id
stringlengths 36
36
| question
stringlengths 1
1.57k
| opa
stringlengths 1
287
| opb
stringlengths 1
287
| opc
stringlengths 1
286
| opd
stringlengths 1
301
| cop
class label 4
classes | choice_type
stringclasses 2
values | exp
stringlengths 1
22.5k
⌀ | subject_name
stringclasses 21
values | topic_name
stringlengths 3
135
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eb6f6f5c-ea9a-4620-b9ce-50cc213ae422
|
A 69-year-old woman, with poor dietary habits and alcoholism, is found to have a macrocytic anemia with hyper segmented neutrophils. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic test?
|
red blood cell vitamin levels
|
plasma vitamin levels
|
bone marrow
|
Schilling test
| 0a
|
single
|
Folate deficiency can be secondary to small bowel disease, alcoholism, inadequate intake, disease states with high cell turnover (hemolytic anemia), drugs (methotrexate), and pregnancy. The concentration of folate in plasma changes rapidly with changes in food intake, so the diagnosis of anemia secondary to folate deficiency is made more reliable by measuring red blood cell folate.
|
Medicine
|
Blood
|
5b8ecba1-e885-4cae-bfe2-507d6fd42a48
|
A previously healthy 5-year-old boy presented with a 4-day history of nausea, vomiting, and intermittent abdominal pain. On examination he had mild periorbital edema. A computed tomography scan with contrast demonstrated these findings. What is the diagnosis?
|
Hyperplastic polyps
|
Reflux gastropathy
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
|
Menetrier's disease
| 3d
|
single
|
Answer D. Menetrier's disease The correct answer is Menetrier's disease. This is a rare form of acquired protein-losing enteropathy characterized by giant gastric rugal folds and epithelial hyperplasia and is associated with hypoalbuminemia and edema. This is a pediatric form, which symptomatically resembles the adult-onset type, but can have a benign, self-limited course with spontaneous resolution.
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T.
|
7ef3a1a7-91d1-44d8-aed2-71f9adaca653
|
All are risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma Except
|
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
|
Hepatolithiasis
|
Liver flukes
|
Primary biliary cirrhosis
| 3d
|
multi
|
Primary biliary cirrhosis has increased the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Hepatolithiasis, Liver flukes have increased the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.Ref: Robbins Pathology; 9th edition; Page no: 871
|
Pathology
|
G.I.T
|
68baa85c-e906-430b-b5d5-f0b8fd24a004
|
'Turkish saddle' refers to:
|
Pituitary gland
|
Amygdaloid body
|
Hypothalamus
|
Uncus
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. a. Pituitary gland
|
Anatomy
| null |
7b28f5ba-d7ad-487c-92a0-1c88f3abf3ed
|
The most common ocular motility problem in thyroid myopathy is due to involvement of -
|
Medial rectus
|
Superior rectus
|
lnferior rectus
|
Inferior oblique
| 2c
|
single
|
Unilateral elavator palsy caused by an involvement of inferior rectus muscle. Ref . Ak khurana 6th edition pg no 414
|
Ophthalmology
|
Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus
|
845b6380-39c0-478e-b9ed-59d541b5305d
|
Which of the following is a provitamin -
|
Ascorbicacid
|
Vitamin-E
|
b-carotene
|
Vitamin-K
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., b-carotene o Two group of compounds have vitamin A activity -Vitamin 'A': - Vitamin 'A' refers to three biologically active Vitamers (i.e.. isomers of vitamin): - RetinolQ (an alcohol), retinalQ (an aldehyde), and retinoic acidQ (an acid). All of these are found only in animai They are polyisoprenoid compounds comprising two distinct components : (i) a cyclohexenyl ring and (ii) A side chain of several isoprene units attached to cyclohexenyl ring. The term 'Retinoids' is used to define these three compounds (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) and other synthetic compounds with vitamin A activity.Carotenoids : - These are provitamins of vitamin A which are present in plants. These are precursors of vitamin A which are cleaved to yield retinal (retinaldehyde) and then retinol and retinoic acid. The most important carotenoid is b-carotene, which consists of two molecules of vitamin A (retinal) joined end to end.
