip, that will be serviced worldwide as the official videoclip for his upcoming single \"Wait for Me\", the last single from the album. On April 19, Moby chose the winning videoclip out of 500 entries, \"based on its creativity, production value, concept, and humor\". The chosen videoclip, written and directed by Nimrod Shapira from Israel, portrays the story of a girl who decides to invite Moby into her life. She attempts to do so by using a book called How to Summon Moby Guide for Dummies, putting herself through 10 bizarre and comical steps (each is a tribute to a different Moby videoclip). The single was released on May 4, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427765846252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On May 3, 2010, Moby released the title track from the album, \"Wait for Me\", as a single. It was released on . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977286338806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In January 2010, Moby announced that he was to begin working on his next record. He said \"the mood for this record will be more acoustic and less electronic than before\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869760513305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On February 15, 2011, Moby announced the release of his new album, Destroyed. It was released on May 16, 2011. A photography book with the same name was also released around the time of the album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.209081649780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "\"Musically\", he said, \"it's very melodic and atmospheric and electronic, and if i had to sum it up i would describe it as: 'broken down melodic electronic music for empty cities at 2 a.m'.\" The album cover, which was released with the new information, was taken in LaGuardia Airport. It is a picture of a sign that reads 'destroyed', part of the longer phrase \"All unclaimed baggage will be destroyed.\" The album consists of 15 tracks, one of them previously featured on the compilation A Night in NYC, titled \"Rockets\". Along with the album's announcement came the release of the EP Be the One, which contains 3 of the tracks from Destroyed The EP was released for free for those who signed up for Moby's mailing list. For the next single, Moby put a poll on his website for fans to choose which single should be released next, and it came to be \"Lie Down in Darkness\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85920238494873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On August 30, Moby posted another request for the third official single, this time asking fans to say which should be next, without a poll. After this, he announced the following day through his Twitter that the next singles are \"After\" and \"The Right Thing\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94737720489502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On April 30, 2012 Moby released Destroyed Remixed, a limited edition 2CD collection of remixes of songs from the 2011 studio album, Destroyed. The release included three new exclusive remixes by David Lynch, Holy Ghost!, and System Divine, and also featured a brand new 30 minute ambient track by Moby called 'All Sides Gone'. Compiled and mixed by Moby, Destroyed Remixed was described as 'an eclectic mix of some the most exciting and interesting artists and DJ's in contemporary music'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971800804138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Between February and August 2013, Moby performed both acoustic and DJ sets at the Wanderlust Festival, which hosted events in Hawaii, Vermont, California and Colorado in the United States, and also in Canada and Chile internationally. He added a single Asia performance date at the 1 World Music Festival in Singapore. Moby also performed two 75-minute DJ sets at the prestigious Coachella festival in April which featured a unique visual collaboration with NASA, with various images from space projected onto screens during the performance. Moby followed-up with another DJ set at the Movement Detroit festival in May. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.135452270507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "For Record Store Day 2013, Moby released a 7-inch record called The Lonely Night which featured former Screaming Trees vocalist Mark Lanegan. An accompanying video was created by Colin Rich, of which Moby stated: \"I’m really excited to have an experimental music video from this great video artist, and I feel like the slow, rich, and languorous desert visuals fit the song perfectly.\" The track was subsequently released as a download with remixes by Photek, Gregor Tresher, Freescha and Moby himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.177197456359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In July, Moby announced that he would be releasing a new studio album entitled Innocents. The album had been written and recorded in the previous 18 months and was due for release in October. The album was recorded in Moby's apartment and features a number of guest vocalists, in keeping with earlier releases such as Play, 18 and Wait For Me. As with Destroyed, the photographs comprising the album's artwork were all shot by Moby. The first official single from the album is titled A Case for Shame while the previously released track The Lonely Night will also appear on Innocents. The album was produced by Grammy-winner Mark 'Spike' Stent. It was later revealed in August that The Perfect Life, which features Wayne Coyne, would be the next single, after a casting call for a music video was announced, calling \"for obese Speedo-sporting bikers, nude rollerskating ghosts, and an S&M gimp proficient in rhythmic gymnastics\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644253730773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby performed a DJ set in Las Vegas on September 1, before flying to Australia to DJ at an intimate show in Sydney, on the 19th. Moby will then DJ at the 10th annual Decibel Festival in Seattle. He then returned to Los Angeles to perform three shows at the Fonda Theatre on October 3–5 to promote the album, which would be his only \"full live shows\" for 2013 and 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382563591003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby stated that the reason for doing little to no touring for this album was that \"when I go on tour I sit around a lot (cars, airports, hotels, etc), and when I sit around I can't spend my time making music. And pretty much all I want to do in life is stay home and make music. So, thus: a 3 date world tour.\" He conceded that he might return to world touring in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944683074951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby contributed two songs to the score of Michael Mann's film Heat: a cover version of the Joy Division song \"New Dawn Fades,\" and the original composition \"God Moving Over the Face of the Waters.\" The filmmakers of The Bourne Identity used Moby's song \"Extreme Ways\" to play over the credits of all the Bourne films. Moby explained in a 2012 interview, after rerecording the song for the fourth film, that the producers of the franchise sought a different musical work for the second film, but \"simply ran out of time\", after which they accepted \"Extreme Ways\" as the accidental theme song for the entire series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860634803771973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 1997, Moby released an album of music that has appeared in films called I Like To Score. The compilation album features Moby songs that have appeared in films such as Cool World (1992), Scream (1996), Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553053855895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby has collaborated live with many of his heroes while on tour or at fundraisers. He has performed \"Walk on the Wild Side\" with Lou Reed, \"Me and Bobby McGee\" with Kris Kristofferson, \"Heroes\" and \"Cactus\" with David Bowie, \"Helpless\" with Bono and Michael Stipe, \"New Dawn Fades\" with New Order, \"Make Love, Fuck War\" with Public Enemy, \"Whole Lotta Love\" with Slash, and \"That's When I Reach For My Revolver\" with Mission of Burma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.360485076904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2006, Moby released a Spanish version of his song \"Slipping Away\" called \"Escapar\", in which the Spanish group Amaral took part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61370849609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2013, Moby was responsible for the soundtrack of the documentary The Crash Reel, who tells the story of snowboarder Kevin Pearce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942601203918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2014, Moby made the big room house track \"Delay\" with Lucky Date. The song was released by Spinnin Records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100509643554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On October 16, 2015, Jean Michel Jarre released his compilation album \"Electronica 1: The Time Machine\", which included the track \"Suns have gone\" co-produced by Jarre and Moby. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711692810058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Starting in around 2001, Moby launched a series of co-owned business ventures, with the two most prominent being the \"Little Idiot Collective\"—a New York City, U.S. bricks-and-mortar clothing store, comics store, and animation studio that sold the work of an \"illustrators collective\"—and a small restaurant and tea shop called Teany. Teany was cofounded in 2002 with his ex-girlfriend Kelly Tisdale. In a November 2006 interview, at which time he had removed himself from any previous business projects:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780577659606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Since ceasing his role as a company owner, Moby stated that his sole focus in life consisted of music, political causes, charitable organizations, and friends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653282165527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In March 2008, after Gary Gygax's death, Moby was one of several celebrities identifying themselves as former Dungeons & Dragons players. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08049201965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In June 2013, Moby and numerous other celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.919343948364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby is a vegan and supports animal rights. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21750545501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In March 2010, Moby made his debut as an author when Gristle: From Factory Farms to Food Safety (Thinking Twice About the Meat We Eat), a collection of essays from people in the food industry, was published. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935644149780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby created a vegan restaurant named Little Pine in Los Angeles that opened for business on November 20, 2015. Moby personally runs the restaurant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096590042114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In an interview with Psychology Today, Moby admitted that when he was 19, he tried LSD and began suffering from panic attacks. He says that he no longer experiences them as frequently as he used to, but occasionally he will \"have too much caffeine, be stressed out about work and be in a relationship that's not going well, and it will happen again.\" He is very open about this in an attempt to help fans who suffer from similar panic disorders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.829123497009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "When asked about drugs in 2001, Moby responded: \"I'm sort of a libertarian. People should be able to do what they want. I ultimately defer the wisdom to an adult to make their own choices. If someone wants to do drugs, I think it's their own business and not the business of the state.\" Moby stated in 2011: \"It's one of the lowest depths of misery to be completely destroyed and hung over in an airport at 8am in the morning after a long rough night.\" He was a heavy drinker for many years and a user of drugs—which he confirmed in an April 2014 live conference appearance—and then adopted sobriety, which he confirmed in an April 2014 live appearance in Los Angeles, U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140332221984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "At times, Moby has been reluctant to use the word \"Christian\" to define himself, due to its ambiguity, but self-identified as a Christian in a 2003 BBC interview. In the BBC interview, Moby spoke about his encounter with the Gospels: \"In about 1985 I read the teachings of Christ and was instantly struck by the idea that Christ was somehow divine. When I say I love Christ and love the teachings of Christ, I mean that in the most simple and naïve and subjective way. I'm not saying I'm right, and I certainly wouldn't criticize anyone else's beliefs.\" Also in 2003, in an interview with Amazon.com, Moby said, \"I can't really know anything. Having said that, though, on a very subjective level I love Christ. I perceive Christ to be God, but I predicate that with the knowledge that I'm small and not nearly as old as the universe that I live in. I take my beliefs seriously for myself, but I would be very uncomfortable trying to tell anyone that I was right.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86928653717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In a September 20, 2006 audio interview with Sojourners magazine, he says, \"I read the New Testament, specifically the gospels and I was struck at their divinity, feeling that humans could not have figured this out on their own. We're just not bright enough.\" He also discusses his faith on his own blog. On January 19, 2007, in his reaction to seeing Alexandra Pelosi's Friends of God, a film about evangelicalism in the United States, Moby writes, \"The movie reminded me just how utterly disconnected the agenda of the evangelical Christian right is from the teachings of Christ.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63072681427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In a 2014 interview with Mother Jones, he was asked if he identifies as a Christian and said that he has been \"led ... away from any sort of conventional Christianity,\" but that he \"still love[s] the teachings of Christ.\" Moby explained to Mother Jones that if he needed to label himself, it would be as a \"Taoist–Christian–agnostic quantum mechanic.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841769218444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby is an advocate for a variety of causes, working with MoveOn.org, The Humane Society and Farm Sanctuary, among others. His MobyGratis.com website, which licenses film music for free for non-profit and independent films, funnels proceeds from films which do go on to produce revenue to The Humane Society. He created MoveOn Voter Fund's Bush in 30 Seconds contest along with singer and MoveOn Cultural Director Laura Dawn and MoveOn Executive Director Eli Pariser. The music video for the song \"Disco Lies\" from Last Night has heavy anti-meat industrial themes. He also actively engages in nonpartisan activism and serves on the Board of Directors of Amend.org, a nonprofit organization that implements injury prevention programs in Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.403585433959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby is a member of the Board of Directors of the Institute for Music and Neurologic Function (IMNF), a not-for-profit organization dedicated to advancing scientific inquiry on music and the brain and to developing clinical treatments to benefit people of all ages. He has also performed on various benefit concerts to help increase awareness for music therapy and raise funds for the Institute. In 2004, he was honored with the IMNF's Music Has Power Award for his advocacy of music therapy and for his dedication and support to its recording studio program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504409790039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2007 Moby started a website called MobyGratis.com, designed for independent and non-profit filmmakers, film students, and anyone in need of free music for their independent, non-profit film, video, or short; it allows users to apply for free licences to use Moby music in their film. However, if a film is commercially successful, all revenue from commercial licence fees granted via MobyGratis is passed on to the Humane Society. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120208740234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "On June 20, 2009, Moby posted on his blog in response to the RIAA's decision to sue Minnesota suburban mother Jammie Thomas-Rasset for $2,000,000 for illegally downloading music from Kazaa. He called this \"utter nonsense\" and asserted that \"the RIAA needs to be disbanded.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810617446899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Many of Moby's albums include essays that he has written himself in the inlay card. Everything Is Wrong had essays on over-consumption (\"We use toxic chlorine bleach to keep our underpants white\") and U.S. religious leaders (\"Why doesn't the Christian right go out and spread mercy, compassion and selflessness?\"), and End of Everything discussed being a vegan (\"Could you look an animal in the eyes and say to it, 'My appetite is more important than your suffering'?\"). In \"Animal Rights\" Moby discussed the granting of basic rights in western society, and called for readers to grant such basic rights to homosexuals and animals. (\"a long time ago only kings had rights. then rights were extended to property-owning white men. then all men. then women. then children. then the mentally retarded. now we're agonizing over the extension of basic rights to homosexuals and animals.\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825400352478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby has been a photographer since he was 10 years old, growing up around film and darkrooms. Moby's uncle was a photographer for The New York Times. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878509521484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In 2011, Moby released a book of photographs, Destroyed, with photos from his international tours. An album with the same name was released in the same year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770800590515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In October 2014 Moby showcased his \"Innocents\" series in New York City with Emmanuel Fremin Gallery, located in New York City, and is currently being represented by the gallery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46943187713623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "Moby released an autobiography entitled Porcelain: A Memoir in May 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973978996276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "* Moby (1992)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14022445678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "* Go: The Very Best of Moby (2006)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937989234924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "* Go: A Film About Moby (2006)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149371147155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "1850–1851: Hawthorne and Moby-Dick ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807419776916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "After his use of hyphenated compounds in Pierre, Melville's writing gives Berthoff the impression of becoming less exploratory and less provocative in his choices of words and phrases. Instead of providing a lead \"into possible meanings and openings-out of the material in hand,\" the vocabulary now served \"to crystallize governing impressions,\" the diction no longer attracted attention to itself, except as an effort at exact definition. The language, Berthoff continues, reflects a \"controlling intelligence, of right judgment and completed understanding\". The sense of free inquiry and exploration which infused his earlier writing and accounted for its \"rare force and expansiveness,\" tended to give way to \"static enumeration.\" For Berthoff, added \"seriousness of consideration\" came at the cost of losing \"pace and momentum\". The verbal music and kinetic energy of Moby-Dick seem \"relatively muted, even withheld\" in the later works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98574447631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "In addition to this, Melville successfully imitates three Biblical strains: he sustains the apocalyptic for a whole chapter of Mardi; the prophetic strain is expressed in Moby-Dick, most notably in Father Mapple's sermon; and the tradition of the Psalms is imitated at length in The Confidence-Man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.964215278625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" }, { "answer": "Moby", "passage": "* Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763094902038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herman Melville" } ]

[ { "answer": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission", "passage": "Trading by specific insiders, such as employees, is commonly permitted as long as it does not rely on material information not in the public domain. Many jurisdictions require that such trading be reported so that the transactions can be monitored. In the United States and several other jurisdictions, trading conducted by corporate officers, key employees, directors, or significant shareholders must be reported to the regulator or publicly disclosed, usually within a few business days of the trade. In these cases, insiders in the United States are required to file a Form 4 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) when buying or selling shares of their own companies.", "precise_score": -0.844313383102417, "rough_score": -3.0301342010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insider trading" }, { "answer": "Securities and Exchange Commission", "passage": "In 1984, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Dirks v. Securities and Exchange Commission that tippees (receivers of second-hand information) are liable if they had reason to believe that the tipper had breached a fiduciary duty in disclosing confidential information and the tipper received any personal benefit from the disclosure. In Dirks, the \"tippee\" received confidential information from an insider, a former employee of a company. The reason the insider disclosed the information to the tippee, and the reason the tippee disclosed the information to third parties, was to blow the whistle on massive fraud at the company. As a result of the tippee's efforts the fraud was uncovered, and the company went into bankruptcy. But, while the tippee had given the \"inside\" information to clients who made profits from the information, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the tippee could not be held liable under the federal securities laws—for the simple reason that the insider from whom he received the information was not releasing the information for an improper purpose (a personal benefit), but rather for the purpose of exposing the fraud. The Supreme Court ruled that the tippee could not have been aiding and abetting a securities law violation committed by the insider—for the simple reason that no securities law violation had been committed by the insider.", "precise_score": -6.071595668792725, "rough_score": -3.277083396911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insider trading" }, { "answer": "Securities and Exchange Commission", "passage": "According to enforcement officials of the Securities and Exchange Commission, criminals engage in pump-and-dump schemes, in which false and/or fraudulent information is disseminated in chat rooms, forums, internet boards and via email (spamming), with the purpose of causing a dramatic price increase in thinly traded stocks or stocks of shell companies (the \"pump\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.23243236541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Securities fraud" }, { "answer": "United States Securities And Exchange Commission", "passage": "The regulation and prosecution of securities fraud violations is undertaken on a broad front, involving numerous government agencies and self-regulatory organizations. One method of regulating and restricting a specific type of fraud perpetrated by pump and dump manipulators, is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a penny stock as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price, market capitalization, and minimum shareholder equity. Securities traded on a national stock exchange, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock, since it is thought that exchange traded securities are less vulnerable to manipulation. Therefore, CitiGroup (NYSE:C) and other NYSE listed securities which traded below $1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–2009, while properly regarded as \"low priced\" securities, were not technically \"penny stocks\". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through rules and regulations enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The State of Georgia was the first state to codify a comprehensive penny stock securities law. Secretary of State Max Cleland, whose office enforced State securities laws was a principal proponent of the legislation. Representative Chesley V. Morton, the only stockbroker in the Georgia General Assembly at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in U.S. District Court, and the statute became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting broker/dealers, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm. However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address pump and dump schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.686025381088257, "source": "wiki", "title": "Securities fraud" }, { "answer": "United States Securities And Exchange Commission", "passage": "* United States Securities and Exchange Commission", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458125114440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Securities fraud" }, { "answer": "Securities and Exchange Commission", "passage": "Proving that someone has been responsible for a trade can be difficult because traders may try to hide behind nominees, offshore companies, and other proxies. The Securities and Exchange Commission prosecutes over 50 cases each year, with many being settled administratively out of court. The SEC and several stock exchanges actively monitor trading, looking for suspicious activity. The SEC does not have criminal enforcement authority, but can refer serious matters to the U.S. Attorney's Office for further investigation and prosecution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.607672691345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insider trading" }, { "answer": "SEC.gov", "passage": "Legal trades by insiders are common,Thomas Newkirk. (1998). [http://www.sec.gov/news/speech/speecharchive/1998/spch221.htm Speech by SEC Staff: Insider Trading – A U.S. Perspective]. 16th International Symposium on Economic Crime at Jesus College, Cambridge, England on September 19, 1998 as employees of publicly traded corporations often have stock or stock options. These trades are made public in the United States through Securities and Exchange Commission filings, mainly Form 4.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.189811706542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insider trading" }, { "answer": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission", "passage": "The United States has been the leading country in prohibiting insider trading made on the basis of material non-public information. Thomas Newkirk and Melissa Robertson of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) summarize the development of US insider trading laws. Insider trading has a base offense level of 8, which puts it in Zone A under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. This means that first-time offenders are eligible to receive probation rather than incarceration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.660974502563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Insider trading" } ]

[ { "answer": "Glinda the Good Witch of the South", "passage": "Glinda is portrayed by Michelle Williams, in the 2013 Disney film Oz the Great and Powerful. In this prequel, she is Glinda the Good Witch of the South as well as the daughter of the slain king of Oz. Her sisters, Theodora (Mila Kunis) and Evanora (Rachel Weisz), are the future Wicked Witches of the West and East, respectively. In the film, she helps a good-hearted con artist named Oscar Diggs (James Franco) defeat her sisters and become the Wizard of Oz.", "precise_score": 4.3392791748046875, "rough_score": 5.261307716369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Glinda the Good Witch" }, { "answer": "Glinda the Good Witch of the South", "passage": "Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home, but they explain they cannot cross the desert surrounding Oz. The Soldier with the Green Whiskers informs Dorothy that Glinda the Good Witch of the South may be able to help her return home, so the friends begin their journey to see Glinda, who lives in Oz's Quadling Country. On the way, the Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider who is terrorizing the animals in a forest. The animals ask the Cowardly Lion to become their king, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas. Dorothy summons the Winged Monkeys a third time to fly them over a mountain to Glinda's palace. Glinda greets the travelers and reveals that the Silver Shoes Dorothy wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go. Dorothy embraces her friends, all of whom will be returned to their new kingdoms through Glinda's three uses of the Golden Cap: the Scarecrow to the Emerald City, the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country, and the Lion to the forest; after which the cap shall be given to the King of the Winged Monkeys, freeing them. Dorothy takes Toto in her arms, knocks her heels together three times, and wishes to return home. Instantly, she begins whirling through the air and rolling through the grass of the Kansas prairie, up to her Kansas farmhouse. Dorothy runs to her Aunt Em, saying \"I'm so glad to be at home again!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0641069412231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" }, { "answer": "Glinda the Good Witch of the South", "passage": "The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel, but rather an umbrella, which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy's dog Toto. Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one. Despite her immense power, she avoids face-to-face contact with her enemies, and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes. She is also afraid of the dark in Baum's original story for reasons never revealed. For that reason, the Witch never tried to steal the Silver Shoes while Dorothy was sleeping. Despite her fear of water and the dark, the Wicked Witch of the West was one of the most powerful witches in all of Oz. In ensuing Oz books, her power is described as having been so great that even Glinda the Good Witch of the South feared her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8042967319488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wicked Witch of the West" }, { "answer": "Glinda the Good Witch of the South", "passage": "The novel, described as a political, social and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years leading to Dorothy's arrival. The story centers on Elphaba, the misunderstood, smart, and fiery girl of emerald-green skin who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda, the beautiful, blonde, popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good Witch of the South. The story is divided into five different sections based on the plot location and presents events, characters and situations from L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be 'Wicked', and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results. Schwartz considered how best to condense the novel's dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. To this end, he collaborated with Emmy Award–winning writer Winnie Holzman to develop the outline of the plot over the course of a year while meeting with producer Marc Platt to refine the structural outline of the show, spinning an original stage piece rather than creating a strict adaptation of Maguire's work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.944036960601807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wicked (musical)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "A was a hereditary military dictator in Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions). In this period, the shoguns were the de facto rulers of the country; although nominally they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality. The Shogun held almost absolute power over territories through military means, in contrast to the concept of a colonial governor in Western culture. Nevertheless, an unusual situation occurred in the Kamakura period (1199–1333) upon the death of the first shogun, whereby the Hōjō clan's hereditary titles of shikken (1199-1256) and tokusō (1256–1333) monopolized the shogunate as dictatorial positions, collectively known as the . The shogun during this 134 year period met the same fate as the Emperor and was reduced to a figurehead until a coup in 1333, when the Shogun was restored to power in the name of the Emperor.", "precise_score": 5.531530857086182, "rough_score": 3.8555831909179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "The modern rank of shogun is roughly equivalent to a generalissimo. Shogun is the short form of , the individual governing the country at various times in the history of Japan, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867. ", "precise_score": 2.5071215629577637, "rough_score": 4.076799392700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "Subordinate only to the Shogun, daimyo were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the middle 19th century in Japan. From the shugo of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history.", "precise_score": 0.9167745113372803, "rough_score": 1.5263686180114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daimyo" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "A shogun's office or administration is the shogunate, known in Japanese as the , which originally referred to the house of the general and later also suggested a private government under a shogun. The tent symbolized the field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. The shogun's officials were collectively the bakufu, and were those who carried out the actual duties of administration, while the imperial court retained only nominal authority. In this context, the office of the shogun had a status equivalent to that of a viceroy or governor-general, but in reality shoguns dictated orders to everyone including the reigning Emperor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.17465190589427948, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "In the early 11th century, daimyo protected by samurai came to dominate internal Japanese politics. Two of the most powerful families – the Taira and Minamoto – fought for control over the declining imperial court. The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185, but was defeated by the Minamoto in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperor and the aristocracy remained the de jure rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun by the Emperor and the political system he developed with a succession of shogun as the head became known as a shogunate. Yoritomo's wife's family, the Hōjō, seized power from the Kamakura shoguns. When Yoritomo's sons and heirs were assassinated, the shogun himself became a hereditary figurehead. Real power rested with the Hōjō regents. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6836178302764893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "In 1274 and 1281, the Mongol Empire launched invasions against Japan. An attempt by Emperor Go-Daigo to restore imperial rule in the Kenmu Restoration in 1331 was unsuccessful, but weakened the shogunate significantly and led to its eventual downfall. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.21682462096214294, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "During the Edo period, effective power rested with the Tokugawa shogun, not the Emperor in Kyoto, even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the Emperor was ceremonial, similar to the position of the Japanese monarchy after the Second World War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5538816452026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "Today, the head of the Japanese government is the Prime Minister; the usage of the term \"shogun\" has nevertheless continued in colloquialisms. A retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power and influence behind the scenes is called a , a sort of modern incarnation of the cloistered rule. Examples of \"shadow shoguns\" are former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and the politician Ichirō Ozawa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.16829180717468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "The shogunate system was originally established under the Kamakura shogunate by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Although theoretically, the state (and therefore the Emperor) held ownership of all land in Japan. The system had some feudal elements, with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones. Samurai were rewarded for their loyalty with agricultural surplus, usually rice, or labor services from peasants. In contrast to European feudal knights, samurai were not landowners. The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between the daimyo, samurai and their subordinates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9871917366981506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shogun" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "The were the powerful feudal lords who, until their decline in the early Meiji period, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, literally means \"large\", and \"myō\" stands for , meaning private land. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.56466293334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daimyo" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "In 1869, the year after the Meiji Restoration, the daimyo, together with the kuge, formed a new aristocracy, the kazoku. In 1871, the han were abolished and prefectures were established, thus effectively ending the daimyo era in Japan. In the wake of this change, many daimyo remained in control of their lands, being appointed as prefectural governors; however, they were soon relieved of this duty and called en masse to Tokyo, thereby cutting off any independent base of power from which to potentially rebel. Despite this, members of former daimyo families remained prominent in government and society, and in some cases continue to remain prominent to the present day. (For example, Morihiro Hosokawa, the former prime minister, is a descendant of the daimyo of Kumamoto, but these cases are very few now.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.355877876281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daimyo" }, { "answer": "Japan", "passage": "What a Country! is set in a class of recent immigrants to the United States who are trying to pass the citizenship test. Their teacher, Taylor Brown (played by Garrett M. Brown) is an American English language teacher, while the students include Nikolai (a Russian taxi driver), Laszlo (a retired Hungarian doctor), Ali (a Pakistani), Robert (the son of a deposed African king), Maria (a housekeeper working for a rich Beverly Hills family), Victor (a Hispanic in love with Maria), Yung Hee (a shy Japanese woman) and Sheikh El Hamid (an Arabian sheikh). Gail Strickland initially played the character of Principal Joan Courtney, though she was replaced by Don Knotts during the series' run. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.828439712524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "What a Country!" } ]

[ { "answer": "Big Top", "passage": "As styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century bespoke circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring and sometimes a stage. The 'traditional' large tents, commonly known as 'Big Tops' were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres and casinos. Many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m (42 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.", "precise_score": 0.9679603576660156, "rough_score": -1.954283356666565, "source": "wiki", "title": "Circus" }, { "answer": "Big Top", "passage": "The modern and commonly held idea of a 'circus' is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. However, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing 'circus' phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.342242240905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Circus" }, { "answer": "Big Top", "passage": "Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical The Circus Girl by Lionel Monckton, Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by Margaret Mayo, He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian Leonid Andreyev 1916 and later adapted into one of the first circus films, Caravan written in 1932 by Carl Zuckmayer, the revue Big Top written by Herbert Farjeon in 1942, Top of the Ladder written by Tyrone Gutheris in 1950, Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by Anthony Newley in 1961, and Barnum with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by Mark Bramble, Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck written by Jay Torrence in 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.682960510253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Circus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Humans have a multitude of senses. Sight (ophthalmoception), hearing (audioception), taste (gustaoception), smell (olfacoception or olfacception), and touch (tactioception) are the five traditionally recognized senses. The ability to detect other stimuli beyond those governed by these most broadly recognized senses also exists, and these sensory modalities include temperature (thermoception), kinesthetic sense (proprioception), pain (nociception), balance (equilibrioception), vibration (mechanoreception), and various internal stimuli (e.g. the different chemoreceptors for detecting salt and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood). However, what constitutes a sense is a matter of some debate, leading to difficulties in defining what exactly a distinct sense is, and where the borders between responses to related stimuli lay.", "precise_score": 3.450050115585327, "rough_score": 4.905461311340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Touch or somatosensation (tactioception; adjectival form: somatic), also called tactition (adjectival form: tactile) or mechanoreception, is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.", "precise_score": -0.007928458973765373, "rough_score": 1.422876238822937, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Depictions of the five traditional senses as allegory became a popular subject for seventeenth-century artists, especially among Dutch and Flemish Baroque painters. A typical example is Gérard de Lairesse's Allegory of the Five Senses (1668), in which each of the figures in the main group alludes to a sense: Sight is the reclining boy with a convex mirror, hearing is the cupid-like boy with a triangle, smell is represented by the girl with flowers, taste is represented by the woman with the fruit, and touch is represented by the woman holding the bird.", "precise_score": 2.5416908264160156, "rough_score": 2.2284798622131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Sensory processing deals with how the brain processes sensory input from multiple sensory modalities. These include the five classic senses of vision (sight), audition (hearing), tactile stimulation (touch), olfaction (smell), and gustation (taste). Other sensory modalities exist, for example the vestibular sense (balance and the sense of movement) and proprioception (the sense of knowing one's position in space) Along with Time (The sense of knowing where one is in time or activities). It is important that the information of these different sensory modalities must be relatable. The sensory inputs themselves are in different electrical signals, and in different contexts. Through sensory processing, the brain can relate all sensory inputs into a coherent percept, upon which our interaction with the environment is ultimately based.", "precise_score": 3.606017827987671, "rough_score": 5.487582683563232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sensory processing" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "* Exteroceptive senses are senses that perceive the body's own position, motion, and state, known as proprioceptive senses. External senses include the traditional five: sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste, as well as thermoception (temperature differences) and possibly an additional weak magnetoception (direction). Proprioceptive senses include nociception (pain); equilibrioception (balance); proprioception (a sense of the position and movement of the parts of one's own body).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2981908321380615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Tactition", "passage": "Hearing or audition (audioception; adjectival form: auditory) is the sense of sound perception. Hearing is all about vibration. Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibration, propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the inner ear, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 hertz, with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Inability to hear is called deafness or hearing impairment. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body by tactition. Lower frequencies that can be heard are detected this way. Some deaf people are able to determine direction and location of vibrations picked up through the feet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.98515510559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Touch", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26576042175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Proprioception, the kinesthetic sense, provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the movement and relative positions of the parts of the body. Neurologists test this sense by telling patients to close their eyes and touch their own nose with the tip of a finger. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses. Proprioception and touch are related in subtle ways, and their impairment results in surprising and deep deficits in perception and action. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.235965728759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Nociception (physiological pain) signals nerve-damage or damage to tissue. The three types of pain receptors are cutaneous (skin), somatic (joints and bones), and visceral (body organs). It was previously believed that pain was simply the overloading of pressure receptors, but research in the first half of the 20th century indicated that pain is a distinct phenomenon that intertwines with all of the other senses, including touch. Pain was once considered an entirely subjective experience, but recent studies show that pain is registered in the anterior cingulate gyrus of the brain. The main function of pain is to attract our attention to dangers and motivate us to avoid them. For example, humans avoid touching a sharp needle, or hot object, or extending an arm beyond a safe limit because it is dangerous, and thus hurts. Without pain, people could do many dangerous things without being aware of the dangers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.045613288879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "* Cutaneous receptors in the skin not only respond to touch, pressure, and temperature, but also respond to vasodilation in the skin such as blushing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34184741973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "* Sensory receptors in pharynx mucosa, similar to touch receptors in the skin, sense foreign objects such as food that may result in a gag reflex and corresponding gagging sensation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.020119667053223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Flies and butterflies have taste organs on their feet, allowing them to taste anything they land on. Catfish have taste organs across their entire bodies, and can taste anything they touch, including chemicals in the water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413457870483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Tactition", "passage": "Body modification enthusiasts have experimented with magnetic implants to attempt to replicate this sense. However, in general humans (and it is presumed other mammals) can detect electric fields only indirectly by detecting the effect they have on hairs. An electrically charged balloon, for instance, will exert a force on human arm hairs, which can be felt through tactition and identified as coming from a static charge (and not from wind or the like). This is not electroreception, as it is a post-sensory cognitive action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.695531845092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sense" }, { "answer": "Tactile", "passage": "Sensory processing is the neurological process that organizes sensation from one’s own body and the environment, thus making it possible to use the body effectively within the environment. Specifically, it deals with how the brain processes multiple sensory modality inputs, such as proprioception, vision, auditory system, tactile, olfactory, vestibular system, interoception, and taste into usable functional outputs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.443633556365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sensory processing" }, { "answer": "Tactile", "passage": "One of the earliest sensations is the olfactory sensation. Evolutionary, gustation and olfaction developed together. This multisensory integration was necessary for early humans in order to ensure that they were receiving proper nutrition from their food, and also to make sure that they were not consuming poisonous materials. There are several other sensory integrations that developed early on in the human evolutionary time line. The integration between vision and audition was necessary for spatial mapping. Integration between vision and tactile sensations developed along with our finer motor skills including better hand-eye coordination. While humans developed into bipedal organisms, balance became exponentially more essential to survival. The multisensory integration between visual inputs, vestibular (balance) inputs, and proprioception inputs played an important role in our development into upright walkers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.14943790435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sensory processing" }, { "answer": "Touch", "passage": "Hand eye coordination is one example of sensory integration. In this case, we require a tight integration of what we visually perceive about an object, and what we tactilely perceive about that same object. If these two senses were not combined within the brain, then one would have less ability to manipulate an object. Hand-eye coordination is the tactile sensation in the context of the visual system. The visual system is very static, in that it doesn't move around much, but the hands and other parts used in tactile sensory collection can freely move around. This movement of the hands must be included in the mapping of both the tactile and visual sensations, otherwise one would not be able to comprehend where they were moving their hands, and what they were touching and looking at. An example of this happening is looking at an infant. The infant picks up objects and puts them in his mouth, or touches them to his feet or face. All of these actions are culminating to the formation of spatial maps in the brain and the realization that \"Hey, that thing that's moving this object is actually a part of me.\" Seeing the same thing that they are feeling is a major step in the mapping that is required for infants to begin to realize that they can move their arms and interact with an object. This is the earliest and most explicit way of experiencing sensory integration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.474526047706604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sensory processing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sapphire", "passage": "* Thursday: sapphire, carnelian", "precise_score": -10.231836318969727, "rough_score": -11.421096801757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Birthstone" } ]

[ { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Exxon Mobil Corp. (ExxonMobil) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, and was formed on November 30, 1999 by the merger of Exxon (formerly Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York).", "precise_score": 1.6217187643051147, "rough_score": -1.964195728302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of Standard Oil, established by John D. Rockefeller and partners in 1870 as the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. In 1882, it together with its affiliated companies was incorporated as the Standard Oil Trust with Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and Standard Oil Company of New York as its largest companies. The Anglo-American Oil Company was established in the United Kingdom in 1888. In 1890, Standard Oil, together with local ship merchants in Bremen established Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft (later: Esso A.G.). In 1891, a sale branch for the Netherlands and Belgium, American Petroleum Company, was established in Rotterdam. At the same year, a sale branch for Italy, Società Italo Americana pel Petrolio, was established in Venice. ", "precise_score": 1.9030689001083374, "rough_score": 1.0373643636703491, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "The Standard Oil Trust was dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1892; however, it reemerged as the Standard Oil Interests. In 1893, the Chinese and the whole Asian kerosene market was assigned to Standard Oil Company of New York in order to improve trade with the Asian counterparts. In 1898, Standard Oil of New Jersey acquired controlling stake in Imperial Oil of Canada. In 1899, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey became the holding company for the Standard Oil Interests. The anti-monopoly proceedings against the Standard Oil were launched in 1898. The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé The History of the Standard Oil Co. in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company. By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard (\"Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey\"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony (\"Standard Oil Co. of New York\"), which eventually became Mobil. ", "precise_score": 0.4729304015636444, "rough_score": 3.7438087463378906, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Henry Clay Folger was head of Socony until 1923, when he was succeeded by Herbert L. Pratt. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920. After dissolution of Standard Oil, Socony had refining and marketing assets but no production activities. For this reason, Socony purchased a 45% interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter, in 1918. In 1925, Magnolia became wholly owned by Socony. In 1926, Socony purchased General Petroleum Corporation of California. In 1928, Socony joined the Turkish Petroleum Company (Iraq Petroleum Company). In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Company, an industry pioneer dating back to 1866, to form Socony-Vacuum. ", "precise_score": -6.419349670410156, "rough_score": -2.6289284229278564, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "In 1911, Standard Oil Co. (California) was severed from its parent corporation, Standard Oil, as a result of the federal government's successful lawsuit against Standard Oil under the Sherman Antitrust Act. It went on to become part of the \"Seven Sisters\", which dominated the world oil industry in the early 20th century. In 1926, the company changed its name to Standard Oil Co. of California (SOCAL). By the terms of the breakup of Standard Oil, Standard of California could use the Standard name only within its original geographic area of the Pacific coast states, plus Nevada and Arizona; outside that area, it had to use another name. The Chevron name came into use for some of its retail products in the 1930s. The name Calso was also used from 1946 to 1955 in states outside its native West Coast territory. ", "precise_score": 3.2229530811309814, "rough_score": 1.836026906967163, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Standard Oil of California and Gulf Oil merged in 1984, which was the largest merger in history at that time. To comply with U.S. antitrust law,California Standard divested many of Gulf's operating subsidiaries, and sold some Gulf stations and a refinery in the eastern United States. (The refinery is currently owned by Sunoco.) Among the assets sold off were Gulf's retail outlets in Gulf's home market of Pittsburgh, where Chevron lacks a retail presence but does retain a regional headquarters there as of 2013, partially for Marcellus Shale-related drilling. The same year, Standard Oil of California also took the opportunity to change its legal name to Chevron Corporation, since it had already been using the well-known \"Chevron\" retail brand name for decades. Chevron would sell the Gulf Oil trademarks for the entire U.S. to Cumberland Farms, the parent company of Gulf Oil LP, in 2010 after Cumberland Farms had a license to the Gulf trademark in the Northeastern United States since 1986. ", "precise_score": -1.769242525100708, "rough_score": -1.9157127141952515, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "ExxonMobil is the largest of the world's supermajors with daily production of 3.921 million BOE. In 2008, this was approximately 3 percent of world production, which is less than several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies. When ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1 percent of the total. ExxonMobil's reserves were 25.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent) at the end of 2013 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years. With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of , ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world, a title that was also associated with Standard Oil since its incorporation in 1870.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.684028625488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Over the next few decades, Jersey Standard and Socony grew significantly. John Duston Archbold was the first president of Jersey Standard. Archbold was followed by Walter C. Teagle in 1917, who made it the largest oil company in the world. In 1919, Jersey Standard acquired a 50% share in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer. In 1920, it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In the following years it acquired or established Tropical Oil Company of Colombia (1920), Standard Oil Company of Venezuela (1921), and Creole Petroleum Company of Venezuela (1928).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.131819725036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Humble Oil became a wholly owned subsidiary of Jersey Standard and was reorganized into the United States marketing division of Jersey Standard in 1959. In 1967, Humble Oil purchased all remaining Signal stations from Standard Oil Company of California (Chevron) In 1969, Humble Oil opened a new refinery in Benicia, California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.087023735046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Carter Oil", "passage": "In 1965, Jersey Standard started to acquire coal assets through its affiliate Carter Oil (later renamed: Exxon Coal, U.S.A.). For managing the Midwest and Eastern coal assets in the United States, the Monterey Coal Company was established in 1969. Carter Oil focused on the developing synthetic fuels from coal. In 1966, it started to developed the coal liquefaction process called the Exxon Donor Solvent Process. In April 1980, Exxon opened a 250-ton-per-day pilot plant in Baytown, Texas. The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.307364463806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "In 1972, Exxon was unveiled as the new, unified brand name for all former Enco and Esso outlets. At the same time, the company changed its corporate name from Standard Oil of New Jersey to Exxon Corporation, and Humble Oil became Exxon Company, U.S.A. The rebranding came after successful test-marketing of the Exxon name, under two experimental logos, in the fall and winter of 1971-72. Along with the new name, Exxon settled on a rectangular logo using red lettering and blue trim on a white background, similar to the familiar color scheme on the old Enco and Esso logos. Exxon replaced the Esso, Enco, and Humble brands in the United States on January 1, 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.129200458526611, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": " Formally, Mobil was bought by Exxon. Mobil's shareholders received 1.32 Exxon's share for each Mobil's share. As a result, the former Mobil's shareholders receives about 30% in the merged company while the stake of former Exxon's shareholders was about 70%. The head of Exxon Lee Raymond remained the chairman and chief executive of the new company and Mobil chief executive Lucio Noto became vice-chairman. The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it reunited the two largest companies of Standard Oil trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0119781494140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "A study of the spill released by the US Environmental Protection Agency in September 2007 reported that the spill consists of 17 to of petroleum products from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century. The largest portion of these operations were by ExxonMobil or its predecessors. By comparison, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was approximately 11 e6USgal. The study reported that in the early 20th century Standard Oil of New York operated a major refinery in the area where the spill is located. The refinery produced fuel oils, gasoline, kerosene and solvents. Naptha and gas oil, secondary products, were also stored in the refinery area. Standard Oil of New York later became Mobil, a predecessor to Exxon/Mobil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8129448890686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "ExxonMobil" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Chevron Corporation () is an American multinational energy corporation. One of the successor companies of Standard Oil, it is headquartered in San Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries. Chevron is engaged in every aspect of the oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy industries, including hydrocarbon exploration and production; refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; and power generation. Chevron is one of the world's largest oil companies; , it ranked third in the Fortune 500 list of the top US closely held and public corporations and sixteenth on the Fortune Global 500 list of the top 500 corporations worldwide. It was also one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4270308017730713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "In September 1879, Charles N. Felton, Lloyd Tevis, George Loomis and others created the Pacific Coast Oil Company, which acquired the assets of Star Oil with $1 million in funding. Pacific Coast Oil became the largest oil interest in California, by time it was acquired by Standard Oil for $761,000 in 1900. Pacific Coast operated independently and retained its name until 1906, when it was merged with a Standard Oil subsidiary and it became Standard Oil Company (California) or California Standard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.903502464294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Standard Oil Company of California ranked 75th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.035318374633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "In 1933, Saudi Arabia granted California Standard a concession to find oil, which led to the discovery of oil in 1938. In 1948, California Standard discovered the world's largest oil field in Saudi Arabia, Ghawar Field. California Standard's subsidiary, California-Arabian Standard Oil Company, grew over the years and became the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) in 1944. In 1973, the Saudi government began buying into ARAMCO. By 1980, the company was entirely owned by the Saudis, and in 1988, its name was changed to Saudi Arabian Oil Company—Saudi Aramco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.102108001708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Chevron's downstream operations manufacture and sell products such as fuels, lubricants, additives and petrochemicals. The company's most significant areas of operations are the west coast of North America, the U.S. Gulf Coast, Southeast Asia, South Korea, Australia and South Africa. In 2010, Chevron sold an average of refined products like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. The company operates approximately 19,550 retail sites in 84 countries. The company also has interests in 13 power generating assets in the United States and Asia and has gas stations in Western Canada. Chevron is the owner of the Standard Oil trademark in 16 states in the western and southeastern U.S. To maintain ownership of the mark, the company owns and operates one Standard-branded Chevron station in each state of the area. Additionally, Chevron owns the trademark rights to Texaco and Caltex fuel and lubricant products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.677083969116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevron Corporation" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Amoco Corporation, originally Standard Oil Company (Indiana), was a global chemical and oil company that was founded in 1889 around a refinery located in Whiting, Indiana, United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.304928779602051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Standard Oil (Indiana) was formed in 1889 by John D. Rockefeller as part of the Standard Oil trust. In 1910, with the rise in popularity of the automobile, Indiana Standard decided to specialize in providing gasoline to consumers. In 1911, the year it became independent from the Standard Oil trust, the company sold 88% of the gasoline and kerosene sold in the Midwest. In 1912 it opened its first gas service station in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.427302837371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "When the Standard Oil Trust was broken up in 1911, Indiana Standard was assigned marketing territory covering most of the Midwestern United States, including Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. It had the exclusive rights to use the Standard name in the region. It purchased the Dixie Oil Company of Louisiana in 1919 and began investing in other oil companies outside its Standard marketing territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.771175861358643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Blaustein incorporated his business as the American Oil Co. in 1922. In 1923 the Blausteins sold a half interest in American Oil to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport company in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil. Before this deal, Amoco was forced to depend on Standard Oil of New Jersey, a competitor, for its supplies. Standard Oil of Indiana acquired Pan American in 1925, beginning John D. Rockefeller's association with the Amoco name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.944826602935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "While most oil companies were switching to leaded gasolines en masse during the mid-to-late 1920s, American Oil chose to continue marketing its premium-grade \"Amoco-Gas\" (later Amoco Super-Premium) as a lead-free gasoline by using aromatics rather than tetraethyllead to increase octane levels, decades before the environmental movement of the early 1970s led to more stringent auto-emission controls which ultimately mandated the universal phase out of leaded gasoline. The \"Amoco\" lead-free gasoline was sold at American's stations in the eastern and southern U.S. alongside American Regular gasoline, which was a leaded fuel. Lead-free Amoco was introduced in the Indiana Standard marketing area in 1970. The Red Crown Regular and White Crown Premium (later Gold Crown Super Premium) gasolines marketed by parent company Standard Oil (Indiana) in its prime marketing area in the Midwest before 1961 also contained lead.[http://books.google.com/books?idR4CnIcaH6YAC&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.403926849365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "By 1952, Standard Oil of Indiana was ranked as the largest domestic oil company. It had 12 refineries in the United States, marketed its products in 41 states, owned of crude oil pipelines, of trunk lines, and of product pipelines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.134564399719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "Soon after, the company began to expand. With an exploration office in Canada, Indiana Standard was now an international gas company. Indiana Standard created several new plants and claimed various new oil fields in this time period, as the company prospered in the post-war boom. By 1971, all the divisions of Indiana Standard bore the Amoco name including American Oil which was renamed Amoco Oil with American stations renamed Amoco stations. By 1975, Amoco began phasing in the Amoco name in the old Indiana Standard sales territory. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) was officially renamed Amoco Corporation in 1985. Carlin's Amoco Station was built at Roanoke, Virginia about 1947; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. and [http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Roanoke/128-6389.CarlinsAmoco.photos.html Accompanying six photo]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.071689128875732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "The first Indiana Standard logo was unveiled in 1926 after a competition. The logo featured a circle, representing strength, stability, and dependability, with the words \"Standard Oil Company (Indiana)\" in red. The inner circle represents the cycle of service to customers. The word Service was written in the inside of the circles. In addition, the logo also had a torch with a flame, symbolizing progress. This logo appeared on gas station buildings. The roadside sign was a blue rectangle saying \"STANDARD SERVICE\" in white block letters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.847590446472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Amoco" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "In 1879, C. T. Dodd, an attorney for the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, devised a new type of trust agreement to overcome prohibitions in Ohio against corporations owning stock in other corporations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.016484260559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherman Antitrust Act" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "* Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911), which broke up the company based on geography, and contributed to the Panic of 1910–11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.012304782867432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherman Antitrust Act" }, { "answer": "Standard Oil", "passage": "At Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, [http://supreme.justia.com/us/221/1/case.html 221 U. S. 1], [http://supreme.justia.com/us/221/1/case.html#54 221 U. S. 54]-58.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195053100585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherman Antitrust Act" } ]

[ { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Super Mario games follow Mario's adventures in the fictional Mushroom Kingdom, usually with Mario as the player character. He is usually joined by his brother, Luigi, and occasionally by other members of the Mario cast. As in platform video games, the player runs and jumps across platforms and atop enemies in themed levels. The games have simple plots, typically with Mario rescuing the kidnapped Princess Peach from the primary antagonist, Bowser. The first title in the series, Super Mario Bros., released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985, established gameplay concepts and elements prevalent in nearly every Super Mario game since. These include a multitude of power-ups and items that give Mario special magic powers such as fireball-throwing and size-changing into giant and miniature sizes.", "precise_score": 3.554154634475708, "rough_score": 5.352370262145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The game introduces Mario's rival, Wario, who takes over Mario's castle during the events of Super Mario Land and forces Mario to collect the six golden coins to reclaim his castle. While its predecessor is similar to the original Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Land 2 has more in common with later games. The player is no longer restricted to moving towards the right. A bell at each level's end activates a minigame, where the player can try to get extra lives. There are 32 levels, based on several themed worlds each with its own boss. Three power-ups return: the Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, and Starman. The game introduces the Carrot power-up, which gives Mario large rabbit ears that let him glide when falling for a limited time. Its story was continued in Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3, which would later become the first of a spin-off series.", "precise_score": -1.8476836681365967, "rough_score": -4.93428373336792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The game was released on the Nintendo DS as a reboot of the Super Mario Bros. sub-series. In it, Mario and Luigi set out to save Peach from Bowser Jr. The gameplay is 2D, but most of the characters and objects are 3D on two-dimensional backgrounds, resulting in a 2.5D effect. The game uses an overworld map similar to that of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World. Some levels have multiple exits. The classic power-ups (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, and Starman) return alongside the Mega Mushroom, Shell, and Mini Mushroom. The Mega Mushroom briefly turns Mario (or Luigi) into an invincible giant that destroys everything in his path, the Shell protects Mario from harm and allows him to slide (depending on speed), and the Mini Mushroom shrinks Mario to very small size, which allows him to fit through tight spaces.", "precise_score": -0.6769452095031738, "rough_score": -1.2125298976898193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Poison Mushroom, first introduced in the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2, is a dark blue-capped mushroom that has the same effect as getting hit by an enemy or spike when touched. In later games, the Poison Mushroom looks almost exactly like the Super Mushroom with a red cap, but has a meaner-looking face.", "precise_score": 1.0707528591156006, "rough_score": -4.554470062255859, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Mega Mushroom, introduced in New Super Mario Bros. and further appearing in New Super Mario Bros. 2 and Super Mario 3D World, is a more recent addition to the series that grows Mario into a towering, invulnerable giant who destroys enemies and the environment by running through them. It has an orange-yellow cap with red spots, like the Super Mario Bros. Super Mushroom, but with an inflated cap. Super Mario 64 DS features an item simply called \"Mushroom\" that grants the same abilities as the Mega Mushroom while accompanied by the same music. Conversely, the Mega Mushroom appears as an item in Mario Kart Wii.", "precise_score": 1.4663732051849365, "rough_score": -2.800839424133301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "* The is the primary Super Mario series setting, having been introduced in Super Mario Bros. and the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2. It is a monarchy and its heir is Princess Peach. Its capital is Toad Town. Surrounding Toad Town are several territories, such as Dry Dry Desert. Though Princess Peach, Mario and Luigi are human, most citizens of this area are the mushroom-like Toads. While the main characters of the series reside in the Mushroom Kingdom, their adventures have extended to other settings.", "precise_score": 2.8508613109588623, "rough_score": -0.08109241724014282, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "* Super Mario Bros. 3 is set in the Mushroom World, a collection of eight kingdoms. Seven of these are \"Mushroom Kingdoms\", ruled by independent Mushroom Kings. The different kingdoms are Grass Land (a plains kingdom), Desert Hill (a desert kingdom), Ocean Side (an ocean kingdom), Big Island (a kingdom where everything is larger), The Sky (a kingdom which consists of the ground level and the sky level), Iced Land (an arctic kingdom), and Pipe Maze (a small island kingdom filled with a maze of Warp Pipes). The eighth world is referred to as \"Dark Land\" and is ruled by Bowser: King of the Koopas. The instruction manual for the game states Bowser had taken over the Mushroom Kingdom, and the Mushroom Kingdom is a gateway to the Mushroom World. This is never elaborated upon in Super Mario Bros. 3, but Super Mario Galaxy reveals that the Mushroom World is a planet.", "precise_score": 3.2950313091278076, "rough_score": -5.022824287414551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Super Mario 64, as the first 3D platform game in the Mario series, established a new archetype for the genre, much as Super Mario Bros. did for 2D side-scrolling platformers. It is acclaimed by many critics and fans as one of the greatest and most revolutionary video games of all time. Guinness World Records reported sales of 11.8 million copies for Super Mario 64 at the end of 2007. ", "precise_score": -4.3962836265563965, "rough_score": -5.268319606781006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "In 1983, Nintendo launched the Family Computer (colloquialized as \"Famicom\") home video game console in Japan, alongside ports of its most popular arcade titles. In 1985, a cosmetically reworked version of the system known outside Japan as the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES, launched in North America. The practice of bundling the system along with select games helped to make Super Mario Bros. one of the best-selling video games in history. ", "precise_score": -1.8186968564987183, "rough_score": -3.141723394393921, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nintendo" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Nintendo Entertainment System (abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit video game console, which released in North America in 1985, and in Europe throughout 1986 and 1987. The console was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (abbreviated as Famicom) in 1983. The best-selling gaming console of its time, the NES helped revitalize the US video game industry following the video game crash of 1983. With the NES, Nintendo introduced a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers, authorizing them to produce and distribute titles for Nintendo's platform. The NES was bundled with Super Mario Bros., one of the best-selling video games of all time, and received ports of Nintendo's most popular arcade titles. , Nintendo reports sales of 61.91 million NES hardware units and 500.01 million NES software units worldwide.", "precise_score": -0.6805804967880249, "rough_score": -3.048858404159546, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nintendo" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; Super Mario Bros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.564454078674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; Super Mario Bros. 2JP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517912864685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The sequel to the original Super Mario Bros. was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan. It uses the original Super Mario Bros. engine with additions such as weather, new character movements, and much more complex levels, altogether yielding a much higher difficulty. The main game follows the same style of level progression as Super Mario Bros., with eight initial worlds each with four levels. The last levels of the eight worlds is a lava-filled castle that culminates in a battle against Bowser. This sequel was not released outside Japan in this time period, because Nintendo of America did not want the Mario series to be known for frustrating difficulty, to be inaccessible to a steadily broadening market of American video game players, nor to be stylistically outdated by the time the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 could be eventually delivered to America. The game later debuted outside Japan in 1993, as \"Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels\" in the compilation titled Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The original Famicom version was released for the Wii's Virtual Console service in September 2007 in all regions, listed as \"Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels\" outside Japan. A later Super Mario All-Stars Wii port, titled Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition, features the exact SNES gameplay and adds Wii Remote, Classic Controller, and GameCube controller compatibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.570073127746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; Super Mario Bros. 2US", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533097267150879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The game was known in Japan as Super Mario Bros. USA. In it, Mario and his companions are out to stop the evil frog Wart in the Subcon dreamland. Based on a discarded prototype which had been intended to become the Super Mario Bros. sequel, the game was instead originally released as Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic, and then was ultimately converted back into a Mario game for the rest of the world as Super Mario Bros. 2. This final version was later released in Japan as Super Mario USA. One of the game's most defining aspects is the ability to pluck vegetables from the ground to throw at enemies. This is also the first Super Mario game to use a life meter, which allows Mario and the other playable characters to be hit up to four times before dying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.189860343933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; Super Mario Bros. 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464723587036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Super Mario Land was the first handheld Super Mario title after the Game & Watch port of Super Mario Bros., and was released for the Game Boy. As with other games in the series, it is a sidescrolling platformer in which Mario sets out to save Princess Daisy by defeating the \"Mysterious Spaceman\" named Tatanga. The game consists of twelve levels split across four worlds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9686994552612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "It was released for the SNES and consists of nine worlds displayed via a world map overworld. Most of the 72 levels have one exit, though some have hidden second exits. Mario's new moves include a spin jump, the ability to lift and throw items, and the rideable Yoshi who can eat enemies and either swallow or spit them out. Power-ups include the following: Super Mushroom; Fire Flower; Starman; and the new Cape Feather, based on Super Mario Bros. 3s Super Leaf, which lets Mario and Luigi fly with a cape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496355056762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; New Super Mario Bros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71988582611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; New Super Mario Bros. Wii", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353860855102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "In the home console successor of New Super Mario Bros. Peach is captured by Bowser Jr. and the Koopalings during her birthday party in her castle, and Mario, Luigi, and two Toads (blue and yellow) spring into action to save her. The game features 4-player co-op and new power-ups: the Propeller Mushroom, the Ice Flower, and the Penguin Suit. The Propeller Mushroom launches the player into the air by shaking the Wii Remote. The Penguin Suit enhances traction of sliding and speed and agility of swimming abilities, in addition to the ice ball projectiles that are provisioned by the Ice Flower. Players can ride Yoshi. There are three star coins on each level, which can be used to unlock movies with gameplay tips. It was released in November 2009 and was met with commercial success and several awards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.773642539978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; New Super Mario Bros. 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.712177276611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The direct sequel of New Super Mario Bros. released in July and August 2012 for the Nintendo 3DS. As with the game's predecessors, the player (as Mario or Luigi) must save Princess Peach, but the game's main goal is to collect one million gold coins. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.855599403381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "; New Super Mario Bros. U", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73597526550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Wii U follow-up to New Super Mario Bros. Wii, was released on November 18, 2012 in North America. It plays similarly to the previous New Super Mario Bros. titles, but introduces both a Flying Squirrel suit that lets the players glide through the air, and asymmetric gameplay that allows the player holding the GamePad to influence the environment. On June 20, 2013, New Super Luigi U was released as a downloadable content (DLC) package for New Super Mario Bros. U. New Super Luigi U was subsequently released as a standalone retail game on August 25, 2013 in North America. Unlike the downloadable content version, the standalone retail version of New Super Luigi U does not require having New Super Mario Bros. U to play it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.09293270111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The sequel to Super Mario 3D Land was released for the Wii U on November 22, 2013 in North America. It introduced three new power-ups, the Super Bell, Lucky Bell, and Double Cherry. like Super Mario Bros. 2, it features Princess Peach and Toad as playable characters in addition to Mario and Luigi. Unlike it, however, Rosalina is also unlocked later in the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.652611255645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "A creation tool video game released for the Wii U in September 2015. The game allows players to create their own levels based on the gameplay and style of Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, and New Super Mario Bros. U, and share their creations online.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.955068111419678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "In the 2D Super Mario games, the player character (usually Mario) jumps on platforms and enemies while avoiding their attacks and moving to the right of the scrolling screen. 2D Super Mario game levels have single-exit objectives, which must be reached within a time limit and lead to the next sequential level. Super Mario Bros. 3 introduced the overworld, a map of nonlinear levels that branches according to the player's choice. Super Mario World introduced levels with multiple exits. The gameplay of the 2D games is recreated by the New Super Mario Bros. sub-series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17027759552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Originally named \"Jumpman\", Mario has been defined by his jumping abilities since his early platform games. The ability evolved throughout the series, starting with the introduction of supercharged jumps in the international Super Mario Bros. 2 and the spin jump (a jump letting Mario spin while jumping to defeat enemies) in Super Mario World. Super Mario 64 introduced jumps such as the triple jump, wall kick, backflip, and long jump — some of which would be featured in later games, including the New Super Mario Bros. sub-series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591453552246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Most items in the Super Mario series appear from item blocks, which originated in Super Mario Bros. and persist throughout the series, where Mario hits a block to receive either coins or power-ups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811824798583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Mushroom power-ups appear in almost every Super Mario game. The most iconic of these is the Super Mushroom, similar in appearance to the Amanita muscaria, with an ivory stalk below a most commonly red and white (originally red and orange) spotted cap. Created by chance, Shigeru Miyamoto stated in an interview that beta tests of Super Mario Bros. proved Mario too tall, so the development team implemented mushrooms to grow and shrink Mario. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.457760810852051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Mini Mushroom is a small blue mushroom, a recurring item in the New Super Mario Bros. series, which shrinks Mario into miniature size, allowing him access areas and pipes that Mario normally cannot reach. Mini Mario also jumps higher, floats midair, bounces off enemies without hurting them except by ground pounding, and can run across the surface of water and then jump from it as if he was on land. Mario is more vulnerable in this form and loses a life upon receiving one hit in miniature form. The Mini Mushroom in New Super Mario Bros. U lets Mario run up walls. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.020783424377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "1-Up is a common item shown as a green and white mushroom, its appearance similar to the Super Mushroom's, which gives Mario an extra life. They were introduced in Super Mario Bros., sometimes hidden in invisible item blocks, and typically displayed as orange caps with green spots. In the 3D games, 1-Ups will sometimes appear when walking in particular areas. 1-Ups can take other forms, such as the 3-Up Moon from Super Mario World and New Super Mario Bros. U.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.891143321990967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The flower power-ups let Mario shoot projectiles. The Fire Flower, introduced in Super Mario Bros., transforms Mario into Fire Mario, who can throw bouncing fireballs at enemies. Super Mario Galaxy was the first 3D Mario platformer game to have the Fire Flower. In Super Mario Land, the Superball is a handheld bouncing ball provisioned by a Super Flower, which Mario can use to defeat enemies and collect coins. The Ice Flower transforms Mario into Ice Mario, where he can shoot balls of ice as projectiles similar to that of the Fire Flower; it freezes enemies in a block of ice, to be used as platforms or as thrown projectiles. In Super Mario Galaxy, this item turns Mario into ice and lets him walk on lava or water for a limited time by freezing the surface. In New Super Mario Bros. Wii and New Super Mario Bros. U, it instead allows Mario to throw ice projectiles that freeze enemies inside an ice cube, rendering them immobile. Mario then has the option of picking up this resulting ice cube, for use as a projectile. Lastly, New Super Mario Bros. 2s Gold Flower lets Mario turn bricks into coins and earn bonus coins for defeating enemies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.106179714202881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Super Star is an anthropomorphized, flashing star, introduced in Super Mario Bros. Touching it makes Mario invincible, or able to resist harm. Upon use of the item it is accompanied by a distinctive music track that appears consistently across most of the games. The player character flickers or flashes a variety of colors — and in some titles, moves with increased speed — while under the Star's influence. While invincible, Mario can kill any enemy upon contact with it. It is called the Rainbow Star in Super Mario Galaxy. In Super Mario 64, invincibility in various forms is provided by special caps worn by Mario.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.087799072265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The games often feature collectibles found in levels in order to progress in the overworld, most frequently with the visual motif of a star. They are typically situated in locations that are not readily found or reached, or awarded for completing stunts, or objectives given by NPCs. They include the Power Star in Super Mario 64 and the Super Mario Galaxy games, Shine Sprites in Super Mario Sunshine, Star Coins in the New Super Mario Bros. games and Super Mario 3D Land, and Green Stars in the Galaxy games and Super Mario 3D World. In Super Mario Land 2, there are six Golden Coin tokens that must be collected to finish the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.165801048278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Flight is a common theme throughout the series, first enabled with the magic carpet item in the international Super Mario Bros. 2. The Super Leaf and Tanooki Suit items, first appearing in Super Mario Bros. 3 provide Mario with an animal-suited tail, which in turn acts as a flight propeller. The Tanooki Suit returns in Super Mario 3D Land, and the Super Leaf returns in New Super Mario Bros. 2. In the New Super Mario Bros. games, the Spin Block and the Propeller Mushroom let Mario spin up into the air and slowly descend. In Super Mario Land, Mario pilots a yellow airplane with unlimited ammunition called the Sky Pop. Super Mario World introduces various forms of flight: the feather item provides a cape, the P Balloon puffs Mario into a floating balloon figure, and Yoshi can carry a blue Koopa shell which gives him wings. In Super Mario 64, flight is granted by a Winged Cap. In New Super Mario Bros. U, Mario has limited flight and gliding capabilities in a Flying Squirrel suit and can also command a pink Baby Yoshi to puff up into the form of a floating balloon. In Super Mario Galaxy, Mario can obtain a special red star that transforms him into Flying Mario for a limited time. Lakitu's cloud can be commandeered in several of the side-scrolling games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.770481109619141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Several suits work as power-ups, many of which are based on animals. Debuting in Super Mario Bros. 3, the Raccoon Suit (provisioned by a Super Leaf) and the Tanooki Suit each provide Mario with a tail which acts as a flight propeller. In addition, the Tanooki Suit lets Mario spontaneously change into an invincible statue for about five seconds. In Super Mario 3D Land, the Raccoon Suit reappears and is accompanied by a silver-colored variation called a Statue Leaf. Super Mario Bros. 3 includes a Hammer Bros. suit, which allows Mario to throw hammers as projectiles, to defeat enemies at a distance. While wearing the suit and ducking, Mario is invulnerable to fire attacks. Super Mario 3D Land features a \"Boomerang Suit\" which provisions long-distance boomerang projectiles. Other animal suits include the Frog Suit, Tanooki Suit, Penguin Suit, Cat Suit, Lucky Cat Suit, and Bee Suit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816243171691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Warp Pipe is a common method of transportation used in many of the Mario series games. Warp Pipes are most often green but also appear in other colors (early games included silver pipes, newer games have introduced red, green, blue and yellow pipes), and have many uses in the series. Warp Pipes can also contain enemies, usually Piranha Plants, and sometimes launch the player into the air (most commonly seen in New Super Mario Bros.). In early Mario games such as Super Mario Bros., special, well-hidden areas known as Warp Zones contain pipes that allow players to skip several worlds (handfuls of levels) at once. In the New Super Mario Bros. series, pipe-shaped Warp Cannons work similarly to the Warp Zones of the earlier games and are unlocked by finding secret exits in levels. Cannons appear in most of the 3D games in the series starting with Super Mario 64. Mario uses the cannon by jumping into the barrel, aiming himself and being fired at a distant target. This allows Mario to progress through a level or reach an otherwise inaccessible area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.426884651184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Mario's dinosaur friend Yoshi has appeared as a mount to Mario in several Super Mario games since Super Mario World. Yoshis generally provide varying abilities including eating enemies, flying, and breathing fire. In the sequel, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, it is revealed that a tribe of Yoshi had found Mario and helped him to save Baby Luigi. Miyamoto had originally wished for Mario to be able to ride a dinosaur in Super Mario Bros., but this wasn't possible due to the technical restraints of the system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756476402282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "* Super Mario Bros. 2 introduced Subcon, a mysterious world from Mario's dream. It was taken over by the frog king Wart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.237796783447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "* Super Mario World introduced Dinosaur Land, a separate continent where Mario, Luigi, and Princess Toadstool vacation after the events of Super Mario Bros. 3. Yoshi's Island, the setting of Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, is located within Dinosaur Land. The other areas consist of Donut Plains, Vanilla Dome, Twin Bridges, Forest of Illusion, Chocolate Island, Valley of Bowser, Star World, and Special World.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.951119422912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Much of the original Super Mario Bros. music and sound effects have become iconic to the series and incorporated into modern games. The original Super Mario Bros. theme, composed by Koji Kondo, has become well known around the world. The theme from the underwater levels of Super Mario Bros. frequently appears as title screen music in the series, including in Super Mario Sunshine, the main intros and titles of all four Super Mario Advance titles, and the Super Mario All-Stars versions of the four NES games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.779831886291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Super Mario series is one of the most popular and enduring series of all time. The series is ranked as the best game franchise by IGN. The original Super Mario Bros. was awarded the top spot on Electronic Gaming Monthlys greatest 200 games of their time list and IGN's top 100 games of all-time list twice (in 2005 and 2007). Super Mario Bros. popularized side-scrolling video games and provided the basic concept and mechanics that would persist throughout the rest of the series. Super Mario Bros. sold 40.24 million copies, making it the best-selling video game of the whole series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.866015911102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Super Mario Bros. 3 is often regarded as one of the Nintendo Entertainment System's greatest games; Nintendo Power rated the game sixth on their list of the 200 Greatest Nintendo Games. The game was 14th on Electronic Gaming Monthlys list. Super Mario World also received very positive scores, with a 94.44% aggregate review score on GameRankings. Nintendo Power ranked the game eighth best overall to be released on a Nintendo console in their Top 200 Games list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.464958190917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "Games in the Super Mario series have had consistently strong sales. Super Mario Bros. is the second best-selling single video game (second to Wii Sports), with 40.23 million units sold. It is also the best-selling Nintendo Entertainment System console title, with its two sequels, Super Mario Bros. 3 (18 million copies) and Super Mario Bros. 2 (10 million copies), ranking in second and third place respectively. Super Mario World is the best-selling game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System console, selling 20 million copies. Super Mario World is also the seventh best-selling game of all time. Super Mario 64 sold the most copies for the Nintendo 64 (11 million), whereas Super Mario Sunshine is the second best-selling game (5.5 million) on the GameCube (second to Super Smash Bros. Melee). Super Mario Galaxy has sold 12.5 million units , and is the ninth best-selling game for the Wii.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.316164970397949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "The Super Mario series also sold well on handheld consoles. Super Mario Land has sold 14 million copies, and is the fourth best-selling game for the Game Boy. Its sequel, Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins, sold 2.7 million copies, placing twelfth. New Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo DS sold 30.79 million units, making it the best-selling game for the console. Super Mario 64 DS sold 11.05 million copies, making it the eighth best-selling game for the Nintendo DS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.976637363433838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "For all console and handheld games that have not been bundled with a console, Super Mario Bros. 3 is the fourth best-selling game, whereas New Super Mario Bros. is fifth, Super Mario Land is eleventh, and Super Mario 64 is eighteenth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.417752265930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Mario" }, { "answer": "Super mario bros.", "passage": "In the first half of 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite, a version of the original Nintendo DS with lighter weight, brighter screen, and better battery life. In addition to this streamlined design, its prolific subset of casual games appealed to the masses, such as the Brain Age series. Meanwhile, New Super Mario Bros. provided a substantial addition to the Mario series when it was launched to the top of sales charts. The successful direction of the Nintendo DS had a big influence on Nintendo's next home console (including the common Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection), which had been codenamed \"Revolution\" and was now renamed to \"Wii\". In August 2006, Nintendo published ES, a now-dormant, open source research operating system project designed around web application integration but for no specific purpose. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.781745910644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nintendo" } ]

[ { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "The most familiar literary telling explaining Daedalus' wings is a late one, that of Ovid: in his Metamorphoses (VIII:183-235) Daedalus was shut up in a tower to prevent his knowledge of his Labyrinth from spreading to the public. He could not leave Crete by sea, as the king kept strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to sail without being carefully searched. Since Minos controlled the land and sea routes, Daedalus set to work to fabricate wings for himself and his young son Icarus. He tied feathers together, from smallest to largest so as to form an increasing surface. He secured the feathers at their midpoints with string and at their bases with wax, and gave the whole a gentle curvature like the wings of a bird. When the work was done, the artist, waving his wings, found himself buoyed upward and hung suspended, poising himself on the beaten air. He next equipped his son in the same manner, and taught him how to fly. When both were prepared for flight, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high, because the heat of the sun would melt the wax, nor too low, because the sea foam would soak the feathers.", "precise_score": 4.15844202041626, "rough_score": 3.551537275314331, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "They had passed Samos, Delos and Lebynthos by the time the boy, forgetting himself, began to soar upward toward the sun. The blazing sun softened the wax that held the feathers together and they came off. Icarus quickly fell in the sea and drowned. His father cried, bitterly lamenting his own arts, and called the land near the place where Icarus fell into the ocean Icaria in memory of his child. Some time later, the goddess Athena visited Daedalus and gave him wings, telling him to fly like a god.", "precise_score": 2.8352291584014893, "rough_score": 1.1297004222869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "In Greek mythology, Daedalus (; Daidalos, perhaps related to δαιδάλλω \"to work artfully\"; ; Etruscan: Taitale) was a skillful craftsman and artist. He is the father of Icarus, the uncle of Perdix and possibly also the father of Iapyx, although this is unclear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4352569580078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "His parentage was supplied as a later addition to the mythos, providing him with a father in Metion, Eupalamus, or Palamaon, and a mother, Alcippe, Iphinoe, or Phrasimede. Daedalus had two sons: Icarus and Iapyx, along with a nephew either Talus or Perdix.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.011215209960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "This story thus encourages others to consider the long-term consequences of their own inventions with great care, lest those inventions do more harm than good. As in the tale of Icarus' wings, Daedalus is portrayed assisting in the creation of something that has subsequent negative consequences, in this case with his creation of the monstrous Minotaur's almost impenetrable Labyrinth, which made slaying the beast an endeavour of legendary difficulty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.667627334594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "Daedalus and Icarus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.052957534790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "In the period of Romanticism, Daedalus came to denote the classic artist, a skilled mature craftsman, while Icarus symbolized the romantic artist, whose impetuous, passionate and rebellious nature, as well as his defiance of formal aesthetic and social conventions, may ultimately prove to be self-destructive. Stephen Dedalus, in Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man envisages his future artist-self \"a winged form flying above the waves [...] a hawk-like man flying sunward above the sea, a prophecy of the end he had been born to serve”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.260320663452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "Image:Lord Frederick Leighton FLL006.jpg|Daedalus and Icarus, by Frederick Leighton, ca 1869.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.776649475097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" }, { "answer": "Icarus", "passage": "Image:PBrueghelElderIcarus.jpg|Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (detail) by Peter Brueghel the Elder, ca. 1558. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07544994354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daedalus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, President McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt had rushed back and took the oath of office as president in Buffalo. Czolgosz, put on trial for murder nine days after McKinley's death, was found guilty, sentenced to death on September 26, and executed by electric chair on October 29, 1901.", "precise_score": 4.566722869873047, "rough_score": 3.6616528034210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history. However, the young, enthusiastic Roosevelt quickly captured public attention after his predecessor's death. The new president made little effort to secure the trade reciprocity McKinley had intended to negotiate with other nations. Controversy and public interest surrounded Roosevelt throughout the seven and a half years of his presidency as memories of McKinley faded; by 1920, according to Gould, McKinley's administration was deemed no more than \"a mediocre prelude to the vigor and energy of Theodore Roosevelt's\". Beginning in the 1950s, McKinley received more favorable evaluations; nevertheless, in surveys ranking American presidents, he has generally been placed near the middle, often trailing contemporaries such as Hayes and Cleveland. Morgan suggests that this relatively low ranking is due to a perception among historians that while many decisions during McKinley's presidency profoundly affected the nation's future, he more followed public opinion than led it, and that McKinley's standing has suffered from altered public expectations of the presidency.", "precise_score": -1.744231104850769, "rough_score": 1.3780362606048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.", "precise_score": 1.8491325378417969, "rough_score": 1.9608961343765259, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley's original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, and McKinley left the choice of a running mate to the 1900 Republican National Convention. In advance of the convention, New York's Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his state's governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, by pushing for his nomination as vice president. Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinley's ticket.", "precise_score": -2.269904613494873, "rough_score": 1.0059269666671753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the Department of Defense) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense, with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the Combatant Commands, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP). The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69: Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.324854850769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to \"draft\" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944. But Roosevelt died only 82 days after taking office for the fourth term on 12 April 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.718095779418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Historians regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election, in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. However, his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings; McKinley died eight days later, and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment, McKinley's presidency is generally considered above average, though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8458736538887024, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Maine Congressman Nelson Dingley Jr. was McKinley's choice for Secretary of the Treasury; he declined it, preferring to remain as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. Charles Dawes, who had been Hanna's lieutenant in Chicago during the campaign, was considered for the Treasury post but by some accounts Dawes considered himself too young. Dawes eventually became Comptroller of the Currency; he recorded in his published diary that he had strongly urged McKinley to appoint as secretary the successful candidate, Lyman J. Gage, president of the First National Bank of Chicago and a Gold Democrat. The Navy Department was offered to former Massachusetts Congressman John Davis Long, an old friend from the House, on January 30, 1897. Although McKinley was initially inclined to allow Long to choose his own assistant, there was considerable pressure on the President-elect to appoint Theodore Roosevelt, head of the New York City Police Commission and a former state assemblyman. McKinley was reluctant, stating to one Roosevelt booster, \"I want peace and I am told that your friend Theodore is always getting into rows with everybody.\" Nevertheless, he made the appointment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.544290065765381, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "In addition to Sherman, McKinley made one other ill-advised Cabinet appointment, that of Secretary of War, which fell to Russell A. Alger, former general and Michigan governor. Competent enough in peacetime, Alger proved inadequate once the conflict with Spain began. With the War Department plagued by scandal, Alger resigned at McKinley's request in mid-1899. Vice President Hobart, as was customary at the time, was not invited to Cabinet meetings. However, he proved a valuable adviser both for McKinley and for his Cabinet members. The wealthy Vice President leased a residence close to the White House; the two families visited each other without formality, and the Vice President's wife, Jennie Tuttle Hobart, sometimes substituted as Executive Mansion hostess when Ida McKinley was unwell. For most of McKinley's administration, George B. Cortelyou served as his personal secretary. Cortelyou, who served in three Cabinet positions under Theodore Roosevelt, became a combination press secretary and chief of staff to McKinley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.994109869003296, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "According to Gould and later biographer Phillips, given the political climate in the South, with white legislatures passing segregationist laws such as that upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson, there was little McKinley could have done to improve race relations, and he did better than later presidents Theodore Roosevelt, who doubted racial equality, and Woodrow Wilson, who supported segregation. However, Gould concluded, \"McKinley lacked the vision to transcend the biases of his day and to point toward a better future for all Americans\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.717607498168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Republicans were generally successful in state and local elections around the country in 1899, and McKinley was optimistic about his chances at re-election in 1900. McKinley's popularity in his first term assured him of renomination for a second. The only question about the Republican ticket concerned the vice presidential nomination; McKinley needed a new running mate as Hobart had died in late 1899. McKinley initially favored Elihu Root, who had succeeded Alger as Secretary of War, but McKinley decided that Root was doing too good a job at the War Department to move him. He considered other prominent candidates, including Allison and Cornelius N. Bliss, but none were as popular as the Republican party's rising star, Theodore Roosevelt. After a stint as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt had resigned and raised a cavalry regiment; they fought bravely in Cuba, and Roosevelt returned home covered in glory. Elected governor of New York on a reform platform in 1898, Roosevelt had his eye on the presidency. Many supporters recommended him to McKinley for the second spot on the ticket, and Roosevelt believed it would be an excellent stepping stone to the presidency in 1904. McKinley remained uncommitted in public, but Hanna was firmly opposed to the New York governor. The Ohio senator considered the New Yorker overly impulsive; his stance was undermined by the efforts of political boss and New York Senator Thomas Platt, who, disliking Roosevelt's reform agenda, sought to sideline the governor by making him vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.026840925216675, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "When the Republican convention began in Philadelphia that June, no vice presidential candidate had overwhelming support, but Roosevelt had the broadest range of support from around the country. McKinley affirmed that the choice belonged to the convention, not to him. On June 21, McKinley was unanimously renominated and, with Hanna's reluctant acquiescence, Roosevelt was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. The Democratic convention convened the next month in Kansas City and nominated William Jennings Bryan, setting up a rematch of the 1896 contest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.297334671020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "In the days after the shooting McKinley appeared to improve. Doctors issued increasingly optimistic bulletins. Members of the Cabinet, who had rushed to Buffalo on hearing the news, dispersed; Vice President Roosevelt departed on a camping trip to the Adirondacks. Leech wrote, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.91838264465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "There was a widespread expectation that Ida McKinley would not long survive her husband; one family friend stated, as William McKinley lay dying, that they should be prepared for a double funeral. This did not occur; the former first lady accompanied her husband on the funeral train. Leech noted \"the circuitous journey was a cruel ordeal for the woman who huddled in a compartment of the funeral train, praying that the Lord would take her with her Dearest Love\". She was thought too weak to attend the services in Washington or Canton, although she listened at the door to the service for her husband in her house on North Market Street. She remained in Canton for the remainder of her life, setting up a shrine in her house, and often visiting the receiving vault, until her death at age 59 on May 26, 1907. She died only months before the completion of the large marble monument to her husband in Canton, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. William and Ida McKinley are interred there with their daughters, atop a hillside overlooking the city of Canton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.944193363189697, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "At the Milburn House, McKinley seemed to be recovering. On Saturday, September 7, McKinley was relaxed and conversational. His wife was allowed to see him, as was Cortelyou; the President asked his secretary, \"How did they like my speech?\" and was pleased on hearing of positive reactions. Meanwhile, Vice President Roosevelt (who had been on a Vermont vacation), much of the Cabinet, and Senator Hanna hurried to Buffalo. Cortelyou continued to issue encouraging bulletins. The President was permitted few visitors, and complained of loneliness. As the crisis seemed to have passed, dignitaries started to leave on September 9, confident of the President's recovery. Roosevelt left for a vacation in the Adirondack Mountains after expressing outrage that Czolgosz might serve only a few years under New York State law for attempted murder, the maximum penalty for attempted murder in New York at that time being ten years. Attorney General Philander Knox went to Washington, searching for a means to bring Czolgosz under federal law. Secretary of State John Hay had been closely associated with the two presidents to be assassinated: he had been Lincoln's secretary, and a close friend of James Garfield. He arrived on September 10; met at the station by Babcock with an account of the President's recovery, Hay responded that the President would die.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.472306251525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley had been given nutritive enemas; on September 11, he took some broth by mouth. When it seemed to do him good, the following morning they allowed him toast, coffee, and chicken broth. His subsequent pain was diagnosed as indigestion; he was given purgatives and most doctors left after their evening consultation. In the early morning of September 13, McKinley suffered a collapse. Urgent word to return to Buffalo was sent to Vice President Roosevelt, 12 mi from the nearest telegraph or telephone in the Adirondack wilderness; a park ranger was sent to find him. Specialists were summoned; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart, by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless. As yet unknown to the doctors, gangrene was growing on the walls of his stomach and toxins were passing into his blood. McKinley drifted in and out of consciousness all day; when awake he was the model patient. By evening, McKinley too knew he was dying, \"It is useless, gentlemen. I think we ought to have prayer.\" His friends and family were admitted, and the First Lady sobbed over him, \"I want to go, too. I want to go, too.\" Her husband replied, \"We are all going, we are all going. God's will be done, not ours\" and with final strength put an arm around her. He may also have sung part of his favorite hymn, \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", although other accounts have her singing it softly to him. Ida McKinley was led away, her place briefly taken by Senator Hanna. Morgan recounts their final encounter, \"Sometime that terrible evening, Mark Hanna had approached the bedside, tears standing in his eyes, his hands and head shaking in disbelief that thirty years of friendship could end thus.\" When a tentative, formal greeting gained no coherent response, Hanna \"cried out over the years of friendship, 'William, William, don't you know me?' \"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.720055103302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "After McKinley's murder, newspaper editorials across the country heavily criticized the lack of protection afforded to American presidents. Though it still lacked any legislative mandate, by 1902, the Secret Service was protecting President Theodore Roosevelt full-time. This did not, however, settle the debate. Some in Congress recommended the United States Army be charged with protecting the President. Not until 1906 did Congress pass legislation officially designating the Secret Service as the agency in charge of presidential security.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.20185661315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" } ]

[ { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range of conjuring techniques, including fake equipment and collusion with individuals in the audience. Houdini's show business savvy was as great as his performance skill. There is a Houdini Museum dedicated to him in Scranton, Pennsylvania.", "precise_score": 0.8816488981246948, "rough_score": -0.8950455784797668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic (illusion)" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "*Escapology is the branch of magic that deals with escapes from confinement or restraints. Harry Houdini is a well-known example of an escape artist or escapologist.", "precise_score": -1.7161660194396973, "rough_score": -6.480645656585693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic (illusion)" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The actual term 'escapology' is reputed to have been coined originally by Australian escapologist and illusionist Murray (Norman Murray Walters), a Houdini contemporary.", "precise_score": -3.507052421569824, "rough_score": -5.398561954498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "A succession of performers have added new ideas and created variations on old stunts, but it is common for even the best contemporary escapologists to be dubbed modern day \"Houdinis\".", "precise_score": -1.6342040300369263, "rough_score": -3.7319388389587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "*Escape Or Die, the form of escape performance originated by Houdini, is the standard for top-of-the-line escapologists. There are at least three possible ways for an escapologist's life to be at risk from the possible failure of this escape. These are death by drowning, as in the water escapes Houdini pioneered; death by suffocation, as in escapes from airtight enclosures containing no water, such as coffins; and death by falling, as also originated by Houdini, in a straitjacket escape hanging high above the earth as when Houdini hung from cranes and buildings upside down in a strait jacket where falling would mean certain death. UK escape artist Alan Alan took this further by hanging from a burning rope hundreds of feet in the air. This type of escapology does fail, and its failures have resulted in escape artists getting hurt or losing their lives. Others who have done this type of escape include Dorothy Dietrich, Antony Britton, Jonathon Bryce, and Mark Nelson \"Markini The Worlds Youngest Professional Escape Artist\" highlighted death by electrocution with his \"Electrified Mummy Lid Torture Board\". Escape was required in under 60 seconds or a fatal charge of electricity would be passed through the chains holding him to the board.", "precise_score": -4.994014739990234, "rough_score": -5.072115421295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "*The Grim Game, a 1919 film, stars Harry Houdini as a young man who is bound and imprisoned on numerous occasions by a gang who have kidnapped his fiancée. Considered by many as Houdini's best film. Lost for over 90 years and rediscovered in 2015 by escape artist and magician Dorothy Dietrich.", "precise_score": -8.096244812011719, "rough_score": -5.531948089599609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "*Ragtime, by E.L. Doctorow, features Harry Houdini as a major character, and uses escapology as a metaphor for the struggles faced by the American immigrant.", "precise_score": -5.247508525848389, "rough_score": -6.481968402862549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "*In American superhero comic books, many superheroes like Batman are trained in escapology, which is invaluable when dealing with deathtraps. However, superheroes who are escapologists by profession include Mister Miracle, Ms. Liberty and The Escapist. (Mister Miracle and The Escapist were both based on escapologist-turned-comic artist Jim Steranko.) Houdini himself appeared as a time/space traveler in the comic book series Daring Escapes featuring Houdini.", "precise_score": -4.026699066162109, "rough_score": -4.618864059448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "*The 1953 biographical film, Houdini, starring Tony Curtis in the title role, depicted many of Houdini's escapology performances. Curtis' performance artist character, The Great Leslie, also performs a suspended straight-jacket escape at the start of the film The Great Race.", "precise_score": -2.4903082847595215, "rough_score": -2.115128993988037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "*In the 2013 film, \"Now You See Me,\" Isla Fisher plays an escape artist named Henley Reeves. In an interview she says, \"I watched all of Houdini’s work and Dorothy Dietrich, who is a female escapologist, who is amazing, you have to watch her.\" “I got to train with Dorothy Dietrich, the first lady magician to catch a bullet with her teeth. Fisher studied the life and work of illusionist Dorothy Dietrich to prepare for the role. \"Dorothy is a real female escapologist who is working today. She was the first woman to capture a bullet between her teeth, which is an amazing feat. She's not only good at misdirection, but she also connects emotionally with the audience, so she's better able to involve them in the stunts.\" ", "precise_score": -1.9041571617126465, "rough_score": -3.3754332065582275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Some people, such as Buster Keaton, Harry Houdini, Jackie Chan, Akshay Kumar, Pawan Kalyan, Tony Jaa, and Jayan, act as both stunt performers and daredevils at various parts of their career.", "precise_score": -2.0134119987487793, "rough_score": -5.9847331047058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stunt performer" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was an American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice in vaudeville in the US and then as \"Harry Handcuff Houdini\" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to escape from and hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.", "precise_score": -1.4783400297164917, "rough_score": 1.895122766494751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1904, thousands watched as he tried to escape from special handcuffs commissioned by London's Daily Mirror, keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface, emerging in a state of near-breakdown. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts.", "precise_score": -5.22809362411499, "rough_score": -5.124547481536865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at the New York Hippodrome, when he vanished a full-grown elephant from the stage. He had purchased this trick from the magician Charles Morritt. In 1923, Houdini became president of Martinka & Co., America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today.", "precise_score": -6.267132759094238, "rough_score": -6.2098588943481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "He also served as President of the Society of American Magicians (aka S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902, in the back room of Martinka's magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as National President from 1917 to 1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, Houdini gave a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, made speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said \"The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak...but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worth while. Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables.\"", "precise_score": -7.34970235824585, "rough_score": -4.108157157897949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his escape in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini drew tens of thousands of onlookers who brought city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the New York subway. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage in the Library of Congress of Houdini performing the escape. Films of his escapes are also shown at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA. After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named Randolph Osborne Douglas (March 31, 1895 – December 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at Sheffield's Empire Theatre.", "precise_score": -9.030851364135742, "rough_score": -6.291722297668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini escaped after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting \"Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!\"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit to New York following his death on Halloween. ", "precise_score": -7.914913654327393, "rough_score": -4.1893630027771, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "While filming an aerial stunt for The Grim Game, two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic \"caught on film\" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in Laurel Canyon. Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the \"Houdini Picture Corporation\". He produced and starred in two films, The Man from Beyond (1921) and Haldane of the Secret Service (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician Harry Kellar was a major investor. ", "precise_score": -6.587802886962891, "rough_score": -2.100815773010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, A Magician Among the Spirits, co-authored with C. M. Eddy, Jr., who was not credited. These activities cost Houdini the friendship of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle, a firm believer in spiritualism during his later years, refused to believe any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium, and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using these abilities to block those of other mediums that he was \"debunking\". This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and led Sir Arthur to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy.", "precise_score": -7.206634998321533, "rough_score": -4.6392412185668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance was organized in the 1940s by Sidney Hollis Radner, a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts. Yearly Houdini séances are also conducted in Chicago at the Excalibur nightclub by \"necromancer\" Neil Tobin on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the Society of American Magicians; and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician Dorothy Dietrich, who previously held them at New York's Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographers Walter B. Gibson and Milbourne Christopher. Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the original seance tradition. After doing them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House, before he died, Walter passed on the tradition of conducting of the Original Seances to Dorothy Dietrich.", "precise_score": -7.973756790161133, "rough_score": -5.021027565002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Harry Houdini died of peritonitis, secondary to a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. on October 31, 1926 in Room 401 at Detroit's Grace Hospital, aged 52. In his final days, he optimistically held to a strong belief that he would recover, but his last words before dying were reportedly, \"I'm tired of fighting.\" Eyewitnesses to an incident at Houdini's dressing room in the Princess Theatre in Montreal gave rise to speculation that Houdini's death was caused by a McGill University student, J. Gordon Whitehead, who delivered a surprise attack of multiple blows to Houdini's abdomen.", "precise_score": 1.155885100364685, "rough_score": 4.714163303375244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": " Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist’s Queens grave over the years. “This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis,” said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. \"The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years.\" \"The Houdini Museum has teamed with The Society of American Magicians, one of the oldest fraternal magic organizations in the world, to give the beloved site a facelift.\" The organization has a specific Houdini gravesite committee made up of nine members headed up by President elect David Bowers who brought this project to the Society’s attention. Kenrick “Ice” McDonald, the current president of the Society of American Magicians said “You have to know the history. Houdini served as President from 1917 until his death in 1926. Houdini’s burial site needs an infusion of cash to restore it to its former glory.\" Magician Dietrich said the repairs could cost “tens of thousands of dollars,” after consulting with glass experts and grave artisans. “It’s a wonderful project, but it’s taken a lifetime to get people interested,” she said. “It’s long overdue, and it’s great that it’s happening.” Houdini was a living superhero,” Dietrich said. “He wasn’t just a magician and escape artist, he was great humanitarian.”", "precise_score": -8.548873901367188, "rough_score": -6.389831066131592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "More than half of Houdini's archival estate holdings and memorabilia were willed to his fellow magician and friend, John Mulholland (1898–1970). In 1991, illusionist and television performer David Copperfield purchased all of Mulholland's Houdini holdings from Mulholland's estate. These are now archived and preserved in Copperfield's warehouse at his headquarters in Las Vegas. It contains the world's largest collection of Houdini memorabilia, and preserves approximately 80,000 items of memorabilia of Houdini and other magicians, including Houdini's stage props and material, his rebuilt water torture cabinet and his metamorphosis trunk. It is not open to the public, but tours are available by invitation to magicians, scholars, researchers, journalists and serious collectors.", "precise_score": -5.882308483123779, "rough_score": -5.3089680671691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The world's largest magic organization is the International Brotherhood of Magicians; it publishes a monthly journal, The Linking Ring. The oldest organization is the Society of American Magicians, of which Houdini was a member and president for several years. In London, England, there is The Magic Circle, which houses the largest magic library in Europe. Also PSYCRETS—The British Society of Mystery Entertainers —caters specifically to mentalists, bizarrists, storytellers, readers, spiritualist performers, and other mystery entertainers. Davenport's Magic in London's The Strand is the world's oldest family-run magic shop. The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, is home to the Academy of Magical Arts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.896189212799072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic (illusion)" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in paranormal phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the Spiritualism religious movement as well as public interest in séances, a number of fraudulent mediums used conjuring methods to perform illusions such as table-knocking, slate-writing, and telekinetic effects, which they attributed to the actions of ghosts or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist Harry Houdini devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.934988975524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magic (illusion)" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Other illusionists, including John Nevil Maskelyne, worked out how the Davenports did their act and re-created the tricks to debunk the brothers' claims of psychic power. However, the re-creations did not involve overt escape, merely a replication of tricks with the statement that they were accomplished by secret magicians' skills rather than spirits. It took another thirty years before the pure skill of escape began to be displayed as an act in itself. The figure most responsible for making escapology a recognized entertainment was Harry Houdini, who built his career on demonstrating the ability to escape from a huge variety of restraints and difficult situations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.408453941345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini made no secret of the fact that he was an expert on restraints and the skills needed to overcome them but he often concealed the exact details of his escapes to maintain an air of mystery and suspense. Although many of his escapes relied on technical skills such as lock-picking and contortion, he also performed tricks such as Metamorphosis and the Chinese Water Torture Cell, which are essentially classic stage illusions reliant on cleverly designed props. Houdini's feats helped to define the basic repertoire of escapology, including escapes from handcuffs, padlocks, straitjackets, mail bags, beer barrels, and prison cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.655577659606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "*Hidden is a style of escape performance popularised by the late Harry Houdini that involved much of the performance taking place behind some form of screen or inside a cabinet in order to protect the secrets of the performer. This style of escape performance was popular with the majority of escape artists until the end of the 20th Century and is still preferred by many performers today. Its disadvantage is that audiences may wrongly believe a concealed assistant to have released the escapologist, whom they may not have seen struggle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.575868129730225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "*[http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/94161/Haldane-of-the-Secret-Service/overview Haldane of the Secret Service] a 1924 film, Directed by and Starring Harry Houdini, who is repeatedly restrained by villains who murdered his detective-father. Filmed at Beaver Kill Falls in Valatie, NY.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.657374858856201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "*Adam Phillips's essay \"Houdini's Box\" uses Houdini himself, as well as a young victim of sexual abuse and other examples, to discuss escapology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.623380661010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "* Harry Houdini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.499151229858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Escapology" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini made several movies, but quit acting when it failed to bring in money. He was also a keen aviator, and aimed to become the first man to fly a plane in Australia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.801383972167969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Ehrich Weisz was born in Budapest to a Jewish family. His parents were Rabbi Mayer Sámuel Weisz (1829–1892) and Cecília Steiner (1841–1913). Houdini was one of seven children: Herman M. (1863–1885) who was Houdini's half-brother, by Rabbi Weisz's first marriage; Nathan J. (1870–1927); Gottfried William (1872–1925); Theodore (1876–1945); Leopold D. (1879–1962); and Carrie Gladys (1882–1959), who was left almost blind after a childhood accident. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.930087089538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "According to the 1880 census, the family lived on Appleton Street.1880 US Census with Samuel M. Weiss, Cecelia (wife), Armin M., Nathan J., Ehrich, Theodore, and Leopold. On June 6, 1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen. Losing his tenure at Zion in 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Ehrich to New York City, where they lived in a boarding house on East 79th Street. He was joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing. As a child, Ehrich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a 9-year-old trapeze artist, calling himself \"Ehrich, the Prince of the Air\". He was also a champion cross country runner in his youth. When Weiss became a professional magician he began calling himself \"Harry Houdini\", after the French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, after reading Robert-Houdin's autobiography in 1890. Weiss incorrectly believed that an i at the end of a name meant \"like\" in French. In later life, Houdini claimed that the first part of his new name, Harry, was an homage to Harry Kellar, whom he also admired. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.806174278259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The magician Joseph Rinn had coached Houdini as a teenager at the Pastime Athletic Club. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.737677574157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini was an active Freemason and was a member of St. Cecile Lodge #568 in New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.867755889892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1918, he registered for selective service as Harry Handcuff Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.339936256408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "He began his magic career in 1891, but had little success. He appeared in a tent act with strongman Emil Jarrow. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as \"The Wild Man\" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the \"King of Cards\". He soon began experimenting with escape acts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673844337463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1893, while performing with his brother \"Dash\" (Theodore) at Coney Island as \"The Brothers Houdini,\" Harry met a fellow performer, Wilhelmina Beatrice \"Bess\" Rahner. Bess was initially courted by Dash, but she and Houdini married in 1894, with Bess replacing Dash in the act, which became known as \"The Houdinis.\" For the rest of Houdini's performing career, Bess worked as his stage assistant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.865997791290283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's big break came in 1899 when he met manager Martin Beck in St. Paul, Minnesota. Impressed by Houdini's handcuffs act, Beck advised him to concentrate on escape acts and booked him on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Within months, he was performing at the top vaudeville houses in the country. In 1900, Beck arranged for Houdini to tour Europe. After some days of unsuccessful interviews in London, Houdini's British agent Harry Day helped him to get an interview with C. Dundas Slater, then manager of the Alhambra Theatre. He was introduced to William Melville and gave a demonstration of escape from handcuffs at Scotland Yard. He succeeded in baffling the police so effectively that he was booked at the Alhambra for six months. His show was an immediate hit and his salary rose to $300 a week. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.60630989074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini became widely known as \"The Handcuff King.\" He toured England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Russia. In each city, Houdini challenged local police to restrain him with shackles and lock him in their jails. In many of these challenge escapes, Houdini was first stripped nude and searched. In Moscow, Houdini escaped from a Siberian prison transport van. Houdini claimed that, had he been unable to free himself, he would have had to travel to Siberia, where the only key was kept. In Cologne, he sued a police officer, Werner Graff, who alleged that he made his escapes via bribery. Houdini won the case when he opened the judge's safe (he later said the judge had forgotten to lock it). With his new-found wealth, Houdini purchased a dress said to have been made for Queen Victoria. He then arranged a grand reception where he presented his mother in the dress to all their relatives. Houdini said it was the happiest day of his life. In 1904, Houdini returned to the U.S. and purchased a house for $25,000, a brownstone at 278 W. 113th Street in Harlem, New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.407974243164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1906, Houdini created his own publication, the Conjurers' Monthly Magazine. It was a competitor to The Sphinx, but was short-lived and only two volumes were released until August of 1908. Magic historian Jim Steinmeyer has noted that \"Houdini couldn't resist using the journal for his own crusades, attacking his rivals, praising his own appearances, and subtly rewriting history to favor his view of magic.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.069092273712158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "From 1907 and throughout the 1910s, Houdini performed with great success in the United States. He freed himself from jails, handcuffs, chains, ropes, and straitjackets, often while hanging from a rope in sight of street audiences. Because of imitators, on January 25, 1908, Houdini put his \"handcuff act\" behind him and began escaping from a locked, water-filled milk can. The possibility of failure and death thrilled his audiences. Houdini also expanded his repertoire with his escape challenge act, in which he invited the public to devise contraptions to hold him. These included nailed packing crates (sometimes lowered into water), riveted boilers, wet sheets, mail bags, and even the belly of a whale that had washed ashore in Boston. Brewers in Scranton, Pennsylvania and other cities challenged Houdini to escape from a barrel after they filled it with beer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.15307903289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Many of these challenges were arranged with local merchants in one of the first uses of mass tie-in marketing. Rather than promote the idea that he was assisted by spirits, as did the Davenport Brothers and others, Houdini's advertisements showed him making his escapes via dematerializing, although Houdini himself never claimed to have supernatural powers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098129272460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Whilst on tour in Europe in 1902, Houdini visited Blois with the aim of meeting the widow of Emile Houdin, the son of Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin for an interview and permission to visit his grave. He did not receive permission but still visited the grave. Houdini believed that he had been treated unfairly and later wrote a negative account of the incident in his magazine claiming he was \"treated most discourteously by Madame W. Emile Robert-Houdin.\" In 1906, he sent a letter to the French magazine L'Illusionniste stating \"You will certainly enjoy the article on Robert Houdin I am about to publish in my magazine. Yes, my dear friend, I think I can finally demolish your idol, who has so long been placed on a pedestal that he did not deserve.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.534075736999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After much research, Houdini wrote a collection of articles on the history of magic, which were expanded into The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin published in 1908. In this book he attacked his former idol Robert-Houdin as liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as aerial suspension, which had been in existence for many years. Many of the allegations in the book were dismissed by magicians and researchers who defended Robert-Houdin. Magician Jean Hugard would later write a full rebuttal to Houdini's book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.648446083068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1913, Houdini introduced perhaps his most famous act, the Chinese Water Torture Cell, in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water. The act required that Houdini hold his breath for more than three minutes. Houdini performed the escape for the rest of his career. During his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In Handcuff Secrets (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestrings. Other times, he carried concealed lockpicks or keys. When tied down in ropes or straitjackets, he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his body. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.320192337036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as Theodore Hardeen), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.870682716369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini, at his own expense, had been recruiting local magic clubs to join the S.A.M. in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City to join. As had happened in London, Houdini persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.551453590393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest-surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues-paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.24993896484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as \"Three Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.806185722351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1904, the London Daily Mirror newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from special handcuffs that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from Birmingham, five years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his \"ghost house\" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion he asked if the cuffs could be removed so he could take off his coat. The Mirror representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuffs were unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. Many thought that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuffs. However, it has since been suggested that Bess did not in fact enter the stage at all, and that this theory is unlikely due to the size of the 6-inch key Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.163951873779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After Houdini's death, his friend Martin Beck was quoted in Will Goldston's book, Sensational Tales of Mystery Men, as admitting that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldston goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the Mirror representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. It was stated in the book The Secret Life of Houdini that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6 inches long, and could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldston offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuffs) that the Mirror challenge may have been arranged by Houdini and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.087340354919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "This escape was discussed in depth on the Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30211353302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "A full-sized design of the same Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the Bramah style key for it, is on display to the public at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. This set of cuffs is believed to be one of only six in the world, some of which are not on display. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51460075378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1908, Houdini introduced his own original act, the milk can escape. In this act, Houdini was handcuffed and sealed inside an over-sized milk can filled with water and made his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini invited members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed \"Failure Means A Drowning Death,\" the escape proved to be a sensation. Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked. Houdini performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for only four years, but it has remained one of the acts most associated with him. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, continued to perform the milk can escape and its wooden chest variant into the 1940s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.164429664611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The American Museum of Magic has the milk can and overboard box used by Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.870800018310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Around 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his milk can act with the Chinese water torture cell. In this escape, Houdini's feet were locked in stocks, and he was lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks were locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain concealed his escape. In the earliest version of the torture cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult - the cage prevented Houdini from turning - the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break. The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called \"Houdini Upside Down.\" This was so he could copyright the effect and have grounds to sue imitators, which he did. While the escape was advertised as \"The Chinese Water Torture Cell\" or \"The Water Torture Cell,\" Houdini always referred to it as \"the Upside Down\" or \"USD\". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in Berlin, on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17985725402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Another of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. Houdini first performed the escape in New York's East River on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so Houdini hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. Houdini escaped in 57 seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found still to be intact, with the manacles inside. Houdini performed this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden where a tank was specially built, and later at the New York Hippodrome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.561407566070557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini performed at least three variations on a buried alive stunt during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost Houdini his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicked while trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was \"very dangerous\" and that \"the weight of the earth is killing.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.577888488769531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's second variation on buried alive was an endurance test designed to expose mystical Egyptian performer Rahman Bey, who had claimed to use supernatural powers to remain in a sealed casket for an hour. Houdini bettered Bey on August 5, 1926, by remaining in a sealed casket, or coffin, submerged in the swimming pool of New York's Hotel Shelton for one and a half hours. Houdini claimed he did not use any trickery or supernatural powers to accomplish this feat, just controlled breathing. He repeated the feat at the YMCA in Worcester, Massachusetts on September 28, 1926, this time remaining sealed for one hour and eleven minutes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.484322547912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1906, Houdini started showing films of his outside escapes as part of his vaudeville act. In Boston, he presented a short film called Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt. Georg Hackenschmidt was a famous wrestler of the day, but the nature of their contest is unknown as the film is lost. In 1909, Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris). It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. That same year Houdini got an offer to star as Captain Nemo in a silent version of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but the project never made it into production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8541483879089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, The Mysteries of Myra, shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of The Master Mystery also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. The consultants on the serial were pioneering Hereward Carrington and Aleister Crowley. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.863063812255859, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1918, Houdini signed a contract with film producer B.A. Rolfe to star in a 15-part serial, The Master Mystery (released in January 1919). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in B.A. Rolfe Productions going out of business, but The Master Mystery led to Houdini being signed by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation/Paramount Pictures, for whom he made two pictures, The Grim Game (1919) and Terror Island (1920). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.939929962158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Grim Game was Houdini's first full-length movie and is reputed to be his best. Because of the flammable nature of nitrate film and the inherent chemical instability of the acetate \"safety\" film that supplanted it, only 10 percent of old silent movies exist. Film historians considered the film lost. One copy did exist hidden in the collection of a private collector only known to a tiny group of magicians that saw it. Dick Brookz and Dorothy Dietrich of The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania had seen it twice on the invitation of the collector. After many years of trying, they finally got him to agree to sell the film to Turner Classic Movies who restored the complete 71-minute film. The film, not seen by the general public for 96 years was shown by TCM on March29, 2015, as a highlight of their yearly 4-day festival in Hollywood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.522867202758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that \"the profits are too meager\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09372615814209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In April 2008, Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including The Master Mystery, Terror Island, The Man From Beyond, Haldane of the Secret Service, and five minutes from The Grim Game. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris, although it is not identified as such. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.433936595916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1909, Houdini became fascinated with aviation. He purchased a French Voisin biplane for $5,000 and hired a full-time mechanic, Antonio Brassac. After crashing once, he made his first successful flight on November 26 in Hamburg, Germany. The following year, Houdini toured Australia. He brought along his Voisin biplane with the intention to be the first person in Australia to fly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374272346496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1965, aviation journalist Stanley Brogden formed the view that the first powered flight in Australia took place at Bolivar in South Australia; the aircraft was a Bleriot monoplane with Fred Custance as the pilot. The flight took place on March 17, 1910. The next day when Houdini took to the air, the Herald newspaper reported Custance's flight, stating it had lasted 5 minutes 25 seconds at a height of between 12 and 15 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.110713005065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "In 2010, Australia Post issued stamps commemorating Colin Defries, Houdini and John Robertson Duigan, crediting only Defries and Duigan with historical firsts. Duigan was an Australian pioneer aviator who built and flew the first Australian-made aircraft. Australia Post did acknowledge the part Houdini played (Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history) but did not attribute any record to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.693680763244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After completing his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next Music Hall tour, and even promised to leap from it handcuffed, but he never flew again. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77342414855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In the 1920s, Houdini turned his energies toward debunking psychics and mediums, a pursuit that inspired and was followed by latter-day stage magicians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9478349685668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None was able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valiantine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a \"ghostbuster\" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon, also known as \"Margery\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.307572364807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Joaquín Argamasilla known as the \"Spaniard with X-ray Eyes\" claimed to be able to read handwriting or numbers on dice through closed metal boxes. In 1924, he was exposed by Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so he could look inside it without others noticing. Houdini also investigated the Italian medium Nino Pecoraro who he considered to be fraudulent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.631332397460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's exposing of phony mediums has inspired other magicians to follow suit, including The Amazing Randi, Dorothy Dietrich, Penn & Teller, and Dick Brookz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.740340232849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message \"Rosabelle believe\", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly séances on Halloween for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through Arthur Ford in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked. The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues. Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971. In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel, she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that \"ten years is long enough to wait for any man.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.831709861755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "In 1926, Harry Houdini hired H. P. Lovecraft and his friend C. M. Eddy, Jr., to write an entire book about debunking religious miracles, which was to be called The Cancer of Superstition. Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write an article about astrology, for which he paid $75. The article does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for Cancer does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. Houdini's death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.937963962554932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Ehrich Weiss", "passage": "Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers give his height as , but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly bow-legged, which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss, author Kenneth Silverman summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6947526931762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison wax cylinders on October 29, 1914, in Flatbush, New York. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous Chinese water torture cell. He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician John Mulholland after his death in 1970. They are part of the David Copperfield collection. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0966339111328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. Price describes Whitehead asking Houdini \"if he believed in the miracles of the Bible\" and \"whether it was true that punches in the stomach did not hurt him\". He then delivered \"some very hammer-like blows below the belt\". Houdini was reclining on a couch at the time, having broken his ankle while performing several days earlier. Price states that Houdini winced at each blow and stopped Whitehead suddenly in the midst of a punch, gesturing that he had enough, and adding that he had no opportunity to prepare himself against the blows, as he did not expect Whitehead to strike him so suddenly and forcefully. Had his ankle not been broken, he would have risen from the couch into a better position to brace himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.352238655090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of 102 °F and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 F. Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.619644641876221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "It is not entirely clear what relationship the encounter in the dressing room had on Houdini's eventual death. As Snopes points out, the relationship between blunt trauma and appendicitis is not clear. One theory suggests that Houdini was unaware that he was suffering from appendicitis. If he had not realized that his stomach pains were symptomatic of appendicitis, he would not have appreciated the potentially critical effect of the blows to his abdomen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.154473304748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.954277992248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini grave site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271086692810059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's funeral was held on November 4, 1926, in New York City, with more than 2,000 mourners in attendance. He was interred in the Machpelah Cemetery in Glendale, Queens, with the crest of the Society of American Magicians inscribed on his grave site. A statuary bust was added to the exedra in 1927, a rarity, because graven images are forbidden in Jewish cemeteries. In 1975, the bust was destroyed by vandals. Temporary busts were placed at the grave until 2011 when a group who came to be called The Houdini Commandos from the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania placed a permanent bust with the permission of Houdini's family and of the cemetery. The Society of American Magicians took responsibility for the upkeep of the site, as Houdini had willed a large sum of money to the organization he had grown from one club to 5,000-6,000 dues-paying membership worldwide. The payment of upkeep was abandoned by the society's dean George Schindler, who said “Houdini paid for perpetual care, but there’s nobody at the cemetery to provide it,” adding that the operator of the cemetery, David Jacobson, “sends us a bill for upkeep every year but we never pay it because he never provides any care.” The Society tidies the grave themselves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.349815368652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said, they \"never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988,\" claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold were also destroyed by vandals. For many years, until recently, The Houdini grave site has been only cared for by Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Society of American Magicians, at its National Council Meeting in Boca Raton, Florida, in 2013, under the prompting of The Houdini Museum's Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz, voted to assume the financial responsibilities for the care and maintenance of the Houdini Gravesite. In MUM Magazine, the Society's official magazine, President Dal Sanders announced \"Harry Houdini is an icon as revered as Elvis Presley or Marilyn Monroe. He is not only a magical icon; his gravesite bears the seal of The Society of American Magicians. That seal is our brand and we should be proud to protect it. This gravesite is clearly our responsibility and I’m proud to report that the National Council unanimously voted to maintain Houdini’s final resting place.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.11447525024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "The Houdini Gravesite Restoration Committee under the Chairmanship of National President David Bowers, is working closely with National President Kenrick \"Ice\" McDonald to see this project to completion. Bowers said it is a foregone conclusion that the Society will approve the funding request, because “Houdini is responsible for the Society of American Magicians being what it is today. We owe a debt of gratitude to him.” Like Bowers, McDonald said the motivation behind the repairs is to properly honor the grave of the “Babe Ruth of magicians.” “This is hallowed ground,” he said. “When you ask people about magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini.” While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.065503120422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "To this day, the Society holds a broken wand ceremony at the grave every November. Houdini's widow, Bess, died of a heart attack on February 11, 1943, aged 67, in Needles, California while on a train en route from Los Angeles to New York City. She had expressed a wish to be buried next to her husband, but instead was interred 35 miles due north at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Westchester County, New York, as her Catholic family refused to allow her to be buried in a Jewish cemetery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.134716987609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "On March 22, 2007, Houdini's grand-nephew (the grandson of his brother Theo), George Hardeen, announced that the courts would be asked to allow exhumation of Houdini's body, to investigate the possibility of Houdini being murdered by spiritualists, as suggested in the biography The Secret Life of Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.252360343933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In a statement given to the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the family of Bess Houdini opposed the application and suggested it was a publicity ploy for the book. The Washington Post stated that the press conference was not arranged by the family of Houdini. Instead, the Post reported, it was orchestrated by authors Kalush and Sloman, who hired the PR firm Dan Klores Communications to promote their book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.401065826416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, who returned to performing after Houdini's death, inherited his brother's effects and props. Houdini's will stipulated that all the effects should be \"burned and destroyed\" upon Hardeen's death. Hardeen sold much of the collection to magician and Houdini enthusiast Sidney Hollis Radner during the 1940s, including the water torture cell. Radner allowed choice pieces of the collection to be displayed at The Houdini Magical Hall of Fame in Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1995, a fire destroyed the museum. The water torture cell's metal frame remained, and it was restored by illusion builder John Gaughan. Many of the props contained in the museum such as the mirror handcuffs, Houdini's original packing crate, a milk can, and a straitjacket, survived the fire and were auctioned in 1999 and 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.536542892456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini was a \"formidable collector,\" and bequeathed many of his holdings and paper archives on magic and spiritualism to the Library of Congress, which became the basis for the Houdini collection in cyberspace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.420560836791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In a posthumous ceremony on October 31, 1975, Houdini was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7001 Hollywood Blvd. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.941216468811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, bills itself as \"the only building in the world entirely dedicated to Houdini\". It is open to the public year round by reservation. It includes Houdini films, a guided tour about Houdini's life and a stage magic show. Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz opened the facility in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.824481010437012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Magic Castle, a nightclub for magicians and magic enthusiasts, as well as the clubhouse for the Academy of Magical Arts, features Houdini séances performed by magician Misty Lee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.79638147354126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (1953)—played by Tony Curtis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.202801704406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* The Great Houdini aka The Great Houdinis (1976)—played by Paul Michael Glaser (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.023727416992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "* Young Harry Houdini (1987)—played by Wil Wheaton & Jeffrey DeMunn (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.683879852294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (1998)—played by Johnathon Schaech (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.224822998046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (2014)—played by Adrien Brody (TV miniseries) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.76951789855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini and Doyle (2016)—played by Michael Weston (TV series)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.884673118591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini published numerous books during his career (some of which were written by his good friend Walter B. Gibson, the creator of The Shadow): ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.999984741210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/1920HoudiniMiracleMongers Miracle Mongers and Their Methods] (1920)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.104180335998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/houdinispaperma00houdgoog Houdini's Paper Magic] (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68122673034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/1924HoudiniAMagicianAmongTheSpirits A Magician Among the Spirits] (1924) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.33154010772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/BostomMediumMargery Houdini Exposes the Tricks Used by the Boston Medium \"Margery\"] (1924)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.979228019714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "12&query=%22How%20I%20do%20My%22%20Houdini How I do My \"Spirit Tricks\"], article for Popular Science (December, 1925)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.033679962158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [http://www.britannica.com/topic/Harry-Houdini-on-conjuring-1973131 Conjuring] (1926), article for the Encyclopædia Britannica's 13th edition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.906576156616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris—Cinema Lux (1909)—playing himself", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.595255851745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* The Man from Beyond—Houdini Picture Corporation (1922)—playing Howard Hillary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.872708320617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Haldane of the Secret Service—Houdini Picture Corporation/FBO (1922)—playing Heath Haldane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.122542381286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" } ]

[ { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written on September 14, 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "precise_score": 5.923822402954102, "rough_score": 5.951900482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "During the War of 1812 a storm flag () was flown over Fort McHenry during the bombardment. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14, 1814 with a larger garrison flag (). The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore. The sight of the ensign inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" that was later set to the tune To Anacreon in Heaven and become known as the Star Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States.", "precise_score": 5.148568153381348, "rough_score": 6.470058917999268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed \"a city of neighborhoods\". Famous residents have included the writers Edgar Allan Poe, Edith Hamilton, Frederick Douglass, and H.L. Mencken; jazz musician James \"Eubie\" Blake; singer Billie Holiday; actor and filmmaker John Waters; and baseball player Babe Ruth. In the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in the city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.002533912658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltimore" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "The city was the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. After burning Washington, D.C., the British attacked Baltimore outside the eastern outskirts of town on the \"Patapsco Neck\" on September 12, at the Battle of North Point, then on the night of September 13–14, 1814. United States forces from Fort McHenry successfully defended the city's harbor from the British. Francis Scott Key, (1779–1843), a Maryland lawyer from Georgetown and Frederick, was aboard a British ship where he had been negotiating for the release of an American prisoner, Dr. William Beanes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.4727935791015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baltimore" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Francis Scott Key's lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200074195861816, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure the exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.030558109283447, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads \"Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935107231140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, a civilian prisoner of war, witnessed the bombardment from a nearby truce ship. An oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. When Key saw the flag emerge intact in the dawn of September 14, he was so moved that he began that morning to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" which would later be renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and become the United States' national anthem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.162623405456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "During the American Civil War the area where Fort McHenry sits served as a military prison, confining both Confederate soldiers, as well as a large number of Maryland political figures who were suspected of being Confederate sympathizers. The imprisoned included newly elected Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, the city council, and the new police commissioner, George P. Kane, and members of the Maryland General Assembly along with several newspaper editors and owners. Ironically, Francis Scott Key's grandson, Francis Key Howard, was one of these political detainees. A drama beginning the famous Supreme Court case involving the night arrest in Baltimore County and imprisonment here of John Merryman and the upholding of his demand for a writ of habeas corpus for release by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney occurred at the gates between Court and Federal Marshals and the commander of Union troops occupying the Fort under orders from President Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Fort McHenry also served to train artillery at this time; this service is the origin of the Rodman guns presently located and displayed at the fort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.544649839401245, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Image:FMcHOrpheus.jpg|Adjacent to Fort McHenry lies a monument of Orpheus that is dedicated to the soldiers of the fort and Francis Scott Key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.622553825378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" } ]

[ { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. Hypotension is generally considered if systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or diastolic less than 60 mm Hg. However, in practice, blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.", "precise_score": -0.397072434425354, "rough_score": -1.6471545696258545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. It is best understood as a physiological state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.", "precise_score": -0.0847112387418747, "rough_score": -3.0389060974121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "The cardinal symptoms of hypotension include lightheadedness or dizziness. ", "precise_score": 2.1188042163848877, "rough_score": -2.5078632831573486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "The diagnosis of hypotension is made by first obtaining a blood pressure, either non-invasively with a sphygmomanometer or invasively with an arterial catheter (mostly in an intensive care setting). If the MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) is 70 with use of blood or dobutamine)", "precise_score": -2.339966297149658, "rough_score": -1.4111889600753784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "For some people who exercise and are in top physical condition, low blood pressure is a sign of good health and fitness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321760177612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "For many people, excessively low blood pressure can cause dizziness and fainting or indicate serious heart, endocrine or neurological disorders. Severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.350625038146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Low blood pressure is sometimes associated with certain symptoms, many of which are related to causes rather than effects of hypotension:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.421882629394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Low blood pressure can be caused by low blood volume, hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, medicine side effects, anemia, heart problems or endocrine problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120931625366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Reduced blood volume, hypovolemia, is the most common cause of hypotension. This can result from hemorrhage; insufficient fluid intake, as in starvation; or excessive fluid losses from diarrhea or vomiting. Hypovolemia is often induced by excessive use of diuretics. Low blood pressure may also be attributed to heat stroke. The body may have enough fluid but does not retain electrolytes. Absence of perspiration, light headedness and dark coloured urine are also indicators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3091557025909424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Other medications can produce hypotension by different mechanisms. Chronic use of alpha blockers or beta blockers can lead to hypotension. Beta blockers can cause hypotension both by slowing the heart rate and by decreasing the pumping ability of the heart muscle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.497509479522705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Decreased cardiac output despite normal blood volume, due to severe congestive heart failure, large myocardial infarction, heart valve problems, or extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), often produces hypotension and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. Arrhythmias often result in hypotension by this mechanism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.295702934265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Some heart conditions can lead to low blood pressure, including extremely low heart rate (bradycardia), heart valve problems, heart attack and heart failure. These conditions may cause low blood pressure because they prevent the body from being able to circulate enough blood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.431081771850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Excessive vasodilation, or insufficient constriction of the resistance blood vessels (mostly arterioles), causes hypotension. This can be due to decreased sympathetic nervous system output or to increased parasympathetic activity occurring as a consequence of injury to the brain or spinal cord or of dysautonomia, an intrinsic abnormality in autonomic system functioning. Excessive vasodilation can also result from sepsis, acidosis, or medications, such as nitrate preparations, calcium channel blockers, or AT1 receptor antagonists (Angiotensin II acts on AT1 receptors). Many anesthetic agents and techniques, including spinal anesthesia and most inhalational agents, produce significant vasodilation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.21154260635376, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotensive", "passage": "Meditation, yoga, or other mental-physiological disciplines may reduce hypotensive effects. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.577362060546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotensive", "passage": "Lower blood pressure is a side effect of certain botanicals, which can also interact with hypotensive medications. An example is the theobromine in Theobroma cacao, which lowers blood pressure through its actions as both a vasodilator and a diuretic, and has been used to treat high blood pressure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446584701538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Low blood pressure", "passage": "Orthostatic hypotension, also called postural hypotension, is a common form of low blood pressure. It occurs after a change in body position, typically when a person stands up from either a seated or lying position. It is usually transient and represents a delay in the normal compensatory ability of the autonomic nervous system. It is commonly seen in hypovolemia and as a result of various medications. In addition to blood pressure-lowering medications, many psychiatric medications, in particular antidepressants, can have this side effect. Simple blood pressure and heart rate measurements while lying, seated, and standing (with a two-minute delay in between each position change) can confirm the presence of orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension is indicated if there is a drop in 20 mmHg of systolic pressure (and a 10 mmHg drop in diastolic pressure in some facilities) and a 20 beats per minute increase in heart rate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.68847918510437, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Another, but rarer form, is postprandial hypotension, a drastic decline in blood pressure that occurs 30 to 75 minutes after eating substantial meals. When a great deal of blood is diverted to the intestines (a kind of \"splanchnic blood pooling\") to facilitate digestion and absorption, the body must increase cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain enough blood pressure to perfuse vital organs, such as the brain. Postprandial hypotension is believed to be caused by the autonomic nervous system not compensating appropriately, because of aging or a specific disorder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.286867618560791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Hypotension is a feature of Flammer syndrome which is characterized by cold hands and feet and predisposes to normal tension glaucoma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3834147453308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" }, { "answer": "Hypotension", "passage": "Medium-term (and less well-demonstrated) treatments of hypotension include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.266654014587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hypotension" } ]

[ { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "MCPON John-117, or \"Master Chief\", is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Halo fictional universe created by Bungie. Master Chief is a playable character in the series of science fiction first-person shooter video games Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, Halo 3, Halo 4, and Halo 5: Guardians. Outside video games, the character appears in books and graphic novels—Halo: The Fall of Reach, Halo: The Flood, Halo: First Strike, and Halo: Uprising—and has cameos in other Halo media, including Halo: Reach, Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, The Halo Graphic Novel, Halo Legends and Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn.", "precise_score": 1.1364973783493042, "rough_score": -0.48425227403640747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Downes said that his voicing for Master Chief was based entirely on Bungie's written character description provided, which specified a character similar to Clint Eastwood and of few words. In a podcast interview, the actor noted that, during the recording, he was given a fair amount of creative leeway to develop the Chief's personality. In the games, Master Chief never speaks during player-controlled gameplay, making him an almost silent protagonist. Even during cut scenes, the character generally speaks sparingly. Bungie Studios' Frank O'Connor has described the Chief as \"so quiet and so invisible, literally, that the player gets to pretend they're the Chief. The player gets to inhabit those shoes [and] apply their own personality.\" Bungie concept artist Eddie Smith described Master Chief as \"pretty much the consummate professional. He does his job, walks off, doesn't even get the girl, he's that cool he doesn't need her.\" Although the Master Chief is usually depicted as calm, quiet, and wryly cynical, some reviewers stated that Eric Nylund's portrayal of the character in Halo: The Fall of Reach deviates significantly from the treatment found in the games and other media. Alternatively, William C. Dietz's portrayal of the Chief in Halo: The Flood was occasionally blasted by fans as too radical a departure from Nylund's template. ", "precise_score": -6.414915084838867, "rough_score": -5.17099142074585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "The Master Chief's backstory is never explained in the games. A prequel of Halo: Combat Evolved, the 2001 novel The Fall of Reach, reveals much of the character's history and was released as a companion to the game. Master Chief, originally named John, was born in 2511 and first lived with his family on the human colony planet Eridanus II. Large for his six years of age, and approximately a foot above his school peers, he is described as a typical boy with brown hair, freckles and a gap between his two front teeth. In 2517, John and dozens of children his age are covertly taken from their homes and replaced with clones to hide the kidnapping. The original children are brought to the planet Reach, one of the UNSC's bastions, to begin intense physical and psychological training to become \"Spartan-II\" supersoldiers. They are assigned new identification numbers instead of last names; John becomes known as John-117. Approximately eight years later, John and the other children are biologically and cybernetically augmented and enhanced. These procedures have substantial risks; only John and thirty-two other Spartans survive.", "precise_score": 0.2828170657157898, "rough_score": 2.6309092044830322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Master Chief first appears in the games as the protagonist of Halo: Combat Evolved and the 2003 novelization, Halo: The Flood. During the opening cinematic of Halo: Combat Evolved, the Chief is awakened from cryonic sleep. Upon exiting slipspace, the Pillar of Autumn is attacked by the Covenant and crash lands on Halo, a ring-shaped megastructure. Master Chief escapes the ship via an escape pod. Upon landing on Halo, his first task is to find other survivors. While fighting the Covenant, Master Chief and Cortana learn that Halo was created by an ancient race, the Forerunners, as a last line of defense against an alien parasite called the Flood. The Covenant accidentally release the Flood, which begins to spread across the ring. At the request of the installation's resident AI 343 Guilty Spark, Master Chief retrieves the Index, a device used to activate Halo's defenses and eliminate the Flood. However, Guilty Spark neglects to inform the Master Chief that Halo would accomplish this by destroying all sentient life in a vast radius, essentially starving the Flood to death. Cortana intervenes to prevent the activation of Halo. She and the Master Chief destroy it by detonating the Pillar of Autumns fusion reactor core. The Master Chief and Cortana escape in a Longsword spacecraft, believing they are the only survivors. ", "precise_score": -2.8678340911865234, "rough_score": -5.9216203689575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "The Master Chief has appeared or has been referenced several times in non-canon media. He is mentioned several times in Rooster Teeth Productions' Halo-based machinima parody series Red vs. Blue. In the first episode of the series, Grif, talking to teammate , says, \"I signed up to fight some aliens. Next thing I know, Master Chief blows up the whole Covenant Armada, and I'm stuck in the middle of nowhere, fighting .\" In the Halo Zune exclusive video titled \"Turn On, Tune In, Zune Out\", Doc has a segment on his radio broadcast called \"You're not Master Chief, and that's okay\". Team Ninja approached Bungie Studios and asked to use the Master Chief in their 2006 video game Dead or Alive 4. Although the Chief could not be used due to storyline restrictions, Bungie's interest in the idea resulted in the development of Nicole (Spartan-458). ", "precise_score": -3.1025378704071045, "rough_score": -4.4098663330078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "The task of developing Master Chief for the character's first appearance in Halo: Combat Evolved fell on Rob McLees and the project's art director, Marcus Lehto. Eventually, Shi Kai Wang was hired for conceptual art. One of Wang's sketches was accepted and became the basis for the Master Chief; however, after Wang's version was converted to a 3-D model, it was decided the character looked too slender, \"almost effeminate\". The Master Chief was subsequently bulked up to the version currently found in the games. Similarly, the Chief's armor went through various changes, such as the addition of an antenna, which was removed later in development, and a green tint. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.956555366516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Downes, who voices the Master Chief, is a disc jockey and voice actor who had never played video games before Halo. Downes only previous experience with video game voice work was a small part for Septerra Core: Legacy of the Creator. During production of Halo, Martin O'Donnell, Bungie's music director, recommended Downes for the part of the Chief based on his experience working on Septerra. Downes never interviewed for the part, describing his acceptance as \"a phone call\". For years Downes never appeared at Bungie or Microsoft events and believed that the Master Chief is left masked because \"[the character's identity] is really in the eye of the player\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.830046653747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "In the video games, the Master Chief is rarely seen without his armor. In-game cutscenes tease the character's face, but never reveal it; for example, at the end of Halo: Combat Evolved, the Chief removes his helmet, but camera movement hides his head. Bungie says this helps the gamer fully assume his character. At the end of Halo 4, Master Chief's eyes are briefly shown when he removes his armor and helmet. One physical description of the adult Master Chief comes from the novels. During a briefing scene in Halo: The Flood, the Chief is described as tall with short hair, serious eyes, and strong features. His skin is \"too white\", a consequence of spending most of his time in his armor. The Master Chief stands about seven feet (2.13 m) tall and weighs 1,000 pounds (450 kg) in armor; without it, he stands six feet, seven inches (2 m) tall and weighs 287 pounds (130 kg). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.443266868591309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Halo: The Fall of Reach", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615367889404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Halo: Combat Evolved", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787622451782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "First Strike and Halo 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805084228515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Halo: First Strike, the 2003 novel by Eric Nylund, follows the Master Chief after the events of Halo: Combat Evolved and bridges the events of Halo and Halo 2. Floating in Halo's debris field, Cortana and the Chief discover that there are in fact other human survivors. The Master Chief and these soldiers capture the Covenant flagship Ascendant Justice, and return to Reach to save any UNSC survivors on the planet. At Reach, the Master Chief discovers that the Covenant had not destroyed the planet's biosphere in the usual manner, and that a few other Spartans survive. The Chief retrieves Dr. Catherine Elizabeth Halsey, the creative genius behind the SPARTAN-II Project, and his fellow soldiers. The Spartans then attack a massive Covenant command station, the Unyielding Hierophant, thus delaying a Covenant assault on Earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.202342987060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "The Master Chief returns as one of two playable characters in Halo 2, the 2004 sequel to Halo: Combat Evolved. Returning to Earth with heavily damaged armor, the Master Chief receives an upgrade. Aboard Cairo Station in space, he attends a brief awards ceremony, which is interrupted by a Covenant invasion. Master Chief is commanded to protect the station. The Covenant is repelled, and the Master Chief joins the ship In Amber Clad to fight the Covenant on Earth's surface, in New Mombasa. As the Covenant departs via slipspace, the In Amber Clad follows them to Installation 05, another Halo. The Master Chief lands on this Halo and subsequently assassinates the Covenant High Prophet of Regret. Emerging from a structure, the Master Chief is attacked by orbiting Covenant forces, but is rescued by the Gravemind, an intelligence of Flood origin. The Gravemind sends him to High Charity to search for Delta Halo's Index. Subsequently, the Master Chief boards a Forerunner ship bound for Earth, intending to \"finish the fight\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.790546894073486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Uprising and Halo 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994500160217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Back on Earth, the Master Chief helps to repel hostile Covenant forces from Mombasa, Kenya and Voi. With the Arbiter (a Covenant Elite who has sided with humanity) and fellow allies, the Chief leads the assault on a Forerunner artifact that the Covenant Prophet of Truth is attempting to activate. Soon after Truth escapes Earth through the slipspace portal opened by the artifact, the Flood lands on Earth. After helping to control the infestation, the Master Chief follows Truth to the Ark, an immense constructed world more than 262,144 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy and well beyond the range of any Halo. There, all the Halos can be remotely activated, thus killing all sentient life that could be infested by the Flood. It is discovered that a new Halo is being constructed to replace the one that the Master Chief destroyed in Halo: Combat Evolved. The Flood follow the Chief to the Ark, bringing High Charity through the slipspace portal to escape the range of the six original Halos. The allied Elites and humans decide to activate the new Halo in order to kill the Flood outside the galaxy, and thus preserve life there. 343 Guilty Spark opposes the premature activation of the incomplete installation and attempts to stop it. Master Chief destroys him, activates the ring, and escapes with Cortana and the Arbiter on the UNSC frigate Forward Unto Dawn. During the escape, the collapsing slipspace portal severs the Dawn in two, stranding Cortana and the Master Chief deep in space. While the Arbiter returns to Earth, Cortana activates a distress beacon, knowing that rescue could take years; the Master Chief enters cryonic sleep, telling Cortana, \"Wake me, when you need me.\" If the player finishes the last level on Legendary difficulty, a cutscene shows the severed half of the ship floating near an unknown planet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.326396942138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Halo 4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50015640258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Master Chief awakens from the cryo-pod he entered at the end of Halo 3 within the Forward Unto Dawn. The Covenant are invading the ship and Master Chief fights his way outside as the frigate crash lands on a Forerunner shield world. He survives the fall and awakens inside the shield world without serious injury. There, while fighting the shield world's defensive AI which Cortana identifies as \"Prometheans\", he encounters the Didact, an antagonistic Forerunner who plans on using a Forerunner artifact called The Composer to turn humanity into digital data. Master Chief manages to foil his plans by delivering a HAVOK nuclear warhead inside the Didact's ship and detonating it, while the increasingly rampant Cortana protects him with a hard light barrier before fading away leaving the Chief mourning her loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.345750331878662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Halo 5: Guardians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294572830200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "During the events between Halo 4 and Halo 5, Master Chief has reunited with and taken command of Blue Team, the last remaining known survivors of the SPARTAN-II program since Halo: First Strike. By the events of Halo 5, Master Chief has been known to execute countless military operations non-stop without rest alongside Blue Team. Blue Team's latest operation entailed the attempted retaking of an Office of Naval Intelligence facility on Argent Moon from Jul M'Dama's Covenant remnant forces. During the operation, Master Chief comes into contact with what he believes to be Cortana, directed to go to Meridian. After sharing his findings with both Blue Team and the UNSC flagship Infinity after scuttling the station, Master Chief goes AWOL to investigate Meridian, with Blue Team following out of their lifelong loyalty to their team leader. Blue Team's rogue actions attract the attention of Fireteam Osiris, a team of SPARTAN-IV operatives led by Jameson Locke assigned with the purpose of returning them to custody.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.011824131011963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Marketing for Halo 3 focused heavily on the character of the Master Chief, including \"The Museum\", and appears in the subsequent video as part of a special advertisement series for Halo 3 entitled \"Believe in a Hero\". The character appears outside Halo fandom and associated works; a medieval variation of the Master Chief's MJOLNIR armour appears in Fable II, as the suit of armour worn by a legendary hero named \"Hal\". Hal's Armour only appears as downloadable content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.723121643066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Peter David's graphic novel Helljumpers contains a cameo by the Master Chief \"before he actually was [the Chief].\" The Master Chief appears as a main character in Marvel's limited series Halo: Uprising, which ties together the events of Halo 2 and Halo 3. The Master Chief appears in four episodes of the 2010 anime collection Halo Legends: \"The Package\", \"Origins\", \"Homecoming\" and \"Odd One Out\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.148120403289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Master Chief can be seen briefly at the end of the Halo: Reach campaign. When moving the right analog stick at the proper time during a cutscene, he can be seen in his cryo-tube, ready to be revived at the beginning of Combat Evolved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.253419876098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "In 2008, Neill Blomkamp, director of the delayed Halo film, said the film would have depicted the character as \"the most important supporting cast member\" because of his faceless nature. Instead, \"other characters around him [...] did most of the emotional heavy lifting\", with their story exploring their perception of the Chief. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.869678497314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Roger Travis, associate professor of classics at the University of Connecticut, compared the Master Chief to the epic hero Aeneas, in that both superhuman characters save a civilization by defeating strong enemies in a martial setting. The audience is intended to identify with the protagonist similarly in both stories. Matthew Stover compared Halo to the Iliad, saying that both stories share the meta-theme that \"war is the crucible of character\". As military science fiction, Halo further raises the issue of being human. Stover argued that, since players are to imagine themselves as the Master Chief, the character is correctly presented as a cyborg, neither a flawless machine nor fully human. Players would be unable to empathize with the former, and the latter would be too specifically developed. This immersion has facilitated the use of the Halo series' multiplayer mode for live digital puppetry, as in Chris Burke's machinima talk show This Spartan Life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.395192623138428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" }, { "answer": "Halo", "passage": "Several action figures of the character have been created to market of the Halo series; the most recent were manufactured by McFarlane. One2One collectibles produced 1:2 scale busts of the Master Chief. These actions have been called necessary to the game franchise; Ed Ventura, director of Xbox's worldwide marketing, said, \"We want to be in the hearts and minds of our fans as much as we can.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.788361072540283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Master Chief (Halo)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and were officially named the Science Fiction Achievement Awards until 1992. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the central focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955. Over the years that the award has been given, the categories presented have changed; currently Hugo Awards are given in more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works of various types.", "precise_score": 1.3347022533416748, "rough_score": -0.20577852427959442, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The World Science Fiction Society (WSFS) gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the \"fathers\" of the science fiction genre. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the prior calendar year. There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left up to the voters, rather than to the organizing committee. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works.", "precise_score": 3.595235586166382, "rough_score": 3.569364547729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool. Gahan Wilson, in First World Fantasy Awards (1977), claimed that noting that a book had won the Hugo Award on the cover \"demonstrably\" increased sales for that novel, though Orson Scott Card said in his 1990 book How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy that the award had a larger effect on foreign sales than in the United States. Spider Robinson, in 1992, claimed that publishers were very interested in authors that won a Hugo Award, more so than for other awards such as the Nebula Award. Literary agent Richard Curtis said in his 1996 Mastering the Business of Writing that having the term Hugo Award on the cover, even as a nominee, was a \"powerful inducement\" to science fiction fans to buy a novel, while Jo Walton claimed in 2011 that the Hugo is the only science fiction award \"that actually affects sales of a book\".", "precise_score": 1.8835803270339966, "rough_score": 1.3624330759048462, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Robert James Sawyer (born April 29, 1960) is a Canadian science fiction writer. He has had 23 novels published, and his short fiction has appeared in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Amazing Stories, On Spec, Nature, and many anthologies. Sawyer has won the Nebula Award (1995), the Hugo Award (2003), and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award (2006). ", "precise_score": 4.5960469245910645, "rough_score": 5.293185710906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Sawyer's work often crosses over from science fiction to mystery; he won both Canada's top SF award (the Prix Aurora Award) and its top mystery-fiction award (the Arthur Ellis Award) for his 1993 short story \"Just Like Old Times.\" Illegal Alien is a courtroom drama with an extraterrestrial defendant; Hominids puts one Neanderthal on trial by his peers for the apparent murder of another Neanderthal; Mindscan has the rights of uploaded consciousnesses explored in a Michigan probate court; and Golden Fleece, Fossil Hunter, The Terminal Experiment, Frameshift, and Flashforward are all, in part, murder mysteries. Of Sawyer's shorter SF works, the novella \"Identity Theft\" and the short stories \"Biding Time,\" \"Flashes,\" \"Iterations,\" \"Shed Skin,\" \"The Stanley Cup Caper,\" \"You See But You Do Not Observe,\" \"The Hand You're Dealt,\" and the aforementioned \"Just Like Old Times\" are all also crime or mystery fiction.", "precise_score": 0.7564135789871216, "rough_score": 0.5944830775260925, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "In addition to his popularity at home, Sawyer's work is well received internationally. All of his novels have been issued by New York publishing houses and translated editions have appeared in Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, Hungarian, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, and Spanish. Sawyer has won major international awards for his writing including the Hugo Award (selected by attending and supporting members of Worldcon), the Nebula Award (selected by members of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America) and the jury-selected John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.", "precise_score": 4.586930274963379, "rough_score": 2.5529773235321045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "One of the most prestigious science fiction awards, the Hugo Awards have been termed as \"among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing\". Works that have won have been published in special collections, and the official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool. The 2015 awards were presented at the 73rd Worldcon, Sasquan, in Spokane, United States, on August 22, 2015. The 2016 Hugos will be presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, on August 21, 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4925852417945862, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The 1954 Worldcon chose not to, but the awards were reinstated at the 1955 Worldcon, and thereafter became traditional. The award was called the Annual Science Fiction Achievement Award, with \"Hugo Award\" being an unofficial, but better known name. The nickname was accepted as an official alternative name in 1958, and since the 1992 awards the nickname has been adopted as the official name of the award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.768616199493408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "In 1961, after the formation of the WSFS to oversee each Worldcon committee, formal rules were set down in the WSFS constitution mandating the presenting of the awards as one of the responsibilities of each Worldcon organizing committee. The rules restricted voting to members of the convention that the awards would be given at, while still allowing anyone to nominate works; nominations were restricted to members of the convention or the previous year's convention in 1963. The guidelines also specified the categories that would be awarded, which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society board. These categories were for Best Novel, Short Fiction (short stories, broadly defined), Dramatic Presentation, Professional Magazine, Professional Artist, and Best Fanzine (fan magazine). 1963 was also the second year in which \"no award\" won a category, again for Dramatic Presentation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.979689598083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "In 2015, two groups of science fiction writers, the \"Sad Puppies\" led by Brad R. Torgersen and Larry Correia, and the \"Rabid Puppies\" led by Vox Day, each put forward a similar slate of suggested nominations which came to dominate the ballot. The Sad Puppies campaign had run for two years prior on a smaller scale, with limited success. The leaders of the campaigns characterized them as a reaction to \"niche, academic, overtly [leftist]\" nominees and winners in opposition to \"an affirmative action award\" that preferred female and non-white authors and characters. In response, five nominees declined their nomination before and, for the first time, two after the ballot was published. Multiple-Hugo-winner Connie Willis declined to present the awards. The slates were characterized by some journalists as a \"right wing\", \"orchestrated backlash\" by a \"group of white guys\" and were linked with the Gamergate controversy. Multiple Hugo winner Samuel R. Delany characterized the campaigns as a response to \"socio-economic\" changes such as minority authors gaining prominence and thus \"economic heft\". In all but the Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form category, \"no award\" placed above all nominees that were on either slate, and it won all five categories that only contained slate nominees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.075835227966309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The Hugo Award is highly regarded by observers. The Los Angeles Times has termed it \"among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing\", a claim echoed by Wired, who said that it was \"the premier award in the science fiction genre\". Justine Larbalestier, in The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction (2002), referred to the awards as \"the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction awards\", and Jo Walton, writing for Tor.com, said it was \"undoubtedly science fiction’s premier award\". The Guardian similarly acknowledged it as \"a fine showcase for speculative fiction\" as well as \"one of the most venerable, democratic and international\" science fiction awards \"in existence\". James Gunn, in The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1988), echoed The Guardians statement of the award's democratic nature, saying that \"because of its broad electorate\" the Hugos were the awards most representative of \"reader popularity\". Camille Bacon-Smith, in Science Fiction Culture (2000), said that at the time fewer than 1000 people voted on the final ballot; she held, however, that this is a representative sample of the readership at large, given the number of winning novels that remain in print for decades or become notable outside of the science fiction genre, such as The Demolished Man or The Left Hand of Darkness. The 2014 awards saw over 1900 nomination submissions and over 3500 voters on the final slate, while the 1964 awards received 274 votes. The 2015 awards saw 2122 nominating ballots and 5950 votes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6909062266349792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Brian Aldiss, in his book Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction, claimed that the Hugo Award was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected Nebula Award, which provided \"more literary judgment\", though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped. Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of Salon.com terming it \"science fiction's most prestigious award\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.067286729812622, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hugo Award" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "In addition to his own writing, Sawyer edits the [http://www.robertjsawyerbooks.com Robert J. Sawyer Books] science-fiction imprint for Red Deer Press, part of Canadian publisher Fitzhenry & Whiteside; contributes to The New York Review of Science Fiction; is The Canadian Encyclopedias authority on science fiction; and is a judge for L. Ron Hubbard's Writers of the Future contest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.923398494720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Sawyer wrote the original series bible for Charlie Jade, an hour-long science-fiction TV series that first aired in 2005–2006, and he did conceptual work in 2003 for reviving Robotech. He has also written and narrated documentaries about science fiction for CBC Radio's Ideas series, and he hosted the 17-part weekly half-hour documentary series Supernatural Investigator for Canada's Vision TV, which premiered January 27, 2009. He provided analysis of the British science fiction series Doctor Who for the CBC's online documentary The Planet of the Doctor, frequently comments on science fiction movies for TVOntario's Saturday Night at the Movies, and co-edited an essay collection in honor of the fortieth anniversary of Star Trek with David Gerrold, titled Boarding the Enterprise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.58350944519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Sawyer has taught science-fiction writing at the University of Toronto, Ryerson University, Humber College, and the Banff Centre. In 2000, he served as Writer-in-Residence at the Richmond Hill, Ontario, Public Library. In 2003, he was Writer-in-Residence at the Toronto Public Library's Merril Collection of Science Fiction, Speculation and Fantasy (the first person to hold this post since Judith Merril herself in 1987). In 2006, he was Writer-in-Residence at the Odyssey Writing Workshop. Also in 2006, he was the Edna Staebler Writer-in-Residence at the Kitchener Public Library in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, following on the Region of Waterloo's choice of Sawyer's Hominids as the \"One Book, One Community\" title that all 490,000 residents were encouraged to read in 2005. In 2007 he was the Berton House Writer-in-Residence at Berton House in Dawson City. In 2009, he was the first-ever Writer-in-Residence at the Canadian Light Source, Canada's national synchrotron facility in Saskatoon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.487198829650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Sawyer has long been an advocate of Canadian science fiction. He lobbied hard for the creation of the Canadian Region of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. The Canadian Region was established in 1992, and Sawyer served for three years on SFWA's Board of Directors as the first Canadian Regional Director (1992–1995). He also edited the newsletter of the Canadian Region, called Alouette in honor of Canada's first satellite; the newsletter was nominated for a Prix Aurora Award for best fanzine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.989668846130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "* 1997 Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Award for Best Short Story, for \"The Hand You're Dealt\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.382065773010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "* 2006 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, for Mindscan ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.318830490112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "* 2011 Prix Aurora Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in Canada, for Watch", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.19933795928955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "* 2016 Member of the Order of Canada \"for his accomplishments as a science fiction writer and mentor, and for his contributions as a futurist\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854214668273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert J. Sawyer" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Other points of contention include categories of film with few or no nominations or awards. Only three animated films have been nominated (Disney's Beauty and the Beast was the first, and Disney-Pixar's Up and Toy Story 3 were nominated after the Academy expanded the number of nominees) and none have won; no science fiction film or superhero film has won (the latter hasn't even received a nomination); only one fantasy film has won (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, 2003); and no light comedies have won since the 1970s. Also no documentary (eligible in a separate category) has been nominated for Best Picture (not counting Chang, nominated in the Unique and Artistic production category in the 1927/28 awards).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.142700672149658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Award for Best Picture" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The New York Times writer and critic Granville Hicks gave the novel a positive review, comparing it to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Hicks called Vonnegut a \"sharp-eyed satirist\". None of the reviewers considered the novel particularly important. Several editions were printed—one by Bantam with the title Utopia 14, and another by the Doubleday Science Fiction Book Club—whereby Vonnegut gained the repute of a science fiction writer, a genre held in disdain by writers at that time. He defended the genre, and deplored a perceived sentiment that \"no one can simultaneously be a respectable writer and understand how a refrigerator works.\"; ; ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.017945289611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Vonnegut" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Vonnegut posthumously in 2015.[http://www.locusmag.com/News/2015/06/2014-science-fiction-hall-of-fame-inductees-and-fundraiser#sthash.uwR4dGzo.dpuf \"2015 SF&F Hall of Fame Inductees & James Gunn Fundraiser\"]. June 12, 2015. Locus Publications. Retrieved July 17, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.114789962768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Vonnegut" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "[http://www.empmuseum.org/at-the-museum/museum-features/science-fiction-and-fantasy-hall-of-fame/members/kurt-vonnegut.aspx \"Kurt Vonnegut: American author who combined satiric social commentary with surrealist and science fictional elements\"]. Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. EMP Museum (empmuseum.org). Retrieved September 10, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754375457763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Vonnegut" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Vonnegut's writing was inspired by an eclectic mix of sources. When he was younger, Vonnegut stated that he read works of pulp fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and action-adventure. He also read the Classics, like those of Aristophanes. Aristophanes, like Vonnegut, wrote humorous critiques of contemporary society. Vonnegut's life and work also share similarities with that of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn writer Mark Twain. Both shared pessimistic outlooks on humanity, and a skeptical take on religion, and, as Vonnegut put it, were both \"associated with the enemy in a major war\", as Twain briefly enlisted in the South's cause during the American Civil War, and Vonnegut's German name and ancestry connected him with the United States' enemy in both world wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.3036527633667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Vonnegut" }, { "answer": "Science Fiction", "passage": "Vonnegut's works have, at various times, been labeled science fiction, satire and postmodern. He also resisted such labels, but his works do contain common tropes that are often associated with those genres. In several of his books, Vonnegut imagines alien societies and civilizations, as is common in works of science fiction, but unlike conventional science fiction, Vonnegut does this to emphasize or exaggerate absurdities and idiosyncrasies in our own world. Furthermore, Vonnegut often humorizes the problems that plague societies, as is done in satirical works. However, literary theorist Robert Scholes noted in Fabulation and Metafiction that Vonnegut \"reject[s] the traditional satirist's faith in the efficacy of satire as a reforming instrument. [He has] a more subtle faith in the humanizing value of laughter.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374136924743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kurt Vonnegut" } ]

[ { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "A sixth orbiter, Enterprise, was built in 1976 for use in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003, with a total of fourteen astronauts killed. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantiss final flight on July 21, 2011.", "precise_score": -3.3112568855285645, "rough_score": -0.8285548090934753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "The vehicle consisted of a spaceplane for orbit and re-entry, fueled by expendable liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks, with reusable strap-on solid booster rockets. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The system was retired from service in 2011 after 135 missions, with Atlantis making the final launch of the three-decade Shuttle program on July 8, 2011. The program ended after Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science experiments, and servicing and construction of space stations. The first orbiter vehicle, named Enterprise, was built for the initial Approach and Landing Tests phase and lacked engines, heat shielding, and other equipment necessary for orbital flight. A total of five operational orbiters were built, and of these, two were destroyed in accidents.", "precise_score": -6.694932460784912, "rough_score": -5.244558334350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "Five operational OVs were built: Columbia (OV-102), Challenger (OV-099), Discovery (OV-103), Atlantis (OV-104), and Endeavour (OV-105). A mock-up, Inspiration, currently stands at the entrance to the Astronaut Hall of Fame. An additional craft, Enterprise (OV-101), was built for atmospheric testing gliding and landing; it was originally intended to be outfitted for orbital operations after the test program, but it was found more economical to upgrade the structural test article STA-099 into orbiter Challenger (OV-099). Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds after launch in 1986, and Endeavour was built as a replacement from structural spare components. Building Endeavour cost about US$1.7 billion. Columbia broke apart over Texas during re-entry in 2003. A Space Shuttle launch cost around $450 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.375823974609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "The prototype orbiter Enterprise originally had a flag of the United States on the upper surface of the left wing and the letters \"USA\" in black on the right wing. The name \"Enterprise\" was painted in black on the payload bay doors just above the hinge and behind the crew module; on the aft end of the payload bay doors was the NASA \"worm\" logotype in gray. Underneath the rear of the payload bay doors on the side of the fuselage just above the wing is the text \"United States\" in black with a flag of the United States ahead of it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338212966918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "The first operational orbiter, Columbia, originally had the same markings as Enterprise, although the letters \"USA\" on the right wing were slightly larger and spaced farther apart. Columbia also had black markings which Enterprise lacked on its forward RCS module, around the cockpit windows, and on its vertical stabilizer, and had distinctive black \"chines\" on the forward part of its upper wing surfaces, which none of the other orbiters had.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569153785705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "In 1983, Enterprise had its wing markings changed to match Challenger, and the NASA \"worm\" logotype on the aft end of the payload bay doors was changed from gray to black. Some black markings were added to the nose, cockpit windows and vertical tail to more closely resemble the flight vehicles, but the name \"Enterprise\" remained on the payload bay doors as there was never any need to open them. Columbia had its name moved to the forward fuselage to match the other flight vehicles after STS-61-C, during the 1986–88 hiatus when the shuttle fleet was grounded following the loss of Challenger, but retained its original wing markings until its last overhaul (after STS-93), and its unique black wing \"chines\" for the remainder of its operational life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2161946296691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "Beginning in 1998, the flight vehicles' markings were modified to incorporate the NASA \"meatball\" insignia. The \"worm\" logotype, which the agency had phased out, was removed from the payload bay doors and the \"meatball\" insignia was added aft of the \"United States\" text on the lower aft fuselage. The \"meatball\" insignia was also displayed on the left wing, with the American flag above the orbiter's name, left-justified rather than centered, on the right wing. The three surviving flight vehicles, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour, still bear these markings as museum displays. Enterprise became the property of the Smithsonian Institution in 1985 and was no longer under NASA's control when these changes were made, hence the prototype orbiter still has its 1983 markings and still has its name on the payload bay doors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915975570678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Enterprise", "passage": "* Enterprise (atmospheric test orbiter) was on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Center but was moved to New York City's Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in mid-2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.953502655029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spiro Agnew", "passage": "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, following the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew on October 10, 1973. Becoming president upon Richard Nixon's departure on August 9, 1974, he claimed the distinction as the first and to date the only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to either office. As he was appointed to fill a vacancy and then succeeded to the presidency, Ford also earned the distinction of being the only person in American history to neither begin nor finish either a presidential or vice presidential term on the date of a regularly-scheduled inauguration. Before ascending to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, the final 9 of them as the House Minority Leader.", "precise_score": 0.12262551486492157, "rough_score": 4.339506149291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Spiro Agnew", "passage": "On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, Nixon \"sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement. The advice was unanimous. 'We gave Nixon no choice but Ford,' House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later\".", "precise_score": 3.123000144958496, "rough_score": 5.012410640716553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" }, { "answer": "Spiro Agnew", "passage": " Gerald Ford was the first vice president selected by this method, after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973; after succeeding to the presidency, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4170961380004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Spiro Agnew", "passage": "Since the adoption of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, the office has been vacant twice while awaiting confirmation of the new vice president by both houses of Congress. The first such instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew as Richard Nixon's vice president. Gerald Ford was subsequently nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later when Nixon resigned following the Watergate scandal and Ford assumed the presidency. The resulting vice presidential vacancy was filled by Nelson Rockefeller. Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office, and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.775721549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Spiro T. Agnew", "passage": "Spiro T. Agnew, who was the Governor of Maryland from 1967–1969, later served as the Vice-President of the United States for a time under President Richard M. Nixon, and Agnew is, thus far, the highest-ranking Marylander in the history of the United States. (Marylander Roger B. Taney served as Chief Justice of the United States in the 19th century.) Following his resignation due to charges of corruption, Agnew's official gubernatorial portrait was removed Damnatio memoriae from the Maryland State House Governor's Reception Room from 1979 until 1995. Then-Governor Parris Glendening stated that in re-including Agnew's portrait that it was not up to anyone to alter history, whether for good or bad, citing Nineteen Eighty-Four. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.449019432067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Governor of Maryland" }, { "answer": "Spiro Agnew", "passage": "Ford was the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice-president. The choice of Ford to fulfill Spiro Agnew's vacated role as vice president was based on Ford's reputation for openness and honesty. \"In all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr. Ford to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word,\" said Martha Griffiths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.585591793060303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerald Ford" } ]

[ { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "Lady of the Lake is the titular name of the ruler of Avalon in the Arthurian legend. She plays a pivotal role in many stories, including giving King Arthur his sword Excalibur, enchanting Merlin, and raising Lancelot after the death of his father. Different writers and copyists give the Arthurian character the name Nimue, Viviane, Vivien, Elaine, Ninianne, Nivian, Nyneve, or Evienne, among other variations. ", "precise_score": 7.5610432624816895, "rough_score": 7.921090602874756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "The Post-Vulgate Cycle's second Lady of the Lake is called Ninianne, and her story is nearly identical to the one in the Lancelot-Grail, though it adds her bestowal of the magic sword Excalibur to Arthur. Sir Thomas Malory also uses both Ladies of the Lake in his Le Morte d'Arthur; he leaves the first one unnamed and calls the second one Nimue. Malory's original Lady is presented as an early benefactor of King Arthur who grants him Excalibur when his original sword is damaged. She is later beheaded by Sir Balin as a result of a kin feud between them (she blames him for the death of her brother and he blames her for the death of his mother) and a dispute over an enchanted sword.", "precise_score": 6.051262378692627, "rough_score": 5.802509307861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "Both characters appear in many other episodes of Malory's work. Each time the Lady reappears, it is at a pivotal moment of the episode, establishing the importance of her character within Arthurian literature, especially Le Morte d'Arthur. In that work, she transcends any notoriety attached to her character by aiding Arthur and other knights to succeed in their endeavors.Sue E Holbrook: \"Nymue, the Chief Lady of the Lake, in Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur\" in Speculum Volume 53 No. 4 (1978), pp. 761–777. After enchanting Merlin, Malory's Nimue replaces him as Arthur's adviser. She becomes the lover and eventual wife of Sir Pelleas and mother to his son Guivret. After the Battle of Camlann, she reclaims Excalibur when it is thrown into the lake by Sir Bedivere. Nimue is one of the four magical queens who bear the wounded Arthur away to Avalon, a setting tied to the Lady of the Lake in some literary traditions. ", "precise_score": 3.7439775466918945, "rough_score": 5.868712425231934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann, and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5902376174926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Arthur" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "How much of this narrative was Geoffrey's own invention is open to debate. Certainly, Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive. Arthur's personal status as the king of all Britain would also seem to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition, being found in Culhwch and Olwen, the Triads, and the saints' lives. Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family, and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales. However, while names, key events, and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that \"the Arthurian section is Geoffrey's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative.\" So, for instance, the Welsh Medraut is made the villainous Modredus by Geoffrey, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century. There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge this notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey's own work, with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh's late-12th-century comment that Geoffrey \"made up\" his narrative, perhaps through an \"inordinate love of lying\". Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.634253978729248, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Arthur" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued, through novels such as T. H. White's The Once and Future King (1958) and Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon (1982) in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant (from 1937 onward). Tennyson had reworked the romance tales of Arthur to suit and comment upon the issues of his day, and the same is often the case with modern treatments too. Bradley's tale, for example, takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials, and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy. The romance Arthur has become popular in film and theatre as well. T. H. White's novel was adapted into the Lerner and Loewe stage musical Camelot (1960) and the Disney animated film The Sword in the Stone (1963); Camelot, with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur, was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967. The romance tradition of Arthur is particularly evident and, according to critics, successfully handled in Robert Bresson's Lancelot du Lac (1974), Eric Rohmer's Perceval le Gallois (1978) and perhaps John Boorman's fantasy film Excalibur (1981); it is also the main source of the material utilised in the Arthurian spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.410740375518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Arthur" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "Malory’s Nimue does not conform to the stereotypes surrounding her role. Firstly, it is not Nimue’s hand that juts out the lake to hand Excalibur to Arthur. According to Malory, this hand belongs to the other Lady of the Lake. Furthermore, Malory starts to break Nimue out of the stereotypical role that women in Arthurian literature tend to fall under: Instead of serving the plot only as a temptress, Nimue becomes a recognizable force for good. In Malory’s text, Nimue’s character evolves from the dependent maiden to a woman who subtly takes charge in order to help and save the men around her. She is married to Sir Pelleas’ and outwardly acts as an obedient wife, while at the same time subtly helping sway the court in the right direction. When Malory was looking at other texts to find inspiration for his characters, he chose the best aspects of all the other Lady of the Lake characters, making her a compassionate, clever, strong willed, and sympathetic character. Nimue is a different kind of woman, one who does not shrink behind the male figures in her life. Instead, she is pragmatic, unflappable, and knowledgeable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.51097297668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "In Malory’s text, Nyneve is loosely related to Arthur receiving Excalibur. In Le Morte D’Arthur this king receives Excalibur three times. Once from the stone, once from the unidentified Lady of the Lake and once in a battle from Nyneve. The distinction between the Lady of the Lake and Nyneve is evident through this example. It is important to note that when Arthur is in need, some incarnation of the Lady of the Lake, or her magic, reaches out to help him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.813364028930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "*The BBC 2008-2012 drama series Merlin also features two characters based on the Lady of the Lake. Nimueh serves as the primary antagonist of the series 1. The character has no connection to Merlin beyond his opposition to her plans, and her only connection to a lake is her use of a location called the Isle of the Blessed. The ninth episode of the series 2 is titled \"The Lady of the Lake\", wherein a sorceress named Freya dies and vows to repay Merlin for his kindness to her. In the series 3 finale, Freya, now a water spirit, gives Excalibur to Merlin so that he can give it to Prince Arthur Pendragon. In the series 5 finale, which features the Battle of Camlann, a despondent Merlin casts the sword back into Lake Avalon, where a hand, presumably Freya's, catches it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6821494102478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "*In the comic book series Hellboy, Nimue is a witch who seduced Merlin and stole his powers, sealing him – still alive – in a tomb. But without his help, she lost control of those powers and went mad. The other witches killed her, cut her body into pieces, and buried her. She has since returned as the Queen of Blood, to raise an army against man, but is opposed by Hellboy who possesses the sword Excalibur (and thus is technically king of England).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647825241088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "*In the 2011 video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, there is a pond slightly Northeast of Bleakwind Basin with a skeletal arm holding a leveled sword, which is a reference to the Lady in the Lake holding Excalibur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.301894187927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" }, { "answer": "Excalibur", "passage": "*In the Charmed episode \"Sword and the City\", the Dark Knight discovers where the Lady of the Lake resides, so she sent a message to Piper Halliwell begging for her help. After the Charmed Ones orbed to the lake, the Lady emerged from the water with a sword in hand. She screamed that the sword did not belong to him and he soon attacked and killed her with an athame. However, when the Lady was struck in the back, Excalibur flew from her hands and landed into a nearby stone. With her death, her corporeal body changed into water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.700532913208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady of the Lake" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history. From 3500 BC, following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth's orbit, this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent. As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea, the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa. The Islamic influence in the area is also significant, and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world.", "precise_score": -3.923043966293335, "rough_score": -5.837074279785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Atlas Mountains, which extend across much of Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia, are part of the fold mountain system that also runs through much of Southern Europe. They recede to the south and east, becoming a steppe landscape before meeting the Sahara desert, which covers more than 75 percent of the region. The sediments of the Sahara overlie an ancient plateau of crystalline rock, some of which is more than four billion years old.", "precise_score": -4.6802287101745605, "rough_score": -5.793281078338623, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "* Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising:", "precise_score": 6.829184532165527, "rough_score": 6.959592342376709, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of deserts" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara (, ', 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert, and third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of 9400000 km2is comparable to the area of the United States.", "precise_score": 3.6116247177124023, "rough_score": 3.6932284832000732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes to a coastal plain. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa.", "precise_score": -0.11555784940719604, "rough_score": -0.6928638219833374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada. Ergs (large areas covered with sand dunes) form only a minor part, but many of the sand dunes are over 180 m high. Wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features: sand dunes, dune fields, sand seas (erg), stone plateaus (hamada), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadi), dry lakes (oued), and salt flats (shatt or chott). Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania.", "precise_score": -5.355315208435059, "rough_score": -2.8287296295166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are many subdivisions of the great desert: Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years.", "precise_score": -1.810878038406372, "rough_score": -5.921818256378174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible. ", "precise_score": 2.5062623023986816, "rough_score": -3.6278462409973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.", "precise_score": -1.071724534034729, "rough_score": -2.751361608505249, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 °C (100.4 °F) - 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 °C (116.6 °F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It is the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 °C (114.8 °F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 °C (110.8 °F), 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), 45.5 (113.9 °F). Furthermore, 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 – 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 – 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 °C (104 °F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F) everywhere and can approach 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 °C (176 °F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 °C (182.3 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 °C (161.6 °F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 °C (167 °F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it is a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 °C (55.4 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 °C (50 °F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it is true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.", "precise_score": -1.7566125392913818, "rough_score": -4.781081676483154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is along the northern desert, next to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregions of the northern Maghreb and Cyrenaica. Winter rains sustain shrublands and dry woodlands that form a transition between the Mediterranean climate regions to the north and the hyper-arid Sahara proper to the south. It covers in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,and Tunisia. ", "precise_score": -2.2713022232055664, "rough_score": -4.762848854064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes (erg, chech, raoui), stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. It covers 4,639,900 square km (1,791,500 square miles) of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan.", "precise_score": -2.6055853366851807, "rough_score": -2.524034261703491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "In the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands, several volcanic highlands provide a cooler, moister environment that supports Saharo-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands. The ecoregion covers 258,100 km2 (99,700 mi2), mostly in the Tassili n'Ajjer of Algeria, with smaller enclaves in the Aïr of Niger, the Dhar Adrar of Mauritania, and the Adrar des Iforas of Mali and Algeria. ", "precise_score": -5.730647087097168, "rough_score": -5.944291114807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the \"agricultural revolution\", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt. ", "precise_score": -5.636163234710693, "rough_score": -2.749490976333618, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of \"North Africa\" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for \"sunset\". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.542983055114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The inhabitants of North Africa are generally divided in a manner roughly corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the Maghreb, the Nile valley, and the Sahara. The Maghreb or western North Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers since at least 10,000 B.C., while the eastern part of North Africa or the Nile Valley has mainly been home to the Egyptians. The edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt has mainly been inhabited by Nubians. Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber, as well as Nubians from the south. As the Tassili n'Ajjer and other rock art findings in the Sahara have shown, the Sahara also hosted various populations before its rapid desertification in 3500 B.C. and even today continues to host small populations of nomadic trans-Saharan peoples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.403136730194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak Berber languages and several varieties of Arabic and almost exclusively follow Islam. The Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related, both being members of the Afroasiatic language family. The Tuareg Berber languages are notably more conservative than those of the coastal cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089079856872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Over the years, Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures: Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans. The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combine indigenous Berber, Arab and elements from neighboring parts of Africa and beyond. In the Sahara, the distinction between sedentary oasis inhabitants and nomadic Bedouins and Tuaregs is particularly marked. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500760078430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The diverse peoples of the Sahara are usually categorized along ethno-linguistic lines. In the Maghreb, where Arab and Berber identities are often integrated, these lines can be blurred. Some Berber-speaking North Africans may identify as \"Arab\" depending on the social and political circumstances, although substantial numbers of Berbers (or Imazighen) have retained a distinct cultural identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language. Arabic-speaking Northwest Africans, regardless of ethnic background, often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs. This, however, may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and/or other parts of their heritage. Berber political and cultural activists for their part, often referred to as Berberists, may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber, whether they are primarily Berber- or Arabic-speaking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533048629760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The cave paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer, north of Tamanrasset, Algeria, and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa during the Neolithic Subpluvial period (about 8000 to 4000 BCE). Some parts of North Africa began to participate in the Neolithic revolution in the 6th millennium BC, just before the rapid desertification of the Sahara around 3500 B.C. due to a tilt in the Earth's orbit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.014976501464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The early Muslim conquests included North Africa by 640. By 670, most of North Africa had come under Muslim rule. Indigenous Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as Fez and Sijilmasa. In the eleventh century, a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves the Almoravid dynasty expanded south into Sub-Saharan Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.88613510131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "In World War II from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the North African Campaign. During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over Western Sahara between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.88681697845459, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Africa" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "** Atlantic Coastal Desert – a desert lying along the western coast of the Sahara Desert and occupies a narrow strip in Western Sahara and Mauritania", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.949705600738525, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of deserts" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "* Oltenian Sahara – a desert spanning approximately 80,000 hectares or 800 km² in the Romanian historical province of Oltenia ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.561748027801514, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of deserts" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.922077178955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The name Sahara is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert ( ' ). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904481887817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia. It covers 9 e6km2, amounting to 31% of Africa. If all areas with a mean annual precipitation of less than 250 mm were included, the Sahara would be 11 e6km2. It is one of three distinct physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.525054931640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.468018054962158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Most of the rivers and streams in the Sahara are seasonal or intermittent, the chief exception being the Nile River which, from its origins in central Africa, crosses the desert underground before emptying into the Mediterranean, although aquifers sometimes surface, forming oases. These include the Bahariya, Ghardaïa, Timimoun, Kufra, and Siwa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.345352172851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm isohyet of annual precipitation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.771134853363037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68977165222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Important cities located in the Sahara include Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, and El Oued in Algeria; Timbuktu in Mali; Agadez in Niger; Ghat in Libya; and Faya-Largeau in Chad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.256561279296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Great Desert", "passage": "The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.86480712890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can not be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30842113494873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Condensation occurs on the windward side producing some cloudiness and rainfall while the leeward side stays sunny and dry due to the evaporation process. The leeward side is obviously the desert. This range prevents the unstable weather systems to penetrate further in the interior and to affect these arid regions. That is why there is a sharp decrease in rainfall between the adjacent Mediterranean climates and the desert climate of the Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081277847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara does not lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.403755187988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3.93 in) to 250 mm (9.84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.107489585876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions, and with their variations in temperature, rainfall, elevation, and soil, they harbor distinct communities of plants and animals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73607349395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.660318851470947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Saharan halophytics is an area of seasonally flooded saline depressions which is home to halophytic (salt-adapted) plant communities. The Saharan halophytics cover 54,000 km2 (20,800 mi2), including the Qattara and Siwa depressions in northern Egypt, the Tunisian salt lakes of central Tunisia, Chott Melghir in Algeria, and smaller areas of Algeria, Mauritania, and The southern part of Morocco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288209915161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Tanezrouft is one of the harshest regions on Earth as well as one of the hottest and driest parts of the Sahara, with no vegetation and very little life. It is along the borders of Algeria, Niger and Mali, west of the Hoggar mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.217100143432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The flora of the Sahara is highly diversified based on the bio-geographical characteristics of this vast desert. Floristically, the Sahara has three zones based on the amount of rainfall received – the Northern (Mediterranean), Central and Southern Zones. There are two transitional zones – the Mediterranean-Sahara transition and the Sahel transition zone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.485991477966309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Saharan flora comprises around 2800 species of vascular plants. Approximately a quarter of these are endemic. About half of these species are common to the flora of the Arabian deserts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933899879455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.404516220092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Several species of fox live in the Sahara, including the fennec fox, pale fox and Rüppell's fox. The addax, a large white antelope, can go nearly a year in the desert without drinking. The dorcas gazelle is a north African gazelle that can also go for a long time without water. Other notable gazelles include the rhim gazelle and dama gazelle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446390151977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild in Egypt and Libya. There are approximately 2000 mature individuals left in the wild.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742591857910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Other animals include the monitor lizards, hyrax, sand vipers, and small populations of African wild dog, in perhaps only 14 countries and red-necked ostrich. There exist other animals in the Sahara (birds in particular) such as African silverbill and black-faced firefinch, among others. There are also small desert crocodiles in Mauritania and the Ennedi Plateau of Chad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.633405685424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The deathstalker scorpion can be 10 cm long. Its venom contains large amounts of agitoxin and scyllatoxin and is very dangerous; however, a sting from this scorpion rarely kills a healthy adult. The Saharan silver ant is unique in that due to the extreme high temperatures of their habitat and the threat of predators, the ants are active outside their nest for only about ten minutes per day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044455528259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Dromedary camels and goats are the domesticated animals most commonly found in the Sahara. Because of its qualities of endurance and speed, the dromedary is the favourite animal used by nomads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792401313781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Researchers from Hacettepe University (Yücekutlu,N. et al., 2011) have reported that Saharan soil may have bio-available iron and also some essential macro and micro nutrient elements suitable for use as fertilizer for growing wheat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296773910522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0617_020618_croc.html National Geographic News], 17 June 2006. survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, which led to the abrupt desertification of North Africa about 5,400 years ago.[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit], Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7518/full/nature13705.html Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.528223991394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.669389724731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The people of Phoenicia, who flourished from 1200–800 BCE, created a confederation of kingdoms across the entire Sahara to Egypt. They generally settled along the Mediterranean coast, as well as the Sahara, among the people of Ancient Libya, who were the ancestors of people who speak Berber languages in North Africa and the Sahara today, including the Tuareg of the central Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07094669342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Phoenician alphabet seems to have been adopted by the ancient Libyans of north Africa, and Tifinagh is still used today by Berber-speaking Tuareg camel herders of the central Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.452831268310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Sometime between 633 BCE and 530 BCE, Hanno the Navigator either established or reinforced Phoenician colonies in Western Sahara, but all ancient remains have vanished with virtually no trace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753338813781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.958130836486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Berber people occupied (and still occupy) much of the Sahara. The Garamantes Berbers built a prosperous empire in the heart of the desert. The Tuareg nomads continue, to the present day, to inhabit and move across wide Sahara surfaces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.284198760986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.41859769821167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "This trade through Sahara persisted for several centuries until the development in Europe of the caravel allowed ships, first from Portugal and soon from all of Western Europe, to sail around the desert and gather the resources from the source in Guinea. The Sahara was rapidly marginalized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33430290222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.986083030700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121565818786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The French Colonial Empire was the dominant presence in the Sahara. It established regular air links from Toulouse (HQ of famed Aéropostale), to Oran and over the Hoggar to Timbuktu and West to Bamako and Dakar, as well as trans-Sahara bus services run by La Companie Transsaharienne (est. 1927). A remarkable film shot by famous aviator Captain René Wauthier documents the first crossing by a large truck convoy from Algiers to Tchad, across the Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804383277893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Spain captured present-day Western Sahara after 1874, although Rio del Oro remained largely under Tuareg influence. In 1912, Italy captured parts of what was to be named Libya from the Ottomans. To promote the Roman Catholic religion in the desert, Pope Pius IX appointed a delegate Apostolic of the Sahara and the Sudan in 1868; later in the 19th century his jurisdiction was reorganized into the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61086368560791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Most of the Saharan states achieved independence after World War II: Libya in 1951, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia in 1956, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger in 1960, and Algeria in 1962. Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1975, and it was partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritania withdrew in 1979, and Morocco continues to hold the territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.194153785705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "In the post-World War II era, several mines and communities have developed to utilize the desert's natural resources. These include large deposits of oil and natural gas in Algeria and Libya and large deposits of phosphates in Morocco and Western Sahara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.053147315979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "A number of Trans-African highways have been proposed across the Sahara, including the Cairo–Dakar Highway along the Atlantic coast, the Trans-Sahara Highway from Algiers on the Mediterranean to Kano in Nigeria, the Tripoli – Cape Town Highway from Tripoli in Libya to N'Djamena in Chad, and the Cairo – Cape Town Highway which follows the Nile. Each of these highways is partially complete, with significant gaps and unpaved sections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576981544494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "The people of the Sahara are of various origins. Among them the Amaziɣ including the Turūq, various Arabized Amaziɣ groups such as the Hassaniya-speaking Sahrawis, whose populations include the Znaga a tribe whose name is a remnant of the pre-historic Zenaga language. Other major groups of people include the Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Beja, and Fula/Fulani (; ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73830795288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" }, { "answer": "Sahara", "passage": "Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family. Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, \"documented a space of intercultural mediation,\" contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079676628112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sahara" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fremont", "passage": "Further difficulty in defining neighborhoods can result from residents' identification with neighborhoods different from those marked on signs and maps. After an acrimonious development dispute in 1966, a group of concerned Wallingford citizens enlisted the University of Washington Community Development Bureau to survey their neighborhood; the survey revealed that more residents of southwest Wallingford considered themselves citizens of Fremont than of Wallingford. Ch. 42, 58, 64 (Fremont); 36, 37, 42, 64, 71 (Latona); 36, 37, 42, 71 (University).", "precise_score": -9.036050796508789, "rough_score": -8.462282180786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Neighborhoods in Seattle" }, { "answer": "Fremont", "passage": "Another example of boundary ambiguity is \"Frelard,\" which local residents call the area shared by Fremont and Ballard between 3rd and 8th Avenues NW. Signs facing opposite directions on NW Leary Way reveal the overlap.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.5117769241333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Neighborhoods in Seattle" }, { "answer": "Fremont", "passage": "Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09598445892334, "source": "wiki", "title": "California" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "It is convenient to separate the atmospheric regions according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude (the tropopause) and at about 85 km (the mesopause) (Figure 1). The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 km, while the region between the tropospause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the ozone layer.", "precise_score": -0.19900421798229218, "rough_score": 1.3251928091049194, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thermosphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "The stratosphere, mesosphere and lowest part of the thermosphere are collectively referred to as the \"middle atmosphere\", which spans heights from approximately 10 km to 100 km. The mesopause, at an altitude of 80 -, separates the mesosphere from the thermosphere—the second-outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. This is also around the same altitude as the turbopause, below which different chemical species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies. Above this level the atmosphere becomes non-uniform; the scale heights of different chemical species differ by their molecular masses.", "precise_score": 0.7214890718460083, "rough_score": 2.120612382888794, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mesosphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "The main dynamic features in this region are strong zonal (East-West) winds, atmospheric tides, internal atmospheric gravity waves (commonly called \"gravity waves\") and planetary waves. Most of these tides and waves start in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and propagate to the mesosphere. In the mesosphere, gravity-wave amplitudes can become so large that the waves become unstable and dissipate. This dissipation deposits momentum into the mesosphere and largely drives global circulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8316175937652588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mesosphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere is also known as the \"Ignorosphere\" because it is poorly studied compared to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3831832706928253, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mesosphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where all weather takes place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of its water vapor and aerosols. The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km in the tropics, 17 km in the mid latitudes, and 7 km in the polar regions in winter. The lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the Earth's surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km deep depending on the landform and time of day. Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere. The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decline with height and remains constant through its thickness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3215184211730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Troposphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.085859775543213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Troposphere" }, { "answer": "Stratosphere", "passage": "Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude. In the stratosphere, however, the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude. The region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive (in the troposphere) to negative (in the stratosphere), is defined as the tropopause. Thus, the tropopause is an inversion layer, and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.687849521636963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Troposphere" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning \"to look at, to wonder at\". This is the same root as for \"mirror\" and \"to admire\".", "precise_score": 5.530985355377197, "rough_score": 6.10721492767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon that can be captured on camera, since light rays are actually refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.", "precise_score": -0.2274225801229477, "rough_score": -0.9068694710731506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Superior mirages can have a striking effect due to the Earth's curvature. Were the Earth flat, light rays that bend down would soon hit the ground and only nearby objects would be affected. Since Earth is round, if their downward bending curve is about the same as the curvature of the Earth, light rays can travel large distances, perhaps from beyond the horizon. This was observed and documented for the first time in 1596, when a ship under the command of Willem Barentsz in search of the Northeast passage became stuck in the ice at Novaya Zemlya. The crew was forced to endure the polar winter there. They saw their midwinter night come to an end with the rise of a distorted Sun about two weeks earlier than expected. It was not until the 20th century that science could explain the reason: the real Sun had still been below the horizon, but its light rays followed the curvature of the Earth. This effect is often called a Novaya Zemlya mirage. For every the light rays can travel parallel to the Earth's surface, the Sun will appear 1° higher on the horizon. The inversion layer must have just the right temperature gradient over the whole distance to make this possible.", "precise_score": -3.655421495437622, "rough_score": -1.503280758857727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A mirage of an astronomical object is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon, in which light rays are bent to produce distorted or multiple images of an astronomical object. The mirages might be observed for such astronomical objects as the Sun, the Moon, the planets, bright stars, and very bright comets. The most commonly observed are sunset and sunrise mirages.", "precise_score": 3.0164692401885986, "rough_score": 3.7378487586975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Mirages are optical phenomena in which light rays are bent due to thermal variations in the refraction index of air, producing displaced or heavily distorted images of distant objects. Other optical phenomena associated with this include the Novaya Zemlya effect where the sun appears to rise earlier or set later than predicted with a distorted shape. A spectacular form of refraction occurs with a temperature inversion called the Fata Morgana where objects on the horizon or even beyond the horizon, such as islands, cliffs, ships or icebergs, appear elongated and elevated, like \"fairy tale castles\". ", "precise_score": 5.30136775970459, "rough_score": 6.230965614318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirare, meaning \"to look at, to wonder at\". This is the same root as for \"mirror\" and \"to admire\". Also, it has its roots in the Arabic mirage.", "precise_score": 5.103028297424316, "rough_score": 5.802348613739014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.", "precise_score": -0.0766269862651825, "rough_score": -0.8268651366233826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Mirages can be categorized as \"inferior\" (meaning lower), \"superior\" (meaning higher) and \"Fata Morgana\", one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically stacked images, which form one rapidly changing mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013087272644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Inferior mirage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077890396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "For exhausted travelers in the desert, an inferior mirage may appear to be a lake of water in the distance. An inferior mirage is called \"inferior\" because the mirage is located under the real object. The real object in an inferior mirage is the (blue) sky or any distant (therefore bluish) object in that same direction. The mirage causes the observer to see a bright and bluish patch on the ground in the distance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.419281959533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Inferior images are not stable. Hot air rises, and cooler air (being more dense) descends, so the layers will mix, giving rise to turbulence. The image will be distorted accordingly. It may be vibrating; it may be vertically extended (towering) or horizontally extended (stooping). If there are several temperature layers, several mirages may mix, perhaps causing double images. In any case, mirages are usually not larger than about half a degree high (same apparent size as the sun and moon) and from objects only a few kilometers away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.379368305206299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Heat haze", "passage": "Heat haze", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0221586227417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Heat haze, also called heat shimmer, refers to the inferior mirage experienced when viewing objects through a layer of heated air; for example, viewing objects across hot asphalt or through the exhaust gases produced by jet engines. When appearing on roads due to the hot asphalt, it is often referred to as a highway mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.93571949005127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "On tarmac roads it may look as if water, or even oil, has been spilled. These kinds of inferior mirages are often called \"desert mirages\" or \"highway mirages\". Both sand and tarmac can become very hot when exposed to the sun, easily being more than 10°C hotter than the air one meter above, enough to create conditions suitable for the formation of the mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.510706901550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Heat haze", "passage": "Heat haze is not related to the atmospheric phenomenon of haze.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.233648300170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Superior mirage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165712356567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it. This unusual arrangement is called a temperature inversion, since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere. Passing through the temperature inversion, the light rays are bent down, and so the image appears above the true object, hence the name superior. Superior mirages are in general less common than inferior mirages, but, when they do occur, they tend to be more stable, as cold air has no tendency to move up and warm air has no tendency to move down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.687220573425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Superior mirages are quite common in polar regions, especially over large sheets of ice that have a uniform low temperature. Superior mirages also occur at more moderate latitudes, although in those cases they are weaker and tend to be less smooth and stable. For example, a distant shoreline may appear to tower and look higher (and, thus, perhaps closer) than it really is. Because of the turbulence, there appear to be dancing spikes and towers. This type of mirage is also called the Fata Morgana or hafgerdingar in the Icelandic language. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.85877513885498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A superior mirage can be right-side up or upside down, depending on the distance of the true object and the temperature gradient. Often the image appears as a distorted mixture of up and down parts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.899237632751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "In the same way, ships that are in reality so far away that they should not be visible above the geometric horizon may appear on the horizon or even above the horizon as superior mirages. This may explain some stories about flying ships or coastal cities in the sky, as described by some polar explorers. These are examples of so-called Arctic mirages, or hillingar in Icelandic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329551696777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "In some situations, distant objects can get elevated or lowered, stretched or shortened with no mirage involved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.95888614654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A Fata Morgana, the name of which comes from the Italian translation of Morgan le Fay, the fairy shapeshifting half-sister of King Arthur, is a very complex superior mirage. It appears with alternations of compressed and stretched zones, erect images, and inverted images. A Fata Morgana is also a fast-changing mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.410645484924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Fata Morgana mirages are most common in polar regions, especially over large sheets of ice with a uniform low temperature, but they can be observed almost anywhere. In polar regions, a Fata Morgana may be observed on cold days; in desert areas and over oceans and lakes, a Fata Morgana may be observed on hot days. For a Fata Morgana, temperature inversion has to be strong enough that light rays' curvatures within the inversion are stronger than the curvature of the Earth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.41214370727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Fata Morgana mirages may be observed from any altitude within the Earth's atmosphere, including from mountaintops or airplanes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91696834564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A Fata Morgana can go from superior to inferior mirage and back within a few seconds, depending on the constantly changing conditions of the atmosphere. Sixteen frames of the mirage of the Farallon Islands, which cannot be seen from sea level at all under normal conditions because they are located below the horizon, were photographed on the same day. The first fourteen frames have elements of a Fata Morgana display—alternations of compressed and stretched zones. The last two frames were photographed a few hours later around sunset. The air was cooler while the ocean was probably a little bit warmer, which made temperature inversion lower. The mirage was still present, but it was not as complex as it had been a few hours before sunset, and it corresponded no longer to a Fata Morgana but rather to a superior mirage display.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.364255905151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Night-time mirages", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121710777282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "The conditions for producing a mirage can take place at night. Under most conditions, these are not observed. However, under some circumstances lights from moving vehicles, aircraft, ships, buildings, etc. can be observed at night, even though, as with a daytime mirage, they would not be observable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.396337509155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "This includes the mirage of astronomical objects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536757469177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Mirage of astronomical objects", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658780097961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mirage" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Mirage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170973777770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Mirages can be categorized as \"inferior\" (meaning lower), \"superior\" (meaning higher) and \"Fata Morgana\", one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically stacked images, which form one rapidly changing mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013087272644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A Fata Morgana is an unusual and very complex form of mirage, a form of superior mirage, which, like many other kinds of superior mirages, is seen in a narrow band right above the horizon. It is an Italian phrase derived from the vulgar Latin for \"fairy\" and the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay, from a belief that the mirage, often seen in the Strait of Messina, were fairy castles in the air, or false land designed to lure sailors to their death created by her witchcraft. Although the term Fata Morgana is sometimes incorrectly applied to other, more common kinds of mirages, the true Fata Morgana is not the same as an ordinary superior mirage, and is certainly not the same as an inferior mirage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.238186836242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "Fata Morgana mirages tremendously distort the object or objects which they are based on, such that the object often appears to be very unusual, and may even be transformed in such a way that it is completely unrecognizable. A Fata Morgana can be seen on land or at sea, in polar regions or in deserts. This kind of mirage can involve almost any kind of distant object, including such things as boats, islands, and coastline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.174453735351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "A Fata Morgana is not only complex, but also rapidly changing. The mirage comprises several inverted (upside down) and erect (right side up) images that are stacked on top of one another. Fata Morgana mirages also show alternating compressed and stretched zones. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671138763427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" }, { "answer": "Mirage", "passage": "The Novaya Zemlya effect is a polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines. The Novaya Zemlya effect will give the impression that the sun is rising earlier or setting later than it actually should (astronomically speaking). Depending on the meteorological situation the effect will present the sun as a line or a square (which is sometimes referred to as the \"rectangular sun\"), made up of flattened hourglass shapes. The mirage requires rays of sunlight to have an inversion layer for hundreds of kilometres, and depends on the inversion layer's temperature gradient. The sunlight must bend to the Earth's curvature at least 400 km to allow an elevation rise of 5 degrees for sight of the sun disk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.890707969665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atmospheric optics" } ]

[ { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "In an encore (, also), “the performers return to the stage to give an additional performance — sometimes of the same piece ... [but sometimes] ... of another”.Lalange Cochrane, in Oxford Companion to Music, Alison Latham, ed., Oxford University Press, 2002,2003 Multiple encores are not uncommon, and they originated spontaneously, when audiences would continue to applaud and demand additional performance from the artist(s). The word comes from the French encore, which means ‘again, some more’; however, it is not used this way in French, nor is ancora in Italian. French speakers commonly use instead either une autre (‘another’), un rappel (‘a return, curtain call’) or the Latin bis (‘second time’) in the same circumstances. Italians use bis, too, and, formerly, da capo (‘from the beginning’). In England, [un']altra volta (Italian for ‘another time’) was used in the early nineteenth century, but such usage had been completely supplanted by 1900. ", "precise_score": 2.832585573196411, "rough_score": 2.823498487472534, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "At the end of a concert, if there is prolonged applause, one more relatively short pieces may be performed as encores. In some modern circumstances, encores have come to be expected, and artists often plan their encores. Traditionally, in a concert that has a printed set list for the audience, encores are not listed, even when they are planned. A well-known example is the performance of the Radetzky March and The Blue Danube at the end of the Vienna New Year's Concert by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; neither piece is ever listed in the official program, but they are traditionally played every year.", "precise_score": 0.594452977180481, "rough_score": -1.8342262506484985, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "Some artists include their encore as the second half of the concert. For example, the Jamaican reggae musician Bob Marley and his band The Wailers were known to play the concerts of their last two tours in 1979 and 1980 in two halves: after the first half was performed they stopped performing for some minutes to tune their instruments again or to have a break, while the audience was demanding for more. They continued to play the concert with the \"encore\" which lasted about an hour. Sometimes they even played one or two additional songs (a \"real\" encore in the traditional sense, rather than an inevitable performance staged as an encore) after the planned encore. Similarly, former Guided by Voices frontman Robert Pollard generally plays songs from his solo career for the first half of his shows, and then, for the inevitable encore, will play a lengthy selection of Guided by Voices songs, with the two halves generally having roughly equal duration.", "precise_score": -1.8891435861587524, "rough_score": -2.8955750465393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "Beginning in the 18th century, if an aria was strongly applauded, it might be repeated. For example, at the premiere of Mozart's Marriage of Figaro, 1 May 1786, and other early performances, \"many pieces were encored, almost doubling the length of each performance\".Solomon, Maynard (1996), Mozart: A Life, New York, HarperCollins, 1996, ISBN 0-06-019046-9, p. 304", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3659353256225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "‘Bans’ on encores ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20864486694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "For \"Figaro\", on 9 May 1786 Emperor Joseph II of Austria issued an order limiting encores.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.058140754699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "By tradition, some world-class opera houses, such as La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera, officially discourage encores, especially for vocal solos, as encores were associated with less serious performances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.560869216918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "In the mid-19th century, encores were officially banned in northern Italy, since the Austrian-Italian authorities felt they would lead to public disorder. In 1921, encores were forbidden at la Scala (in northern Italy), because the conductor Toscanini felt they would interrupt the pace of the opera and drew attention to individual singers as opposed to the work. Toscanini had, in 1887, been challenged to a duel after stubbornly refusing an aria's encore. Wagner was similarly against encores.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.911856651306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "The ban at the Metropolitan was explicit in the printed programs at the beginning of the 20th century, but was nevertheless often broken at the insistence of the audience. Encores at the Met became rarer later in the century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.343911170959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "In most circumstances, it has become standard for rock, metal, and pop artists to give an encore; especially in large settings such as stadiums and arenas. It is very common for punk bands to perform an encore when in small venues. Artists often plan their encores in advance, and they are commonly included on the artist's setlist; one common practice is to leave one or more of their most popular songs for an encore. However, encores are usually only performed by the headlining artist, as opening bands almost always have restrictions on how long their set can last, and are prohibited from going over the set time with an encore", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.741300582885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "In the early days of modern rock music, Elvis Presley never played encores, a practice his manager Col. Tom Parker intended to leave audiences wanting more. The now-famous phrase \"Elvis has left the building\" was used at the beginning of his career when Presley was not the headliner, followed by a plea for the audience to return to their seats so as to watch those artists following Presley. Once he became a headliner, it was invariably followed by a polite \"thank you, and good night\", to imply to those present at the concert that there was not going to be an encore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3066792488098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "Jimmy Buffett is known for his intimate second encores at his concerts. He and his band leave the stage after performing their set and return for a typical encore of usually two songs and band introductions. Then they leave the stage again and Buffett comes back out on stage by himself for a second encore and performs an acoustic ballad to end the show. This final song is usually what his hardcore fans look forward to the most because it's a different song every show and usually an obscure selection; many fans consider Buffett’s ballads to be his best songs despite not being among his famous songs. A collection of Buffett’s second encores, entitled encores, was released in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.035102844238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" }, { "answer": "Encore", "passage": "Boston played a show with four encores in 1985 and The Cure has played up to five encores on a handful of occasions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.236306190490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Encore" } ]

[ { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk and came into use in 1955. The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin and came into commercial use in 1961. They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.25 USD per dose for the oral form as of 2014. In the United States it costs between 25 and 50 USD for the inactivated form.", "precise_score": 2.897383689880371, "rough_score": 3.286350727081299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 1960, it was determined that the rhesus monkey kidney cells used to prepare the poliovirus vaccines were infected with the SV40 virus (Simian Virus-40). SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodents. More recently, the virus was found in certain forms of cancer in humans, for instance brain and bone tumors, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, it has not been determined that SV40 causes these cancers.", "precise_score": -7.021629333496094, "rough_score": -6.7235002517700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "During the race to develop an oral polio vaccine several large scale human trials were undertaken. By 1958, the National Institutes of Health had determined that OPV produced using the Sabin strains were the safest. Between 1957 and 1960, however, Hilary Koprowski continued to administer his vaccine around the world. In Africa, the vaccines were administered to roughly one million people in the Belgian territories, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. The results of these human trials have been controversial, and unfounded accusations in the 1990s arose that the vaccine had created the conditions necessary for transmission of SIV from chimpanzees to humans, causing HIV/AIDS. These hypotheses have, however, been conclusively refuted. By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in Africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. However, recent local opposition to vaccination campaigns has evolved, often relating to fears that the vaccine might induce sterility. The disease has since resurged in Nigeria and in several other African nations, which epidemiologists believe is due to refusals by certain local populations to allow their children to receive the polio vaccine.", "precise_score": 1.9409977197647095, "rough_score": -0.7744083404541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on three wild, virulent reference strains, Mahoney (type 1 poliovirus), MEF-1 (type 2 poliovirus), and Saukett (type 3 poliovirus), grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture (Vero cell line), which are then inactivated with formalin. The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG-mediated immunity in the bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progressing to viremia and protects the motor neurons, thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and post-polio syndrome.", "precise_score": -3.8552145957946777, "rough_score": -6.023966312408447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is an attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at a sub-physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin. Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox, developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution.", "precise_score": 5.369706630706787, "rough_score": 4.875392436981201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "There are 57 nucleotide substitutions which distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions attenuate the Sabin 2 strain, and 10 substitutions are involved in attenuating the Sabin 3 strain. The primary attenuating factor common to all three Sabin vaccines is a mutation located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site (IRES) which alters stem-loop structures, and reduces the ability of poliovirus to translate its RNA template within the host cell. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of infection and replication, but is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue.", "precise_score": -1.1597861051559448, "rough_score": -4.109107494354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "In 1961, type 1 and 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (MOPV) was licensed, and in 1962, type 3 MOPV was licensed. In 1963, trivalent OPV (TOPV) was licensed, and became the vaccine of choice in the United States and most other countries of the world, largely replacing the inactivated polio vaccine. A second wave of mass immunizations led to a further dramatic decline in the number of polio cases. Between 1962 and 1965 about 100 million Americans (roughly 56% of the population at that time) received the Sabin vaccine. The result was a substantial reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases, even from the much reduced levels following the introduction of the Salk vaccine.", "precise_score": 0.009243429638445377, "rough_score": -6.143864154815674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "OPV is usually provided in vials containing 10–20 doses of vaccine. A single dose of oral polio vaccine (usually two drops) contains 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1 (effective against PV1), 100,000 infectious units of the Sabin 2 strain, and 600,000 infectious units of Sabin 3. The vaccine contains small traces of antibiotics—neomycin and streptomycin—but does not contain preservatives.", "precise_score": -0.6386377811431885, "rough_score": -2.8152198791503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The development of two polio vaccines led to the first modern mass inoculations. The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of wild virus in the United States occurred in 1979, with an outbreak among the Amish in several Midwest states.", "precise_score": -5.704926013946533, "rough_score": -5.7987141609191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 1936, Maurice Brodie, a research assistant at New York University, attempted to produce a formaldehyde-killed polio vaccine from ground-up monkey spinal cords. His initial attempts were hampered by the difficulty of obtaining enough virus. Brodie first tested the vaccine on himself and several of his assistants. He then gave the vaccine to three thousand children. Many of these children developed allergic reactions, but none developed immunity to polio. Philadelphia pathologist John Kolmer also claimed to have developed a vaccine that same year, but it too produced no immunity and was blamed for causing cases of paralytic polio, nine of them fatal.", "precise_score": -5.04948091506958, "rough_score": -6.150543212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "This development greatly facilitated vaccine research and ultimately allowed for the development of vaccines against polio. Enders and his colleagues, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins, were recognized in 1954 for their labors with a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Other important advances that led to the development of polio vaccines were: the identification of three poliovirus serotypes (Poliovirus type 1 — PV1, or Mahoney; PV2, Lansing; and PV3, Leon); the finding that prior to paralysis, the virus must be present in the blood; and the demonstration that administration of antibodies in the form of gamma globulin protects against paralytic polio. ", "precise_score": -4.3936920166015625, "rough_score": -7.1192121505737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and The Rotary Foundation, began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine).", "precise_score": 3.8397252559661865, "rough_score": 5.170584678649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin developed effective vaccines for smallpox and polio, which would later result in the eradication and near-eradication of these diseases, respectively.", "precise_score": 6.112560749053955, "rough_score": 5.5055365562438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Infection" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art. The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by Michael Underwood in 1789 and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner. Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States. In the 20th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas. The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk. It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018. ", "precise_score": -4.579296112060547, "rough_score": -6.341456890106201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Individuals who are exposed to the virus, either through infection or by immunization with polio vaccine, develop immunity. In immune individuals, IgA antibodies against poliovirus are present in the tonsils and gastrointestinal tract, and are able to block virus replication; IgG and IgM antibodies against PV can prevent the spread of the virus to motor neurons of the central nervous system. Infection or vaccination with one serotype of poliovirus does not provide immunity against the other serotypes, and full immunity requires exposure to each serotype.", "precise_score": -7.890273571014404, "rough_score": -6.297467231750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "In 1950, William Hammon at the University of Pittsburgh purified the gamma globulin component of the blood plasma of polio survivors. Hammon proposed the gamma globulin, which contained antibodies to poliovirus, could be used to halt poliovirus infection, prevent disease, and reduce the severity of disease in other patients who had contracted polio. The results of a large clinical trial were promising; the gamma globulin was shown to be about 80% effective in preventing the development of paralytic poliomyelitis. It was also shown to reduce the severity of the disease in patients who developed polio. Due to the limited supply of blood plasma gamma globulin was later deemed impractical for widespread use and the medical community focused on the development of a polio vaccine.", "precise_score": -5.226573944091797, "rough_score": -5.9401164054870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The first candidate polio vaccine, based on one serotype of a live but attenuated (weakened) virus, was developed by the virologist Hilary Koprowski. Koprowski's prototype vaccine was given to an eight-year-old boy on 27 February 1950. Koprowski continued to work on the vaccine throughout the 1950s, leading to large-scale trials in the then Belgian Congo and the vaccination of seven million children in Poland against serotypes PV1 and PV3 between 1958 and 1960. Accessed 16 December 2009.", "precise_score": -3.502318859100342, "rough_score": -5.820292949676514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The second inactivated virus vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh, and announced to the world on 12 April 1955. The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), is based on poliovirus grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture (vero cell line), which is chemically inactivated with formalin. After two doses of IPV (given by injection), 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three serotypes of poliovirus, and at least 99% are immune to poliovirus following three doses.", "precise_score": -1.8479276895523071, "rough_score": -3.1866276264190674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Subsequently, Albert Sabin developed another live, oral polio vaccine (OPV). It was produced by the repeated passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at subphysiological temperatures. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of wild poliovirus infection and replication, but the vaccine strain is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. A single dose of Sabin's oral polio vaccine produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in about 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibody to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957, and in 1958 it was selected, in competition with the live vaccines of Koprowski and other researchers, by the US National Institutes of Health. Licensed in 1962, it rapidly became the only polio vaccine used worldwide.", "precise_score": 6.561933517456055, "rough_score": 6.598972797393799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "World Polio Day (24 October) was established by Rotary International to commemorate the birth of Jonas Salk, who led the first team to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis. Use of this inactivated poliovirus vaccine and subsequent widespread use of the oral poliovirus vaccine developed by Albert Sabin led to establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988. Since then, GPEI has reduced polio worldwide by 99%. ", "precise_score": 4.570408821105957, "rough_score": 1.235565185546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). One type uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection (IPV), while the other type uses weakened poliovirus and is given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization recommends all children be vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 359 in 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.675848007202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines result in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.658679962158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Interruption of person-to-person transmission of the virus by vaccination is important in the global polio eradication, since there is no long term carrier state for poliovirus in individuals with normal immune function, polio viruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature, and survival of the virus in the environment for an extended period of time appears to be remote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933452606201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "When the current formulation of IPV is used, 90% or more of individuals develop protective antibody to all three serotypes of polio virus after two doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and at least 99% are immune to polio virus following three doses. The duration of immunity induced by IPV is not known with certainty, although a complete series is thought to provide protection for many years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.778923511505127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "One dose of OPV produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in approximately 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibodies to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. OPV produces excellent immunity in the intestine, the primary site of wild poliovirus entry, which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where the virus is endemic. The live virus used in the vaccine is shed in the stool and can be spread to others within a community. The live virus also has stringent requirements for transport and storage, which are a problem in some hot or remote areas. As with other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44063663482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The trivalent (against wild type 1, 2 and 3) OPV has been used and nearly eradicated polio infection worldwide. Spearheaded by The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 155 countries switched to use the bivalent (against wild type 1 and 3) between 17 April and 1 May 2016. The bivalent OPV is at least 30% more effective than the trivalent one. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638419151306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccine results in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. They are generally safe to give during pregnancy and in those who have HIV/AIDS but are otherwise well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.395319938659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Vaccine-induced polio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.451043128967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "A potential, but rare, adverse effect of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is its known ability to recombine to a form that may cause neurological infection and cause paralysis. Clinical disease, including paralysis, caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is indistinguishable from that caused by wild polioviruses. This is believed to be a rare event, but outbreaks of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), caused by a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), have been reported, and tend to occur in areas of low coverage by OPV, presumably because the OPV is itself protective against the related outbreak strain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9284162521362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "SV40 was found to be present in stocks of the injected form of the polio vaccine (IPV) in use between 1955 and 1963. It is not found in the OPV form. Over 98 million Americans received one or more doses of polio vaccine between 1955 and 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40; it has been estimated that 10–30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40. Later analysis suggested that vaccines produced by the former Soviet bloc countries until 1980, and used in the USSR, China, Japan, and several African countries, may have been contaminated; meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.092926979064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a large study, using cancer case information from the Institute's SEER database. The published findings from the study revealed that there was no increased incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40. Another large study in Sweden examined cancer rates of 700,000 individuals who had received potentially contaminated polio vaccine as late as 1957; the study again revealed no increased cancer incidence between persons who received polio vaccines containing SV40 and those who did not. The question of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.335476875305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In generic sense, vaccination works by priming the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization. The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.512820720672607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A breakthrough came in 1948 when a research group headed by John Enders at the Children's Hospital Boston successfully cultivated the poliovirus in human tissue in the laboratory. This group had recently successfully grown mumps in cell culture. In March 1948 Thomas H. Weller was attempting to grow varicella virus in embryonic lung tissue. He had inoculated the planned number of tubes when he noticed that there were a few unused tubes. He retrieved a sample of mouse brain infected with polio virus and added it to the remaining test tubes, on the off chance that the virus might grow. The varicella cultures failed to grow but the polio cultures were successful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766643524169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The U.S. experienced an outbreak of 58,000 and 35,000 polio cases, respectively, up from a typical number of some 20,000 a year. Amid this U.S. polio epidemic, millions of dollars were invested in finding and marketing a polio vaccine by commercial interests, including Lederle Laboratories in New York under the direction of H. R. Cox. Also working at Lederle was Polish-born virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski, who claims to have created the first successful polio vaccine, in 1950. His vaccine, however, being a live attenuated virus taken orally, was still in the research stage and would not be ready for use until five years after Jonas Salk's polio vaccine (a dead-virus injectable vaccine) had reached the market. Koprowski's attenuated vaccine was prepared by successive passages through the brains of Swiss albino mice. By the seventh passage, the vaccine strains could no longer infect nervous tissue or cause paralysis. After one to three further passages on rats, the vaccine was deemed safe for human use. On 27 February 1950, Koprowski's live, attenuated vaccine was tested for the first time on an 8-year-old boy living at Letchworth Village, an institution for the physically and mentally disabled located in New York. After the child suffered no side effects, Koprowski enlarged his experiment to include 19 other children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.370800018310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner, Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, but it required years of subsequent testing. To encourage patience, Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later the results were published in JAMA. Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis; the largest medical experiment in history. The test began with some 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, and would eventually involve 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California. By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo, consisting of harmless culture media, and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio. The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose paralysis was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio. Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes, the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957. By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.404863357543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "An enhanced-potency IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) was licensed in the United States in November 1987, and is currently the vaccine of choice in the United States. The first dose of polio vaccine is given shortly after birth, usually between 1 and 2 months of age, a second dose is given at 4 months of age. The timing of the third dose depends on the vaccine formulation but should be given between 6 and 18 months of age. A booster vaccination is given at 4 to 6 years of age, for a total of four doses at or before school entry. In some countries, a fifth vaccination is given during adolescence. Routine vaccination of adults (18 years of age and older) in developed countries is neither necessary nor recommended because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in their home countries. In 2002, a pentavalent (five-component) combination vaccine (called Pediarix) containing IPV was approved for use in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.527446746826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Polio was eliminated in the Americas by 1994. The disease was officially eliminated in 36 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia in 2000. Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. Since January 2011, there were no reported cases of the disease in India, and hence in February 2012, the country was taken off the WHO list of polio endemic countries. If there are no cases of polio in the country for two more years, it will be declared as a polio-free country. As of 2016, polio remains actively spreading in only two countries: Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Although poliovirus transmission has been interrupted in much of the world, transmission of wild poliovirus does continue and creates an ongoing risk for the importation of wild poliovirus into previously polio-free regions. If importations of poliovirus occur, outbreaks of poliomyelitis may develop, especially in areas with low vaccination coverage and poor sanitation. As a result, high levels of vaccination coverage must be maintained. In November 2013, the World Health Organization announced a polio outbreak in Syria. In response, the Armenian government put out a notice asking Syrian Armenians under age 15 to get the polio vaccine. As of 2014, polio virus has spread out to ten countries mainly in Africa, Asia and the Middle East with Pakistan, Syria and Cameroon advising vaccinations to outbound travelers. In 2015, the World Health Organization announced a deal with the Taliban to encourage them to distribute the vaccine in areas they control. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.429827690124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A widespread misconception has arisen in Pakistan that polio vaccine contained Haram ingredients and could cause impotence and infertility in male children, leading some less-educated parents not to have their children vaccinated. This belief is most prevalent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the FATA region, where people are likely to be influenced by conservative teachings. There also have been attacks on polio vaccination teams. This is hampering international efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan and globally since the virus can be carried by travelers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.267251968383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Polio vaccine" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with polio develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The prion causing mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.309950828552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Infection" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317858695983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Infection" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. This can occur over a few hours to few days. The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm. Many but not all people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness about 2% to 5% of children and 15% to 30% of adults die. Another 25% of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5% have headache, neck stiffness and pains in the arms and legs. These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks. In up to 70% of infections there are no symptoms. Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.979718208312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth. It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva. Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present. The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or detecting antibodies against it in the blood. The disease only occurs naturally in humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.226685523986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, a number of doses are required for it to be effective. The United States Center for Disease Control recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring. Once infected there is no specific treatment. In 2015 polio affected less than 100 people down from 350,000 cases in 1988. In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. In 2015 Nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poliovirus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270586967468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The term \"poliomyelitis\" is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Two basic patterns of polio infection are described: a minor illness which does not involve the central nervous system (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major illness involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or nonparalytic. In most people with a normal immune system, a poliovirus infection is asymptomatic. Rarely, the infection produces minor symptoms; these may include upper respiratory tract infection (sore throat and fever), gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or, rarely, diarrhea), and influenza-like illness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228452682495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The virus enters the central nervous system in about 1% of infections. Most patients with CNS involvement develop nonparalytic aseptic meningitis, with symptoms of headache, neck, back, abdominal and extremity pain, fever, vomiting, lethargy, and irritability. About one to five in 1000 cases progress to paralytic disease, in which the muscles become weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and, finally, completely paralyzed; this condition is known as acute flaccid paralysis. Depending on the site of paralysis, paralytic poliomyelitis is classified as spinal, bulbar, or bulbospinal. Encephalitis, an infection of the brain tissue itself, can occur in rare cases, and is usually restricted to infants. It is characterized by confusion, changes in mental status, headaches, fever, and, less commonly, seizures and spastic paralysis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.651205062866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Poliomyelitis is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses colonize the gastrointestinal tract — specifically the oropharynx and the intestine. The incubation time (to the first signs and symptoms) ranges from three to 35 days, with a more common span of six to 20 days. PV infects and causes disease in humans alone. Its structure is very simple, composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. In addition to protecting the virus’s genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified—poliovirus type 1 (PV1), type 2 (PV2), and type 3 (PV3)—each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease symptoms. PV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.316793441772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "A rare condition with a similar presentation, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003336906433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Poliomyelitis is highly contagious via the fecal-oral (intestinal source) and the oral-oral (oropharyngeal source) routes. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. It is seasonal in temperate climates, with peak transmission occurring in summer and autumn. These seasonal differences are far less pronounced in tropical areas. The time between first exposure and first symptoms, known as the incubation period, is usually 6 to 20 days, with a maximum range of three to 35 days. Virus particles are excreted in the feces for several weeks following initial infection. The disease is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route, by ingesting contaminated food or water. It is occasionally transmitted via the oral-oral route, (Available free on Medscape; registration required.) a mode especially visible in areas with good sanitation and hygiene. Polio is most infectious between seven and 10 days before and after the appearance of symptoms, but transmission is possible as long as the virus remains in the saliva or feces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603741645812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Factors that increase the risk of polio infection or affect the severity of the disease include immune deficiency, malnutrition, physical activity immediately following the onset of paralysis, skeletal muscle injury due to injection of vaccines or therapeutic agents, and pregnancy. Although the virus can cross the maternal-fetal barrier during pregnancy, the fetus does not appear to be affected by either maternal infection or polio vaccination. Maternal antibodies also cross the placenta, providing passive immunity that protects the infant from polio infection during the first few months of life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4376220703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "As a precaution against infection, public swimming pools were often closed in affected areas during poliomyelitis epidemics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.794313430786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, infecting the first cells with which it comes in contact — the pharynx and intestinal mucosa. It gains entry by binding to an immunoglobulin-like receptor, known as the poliovirus receptor or CD155, on the cell membrane. The virus then hijacks the host cell's own machinery, and begins to replicate. Poliovirus divides within gastrointestinal cells for about a week, from where it spreads to the tonsils (specifically the follicular dendritic cells residing within the tonsilar germinal centers), the intestinal lymphoid tissue including the M cells of Peyer's patches, and the deep cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes, where it multiplies abundantly. The virus is subsequently absorbed into the bloodstream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587818145751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Known as viremia, the presence of a virus in the bloodstream enables it to be widely distributed throughout the body. Poliovirus can survive and multiply within the blood and lymphatics for long periods of time, sometimes as long as 17 weeks. In a small percentage of cases, it can spread and replicate in other sites, such as brown fat, the reticuloendothelial tissues, and muscle. This sustained replication causes a major viremia, and leads to the development of minor influenza-like symptoms. Rarely, this may progress and the virus may invade the central nervous system, provoking a local inflammatory response. In most cases, this causes a self-limiting inflammation of the meninges, the layers of tissue surrounding the brain, which is known as nonparalytic aseptic meningitis. Penetration of the CNS provides no known benefit to the virus, and is quite possibly an incidental deviation of a normal gastrointestinal infection. The mechanisms by which poliovirus spreads to the CNS are poorly understood, but it appears to be primarily a chance event—largely independent of the age, gender, or socioeconomic position of the individual.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49659538269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Paralytic polio ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15747356414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "In around 1% of infections, poliovirus spreads along certain nerve fiber pathways, preferentially replicating in and destroying motor neurons within the spinal cord, brain stem, or motor cortex. This leads to the development of paralytic poliomyelitis, the various forms of which (spinal, bulbar, and bulbospinal) vary only with the amount of neuronal damage and inflammation that occurs, and the region of the CNS affected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.110260963439941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The destruction of neuronal cells produces lesions within the spinal ganglia; these may also occur in the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, cerebellar vermis, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Inflammation associated with nerve cell destruction often alters the color and appearance of the gray matter in the spinal column, causing it to appear reddish and swollen. Other destructive changes associated with paralytic disease occur in the forebrain region, specifically the hypothalamus and thalamus. The molecular mechanisms by which poliovirus causes paralytic disease are poorly understood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439620971679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Early symptoms of paralytic polio include high fever, headache, stiffness in the back and neck, asymmetrical weakness of various muscles, sensitivity to touch, difficulty swallowing, muscle pain, loss of superficial and deep reflexes, paresthesia (pins and needles), irritability, constipation, or difficulty urinating. Paralysis generally develops one to ten days after early symptoms begin, progresses for two to three days, and is usually complete by the time the fever breaks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.075140953063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The likelihood of developing paralytic polio increases with age, as does the extent of paralysis. In children, nonparalytic meningitis is the most likely consequence of CNS involvement, and paralysis occurs in only one in 1000 cases. In adults, paralysis occurs in one in 75 cases. In children under five years of age, paralysis of one leg is most common; in adults, extensive paralysis of the chest and abdomen also affecting all four limbs—quadriplegia—is more likely. Paralysis rates also vary depending on the serotype of the infecting poliovirus; the highest rates of paralysis (one in 200) are associated with poliovirus type 1, the lowest rates (one in 2,000) are associated with type 2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.891942977905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Spinal polio ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216388702392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Spinal polio, the most common form of paralytic poliomyelitis, results from viral invasion of the motor neurons of the anterior horn cells, or the ventral (front) grey matter section in the spinal column, which are responsible for movement of the muscles, including those of the trunk, limbs, and the intercostal muscles. Virus invasion causes inflammation of the nerve cells, leading to damage or destruction of motor neuron ganglia. When spinal neurons die, Wallerian degeneration takes place, leading to weakness of those muscles formerly innervated by the now-dead neurons. With the destruction of nerve cells, the muscles no longer receive signals from the brain or spinal cord; without nerve stimulation, the muscles atrophy, becoming weak, floppy and poorly controlled, and finally completely paralyzed. Maximum paralysis progresses rapidly (two to four days), and usually involves fever and muscle pain. Deep tendon reflexes are also affected, and are typically absent or diminished; sensation (the ability to feel) in the paralyzed limbs, however, is not affected. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81347370147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Bulbar polio ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16994571685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Making up about 2% of cases of paralytic polio, bulbar polio occurs when poliovirus invades and destroys nerves within the bulbar region of the brain stem. The bulbar region is a white matter pathway that connects the cerebral cortex to the brain stem. The destruction of these nerves weakens the muscles supplied by the cranial nerves, producing symptoms of encephalitis, and causes difficulty breathing, speaking and swallowing. Critical nerves affected are the glossopharyngeal nerve (which partially controls swallowing and functions in the throat, tongue movement, and taste), the vagus nerve (which sends signals to the heart, intestines, and lungs), and the accessory nerve (which controls upper neck movement). Due to the effect on swallowing, secretions of mucus may build up in the airway, causing suffocation. Other signs and symptoms include facial weakness (caused by destruction of the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve, which innervate the cheeks, tear ducts, gums, and muscles of the face, among other structures), double vision, difficulty in chewing, and abnormal respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm (which may lead to respiratory arrest). Pulmonary edema and shock are also possible and may be fatal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446477890014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Bulbospinal polio ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212929725646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Approximately 19% of all paralytic polio cases have both bulbar and spinal symptoms; this subtype is called respiratory or bulbospinal polio. Here, the virus affects the upper part of the cervical spinal cord (cervical vertebrae C3 through C5), and paralysis of the diaphragm occurs. The critical nerves affected are the phrenic nerve (which drives the diaphragm to inflate the lungs) and those that drive the muscles needed for swallowing. By destroying these nerves, this form of polio affects breathing, making it difficult or impossible for the patient to breathe without the support of a ventilator. It can lead to paralysis of the arms and legs and may also affect swallowing and heart functions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722837448120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Paralytic poliomyelitis may be clinically suspected in individuals experiencing acute onset of flaccid paralysis in one or more limbs with decreased or absent tendon reflexes in the affected limbs that cannot be attributed to another apparent cause, and without sensory or cognitive loss. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009509086608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A laboratory diagnosis is usually made based on recovery of poliovirus from a stool sample or a swab of the pharynx. Antibodies to poliovirus can be diagnostic, and are generally detected in the blood of infected patients early in the course of infection. Analysis of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is collected by a lumbar puncture (\"spinal tap\"), reveals an increased number of white blood cells (primarily lymphocytes) and a mildly elevated protein level. Detection of virus in the CSF is diagnostic of paralytic polio, but rarely occurs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.751434326171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "If poliovirus is isolated from a patient experiencing acute flaccid paralysis, it is further tested through oligonucleotide mapping (genetic fingerprinting), or more recently by PCR amplification, to determine whether it is \"wild type\" (that is, the virus encountered in nature) or \"vaccine type\" (derived from a strain of poliovirus used to produce polio vaccine). It is important to determine the source of the virus because for each reported case of paralytic polio caused by wild poliovirus, an estimated 200 to 3,000 other contagious asymptomatic carriers exist. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.818782806396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Two types of vaccine are used throughout the world to combat polio. Both types induce immunity to polio, efficiently blocking person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community (so-called herd immunity).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.068113327026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Because OPV is inexpensive, easy to administer, and produces excellent immunity in the intestine (which helps prevent infection with wild virus in areas where it is endemic), it has been the vaccine of choice for controlling poliomyelitis in many countries. On very rare occasions (about one case per 750,000 vaccine recipients), the attenuated virus in OPV reverts into a form that can paralyze. Most industrialized countries have switched to IPV, which cannot revert, either as the sole vaccine against poliomyelitis or in combination with oral polio vaccine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.606193542480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "There is no cure for polio. The focus of modern treatment has been on providing relief of symptoms, speeding recovery and preventing complications. Supportive measures include antibiotics to prevent infections in weakened muscles, analgesics for pain, moderate exercise and a nutritious diet. Treatment of polio often requires long-term rehabilitation, including occupational therapy, physical therapy, braces, corrective shoes and, in some cases, orthopedic surgery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015780448913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Portable ventilators may be required to support breathing. Historically, a noninvasive, negative-pressure ventilator, more commonly called an iron lung, was used to artificially maintain respiration during an acute polio infection until a person could breathe independently (generally about one to two weeks). Today, many polio survivors with permanent respiratory paralysis use modern jacket-type negative-pressure ventilators worn over the chest and abdomen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89682674407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Other historical treatments for polio include hydrotherapy, electrotherapy, massage and passive motion exercises, and surgical treatments, such as tendon lengthening and nerve grafting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35694408416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Patients with abortive polio infections recover completely. In those who develop only aseptic meningitis, the symptoms can be expected to persist for two to ten days, followed by complete recovery. In cases of spinal polio, if the affected nerve cells are completely destroyed, paralysis will be permanent; cells that are not destroyed, but lose function temporarily, may recover within four to six weeks after onset. Reproduced online with permission by Post-Polio Health International; retrieved on 10 November 2007. Half the patients with spinal polio recover fully; one-quarter recover with mild disability, and the remaining quarter are left with severe disability. The degree of both acute paralysis and residual paralysis is likely to be proportional to the degree of viremia, and inversely proportional to the degree of immunity. Spinal polio is rarely fatal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.723217964172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Without respiratory support, consequences of poliomyelitis with respiratory involvement include suffocation or pneumonia from aspiration of secretions. Overall, 5–10% of patients with paralytic polio die due to the paralysis of muscles used for breathing. The case fatality rate (CFR) varies by age: 2–5% of children and up to 15–30% of adults die. Bulbar polio often causes death if respiratory support is not provided; with support, its CFR ranges from 25 to 75%, depending on the age of the patient. When intermittent positive pressure ventilation is available, the fatalities can be reduced to 15%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975939750671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Many cases of poliomyelitis result in only temporary paralysis. Nerve impulses return to the formerly paralyzed muscle within a month, and recovery is usually complete in six to eight months. The neurophysiological processes involved in recovery following acute paralytic poliomyelitis are quite effective; muscles are able to retain normal strength even if half the original motor neurons have been lost. Paralysis remaining after one year is likely to be permanent, although modest recoveries of muscle strength are possible 12 to 18 months after infection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121330261230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "One mechanism involved in recovery is nerve terminal sprouting, in which remaining brainstem and spinal cord motor neurons develop new branches, or axonal sprouts. These sprouts can reinnervate orphaned muscle fibers that have been denervated by acute polio infection, restoring the fibers' capacity to contract and improving strength. Terminal sprouting may generate a few significantly enlarged motor neurons doing work previously performed by as many as four or five units: a single motor neuron that once controlled 200 muscle cells might control 800 to 1000 cells. Other mechanisms that occur during the rehabilitation phase, and contribute to muscle strength restoration, include myofiber hypertrophy—enlargement of muscle fibers through exercise and activity—and transformation of type II muscle fibers to type I muscle fibers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.797765731811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Residual complications of paralytic polio often occur following the initial recovery process. Muscle paresis and paralysis can sometimes result in skeletal deformities, tightening of the joints and movement disability. Once the muscles in the limb become flaccid, they may interfere with the function of other muscles. A typical manifestation of this problem is equinus foot (similar to club foot). This deformity develops when the muscles that pull the toes downward are working, but those that pull it upward are not, and the foot naturally tends to drop toward the ground. If the problem is left untreated, the Achilles tendons at the back of the foot retract and the foot cannot take on a normal position. Polio victims that develop equinus foot cannot walk properly because they cannot put their heel on the ground. A similar situation can develop if the arms become paralyzed. In some cases the growth of an affected leg is slowed by polio, while the other leg continues to grow normally. The result is that one leg is shorter than the other and the person limps and leans to one side, in turn leading to deformities of the spine (such as scoliosis). Osteoporosis and increased likelihood of bone fractures may occur. An intervention to prevent or lessen length disparity can be to perform an epiphysiodesis on the distal femoral and proximal tibial/fibular condyles, so that limb's growth is artificially stunted, and by the time of epiphyseal (growth) plate closure, the legs are more equal in length. Alternatively, a person can be fitted with custom made footwear which corrects the difference in leg lengths. Other surgery to re-balance muscular agonist/antagonist imbalances may also be helpful. Extended use of braces or wheelchairs may cause compression neuropathy, as well as a loss of proper function of the veins in the legs, due to pooling of blood in paralyzed lower limbs. Complications from prolonged immobility involving the lungs, kidneys and heart include pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, paralytic ileus, myocarditis and cor pulmonale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972736358642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Post-polio syndrome ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220558166503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Between 25% and 50% of individuals who have recovered from paralytic polio in childhood can develop additional symptoms decades after recovering from the acute infection, notably new muscle weakness and extreme fatigue. This condition is known as post-polio syndrome (PPS) or post-polio sequelae. The symptoms of PPS are thought to involve a failure of the oversized motor units created during the recovery phase of the paralytic disease. Contributing factors that increase the risk of PPS include aging with loss of neuron units, the presence of a permanent residual impairment after recovery from the acute illness, and both overuse and disuse of neurons. PPS is a slow, progressive disease, and there is no specific treatment for it. Post-polio syndrome is not an infectious process, and persons experiencing the syndrome do not shed poliovirus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49644947052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Following the widespread use of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined dramatically in many industrialized countries. A global effort to eradicate polio began in 1988, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and The Rotary Foundation. These efforts have reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases by 99.9%; from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to a low of 483 cases in 2001, after which it remained at a level of about 1,000 - 2000 cases per year for a number of years. In 2015, cases decreased to 98. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.029308319091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Polio is one of only two diseases currently the subject of a global eradication program, the other being Guinea worm disease. So far, the only diseases completely eradicated by humankind are smallpox, declared so, in 1980, and rinderpest, likewise, in 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.108929634094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A number of eradication milestones have already been reached, and several regions of the world have been certified polio-free.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085847854614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "A concern is the presence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV). The OPV is not perfect: while the genetic characteristics are carefully balanced to maximize efficacy and minimize virulence, it is possible for the OPV to mutate. As a result, persons given the OPV can acquire acute or chronic infections; or can transmit (circulate) mutated OPV to other people. It is likely that cVDPV cases will exceed wild cases in the near future, making it desirable to discontinue use of the OPV as soon as safely possible. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.261148452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In April 2012, the World Health Assembly declared the completion of polio eradication a programmatic emergency for global public health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922249794006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The Americas were declared polio-free in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360424041748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 2000 polio was declared to have been officially eliminated in 37 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25087833404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. On 1 September, 2015 WHO confirmed 2 cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 in Ukraine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.449201583862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The last case of polio in the region was in India in January 2011. Since January 2011, there have been no reported cases of the wild polio infections in India, and in February 2012 the country was taken off the WHO list of polio endemic countries. It was reported that if there are no cases of wild polio in the country for two more years, it would be declared as a polio-free country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113642692565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "On March 27, 2014 the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the South-East Asia Region, which includes eleven countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste. With the addition of this region, 80 per cent of the world population lives in polio-free regions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973708152770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 2015, polio was believed to remain naturally spreading in only two countries: Pakistan, and Afghanistan, although it continued to cause epidemics in other nearby countries due to hidden or reestablished transmission. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872770309448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In Syria difficulties in executing immunization programs in the ongoing civil war led to a return of polio, probably in 2012, acknowledged by the WHO in 2013. 15 cases were confirmed among children in Syria between October and November 2013 in Deir Ezzor. Later, two more cases, each one in rural Damascus and Aleppo, were identified. It was the first outbreak in Syria since 1999. Doctors and international public health agencies report more than 90 cases of polio in Syria, with fears of contagion in rebel areas from lack of sanitation and safe-water services. In May 2014, the World Health Organization declared polio's renewed spread a world health emergency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936417579650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 2003 in northern Nigeria—a country which at that time was considered provisionally polio free—a fatwa was issued declaring that the polio vaccine was designed to render children sterile. Subsequently, polio reappeared in Nigeria and spread from there to several other countries. In 2013, nine health workers administering polio vaccine were targeted and killed by gunmen on motorcycles in Kano, but this was the first and last attack. Local traditional and religious leaders and polio survivors worked to revive the campaign, and Nigeria has not had a polio case since July 24, 2014. In September 2015, Nigeria is removed from polio-endemic list. If no new cases appear, it will be declared polio-free in 2017. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15406322479248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In 2013 the Center for Disease Control received reports of 183 cases of polio in Somalia, 14 in Kenya and 8 cases in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, but Africa had no confirmed cases of wild poliovirus (WPV) in 2015. A case of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) type 2 was detected in Siguiri in Guinea's Kankan region, in August 2014. In September 2015, a case of cVDPV in Mali was confirmed by the WHO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.790639877319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "This is the last remaining region with wild polio cases. Both major sides of the Afghan civil war support polio vaccination and polio rates are declining rapidly in Afghanistan, with only 19 cases in 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382499694824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "In Pakistan there were 53 cases in 2015, the highest number for any country. Vaccination in Pakistan is hindered by conflict and organizational problems. The militant Pakistani Taliban claims vaccination is a Western plot to sterilise local children. 66 vaccinators were killed in 2013 and 2014. Cases have dropped by 70% in 2015; reasons include Dh440 million support from the United Arab Emirates to vaccinate more than ten million children, changes in the military situation, and arrests of some of those who attacked polio workers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10248851776123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The effects of polio have been known since prehistory; Egyptian paintings and carvings depict otherwise healthy people with withered limbs, and children walking with canes at a young age. The first clinical description was provided by the English physician Michael Underwood in 1789, where he refers to polio as \"a debility of the lower extremities\". The work of physicians Jakob Heine in 1840 and Karl Oskar Medin in 1890 led to it being known as Heine–Medin disease. The disease was later called infantile paralysis, based on its propensity to affect children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580402374267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "Before the 20th century, polio infections were rarely seen in infants before six months of age, most cases occurring in children six months to four years of age. Poorer sanitation of the time resulted in a constant exposure to the virus, which enhanced a natural immunity within the population. In developed countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, improvements were made in community sanitation, including better sewage disposal and clean water supplies. These changes drastically increased the proportion of children and adults at risk of paralytic polio infection, by reducing childhood exposure and immunity to the disease. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.727438926696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "Small localized paralytic polio epidemics began to appear in Europe and the United States around 1900. Outbreaks reached pandemic proportions in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century. By 1950 the peak age incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States had shifted from infants to children aged five to nine years, when the risk of paralysis is greater; about one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age. Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time. In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic became the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis. Intensive care medicine has its origin in the fight against polio. Most hospitals in the 1950s had limited access to iron lungs for patients unable to breathe without mechanical assistance. Respiratory centers designed to assist the most severe polio patients, first established in 1952 at the Blegdam Hospital of Copenhagen by Danish anesthesiologist Bjørn Ibsen, were the harbingers of subsequent intensive care units (ICU). (A year later, Ibsen would establish the world's first dedicated ICU.) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308311462402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The polio epidemics not only altered the lives of those who survived them, but also brought profound cultural changes, spurring grassroots fund-raising campaigns that would revolutionize medical philanthropy, and giving rise to the modern field of rehabilitation therapy. As one of the largest disabled groups in the world, polio survivors also helped to advance the modern disability rights movement through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the disabled. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977 there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. According to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom. Many notable individuals have survived polio and often credit the prolonged immobility and residual paralysis associated with polio as a driving force in their lives and careers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819731712341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Poliomyelitis", "passage": "The disease was very well publicized during the polio epidemics of the 1950s, with extensive media coverage of any scientific advancements that might lead to a cure. Thus, the scientists working on polio became some of the most famous of the century. Fifteen scientists and two laymen who made important contributions to the knowledge and treatment of poliomyelitis are honored by the Polio Hall of Fame, which was dedicated in 1957 at the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation in Warm Springs, Georgia, US. In 2008 four organizations (Rotary International, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and UNICEF) were added to the Hall of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.852612495422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" }, { "answer": "Polio", "passage": "The term derives from the Ancient Greek (), meaning \"grey\", ( “marrow”), referring to the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the suffix -itis, which denotes inflammation., i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, producing a lack of ability to breathe that requires mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729299545288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Poliomyelitis" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mel Tormé", "passage": "**Harry Anderson as Judge Harold \"Harry\" T. Stone, a young, baby-faced, good-humored jurist and an amateur magician whose parents were former mental patients. He was very young for a new judge, being only 34 when he took the bench at Criminal Court Part 2, but he later explained cheerfully that he got his assignment because the outgoing Mayor of NYC made a huge number of appointments on his last day and Harry was the only person on the judges' list who was home and was able to receive the call and accept his nomination. His zany antics and goofball sense of humor were tempered by infinite compassion and sincere belief that everyone has good in them. Harry could be a little self-righteous at times, but more often than not was the moral compass of the show. Harry loved movies and fashions from the 1940s, was vocal in his disdain for modern music (especially Barry Manilow), and idolized crooner Mel Tormé.", "precise_score": -0.8272960186004639, "rough_score": 1.6431114673614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Night Court" }, { "answer": "Mel Tormé", "passage": "*Mel Tormé played himself. In the first episode, it is revealed that Harry Stone is an almost fanatical admirer of Tormé. The two crossed paths but Tormé grew to dislike the judge because Harry almost always somehow ended up inflicting misfortune or causing problems for his idol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7014479637146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Night Court" } ]

[ { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "\"The buck stops here\" is a phrase that was popularized by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who kept a sign with that phrase on his desk in the Oval Office. The phrase refers to the fact that the President has to make the decisions and accept the ultimate responsibility for those decisions. Truman received the sign as a gift from a prison warden who was also an avid poker player. It is also the motto of the U.S. Naval Aircraft Carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75). ", "precise_score": 10.040738105773926, "rough_score": 8.316261291503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buck passing" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, won most of the Southern states despite the civil rights plank, and squeaked through with narrow victories in a few critical states, notably Ohio, California, and Illinois. The final tally showed that the president had secured 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189, and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace got none. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the Chicago Tribune with a huge headline proclaiming \"Dewey Defeats Truman.\"", "precise_score": -8.57654094696045, "rough_score": -8.987576484680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "A 1947 report by the Truman administration titled To Secure These Rights presented a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reforms. In February 1948, the president submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as voting rights and fair employment practices. This provoked a storm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the runup to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise, saying: \"My forebears were Confederates ... but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten.\" Tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated Truman, and were a major factor in his decision to issue Executive Order 9981, in July 1948, desegregating and requiring equal opportunity in the Armed Forces. After several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between Truman, the Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity and the various branches of the military, Army units became racially integrated.", "precise_score": -8.675798416137695, "rough_score": -8.83305835723877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "Eisenhower gained the Republican nomination, with Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: \"Korea, Communism and Corruption\". He pledged to clean up the \"mess in Washington,\" and promised to \"go to Korea.\" Eisenhower defeated Stevenson decisively in the general election, ending 20 years of Democratic presidents. While Truman and Eisenhower had previously been good friends, Truman felt betrayed that Eisenhower did not denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign. Similarly, Eisenhower was outraged when Truman, who made a whistlestop tour in support of Stevenson, accused the former general of disregarding \"sinister forces ... Anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-foreignism\" within the Republican Party. Eisenhower was so outraged he threatened not to make the customary ride down Pennsylvania Avenue with the departing president before the inauguration, but to meet Truman at the steps to the Capitol, where the swearing-in takes place.", "precise_score": -8.153765678405762, "rough_score": -8.3367338180542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "American public feeling towards Truman grew steadily warmer with the passing years; as early as 1962, a poll of 75 historians conducted by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. ranked Truman among the \"near great\" presidents. The period following his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy among both historians and members of the public. Truman died when the nation was consumed with crises in Vietnam and Watergate, and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career. In the early and mid-1970s, Truman captured the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time emerging as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to exemplify an integrity and accountability many observers felt was lacking in the Nixon White House. This public reassessment of Truman was aided by the popularity of a book of reminiscences which Truman had told to journalist Merle Miller beginning in 1961, with the agreement that they would not be published until after Truman's death.", "precise_score": -9.12424373626709, "rough_score": -9.172503471374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry Truman", "passage": "Truman had his latter-day critics as well. After a review of information available to Truman about the presence of espionage activities in the U.S. government, Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan concluded that Truman was \"almost willfully obtuse\" concerning the danger of American communism. In 2010, historian Alonzo Hamby concluded that \"Harry Truman remains a controversial president.\" However, since leaving office, Truman has fared well in polls ranking the presidents. He has never been listed lower than ninth, and was ranked fifth in a C-SPAN poll in 2009.", "precise_score": -7.0558037757873535, "rough_score": -7.528994083404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children. Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual national thanksgiving turkey presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of \"pardoning\" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740019798278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. Harry S. Truman, president when this amendment was adopted, was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071979522705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–53), an American politician of the Democratic Party. He served as a United States Senator from Missouri (1935–45) and briefly as Vice President (1945) before he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was president during the final months of World War II, making the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Truman was elected in his own right in 1948. He presided over an uncertain domestic scene as America sought its path after the war and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.667786598205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "On domestic issues, bills endorsed by Truman often faced opposition from a conservative Congress dominated by the Southern legislators, but his administration was able to successfully guide the American economy through the post-war economic challenges. Truman maintained that civil rights were a moral priority, and in 1948 submitted the first comprehensive civil rights legislation and issued Executive Orders to start racial integration in the military and federal agencies. Allegations were raised of corruption in the Truman administration, linked to certain cabinet members and senior White House staff, and this became a central campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election and may have contributed to Adlai Stevenson's (Truman's successor as Democratic nominee) loss to Republican nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower. Popular and scholarly assessments of Truman's presidency initially were unfavorable but became more positive over time following his retirement from politics. Truman's 1948 election upset to win a full term as president has often been invoked by later 'underdog' presidential candidates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.213232040405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman (1851–1914) and Martha Ellen Young Truman (1852–1947). His parents chose the name Harry after his mother's brother, Harrison \"Harry\" Young (1846–1916). They chose \"S\" as his middle initial to please both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The \"S\" did not stand for anything in particular, but was regularly written followed by a period. A brother, John Vivian (1886–1965), was born soon after Harry, followed by sister Mary Jane (1889–1978).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089316368103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "Truman's unit joined in a massive pre-arranged assault barrage on September 26, 1918 at the opening of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. They advanced with difficulty over pitted terrain to follow the infantry, and they set up an observation post west of Cheppy. On September 27, Truman saw an enemy artillery battery through his binoculars setting up across a river in a position allowing them to fire upon the neighboring 28th Division. Truman's orders limited him to targets facing the 35th Division, but he ignored this and patiently waited until the Germans had walked their horses well away from their guns, ensuring that they couldn't retreat. He then ordered his men to open fire, and destroyed the enemy. Truman was given a dressing down by his commander, Colonel Karl D. Klemm, but he was not court-martialed; his decision probably saved the lives of 28th Division soldiers who otherwise would have come under fire from the Germans Truman's battery destroyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285778045654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "Truman was discharged from the Army as a major in May 1919. In 1920 he was appointed a major in the Reserve Officer Corps; he became a lieutenant colonel in 1925 and a colonel in 1932. In the 1920s and 1930s Truman commanded 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment, a unit of the 102nd Infantry Division. After promotion to colonel, Truman advanced to command of the regiment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012269973754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "In late-1940, Truman traveled to various military bases. The waste and profiteering which he saw led him to use his subcommittee chairmanship in the Committee on Military Affairs to begin investigations into abuses while the nation prepared for war. A separate committee was set up under Truman to conduct a formal investigation; the Roosevelt administration supported this plan rather than weather a more hostile probe by the House of Representatives. Chairmanship of what came to be known as the Truman Committee made him a national figure. Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticizing the \"dollar-a-year men\" hired by the government, many of whom proved ineffective, to investigating a shoddily built New Jersey housing project for war workers. The committee is reported to have saved as much as $15 billion; its activities put Truman on the cover of Time magazine. According to the Senate's historical minutes, in leading the committee, \"Truman erased his earlier public image as an errand-runner for Kansas City politicos\" and \"no senator ever gained greater political benefits from chairing a special investigating committee than did Missouri's Harry S. Truman.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923310279846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "Although labor strife was muted after the settlement of the railway strike, it continued through Truman's presidency. The President's approval rating dropped from 82% in the polls in January 1946 to 52% by June. This dissatisfaction with the Truman administration's policies led to large Democratic losses in the 1946 midterm elections, when Republicans took control of Congress for the first time since 1930. The 80th Congress included Republican freshmen who would become prominent in the years to come, including Wisconsin Senator Joe McCarthy and California Congressman Richard Nixon. When Truman dropped to 32% in the polls, Democratic Arkansas Senator William Fulbright suggested that Truman resign; the President said that he did not care what Senator \"Halfbright\" said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.939314842224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by Truman's approval of NSC-68, a secret statement of foreign policy. It called for tripling the defense budget, and the globalization and militarization of containment policy whereby the U.S. and its NATO allies would respond militarily to actual Soviet expansion. The document was drafted by Paul Nitze, who consulted State and Defense officials; it was formally approved by President Truman as official national strategy after the war began in Korea. It called for partial mobilization of the U.S. economy to build armaments faster than the Soviets. The plan called for strengthening Europe, weakening the Soviet Union, and for building up the U.S. both militarily and economically.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519906997680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, influencing such decisions as the U.S. choice against offering direct military aid to Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese Civil War with their communist opponents. Marshall's opinion was contrary to the counsel of almost all of Truman's other advisers—he thought that even propping up Chiang's forces would drain U.S. resources in Europe needed to deter the Soviets. When the communists took control of the mainland, driving the Nationalists to Taiwan and establishing the People's Republic of China, Truman would have been willing to maintain some relationship between the U.S. and the new government, but Mao was unwilling. On June 27, 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, Truman ordered the U.S. Navy's Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent further conflict between the communist government on the China mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611153602600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry Truman", "passage": "Harry Truman wrote a scathing response:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03144645690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Truman administration", "passage": "At the time of the 1952 New Hampshire primary, no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, had declined to run; Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson had also turned Truman down, Vice President Barkley was considered too old, and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made a name for himself by his investigations of the Truman administration scandals. Truman had hoped to recruit General Eisenhower as a Democratic candidate, but found him more interested in seeking the Republican nomination. Accordingly, Truman let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary by supporters. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later the president announced he would not seek a second full term. Truman was eventually able to persuade Stevenson to run, and the governor gained the nomination at the 1952 Democratic National Convention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461220741271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "President Truman", "passage": "Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, to live at the Wallace home he and Bess had shared for years with her mother. Once out of office, Truman quickly decided that he did not wish to be on any corporate payroll, believing that taking advantage of such financial opportunities would diminish the integrity of the nation's highest office. He also turned down numerous offers for commercial endorsements. Since his earlier business ventures had proved unsuccessful, he had no personal savings. As a result, he faced financial challenges. Once Truman left the White House, his only income was his old army pension: $112.56 per month. Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal retirement package; President Truman himself ensured that former servants of the executive branch of government received similar support. In 1953, however, there was no such benefit package for former presidents, and he received no pension for his Senate service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266197204589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "Truman took out a personal loan from a Missouri bank shortly after leaving office, and then set about establishing another precedent for future former chief executives: a book deal for his memoirs of his time in office. Ulysses S. Grant had overcome similar financial issues with his own memoirs, but the book had been published posthumously, and he had declined to write about life in the White House in any detail. For the memoirs, Truman received only a flat payment of $670,000, and had to pay two-thirds of that in tax; he calculated he got $37,000 after he paid his assistants. However, the memoirs were a commercial and critical success; they were published in two volumes in 1955 and 1956 by Doubleday (Garden City, N.Y) and Hodder & Stoughton (London): Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions and Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.397815704345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "Truman supported Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House in 1956, although he had initially favored Democratic Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York. He continued to campaign for Democratic senatorial candidates for many years. Upon turning 80 in 1964, Truman was feted in Washington, and addressed the Senate, availing himself of a new rule that allowed former presidents to be granted privilege of the floor. After a fall in his home in late 1964, his physical condition declined. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031827926635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "On December 5, 1972, Truman was admitted to Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center with lung congestion from pneumonia. He developed multiple organ failure and died at 7:50 am on December 26 at the age of 88. Bess Truman opted for a simple private service at the library for her husband rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at Washington National Cathedral. Bess died in 1982; they both are buried at the Harry S. Truman Library & Museum in Independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.746782302856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S Truman", "passage": "In 1975, the Truman Scholarship was created as a federal program to honor U.S. college students who exemplified dedication to public service and leadership in public policy. In 2004, the President Harry S. Truman Fellowship in National Security Science and Engineering was created as a distinguished postdoctoral three-year appointment at Sandia National Laboratories. In 2001, the University of Missouri established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to advance the study and practice of governance. The University of Missouri's Missouri Tigers athletic programs have an official mascot named Truman the Tiger. On July 1, 1996, Northeast Missouri State University became Truman State University—to mark its transformation from a teachers' college to a highly selective liberal arts university and to honor the only Missourian to become president. A member institution of the City Colleges of Chicago, Harry S Truman College in Chicago, Illinois, is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 2000, the headquarters for the State Department, built in the 1930s but never officially named, was dedicated as the Harry S Truman Building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.539493560791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "S truman", "passage": "In 1984, Truman was posthumously awarded the United States Congressional Gold Medal. In 1991, he was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians, and a bronze bust depicting him is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol. In 2006, Thomas Daniel, grandson of the Trumans, accepted a star on the Missouri Walk of Fame to honor his late grandfather. In 2007, John Truman, a nephew, accepted a star for Bess Truman. The Walk of Fame is in Marshfield, Missouri, a city Truman visited in 1948.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018633842468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "* Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes the Wallace House at 219 N. Delaware in Independence and the family farmhouse at Grandview, Missouri (Truman sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152402877807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S Truman", "passage": "* Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is the house where Truman was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31805419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "* Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum – The Presidential library in Independence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800867080688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Harry S. Truman", "passage": "* Harry S. Truman Little White House – Truman's winter getaway at Key West, Florida", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060103416442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" } ]

[ { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "The BFG (short for \"Big Friendly Giant\") is a 1982 children's book written by Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. It is an expansion of a short story from Dahl's 1975 book Danny, the Champion of the World. The book is dedicated to Dahl's late daughter, Olivia, who died of measles encephalitis at the age of seven in 1962. As of 2009, the novel has sold 37 million copies in UK editions alone. ", "precise_score": 1.8363993167877197, "rough_score": -5.5665974617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The BFG" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "James and the Giant Peach is a 1996 British-American musical fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. It was produced by Tim Burton and Denise Di Novi, directed by Henry Selick, and starred Paul Terry as James. The film is a combination of live action and stop-motion animation. Co-stars Joanna Lumley and Miriam Margolyes played James's aunts in the live-action segments, and Simon Callow, Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, Jane Leeves, and David Thewlis voiced his insect friends in the animation sequences.", "precise_score": -8.37427043914795, "rough_score": -6.148343563079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "James and the Giant Peach (film)" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "The Twits is a humorous children's book written by Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. It was written in 1979, and first published in 1980. The Twits was adapted for the stage in 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.136099815368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Twits" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "Relations to other Roald Dahl books", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941413879394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Twits" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "* Certain things within the book, such as Mr Twit's beard, \"Wormy Spaghetti\" and bird pie, appear within Roald Dahl's Revolting Recipes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761398315429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Twits" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "Though Roald Dahl refused numerous offers to have a film version of James and the Giant Peach produced during his lifetime, his widow, Liccy, approved an offer to have a live action version produced. She thinks Roald \"would have been delighted with what they did with James. It is a wonderful film.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.061518669128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "James and the Giant Peach (film)" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator is a children's book by British author Roald Dahl. It is the sequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, continuing the story of young Charlie Bucket and eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka as they travel in the Great Glass Elevator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.540615081787109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator" }, { "answer": "Roald Dahl", "passage": "A follow-up to the book was planned, called Charlie in the White House. Charlie's family and Willy Wonka are invited by President Gilligrass to have dinner at the White House, as thanks for rescuing the Space Shuttle from its attack by the Vermicious Knids. Dahl only wrote the first chapter, which is on display at the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden, in where Dahl had lived between 1954 and his death in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.774955749511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator" } ]

[ { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during the First World War. He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "precise_score": 2.593529224395752, "rough_score": 6.311236381530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Manfred Von Richthofen", "passage": "Manfred von Richthofen was born in Kleinburg, near Breslau, Lower Silesia (now part of the city of Wrocław, Poland), on May 2, 1892 into a prominent Prussian aristocratic family. His father was Major Albrecht Philipp Karl Julius Freiherr von Richthofen and his mother was Kunigunde von Schickfuss und Neudorff. He had an elder sister, Ilse, and two younger brothers.", "precise_score": -1.8555042743682861, "rough_score": 0.7827984094619751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "Richthofen was a Freiherr (literally \"Free Lord\"), a title of nobility often translated as \"baron\". This is not a given name nor strictly a hereditary title—since all male members of the family were entitled to it, even during the lifetime of their father. This title, combined with the fact that he had his aircraft painted red, led to Richthofen being called \"The Red Baron\" () both inside and outside Germany. During his lifetime he was more often described in German as Der Rote Kampfflieger (variously translated as \"The Red Battle Flyer\" or \"The Red Fighter Pilot\"). This name was used as the title of Richthofen's 1917 autobiography. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.254374027252197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "The Red Baron returned to active service (against doctor's orders) on 25 July, but went on convalescent leave from 5 September to 23 October. His wound is thought to have caused lasting damage (he later often suffered from post-flight nausea and headaches) as well as a change in temperament. There is even a theory linking this injury with his eventual death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321418762207031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "The Red Battle Flyer", "passage": "During his convalescent leave, Richthofen completed an autobiographic sketch, Der rote Kampfflieger (1917). Written on the instructions of the \"Press and Intelligence\" (propaganda) section of the Luftstreitkräfte, it shows evidence of having been heavily censored and edited. An English translation by J. Ellis Barker was published in 1918 as The Red Battle Flyer. Although Richthofen died before a revised version could be prepared, he is on record as repudiating the book, stating that it was \"too insolent\" (or \"arrogant\") and that he was \"no longer that kind of person\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.404215335845947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "The RAF credited Brown with shooting down the Red Baron, but it is now generally agreed that the bullet that hit Richthofen was fired from the ground. Richthofen died following an extremely serious and inevitably fatal chest wound from a single bullet, penetrating from the right armpit and resurfacing next to the left nipple. Brown's attack was from behind and above, and from Richthofen's left. Even more conclusively, Richthofen could not have continued his pursuit of May for as long as he did (up to two minutes) had this wound come from Brown's guns. Brown himself never spoke much about what happened that day, claiming, \"[t]here is no point in me commenting, as the evidence is already out there.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.407517433166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "In 1999, a German medical researcher, Henning Allmers, published an article in the British medical journal The Lancet, suggesting it was likely that brain damage from the head wound Richthofen suffered in July 1917 (see above) played a part in the Red Baron's death. This was supported by a 2004 paper by researchers at the University of Texas. Richthofen's behaviour after his injury was noted as consistent with brain-injured patients, and such an injury could account for his perceived lack of judgement on his final flight: flying too low over enemy territory and suffering target fixation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5003468990325928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "In common with most Allied air officers, Major Blake, who was responsible for Richthofen's body, regarded the Red Baron with great respect, and he organised a full military funeral, to be conducted by the personnel of No. 3 Squadron AFC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.946751594543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Red Baron", "passage": "In fact, Richthofen's victories are unusually well documented. A full list of the aircraft the Red Baron was credited with shooting down was published as early as 1958 —with documented RFC/RAF squadron details, aircraft serial numbers, and the identities of Allied airmen killed or captured—73 of the 80 listed match recorded British losses. A study conducted by British historian Norman Franks with two colleagues, published in Under the Guns of the Red Baron in 1998, reached the same conclusion about the high degree of accuracy of Richthofen's claimed victories. There were also unconfirmed victories that would put his actual total as high as 100 or more. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8696248531341553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Manfred von Richthofen" }, { "answer": "Manfred Von Richthofen", "passage": "The most accurate figures usually belong to the air arm fighting over its own territory, where many wrecks can be located, and even identified, and where shot down enemy are either killed or captured. It is for this reason that at least 76 of the 80 aircraft credited to Manfred von Richthofen can be tied to known British losses —the German Jagdstaffeln flew defensively, on their own side of the lines, in part due to General Hugh Trenchard's policy of offensive patrol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.809992551803589, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flying ace" } ]

[ { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "2009: At the 2009 Video Music Awards, country singer Taylor Swift won Best Female video for \"You Belong with Me.\" During her acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West unexpectedly showed up on stage. Taking the microphone from Swift, he announced \"Yo Tay, I'm really happy for you, and Imma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time. One of the best videos of all time!\" MTV cut away from the stage (showing Beyoncé with an embarrassed look) after West gave the microphone back to Swift and giving the middle finger to the audience as they started booing him off stage, and so Swift did not finish her speech. West was removed for the rest of the show. However, when Beyoncé won Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It),\" she called Swift back on stage to \"have her moment\" (finishing her speech from winning Best Female Video). In an off-the-record portion of an interview the following day, President Barack Obama called West a \"jackass\" for his antics. During a post-interview, Jay-Z admitted West was wrong to go on stage, but he thought people were overreacting to the incident. ", "precise_score": 6.751665115356445, "rough_score": 7.9283294677734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "The show is infamous for an incident involving Kanye West interrupting Taylor Swift's speech for winning the award for Best Female Video (\"You Belong with Me\"), which spawned the \"I'mma let you finish\" internet meme. ", "precise_score": 6.290892601013184, "rough_score": 7.429342269897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "While Taylor Swift was giving her acceptance speech for Best Female Video \"You Belong with Me\", Kanye West got onto the stage and interrupted her; he took her microphone, saying: \"Yo, Taylor, I'm really happy for you and I'mma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time. One of the best videos of all time!\", referring to the music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". The cameras then cut to Beyoncé, who looked shocked, saying, \"Oh, Kanye. Oh, God.\" West was then booed by the audience. He then shrugged and handed the microphone back to Swift. Backstage, Swift was seen \"hysterically crying\". According to Rolling Stone, when Swift's mother confronted West, he gave \"a half-hearted apology in which he added he still thought Beyoncé's video was superior\". After Beyoncé won Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies\", she acknowledged her experience winning her first VMA with Destiny's Child at the age of 17, and called Swift back to the stage, hugged her and let her finish her speech. During the commercial break, singer Pink walked by West and reportedly shook her head in disgust. West was later removed from the remainder of the show. Later, he wrote an apology on his blog (which he later removed).", "precise_score": 6.359338760375977, "rough_score": 6.5003437995910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "At the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, Taylor Swift presented the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award to Kanye. She said that she first met Kanye at the 2009 VMAS when the incident happened. She also said that she is one of West's biggest fans. She told the audience that the first album she and her brother Austin bought was The College Dropout by West. At the end of her presentation, she repeated West's speech but saying: \"All the other winners, I'm really happy for you, I'm going to let you finish, but Kanye West has had one of the greatest careers of all time.\" ", "precise_score": 4.373591899871826, "rough_score": 7.148421287536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "West's outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows, on social media, and in other public settings. His more publicized comments include his unscripted denunciation of President George W. Bush during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief and his interruption of country music singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. West's efforts as a fashion designer include collaborations with Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the YEEZY collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA. His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to widespread media coverage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.633089542388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kanye West" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyoncé's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.88361394405365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kanye West" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.480377674102783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kanye West" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.462599754333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kanye West" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Taylor Swift performed her song \"Innocent\", while West performed \"Runaway\" with Pusha T giving a stellar performance on the MPC2000. Eminem, who performed at the show, did not receive his awards in person, as he had to leave immediately to perform with Jay-Z at The Home & Home Tour in New York City the next day. Additionally, will.i.am's \"blackface\" outfit sparked controversy among African-Americans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.421938896179199, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "Katy Perry and Kanye West won the Award for Best Video for a Collaborative Single. As they went onstage to receive the award, Perry made a reference to West's incident with Taylor Swift two years back. This was the first award Perry won in four years of being nominated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.169748783111572, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "American fashion designer Jeremy Scott redesigned this year’s \"moonman\", being this the second time the statue has been transformed. Taylor Swift won Video of the Year for \"Bad Blood\", and presented the Video Vanguard Award to Kanye West. West ended his acceptance speech announcing he will run for president in 2020. Miley Cyrus, this year's host, closed the show by performing along with RuPaul's drag queens. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.502774238586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "Madonna and Taylor Swift are the biggest winners with three wins each, while the former also holds the record for most nominations with 12. Meanwhile, Beyoncé, Kelly Clarkson and Lady Gaga are the only artists to win the award for two consecutive years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.828680992126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "**1. Madonna, Taylor Swift - 3 wins", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681360244750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "Taylor Swift – \"You Belong with Me\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284526824951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "* Miranda Cosgrove and Justin Bieber – introduced Taylor Swift", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951979637145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "Various celebrities and industry figures, including Pink, Janet Jackson, Kelly Clarkson, Katy Perry, Joel Madden, Adam Lambert, Kellie Pickler, Ryan Seacrest, Chris Jericho, Jeremy Fall, and Dane Cook, spoke out about the incident through Twitter and other outlets, condemning West for the verbal outburst. Celebrity blogger Perez Hilton said, \"Taylor Swift deserved that award, damnit [sic]. It is what THE PEOPLE voted! My heart broke for her, she looked so sad at the end of that moment.\" Rapper 50 Cent, who has a history of feuding with West, said winning the award was Swift's special moment that night and that West took it away. \"Even an apology can't replace what it feels like for the very first time receiving that award. Now in her head, My first award was Kanye West. And it's damaging,\" he said. Donald Trump called for a boycott on West. Swift commented, \"Artists that I didn't even assume knew who I was [have supported me],\" adding \"I woke up the next day and I had flowers in my hotel room from Janet Jackson.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6659951210021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "Emil Wilbekin, managing editor of Essence.com, said West may have gone too far with his antics this time: \"I think that it was not Kanye's place to speak for Beyoncé or to ruin Taylor Swift's moment...It's OK for Kanye to rattle off about himself, but I think he crossed the line when he decided to speak for other people.\" Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times said that \"from one vantage point, it was a case of chivalry gone horribly wrong\" as West meant to \"stand up for\" Beyoncé. She added that when Swift accepted Beyoncé's invitation to return to the stage, \"The two women [engaged in] a quick sisterly embrace, adding another layer of meaning to an already complicated moment. Now this controversy was about women sticking up for each other, too.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.931334495544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" }, { "answer": "Taylor Swift", "passage": "The incident was parodied at the 2009 Country Music Association Awards, in which after Swift won the award for Music Video of the Year, Carrie Underwood, who was hosting the awards with Brad Paisley, told Paisley that she thought his video for \"Welcome to the Future\" was a great video as well. Paisley thanked her and then thanked his producers for the video, at which time singer Little Jimmy Dickens stepped on the stage and pushed Brad Paisley away from the microphone, saying, \"Excuse me. Excuse me, sir. Excuse me, I'll let you finish later. Now, Brad Paisley, I know you had a nice video and all that, but Taylor Swift had the best video of all time. You go girl!\" Swift laughed in her seat. Paisley then remarked, \"What kind of security do we have if a 4'9\" 88-year-old man gets by it?\" Earlier in the awards show, Underwood and Paisley's monologue was a duet paying tribute to the song \"Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\", in which the first line was \"Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be Kanye\". Additionally, when Taylor Swift hosted Saturday Night Live, one part of her monologue (which was done in the form of a song ostensibly about all the things that she was not going to talk about) included Bill Hader and Jason Sudeikis as security men charged with preventing Kanye West from coming on stage. She closed her monologue by saying \"Kanye West is not here.\" Additionally when Taylor Lautner, who then was rumored to be dating Swift, hosted SNL, in his monologue he beats up a cardboard cutout of West. The incident is also referenced in Eminem's single \"No Love\", which he says \"Man, get these whack cocksuckers off stage/where the fuck is Kanye when you need him?/Snatch the mic from 'em, bitch, I'mma let you finish in a minute, yeah/the rap was tight/But I'm 'bout to spit the greatest verse of all time\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.17000369727611542, "source": "wiki", "title": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bein' Green", "passage": "\"Bein' Green\" (also known as \"It's Not Easy Bein' Green\") is a popular song written by Joe Raposo, originally performed by Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog on both Sesame Street and The Muppet Show. It was later covered by Frank Sinatra and other performers.", "precise_score": 6.091156959533691, "rough_score": 4.678707122802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bein' Green" }, { "answer": "Bein' Green", "passage": "Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. The latter song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable worldwide since, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, which is an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.807225465774536, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kermit the Frog" }, { "answer": "Bein' Green", "passage": "* Urbie Green, 1972 album Bein' Green", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506240844726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bein' Green" }, { "answer": "Bein' Green", "passage": "* Stan Kenton, 1992 7.5 on the Richter Scale, titled \"It's Not Easy Bein' Green\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.856851577758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bein' Green" }, { "answer": "Bein' Green", "passage": "* Manfred Krug, 2000 album Schlafstörung, titled \"Frosches Lied (Bein' Green)\" with German lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497851371765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bein' Green" } ]

[ { "answer": "Electoral Vote", "passage": "Senate Joint Resolution–39, which would eventually become the Twenty-third Amendment was introduced in 1959 by Tennessee Democratic Senator Estes Kefauver. His proposal would provide for the emergency functioning of Congress and continuity of the legislative process by authorized governors to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives “on any date that the total number of vacancies ... exceeds half of the authorized membership.” The governor’s appointive authority would have been limited to 60 days, and the appointee would have served until a successor was elected in a special election. The bill was amended twice on the Senate floor. One added provision, proposed by New York Republican Kenneth Keating, would grant the District of Columbia electoral votes in national elections and non-voting delegate(s) to the House. The other, offered by Florida Democrat Spessard Holland, would eliminate the poll tax or other property qualification as a prerequisite for voting in federal elections. The Senate passed SJR–39 in this three-amendment form on February 2, 1960, by a vote of 70–18, and sent it forward to the House.", "precise_score": -4.5862884521484375, "rough_score": -7.636796474456787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Electoral Vote", "passage": "According to the terms of the amendment, the district is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state (currently Wyoming, which has three electors); thus, the district cannot have more than three electors. Even if it were a state, the district's population would entitle it to only three electors. Since the passage of this amendment, the District's electoral votes that have been cast were for the Democratic Party's presidential and vice presidential candidates in every election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685521125793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Presidential Electors", "passage": "The House Judiciary Committee, after setting aside the anti-poll tax and House emergency appointment provisions of SJR–39, sent its own proposal, House Joint Resolution–757, devoted solely to presidential electors for the District of Columbia, to the House floor for consideration. This was adopted in the House without amendment, by voice vote, on June 14, 1960. Then, by unanimous consent, the text of HJR–757 was inserted into SJR–39, the original language of which was removed. The Senate adopted the revised resolution by voice vote on June 16, 1960. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366028785705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution" }, { "answer": "Electoral Vote", "passage": "While perceived as politically neutral and only somewhat liberal-leaning at the time of passage in 1961, the District swung dramatically toward the Democratic Party in the years after passage. African-Americans voted in greater numbers than they had in the 1940s and 1950s with the clearing away of restrictions on the vote, and their share of the District electorate increased - according to the 1970 census, 71% of the Federal District was black, a dramatic jump. Accordingly, the District has sent its 3 electoral votes to the Democratic candidate in every single presidential election since 1964, including the 1984 landslide re-election of President Reagan, where only the District of Columbia and Minnesota voted for Democratic candidate Walter Mondale. The District's electoral votes have yet to prove decisive in a presidential election. The smallest Electoral College majority won by a Democratic president since the Twenty-third Amendment's ratification was the 56 vote majority achieved by Jimmy Carter in 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222604751586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "The Spanish–American War () was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. ", "precise_score": 6.555272102355957, "rough_score": 8.454683303833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish–American War" }, { "answer": "The U.S.S. Maine", "passage": "President McKinley, well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict, wanted to end the revolt peacefully. In accordance with this policy, McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government. McKinley hoped that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States and therefore end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain. An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office, however, the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations. In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain who again offered to negotiate a peace. In October 1897, the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans, but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy. However, with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November, Spain began to change their policies in Cuba. First, the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies (the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States) if the Cuban Rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities. This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba. The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba. This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain. The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General, Ramon Blanco, arrived in Cuba. U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba. This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba. While the U.S.S. Maine was docked in Havana, a massive explosion sunk the U.S.S. Maine (talked about more in depth in the next section). The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim. Throughout the negotiation process, the major European powers, especially Britain, France, and Russia, generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in. Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver; American patience ran out. ", "precise_score": -1.1727503538131714, "rough_score": -1.2430082559585571, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish–American War" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests, and to underscore the urgent need for reform. Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided. As Maine left Florida, a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico. Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon, and still others were moved to Hong Kong..", "precise_score": -2.8516809940338135, "rough_score": -1.0467228889465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish–American War" }, { "answer": "Battleship Maine", "passage": "Eliades Acosta, a prominent Cuban historian, head of the Cuban Communist Party's Committee on Culture and former director of the Jose Marti National Library in Havana, offered the standard Cuban interpretation of the sinking of the Maine (that the United States itself probably did it) in an interview to The New York Times. But Acosta adds that \"Americans died for the freedom of Cuba, and that should be recognized. But others wanted to annex Cuba, and that should be criticized. If relations with the United States improve, all these things can be re-examined more fairly\". This claim has also been made in Russia. Mikhail Khazin, a Russian economist who once ran the cultural section at Komsomolskaya Pravda, speaking in a 2008 Pravda interview of the need in troubled times to change the psychology of society, to unite it, said that \"the Americans blew up their own battleship Maine.\" ", "precise_score": 0.759867250919342, "rough_score": -1.3551443815231323, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "In February 1898, the recovered bodies of sailors who died on Maine were interred in the Colon Cemetery, Havana. Some injured sailors were sent to hospitals in Havana and Key West, Florida. Those who died in hospitals were buried in Key West. In December 1899, the bodies in Havana were disinterred and brought back to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery. In 1915, President Woodrow Wilson dedicated the USS Maine Mast Memorial to those who died. The memorial includes the ship's main mast. Roughly 165 were buried at Arlington, although the remains of one sailor were exhumed for his home town, Indianapolis, Indiana. Of the rest, only 62 were known. Nine bodies were never recovered and 19 crewmen, several unidentified, are buried in Key West Cemetery under a statue of a U.S. Sailor holding an oar.", "precise_score": -2.7734618186950684, "rough_score": -0.5473520755767822, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "USS Maine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.768884658813477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish–American War" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "USS Maine (ACR-1), commissioned in 1895, was the first United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Maine. Originally classified as an armored cruiser, she was built in response to the and the increase of naval forces in Latin America. Maine and her near-sister ship reflected the latest European naval developments, with the layout of her main armament resembling that of the British ironclad and comparable Italian ships. Her two gun turrets were staggered en échelon, rather than on the centerline, with the fore gun sponsoned out on the starboard side of the ship and the aft gun on the port side, with cutaways in the superstructure to allow both to fire ahead, astern or across her deck. She dispensed with full masts thanks to the increased reliability of steam engines by the time of her construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.354442119598389, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "Battleship Maine", "passage": "Maine was launched on 18 November 1889, sponsored by Alice Tracey Wilmerding, the granddaughter of Navy Secretary Benjamin F. Tracy. Not long afterwards, a reporter wrote for Marine Engineer and Naval Architect magazine, \"it cannot be denied that the navy of the United States is making rapid strides towards taking a credible position among the navies of the world, and the launch of the new armoured battleship Maine from the Brooklyn Navy Yard ... has added a most powerful unit to the United States fleet of turret ships.\" In his 1890 annual report to congress, the Secretary of the Navy wrote, \"the Maine ... stands in a class by herself\" and expected the ship to be commissioned by July 1892.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.688943862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "Battleship Maine", "passage": "Admiral Hyman G. Rickover became intrigued with the disaster and began a private investigation, in 1974. Using information from the two official inquiries, newspapers, personal papers and information on the construction and ammunition of Maine, it was concluded that the explosion was not caused by a mine. Instead, spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker, next to magazine, was speculated to be the most likely cause. Rickover published a book about this investigation, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed, in 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168828010559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "In 1998, National Geographic magazine commissioned an analysis by Advanced Marine Enterprises (AME). This investigation, done to commemorate the centennial of the sinking of USS Maine, was based on computer modeling, a technique unavailable for previous investigations. The results reached were inconclusive. National Geographic reported that \"a fire in the coal bunker could have generated sufficient heat to touch off an explosion in the adjacent magazine [but] on the other hand, computer analysis also shows that even a small, handmade mine could have penetrated the ship's hull and set off explosions within.\" The AME investigation, however, did note that \"the size and location of the soil depression beneath the Maine 'is more readily explained by a mine explosion than by magazine explosions alone'\". The team noted that this was not \"definitive in proving that a mine was the cause of the sinking\" although it did \"strengthen the case\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984488487243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "The U.S.S. Maine", "passage": "In 2002, the History Channel produced an episode of the Unsolved History documentaries titled \"Death of the U.S.S. Maine\" that used photographic evidence, naval experts, and archival information to determine the cause of the explosion. Its conclusion was that a coal bunker fire caused the explosion, and it identified a weakness or gap in the bulkhead separating the coal and powder bunkers that allowed the fire to spread from the coal bunker to the powder bunker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990519523620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine Mast.jpg|Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery centered on the ship's main mast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47928237915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:Gun recovered from the USS Maine.jpg|A gun from Maine at Fort Allen Park, Portland, Maine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516968727111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "Battleship Maine", "passage": "File:U.S. Battleship Maine Monument Key West Cemetery, Florida.jpg|U.S. Battleship Maine Monument Key West Cemetery, Florida", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.542441368103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "USS Maine Monument, New York City ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.36132526397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine Mounment (1913), New York, NY (P1010836).JPG|USS Maine Monument in New York City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.013614654541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine (ACR-1) Monument Columbus Circle NYC.JPG|USS Maine Monument, Columbus Circle, NYC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495780944824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine (ACR-1) Monument Columbus Circle NYC Columbia Triumphant.JPG|Columbia Triumphant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537004470825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine Monument (1913), New York City (P1000111).JPG|Memorial plaque by Charles Keck, USS Maine Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16147518157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine Monument (1913), New York City (P1000124R).JPG|Sculpture group by Attilio Piccirilli at USS Maine Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.829804420471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" }, { "answer": "USS Maine", "passage": "File:USS Maine Monument (1913), New York City (P1000126).JPG|Columbia Triumphant sculpture group atop USS Maine Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.135327339172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Maine (ACR-1)" } ]

[ { "answer": "115 years", "passage": "Gertrude Baines (April 6, 1894 – September 11, 2009) was an American supercentenarian, who became the oldest recognized living person according to Guinness World Records (upon the death of Portuguese woman Maria de Jesus) on January 2, 2009, until her own death on September 11, 2009, at the age of 115 years 158 days.", "precise_score": 8.975366592407227, "rough_score": 9.158462524414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gertrude Baines" } ]

[ { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "BBC Red Button is the brand name for the BBC's interactive digital television services, which are available through Freeview (digital terrestrial), as well as Freesat, Sky (satellite), and Virgin Media (cable). Unlike Ceefax, the service's analogue counterpart, BBC Red Button is able to display full-colour graphics, photographs, and video, as well as programmes and can be accessed from any BBC channel. The service carries News, Weather and Sport 24 hours a day, but also provides extra features related to programmes specific at that time. Examples include viewers to play along at home to gameshows, to give, voice and vote on opinions to issues, as used alongside programmes such as Question Time. At some points in the year, when multiple sporting events occur, some coverage of less mainstream sports or games are frequently placed on the Red Button for viewers to watch. Frequently, other features are added unrelated to programmes being broadcast at that time, such as the broadcast of the Doctor Who animated episode Dreamland in November 2009.", "precise_score": -8.570741653442383, "rough_score": -5.309160232543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "BBC" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "The majority of the BBC's commercial output comes from its commercial arm BBC Worldwide who sell programmes abroad and exploit key brands for merchandise. Of their 2012/13 sales, 27% were centred on the five key 'superbrands' of Doctor Who, Top Gear, Strictly Come Dancing (known as Dancing with the Stars internationally), the BBC's archive of natural history programming (collected under the umbrella of BBC Earth) and the, now sold, travel guide brand Lonely Planet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.525076866149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "BBC" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "As well as the two main sites in London (Broadcasting House and White City), there are seven other important BBC production centres in the UK, mainly specialising in different productions. Broadcasting House Cardiff, has been home to BBC Cymru Wales, which specialises in drama production. Open since October 2011, and containing 7 new studios, Roath Lock is notable as the home of productions such as Doctor Who and Casualty. Broadcasting House Belfast, home to BBC Northern Ireland, specialises in original drama and comedy, and has taken part in many co-productions with independent companies and notably with RTÉ in the Republic of Ireland. BBC Scotland, based in Pacific Quay, Glasgow is a large producer of programmes for the network, including several quiz shows. In England, the larger regions also produce some programming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.330141544342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "BBC" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "BBC Worldwide also publishes books, to accompany programmes such as Doctor Who under the BBC Books brand, a publishing imprint majority owned by Random House. Soundtrack albums, talking books and sections of radio broadcasts are also sold under the brand BBC Records, with DVDs also being sold and licensed in large quantities to consumers both in the UK and abroad under the 2 Entertain brand. Archive programming and classical music recordings are sold under the brand BBC Legends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.346979141235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "BBC" }, { "answer": "Doctor Who", "passage": "Despite the advent of commercial television and radio, the BBC has remained one of the main elements in British popular culture through its obligation to produce TV and radio programmes for mass audiences. However, the arrival of BBC2 allowed the BBC also to make programmes for minority interests in drama, documentaries, current affairs, entertainment, and sport. Examples cited include the television series Civilisation, Doctor Who, I, Claudius, Monty Python's Flying Circus, Pot Black, and Tonight, but other examples can be given in each of these fields as shown by the BBC's entries in the British Film Institute's 2000 list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. The export of BBC programmes both through services like the BBC World Service and BBC World News, as well as through the channels operated by BBC Worldwide, means that audiences can consume BBC productions worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.282304763793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "BBC" } ]

[ { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U.S. state. Its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3.13%. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358; the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area had a 2013 population of 850,965.", "precise_score": 6.07383918762207, "rough_score": 7.436502456665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* The University of South Carolina is a flagship, public, co-educational, research university, with seven satellite campuses, located in Columbia. The institution was founded in 1801 as South Carolina College, and its original campus, The Horseshoe, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The university's main campus covers over 359 acre in the urban core less than one city block from the South Carolina State House. The University of South Carolina maintains an enrollment of over 32,800 students on the Columbia campus.", "precise_score": -3.414743185043335, "rough_score": -6.258100986480713, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Upstate region contains the roots of an ancient, eroded mountain chain. It is generally hilly, with thin, stony clay soils, and contains few areas suitable for farming. Much of the Piedmont was once farmed. Due to the changing economics of farming, much of the land is now reforested in Loblolly pine for the lumber industry. These forests are part of the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion. At the southeastern edge of the Piedmont is the fall line, where rivers drop to the coastal plain. The fall line was an important early source of water power. Mills built to harness this resource encouraged the growth of several cities, including the capital, Columbia. The larger rivers are navigable up to the fall line, providing a trade route for mill towns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31994342803955, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Coastal areas of the state have very mild winters, with high temperatures approaching an average of 60 °F and overnight lows in the 40s°F (5–8 °C). Inland, the average January overnight low is around 32 °F in Columbia and temperatures well below freezing in the Upstate. While precipitation is abundant the entire year in almost the entire state, the coast tends to have a slightly wetter summer, while inland, March tends to be the wettest month and winter the driest season, with November being the driest month. The highest recorded temperature is 113 F in Johnston and Columbia on June 29, 2012, and the lowest recorded temperature is at Caesars Head on January 21, 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052031517028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Union Army set up an experiment in freedom for the ex-slaves, in which they started education and farmed land for themselves. South Carolinian troops participated in major Confederate campaigns, but no major battles were fought inland. General William Tecumseh Sherman marched through the state in early 1865, destroying numerous plantations, and captured the state capital of Columbia on February 17. Fires began that night and by next morning, most of the central city was destroyed. South Carolina suffered 18,666 military deaths during the American Civil War, which was nearly one-third of the white male population of fighting age. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.231206893920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "South Carolina has many venues for visual and performing arts. The Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, the Greenville County Museum of Art, the Columbia Museum of Art, Spartanburg Art Museum, and the South Carolina State Museum in Columbia among others provide access to visual arts to the state. There are also numerous historic sites and museums scattered throughout the state paying homage to many events and periods in the state's history from Native American inhabitation to the present day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.610652923583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "South Carolina also has performing art venues including the Peace Center in Greenville, the Koger Center for the Arts in Columbia, and the Newberry Opera House, among others to bring local, national, and international talent to the stages of South Carolina. There are several large venues in the state that can house major events, such as Colonial Life Arena in Columbia, Bon Secours Wellness Arena in Greenville, and North Charleston Coliseum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.512466430664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Major interstate highways passing through include: I-20 which runs from Florence in the east through Columbia to the southwestern border near Aiken; I-26 which runs from Charleston in the southeast through Columbia to Spartanburg and the northern border in Spartanburg County; I-77 which runs from York County in the north to Columbia; I-85 which runs from Cherokee County in the north through Spartanburg and Greenville to the southwestern border in Oconee County; I-385 which runs from Greenville and intersects with I-26 near Clinton; and I-95 which runs from the northeastern border in Dillon County to Florence and on to the southern border in Jasper County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.49954605102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* Columbia Metropolitan Airport – Columbia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.608487129211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* Fort Jackson near Columbia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57127571105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "South Carolina" } ]