|
Biochemistry
|
Vitamins
|
30c92f97-eae9-4038-8395-e7dee105bc88
|
Positive sense nucleic acid genome is found in -
|
Polio virus
|
Papovavirus
|
Influenza
|
Picornavirus
| 0a
|
single
|
The genome of polio virus is a positive sense RNA REF:ANANTHANARYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.485
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
5589c117-98c3-4239-bdd6-415e55d494b2
|
Glutathione reductase assay is helpful in assessing the deficiency of
|
Niacin
|
Vit B5
|
Pyridoxine
|
Riboflavin
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Biochemistry
| null |
81faba65-e77c-4328-b3c0-2da65ac5d653
|
Krabbe's disease is due to deficiency of-
|
Sphingomyelinase
|
Beta galactocerebroside
|
Hexosaminidase
|
Arylsulfatase
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. B. Beta galactocerebrosidase Examples of SphingolipidosesDiseaseEnzyme DeficiencyLipid AccumulatingClinical SymptomsTay-Sachs diseaseHexosaminidaseACer--Glc-Gal(NeuAc)-GalNAcGM2 GangliosideMental retardation, blindness, muscular weaknessFabry diseasea-GalactosidaseCer-Glc-Gal-GalGlobotriaosylceramideSkin rash, kidney failure (full symptoms only in males; X-linked recessive)Metachromatic leukodystrophyArylsulfatase ACer--Gal-OSO3 3- SulfogalactosylceramideMental retardation and psychologic disturbances in adults; demyelinationKrabbe diseaseb-GalactosidaseCer-Gal Galactosyl ceramideMental retardation; myelin almost absentGaucher diseaseb-GlucosidaseCer-Glc GlucosylceramideEnlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones, mental retardation in infantsNiemann-Pick diseaseSphingomyelinaseCer--P--choline SphingomyelinEnlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early lifeFarber diseaseCeramidaseAcyl--Sphingosine CeramideHoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life
|
Biochemistry
|
Lipid Oxidation and Synthesis
|
2cddba43-31b1-44e4-91ed-cab6122d9f43
|
Substance dependence is due to all except
|
Personality
|
Peer Pressure
|
Family history of substance abuse
|
Intelligence
| 3d
|
multi
|
Aetiological Factors in Substance Use Disorders 1. Biological Factors i. Genetic vulnerability (family history of substance use disorder; for example in type II alcoholism) ii. Co-morbid psychiatric disorder or personality disorder iii. Co-morbid medical disorders iv. Reinforcing effects of drugs (explains continuation of drug use) v. Withdrawal effects and craving (explains continuation of drug use) vi. Biochemical factors (for example, role of dopamine and norepinephrine in cocaine, ethanol and opioid dependence) 2. Psychological Factors i. Curiosity; a need for novelty seeking ii. General rebelliousness and social non-conformity iii. Early initiation of alcohol and tobacco iv. Poor impulse control v. Sensation-seeking (high) vi. Low self-esteem (anomie) vii. Concerns regarding personal autonomy viii. Poor stress management skills ix. Childhood trauma or loss x. Relief from fatigue and/or boredom xi. Escape from reality xii. Lack of interest in conventional goals xiii. Psychological distress 3. Social Factors i. Peer pressure (often more impoant than parental factors) ii. Modelling (imitating behaviour of impoant others) iii. Ease of availability of alcohol and drugs iv. The strictness of drug law enforcement v. Intrafamilial conflicts vi. Religious reasons vii. Poor social/familial suppo viii. 'Perceived distance' within the family ix. Permissive social attitudes x. Rapid urbanisation. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 36
|
Psychiatry
|
Substance abuse
|
eb3385a6-9bc0-4fc0-94f7-c2f6c2719f69
|
When a posterior occlusal amalgam makes multiple
contacts with an occluding tooth surface, behaves as though it is in:
|
Flexion
|
Compression
|
Shear
|
Diametral compression
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
2c44fd1a-c180-42f1-891e-6ee5c5ed9dc2
|
Genomic imprinting is associated with-
|
Silencing of paternal chromosome
|
Silencing of maternal chgromosome
|
Angelman syndroma
|
All
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Silencing of paternal chromosome; 'b' i.e., Silencing of maternal chromosome; `c' i.e., Angelman syndroma Prader Willi Syndrome Deletion occurs exclusively on paternal chromosome 15 (deletion of band q 12 in long arm of chromosome 15) Features : Diminished fetal activity Hypotonia Obesity Mental retardation Sho stature Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
|
Pathology
| null |
608bdb0b-333f-4ca6-a19c-7ddd8ca5e0e5
|
A patient with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction hag developed shock. Which of the following is the most likely cause of shock -
|
Cardiac rupture
|
Inteventricular septal perforation
|
Papillary muscle rupture
|
Right ventricular infarction
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ref: R Alagappan - Manual of Practical Medicine 4th Edition.pg no:188
|
Medicine
|
C.V.S
|
e2fd6f27-7d7f-4716-aa70-ecba8b9eabad
|
Which is True about dobutamine?
|
Dobutamine decreases peripheral resistance
|
Acts on D1 and D2 receptors
|
Decrease kidney circulation
|
Has no effect on coronary circulation
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed pg no: 177 Dobutamine is a derivative of dopamine and is a selective beta1 agonist. It causes an increase in the force of contraction without a significant increase in hea rate. It also produces some vasodilatation by stimulating the beta 2 receptors. It doesn't decrease kidney circulation.
|
Pharmacology
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
6fbd848c-a5e4-4c1c-b78a-55f50cdbe0ce
|
Earliest sign of Left Atrial enlargement is:
|
Posterior displacement of esophagus
|
Widening of carinal angle
|
Elevation of left bronchus
|
Double shadow of right border
| 0a
|
single
|
Left atrial enlargement usually occurs in mitral valve disease (either stenosis or insufficiency). The earliest signs of left atrial enlargement are: Straightening of the upper left border of the cardiac silhoutte Prominence of the main pulmonary aeries Dilatation of the upper lobe pulmonary veins Posterior displacement of the esophagus by an enlarged LA which can only be demonstrated using barium swallow The earliest sign is perhaps the straightening of the upper left border of the hea. Since posterior displacement of the oesophagus is the only choice given of the above features it is the correct answer. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1392
|
Radiology
| null |
d6246dd5-fc1c-4132-b45b-2b6b78cbb9b3
|
After cataract surgery glasses are prescribed after
|
Two weeks
|
6 week
|
12 weeks
|
20 weeks
| 1b
|
single
|
After ECCE we prescribe the glasses after 6 weeks where as after is SICS we can prescribe after 2 weeks Refer: Khurana 6th edition page number 197
|
Ophthalmology
|
Lens
|
8d72a88b-49be-40c0-afbb-2d558459d22a
|
Which among the following is/are pure beta emitter(s) :
|
I-131
|
Samarium
|
Radium-226
|
Phosphorus-32
| 3d
|
single
|
Pure Beta Emitters : Strontium-89 Phosphorus -32, Ytterium-90
|
Radiology
|
Radiotherapy Pa 1
|
15a62d65-3d42-4521-8c0e-7070f122d75d
|
Skin grafting is not contraindicated in?
|
Streptococcus
|
Seroma
|
Wound edges are well approximated
|
Cellulitis
| 2c
|
single
|
Skin grafting is absolutely contraindicated in Streptococcal infection because split thickness skin graft is destroyed by these organisms. It is C/I in infections, seroma, cellulitis Well approximated edges of wound - Indication for skin grafting
|
Surgery
|
Plastic Surgery and Skin Lesions
|
afc9a7aa-ea95-4bda-adef-6c0c157909bd
|
Which among the following is the epithelial lining of vagina?
|
Stratified squamous non-keratinized
|
Columnar
|
Stratified squamous keratinized
|
Cuboidal
| 0a
|
single
|
There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia: nonkeratinized and keratinized. Nonkeratinized epithelium exhibits live surface cells and covers moist cavities such as the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal. Keratinized epithelium lines the external surfaces of the body.
|
Anatomy
| null |
cb9461d5-16cc-4b93-8200-f5de36f19c30
|
Not a cause of upper GIT bleeding
|
Meckel's diveiculum
|
Mallory Weiss Syndrome
|
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
|
Poal hypeension
| 0a
|
multi
|
Meckel's diveiculum - Found in Ileum distal to ligament of Treitz( Cause of lower GI BLEED) Location of Ligament of Treitz is Duodenojejunal flexure
|
Medicine
|
Bleeding from the GUT and diseases of esophagus
|
102b4d33-8b93-4545-b03d-d2f266dee087
|
Fluoride ion acts as inhibitor of:
|
Enolase
|
Hexokinase
|
Cyt oxidase
|
Carbonic anhydrase
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Biochemistry
| null |
99dcd0e6-656c-455f-9381-2962ad3ef52d
|
The concavity at the root of the nose is used as a third point of reference with
|
Whipmix average axis facebow
|
Hanau
|
Dentatus
|
Kayo
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
8ff9f894-4989-40cb-b2de-f9b034021a04
|
The maximum number of death in children occur in following age group
|
2-5 years
|
1-2 years
|
first 7 days
|
6 months - 12 months
| 2c
|
single
|
parks textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition *75% of total neonatal deaths occur within first week of life. *risk of death is greatest during first 24-48hours after bih.