[ { "answer": "2", "passage": "The imperial pint (≈ 568 ml) is used in the United Kingdom and Ireland and to a limited extent in Commonwealth nations. In the United States, two pints are used: a liquid pint (≈ 473 ml) and a less-common dry pint (≈ 551 ml). Each of these pints is one-eighth of its respective gallon but the gallons differ and the imperial pint is about 20% larger than the US liquid pint. This difference dates back to 1824, when the British Weights and Measures Act standardised various liquid measures throughout the British Empire, while the United States continued to use the earlier English measures. The imperial pint consists of 20 imperial fluid ounces and the US liquid pint is 16 US fluid ounces, making the imperial fluid ounce about 4% smaller than the US fluid ounce.", "precise_score": -1.4053586721420288, "rough_score": -0.9894825220108032, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The French word pinte is etymologically related, but historically described a larger unit. The Royal pint (pinte du roi) was 48 French cubic inches (952.1 mL). but regional pints varied in size depending on locality and on commodity (usually wine or olive oil) varying from 0.95 L to over 2 L. Thus, in French Canada, une pinte refers, by federal law, to the imperial quart whereas the imperial pint is called une chopine. ", "precise_score": 2.8855583667755127, "rough_score": 2.634836435317993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In Canada, the \"pint of beer\" served in pubs and bars has long been considered a colloquial term for \"a large glass of beer\". Legally speaking, after 1873 it was defined as one British imperial pint of 20 imperial ounces. On the other hand, the United States continued to use a smaller 16 ounce pint, while in French Canada after 1873 a \"pinte de bière\" was defined as a much larger 40 ounce quart of beer, so confusion arose to which was being used. Prior to 1961, bottled beer in Canada was served in two sizes, colloquially known as \"quarts\" and \"pints.\" They were 22 and 12 imperial ounces (625 and 341 ml), respectively, which were much smaller than the British units. Some provinces banned the sale of beer in the larger bottle. For example, in Ontario in the 1950s only the smaller size could be sold, but in Quebec both sizes were about equally common. The numerous incompatibilities between traditional Canadian, British, French, and American unit systems was one of the driving forces behind metrication in Canada.", "precise_score": 2.0906565189361572, "rough_score": 0.8234549164772034, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "A 375 ml bottle of liquor in the US and the Canadian maritime provinces is sometimes referred to as a \"pint\" and a 200 ml bottle is called a \"half-pint\", harking back to the days when liquor came in US pints, fifths, quarts, and half-gallons. Liquor in the US has been sold in metric-sized bottles since 1980 although beer is still sold in US traditional units. ", "precise_score": 0.18439316749572754, "rough_score": -0.484262615442276, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "The quart is a unit of volume (for either the imperial or United States customary units) equal to a quarter of a gallon (hence the name quart), two pints, or four cups. Since gallons of various sizes have historically been in use, quarts of various sizes have also existed; see gallon for further discussion. Three of these kinds of quarts remain in current use, all approximately equal to one litre. Its usual abbreviation is qt. ", "precise_score": 5.800747394561768, "rough_score": 6.207841873168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The pint () (abbreviated as \"pt\" or \"p\") is a unit of volume or capacity in both the United States customary and British imperial measurement systems. In both of those systems it is traditionally one-eighth of a gallon. The British pint is about 20% larger than the American pint since the two systems are not compatible. Almost all other countries have standardized on the metric system, so the size of what may be called a pint varies depending on local custom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7277024984359741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "All of the other former British colonies such as Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand converted to the metric system in the 1960s and 1970s, so while the term \"pint\" may still be in common use in these countries, it may no longer refer to the British imperial pint once used throughout the British Empire. In the United Kingdom, the imperial pint is still the primary unit for draught beer and cider, as it is for milk sold in returnable bottles. In the UK, legislation mandates that draught beer and cider may be sold by the imperial pint in perpetuity, and in public houses can only be sold in a third of a pint, two-thirds of a pint or multiples of half a pint, which must be served in stamped measured glasses or from government-stamped meters. It must, of course, be the standard British imperial pint rather than the 17% smaller American pint. A pint of beer served in a tavern outside the United Kingdom and the United States may be measured by other standards, and may be a British imperial pint, an American pint, a half-litre beer stein, or some other measure reflecting national and local laws and customs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.905120372772217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In Flanders, the word pintje, meaning 'little pint', refers only to a 250 mL glass of lager. Some West- and East-Flemish dialects use it as a word for beaker. The equivalent word in German, Pintchen, refers to a glass of a third of a litre in Cologne and the Rhineland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5748209953308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "One US fluid pint of water weighs about a pound (16 ounces), resulting in the popular saying, \"The pint's a pound, the world around.\" However, a US pint of water weighs 1.04375 pounds and the statement does not hold the world around because the imperial (UK) pint, which was also the standard measure in Australia, India, Malaya, New Zealand, South Africa etc., weighs 1.25 pounds. A different saying for the imperial pint is \"A pint of pure water weighs a pound and a quarter.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.420757293701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "America adopted the British wine gallon, defined in 1707 as 231 cubic inches exactly (3 × 7 × 11 in) as its basic liquid measure, from which the US wet pint is derived; and the British corn gallon ( of a standard \"Winchester\" bushel of corn, or 268.8 cubic inches) as its dry measure, from which the US dry pint is derived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.821358680725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1824 the British parliament replaced all the various gallons with a new imperial gallon based on ten pounds of distilled water at 62 °F (277.42 cubic inches), from which the current UK pint is derived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.164157390594482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The various Canadian provinces continued to use the Queen Anne Winchester wine gallon as a basis for their pint until 1873, well after Britain adopted the imperial system in 1824. This made the Canadian pint compatible with the American pint, but after 1824 it was incompatible with the British pint. The traditional French \"pinte\" used in Lower Canada (Quebec) was twice the size of the traditional English \"pint\" used in Upper Canada (Ontario), about 1 litre versus 0.5 litres. After four of the British provinces united in Canadian Confederation in 1867, Canada legally adopted the British imperial system of measure in 1873, making Canadian liquid units incompatible with American ones from that year forward. In 1873, the French Canadian \"pinte\" was defined as being one imperial quart or two imperial pints, while the imperial pint was legally called a \"chopine\" in French Canada. Canadian imperial units of liquid measure remain incompatible with American traditional units to this day, and although the Canadian pint, quart, and gallon are still legal units of measure in Canada, they are still 20% larger than the American ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.717975616455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In Australia and New Zealand, a subtle change was made to 1 pint milk bottles during the conversion from imperial to metric in the 1970s. The height and diameter of the milk bottle remained unchanged, so that existing equipment for handling and storing the bottles was unaffected, but the shape was adjusted to increase the capacity from 568 ml to 600 ml – a conveniently rounded metric measure. Such milk bottles are no longer officially referred to as pints. However the \"pint glass\" in pubs in Australia remains closer to the standard imperial pint, at 570 ml. It holds about 500 ml of beer and about 70 ml of froth, except in South Australia where a pint is served in a 425 ml glass and a 570 ml glass is called an \"imperial pint\". In New Zealand, there is no longer any legal requirement for beer to be served in standard measures: in pubs, the largest size of glass, which is referred to as a pint, varies, but usually contains 425 ml. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.036771774291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Draft beer in Canada, when advertised as a \"pint\", is legally required to be 568 ml (20 fluid ounces). With the allowed margin of error of 0.5 fluid ounces, a \"pint\" which is less than 554 ml of beer is an offence, though - to the detriment of consumers - this regulation is often violated and rarely enforced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.557340145111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "After metrication in Canada, companies sold milk and other liquids in metric units so conversion issues could no longer arise. Legally speaking, although some British imperial units are still legally usable in Canada, as a result of Canada's colonial history, the \"pint\" served in drinking establishments in Canada should be the larger 20 ounce British imperial pint, rather than the smaller 16 ounce American traditional pint. Under the Canada Weights and Measures Act, if asked for a \"pint of beer\", businesses should serve customers 0.568 litres of beer with an accuracy of 0.5%, and if asked for a \"pinte de bière\" they should serve them 1.136 litres. To avoid legal issues, many drinking establishments are moving away from using the term \"pint\" and are selling \"glasses\" or \"sleeves\" of beer, neither of which have a legal definition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.195294380187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In France, a standard 250 ml measure of beer is known as un demi (\"a half\"), originally meaning a half pint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9609055519104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pint" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "All traditional U.S. length and volume measures have been legally standardized for commerce by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 using the definition of 1 yard being exactly equal to 0.9144 meter. From this definition is derived the metric equivalencies for inches, feet, and miles; as well as area measures; and measures of volume. The US liquid quart equals 57.75 cubic inches, which is exactly equal to 0.946352946 litres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.930453300476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The US dry quart is equal to 1/4 of a US dry gallon, exactly 1.101220942715 litres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.630474805831909, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The imperial quart, used for both liquid or dry capacity, is equal to one quarter of an imperial gallon, or exactly 1.1365225 litres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.860473155975342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Winchester quart is an archaic measure,[http://www.hants.gov.uk/regulatory/tradingstandards/wmhistory.html Trading Standards - Weights and Measures of the City of Winchester] roughly equal to 2 Imperial quarts or 2.25 litres. The 2.5 litre bottles in which laboratory chemicals are supplied are sometimes referred to as Winchester quart bottles, although they contain slightly more than a traditional Winchester quart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.275351524353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "The Reputed quart was a measure equal to two thirds of an Imperial quart, or one sixth of a gallon, about 0.7577 litres. It was previously recognised as a standard size of wine bottle in the United Kingdom, and is only slightly larger than the current standard wine bottle of 0.75 litres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9801886081695557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quart" } ]

[ { "answer": "15 minutes", "passage": "After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. His art used many types of media, including hand drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, silk screening, sculpture, film, and music. His studio, The Factory, was a well known gathering place that brought together distinguished intellectuals, drag queens, playwrights, Bohemian street people, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy patrons. He managed and produced The Velvet Underground, a rock band which had a strong influence on the evolution of punk rock music. He founded Interview magazine and was the author of numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. He is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement, and he is credited with coining the widely used expression \"15 minutes of fame\". ", "precise_score": 0.19936101138591766, "rough_score": -2.5923831462860107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Andy Warhol" } ]

[ { "answer": "Earthquakes", "passage": "Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.", "precise_score": 8.848081588745117, "rough_score": 6.207718849182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Seismograph is another Greek term from seismós and γράφω, gráphō, to draw. It is often used to mean seismometer, though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring and recording of ground motion were combined than to modern systems, in which these functions are separated.", "precise_score": 6.8245625495910645, "rough_score": 7.0285749435424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Early seismometers used optical levers or mechanical linkages to amplify the small motions involved, recording on soot-covered paper or photographic paper. Modern instruments use electronics. In some systems, the mass is held nearly motionless relative to the frame by an electronic negative feedback loop. The motion of the mass relative to the frame is measured, and the feedback loop applies a magnetic or electrostatic force to keep the mass nearly motionless. The voltage needed to produce this force is the output of the seismometer, which is recorded digitally. In other systems the weight is allowed to move, and its motion produces a voltage in a coil attached to the mass and moving through the magnetic field of a magnet attached to the frame. This design is often used in the geophones used in seismic surveys for oil and gas.", "precise_score": 6.822152614593506, "rough_score": 7.109100341796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Modern instruments use electronic sensors, amplifiers, and recording devices. Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies. Some seismometers can measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz (1/500 0.002 seconds per cycle, to 1/0.00118 ", "precise_score": 4.914797306060791, "rough_score": 6.842708587646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Seismometers unavoidably introduce some distortion into the signals they measure, but professionally designed systems have carefully characterized frequency transforms.", "precise_score": 5.578629493713379, "rough_score": 7.030190467834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Another type of seismometer is a digital strong-motion seismometer, or accelerograph. The data from such an instrument is essential to understand how an earthquake affects manmade structures.", "precise_score": 4.062188625335693, "rough_score": 6.353718280792236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "A strong-motion seismometer measures acceleration. This can be mathematically integrated later to give velocity and position. Strong-motion seismometers are not as sensitive to ground motions as teleseismic instruments but they stay on scale during the strongest seismic shaking.", "precise_score": 6.234126091003418, "rough_score": 6.573362827301025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Earthquakes", "passage": "Seismometers spaced in an array can also be used to precisely locate, in three dimensions, the source of an earthquake, using the time it takes for seismic waves to propagate away from the hypocenter, the initiating point of fault rupture (See also Earthquake location). Interconnected seismometers are also used to detect underground nuclear test explosions, as well as for Earthquake early warning systems. These seismometer are often used as part of a large scale governmental or scientific project, but some organizations such as the Quake-Catcher Network, can use residential size detectors built into computers to detect earthquakes as well.", "precise_score": 7.184225082397461, "rough_score": 7.062208652496338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The word derives from the Greek σεισμός, seismós, a shaking or quake, from the verb σείω, seíō, to shake; and μέτρον, métron, measure and was coined by David Milne-Home in 1841, to describe an instrument designed by Scottish physicist James David Forbes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5227437019348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion; this distinguishes them from seismoscopes, which merely indicate that motion has occurred, perhaps with some simple measure of how large it was. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.070495367050171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The concerning technical discipline is called seismometry, a branch of seismology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9550699591636658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "A simple seismometer that is sensitive to up-down motions of the earth can be understood by visualizing a weight hanging on a spring. The spring and weight are suspended from a frame that moves along with the earthʼs surface. As the earth moves, the relative motion between the weight and the earth provides a measure of the vertical ground motion. If a recording system is installed, such as a rotating drum attached to the frame, and a pen attached to the mass, this relative motion between the weight and earth can be recorded to produce a history of ground motion, called a seismogram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.000276565551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Professional seismic observatories usually have instruments measuring three axes: north-south (y-axis), east-west (x-axis), and the vertical (z-axis). If only one axis is measured, this is usually the vertical because it is less noisy and gives better records of some seismic waves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.212867736816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The foundation of a seismic station is critical. A professional station is sometimes mounted on bedrock. The best mountings may be in deep boreholes, which avoid thermal effects, ground noise and tilting from weather and tides. Other instruments are often mounted in insulated enclosures on small buried piers of unreinforced concrete. Reinforcing rods and aggregates would distort the pier as the temperature changes. A site is always surveyed for ground noise with a temporary installation before pouring the pier and laying conduit. Originally, European seismographs were placed in a particular area after a destructive earthquake. Today, they are spread to provide appropriate coverage (in the case of weak-motion seismology) or concentrated in high-risk regions (strong-motion seismology).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.424224853515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "In AD 132, Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope (by the definition above), which was called Houfeng Didong Yi (translated as, \"instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth\"). The description we have, from the History of the Later Han Dynasty, says that it was a large bronze vessel, about 2 meters in diameter; at eight points around the top were dragon's heads holding bronze balls. When there was an earthquake, one of the mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base, making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake. On at least one occasion, probably at the time of a large earthquake in Gansu in AD 143, the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt. The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks; this is thought to refer to a pendulum, though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would open only one dragon's mouth. The first ever earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly somewhere in the east. Days later, a rider from the east reported this earthquake. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.631660461425781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Earthquakes", "passage": "The principle can be shown by an early special purpose seismometer. This consisted of a large stationary pendulum, with a stylus on the bottom. As the earth starts to move, the heavy mass of the pendulum has the inertia to stay still in the non-earth frame of reference. The result is that the stylus scratches a pattern corresponding with the Earth's movement. This type of strong motion seismometer recorded upon a smoked glass (glass with carbon soot). While not sensitive enough to detect distant earthquakes, this instrument could indicate the direction of the pressure waves and thus help find the epicenter of a local earthquake – such instruments were useful in the analysis of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Further re-analysis was performed in the 1980s using these early recordings, enabling a more precise determination of the initial fault break location in Marin county and its subsequent progression, mostly to the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.821167469024658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "After 1880, most seismometers were descended from those developed by the team of John Milne, James Alfred Ewing and Thomas Gray, who worked in Japan from 1880 to 1895. These seismometers used damped horizontal pendulums. After World War II, these were adapted into the widely used Press-Ewing seismometer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.967338562011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Later, professional suites of instruments for the world-wide standard seismographic network had one set of instruments tuned to oscillate at fifteen seconds, and the other at ninety seconds, each set measuring in three directions. Amateurs or observatories with limited means tuned their smaller, less sensitive instruments to ten seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.007176070939749479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The basic damped horizontal pendulum seismometer swings like the gate of a fence. A heavy weight is mounted on the point of a long (from 10 cm to several meters) triangle, hinged at its vertical edge. As the ground moves, the weight stays unmoving, swinging the \"gate\" on the hinge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5437947511672974, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument. The \"gate\" is slightly tilted, so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position. The pendulum is adjusted (before the damping is installed) to oscillate once per three seconds, or once per thirty seconds. The general-purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds. A pan of oil is placed under the arm, and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations. The level of oil, position on the arm, and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is \"critical,\" that is, almost having oscillation. The hinge is very low friction, often torsion wires, so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire. Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.350318908691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Zollner described torsionally suspended horizontal pendulums as early as 1869, but developed them for gravimetry rather than seismometry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.907861232757568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Early seismometers had an arrangement of levers on jeweled bearings, to scratch smoked glass or paper. Later, mirrors reflected a light beam to a direct-recording plate or roll of photographic paper. Briefly, some designs returned to mechanical movements to save money. In mid-twentieth-century systems, the light was reflected to a pair of differential electronic photosensors called a photomultiplier. The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis. The moving reflected light beam would strike the surface of the turning drum, which was covered with photo-sensitive paper. The expense of developing photo sensitive paper caused many seismic observatories to switch to ink or thermal-sensitive paper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.189138412475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Modern sensitivities come in three broad ranges: geophones, 50 to 750 V/m; local geologic seismographs, about 1,500 V/m; and teleseismographs, used for world survey, about 20,000 V/m. Instruments come in three main varieties: short period, long period and broadband. The short and long period measure velocity and are very sensitive, however they 'clip' the signal or go off-scale for ground motion that is strong enough to be felt by people. A 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion channel is commonplace. Practical devices are linear to roughly one part per million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.31372755765914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Delivered seismometers come with two styles of output: analog and digital. Analog seismographs require analog recording equipment, possibly including an analog-to-digital converter. The output of a digital seismograph can be simply input to a computer. It presents the data in a standard digital format (often \"SE2\" over Ethernet).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.395583152770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Teleseismometers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9997024536132812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The modern broadband seismograph can record a very broad range of frequencies. It consists of a small \"proof mass\", confined by electrical forces, driven by sophisticated electronics. As the earth moves, the electronics attempt to hold the mass steady through a feedback circuit. The amount of force necessary to achieve this is then recorded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6626155376434326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "One of the continuing problems with sensitive vertical seismographs is the buoyancy of their masses. The uneven changes in pressure caused by wind blowing on an open window can easily change the density of the air in a room enough to cause a vertical seismograph to show spurious signals. Therefore, most professional seismographs are sealed in rigid gas-tight enclosures. For example, this is why a common Streckeisen model has a thick glass base that must be glued to its pier without bubbles in the glue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1382012367248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "It might seem logical to make the heavy magnet serve as a mass, but that subjects the seismograph to errors when the Earth's magnetic field moves. This is also why seismograph's moving parts are constructed from a material that interacts minimally with magnetic fields. A seismograph is also sensitive to changes in temperature so many instruments are constructed from low expansion materials such as nonmagnetic invar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9062297344207764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "The hinges on a seismograph are usually patented, and by the time the patent has expired, the design has been improved. The most successful public domain designs use thin foil hinges in a clamp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6841483116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Another issue is that the transfer function of a seismograph must be accurately characterized, so that its frequency response is known. This is often the crucial difference between professional and amateur instruments. Most instruments are characterized on a variable frequency shaking table.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2131032943725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Strong-motion seismometers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.561972141265869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Accelerographs and geophones are often heavy cylindrical magnets with a spring-mounted coil inside. As case moves, the coil tends to stay stationary, so the magnetic field cuts the wires, inducing current in the output wires. They receive frequencies from several hundred hertz down to 1 Hz. Some have electronic damping, a low-budget way to get some of the performance of the closed-loop wide-band geologic seismographs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.056164741516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Strain-beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits are too insensitive for geologic seismographs (2002), but are widely used in geophones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0444204807281494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Interconnected seismometers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.544739723205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "In reflection seismology, an array of seismometers image sub-surface features. The data are reduced to images using algorithms similar to tomography. The data reduction methods resemble those of computer-aided tomographic medical imaging X-ray machines (CAT-scans), or imaging sonars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6202197074890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Earthquakes", "passage": "A world-wide array of seismometers can actually image the interior of the Earth in wave-speed and transmissivity. This type of system uses events such as earthquakes, impact events or nuclear explosions as wave sources. The first efforts at this method used manual data reduction from paper seismograph charts. Modern digital seismograph records are better adapted to direct computer use. With inexpensive seismometer designs and internet access, amateurs and small institutions have even formed a \"public seismograph network.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.816699981689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Seismographic systems used for petroleum or other mineral exploration historically used an explosive and a wireline of geophones unrolled behind a truck. Now most short-range systems use \"thumpers\" that hit the ground, and some small commercial systems have such good digital signal processing that a few sledgehammer strikes provide enough signal for short-distance refractive surveys. Exotic cross or two-dimensional arrays of geophones are sometimes used to perform three-dimensional reflective imaging of subsurface features. Basic linear refractive geomapping software (once a black art) is available off-the-shelf, running on laptop computers, using strings as small as three geophones. Some systems now come in an 18\" (0.5 m) plastic field case with a computer, display and printer in the cover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0888307094573975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Small seismic imaging systems are now sufficiently inexpensive to be used by civil engineers to survey foundation sites, locate bedrock, and find subsurface water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235587120056152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "average (which can vary slowly because of changes in seismic noise).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439866065979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" }, { "answer": "Seism", "passage": "Prior to the availability of digital processing of seismic data in the late 1970s, the records were done in a few different forms on different types of media. A \"Helicorder\" drum was a device used to record data into photographic paper or in the form of paper and ink. A \"Develocorder\" was a machine that record data from up to 20 channels into a 16-mm film. The recorded film can be viewed by a machine. The reading and measuring from these types of media can be done by hand. After the digital processing has been used, the archives of the seismic data were recorded in magnetic tapes. Due to the deterioration of older magnetic tape medias, large number of waveforms from the archives are not recoverable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33023452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seismometer" } ]

[ { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies. ", "precise_score": -3.372662305831909, "rough_score": -5.369071006774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle resulted in the end of Bonaparte's reign and of the First French Empire, and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace.", "precise_score": 8.482251167297363, "rough_score": 7.949421405792236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "Waterloo (, , ) is a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 and an area of . It is north of Braine-l'Alleud, which is the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where resurgent Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. Waterloo is a multilingual town; the commune offers services in French, Dutch, and English.", "precise_score": 7.199275016784668, "rough_score": 8.244126319885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "In 1795, the invaded territories were divided into nine departments. Some municipalities, including Waterloo, became part of the Dyle department, which became the province of Brabant Méridional in 1815 under the Dutch rule after the defeat of Napoleon. It changed name in 1830 when Belgium became independent and became the province of Brabant for 165 years.", "precise_score": 3.029742479324341, "rough_score": 2.947474479675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "Waterloo is home to ASUB Waterloo, one of Belgium's most successful Rugby Union teams.", "precise_score": -1.3674646615982056, "rough_score": -3.955381155014038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its \"natural frontiers.\" That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.384814262390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.695013523101807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on 7 March 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, \"Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish.\" The soldiers quickly responded with, \"Vive L'Empereur!\" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On 13 March, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.276820182800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "Napoleon arrived in Paris on 20 March and governed for a period now called the Hundred Days. By the start of June the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. The French Army of the North crossed the frontier into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in modern-day Belgium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.474466800689697, "source": "wiki", "title": "Napoleon" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea, knock the Prussians out of the war, and then turn his armies towards the Austrians and Russians. An additional consideration was that there were many French-speaking sympathisers in Belgium and a French victory might trigger a friendly revolution there. Also, the British troops in Belgium were largely second-line troops; most of the veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to North America to fight in the War of 1812.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.795506000518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "Wellington claimed that he himself had \"an infamous army, very weak and ill-equipped, and a very inexperienced Staff\". His troops consisted of 67,000 men: 50,000 infantry, 11,000 cavalry, and 6,000 artillery with 150 guns. Of these, 25,000 were British, with another 6,000 from the King's German Legion (KGL). All of the British Army troops were regular soldiers but only 7,000 of them were Peninsular War veterans. In addition, there were 17,000 Dutch and Belgian troops, 11,000 from Hanover, 6,000 from Brunswick, and 3,000 from Nassau.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207967758178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation. In 1815, the former Reserve regiments, Legions, and Freikorps volunteer formations from the wars of 1813–1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line, along with many Landwehr (militia) regiments. The Landwehr were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium. The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state. Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance – guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.541869163513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions, the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire. On the left of the brigade, where the 7th Dutch Militia stood, a \"few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred\". The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap. D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade (8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia, which was in reserve between Picton's troops, about 100 paces to the rear. There they regrouped under the command of Colonel Van Zuylen van Nijevelt. A moment later the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack, which actually occurred around 10 minutes later. Bylandt was wounded and retired off the field, passing command of the brigade to Lt. Kol. De Jongh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27053165435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers, he was attacked by Jaquinot's lancers and captured. A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander. However, the French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue. By the time Ponsonby died, the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French. Milhaud's and Jaquinot's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley. The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry. A countercharge, by British light dragoons under Major-General Vandeleur and Dutch–Belgian light dragoons and hussars under Major-General Ghigny on the left wing, and Dutch–Belgian carabiniers under Major-General Trip in the centre, repelled the French cavalry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05616283416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates, as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole. Some historians, Barbero for example, believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were, as a result, considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest.This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in H. T. Siborne's book, he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge . Clark-Kennedy does not, however, explain how his estimate was arrived at. The shortfall of 432 men (the equivalent of a whole regiment) from the paper strength of the brigade is large. However, another officer of the brigade, John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons, says that the effective strength of the brigade did not \"exceed 1,200\" . The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed (including its commander, William Ponsonby, and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys) and wounded. The 2nd Life Guards and the King's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily (with Colonel Fuller, commander of the King's DG, killed). However, the 1st Life Guards, on the extreme right of the charge, and the Blues, who formed a reserve, had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties. (composition of brigades); pp. 422–424 (actions of brigades).William Siborne was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns. This makes his history particularly useful (though only from the British and KGL perspective); some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son, a British Major General (H. T. Siborne). Parts of William Siborne's account was, and is, highly controversial. The very negative light shed on the conduct of the Dutch–Belgian troops during the battle by Siborne, which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection the opinions of his British informants, prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian captain Willem Jan Knoop in his \"Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden\" en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger. Breda 1846; 2nd printing 1847. Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after-battle reports, drawn up within days of the battle, not on twenty-year-old recollections of veterans, like Siborne. Siborne rejected the rebuttal. On the rolls the official, or paper strength, for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000 and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses.Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231487274169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General Trip, to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence. However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources.On the contrary, many contradicted this British account vehemently. See e.g.. [https://books.google.com/books?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393381118774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares. The situation was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment's colours and all of Halkett's brigade's colours were sent to the rear for safety, described by historian Alessandro Barbero as, \"... a measure that was without precedent\". Wellington, noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte, with his staff rode closer to it. French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road. Alten ordered a single battalion, the Fifth KGL to recapture the farm. Their Colonel Ompteda obeyed and chased off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank, killed him, destroyed his battalion and took its colour. A Dutch–Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge, retreated from the field instead, fired on by their own infantry. Merlen's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart. The Netherlands Cavalry Division, Wellington's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry, despite its losses, were masters of the field compelling the allied infantry to remain in square. More and more French artillery was brought forward. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04649543762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgium", "passage": "As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle, in 2015 Belgium minted a 2 Euro coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle. France officially protested this issue, while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo. After 180,000 coins were minted but not released, the issue was melted. Instead, Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of 2½ Euros. Legally only valid within the issuing country (but unlikely to circulate) it was minted in brass, packaged, and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 Euros. A 10 Euro coin, showing Wellington, Blücher, their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon, was also available in silver for 42 Euros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.729432106018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Waterloo" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "Because of the new ideas following the French Revolution in 1789, the Holy Roman Emperor (who was governing present day Belgian territories) wanted to impose reforms. This was followed by a period of unrest that ended with the French invasion in 1794. The old regime (rights of the seigniors, the power of the monasteries, the church keeping official registers) was abolished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033088684082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "Nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian; many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a political centre of the European Union. These numbers were released by the municipality of Waterloo. The most common non-Belgian nationalities are the following: French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), American (445) and Swedish (425).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.035099029541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "A big estate (around 250 ha) in the Sonian Forest was acquired by the family De Meeus in 1831. Ferdinand De Meeus gave the name Argenteuil to this new acquired property. A first castle was built in 1835 but was destroyed by a fire in 1847. A luxurious castle was re-built in 1856-1858 with very nice gardens around it. The estate remained in the De Meeus family until 1920 when the property was put in an estate company called \"Domaine d'Argenteuil\" created by the family De Meeus. The castle (with around 20 ha and a farm) was acquired by Carmelites sisters who moved from Uccle to Argenteuil in 1940. After finding out that the castle was not meeting their needs, the Carmelites sisters built a new convent which still exists today at another location in Waterloo and moved out in 1947. The castle was sold to another estate company which sold it to the Belgian Government in 1949. Preparing the site of the Universal exhibition of 1958 in Laeken, Brussels, the Belgian Government moved the French-speaking section of the technical normal school for girls ' from Laeken to the newly purchased castle of Argenteuil in Waterloo. The first batch of young girls moved in the castle in September 1950. All was done in the castle itself : cooking lessons in the cellars, bedrooms upstairs, etc. Later on, other State schools came on the site and classrooms were built outside the castle. The different school sections were closed or moved to another locations at the end of the 1980s. The \"Scandinavian School\" established in Rhode-Saint-Genèse purchased the site in 1990 and moved in during 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065263748168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" }, { "answer": "Belgian", "passage": "In 1929, 145 ha of the first estate was sold to an American business man, William Tuck, who built another castle called \"Château Bellevue\". The property was sold to the Belgian Government in 1949 who used it to host important visitors during the Universal exhibition of 1958. After the marriage of King Baudouin with Queen Fabiola, the previous king Leopold III and his wife Princess Lilian moved out of the castle of Laeken in 1961 and moved in the castle Bellevue which became known as the royal castle of Argenteuil. The castle was occupied by the royal family until 2003 when Princess Lilian died. It was sold to a Belgian business man, Mr Delwart, in 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159173011779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Waterloo, Belgium" } ]

[ { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeded him. After McKinley's murder, for which Czolgosz was put to death in the electric chair, the United States Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.", "precise_score": -0.16291305422782898, "rough_score": -6.103387832641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Historians regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election, in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. However, his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings; McKinley died eight days later, and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment, McKinley's presidency is generally considered above average, though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -0.30534031987190247, "rough_score": -4.392492771148682, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, President McKinley died. Theodore Roosevelt had rushed back and took the oath of office as president in Buffalo. Czolgosz, put on trial for murder nine days after McKinley's death, was found guilty, sentenced to death on September 26, and executed by electric chair on October 29, 1901.", "precise_score": 3.375927448272705, "rough_score": 3.0126090049743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley's original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, and McKinley left the choice of a running mate to the 1900 Republican National Convention. In advance of the convention, New York's Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his state's governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, by pushing for his nomination as vice president. Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinley's ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1309428215026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "At the Milburn House, McKinley seemed to be recovering. On Saturday, September 7, McKinley was relaxed and conversational. His wife was allowed to see him, as was Cortelyou; the President asked his secretary, \"How did they like my speech?\" and was pleased on hearing of positive reactions. Meanwhile, Vice President Roosevelt (who had been on a Vermont vacation), much of the Cabinet, and Senator Hanna hurried to Buffalo. Cortelyou continued to issue encouraging bulletins. The President was permitted few visitors, and complained of loneliness. As the crisis seemed to have passed, dignitaries started to leave on September 9, confident of the President's recovery. Roosevelt left for a vacation in the Adirondack Mountains after expressing outrage that Czolgosz might serve only a few years under New York State law for attempted murder, the maximum penalty for attempted murder in New York at that time being ten years. Attorney General Philander Knox went to Washington, searching for a means to bring Czolgosz under federal law. Secretary of State John Hay had been closely associated with the two presidents to be assassinated: he had been Lincoln's secretary, and a close friend of James Garfield. He arrived on September 10; met at the station by Babcock with an account of the President's recovery, Hay responded that the President would die.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.220428466796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley had been given nutritive enemas; on September 11, he took some broth by mouth. When it seemed to do him good, the following morning they allowed him toast, coffee, and chicken broth. His subsequent pain was diagnosed as indigestion; he was given purgatives and most doctors left after their evening consultation. In the early morning of September 13, McKinley suffered a collapse. Urgent word to return to Buffalo was sent to Vice President Roosevelt, 12 mi from the nearest telegraph or telephone in the Adirondack wilderness; a park ranger was sent to find him. Specialists were summoned; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart, by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless. As yet unknown to the doctors, gangrene was growing on the walls of his stomach and toxins were passing into his blood. McKinley drifted in and out of consciousness all day; when awake he was the model patient. By evening, McKinley too knew he was dying, \"It is useless, gentlemen. I think we ought to have prayer.\" His friends and family were admitted, and the First Lady sobbed over him, \"I want to go, too. I want to go, too.\" Her husband replied, \"We are all going, we are all going. God's will be done, not ours\" and with final strength put an arm around her. He may also have sung part of his favorite hymn, \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\", although other accounts have her singing it softly to him. Ida McKinley was led away, her place briefly taken by Senator Hanna. Morgan recounts their final encounter, \"Sometime that terrible evening, Mark Hanna had approached the bedside, tears standing in his eyes, his hands and head shaking in disbelief that thirty years of friendship could end thus.\" When a tentative, formal greeting gained no coherent response, Hanna \"cried out over the years of friendship, 'William, William, don't you know me?' \"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.661850929260254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "After McKinley's murder, newspaper editorials across the country heavily criticized the lack of protection afforded to American presidents. Though it still lacked any legislative mandate, by 1902, the Secret Service was protecting President Theodore Roosevelt full-time. This did not, however, settle the debate. Some in Congress recommended the United States Army be charged with protecting the President. Not until 1906 did Congress pass legislation officially designating the Secret Service as the agency in charge of presidential security.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.336730480194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Maine Congressman Nelson Dingley Jr. was McKinley's choice for Secretary of the Treasury; he declined it, preferring to remain as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. Charles Dawes, who had been Hanna's lieutenant in Chicago during the campaign, was considered for the Treasury post but by some accounts Dawes considered himself too young. Dawes eventually became Comptroller of the Currency; he recorded in his published diary that he had strongly urged McKinley to appoint as secretary the successful candidate, Lyman J. Gage, president of the First National Bank of Chicago and a Gold Democrat. The Navy Department was offered to former Massachusetts Congressman John Davis Long, an old friend from the House, on January 30, 1897. Although McKinley was initially inclined to allow Long to choose his own assistant, there was considerable pressure on the President-elect to appoint Theodore Roosevelt, head of the New York City Police Commission and a former state assemblyman. McKinley was reluctant, stating to one Roosevelt booster, \"I want peace and I am told that your friend Theodore is always getting into rows with everybody.\" Nevertheless, he made the appointment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.413485527038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "In addition to Sherman, McKinley made one other ill-advised Cabinet appointment, that of Secretary of War, which fell to Russell A. Alger, former general and Michigan governor. Competent enough in peacetime, Alger proved inadequate once the conflict with Spain began. With the War Department plagued by scandal, Alger resigned at McKinley's request in mid-1899. Vice President Hobart, as was customary at the time, was not invited to Cabinet meetings. However, he proved a valuable adviser both for McKinley and for his Cabinet members. The wealthy Vice President leased a residence close to the White House; the two families visited each other without formality, and the Vice President's wife, Jennie Tuttle Hobart, sometimes substituted as Executive Mansion hostess when Ida McKinley was unwell. For most of McKinley's administration, George B. Cortelyou served as his personal secretary. Cortelyou, who served in three Cabinet positions under Theodore Roosevelt, became a combination press secretary and chief of staff to McKinley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0914387702941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "According to Gould and later biographer Phillips, given the political climate in the South, with white legislatures passing segregationist laws such as that upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson, there was little McKinley could have done to improve race relations, and he did better than later presidents Theodore Roosevelt, who doubted racial equality, and Woodrow Wilson, who supported segregation. However, Gould concluded, \"McKinley lacked the vision to transcend the biases of his day and to point toward a better future for all Americans\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.602518081665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Republicans were generally successful in state and local elections around the country in 1899, and McKinley was optimistic about his chances at re-election in 1900. McKinley's popularity in his first term assured him of renomination for a second. The only question about the Republican ticket concerned the vice presidential nomination; McKinley needed a new running mate as Hobart had died in late 1899. McKinley initially favored Elihu Root, who had succeeded Alger as Secretary of War, but McKinley decided that Root was doing too good a job at the War Department to move him. He considered other prominent candidates, including Allison and Cornelius N. Bliss, but none were as popular as the Republican party's rising star, Theodore Roosevelt. After a stint as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt had resigned and raised a cavalry regiment; they fought bravely in Cuba, and Roosevelt returned home covered in glory. Elected governor of New York on a reform platform in 1898, Roosevelt had his eye on the presidency. Many supporters recommended him to McKinley for the second spot on the ticket, and Roosevelt believed it would be an excellent stepping stone to the presidency in 1904. McKinley remained uncommitted in public, but Hanna was firmly opposed to the New York governor. The Ohio senator considered the New Yorker overly impulsive; his stance was undermined by the efforts of political boss and New York Senator Thomas Platt, who, disliking Roosevelt's reform agenda, sought to sideline the governor by making him vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.143171787261963, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "When the Republican convention began in Philadelphia that June, no vice presidential candidate had overwhelming support, but Roosevelt had the broadest range of support from around the country. McKinley affirmed that the choice belonged to the convention, not to him. On June 21, McKinley was unanimously renominated and, with Hanna's reluctant acquiescence, Roosevelt was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. The Democratic convention convened the next month in Kansas City and nominated William Jennings Bryan, setting up a rematch of the 1896 contest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6294145584106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "In the days after the shooting McKinley appeared to improve. Doctors issued increasingly optimistic bulletins. Members of the Cabinet, who had rushed to Buffalo on hearing the news, dispersed; Vice President Roosevelt departed on a camping trip to the Adirondacks. Leech wrote, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.799540519714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "There was a widespread expectation that Ida McKinley would not long survive her husband; one family friend stated, as William McKinley lay dying, that they should be prepared for a double funeral. This did not occur; the former first lady accompanied her husband on the funeral train. Leech noted \"the circuitous journey was a cruel ordeal for the woman who huddled in a compartment of the funeral train, praying that the Lord would take her with her Dearest Love\". She was thought too weak to attend the services in Washington or Canton, although she listened at the door to the service for her husband in her house on North Market Street. She remained in Canton for the remainder of her life, setting up a shrine in her house, and often visiting the receiving vault, until her death at age 59 on May 26, 1907. She died only months before the completion of the large marble monument to her husband in Canton, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. William and Ida McKinley are interred there with their daughters, atop a hillside overlooking the city of Canton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.164176940917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history. However, the young, enthusiastic Roosevelt quickly captured public attention after his predecessor's death. The new president made little effort to secure the trade reciprocity McKinley had intended to negotiate with other nations. Controversy and public interest surrounded Roosevelt throughout the seven and a half years of his presidency as memories of McKinley faded; by 1920, according to Gould, McKinley's administration was deemed no more than \"a mediocre prelude to the vigor and energy of Theodore Roosevelt's\". Beginning in the 1950s, McKinley received more favorable evaluations; nevertheless, in surveys ranking American presidents, he has generally been placed near the middle, often trailing contemporaries such as Hayes and Cleveland. Morgan suggests that this relatively low ranking is due to a perception among historians that while many decisions during McKinley's presidency profoundly affected the nation's future, he more followed public opinion than led it, and that McKinley's standing has suffered from altered public expectations of the presidency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.541589260101318, "source": "wiki", "title": "William McKinley" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Magnolia is a city in Pike County, Mississippi. The population was 2,420 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Pike County, which lies within the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "precise_score": 2.7523648738861084, "rough_score": 4.171913146972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnolia, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Walter W. Crawford, MD (b. 21 Mar1872) known as the \"Surgical Dean of Mississippi. The leading figure in the successful effort to secure the foundation of Camp Shelby near Hattiesburg in 1917. Organized the Southern Medical Association, and was president of the Mississippi Medical Association and the Mississippi Board of Health. Was a Lt. Col. in the US Army Medical Corps in France during WWI.", "precise_score": -10.382164001464844, "rough_score": -9.170572280883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnolia, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is a state located in the southern region of the United States.", "precise_score": -6.952835559844971, "rough_score": -8.642355918884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of around 175,000 people. The state overall has a population of around 3 million people. Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States.", "precise_score": -9.252506256103516, "rough_score": -9.245606422424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area. Its riverfront areas were cleared for slave-cultivated cotton production before the American Civil War, but after the war, the bottomlands were cleared mostly by freedmen. African Americans made up two-thirds of the property owners in the Delta by the end of the 19th century, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land. Clearing altered the ecology of the Delta, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi. Much land is now held by agribusinesses. A largely rural state with agricultural areas dominated by industrial farms, Mississippi is ranked low or last among the states in such measures as health, educational attainment, and median household income. The state's catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. ", "precise_score": -9.698455810546875, "rough_score": -9.954333305358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U.S. state. From the early 19th century to that period, its citizenry was mostly black, a population that was composed largely of African American slaves before the American Civil War. In the first half of the 20th century, a total of nearly 400,000 rural blacks left the state for work and opportunities in northern and midwestern cities, with another wave of migration around World War II to West Coast cities. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African-Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in a U.S. state. African Americans are still a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country. ", "precise_score": -9.517860412597656, "rough_score": -10.057978630065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The name of the state is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi (\"Great River\").", "precise_score": -5.739911079406738, "rough_score": -9.567679405212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The state of Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains, 807 feet (246 m) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast. The mean elevation in the state is 300 feet (91 m) above sea level.", "precise_score": -8.37879467010498, "rough_score": -9.664752960205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. The coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations. Yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of fertile black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt.", "precise_score": -9.860692977905273, "rough_score": -10.265249252319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The plain is narrow in the south and widens north of Vicksburg. The region has rich soil, partly made up of silt which had been regularly deposited by the flood waters of the Mississippi River.", "precise_score": -9.268314361572266, "rough_score": -10.164405822753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is heavily forested, with over half of the state's area covered by wild trees, including mostly pine, as well as cottonwood, elm, hickory, oak, pecan, sweetgum and tupelo.", "precise_score": -8.259734153747559, "rough_score": -8.436796188354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "On December 10, 1817, Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union. David Holmes was elected the first governor of the state. Plantations were developed primarily along the major rivers, where waterfront gave them access to the major transportation routes. This is also where early towns developed, linked by the steamboats that carried commercial products and crops to markets. The backcountry remained largely undeveloped frontier until it was cleared by freedmen during Reconstruction and later.", "precise_score": -8.808444023132324, "rough_score": -10.304044723510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second state to declare its secession from the Union, and it was one of the founding members of the Confederate States. During the war, Union and Confederate forces struggled over dominance on the Mississippi River, critical to supply routes and commerce. More than 80,000 Mississippians fought in the Civil War, and casualties were extremely heavy. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's long siege of Vicksburg finally gained the Union control in 1863.", "precise_score": -10.058456420898438, "rough_score": -10.292941093444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1875, after a year of expanded violence against blacks and intimidation of whites in what was called the \"white line\" campaign, finally based on asserting white supremacy. Democratic whites became well armed. From 1874 to the elections of 1875, they pressured whites to join the Democrats, and conducted violence against blacks in at least 15 known \"riots\" in cities around the state to intimidate blacks and suppress their voting. They killed a total of 150 blacks, although other estimates place the death toll at twice as many. A total of three white Republicans and five white Democrats were reported killed. In rural areas, deaths of blacks could be covered up. Riots (better described as massacres of blacks) took place in Vicksburg, Clinton, Macon and in their counties, as well-armed whites broke up black meetings and lynched known black leaders, destroying local political organizations. Seeing the success of this deliberate \"Mississippi Plan\", South Carolina and other states followed it and also achieved white dominance. In 1877 the last of federal troops were withdrawn from the region.", "precise_score": -10.68857192993164, "rough_score": -10.420665740966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 1987, 20 years after the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled in 1967's Loving v. Virginia that a similar Virginian law was unconstitutional, Mississippi repealed its ban on interracial marriage (also known as miscegenation), which had been enacted in 1890. It also repealed the segregationist-era poll tax in 1989, and in 1995, the state symbolically ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which had abolished slavery in 1865. Though ratified in 1995, the state never officially notified the U.S. archivist, which kept the ratification unofficial until 2013, when Ken Sullivan contacted the office of Secretary of State of Mississippi, Delbert Hosemann, who agreed to file the paperwork and make it official. In 2009, the legislature passed a bill to repeal other discriminatory civil rights laws which had been enacted in 1964 but ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by federal courts. Republican Governor Haley Barbour signed the bill into law. ", "precise_score": -8.293852806091309, "rough_score": -10.132708549499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Americans of Scots-Irish, English and Scottish ancestry are present throughout the state. It is believed that there are more people with such ancestry than identify as such on the census, in part because their immigrant ancestors are more distant in their family histories. English, Scottish and Scots-Irish are generally the most under-reported ancestry groups in both the South Atlantic States and the East South Central States. The historian David Hackett Fischer estimated that a minimum 20% of Mississippi's population is of English ancestry, though the figure is probably much higher, and another large percentage is of Scottish ancestry. Many Mississippians of such ancestry identify simply as American on questionnaires, because their families have been in North America for centuries. In the 1980 census 656,371 Mississippians of a total of 1,946,775 identified as being of English ancestry, making them 38% of the state at the time. ", "precise_score": -10.146963119506836, "rough_score": -10.386149406433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 2012, Mississippi had the sixth largest gambling revenue of any state, with $2.25 billion. The federally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians has established a gaming casino on its reservation, which yields revenue to support education and economic development.", "precise_score": -9.533143043518066, "rough_score": -10.429055213928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "On August 30, 2007, a report by the United States Census Bureau indicated that Mississippi was the poorest state in the country. Major cotton farmers in the Delta have large, mechanized plantations, and they receive the majority of extensive federal subsidies going to the state, yet many other residents still live as poor, rural, landless laborers. The state's sizable poultry industry has faced similar challenges in its transition from family-run farms to large mechanized operations. Of $1.2 billion from 2002–2005 in federal subsidies to farmers in the Bolivar County area of the Delta, only 5% went to small farmers. There has been little money apportioned for rural development. Small towns are struggling. More than 100,000 people have left the region in search of work elsewhere. The state had a median household income of $34,473. ", "precise_score": -10.51968765258789, "rough_score": -10.22861385345459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "As with all other U.S. states and the federal government, Mississippi's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power. Executive authority in the state rests with the Governor, currently Phil Bryant (R). The Lieutenant Governor, currently Tate Reeves (R), is elected on a separate ballot. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. States, most of the heads of major executive departments are elected by the citizens of Mississippi rather than appointed by the governor.", "precise_score": -9.986602783203125, "rough_score": -10.293095588684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In the mid-20th century, Mississippi white voters together with other southern white voters shifted their allegiance to the Republican Party, first for national and then for state offices, but may still vote for Democrats at the local level. Mississippi was the last state to have presidential elections in which one candidate gained a popular vote exceeding 90% and 85%, in 1944 and 1964, respectively. In both years, the voting reflected essentially only white voters in the state, as most African Americans were overwhelmingly still disenfranchised under the state's 1890 constitution and discriminatory practices. In 1944, Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won nearly 94% of Mississippi's popular vote. In 1964, Republican Barry M. Goldwater carried the state with 87% of votes, reflecting the shift among conservative white voters to supporting Republican candidates. Most blacks were still disenfranchised, as they were until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and concerted grassroots efforts to achieve registration and encourage voting.", "precise_score": -9.912887573242188, "rough_score": -10.278959274291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Jackson, the state's capital city, is the site of the state residential school for deaf and hard of hearing students. The Mississippi School for the Deaf was established by the state legislature in 1854 before the civil war.", "precise_score": -9.787467002868652, "rough_score": -9.40492057800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science (MSMS) is a public residential high school for academically gifted students. It is located in Columbus, Mississippi on the campus of the Mississippi University for Women. MSMS was founded in 1987 by appropriations from the Mississippi Legislature and it is the fourth public, residential high school for academically gifted students in the United States.[3] The school enrolls students only in the last two years of high school. Rising tenth-grade students from across the state apply and are selected on a competitive basis.", "precise_score": -10.213005065917969, "rough_score": -10.366271018981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Mississippi School of the Arts (MSA) is an upper high school of literary, visual, and performing arts on the historic Whitworth College Campus in Brookhaven, Mississippi, about sixty miles (100 km) south of Jackson, Mississippi.[1] MSA teaches 11th and 12th grade students. The campus has six buildings designated as Mississippi Landmarks, and is itself an historic district listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[1]", "precise_score": -9.99325942993164, "rough_score": -10.123056411743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Jimmie Rodgers, a native of Meridian and guitarist/singer/songwriter known as the \"Father of Country Music\", played a significant role in the development of the blues. He and Chester Arthur Burnett were friends and admirers of each other's music. Their friendship and respect is an important example of Mississippi's musical legacy. While the state has had a reputation for being the most racist in the United States, individual musicians created an integrated music community. Mississippi musicians created new forms by combining and creating variations on musical traditions from Africa with the musical traditions of white Southerners, a tradition largely rooted in Scots–Irish music.", "precise_score": -9.00683879852295, "rough_score": -10.39449691772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The state is creating a Mississippi Blues Trail, with dedicated markers explaining historic sites significant to the history of blues music, such as Clarksdale's Riverside Hotel, where Bessie Smith died after her auto accident on Highway 61. The Riverside Hotel is just one of many historical blues sites in Clarksdale. The Delta Blues Museum there is visited by tourists from all over the world. Close by is \"Ground Zero\", a contemporary blues club and restaurant co-owned by actor Morgan Freeman.", "precise_score": -9.893010139465332, "rough_score": -9.688032150268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Southaven, Mississippi is home to the Mississippi RiverKings hockey team, formerly known as the Memphis RiverKings. The RiverKings are a member of Southern Professional Hockey League.", "precise_score": -8.594911575317383, "rough_score": -9.909597396850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Mississippi's low state rankings has given rise to the saying \"Thank God for Mississippi\", denoting relief that the speaker's state isn't the lowest.", "precise_score": -10.403521537780762, "rough_score": -10.414741516113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Texas Rose Bascom, of Columbia, Mississippi, became the most famous female trick roper in the world, performing on stage and in Hollywood movies. She toured the world with Bob Hope, billed as the \"Queen of the Trick Ropers\", and was the first Mississippian to be inducted into the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -10.127063751220703, "rough_score": -10.174178123474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* The comic book character Rogue, from the well-known series X-Men, is a Mississippian and self-declared southern belle. Her home town is located in the fictional county of Caldecott.", "precise_score": -10.537314414978027, "rough_score": -10.422618865966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Mississippi Highway 48", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473893165588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnolia, Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico; and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433233261108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, and Grenada Lake with the largest lake being Sardis Lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135887145996094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, and Pascagoula. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico proper by the shallow Mississippi Sound, which is partially sheltered by Petit Bois Island, Horn Island, East and West Ship Islands, Deer Island, Round Island, and Cat Island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116721153259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 50,000 (United States Census Bureau as of 2010): ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189533233642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 20,000 but fewer than 50,000 (United States Census Bureau as of 2010):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269526481628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi City Population Rankings of at least 10,000 but fewer than 20,000 (United States Census Bureau as of 2010):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266584396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "(See: Lists of cities, towns and villages, census-designated places, metropolitan areas, micropolitan areas, and counties in Mississippi)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290176391601562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi has a humid subtropical climate with long summers and short, mild winters. Temperatures average about 81°F (about 27°C) in July and about 48 °F (about 9 °C) in January. The temperature varies little statewide in the summer; however, in winter, the region near Mississippi Sound is significantly warmer than the inland portion of the state. The recorded temperature in Mississippi has ranged from −19 °F (−28.3 °C), in 1966, at Corinth in the northeast, to 115 °F (46.1 °C), in 1930, at Holly Springs in the north. Heavy snowfall is possible across the state, such as during the New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm. Yearly precipitation generally increases from north to south, with the regions closer to the Gulf being the most humid. Thus, Clarksdale, in the northwest, gets about 50 inches (about 1,270 mm) of precipitation annually and Biloxi, in the south, about 61 inches (about 1,550 mm). Small amounts of snow fall in northern and central Mississippi; snow is occasional in the southern part of the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788724899291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "As in the rest of the Deep South, thunderstorms are common in Mississippi, especially in the southern part of the state. On average, Mississippi has around 27 tornadoes annually; the northern part of the state has more tornadoes earlier in the year and the southern part a higher frequency later in the year. Two of the five deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history have occurred in the state. These storms struck Natchez, in southwest Mississippi (see The Great Natchez Tornado) and Tupelo, in the northeast corner of the state. About seven F5 tornadoes have been recorded in the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453932762145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Due to seasonal flooding, possible from December to June, the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers created a fertile floodplain in the Mississippi Delta, including tributaries. To try to prevent flooding of land cultivated for cotton crops, planters used temporary workers to build levees along the Mississippi River to control flooding. They built on top of the natural levees that formed from dirt deposited after the river flooded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134808540344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Flooding has been an integral part of Mississippi history, but clearing of the land for cultivation and to supply wood fuel for steamboats took away the absorption of trees and undergrowth. The banks of the river were denuded, becoming unstable and changing the character of the river. After the Civil War, major floods swept down the valley in 1865, 1867, 1874 and 1882. Such floods regularly overwhelmed levees damaged by Confederate and Union fighting during the war, as well as those constructed after the war. In 1877, the state created the Mississippi Levee District for southern counties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975690841674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 1879, the United States Congress created the Mississippi River Commission, whose responsibilities included aiding state levee boards in the construction of levees. Both white and black transient workers were hired to build the levees in the late 19th century. By 1882, levees averaged seven feet in height, but many in the southern Delta were severely tested by the flood that year. After the 1882 flood, the levee system was expanded. In 1884, the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District was established to oversee levee construction and maintenance in the northern Delta counties; also included were some counties in Arkansas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.632966995239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Flooding overwhelmed northwestern Mississippi in 1912–1913, causing heavy damage to the levee districts. Regional losses and the Mississippi River Levee Association's lobbying for a flood control bill helped gain passage of national bills in 1917 and 1923 to provide federal matching funds for local levee districts, on a scale of 2:1. Although U.S. participation in World War I interrupted funding of levees, the second round of funding helped raise the average height of levees in the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta to 22 ft in the 1920s. Scientists now understand the levees have increased the severity of flooding, and the region was severely damaged due to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. There were losses of millions of dollars in property, stock and crops. The most damage occurred in the lower Delta, including Washington and Bolivar counties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154109954833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Even as scientific knowledge about the Mississippi River has grown, upstream development and the consequences of the levees have caused more severe flooding in some years. Scientists now understand that the widespread clearing of land and building of the levees have changed the nature of the river. Such work removed the natural protection and absorption of wetlands and forest cover, strengthening the river's current. The state and federal governments have been struggling for the best approaches to restore some natural habitats in order to best interact with the original riverine ecology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224291801452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Near 10,000 BC Native Americans or Paleo-Indians arrived in what today is referred to as the American South. Paleoindians in the South were hunter-gatherers who pursued the megafauna that became extinct following the end of the Pleistocene age. In the Mississippi Delta, Native American settlements and agricultural fields were developed on the natural levees, higher ground in the proximity of rivers. The Native Americans developed extensive fields near their permanent villages. Together with other practices, they created some localized deforestation but did not alter the ecology of the Mississippi Delta as a whole. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056498527526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "After thousands of years, succeeding cultures of the Woodland and Mississippian culture eras developed rich and complex agricultural societies, in which surplus supported the development of specialized trades. Both were mound builder cultures. Those of the Mississippian culture were the largest and most complex, constructed beginning about 950CE. The peoples had a trading network spanning the continent from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast. Their large earthworks, which expressed their cosmology of political and religious concepts, still stand throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081162452697754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Descendant Native American tribes of the Mississippian culture in the Southeast include the Chickasaw and Choctaw. Other tribes who inhabited the territory of Mississippi (and whose names were honored by colonists in local towns) include the Natchez, the Yazoo, and the Biloxi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191248893737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The first major European expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, who passed through the northeast part of the state in 1540, in his second expedition to the New World.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864297866821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In April 1699, French colonists established the first European settlement at Fort Maurepas (also known as Old Biloxi), built in the vicinity of present-day Ocean Springs on the Gulf Coast. It was settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. In 1716, the French founded Natchez on the Mississippi River (as Fort Rosalie); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. The French called the greater territory \"New France\"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.749828338623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Through the eighteenth century, the area was ruled variously by Spanish, French, and British colonial governments. The colonists imported African slaves as laborers. Under French and Spanish rule, there developed a class of free people of color (gens de couleur libres), mostly multiracial descendants of European men and enslaved women, and their children. In the early days the French and Spanish colonists were chiefly men. Even as more European women joined the settlements, the men had interracial unions among women of African descent (and increasingly, also European descent), both before and after marriages to European women. Often the European men would help their multiracial children get educated or have apprenticeships for trades, and sometimes settled property on them; they often freed the mothers and their children if enslaved, as part of contracts of plaçage. With this social capital, the free people of color became artisans, and sometimes educated merchants and property owners, forming a third class between the Europeans and most enslaved Africans in the French and Spanish settlements, although not so large a community as in New Orleans. After Great Britain's victory in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), the French surrendered the Mississippi area to them under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328607559204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "After the American Revolution, Britain ceded this area to the new United States of America. The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina to the United States. Their original colonial charters theoretically extended west to the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi Territory was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the United States and Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673821449279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "From 1800 to about 1830, the United States purchased some lands (Treaty of Doak's Stand) from Native American tribes for new settlements of European Americans, who were mostly migrants from other Southern states, particularly Virginia and North Carolina, where soils were exhausted. On September 27, 1830, the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was signed between the U.S. Government and the Choctaw. The Choctaw agreed to sell their traditional homelands in Mississippi and Alabama, for compensation and removal to reservations in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). This opened up land for sale to European-American immigrant settlement. Article 14 in the treaty allowed those Choctaw who chose to remain in the state to become U.S. citizens, the second major non-European ethnic group to do so (the Cherokee were the first). Today approximately 9,500 Choctaw live in Neshoba, Newton, Leake, and Jones counties. Federally recognized tribes include the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435736656188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Many slaveholders brought slaves with them or purchased them through the domestic slave trade, especially in New Orleans. They transported nearly one million slaves to the Deep South, including Mississippi, in a forced internal migration that broke up many slave families of the Upper South, where planters were selling excess slaves. The Southerners imposed slave laws and restricted the rights of free blacks, according to their view of white supremacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342857360839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Beginning in 1822, slaves in Mississippi were protected by law from cruel and unusual punishment by their owners. Southern slave codes made the willful killing of a slave illegal in most cases. For example, the 1860 Mississippi case of Oliver v. State charged the defendant with murdering his own slave. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251392364501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "When cotton was king during the 1850s, Mississippi plantation owners—especially those of the Delta and Black Belt central regions—became wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil, the high price of cotton on the international market, and their assets in slaves. They used the profits to buy more cotton land and more slaves. The planters' dependence on hundreds of thousands of slaves for labor and the severe wealth imbalances among whites, played strong roles both in state politics and in planters' support for secession. The state was thinly settled, with population concentrated in the riverfront areas and towns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691240310668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "During Reconstruction, the first Mississippi constitutional convention in 1868, with delegates both black and white, framed a constitution whose major elements would last for 22 years. The convention was the first political organization in the state to include African-American representatives, 17 among the 100 members (32 counties had black majorities at the time). Some among the black delegates were freedmen, but others were educated free blacks who had migrated from the North. The convention adopted universal suffrage; did away with property qualifications for suffrage or for office, a change that also benefited poor whites; provided for the state's first public school system; forbade race distinctions in the possession and inheritance of property; and prohibited limiting civil rights in travel. Under the terms of Reconstruction, Mississippi was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670007705688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Because the Mississippi Delta contained so much fertile bottomland that had not been developed before the Civil War, 90 percent of the land was still frontier. After the Civil War, tens of thousands of migrants were attracted to the area by higher wages offered by planters trying to develop land. In addition, black and white workers could earn money by clearing the land and raising timber, and eventually advance to ownership. The new farmers included many freedmen, who achieved unusually high rates of land ownership in the Mississippi bottomlands by the late 19th century. In the 1870s and 1880s, many black farmers succeeded in gaining land ownership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347338676452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Around the start of the 20th century, two-thirds of the Mississippi farmers who owned land in the Delta were African American. Many had become overextended with debt during the falling cotton prices of the difficult years of the late 19th century. Cotton prices fell throughout the decades following the Civil War. As another agricultural depression lowered cotton prices into the 1890s, however, numerous African-American farmers finally had to sell their land to pay off debts, thus losing the land which they had developed by personal labor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379083633422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Even in this environment, black Mississippians continued to be elected into local office. However, black residents were eventually deprived of all political power after white legislators passed a new state constitution in 1890 specifically to \"eliminate the nigger from politics\", according to the state's Democratic governor, James K. Vardaman. It had electoral and voter registration provisions that effectively disenfranchised most black Mississippians as well as many poor whites. Estimates are that 100,000 black and 50,000 white men were removed from voter registration rolls in the state over the next few years. The loss of political influence contributed to the difficulties of African Americans in their attempts to obtain extended credit in the late 19th century. Together with imposition of Jim Crow laws, there was an increased rate of lynchings of blacks beginning in the 1890s as whites enforced their supremacy. Cotton crops failed due to boll weevil infestation and successive severe flooding in 1912 and 1913, created crisis conditions for many African Americans. With control of the ballot box and more access to credit, white planters bought out such farmers, expanding their ownership of Delta bottomlands. They also took advantage of new railroads sponsored by the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592658996582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 1900, blacks made up over half of the state's population. By 1910, a majority of black farmers in the Delta had lost their land and were sharecroppers. By 1920, the third generation after freedom, most African Americans in Mississippi were landless laborers again facing poverty. Starting about 1913, tens of thousands of black Americans left Mississippi for the North in the Great Migration to industrial cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia and New York. They sought jobs, better education for their children, the right to vote, relative freedom from discrimination, and better living. In the migration of 1910–1940, they left a society that had been steadily closing off opportunity. Most migrants from Mississippi took trains directly north to Chicago and often settled near former neighbors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672282218933105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Blacks also faced violence in the form of lynching, shooting, and the burning of churches. In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People stated \"the Negro feels that life is not safe in Mississippi and his life may be taken with impunity at any time upon the slightest pretext or provocation by a white man\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232388496398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In the early 20th century, some industries were established in Mississippi, but jobs were generally restricted to whites, including child workers. The lack of jobs also drove some southern whites north to cities such as Chicago and Detroit seeking employment, where they also competed with European immigrants. The state depended on agriculture, but mechanization put many farm laborers out of work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129205703735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Second Great Migration from the South started in the 1940s, lasting until 1970. Almost half a million people left Mississippi in the second migration, three-quarters of them black. Nationwide during the first half of the 20th century, African Americans became rapidly urbanized and many worked in industrial jobs. The Second Great Migration included destinations in the West, especially California, where the buildup of the defense industry offered higher paying jobs to both African Americans and whites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176264762878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Blacks and whites in Mississippi generated rich, quintessentially American music traditions: gospel music, country music, jazz, blues and rock and roll. All were invented, promulgated or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians, many of them African American, and most came from the Mississippi Delta. Many musicians carried their music north to Chicago, where they made it the heart of that city's jazz and blues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009251594543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "So many African Americans left in the Great Migration that after the 1930s, they became a minority in Mississippi. In 1960 they made up 42% of the state's population. The white-administered, discriminatory voter registration processes had persisted, preventing most of them from voting, due to provisions of the 1890 state constitution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878785133361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Civil Rights Movement had many roots in religion, and the strong community of churches helped supply volunteers and moral purpose for their activism. Mississippi was a center of activity, based in black churches, to educate and register black voters, and to work for integration. In 1954 the state had created the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, a tax-supported agency, chaired by the Governor, that claimed to work for the state's image but effectively spied on activists and passed information to the local White Citizens' Councils to suppress black activism. White Citizens Councils had been formed in many cities and towns to resist integration of schools following the unanimous 1954 United States Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. They used intimidation and economic blackmail against activists and suspected activists, including teachers and other professionals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781950950622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In the summer of 1964 students and community organizers from across the country came to help register black voters and establish Freedom Schools. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was established to challenge the all-white Democratic Party. Most white politicians resisted such changes. Chapters of the Ku Klux Klan and its sympathizers used violence against activists, most notably the murder of three civil rights activists in 1964 during the Freedom Summer campaign. This was a catalyst for Congressional passage the following year of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Mississippi earned a reputation in the 1960s as a reactionary state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114934921264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "After decades of disenfranchisement, African Americans in the state gradually began to exercise their right to vote again for the first time since the 19th century, following the passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965, which ended de jure segregation and enforced constitutional voting rights. Registration of African-American voters increased and there were black candidates in the 1967 elections for state and local offices. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party fielded some candidates. Teacher Robert G. Clark of Holmes County was the first African American to be elected to the state House since Reconstruction. He continued as the only African American in the state legislature until 1976 and was repeatedly elected into the 21st century, including three terms as Speaker of the House. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752975463867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 1966, the state was the last to repeal officially statewide prohibition of alcohol. Before that, Mississippi had taxed the illegal alcohol brought in by bootleggers. Governor Paul Johnson urged repeal and the sheriff \"raided the annual Junior League Mardi Gras ball at the Jackson Country Club, breaking open the liquor cabinet and carting off the Champagne before a startled crowd of nobility and high-ranking state officials\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823258399963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "On August 17, 1969, Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489266395568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina, though a Category 3 storm upon final landfall, caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 mi of the Mississippi Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Alabama.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233683586120605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The center of population of Mississippi is located in Leake County, in the town of Lena. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242826461791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": " The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Mississippi was 2,992,333 on July 1, 2015, a 0.84% increase since the 2010 United States Census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950956344604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "From 2000 to 2010, the United States Census Bureau reported that Mississippi had the highest rate of increase in people identifying as mixed-race, up 70 percent in the decade; it amounts to a total of 1.1 percent of the population. In addition, Mississippi led the nation for most of the last decade in the growth of mixed marriages among its population. The total population has not increased significantly, but is young. Some of the above change in identification as mixed race is due to new births. But, it appears mostly to reflect those residents who have chosen to identify as more than one race, who in earlier years may have identified by just one ethnicity. A binary racial system had been in place since slavery times and the days of racial segregation. In the civil rights era, people of African descent banded together in an inclusive community to achieve political power and gain restoration of their civil rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986045837402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "As the demographer William Frey noted, \"In Mississippi, I think it's [identifying as mixed race] changed from within.\" Historically in Mississippi, after Indian removal in the 1830s, the major groups were designated as black (African American, many of whom have some European ancestry), who were then mostly enslaved, and white (primarily European American). Matthew Snipp, also a demographer, commented on the increase in the 21st century in the number of people identifying as being of more than one race: \"In a sense, they're rendering a more accurate portrait of their racial heritage that in the past would have been suppressed.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992490768432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The state had conservative laws related to sexuality. The state's sodomy law criminalized consensual sex between adults of the same gender until 2003 (but were seldom enforced), when such laws were voided by the Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas. In 2004, voters in Mississippi approved Amendment 1, amending the state's constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage; the measure passed with 86% of the vote, the highest margin of victory in the nation. This law was overturned by Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court making same-sex marriage a constitutional right. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709338188171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Despite conservative laws, same-sex couples were forming families in the state. According to the 2010 census, approximately 33% of households led by same-sex couples in Mississippi included at least one child, the highest such percentage in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17073917388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Ethnically, 2.7% of the total population, among all racial groups, was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). As of 2011, 53.8% of Mississippi's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. For more information on racial and ethnic classifications in the United States see race and ethnicity in the United States Census.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340718269348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The state in 2010 had the highest proportion of African Americans in the nation. Recently, the African-American percentage of population has begun to increase due mainly to a younger population than the whites (the total fertility rates of the two races are approximately equal). Due to patterns of settlement and whites putting their children in private schools, in almost all of Mississippi's public school districts, a majority of students are African American. African Americans are the majority ethnic group in the northwestern Yazoo Delta, and the southwestern and the central parts of the state. These are areas where, historically, African Americans owned land as farmers in the 19th century following the Civil War, or worked on cotton plantations and farms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507192611694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Chinese came to Mississippi as indentured laborers from Cuba during the 1870s, with others coming from mainland China in the later 19th century. The majority entering the state immigrated directly from China to Mississippi between 1910–1930, when they were recruited by planters as laborers. While most first worked as sharecroppers, the Chinese worked as families to leave that work. Many became small merchants and especially grocers in small towns throughout the Delta. In these roles, the ethnic Chinese carved out a niche in the state between black and white, where they were concentrated in the Delta. These small towns have declined since the late 20th century, and many ethnic Chinese have joined the exodus to larger cities, including Jackson. Their population in the state overall has increased in the 21st century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758745193481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In the early 1980s many Vietnamese immigrated to Mississippi and other states along the Gulf of Mexico, where they became employed in fishing-related work. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283191680908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 2000, 96.4% of Mississippi residents five years old and older spoke only English in the home, a decrease from 97.2% in 1990. English is largely Southern American English, with some South Midland speech in northern and eastern Mississippi. There is a common absence of final /r/ and the lengthening and weakening of the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ as in 'ride' and 'oil'. South Midland terms in northern Mississippi include: tow sack (burlap bag), dog irons (andirons), plum peach (clingstone peach), snake doctor (dragonfly), and stone wall (rock fence).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.834565162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The revivals of the Great Awakening in the late 18th and early 19th centuries initially attracted the \"plain folk\" by reaching out to all members of society, including women and blacks. Both slaves and free blacks were welcomed into Methodist and Baptist churches. Independent black Baptist churches were established before 1800 in Virginia, Kentucky, South Carolina and Georgia, and later developed in Mississippi as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017496109008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Since the 1970s, fundamentalist conservative churches have grown rapidly, fueling Mississippi's conservative political trends among whites. In 1973 the Presbyterian Church in America attracted numerous conservative congregations. As of 2010 Mississippi remained a stronghold of the denomination. The state has the highest adherence rate of the PCA in 2010, with 121 congregations and 18,500 members. It is among the few states where the PCA has higher membership than the PC(USA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717086791992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010 the Southern Baptist Convention had 907,384 adherents and was the largest religious denomination in the state, followed by the United Methodist Church with 204,165, and the Roman Catholic Church with 112,488. Other religions have a small presence in Mississippi; as of 2010, there were 5,012 Muslims, 4,389 Hindus and 816 Bahá'í.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671757698059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Public opinion polls have consistently ranked Mississippi as the most religious state in the United States, with 59% of Mississippians considering themselves \"very religious\". The same survey also found that 11% of the population were non-Religious. In a 2009 Gallup poll, 63% of Mississippians said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly - the highest percentage of all states (U.S. average was 42%, and the lowest percentage was in Vermont at 23%). Another 2008 Gallup poll found that 85% of Mississippians considered religion an important part of their daily lives, the highest figure among all states (U.S. average 65%). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660866737365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The 2010 United States census counted 6,286 same-sex unmarried-partner households in Mississippi, an increase of 1,512 since the 2000 United States census. 33% contained at least one child, giving Mississippi the distinction of leading the nation in the percentage of same-sex couples raising children. Mississippi has the largest percentage of African-American same-sex couples among total households. The state capital, Jackson, ranks tenth in the nation in concentration of African-American same-sex couples. The state ranks fifth in the nation in the percentage of Hispanic same-sex couples among all Hispanic households and ninth in the highest concentration of same-sex couples who are seniors. With the passing of HB 1523 in April 2016, from July it will be legal in Mississippi to refuse service to same-sex couples, based on one's religious beliefs. The bill has become the subject of worldwide controversy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.520886421203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi has the highest rate of infant and neonatal deaths of any U.S. state. Age-adjusted data also shows Mississippi has the highest overall death rate, and the highest death rate from heart disease, hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, influenza and pneumonia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977422714233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 2011, Mississippi (and Arkansas) had the least number of dentists in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954645156860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "For three years in a row, more than 30 percent of Mississippi's residents have been classified as obese. In a 2006 study, 22.8 percent of the state's children were classified as such. Mississippi had the highest rate of obesity of any U.S. state from 2005 to 2008 and also ranks first in the nation for high blood pressure, diabetes, and adult inactivity. In a 2008 study of African-American women, contributing risk factors were shown to be: lack of knowledge about body mass index (BMI), dietary behavior, physical inactivity and lack of social support, defined as motivation and encouragement by friends. A 2002 report on African-American adolescents noted a 1999 survey which suggests that a third of children were obese, with higher ratios for those in the Delta. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752443313598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The study stressed that \"obesity starts in early childhood extending into the adolescent years and then possibly into adulthood.\" It noted impediments to needed behavioral modification including the Delta likely being \"the most underserved region in the state\" with African Americans the major ethnic group; lack of accessibility and availability of medical care; and an estimated 60% of residents living below the poverty level. Additional risk factors were that most schools had no physical education curriculum and nutrition education is not emphasized. Previous intervention strategies may have been largely ineffective due to not being culturally sensitive or practical. A 2006 survey found nearly 95 percent of Mississippi adults considered childhood obesity to be a serious problem. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239400863647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Mississippi's total state product in 2010 was $98 billion. Per capita personal income in 2006 was $26,908, the lowest per capita personal income of any state, but the state also has the nation's lowest living costs. Although the state has one of the lowest per capita income rates in the United States, Mississippians consistently rank as one of the highest per capita in charitable contributions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67365550994873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi's rank as one of the poorest states is related to its dependence on cotton agriculture before and after the Civil War, late development of its frontier bottomlands in the Mississippi Delta, repeated natural disasters of flooding in the late 19th and early 20th century that required massive capital investment in levees, and ditching and draining the bottomlands, and slow development of railroads to link bottomland towns and river cities. In addition, when Democrats regained control of the state legislature, they passed the 1890 constitution that discouraged corporate industrial development in favor of rural agriculture, a legacy that would slow the state's progress for years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583107948303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Before the Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth-wealthiest state in the nation, its wealth generated by cotton plantations along the rivers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642248153686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Slaves were counted as property and the rise in the cotton markets since the 1840s had increased their value. By 1860, a majority – 55 percent – of the population of Mississippi was enslaved. Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were undeveloped and the state had low overall density of population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24144172668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Largely due to the domination of the plantation economy, focused on the production of agricultural cotton, the state's elite was reluctant to invest in infrastructure such as roads and railroads. They educated their children privately. Industrialization did not reach many areas until the late 20th century. The planter aristocracy, the elite of antebellum Mississippi, kept the tax structure low for their own benefit, making only private improvements. Before the war the most successful planters, such as Confederate President Jefferson Davis, owned riverside properties along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers in the Mississippi Delta. Away from the riverfronts, most of the Delta was undeveloped frontier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483537673950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "During the Civil War, 30,000 Mississippi soldiers, mostly white, died from wounds and disease, and many more were left crippled and wounded. Changes to the labor structure and an agricultural depression throughout the South caused severe losses in wealth. In 1860 assessed valuation of property in Mississippi had been more than $500 million, of which $218 million (43 percent) was estimated as the value of slaves. By 1870, total assets had decreased in value to roughly $177 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401885032653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Blacks cleared land, selling timber and developing bottomland to achieve ownership. In 1900, two-thirds of farm owners in Mississippi were blacks, a major achievement for them and their families. Due to the poor economy, low cotton prices and difficulty of getting credit, many of these farmers could not make it through the extended financial difficulties. Two decades later, the majority of African Americans were sharecroppers. The low prices of cotton into the 1890s meant that more than a generation of African Americans lost the result of their labor when they had to sell their farms to pay off accumulated debts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348884582519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "It was not until 1884, after the flood of 1882, that the state created the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta District Levee Board and started successfully achieving longer term plans for levees in the upper Delta. Despite the state's building and reinforcing levees for years, the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke through and caused massive flooding of 27000 sqmi throughout the Delta, homelessness for hundreds of thousands, and millions of dollars in property damages. With the Depression coming so soon after the flood, the state suffered badly during those years. In the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated North and West for jobs and chances to live as full citizens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701454162597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The legislature's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to increased revenues and economic gains for the state. Gambling towns in Mississippi have attracted increased tourism: they include the Gulf Coast resort towns of Bay St. Louis, Gulfport and Biloxi, and the Mississippi River towns of Tunica (the third largest gaming area in the United States), Greenville, Vicksburg and Natchez.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792987823486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second-largest gambling state in the Union, after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey. An estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several coastal casinos in Biloxi in August 2005. Because of the destruction from this hurricane, on October 17, 2005, Governor Haley Barbour signed a bill into law that allows casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land (but within 800 ft of the water). The only exception is in Harrison County, where the new law states that casinos can be built to the southern boundary of U.S. Route 90.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947985649108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Momentum Mississippi, a statewide, public–private partnership dedicated to the development of economic and employment opportunities in Mississippi, was adopted in 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248299598693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi, like the rest of its southern neighbors, is a right-to-work state. It has some major automotive factories, such as the Toyota Mississippi Plant in Blue Springs and a Nissan Automotive plant in Canton. The latter produces the Nissan Titan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.558158874511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi collects personal income tax in three tax brackets, ranging from 3% to 5%. The retail sales tax rate in Mississippi is 7%. Tupelo levies a local sales tax of 2.5% . For purposes of assessment for ad valorem taxes, taxable property is divided into five classes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427343368530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "With Mississippi's fiscal conservatism, in which Medicaid, welfare, food stamps, and other social programs are often cut, eligibility requirements are tightened, and stricter employment criteria are imposed, Mississippi ranks as having the second-highest ratio of spending to tax receipts of any state. In 2005, Mississippi citizens received approximately $2.02 per dollar of taxes in the way of federal spending. This ranks the state 2nd highest nationally, and represents an increase from 1995, when Mississippi received $1.54 per dollar of taxes in federal spending and was 3rd highest nationally. This figure is based on federal spending after large portions of the state were devastated by Hurricane Katrina, requiring large amounts of federal aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). However, from 1981-2005, it was at least number four in the nation for federal spending vs. taxes received. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.891130447387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "A proportion of federal spending in Mississippi is directed toward large federal installations such as Camp Shelby, John C. Stennis Space Center, Meridian Naval Air Station, Columbus Air Force Base, and Keesler Air Force Base. Three of these installations are located in the area affected by Hurricane Katrina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276058197021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is one of five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years (the others are Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey and Virginia). Mississippi holds elections for these offices every four years, always in the year preceding Presidential elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464765548706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 2004, Mississippi voters approved a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and prohibiting Mississippi from recognizing same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. The amendment passed 86% to 14%, the largest margin in any state. Same-sex marriage became legal in Mississippi on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court invalidated all state-level bans on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional in the landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858896255493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is one of 32 states which have capital punishment as a legal sentence (see Capital punishment in Mississippi).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850652694702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Section 265 of the Constitution of the State of Mississippi declares that \"No person who denies the existence of a Supreme Being shall hold any office in this state.\" This religious test restriction was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Torcaso v. Watkins (1961).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5542631149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi led the South in developing a disfranchising constitution, passing it in 1890. By raising barriers to voter registration, the state legislature disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, excluding them from politics until the late 1960s. It established a one-party state dominated by white Democrats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768655776977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi has two international airports, one in Jackson (Jackson-Evers International Airport) and one in Gulfport (Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340129852294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Mississippi is served by nine interstate highways:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164705276489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "For more information, visit the [http://www.gomdot.com/ Mississippi Department of Transportation] website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521862030029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "All but two of the United States Class I railroads serve Mississippi (the exceptions are the Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122241973876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*BNSF Railway has a northwest-southeast line across northern Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526494026184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Mississippi River", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477434158325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Ross Barnett Reservoir – Named for Ross Barnett, the 52nd Governor of Mississippi; 33000 acre of water; became operational in 1966; constructed and managed by The Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, a state agency; Provides water supply for the City of Jackson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820428848266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Until the Civil War era, Mississippi had a small number of schools and no educational institutions for African Americans. The first school for black students was not established until 1862.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468717575073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "During Reconstruction in 1871, black and white Republicans drafted a constitution that was the first to provide for a system of free public education in the state. The state's dependence on agriculture and resistance to taxation limited the funds it had available to spend on any schools. In the early 20th century, there were still few schools in rural areas, particularly for black children. With seed money from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, many rural black communities across Mississippi raised matching funds and contributed public funds to build new schools for their children. Essentially, many black adults taxed themselves twice and made significant sacrifices to raise money for the education of children in their communities, in many cases donating land and/or labor to build such schools. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92208480834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Blacks and whites attended segregated and separate public schools in Mississippi until the late 1960s, although such segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. In the majority-black Mississippi Delta counties, white parents worked through White Citizens' Councils to set up private segregation academies, where they enrolled their children. Often funding declined for the public schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056391716003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In the 21st century, 91% of white children in the state attend public schools and most of the black children. In 2008, Mississippi was ranked last among the fifty states in academic achievement by the American Legislative Exchange Council's Report Card on Education, with the lowest average ACT scores and sixth-lowest spending per pupil in the nation. In contrast, Mississippi had the 17th-highest average SAT scores in the nation. As an explanation, the Report noted that 92% of Mississippi high school graduates took the ACT, but only 3% of graduates took the SAT, apparently a self-selection of higher achievers. This breakdown compares to the national average of high school graduates taking the ACT and SAT, of 43% and 45%, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756064414978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Although unusual in the West, school corporal punishment is common in Mississippi. A greater percentage of students were paddled in Mississippi than in any other state, according to government data for the 2011-2012 school year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184427261352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "In 2007, Mississippi students scored the lowest of any state on the National Assessments of Educational Progress in both math and science. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243461608886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "The Mississippi School of the Arts provides advanced, residential programs of study in visual arts, vocal music, theatre, dance, and literary arts for \"artistically gifted\" 11th/12th grade students from throughout Mississippi.[3][1] The comprehensive residential and academic curriculum prepares students for further studies or to pursue employment. Some non-arts courses (some math, science, etc.) are taught in conjunction with Brookhaven High School, 6 blocks away, to provide a wider curriculum.[1] Students apply for admission during their sophomore year.[1]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185628890991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "While Mississippi has been especially known for its music and literature, it has embraced other forms of art. Its strong religious traditions have inspired striking works by outsider artists who have been shown nationally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091572761535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "Elvis Presley, who created a sensation in the 1950s as a crossover artist and contributed to rock 'n' roll, was a native of Tupelo. From opera star Leontyne Price to the alternative rock band 3 Doors Down, to gulf and western singer Jimmy Buffett, modern rock/jazz/world music guitarist-producer Clifton Hyde, to rappers David Banner, Big K.R.I.T. and Afroman, Mississippi musicians have been significant in all genres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328064918518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Biloxi, Mississippi was once home to the Mississippi Surge ice hockey team, a former member of the Southern Professional Hockey League, and the Biloxi Shuckers baseball team, a AA minor league affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers and member of the Southern League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407830238342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Clinton, Mississippi is home to the Mississippi Brilla soccer team. The Brilla are a member of the USL Premier Development League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019753456115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Pearl, Mississippi is home to the Mississippi Braves baseball team. The Braves are an AA minor league affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. They play in the Southern League.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356358528137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "*Musicians: Pepper Keenan, Jimi Jamison, 3 Doors Down, Saving Abel, David Banner, Hayley Williams, Big Krit, Lance Bass, Brandy, Jimmy Buffett, David L Cook, Bo Diddley, David \"Honeyboy\" Edwards, Faith Hill, Randy Houser, Mississippi John Hurt, Howlin' Wolf, Robert Johnson, Albert King, B.B. King, Denise LaSalle, Elvis Presley, Charlie Patton, Charley Pride, LeAnn Rimes, Jimmie Rodgers, David Ruffin, Britney Spears, Conway Twitty, Muddy Waters, Tammy Wynette, Jumpin' Gene Simmons, Bobbie Gentry, and Blind Melon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137459754943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Children in the United States and Canada often count \"One-Mississippi, two-Mississippi\" during informal games such as hide and seek to approximate counting by seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232247352600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* On March 12, 1894, the Biedenharn Candy Company bottled the first Coca-Cola in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Root beer was invented in Biloxi in 1898 by Edward Adolf Barq, the namesake of Barq's Root Beer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243069648742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* The Teddy bear gets its name from President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. On a 1902 hunting trip to Sharkey County, Mississippi, he ordered the mercy killing of a wounded bear. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32857894897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* In 1935, the world's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights was produced by Earl Bascom and Weldon Bascom in Columbia, Marion County, Mississippi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304631233215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* In 1936, Dr. Leslie Rush, of Rush Hospital in Meridian, Mississippi, performed the first bone pinning in the United States. The \"Rush Pin\" is still in use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153326988220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Burnita Shelton Matthews from near Hazlehurst, Mississippi, was the first woman appointed as a judge of a U.S. district court. She was appointed by Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300619125366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Marilyn Monroe won the Mrs. Mississippi finals in the 1952 film We're Not Married!.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464815139770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* In 1963, Dr. James D. Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center performed the first human lung transplant in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1964, Dr. Hardy performed the first heart transplant, transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a human, where it beat for 90 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91380500793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* \"At 10:00 a.m. on October 22, 1964, the United States government detonated an underground nuclear device in Lamar County, in south Mississippi. (...) The Project Salmon blast was about one-third as powerful as the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. (...) The Project Sterling blast, on December 3, 1966, was considerably weaker than the blast two years earlier, as it was intended to be.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096537590026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Several warships have been named USS Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383339881896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* In 2013, researchers at the University of Mississippi Medical Center discovered a functional cure for HIV/AIDS in infants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440673828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* Many of legal thriller writer John Grisham's novels are set in and around the fictional town of Clanton, in the equally fictional Ford County, northwest Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307001113891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* In Star Trek, Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, Chief Medical Officer on the U.S.S. Enterprise, studied medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361359596252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" }, { "answer": "Mississippi", "passage": "* The film Mississippi Burning is based around the FBI investigation of events that occurred there in 1964 where three civil rights workers were murdered. It stars Gene Hackman and Willem Defoe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461668014526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mississippi" } ]

[ { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, etc. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects or materials based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates.", "precise_score": 1.2898274660110474, "rough_score": -1.8300114870071411, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum – named using the Latin word for appearance or apparition by Isaac Newton in 1671 – include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the pure spectral or monochromatic colors. The table at right shows approximate frequencies (in terahertz) and wavelengths (in nanometers) for various pure spectral colors. The wavelengths listed are as measured in air or vacuum (see refractive index).", "precise_score": -0.6038148403167725, "rough_score": -2.264685869216919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* Opaque objects that do not reflect specularly (which tend to have rough surfaces) have their color determined by which wavelengths of light they scatter strongly (with the light that is not scattered being absorbed). If objects scatter all wavelengths with roughly equal strength, they appear white. If they absorb all wavelengths, they appear black.", "precise_score": -4.563345909118652, "rough_score": -4.604559898376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones. One type, relatively distinct from the other two, is most responsive to light that we perceive as blue or blue-violet, with wavelengths around 450 nm; cones of this type are sometimes called short-wavelength cones, S cones, or blue cones. The other two types are closely related genetically and chemically: middle-wavelength cones, M cones, or green cones are most sensitive to light perceived as green, with wavelengths around 540 nm, while the long-wavelength cones, L cones, or red cones, are most sensitive to light we perceive as greenish yellow, with wavelengths around 570  nm.", "precise_score": 4.200325965881348, "rough_score": 3.5578858852386475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Light, no matter how complex its composition of wavelengths, is reduced to three color components by the eye. For each location in the visual field, the three types of cones yield three signals based on the extent to which each is stimulated. These amounts of stimulation are sometimes called tristimulus values.", "precise_score": -0.9203240275382996, "rough_score": -4.084896087646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Most light sources are mixtures of various wavelengths of light. Many such sources can still effectively produce a spectral color, as the eye cannot distinguish them from single-wavelength sources. For example, most computer displays reproduce the spectral color orange as a combination of red and green light; it appears orange because the red and green are mixed in the right proportions to allow the eye's cones to respond the way they do to the spectral color orange.", "precise_score": 1.3443834781646729, "rough_score": -0.7382293343544006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Two different light spectra that have the same effect on the three color receptors in the human eye will be perceived as the same color. They are metamers of that color. This is exemplified by the white light emitted by fluorescent lamps, which typically has a spectrum of a few narrow bands, while daylight has a continuous spectrum. The human eye cannot tell the difference between such light spectra just by looking into the light source, although reflected colors from objects can look different. (This is often exploited; for example, to make fruit or tomatoes look more intensely red.)", "precise_score": 1.9310358762741089, "rough_score": -0.6732522249221802, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "No mixture of colors, however, can produce a response truly identical to that of a spectral color, although one can get close, especially for the longer wavelengths, where the CIE 1931 color space chromaticity diagram has a nearly straight edge. For example, mixing green light (530 nm) and blue light (460 nm) produces cyan light that is slightly desaturated, because response of the red color receptor would be greater to the green and blue light in the mixture than it would be to a pure cyan light at 485 nm that has the same intensity as the mixture of blue and green.", "precise_score": -1.483901023864746, "rough_score": -5.3036885261535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "If the light is not a pure white source (the case of nearly all forms of artificial lighting), the resulting spectrum will appear a slightly different color. Red paint, viewed under blue light, may appear black. Red paint is red because it scatters only the red components of the spectrum. If red paint is illuminated by blue light, it will be absorbed by the red paint, creating the appearance of a black object.", "precise_score": -6.454195022583008, "rough_score": -6.672390937805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Structural colors are colors caused by interference effects rather than by pigments. Color effects are produced when a material is scored with fine parallel lines, formed of one or more parallel thin layers, or otherwise composed of microstructures on the scale of the color's wavelength. If the microstructures are spaced randomly, light of shorter wavelengths will be scattered preferentially to produce Tyndall effect colors: the blue of the sky (Rayleigh scattering, caused by structures much smaller than the wavelength of light, in this case air molecules), the luster of opals, and the blue of human irises. If the microstructures are aligned in arrays, for example the array of pits in a CD, they behave as a diffraction grating: the grating reflects different wavelengths in different directions due to interference phenomena, separating mixed \"white\" light into light of different wavelengths. If the structure is one or more thin layers then it will reflect some wavelengths and transmit others, depending on the layers' thickness.", "precise_score": -1.6023832559585571, "rough_score": -3.9199914932250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the case of electromagnetic radiation—such as light—in free space, the phase speed is the speed of light, about 3×108 m/s. Thus the wavelength of a 100 MHz electromagnetic (radio) wave is about: 3×108 m/s divided by 108 Hz = 3 metres. The wavelength of visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm, to violet, roughly 400 nm (for other examples, see electromagnetic spectrum).", "precise_score": -0.43956905603408813, "rough_score": -5.91695499420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Waves in crystalline solids are not continuous, because they are composed of vibrations of discrete particles arranged in a regular lattice. This produces aliasing because the same vibration can be considered to have a variety of different wavelengths, as shown in the figure.See Figure 4.20 in and Figure 2.3 in Descriptions using more than one of these wavelengths are redundant; it is conventional to choose the longest wavelength that fits the phenomenon. The range of wavelengths sufficient to provide a description of all possible waves in a crystalline medium corresponds to the wave vectors confined to the Brillouin zone.", "precise_score": -7.932727813720703, "rough_score": -6.542362213134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).", "precise_score": -2.5453128814697266, "rough_score": -4.709086894989014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Visible wavelengths pass through the \"optical window\", the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that allows wavelengths to pass largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere. An example of this phenomenon is that clean air scatters blue light more than red wavelengths, and so the midday sky appears blue. The optical window is also referred to as the \"visible window\" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the Medium Wavelength IR (MWIR) window, and the Long Wavelength or Far Infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may experience them.", "precise_score": 2.115370273590088, "rough_score": 1.6804146766662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": " Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. He chose seven colors out of a belief, derived from the ancient Greek sophists, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the solar system, and the days of the week. The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including Isaac Asimov, have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. However, the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by \"indigo\" and \"blue\" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that \"indigo\" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas \"blue\" corresponds to cyan. ", "precise_score": -0.20039795339107513, "rough_score": -5.0996222496032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human \"visible spectrum\". Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range. Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths. Bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start. Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans. The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light. Similarly, dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors, though not as many as humans. ", "precise_score": 1.0106245279312134, "rough_score": -0.8700754046440125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The approximate field of view of an individual human eye (measured from the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed) is 60° superior (up), 60° nasal (towards the nose), 70-75° inferior (down), and 100-110° temporal (away from the nose and towards the temple). For both eyes the combined visual field is 130-135° vertical and 200° horizontal. When viewed at large angles, the iris and pupil appear to be rotated toward the viewer. As a result, the pupil may still be visible at angles greater than 90°. ", "precise_score": -5.00505256652832, "rough_score": -6.6442742347717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.CIE (1987). [http://www.cie.co.at/publ/abst/17-4-89.html International Lighting Vocabulary]. Number 17.4. CIE, 4th edition. ISBN 978-3-900734-07-7.By the International Lighting Vocabulary, the definition of light is: “Any radiation capable of causing a visual sensation directly.” Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10−7 to 7.00 × 10−7 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz).", "precise_score": 1.7210177183151245, "rough_score": 2.90002179145813, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "EMR in the visible light region consists of quanta (called photons) that are at the lower end of the energies that are capable of causing electronic excitation within molecules, which leads to changes in the bonding or chemistry of the molecule. At the lower end of the visible light spectrum, EMR becomes invisible to humans (infrared) because its photons no longer have enough individual energy to cause a lasting molecular change (a change in conformation) in the visual molecule retinal in the human retina, which change triggers the sensation of vision.", "precise_score": -1.6523988246917725, "rough_score": -5.908054351806641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Various sources define visible light as narrowly as 420 to 680 to as broadly as 380 to 800 nm. Under ideal laboratory conditions, people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm; children and young adults may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310 to 313 nm. ", "precise_score": 0.937021791934967, "rough_score": -3.532978057861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There are many sources of light. The most common light sources are thermal: a body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiation. A simple thermal source is sunlight, the radiation emitted by the chromosphere of the Sun at around peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units and roughly 44% of sunlight energy that reaches the ground is visible. Another example is incandescent light bulbs, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A common thermal light source in history is the glowing solid particles in flames, but these also emit most of their radiation in the infrared, and only a fraction in the visible spectrum. The peak of the blackbody spectrum is in the deep infrared, at about 10 micrometre wavelength, for relatively cool objects like human beings. As the temperature increases, the peak shifts to shorter wavelengths, producing first a red glow, then a white one, and finally a blue-white colour as the peak moves out of the visible part of the spectrum and into the ultraviolet. These colours can be seen when metal is heated to \"red hot\" or \"white hot\". Blue-white thermal emission is not often seen, except in stars (the commonly seen pure-blue colour in a gas flame or a welder's torch is in fact due to molecular emission, notably by CH radicals (emitting a wavelength band around 425 nm, and is not seen in stars or pure thermal radiation).", "precise_score": -0.34909555315971375, "rough_score": -0.8646283149719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Light is measured with two main alternative sets of units: radiometry consists of measurements of light power at all wavelengths, while photometry measures light with wavelength weighted with respect to a standardised model of human brightness perception. Photometry is useful, for example, to quantify Illumination (lighting) intended for human use. The SI units for both systems are summarised in the following tables.", "precise_score": -2.4300448894500732, "rough_score": -4.036107063293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The photometry units are different from most systems of physical units in that they take into account how the human eye responds to light. The cone cells in the human eye are of three types which respond differently across the visible spectrum, and the cumulative response peaks at a wavelength of around 555 nm. Therefore, two sources of light which produce the same intensity (W/m2) of visible light do not necessarily appear equally bright. The photometry units are designed to take this into account, and therefore are a better representation of how \"bright\" a light appears to be than raw intensity. They relate to raw power by a quantity called luminous efficacy, and are used for purposes like determining how to best achieve sufficient illumination for various tasks in indoor and outdoor settings. The illumination measured by a photocell sensor does not necessarily correspond to what is perceived by the human eye, and without filters which may be costly, photocells and charge-coupled devices (CCD) tend to respond to some infrared, ultraviolet or both.", "precise_score": 0.9330378770828247, "rough_score": -1.7742609977722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The color table should not be interpreted as a definitive list – the pure spectral colors form a continuous spectrum, and how it is divided into distinct colors linguistically is a matter of culture and historical contingency (although people everywhere have been shown to perceive colors in the same way ). A common list identifies six main bands: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Newton's conception included a seventh color, indigo, between blue and violet. It is possible that what Newton referred to as blue is nearer to what today we call cyan, and that indigo was simply the dark blue of the indigo dye that was being imported at the time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.112607955932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* Light arriving at an opaque surface is either reflected \"specularly\" (that is, in the manner of a mirror), scattered (that is, reflected with diffuse scattering), or absorbed – or some combination of these.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.996116638183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "At the same time as Helmholtz, Ewald Hering developed the opponent process theory of color, noting that color blindness and afterimages typically come in opponent pairs (red-green, blue-orange, yellow-violet, and black-white). Ultimately these two theories were synthesized in 1957 by Hurvich and Jameson, who showed that retinal processing corresponds to the trichromatic theory, while processing at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus corresponds to the opponent theory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.183797836303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The other type of light-sensitive cell in the eye, the rod, has a different response curve. In normal situations, when light is bright enough to strongly stimulate the cones, rods play virtually no role in vision at all. On the other hand, in dim light, the cones are understimulated leaving only the signal from the rods, resulting in a colorless response. (Furthermore, the rods are barely sensitive to light in the \"red\" range.) In certain conditions of intermediate illumination, the rod response and a weak cone response can together result in color discriminations not accounted for by cone responses alone. These effects, combined, are summarized also in the Kruithof curve, that describes the change of color perception and pleasingness of light as function of temperature and intensity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.746306419372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "While the mechanisms of color vision at the level of the retina are well-described in terms of tristimulus values, color processing after that point is organized differently. A dominant theory of color vision proposes that color information is transmitted out of the eye by three opponent processes, or opponent channels, each constructed from the raw output of the cones: a red–green channel, a blue–yellow channel, and a black–white \"luminance\" channel. This theory has been supported by neurobiology, and accounts for the structure of our subjective color experience. Specifically, it explains why we cannot perceive a \"reddish green\" or \"yellowish blue\", and it predicts the color wheel: it is the collection of colors for which at least one of the two color channels measures a value at one of its extremes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5524320602417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "While most humans are trichromatic (having three types of color receptors), many animals, known as tetrachromats, have four types. These include some species of spiders, most marsupials, birds, reptiles, and many species of fish. Other species are sensitive to only two axes of color or do not perceive color at all; these are called dichromats and monochromats respectively. A distinction is made between retinal tetrachromacy (having four pigments in cone cells in the retina, compared to three in trichromats) and functional tetrachromacy (having the ability to make enhanced color discriminations based on that retinal difference). As many as half of all women are retinal tetrachromats. The phenomenon arises when an individual receives two slightly different copies of the gene for either the medium- or long-wavelength cones, which are carried on the x-chromosome. To have two different genes, a person must have two x-chromosomes, which is why the phenomenon only occurs in women. For some of these retinal tetrachromats, color discriminations are enhanced, making them functional tetrachromats. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58416748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "When an artist uses a limited color palette, the eye tends to compensate by seeing any gray or neutral color as the color which is missing from the color wheel. For example, in a limited palette consisting of red, yellow, black, and white, a mixture of yellow and black will appear as a variety of green, a mixture of red and black will appear as a variety of purple, and pure gray will appear bluish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.456024169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The trichromatic theory is strictly true when the visual system is in a fixed state of adaptation. In reality, the visual system is constantly adapting to changes in the environment and compares the various colors in a scene to reduce the effects of the illumination. If a scene is illuminated with one light, and then with another, as long as the difference between the light sources stays within a reasonable range, the colors in the scene appear relatively constant to us. This was studied by Edwin Land in the 1970s and led to his retinex theory of color constancy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.735054016113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Colors vary in several different ways, including hue (shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet), saturation, brightness, and gloss. Some color words are derived from the name of an object of that color, such as \"orange\" or \"salmon\", while others are abstract, like \"red\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130977630615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the 1969 study Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay describe a pattern in naming \"basic\" colors (like \"red\" but not \"red-orange\" or \"dark red\" or \"blood red\", which are \"shades\" of red). All languages that have two \"basic\" color names distinguish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The next colors to be distinguished are usually red and then yellow or green. All languages with six \"basic\" colors include black, white, red, green, blue, and yellow. The pattern holds up to a set of twelve: black, gray, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and azure (distinct from blue in Russian and Italian, but not English).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.523970603942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Different colors have been demonstrated to have effects on cognition. For example, researchers at the University of Linz in Austria demonstrated that the color red significantly decreases cognitive functioning in men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661072731018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There are many color perceptions that by definition cannot be pure spectral colors due to desaturation or because they are purples (mixtures of red and violet light, from opposite ends of the spectrum). Some examples of necessarily non-spectral colors are the achromatic colors (black, gray, and white) and colors such as pink, tan, and magenta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.827559471130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The different color response of different devices can be problematic if not properly managed. For color information stored and transferred in digital form, color management techniques, such as those based on ICC profiles, can help to avoid distortions of the reproduced colors. Color management does not circumvent the gamut limitations of particular output devices, but can assist in finding good mapping of input colors into the gamut that can be reproduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106950759887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Additive color is light created by mixing together light of two or more different colors. Red, green, and blue are the additive primary colors normally used in additive color systems such as projectors and computer terminals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.312496185302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Structural color is studied in the field of thin-film optics. A layman's term that describes particularly the most ordered or the most changeable structural colors is iridescence. Structural color is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many birds (the blue jay, for example), as well as certain butterfly wings and beetle shells. Variations in the pattern's spacing often give rise to an iridescent effect, as seen in peacock feathers, soap bubbles, films of oil, and mother of pearl, because the reflected color depends upon the viewing angle. Numerous scientists have carried out research in butterfly wings and beetle shells, including Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Since 1942, electron micrography has been used, advancing the development of products that exploit structural color, such as \"photonic\" cosmetics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.514134407043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "According to Pantone, the top three colors in social media for 2012 were red (186 million mentions; accredited to Taylor Swift's Red album, NASA's landing on Mars, and red carpet coverage), blue (125 million mentions; accredited to the United States presidential election, 2012, Mars rover Curiosity finding blue rocks, and blue sports teams), and Green (102 million mentions; accredited to \"environmental friendliness\", Green Bay Packers, and green eyed girls). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274433135986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Color" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The upper figure shows three standing waves in a box. The walls of the box are considered to require the wave to have nodes at the walls of the box (an example of boundary conditions) determining which wavelengths are allowed. For example, for an electromagnetic wave, if the box has ideal metal walls, the condition for nodes at the walls results because the metal walls cannot support a tangential electric field, forcing the wave to have zero amplitude at the wall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644978523254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "To aid imagination, this bending of the wave often is compared to the analogy of a column of marching soldiers crossing from solid ground into mud. See, for example, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296613693237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "where [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c c] is the speed of light in vacuum and n(λ0) is the refractive index of the medium at wavelength λ0, where the latter is measured in vacuum rather than in the medium. The corresponding wavelength in the medium is", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635072708129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Wavelength can be a useful concept even if the wave is not periodic in space. For example, in an ocean wave approaching shore, shown in the figure, the incoming wave undulates with a varying local wavelength that depends in part on the depth of the sea floor compared to the wave height. The analysis of the wave can be based upon comparison of the local wavelength with the local water depth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.606199264526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": " As shown in the figure, wavelength is measured between consecutive corresponding points on the waveform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32796859741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "As shown in the figure, light is passed through two slits and shines on a screen. The path of the light to a position on the screen is different for the two slits, and depends upon the angle θ the path makes with the screen. If we suppose the screen is far enough from the slits (that is, s is large compared to the slit separation d) then the paths are nearly parallel, and the path difference is simply d sin θ. Accordingly, the condition for constructive interference is:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666653633117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "It should be noted that the effect of interference is to redistribute the light, so the energy contained in the light is not altered, just where it shows up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406031608581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern sufficiently far from a single slit, within a small-angle approximation, the intensity spread S is related to position x via a squared sinc function: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264944076538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A quantity related to the wavelength is the angular wavelength (also known as reduced wavelength), usually symbolized by ƛ (lambda-bar). It is equal to the \"regular\" wavelength \"reduced\" by a factor of 2π (ƛ = λ/2π). It is usually encountered in quantum mechanics, where it is used in combination with the reduced Planck constant (symbol ħ, h-bar) and the angular frequency (symbol ω) or angular wavenumber (symbol k).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.456567764282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wavelength" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531688690185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil. In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208361625671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.294477462768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.261588096618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.07476282119751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* General lighting (sometimes referred to as ambient light) fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area. Indoors, this would be a basic lamp on a table or floor, or a fixture on the ceiling. Outdoors, general lighting for a parking lot may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) since pedestrians and motorists already used to the dark will need little light for crossing the area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.434309005737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* Downlighting is most common, with fixtures on or recessed in the ceiling casting light downward. This tends to be the most used method, used in both offices and homes. Although it is easy to design it has dramatic problems with glare and excess energy consumption due to large number of fittings. The introduction of LED lighting has greatly improved this by approx. 90% when compared to a halogen downlight or spotlight. LED lamps or bulbs are now available to retro fit in place of high energy consumption lamps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531519889831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33031177520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.898852348327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.975677490234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.754804611206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.287395477294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753034591674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, designers, and engineers to determine which configuration of lighting fixtures will deliver the amount of light needed. Other parameters that can be determined are the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended practices for the type of application. Depending on the building type, client, or safety requirements, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality. Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32, Visual, Dialux).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840790748596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics. The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.188172340393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54707145690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.310674667358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source’s ability to make objects appear natural.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.769285202026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090780258178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* Load shedding can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a building level, or even at a regional level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559503555297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827017784118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004426002502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20361042022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03587532043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811783790588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.533184051513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use less power than an incandescent lamp to supply the same amount of light, however they contain mercury which is a disposal hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electricity consumption, many organizations encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electricity demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. Unlike incandescent lamps CFLs need a little time to warm up and reach full brightness. Not all CFLs are suitable for dimming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48364543914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer — up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps. Recent findings about the increased use of blue-white LEDs may be a policy mistake. The wide-scale adoption of LEDs will reap energy savings but the energy savings may be compromising human health and ecosystems. The American Medical Association warned on the use of high blue content white LEDs in street lighting, due to their higher impact on human health and environment, compared to low blue content light sources (e.g. High Pressure Sodium, PC amber LEDs, and low CCT LEDs).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.094318389892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.509079933166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "*Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), part of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers in United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956232070922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lighting" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks. He was the first to use the word spectrum (Latin for \"appearance\" or \"apparition\") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle, some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of \"corpuscles\" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (refracted) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.196044921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the 18th century, Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours. Goethe used the word spectrum (Spektrum) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage, as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.799055099487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel (infrared) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter (ultraviolet), Thomas Young, Thomas Johann Seebeck, and others. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.628616333007812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century. Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.764340400695801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537632942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Visible spectrum" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit. The smaller frontal unit, transparent and more curved, called the cornea is linked to the larger white unit called the sclera. The corneal segment is typically about 8 mm (0.3 in) in radius. The sclerotic chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its radius is typically about 12 mm. The cornea and sclera are connected by a ring called the limbus. The iris is the colored circular structure concentrically surrounding the center of the eye, the pupil, which appears to be black. The size of the pupil, which controls the amount of light entering the eye, is adjusted by the iris's dilator and sphincter muscles. A device known as an ophthalmoscope is used to see inside the eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.718068599700928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Within these coats are the aqueous humour, the vitreous body, and the flexible lens. The aqueous humour is a clear fluid that is contained in two areas: the anterior chamber between the cornea and the iris, and the posterior chamber between the iris and the lens. The lens is suspended to the ciliary body by the suspensory ligament (Zonule of Zinn), made up of fine transparent fibers. The vitreous body is a clear jelly that is much larger than the aqueous humour present behind the lens, and the rest is bordered by the sclera, zonule, and lens. They are connected via the pupil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795205116271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The retina has a static contrast ratio of around 100 000:1 (about 6.5 f-stops). As soon as the eye moves (saccades) it re-adjusts its exposure both chemically and mechanically by adjusting the iris which regulates the size of the pupil. Initial dark adaptation takes place in approximately four seconds of profound, uninterrupted darkness; full adaptation through adjustments in retinal chemistry (the Purkinje effect) is mostly complete in thirty minutes. The process is nonlinear and multifaceted, so an interruption by light merely starts the adaptation process over again. Full adaptation is dependent on good blood flow; thus dark adaptation may be hampered by poor circulation, and vasoconstrictors like tobacco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321595191955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The human eye can detect a luminance range of 1014, or one hundred trillion (100,000,000,000,000) (about 46.5 f-stops), from 10−6 cd/m2, or one millionth (0.000001) of a candela per square meter to 108 cd/m2 or one hundred million (100,000,000) candelas per square meter. This range does not include looking at the midday sun (109 cd/m2) or lightning discharge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250669479370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "At the low end of the range is the absolute threshold of vision for a steady light across a wide field of view, about 10−6 cd/m2 (0.000001 candela per square meter). The upper end of the range is given in terms of normal visual performance as 108 cd/m2 (100,000,000 or one hundred million candelas per square meter). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.392101287841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Having two eyes allows the brain to determine the depth and distance of an object. Both eyes must point accurately enough that the object of regard falls on corresponding points of the two retinas; otherwise, double vision occurs. The movements of different body parts are controlled by striated muscles acting around joints. The movements of the eye are no exception, but they have special advantages not shared by skeletal muscles and joints, and so are considerably different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936017036437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Each eye has six muscles that control its movements: the lateral rectus, the medial rectus, the inferior rectus, the superior rectus, the inferior oblique, and the superior oblique. When the muscles exert different tensions, a torque is exerted on the globe that causes it to turn, in almost pure rotation, with only about one millimeter of translation. Thus, the eye can be considered as undergoing rotations about a single point in the center of the eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.689539909362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Lenses cannot refract light rays at their edges as well as they can closer to the center. The image produced by any lens is therefore somewhat blurry around the edges (spherical aberration). It can be minimized by screening out peripheral light rays and looking only at the better-focused center. In the eye, the pupil serves this purpose by constricting while the eye is focused on nearby objects. In this way the pupil has a dual purpose: to adjust the eye to variations in brightness and to reduce spherical aberration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46591567993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Eye irritation has been defined as “the magnitude of any stinging, scratching, burning, or other irritating sensation from the eye”. It is a common problem experienced by people of all ages, this is true especially for women above 40. Related eye symptoms and signs of irritation are discomfort, dryness, excess tearing, itching, grating, sandy sensation, ocular fatigue, pain, scratchiness, soreness, redness, swollen eyelids, and tiredness, etc. These eye symptoms are reported with intensities from severe to mild. It has been suggested that these eye symptoms are related to different causal mechanisms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22092056274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There are two major measures of eye irritation. One is blink frequency which can be observed by human behavior. The other measures are break up time, tear flow, hyperemia (redness, swelling), tear fluid cytology, and epithelial damage (vital stains) etc., which are human beings’ physiological reactions. Blink frequency is defined as the number of blinks per minute and it is associated with eye irritation. Blink frequencies are individual with mean frequencies of Studies have shown that blink frequency is correlated negatively with break-up time. This phenomenon indicates that perceived eye irritation is associated with an increase in blink frequency since the cornea and conjunctiva both have sensitive nerve endings that belong to the first trigeminal branch. Other evaluating methods, such as hyperemia, cytology etc. have increasingly been used to assess eye irritation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618597984313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There are other factors that are related to eye irritation as well. Three major factors that influence the most are indoor air pollution, contact lenses and gender differences. Field studies have found that the prevalence of objective eye signs is often significantly altered among office workers in comparisons with random samples of the general population. These research results might indicate that indoor air pollution has played an important role in causing eye irritation. There are more and more people wearing contact lens now and dry eyes appear to be the most common complaint among contact lens wearers. Although both contact lens wearers and spectacle wearers experience similar eye irritation symptoms, dryness, redness, and grittiness have been reported far more frequently among contact lens wearers and with greater severity than among spectacle wearers. Studies have shown that incidence of dry eyes increases with age. especially among women. Tear film stability (e.g. break-up time) is significantly lower among women than among men. In addition, women have a higher blink frequency while reading. Several factors may contribute to gender differences. One is the use of eye make-up. Another reason could be that the women in the reported studies have done more VDU work than the men, including lower grade work. A third often-quoted explanation is related to the age-dependent decrease of tear secretion, particularly among women after 40 years of age. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.604618072509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Many of the symptoms described in SBS and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) resemble the symptoms known to be elicited by airborne irritant chemicals. A repeated measurement design was employed in the study of acute symptoms of eye and respiratory tract irritation resulting from occupational exposure to sodium borate dusts. The symptom assessment of the 79 exposed and 27 unexposed subjects comprised interviews before the shift began and then at regular hourly intervals for the next six hours of the shift, four days in a row. Exposures were monitored concurrently with a personal real time aerosol monitor. Two different exposure profiles, a daily average and short term (15 minute) average, were used in the analysis. Exposure-response relations were evaluated by linking incidence rates for each symptom with categories of exposure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934049606323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* trying to maintain normal blinking by avoiding room temperatures that are too high; avoiding relative humidities that are too high or too low, because they reduce blink frequency or may increase water evaporation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404422760009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "* trying to maintain an intact tear film by the following actions. 1) blinking and short breaks may be beneficial for VDU users. Increase these two actions might help maintain the tear film. 2) downward gazing is recommended to reduce the ocular surface area and water evaporation. 3) the distance between the VDU and keyboard should be kept as short as possible to minimize evaporation from the ocular surface area by a low direction of the gaze. And 4) blink training can be beneficial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367295265197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "As the eye ages, certain changes occur that can be attributed solely to the aging process. Most of these anatomic and physiologic processes follow a gradual decline. With aging, the quality of vision worsens due to reasons independent of diseases of the aging eye. While there are many changes of significance in the non-diseased eye, the most functionally important changes seem to be a reduction in pupil size and the loss of accommodation or focusing capability (presbyopia). The area of the pupil governs the amount of light that can reach the retina. The extent to which the pupil dilates decreases with age, leading to a substantial decrease in light received at the retina. In comparison to younger people, it is as though older persons are constantly wearing medium-density sunglasses. Therefore, for any detailed visually guided tasks on which performance varies with illumination, older persons require extra lighting. Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the eye and area of infection occurs, the STD can be transmitted to the eye. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439655303955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Macular degeneration is especially prevalent in the U.S. and affects roughly 1.75 million Americans each year. Having lower levels of lutein and zeaxanthin within the macula may be associated with an increase in the risk of age-related macular degeneration,. Lutein and zeaxanthin act as antioxidants that protect the retina and macula from oxidative damage from high-energy light waves. As the light waves enter the eye they excite electrons that can cause harm to the cells in the eye, but before they can cause oxidative damage that may lead to macular degeneration or cataracts lutein and zeaxanthin bind to the electron free radical and are reduced rendering the electron safe. There are many ways to ensure a diet rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, the best of which is to eat dark green vegetables including kale, spinach, broccoli and turnip greens. Nutrition is an important aspect of the ability to achieve and maintain proper eye health. Lutein and zeaxanthin are two major carotenoids, found in the macula of the eye, that are being researched to identify their role in the pathogenesis of eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624078750610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human eye" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. Like all types of light, visible light is emitted and absorbed in tiny \"packets\" called photons and exhibits properties of both waves and particles. This property is referred to as the wave–particle duality. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.944249153137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Generally, EM radiation, or EMR (the designation \"radiation\" excludes static electric and magnetic and near fields), is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared, the visible region that we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.676924705505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There exist animals that are sensitive to various types of infrared, but not by means of quantum-absorption. Infrared sensing in snakes depends on a kind of natural thermal imaging, in which tiny packets of cellular water are raised in temperature by the infrared radiation. EMR in this range causes molecular vibration and heating effects, which is how these animals detect it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044658660888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Two independent teams of physicists were said to bring light to a \"complete standstill\" by passing it through a Bose–Einstein condensate of the element rubidium, one team at Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science in Cambridge, Mass., and the other at the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, also in Cambridge. However, the popular description of light being \"stopped\" in these experiments refers only to light being stored in the excited states of atoms, then re-emitted at an arbitrary later time, as stimulated by a second laser pulse. During the time it had \"stopped\" it had ceased to be light.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.617703437805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), an atomist, proposed a particle theory of light which was published posthumously in the 1660s. Isaac Newton studied Gassendi's work at an early age, and preferred his view to Descartes' theory of the plenum. He stated in his Hypothesis of Light of 1675 that light was composed of corpuscles (particles of matter) which were emitted in all directions from a source. One of Newton's arguments against the wave nature of light was that waves were known to bend around obstacles, while light travelled only in straight lines. He did, however, explain the phenomenon of the diffraction of light (which had been observed by Francesco Grimaldi) by allowing that a light particle could create a localised wave in the aether.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.471755027770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Newton's theory could be used to predict the reflection of light, but could only explain refraction by incorrectly assuming that light accelerated upon entering a denser medium because the gravitational pull was greater. Newton published the final version of his theory in his Opticks of 1704. His reputation helped the particle theory of light to hold sway during the 18th century. The particle theory of light led Laplace to argue that a body could be so massive that light could not escape from it. In other words, it would become what is now called a black hole. Laplace withdrew his suggestion later, after a wave theory of light became firmly established as the model for light (as has been explained, neither a particle or wave theory is fully correct). A translation of Newton's essay on light appears in The large scale structure of space-time, by Stephen Hawking and George F. R. Ellis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.145241737365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The fact that light could be polarized was for the first time qualitatively explained by Newton using the particle theory. Étienne-Louis Malus in 1810 created a mathematical particle theory of polarization. Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1812 showed that this theory explained all known phenomena of light polarization. At that time the polarization was considered as the proof of the particle theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024182319641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "To explain the origin of colors, Robert Hooke (1635-1703) developed a \"pulse theory\" and compared the spreading of light to that of waves in water in his 1665 work Micrographia (\"Observation IX\"). In 1672 Hooke suggested that light's vibrations could be perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) worked out a mathematical wave theory of light in 1678, and published it in his Treatise on light in 1690. He proposed that light was emitted in all directions as a series of waves in a medium called the Luminiferous ether. As waves are not affected by gravity, it was assumed that they slowed down upon entering a denser medium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.842535018920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "The wave theory predicted that light waves could interfere with each other like sound waves (as noted around 1800 by Thomas Young). Young showed by means of a diffraction experiment that light behaved as waves. He also proposed that different colours were caused by different wavelengths of light, and explained colour vision in terms of three-coloured receptors in the eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.132321357727051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Newton's corpuscular theory implied that light would travel faster in a denser medium, while the wave theory of Huygens and others implied the opposite. At that time, the speed of light could not be measured accurately enough to decide which theory was correct. The first to make a sufficiently accurate measurement was Léon Foucault, in 1850. His result supported the wave theory, and the classical particle theory was finally abandoned, only to partly re-emerge in the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990673065185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In 1845, Michael Faraday discovered that the plane of polarisation of linearly polarised light is rotated when the light rays travel along the magnetic field direction in the presence of a transparent dielectric, an effect now known as Faraday rotation. This was the first evidence that light was related to electromagnetism. In 1846 he speculated that light might be some form of disturbance propagating along magnetic field lines. Faraday proposed in 1847 that light was a high-frequency electromagnetic vibration, which could propagate even in the absence of a medium such as the ether.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.945956230163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Faraday's work inspired James Clerk Maxwell to study electromagnetic radiation and light. Maxwell discovered that self-propagating electromagnetic waves would travel through space at a constant speed, which happened to be equal to the previously measured speed of light. From this, Maxwell concluded that light was a form of electromagnetic radiation: he first stated this result in 1862 in On Physical Lines of Force. In 1873, he published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which contained a full mathematical description of the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields, still known as Maxwell's equations. Soon after, Heinrich Hertz confirmed Maxwell's theory experimentally by generating and detecting radio waves in the laboratory, and demonstrating that these waves behaved exactly like visible light, exhibiting properties such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Maxwell's theory and Hertz's experiments led directly to the development of modern radio, radar, television, electromagnetic imaging, and wireless communications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.639986038208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "In 1900 Max Planck, attempting to explain black body radiation suggested that although light was a wave, these waves could gain or lose energy only in finite amounts related to their frequency. Planck called these \"lumps\" of light energy \"quanta\" (from a Latin word for \"how much\"). In 1905, Albert Einstein used the idea of light quanta to explain the photoelectric effect, and suggested that these light quanta had a \"real\" existence. In 1923 Arthur Holly Compton showed that the wavelength shift seen when low intensity X-rays scattered from electrons (so called Compton scattering) could be explained by a particle-theory of X-rays, but not a wave theory. In 1926 Gilbert N. Lewis named these light quanta particles photons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.393603324890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Light" } ]

[ { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Five operational OVs were built: Columbia (OV-102), Challenger (OV-099), Discovery (OV-103), Atlantis (OV-104), and Endeavour (OV-105). A mock-up, Inspiration, currently stands at the entrance to the Astronaut Hall of Fame. An additional craft, Enterprise (OV-101), was built for atmospheric testing gliding and landing; it was originally intended to be outfitted for orbital operations after the test program, but it was found more economical to upgrade the structural test article STA-099 into orbiter Challenger (OV-099). Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds after launch in 1986, and Endeavour was built as a replacement from structural spare components. Building Endeavour cost about US$1.7 billion. Columbia broke apart over Texas during re-entry in 2003. A Space Shuttle launch cost around $450 million. ", "precise_score": 0.1278916597366333, "rough_score": -5.242397308349609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "On February 1, 2003, Columbia disintegrated during re-entry, killing its crew of seven, because of damage to the carbon-carbon leading edge of the wing caused during launch. Ground control engineers had made three separate requests for high-resolution images taken by the Department of Defense that would have provided an understanding of the extent of the damage, while NASA's chief thermal protection system (TPS) engineer requested that astronauts on board Columbia be allowed to leave the vehicle to inspect the damage. NASA managers intervened to stop the Department of Defense's assistance and refused the request for the spacewalk, and thus the feasibility of scenarios for astronaut repair or rescue by Atlantis were not considered by NASA management at the time. ", "precise_score": 5.8154296875, "rough_score": -0.7315675020217896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Space Shuttles have been features of fiction and nonfiction, from children's movies to documentaries. Early examples include the 1979 James Bond film, Moonraker, the 1982 Activision videogame Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space (1982) and G. Harry Stine's 1981 novel Shuttle Down. In the 1986 film SpaceCamp, Atlantis accidentally launched into space with a group of U.S. Space Camp participants as its crew. The 1998 film Armageddon portrayed a combined crew of offshore oil rig workers and US military staff who pilot two modified Shuttles to avert the destruction of Earth by an asteroid. Retired American test pilots visited a Russian satellite in the 2000 Clint Eastwood adventure film Space Cowboys. In the 2003 film The Core, the Endeavours landing is disrupted by the earth's magnetic core, and its crew is selected to pilot the vehicle designed to restart the core. The 2004 Bollywood movie Swades, where a Space Shuttle was used to launch a special rainfall monitoring satellite, was filmed at Kennedy Space Center in the year following the Columbia disaster that had taken the life of Indian-American astronaut KC Chawla. On television, the 1996 drama The Cape portrayed the lives of a group of NASA astronauts as they prepared for and flew Shuttle missions. Odyssey 5 was a short lived sci-fi series that featured the crew of a Space Shuttle as the last survivors of a disaster that destroyed Earth. The 1997- 2007 Sci-fi series Stargate SG-1 had a shuttle rescue written into an episode. The 2013 film Gravity features the fictional space shuttle Explorer, whose crew are killed or left stranded after it is destroyed by a shower of high speed orbital debris.", "precise_score": -4.691026210784912, "rough_score": -5.4203901290893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "During powered flight of the space shuttle, crew escape was not possible. Launch escape systems were considered several times during shuttle development, but NASA's conclusion was that the shuttle's expected high reliability would preclude the need for one. Modified SR-71 Blackbird ejection seats and full pressure suits were used for the two-man crews on the first four shuttle orbital missions, which were considered test flights, but they were removed for the \"operational\" missions that followed. (The Columbia Accident Investigation Board later declared, after the 2003 Columbia re-entry disaster, that the space shuttle system should never have been declared operational because it is experimental by nature due to the limited number of flights as compared to certified commercial aircraft.) The multi-deck design of the crew cabin precluded use of such ejection seats for larger crews. Providing some sort of launch escape system had been considered, but deemed impractical due to \"limited utility, technical complexity and excessive cost in dollars, weight or schedule delays.\"", "precise_score": -3.865652084350586, "rough_score": -5.680667400360107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "After the accident, NASA's Space Shuttle fleet was grounded for almost three years while the investigation, hearings, engineering redesign of the SRBs, and other behind-the-scenes technical and management reviews, changes, and preparations were taking place. At 11:37 on September 29, 1988, Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off with a crew of five from Kennedy Space Center pad 39-B. It carried a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-C (named TDRS-3 after deployment), which replaced TDRS-B, the satellite that was launched and lost on Challenger. The \"Return to Flight\" launch of Discovery also represented a test of the redesigned boosters, a shift to a more conservative stance on safety (e.g., it was the first time the crew had launched in pressure suits since STS-4, the last of the four initial Shuttle test flights), and a chance to restore national pride in the American space program, especially manned space flight. The mission, STS-26, was a success (with only two minor system failures, one of a cabin cooling system and one of a Ku-band antenna), and a regular schedule of STS flights followed, continuing without extended interruption until the 2003 Columbia disaster.", "precise_score": -1.8295001983642578, "rough_score": -3.1546549797058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 2004, President George W. Bush conferred posthumous Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the Challenger and Columbia accidents. ", "precise_score": -1.651903748512268, "rough_score": -5.229842662811279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Space Shuttle started flying in 1981, but the US Congress failed to approve sufficient funds to make Freedom a reality. A fleet of four shuttles was built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. A fifth shuttle, Endeavour, was built to replace Challenger which was destroyed in an accident during launch which killed 7 astronauts on January 28, 1986. Twenty-two Shuttle flights carried a European Space Agency sortie space station called Spacelab in the payload bay from 1983 to 1998.", "precise_score": -1.9198496341705322, "rough_score": -5.463810443878174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 after 135 orbital flights, several of which helped assemble, supply, and crew the ISS. Columbia was destroyed in another accident during reentry, which killed 7 astronauts on February 1, 2003.", "precise_score": 4.566394329071045, "rough_score": 0.33106666803359985, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The crew of seven aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia were killed on reentry after completing a successful mission in space on February 1, 2003. A wing leading edge reinforced carbon-carbon heat shield had been damaged by a piece of frozen external tank foam insulation which broke off and struck the wing during launch. Hot reentry gasses entered and destroyed the wing structure, leading to breakup of the orbiter vehicle.", "precise_score": 6.270319938659668, "rough_score": -0.9737222790718079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when Columbia disintegrated over Texas and Louisiana as it re-entered Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members.", "precise_score": 9.500679969787598, "rough_score": 8.040619850158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Mission STS-107 was the 113th Space Shuttle launch. Planned to begin on January 11, 2001, the mission was delayed 18 times and eventually launched on January 16, 2003, following STS-113. (The Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined that this delay had nothing to do with the catastrophic failure.)", "precise_score": -1.6126410961151123, "rough_score": -3.959493637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 9:00:18 (EI+969): Videos and eyewitness reports by observers on the ground in and near Dallas indicated that the Orbiter had disintegrated overhead, continued to break up into smaller pieces, and left multiple ion trails, as it continued eastward. In Mission Control, while the loss of signal was a cause for concern, there was no sign of any serious problem. Before the orbiter broke up at 9:00:18, the Columbia cabin pressure was nominal and the crew was capable of conscious actions. The crew module remained mostly intact through the breakup, though it was damaged enough that it lost pressure at a rate fast enough to incapacitate the crew within seconds, and was completely depressurized no later than 9:00:53.", "precise_score": 1.1742932796478271, "rough_score": -1.223939299583435, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Columbias flight data recorder was found near Hemphill, Texas, on March 19, 2003. Unlike commercial jet aircraft, the space shuttles did not have flight data recorders intended for after-crash analysis. Instead, the vehicle data were transmitted in real time to the ground via telemetry. Since Columbia was the first shuttle, it had a special flight data OEX (Orbiter EXperiments) recorder, designed to help engineers better understand vehicle performance during the first test flights. After the initial Shuttle test-flights were completed, the recorder was never removed from Columbia, and it was still functioning on the crashed flight. It recorded many hundreds of parameters, and contained very extensive logs of structural and other data, which allowed the CAIB to reconstruct many of the events during the process leading to breakup. Investigators could often use the loss of signals from sensors on the wing to track how the damage progressed. This was correlated with forensic debris analysis conducted at Lehigh University and other tests to obtain a final conclusion about the probable course of events. ", "precise_score": -0.2697981894016266, "rough_score": -3.4283339977264404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "On February 2, 2003, and throughout March, April, and May 2003, large memorial Catholic Brazilian masses and Roman Catholic memorial concerts were held in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and other cities in Brazil where Brazilian Catholic priest Marcelo Rossi and his concert partner Belo sang a Christian hymn \"Noites Traicoeiras\" (Treacherous Nights) as tribute to the seven Columbia astronauts, as well as the other seven crew members who lost their lives in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. The concerts were televised to millions throughout Brazil and the world.", "precise_score": -0.48431241512298584, "rough_score": -4.029313564300537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Houston Astros, who reside in the same city as Johnson Space Center and whose team name honors the U.S. space program, honored the crew on April 1, 2003, the Opening Day of the season, by having seven simultaneous first pitches thrown by family and friends of the Columbia crew. For the National Anthem, 107 NASA personnel, including flight controllers and others involved in Columbias final mission, carried a U.S. flag onto the field. In addition, the Astros wore the mission patch on their sleeves and replaced all dugout advertising with the mission patch logo for the entire season. ", "precise_score": -3.310786247253418, "rough_score": -4.2002363204956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 2004, Bush conferred posthumous Congressional Space Medals of Honor to all 14 crew members lost in the Challenger and Columbia accidents. ", "precise_score": -2.502422332763672, "rough_score": -3.4180898666381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Following the loss of Columbia, the space shuttle program was suspended. The further construction of the International Space Station (ISS) was also delayed, as the space shuttles were the only available delivery vehicle for station modules. The station was supplied using Russian unmanned Progress ships, and crews were exchanged using Russian-manned Soyuz spacecraft, and forced to operate on a skeleton crew of two. ", "precise_score": -1.7656811475753784, "rough_score": -4.513772964477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In a hoax inspired by the destruction of Columbia, some images that were purported to be satellite photographs of the shuttle's explosion turned out to be screen captures from the opening scene of the 1998 film Armageddon, where the shuttle Atlantis is destroyed by asteroid fragments. In reality, Columbia disintegrated rather than exploded. In response to the disaster, FX pulled Armageddon from that night's schedule, replacing it with Aliens. ", "precise_score": -2.0451295375823975, "rough_score": -4.439867973327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A sixth orbiter, Enterprise, was built in 1976 for use in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003, with a total of fourteen astronauts killed. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantiss final flight on July 21, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8221435546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The operational orbiters built were OV-102 Columbia, OV-099 Challenger, OV-103 Discovery, OV-104 Atlantis, and OV-105 Endeavour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970314979553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The first operational orbiter, Columbia, originally had the same markings as Enterprise, although the letters \"USA\" on the right wing were slightly larger and spaced farther apart. Columbia also had black markings which Enterprise lacked on its forward RCS module, around the cockpit windows, and on its vertical stabilizer, and had distinctive black \"chines\" on the forward part of its upper wing surfaces, which none of the other orbiters had.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09970474243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 1983, Enterprise had its wing markings changed to match Challenger, and the NASA \"worm\" logotype on the aft end of the payload bay doors was changed from gray to black. Some black markings were added to the nose, cockpit windows and vertical tail to more closely resemble the flight vehicles, but the name \"Enterprise\" remained on the payload bay doors as there was never any need to open them. Columbia had its name moved to the forward fuselage to match the other flight vehicles after STS-61-C, during the 1986–88 hiatus when the shuttle fleet was grounded following the loss of Challenger, but retained its original wing markings until its last overhaul (after STS-93), and its unique black wing \"chines\" for the remainder of its operational life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.250951766967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Space Shuttle was initially developed in the 1970s, but received many upgrades and modifications afterward to improve performance, reliability and safety. Internally, the Shuttle remained largely similar to the original design, with the exception of the improved avionics computers. In addition to the computer upgrades, the original analog primary flight instruments were replaced with modern full-color, flat-panel display screens, called a glass cockpit, which is similar to those of contemporary airliners. To facilitate construction of ISS, the internal airlocks of each orbiter except Columbia were replaced with external docking systems to allow for a greater amount of cargo to be stored on the Shuttle's mid-deck during station resupply missions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6794562339782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "STS-70 was delayed in 1995, when woodpeckers bored holes in the foam insulation of Discoverys external tank. Since then, NASA has installed commercial plastic owl decoys and inflatable owl balloons which had to be removed prior to launch. The delicate nature of the foam insulation had been the cause of damage to the Thermal Protection System, the tile heat shield and heat wrap of the orbiter. NASA remained confident that this damage, while it was the primary cause of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on February 1, 2003, would not jeopardize the completion of the International Space Station (ISS) in the projected time allotted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.265267848968506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Shuttle was monitored throughout its ascent for short range tracking (10 seconds before liftoff through 57 seconds after), medium range (7 seconds before liftoff through 110 seconds after) and long range (7 seconds before liftoff through 165 seconds after). Short range cameras included 22 16mm cameras on the Mobile Launch Platform and 8 16mm on the Fixed Service Structure, 4 high speed fixed cameras located on the perimeter of the launch complex plus an additional 42 fixed cameras with 16mm motion picture film. Medium range cameras included remotely operated tracking cameras at the launch complex plus 6 sites along the immediate coast north and south of the launch pad, each with 800mm lens and high speed cameras running 100 frames per second. These cameras ran for only 4–10 seconds due to limitations in the amount of film available. Long range cameras included those mounted on the external tank, SRBs and orbiter itself which streamed live video back to the ground providing valuable information about any debris falling during ascent. Long range tracking cameras with 400-inch film and 200-inch video lenses were operated by a photographer at Playalinda Beach as well as 9 other sites from 38 miles north at the Ponce Inlet to 23 miles south to Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB) and additional mobile optical tracking camera was stationed on Merritt Island during launches. A total of 10 HD cameras were used both for ascent information for engineers and broadcast feeds to networks such as NASA TV and HDNet. The number of cameras significantly increased and numerous existing cameras were upgraded at the recommendation of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board to provide better information about the debris during launch. Debris was also tracked using a pair of Weibel Continuous Pulse Doppler X-band radars, one on board the SRB recovery ship MV Liberty Star positioned north east of the launch pad and on a ship positioned south of the launch pad. Additionally, during the first 2 flights following the loss of Columbia and her crew, a pair of NASA WB-57 reconnaissance aircraft equipped with HD Video and Infrared flew at 60000 ft to provide additional views of the launch ascent. Kennedy Space Center also invested nearly $3 million in improvements to the digital video analysis systems in support of debris tracking. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2291259765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "NASA preferred Space Shuttle landings to be at Kennedy Space Center. If weather conditions made landing there unfavorable, the Shuttle could delay its landing until conditions are favorable, touch down at Edwards Air Force Base, California, or use one of the multiple alternate landing sites around the world. A landing at any site other than Kennedy Space Center meant that after touchdown the Shuttle must be mated to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and returned to Cape Canaveral. Space Shuttle Columbia (STS-3) once landed at the White Sands Space Harbor, New Mexico; this was viewed as a last resort as NASA scientists believe that the sand could potentially damage the Shuttle's exterior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7678093910217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Evidence of serious O-ring erosion was present as early as the second space shuttle mission, STS-2, which was flown by Columbia. Contrary to NASA regulations, the Marshall Center did not report this problem to senior management at NASA, but opted to keep the problem within their reporting channels with Thiokol. Even after the O-rings were redesignated as \"Criticality 1\"—meaning that their failure would result in the destruction of the Orbiter—no one at Marshall suggested that the shuttles be grounded until the flaw could be fixed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9948883056640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, attention once again focused on the attitude of NASA management towards safety issues. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) concluded that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons of Challenger. In particular, the agency had not set up a truly independent office for safety oversight; the CAIB felt that in this area, \"NASA's response to the Rogers Commission did not meet the Commission's intent\". The CAIB believed that \"the causes of the institutional failure responsible for Challenger have not been fixed,\" saying that the same \"flawed decision making process\" that had resulted in the Challenger accident was responsible for Columbias destruction seventeen years later. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.723188400268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Tufte has also argued that poor presentation of information may have also affected NASA decisions during the last flight of the space shuttle Columbia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.871014595031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In Huntsville, Alabama, home of Marshall Space Flight Center, Challenger Elementary School, Challenger Middle School, and the future McNair Junior High School are all named in memory of the crew. (Huntsville has also named new schools posthumously in memory of each of the Apollo 1 astronauts and the final Space Shuttle Columbia crew.) Streets in a neighborhood established in the late-1980s in nearby Decatur are named in memory of each of the Challenger crew members (Onizuka excluded), as well as the three deceased Apollo 1 astronauts. Julian Harris Elementary School is located on McAuliffe Drive, and its mascot is the Challengers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.483458042144775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In San Antonio, Texas, Scobee Elementary School opened in 1987, the year after the disaster. Students at the school are referred to as \"Challengers.\" An elementary school in Nogales, Arizona, commemorates the accident in name, Challenger Elementary School, and their school motto, \"Reach for the sky\". The suburbs of Seattle, Washington are home to Challenger Elementary School in Issaquah, Washington and Christa McAuliffe Elementary School in Sammamish, Washington. and Dick Scobee Elementary in Auburn, Washington. In San Diego, California, the next-opened public middle school in the San Diego Unified School District was named Challenger Middle School. The City of Palmdale, the birthplace of the entire shuttle fleet, and its neighbor City of Lancaster, California, both renamed 10th Street East, from Avenue M to Edwards Air Force Base, to Challenger Way in honor of the lost shuttle and its crew. This was the road that the Challenger, Enterprise, and Columbia all were towed along in their initial move from U.S. Air Force Plant 42 to Edwards AFB after completion since Palmdale airport had not yet installed the shuttle crane for placement of an orbiter on the 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. In addition, the City of Lancaster has built Challenger Middle School, and Challenger Memorial Hall at the former site of the Antelope Valley Fairgrounds, all in tribute to the Challenger shuttle and crew. Another school was opened in Chicago, IL as the Sharon Christa McAuliffe Elementary school. The public Peers Park in Palo Alto, California features a \"Challenger Memorial Grove\" that includes redwood trees grown from seeds carried aboard Challenger in 1985. In Boise, ID, Boise High School has a memorial to the Challenger astrounauts. In 1986 in Webster, Texas, the \"Challenger Seven Memorial Park\" was also dedicated in remembrance of the event. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.661316871643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Challenger Columbia Stadium in League City, Texas is named in honor of the victims of both the Challenger disaster as well as the Columbia disaster in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.722221374511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* In 1981, three pad workers were killed by a nitrogen-rich atmosphere in the aft engine compartment of the Space Shuttle Columbia at the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54259967803955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human spaceflight" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "During the launch of STS-107, Columbias 28th mission, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. A few previous shuttle launches had seen minor damage from foam shedding, but some engineers suspected that the damage to Columbia was more serious. NASA managers limited the investigation, reasoning that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.502603054046631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure, which caused the spacecraft to become unstable and slowly break apart. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.680706024169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "About 82 seconds after launch from Kennedy Space Center's LC-39-A, a suitcase-size piece of foam broke off from the External Tank (ET), striking Columbias left wing reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panels. As demonstrated by ground experiments conducted by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, this likely created a 6 to diameter hole, allowing hot gases to enter the wing when Columbia later re-entered the atmosphere. At the time of the foam strike, the orbiter was at an altitude of about 66000 ft, traveling at Mach 2.46 (1870 mph).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.1841402053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In a risk-management scenario similar to the Challenger disaster, NASA management failed to recognize the relevance of engineering concerns for safety and suggestions for imaging to inspect possible damage, and failed to respond to engineers' requests about the status of astronaut inspection of the left wing. Engineers made three separate requests for Department of Defense (DOD) imaging of the shuttle in orbit to more precisely determine damage. While the images were not guaranteed to show the damage, the capability existed for imaging of sufficient resolution to provide meaningful examination. NASA management did not honor the requests and in some cases intervened to stop the DOD from assisting. The CAIB recommended subsequent shuttle flights be imaged while in orbit using ground-based or space-based DOD assets. Details of the DOD's unfulfilled participation with Columbia remain secret; retired NASA official Wayne Hale stated in 2012 that \"[a]ctivity regarding other national assets and agencies remains classified and I cannot comment on that aspect of the Columbia tragedy.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37965202331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Throughout the risk assessment process, senior NASA managers were influenced by their belief that nothing could be done even if damage were detected. This affected their stance on investigation urgency, thoroughness and possible contingency actions. They decided to conduct a parametric \"what-if\" scenario study more suited to determine risk probabilities of future events, instead of inspecting and assessing the actual damage. The investigation report in particular singled out NASA manager Linda Ham for exhibiting this attitude. In 2013, Hale recalled that Director of Mission Operations Jon C. Harpold told him before Columbias destruction:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089289665222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Much of the risk assessment hinged on damage predictions to the thermal protection system. These fall into two categories: damage to the silica tile on the wing lower surface, and damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) leading-edge panels. The TPS includes a third category of components, thermal insulating blankets, but damage predictions are not typically performed on them. Damage assessments on the thermal blankets can be performed after an anomaly has been observed, and this has been done at least once after the return to flight following Columbia's loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987464904785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "On January 23, flight director Steve Stich sent an e-mail to Columbia, informing commander Husband and pilot McCool of the foam strike while unequivocally dismissing any concerns about entry safety. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176444053649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Columbia was scheduled to land at 9:16 a.m. EST.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03430461883545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Flight Control Team had not been working on any issues or problems related to the planned de-orbit and re-entry of Columbia. In particular, the team had indicated no concerns about the debris that hit the left wing during ascent, and treated the re-entry like any other. The team worked through the de-orbit preparation checklist and re-entry checklist procedures. Weather forecasters, with the help of pilots in the Shuttle Training Aircraft, evaluated landing-site weather conditions at the Kennedy Space Center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.376677513122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:15:30 (EI-1719): Husband and McCool executed the de-orbit burn using Columbia’s two Orbital Maneuvering System engines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139848709106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Orbiter was upside down and tail-first over the Indian Ocean at an altitude of 175 mi and speed of 17500 mph when the burn was executed. A 2-minute, 38-second de-orbit burn during the 255th orbit slowed the Orbiter to begin its re-entry into the atmosphere. The burn proceeded normally, putting the crew under about one-tenth gravity. Husband then turned Columbia right side up, facing forward with the nose pitched up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21360969543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "As Columbia descended, the heat of reentry caused wing leading-edge temperatures to rise steadily, reaching an estimated 2500 F during the next six minutes (As former Space Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale said in a press briefing, about 90% of this heating is the result of compression of the atmospheric gas caused by the orbiter's supersonic flight, rather than the result of friction).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955166816711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:48:39 (EI+270): A sensor on the left wing leading edge spar showed strains higher than those seen on previous Columbia re-entries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078605651855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:49:32 (EI+323): Columbia executed a planned roll to the right. Speed: Mach 24.5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984376907348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Columbia began a banking turn to manage lift and therefore limit the Orbiter's rate of descent and heating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481173515319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:50:53 (EI+404): Columbia entered a 10-minute period of peak heating, during which the thermal stresses were at their maximum. Speed: Mach 24.1; altitude: 243000 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139389038085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:52:00 (EI+471): Columbia was about 300 mi west of the California coastline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127965927124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:53:26 (EI+557): Columbia crossed the California coast west of Sacramento. Speed: Mach 23; altitude: 231600 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087044715881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:54:25 (EI+616): Columbia crossed from California into Nevada airspace. Speed: Mach 22.5; altitude: 227400 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06701374053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:55:00 (EI+651): Nearly 11 minutes after Columbia re-entered the atmosphere, wing leading-edge temperatures normally reached nearly 3000 F.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06888484954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:55:32 (EI+683): Columbia crossed from Nevada into Utah. Speed: Mach 21.8; altitude: 223400 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098984718322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:55:52 (EI+703): Columbia crossed from Utah into Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05203914642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:56:30 (EI+741): Columbia began a roll reversal, turning from right to left over Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8950777053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:56:45 (EI+756): Columbia crossed from Arizona to New Mexico. Speed: Mach 20.9; altitude: 219000 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033323287963867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:57:24 (EI+795): Columbia passed just north of Albuquerque.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024590492248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "* 8:58:20 (EI+851): Columbia crossed from New Mexico into Texas. Speed: Mach 19.5; altitude: 209800 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12827205657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "At 14:04 EST (19:04 UTC), President George W. Bush said, \"This day has brought terrible news and great sadness to our country ... The Columbia is lost; there are no survivors\". Despite the disaster, Bush said, \"The cause in which they died will continue....Our journey into space will go on\". Bush later declared East Texas a federal disaster area, allowing federal agencies to help with the recovery effort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.569548606872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Thousands of volunteers descended upon Texas to participate in the effort to gather the Shuttle’s remains. According to Mike Ciannilli, Project Manager of the Columbia Research and Preservation Office, \"[these people] put their life on hold to help out the nation’s space program,” showing “what space means to people.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.443046569824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Some Texas residents recovered some of the debris, ignoring the warnings, and attempted to sell it on the online auction site eBay, starting at $10,000. The auction was quickly removed, but prices for Columbia merchandise such as programs, photographs and patches, went up dramatically following the disaster, creating a surge of Columbia-related listings. A three-day amnesty offered for \"looted\" shuttle debris brought in hundreds of illegally recovered pieces. About 40,000 recovered pieces of debris have never been identified. The largest pieces recovered include the front landing gear, and a window frame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74764347076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "On May 9, 2008, it was reported that data from a disk drive on board Columbia had survived the shuttle accident, and while part of the 340 MB drive was damaged, 99% of the data was recovered. The drive was used to store data from an experiment on the properties of shear thinning. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.651482582092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "All recovered non-human Columbia debris is stored in unused office space at the Vehicle Assembly Building, except for parts of the crew compartment, which are kept separate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.407715797424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The investigation focused on the foam strike from the very beginning. Incidents of debris strikes from ice and foam causing damage during take-off were already well known, and had damaged orbiters, most noticeably during STS-45, STS-27, and STS-87. After the loss of Columbia, NASA concluded that mistakes during installation were the likely cause of foam loss, and retrained employees at Michoud Assembly Facility in Louisiana to apply foam without defects. Tile damage had also been traced to ablating insulating material from the cryogenic fuel tank in the past. The composition of the foam insulation had been changed in 1997 to exclude the use of freon, a chemical that is suspected to cause ozone depletion; while NASA was exempted from legislation phasing out CFCs, the agency chose to change the foam nonetheless. STS-107 used an older \"lightweight tank\" (a design that was succeeded by the \"superlightweight tank\", both being upgrades from the original space shuttle external tank) where the foam was sprayed on to the larger cylindrical surfaces using the newer freon-free foam. However, the bipod ramps were manufactured from BX-250 foam which was excluded from the EPA regulations and did use the original freon formula. The composition change did not contribute to the accident. In any case, the original formulation had shown frequent foam losses, as discussed earlier in this article.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.363277435302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Columbia Accident Investigation Board", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411643028259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Following protocols established after the loss of Challenger, an independent investigating board was created immediately after the accident. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board, or CAIB, was chaired by retired US Navy Admiral Harold W. Gehman, Jr., and consisted of expert military and civilian analysts who investigated the accident in detail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733612060546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Beginning on May 30, 2003, foam impact tests were performed by Southwest Research Institute. They used a compressed air gun to fire a foam block of similar size and mass to that which struck Columbia, at the same estimated speed. To represent the leading edge of Columbias left wing, RCC panels from NASA stock, along with the actual leading-edge panels from Enterprise, which were fiberglass, were mounted to a simulating structural metal frame. At the beginning of testing, the likely impact site was estimated to be between RCC panel 6 and 9, inclusive. Over many days, dozens of the foam blocks were shot at the wing leading edge model at various angles. These produced only cracks or surface damage to the RCC panels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.235629081726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "During June, further analysis of information from Columbia's flight data recorder narrowed the probable impact site to one single panel: RCC wing panel 8. On July 7, in a final round of testing, a block fired at the side of an RCC panel 8 created a hole 16 by in that protective RCC panel. The tests demonstrated that a foam impact of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the thermal protection system on the wing leading edge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707332611083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "On December 30, 2008, NASA released a further report, entitled Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report, produced by a second commission, the Spacecraft Crew Survival Integrated Investigation Team (SCSIIT). NASA had commissioned this group, \"to perform a comprehensive analysis of the accident, focusing on factors and events affecting crew survival, and to develop recommendations for improving crew survival for all future human space flight vehicles.\" The report concluded that: \"The Columbia depressurization event occurred so rapidly that the crew members were incapacitated within seconds, before they could configure the suit for full protection from loss of cabin pressure. Although circulatory systems functioned for a brief time, the effects of the depressurization were severe enough that the crew could not have regained consciousness. This event was lethal to the crew.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3212409019470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Normally, a rescue mission is not possible, due to the time required to prepare a shuttle for launch, and the limited consumables (power, water, air) of an orbiting shuttle. However, Atlantis was well along in processing for a planned March 1 launch on STS-114, and Columbia carried an unusually large quantity of consumables due to an Extended Duration Orbiter package. The CAIB determined that this would have allowed Columbia to stay in orbit until flight day 30 (February 15). NASA investigators determined that Atlantis processing could have been expedited with no skipped safety checks for a February 10 launch. Hence, if nothing went wrong, there was a five-day overlap for a possible rescue. As mission control could deorbit an empty shuttle, but could not control the orbiter's reentry and landing, it would likely have sent Columbia into the Pacific Ocean; NASA later developed the Remote Control Orbiter system to permit mission control to land a shuttle. Docking at the International Space Station for use as a haven while awaiting rescue (or to use the Soyuz to systematically ferry the crew to safety) would have been impossible due to the different orbital inclination of the vehicles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.292537212371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "NASA investigators determined that on-orbit repair by the shuttle astronauts was possible but overall considered \"high risk\", primarily due to the uncertain resiliency of the repair using available materials and the anticipated high risk of doing additional damage to the Orbiter. Columbia did not carry the Canadarm, or Remote Manipulator System, which would normally be used for camera inspection or transporting a spacewalking astronaut to the wing. Therefore, an unusual emergency extra-vehicular activity (EVA) would have been required. While there was no astronaut EVA training for maneuvering to the wing, astronauts are always prepared for a similarly difficult emergency EVA to close the external tank umbilical doors located on the orbiter underside, which is necessary for reentry. Similar methods could have reached the shuttle left wing for inspection or repair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.04513168334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "For the repair, the CAIB determined that the astronauts would have to use tools and small pieces of titanium, or other metal, scavenged from the crew cabin. These metals would help protect the wing structure and would be held in place during re-entry by a water-filled bag that had turned into ice in the cold of space. The ice and metal would help restore wing leading edge geometry, preventing a turbulent airflow over the wing and therefore keeping heating and burn-through levels low enough for the crew to survive re-entry and bail out before landing. The CAIB could not determine whether a patched-up left wing would have survived even a modified re-entry, and concluded that the rescue option would have had a considerably higher chance of bringing Columbia's crew back alive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.489198684692383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "NASA named several places in honor of Columbia and the crew. Seven asteroids discovered in July 2001 at the Mount Palomar observatory were officially given the names of the seven astronauts: 51823 Rickhusband, 51824 Mikeanderson, 51825 Davidbrown, 51826 Kalpanachawla, 51827 Laurelclark, 51828 Ilanramon, 51829 Williemccool. On Mars, the landing site of the rover Spirit was named Columbia Memorial Station, and included a memorial plaque to the Columbia crew mounted on the back of the high gain antenna. A complex of seven hills east of the Spirit landing site was dubbed the Columbia Hills; each of the seven hills was individually named for a member of the crew, and Husband Hill in particular was ascended and explored by the rover. In 2006, the IAU approved naming of a cluster of seven small craters in the Apollo basin on the Far side of the Moon after the astronauts. Back on Earth, NASA's National Scientific Balloon Facility was renamed the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.512063980102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Other tributes included the decision by Amarillo, Texas, to rename its airport Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport after the Amarillo native. State Route 904 was renamed Lt. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Highway, as it runs through Cheney, Washington, the town where he graduated from high school. A newly constructed elementary school located on Fairchild Air Force Base near Spokane, Washington, was named Michael Anderson Elementary School. Anderson had attended fifth grade at Blair Elementary, the base's previous elementary school, while his father was stationed there. A mountain peak near Kit Carson Peak and Challenger Point in the Sangre de Cristo Range was renamed Columbia Point, and a dedication plaque was placed on the point in August, 2003. Seven dormitories were named in honor of Columbia crew members at the Florida Institute of Technology, Creighton University, The University of Texas at Arlington, and the Columbia Elementary School in the Brevard County School District. The Huntsville City Schools in Huntsville, Alabama, a city strongly associated with NASA, named their most recent high school Columbia High School as a memorial to the crew. A Department of Defense school in Guam was renamed Commander William C. McCool Elementary School. The City of Palmdale, California, the birthplace of the entire shuttle fleet, changed the name of the thoroughfare Avenue M to Columbia Way. In Avondale, Arizona, the Avondale Elementary School where Michael Anderson's sister worked had sent a T-shirt with him into space. It was supposed to have an assembly when he returned from space. The school was later renamed Michael Anderson Elementary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.419734001159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In October 2004, both houses of Congress passed a resolution authored by US Representative Lucille Roybal-Allard and co-sponsored by the entire contingent of California representatives to Congress changing the name of Downey, California's Space Science Learning Center to the Columbia Memorial Space Science Learning Center. The facility is located at the former manufacturing site of the space shuttles, including Columbia and Challenger. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.765368461608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "NASA named a supercomputer \"Columbia\" in the crew's honor in 2004. It was located at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center on Moffett Federal Airfield near Mountain View, California. The first part of the system, built in 2003, known as \"Kalpana\" was dedicated to Chawla, who worked at Ames prior to joining the Space Shuttle program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.328442573547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A proposed reservoir in Cherokee County in Eastern Texas is to be named Lake Columbia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938737869262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "PS 58 in Staten Island, New York, was named Space Shuttle Columbia School in honor of the failed mission. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.430737495422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Challenger Columbia Stadium in League City, Texas is named in honor of the victims of both the Columbia disaster as well as the Challenger disaster in 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412496566772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Columbia Colles, a range of hills on Pluto discovered by the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015, was named in honor of the victims of the disaster. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077203750610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A starship on Star Trek: Enterprise was named U.S.S. Columbia in honor of the Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43280029296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The actual cause of the foam loss on both Columbia and Discovery was not determined until December 2005, when x-ray photographs of another tank showed that thermal expansion and contraction during filling, not human error, caused cracks that led to foam loss. NASA's Hale formally apologized to the Michoud workers who had been blamed for the loss of Columbia for almost three years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.882546424865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Columbia Crew Survival Investigation Report released by NASA on December 30, 2008, made further recommendations to improve a crew's survival chances on future space vehicles, such as the (planned) Orion spacecraft. These include improvements in crew restraints, finding ways to deal more effectively with catastrophic cabin depressurization, more \"graceful degradation\" of vehicles during a disaster so that crews will have a better chance at survival, and automated parachute systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.038904190063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Catherine Faber and Callie Hills (the filk group known as Echo's Children) included a memorial song titled Columbia on their 2004 album From the Hazel Tree. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437464714050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Swiss post-rock band The Evpatoria Report used the records of radio communication between Columbia and CAPCOM as a sample for their instrumental song Taijin Kyofusho on their 2005 album Golevka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360064506530762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Hungarian composer Peter Eötvös wrote a piece named Seven for solo violin and orchestra in 2006 in memory of the crew of Columbia. Seven was premiered in 2007 by violinist Akiko Suwanai, conducted by Pierre Boulez, and it was recorded in 2012 with violinist Patricia Kopatchinskaja and the composer conducting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95821762084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The 2008 album Columbia: We Dare to Dream by Anne Cabrera was written as a tribute to space shuttle Columbia STS-107, the crew, support teams, recovery teams, and the crew's families. A copy of the album on compact disc was flown aboard space shuttle Discovery mission STS-131 to the International Space Station by astronaut Clayton Anderson in April 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.572259426116943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Columbia disaster" } ]

[ { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Oregon Trail is a 2170 mi historic east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon.", "precise_score": 4.8154401779174805, "rough_score": 5.8704514503479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Oregon Trail was laid by fur trappers and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly further west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.", "precise_score": 3.2797837257385254, "rough_score": 5.025355815887451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "As the years passed, the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River. Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries, farming, lumbering, ranching, and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas. Traffic became two-directional as towns were established along the trail. By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels. With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California, most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences.", "precise_score": -1.4897487163543701, "rough_score": -1.4012401103973389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove, the Oregon Trail's primary starting point was Independence, Missouri, or Westport, (which was annexed into modern day Kansas City), on the Missouri River. Later, several feeder trails led across Kansas, and some towns became starting points, including Weston, Fort Leavenworth, Atchison, St. Joseph, and Omaha.", "precise_score": 5.39441442489624, "rough_score": 6.407374382019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Initially, the main \"jumping off point\" was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail—Independence, and Kansas City. Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River. After following the Santa Fe trail to near present-day Topeka, they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west. Another busy \"jumping off point\" was St. Joseph—established in 1843. In its early days, St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town, serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier. St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi River systems. During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward. Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865, St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail. Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin, Arrow Rock, and Fort Osage.", "precise_score": 0.03597640246152878, "rough_score": 5.326287269592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis: \"The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream of it, as, by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado and/or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce.\" Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean, it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route, the Mullan Road, connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484106063842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The first land route across what is now the United States was partially mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806. Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast; however, the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains, Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass, turned out to be much too difficult for wagons to pass through without considerable road work. On the return trip in 1806 they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again. They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River. This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west. This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians. Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage, these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains, and the expedition confirmed that there was no \"easy\" route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped. Nonetheless, this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys (Platte and Snake Rivers) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail (and other emigrant trails) across the continental dividethey just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country. They did show the way for the mountain men, who within a decade would find a better way across, even if it was not to be an easy way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.537165641784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "American Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor. The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers. Fear of Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they luckily discovered South Pass, a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide. The party continued east via the Sweetwater River, North Platte River (where they spent the winter of 1812–13) and Platte River to the Missouri River, finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813. The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route, requiring minimal improvements, and Stuart's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route. Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest, most of the route was unused for more than 10 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.420519828796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as \"unfit for human habitation\" and as \"The Great American Desert\". These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water. The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like \"desert\" were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this \"desert\". In the 1840s, the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 — initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements. The next available land for general settlement, Oregon, appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands, disease free climate (yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then), extensive uncut, unclaimed forests, big rivers, potential seaports, and only a few nominally British settlers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936054229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In fall of 1823, Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River. They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter. Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River. Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River, they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage. On July 4, 1824, they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River. Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses (on credit) and retrieved their furs. They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813—eleven years before. Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840. Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057717323303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers, employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers, who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s. They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection. Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime. Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins. A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man's wage was often $1 per day. Some were more interested in exploring the West. In 1825, the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry's Fork of the Green River. The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River. These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales. They normally used the north side of the Platte River—the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail. For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations, usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming. Each rendezvous, occurring during the slack summer period, allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies. In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies. Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of \"Mirth, songs, dancing, shouting, trading, running, jumping, singing, racing, target-shooting, yarns, frolic, with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent.\" In 1830, William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte, North Platte, and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney, Wyoming. He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed. This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons. In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies. The HBC's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise. Beginning in 1834, it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders—losing money but undercutting the American fur traders. By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.122537612915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "On May 16, 1842, the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove, Missouri, with more than 100 pioneers. The party was led by Elijah White. The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336058616638184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In what was dubbed \"The Great Migration of 1843\" or the \"Wagon Train of 1843\", an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon. They were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person. The winter before, Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his Mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions. He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip. When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way, Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon. He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons. The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber. The wagons were stopped at The Dalles, Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood. The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt. Hood. Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October. A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles. In 1846, the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood, providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley: about 2000 mi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.82039737701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Following persecution and mob action in Missouri, Illinois, and other states, and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844, Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints (LDS) church to lead the LDS settlers west. He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. In 1847 Young led a small, especially picked fast-moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha, Nebraska, and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs. About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi, Colorado, California, and several other states. The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms, growing crops, building fences and herds, and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years. After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha, the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants, which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail. Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes, farms, and cities in Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa, this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind. The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants did, typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1000 mi trip to Salt Lake City. (The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 mi per day.) In Wyoming the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon/California/Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger, where they split from the main trail and followed (and improved) the crude path established by the ill-fated Donner Party of 1846 into Utah and the Salt Lake Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.076142311096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail. Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River, Kansas River, Little Blue River, Elkhorn River, Loup River, Platte River, South Platte River, North Platte River, Laramie River, Green River, Bear River, two crossings of the Snake River, John Day River, Deschutes River, Columbia River, as well as many other smaller streams. During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars. These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers. They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860. Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.763378620147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 1860–61 the Pony Express, employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 mi to supply fresh horses, was established from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California. The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon/California/Mormon/Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada. The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7181248664855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon. The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.259890556335449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Missouri ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418492317199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million (equivalent to about $230 million today) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory. The future states of Iowa and Missouri, located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River, were part of this purchase. The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805–1806 expedition to the west coast. A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison (future ninth President of the U.S.) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk (Sac) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War. As punishment for the uprising, and as part of a larger settlement strategy, treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory. Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833. President Martin Van Buren on July 4, 1838, signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa. Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions. In 1846 the Mormons, expelled from Nauvoo, Illinois, traversed Iowa (on part of the Mormon Trail) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha, Nebraska. (See: Missouri River settlements (1846–1854)) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville, Iowa (renamed Council Bluffs in 1852) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River. For those travelers to Oregon, California, and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major \"jumping off places\" and supply points. In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail. In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County, Iowa District 21. (The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more.) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns, farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah. After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs, Iowa, Omaha (est. 1852) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and \"jumping off places\" for travelers on the Mormon, California, Oregon, and other trails west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.889370918273926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Starting initially in Independence, Missouri, or Kansas City in Missouri, the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River. After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence, the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries. After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River. Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks. There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.686100482940674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats (fitted out for ferry duty) to cross into towns in Nebraska. Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855. Fort Kearny (est. 1848) is about 200 mi from the Missouri River, and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west. The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies, do repairs, get medical aid, or mail a letter. Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.939563751220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow, crooked, muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe. The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was \"too thin to plow and too thick to drink\". While unusable for transportation, the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water, grass, buffalo, and buffalo chips for fuel. The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte. There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers. The Platte was about 1 mi wide and 2 to deep. The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available. Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1/4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841781616210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" }, { "answer": "Missouri", "passage": "Running from 1857 to 1861, the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000/yr. U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco, California. As dictated by southern Congressional members, the 2800 mi route ran from St. Louis, Missouri through Arkansas, Oklahoma Indian Territory, Texas, New Mexico Territory, and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco, California. Employing over 800 at its peak, it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows. It used 1,800 head of stock, horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night. A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days. After traveling the route, New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said, \"I now know what Hell is like. I've just had 24 days of it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970175743103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oregon Trail" } ]

[ { "answer": "Orange", "passage": "Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge is an orange-flavored liqueur created in 1880 by Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle. It is made from a blend of Cognac brandy, distilled essence of bitter orange, and sugar. Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge is 40% alcohol (70 Proof in UK, 80 Proof in US). Aside from Cordon Rouge, the Grand Marnier line includes other liqueurs, most of which can be consumed \"neat\" as a cordial or a digestif, and can be used in mixed drinks and desserts. In France this kind of use is the most popular, especially with Crêpes Suzette and \"crêpes au Grand Marnier\". César Ritz (1850–1918) reportedly came up with the name \"Grand Marnier\" for Marnier-Lapostolle, who in return helped him purchase and establish the Hotel Ritz Paris. ", "precise_score": 5.276033878326416, "rough_score": 6.2721476554870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Marnier" }, { "answer": "Orange", "passage": "Cordon Rouge or \"Red Ribbon\" is orange-flavored cognac liqueur and the original Grand Marnier liqueur created in 1880 by Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle. It is consumed neat and is also used in mixed drinks and desserts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0473220348358154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Marnier" }, { "answer": "Orange", "passage": "* No. 1 - Natural Cherry - A blend of Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge with wild tropical Haitian and Dominican oranges and European Griotte cherries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.104091644287109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Marnier" }, { "answer": "Orange", "passage": "Cordon Jaune or \"Yellow Ribbon\" Grand Marnier is only sold in some European countries and at some major international airports. Cordon Jaune is a triple-sec Curaçao-like liqueur that is made with neutral grain spirit instead of Cognac. It does not resemble Cordon Rouge or other orange-flavored brandy liqueurs so much as other high-quality, 80 proof triple-sec Curaçao liqueurs, like Cointreau original or Gabriel Boudier Curaçao Triple-sec.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2547614574432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Marnier" }, { "answer": "Orange", "passage": "Grand Marnier is used in several kinds of pastries, such as liquor cream buns. It can also be used in the French Christmas dessert known as Bûche de Noël (Yule log). It is frequently used in recipes for cranberry sauce, as sweetness and citrus can be a contrast to the bitterness of cranberries. It is also an ingredient for the preparation of flambé dishes, such as Crêpes Suzette, Grand Marnier soufflé and crème brûlée. It can also be used in the sauce of the \"Canard à l'Orange\" roasted duck dish. It can also be simply drizzled over vanilla ice cream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8132840394973755, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Marnier" } ]

[ { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written on September 14, 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "precise_score": 8.721840858459473, "rough_score": 8.605618476867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "During the War of 1812 a storm flag () was flown over Fort McHenry during the bombardment. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14, 1814 with a larger garrison flag (). The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore. The sight of the ensign inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" that was later set to the tune To Anacreon in Heaven and become known as the Star Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States.", "precise_score": 7.460815906524658, "rough_score": 7.974370002746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halted their advance and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack. The resistance of Baltimore’s Fort McHenry during bombardment by the Royal Navy inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", which later became the lyrics for \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" the national anthem of the United States of America.", "precise_score": 5.171509742736816, "rough_score": 5.791890621185303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Baltimore" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "At the bombardment of Fort McHenry, the British naval guns, mortars and revolutionary new \"Congreve rockets\" had a longer range than the American cannon onshore, and the ships mostly stood off out of the Americans' range, bombarding the fort, which returned very little fire and was not too heavily damaged during the onslaught except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces and resulting in a few casualties. Despite however the heavy bombardment, casualties in the fort were slight and the British ships eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force. After a last ditch night feint and barge attack during the heavy rain storm at the time led by Capt. Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west which was split and misdirected partly in the storm, then turned back with heavy casualties by alert gunners at supporting western batteries Fort Covington and Battery Babcock, so the British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the eastside of Baltimore. All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack, and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours. The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry, illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort. The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem that was set to music as \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.123312473297119, "source": "wiki", "title": "War of 1812" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Francis Scott Key's lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.391302108764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure the exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.110800743103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads \"Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463054656982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, a civilian prisoner of war, witnessed the bombardment from a nearby truce ship. An oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. When Key saw the flag emerge intact in the dawn of September 14, he was so moved that he began that morning to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" which would later be renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and become the United States' national anthem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.922915518283844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "During the American Civil War the area where Fort McHenry sits served as a military prison, confining both Confederate soldiers, as well as a large number of Maryland political figures who were suspected of being Confederate sympathizers. The imprisoned included newly elected Baltimore Mayor George William Brown, the city council, and the new police commissioner, George P. Kane, and members of the Maryland General Assembly along with several newspaper editors and owners. Ironically, Francis Scott Key's grandson, Francis Key Howard, was one of these political detainees. A drama beginning the famous Supreme Court case involving the night arrest in Baltimore County and imprisonment here of John Merryman and the upholding of his demand for a writ of habeas corpus for release by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney occurred at the gates between Court and Federal Marshals and the commander of Union troops occupying the Fort under orders from President Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Fort McHenry also served to train artillery at this time; this service is the origin of the Rodman guns presently located and displayed at the fort. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9081294536590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "Image:FMcHOrpheus.jpg|Adjacent to Fort McHenry lies a monument of Orpheus that is dedicated to the soldiers of the fort and Francis Scott Key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.498371124267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fort McHenry" }, { "answer": "Francis Scott Key", "passage": "An American lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, was on a mercy mission for the release of Dr. William Beanes, a prisoner of the British. Key showed the British letters from wounded British officers praising the care they received from Dr. Beanes. The British agreed to release Beanes, but Key and Beanes were forced to stay with the British until the attack on Baltimore was over. Key watched the proceedings from a truce ship in the Patapsco River. On the morning of the 14th, Key saw the American flag waving above Fort McHenry. Inspired, he began jotting down verses on the back of a letter he was carrying. When Key reached Baltimore, his poem, titled \"Defense of Fort McHenry,\" was printed on pamphlets by the Baltimore American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.465912342071533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Battle of Baltimore" } ]

[ { "answer": "Columbia Center", "passage": "The tallest building in the U.S. city of Seattle, Washington is the 76-story Columbia Center, which rises 943 ft and was completed in 1985. It is currently the 20th-tallest building in the United States, and the tallest building in the state of Washington. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city and the state is 1201 Third Avenue, which rises 772 ft. The twenty tallest buildings in Washington are located in Seattle. ", "precise_score": 8.87500286102295, "rough_score": 9.999664306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of tallest buildings in Seattle" }, { "answer": "Columbia Center", "passage": "Downtown Seattle's Columbia Center has a greater number of floors than any other building west of the Mississippi River, at 76, though there are taller buildings in Texas and California by height. (Smith Tower, in the older section of downtown called Pioneer Square, once held the title of tallest American building west of the Mississippi.) Other notable buildings are the Washington Mutual Tower, Two Union Square, Nordstrom’s flagship store, Benaroya Hall, the Seattle Central Library designed by Rem Koolhaas, and the main building of the Seattle Art Museum (built 1991, expanded 2007), the main facade of which was designed by Robert Venturi. Downtown parks include Westlake Park, Freeway Park, and Victor Steinbrueck Park. The Olympic Sculpture Park was completed on the Belltown waterfront in January 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.403197288513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Downtown Seattle" }, { "answer": "Columbia Center", "passage": "After the abandoning of 'New York Alki', the Denny Party moved across the then named Duwamish Bay in April 1852 to a low level marsh situated with a safe deep water harbor roughly located in the City's Pioneer Square district where they named their new frontier 'Duwamps'. In the late 1850s, present day Downtown Seattle became the main residential outskirts of the city. But after the Great Seattle Fire, the business district was moved here. Because of the fire the city had to be build at a much higher elevation to avoid past drainage problems and regraded some of the City's Hills starting somewhere around 1876. Since that time the area had been filled with newly established jobs. Seattle became an industrial hub in 1897 when the Klondike Gold Rush made the city a gateway for discovering gold. Starting in the late 1960s, Downtown has been being filled with dozens of skyscrapers and most famously for changing the Seattle skyline, the Columbia Center in 1985. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3384699821472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Downtown Seattle" }, { "answer": "Columbia Center", "passage": "From the late 1920s to 1950s, the city's construction was halted due to the Great Depression which severely damaged the city's economy. Smith Tower stood as the tallest structure in Seattle until 1962 when the Space Needle became the tallest tower in the city. Seattle went through a large construction boom in the 1970s and 1980s, resulting in the construction of 15 buildings of at least 400 ft in height, including Columbia Center. Seattle entered into another high-rise construction boom in 2000, and has since seen the completion of three buildings that stand at least 500 ft. Today, Seattle boasts 14 completed skyscrapers that rise at least 500 ft in height. In terms of the number of skyscrapers, Seattle's skyline is ranked first in the Northwestern United States, third on the West Coast (after Los Angeles and San Francisco) and eleventh in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.34346866607666, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of tallest buildings in Seattle" } ]