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
obstetrics,pediatrics and geriatrics
|
c406a3bd-e717-4ef7-a4f2-6939d0a6f265
|
Which of the following is an essential medium ?
|
MacConkey agar
|
Nutrient agar
|
Deoxycholate citrate agar
|
Selenite F broth
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nutreint agar A minimum essential medium is a culture medium whereupon most bacteria can grow. Examples is Nutrient agar.
|
Microbiology
| null |
d407771d-1693-4bfa-8d88-80505c148b12
|
Colour of teeth stained by tetracycline appear _______ under UV light
|
Red
|
Green
|
Yellow
|
Brown
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
ff51a2c2-42a0-447a-b074-d708b3bac79c
|
Concentric hypertrophy of heart is associated -
|
Systemic Hypertension
|
Mitral regurgitaion
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
Mitral stenosis
| 0a
|
single
|
Adaptations in heart
The cardiac myocyte is a terminally differentiated cell that is not able to divide,
Myocardium cannot undergo hyperplasia, i.e. an increase in the number of myocytes,
So, myocardium can adapt by increasing the size (i.e. hypertrophy) of the myocyte in response to stress,
There are two types of stresses to heart
1. Pressure overload
Occur in hypertension or aortic stenosis.
Pressure overloaded ventricles develop concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, with increased in wall thickness → Heart size may increase.
The increase in wall thickness may reduce the cavity diameter → ratio of cavity size to wall thickness decreases.
There is an increase in the transverse diameter (width) of myocytes, but cell length remains the same.
2. Volume overload
As occurs in aortic regurgitation
There is dilatation of ventricular chamber along with the increased thickness of ventricular wall → Eccentric hypertrophy.
There is increasing both in the transverse diameter (width) and the length of myocytes.
It is due to deposition of the sarcomeres (functional intracellular contractile unit of cardiac muscles) in parallel to the long axis of cells.
Concentric hypertrophy → In pressure overload, e.g. hypertension and aortic stenosis.
Eccentric hypertrophy → In volume overload, e.g. in aortic regurgitation.
|
Pathology
| null |
fc75d8b0-9867-4a11-a15c-59dbc48dd851
|
Theres is an outbreak of MRSA infection in a ward. What is the best way to control the infection -
|
Vancomycin given empirically to all patients
|
Fumigation of ward frequently
|
Washing hand before and after attending patients
|
Wearing masks before any invasive procedure in ICU
| 2c
|
multi
|
<p> Washing of hands before and after attending the patients as MOST COMMON ROUTE OF INFECTION is hands. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:359. <\p>
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
0cdfb9d3-94d8-4058-94cc-5eda00be7296
|
Left homonymous hemianopia is seen in which right sided lesion?
|
Optic tract
|
Optic nerve
|
Optic chiasma
|
Occipital lobe (visual coex)
| 0a
|
single
|
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia occurs in retrochiasmal lesions which includes lesions of optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus,optic radiations. Lesions of the visual pathways at the level of: 1. Optic nerve; 2. Proximal pa of optic nerve; 3. Central chiasma; 4. Lateral chiasma (both sides); 5. Optic tract; 6. Geniculate body; 7. Pa of optic radiations in temporal lobe; 8. Pa of optic radiations in parietal lobe; 9. Optic radiations; 10. Visual coex sparing the macula; 11. visual coex, only macula
|
Ophthalmology
|
DNB 2018
|
2a86af34-7f34-4928-9589-da139571dba7
|
Major reason for H5N1 not to become a global pandemic is
|
Man to man transmission is rare
|
Route of transmission is not respiratory
|
Does not cause serious disease among humans
|
Restricted to few countries only
| 0a
|
single
|
Reasons for H5N1 not becoming Global Pandemic
Absence of efficient human to human mode of transmission (Major reason)
Absence of replication in humans
Absence of serious disease in humans
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
834cbb51-9596-4f0b-8ce9-bd1f63b0fe23
|
All of the following are true about minimal change nephrotic disease except
|
Response to steroids
|
Selective proetinuria
|
IgG deposition in the mesangium
|
Common in the age group 2-9 years
| 2c
|
multi
|
Reference Robbins page no Pg 923Minimal change disease is the most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children; it is manifested by protein- uria and effacement of glomerular foot processes without antibody deposits; the pathogenesis is unknown; the disease responds well to steroid therapy.
|
Pathology
|
Urinary tract
|
499efd31-dc08-456f-912b-d09dcb3d6a3b
|
All the following statements about V. cholera 0139 are true, except:
|
Clinical manifestations are similar 01 Eltor strain
|
First discovered in Chennai
|
Epidemiologically indistinguishable from 01 Eltor strain
|
Produces 01 Lipopolysaccharide
| 3d
|
multi
|
V.cholerae 0139 does not produce the 01 Lipopolysaccharide as it does not have all the genes that is necessary for the making of this antigen. Ref: Medical Microbiology By Jawetz, 23rd Edition, Page 270; Textbook of Microbiology By Ananthanarayan and Panicker, 7th Edition, Pages 305-316; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition, Page 909, 910
|
Microbiology
| null |
f67ea01b-02d1-409e-a60d-150c9300099a
|
Inferior thyroid vein drains into?
|
Internal jugular vein
|
Superior ven cava
|
Brachiocephalic vein
|
External jugular vein
| 2c
|
single
|
Superior & middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein and the inferior thyroid vein drain into the brachiocephalic vein.
|
Anatomy
| null |
66ab5004-797c-4f50-bb5d-964a5ed59159
|
All of the following statements about neuroiuuscular blockage produced by succinyl choline are true Except-
|
No fade on train of four stimulation
|
Fade on tetanic stimulation
|
No post tetanic facilitation
|
Train of four ratio > 0.4
| 1b
|
multi
|
Succinylcholine is the depolarising muscle relaxant.Depolarising neuromuscular blockage is characterized by no fade on train of four or tetanic stimulation, no post tetanic facilitation and a high train of four ratio is >0.7 (>0.4). Fade on tetanic stimulation or train of four is the characteristic feature of non-depolarising blockage . ref:Miller 7th/e p. 867
|
Anaesthesia
|
Muscle relaxants
|
e2753cb2-6a9d-4915-ac56-b5afa0d4644b
|
Which of the following special circulations has the widest range of blood flows as pa of its contributions to both the regulation of systemic vascular resistance and the modification of resistance to suit the organ's metabolic needs?
|
Large intestine
|
Cerebral
|
Small intestine
|
Skeletal muscle
| 3d
|
multi
|
Skeletal muscle accounts for about 20% of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. During extreme physical exeion, more than 80% of cardiac output can be directed to contracting muscles; therefore, skeletal muscle resistance becomes the primary determinant of systemic vascular resistance during exercise.
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
12143f2b-98b1-44d1-aac3-519813172da9
|
Longest acting drug among the following drugs for over reactive bladder:
|
Oxybutynin
|
Trospium
|
Solifenacin
|
Flavoxate
| 2c
|
single
|
Solefenacin is the longest acting drug from this group.
Gastro-intestinal tract
Anticholinergic drugs decrease the motility, tone and secretions in the gastrointestinal tract.
— Pirenzepine and telenzepine are selective M1 blockers useful in peptic ulcer disease.
— Hyoscine, dicyclomine, propantheline, oxyphenonium and clidinium are useful as anti-spasmodic agents for the treatment of intestinal colic.
— Darifenacin and solefenacin are selective M3 blockers useful for irritable bowel syndrome and overactive bladder.
Oxybutynin is shortest acting and solefenacin is longest acting drug from this group.
Mirabegron is a newer drug approved for overactive bladder. It acts by stimulating β3 receptors.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
42e2c8ac-ee7f-4540-8d77-bed2d7eb0130
|
A child was taken for CECT Chest and contrast was injected : the child had swelling which gradually increased. There is numbness. There is a pain on passive extension of fingers. He is not allowing you to touch the arm. Pulse was present. What will you do?
|
High Dose Prednisolone
|
Arterial Thrombectomy
|
Immediate Fasciotomy
|
Antihistamines / Anticoagulants
| 2c
|
multi
|
The child is having Compartment syndrome due to extravasation of contrast. This is a medical emergency and immedicate fasciotomy needs to be done to prevent tissue necrosis.
|
Radiology
| null |
bafc9279-8ec8-4fad-81f7-b03e140345fe
|
Subdural haematoma most commonly results from rupture of
|
Middle meningeal aery
|
Superior cerebral veins
|
Saccular aneurysms
|
Lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral aery
| 2c
|
single
|
Answer is C (Injury to coical bridging veins): Subdural Haemorrhage results from rupture of bridging veins that run from the coex to dural sinuses. The superior cerebral veins that bridge the coex to superior saggital sinus are most commonly involved.
|
Medicine
| null |
c24218be-a74c-4f0f-af02-d56306b360b7
|
Seminoma is best treated by
|
Radiation alone
|
Radiation and surgery
|
Radiation and chemotherapy
|
Surgery alone
| 1b
|
single
|
(B) Radiation and surgery # Seminomas are radiosensitive and excellent results have been obtained by irradiating stage 1 & stage 2 tumours.> If there is no metastasis ,95%of patients will be alive 5 years after orchidectomy and radiotherapy or chemotherapy. If there is metastasis survival drops to 75%.
|
Radiology
|
Radiotherapy
|
69cc56ad-53ae-468f-b216-cc3dab6dd87c
|
Viruses causing hearing loss are all except -
|
Measles
|
Mumps
|
Rubella
|
Rota virus
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 4d' i.e., Rota virus Viral infection and hearing losso Severe viral infections can sometimes cause hearing loss.o It is thought to be due to oxygen depletion as a result of inflammation in the ear.o The hearing loss that occur after viral infection is often sudden in onset, with many patients reporting that they awaken with hearing loss or realize that they cannot hear when they try to use a telephone, listen to music, or perform another hearing-related task, o Sometimes, hearing loss may be gradual.o Ear examination of people who experience hearing loss after viral infection show ear damage in the cochlea which is consistent with injuries that occur as a result of viral infection, o The viruses causing hearing loss are mumps, rubella, measles, or herpes.
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
78989bff-4767-4815-87fb-14926ffd41bd
|
Auxiliary ohotopic liver transplant is indicated for:
|
etabolic liver disease
|
As a standby procedure until finding a suitable donor
|
Drug induced hepatic failure
|
Acute fulminant liver failure for any cause
| 3d
|
single
|
Acute fulminant liver failure for any cause Following arc the types of liver transplantation: Cadaver donor transplantation: The donor liver is obtained from a person who is diagnosed as brain dead whose family volunteers to donate the organ for transplantation. Living donor transplant: A healthy family member or a volunteer donates pa of his liver for transplantation. Ohotropic liver transplant: it involves the replacement of the patient's diseased liver with the donor's liver. Auxiliary liver transplant Auxiliary transplantation (A-OLTX): Here the patient's liver is not removed. Pa of the liver of a healthy adult donor (living or cadaver) is transplanted into the recipient, alongside pa of the patient's own liver. Auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation is theoretically attractive because it leaves the recipient's liver in place. The surgical trauma of hepatectomy is avoided, and failure of the graft does not necessarily lead to the death of the patient or a second, emergency transplantation. Another advantage is that matching the body sizes of the donor and the recipient is not mandatory, which increases the number of possible donors The following aicle-"Auxiliary Paial Ohotopic Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Kyoto University Experience" (at the .following website latp://www.inedscape.combiewaicle/500102) mentions four indications for auxiliary paial ohotopic liver transplantation: reversible fulminant hepatic failure non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease snzall-for-size grafts for ABO-incompatibility Fultninant hepatic failure: Total ohotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) is a lifesaving therapeutic option for patients with FI-1F, but requires lifelong immunosuppression to maintain the graft. Auxiliary paial ohotopic liver transplantation whereby only a poion of the native liver is removed, and the remainder of the native liver is left in situ, provides temporary suppo until the native liver recovers and then immunosuppression can be withdrawn. The advantage claimed for APOLT in non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease (most commonly Crigler-Najjar syndrome) is that it can compensate for enzyme deficiencies without complete removal of the native liver, which may have to aid the recipient in case of potential graft failure. The remaining native liver could benefit in the future from potential success in gene treatment Transplants of ABO-incompatible grafts are often unavoidable due to the limited number of potential donor candidates. A high incidence of early graft failure with a high rate of binary and vascular complications in ABOincompatible liver transplantation was repoed. The remnant native liver could sustain a patient's life if the anticipated graft failure occurred in an ABO-incompatible case. The rationale of APOLT for a small-for-size graft is that the remnant native liver is expected to suppo the function of the implanted graft during the early post-operative period. The graft liver expands its function in propoion to volume growth. After the graft liver has grown sufficiently, it can be expected to meet the hepatic functional demands of the recipient. The following aicle "Auxiliary paial liver transplantation for end-stage chronic liver disease" in The New England Journal of Medicine Volume 319:1507-1511December 8, 1988Nutnber 23 (at the following website gi/content/abstract/319/23/1507) mentions another indication for A-OLTX - End-stage chronic liver disease who are high-risk patients. These patients are not accepted for ohotopic liver transplantation because of massive ascites, deficient clotting function, cachexia, or poor pulmonary reserve. So we see that all the options except 'b' are indications for A-OLTX We have chosen acute liver ds. as the answer as it's the probably the most common indication as evident by maximum number of aicles on the net describing A-OLTX for acute liver failure. This book -"Atlas of Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancrato-Biliary surgery- publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg " mentions only acute liver failure as an indication for A-OLTX.
|
Surgery
| null |
8ea2559c-3f01-4994-9211-008f91aa2d76
|
All of the following can be used to treat heroin dependence except
|
Disulfiram
|
Buprenorphine
|
Clonidine
|
Lofexidine
| 0a
|
multi
|
Disulfiram is given for alcohol withdrawal. Buprenorphine is used as a maintaining drug in opioid addicts as it has a lesser degree of tolerance and dependence liability. Clonidine and lofexidine are alpha 2 agonists used to depress autonomic withdrawal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, anxiety and diarrhoea. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed.
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
caabcdf6-7563-4525-bebf-952ca544dcdf
|
Bruise attains greenish discoloration by: September 2003
|
1 day
|
2-3 days
|
5-6 days
|
7-12 days
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C i.e. 5-6 days
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
5c7b743b-e907-4746-96ab-bbed609f62c7
|
The MOST frequent genetic aberration associated with pancreatic malignancy is:
|
KRAS mutation
|
c-Src
|
SMAD4
|
IGF-1R
| 0a
|
single
|
The most frequent genetic aberrations in pancreatic cancer is KRAS mutations seen in 60-75% of pancreatic cancers. The tumor-suppressor genes p16, p53, and SMAD4 are inactivated. SMAD4 gene is deleted in 55% of pancreatic tumors. SMAD4 gene inactivation is associated with poorer survival. Overexpression and/or aberrant activation of c-Src is also observed. Ref: Harrison, Edition -18, Page-787.
|
Pathology
| null |
406502ea-7ce8-4c65-8b7d-5e7b29524811
|
Watson Swartz Test is usually used to diagnose -
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Acute intermittent porphyria
|
Wilson's disease
|
All of the above
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' Acute Intermittent porphyria (Ref Taber's Dictionary, p 2154, Nelson 17/e, p 501).Watson Swartz TestIt is a test used in acute intermittent porphyria to differentiate between porphobilinogen from urobilinogen*."This test is widely used as a screening test for urinary porphobilinogen. While this test is highly sensitive it is neither specific nor quantitative and results must be confirmed with chromatography "
|
Pediatrics
|
Adolescence
|
1311a85e-4781-4b78-8faf-09d9c42ded2d
|
Auditory pathway is mediated by:
|
Medial lemniscus
|
Lateral lemniscus
|
Lateral geniculate body
|
Medial geniculate body
| 3d
|
single
|
Medial geniculate body
|
Physiology
| null |
2cbbeac5-65de-496e-a9b9-d45c18c3058d
|
Middle cerebellar peduncle contains mainly which tract
|
Spinocerebellar
|
Olivocerebellar
|
Cuneocerebellar
|
Pontocerebellar
| 3d
|
single
|
BD CHAURASIA S HUMAN ANATOMY Sixth edition Vol 3 Pg 405 Table 26.1 Middle cerebellar peduncle contains Ponto cerebellar pa of the coico Ponto cerebellar pathway
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
b063c843-5417-41a8-ad9d-344ae5b1b73d
|
All are given in anterior uveitis except –
|
Pilocarpine
|
Atropine
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
Corticosteroids
| 0a
|
multi
| null |
Ophthalmology
| null |
a4204406-d0ba-4c26-a28d-2e0ead9a603f
|
Improvement in nasal patency by retracting the lateral part of the cheek and thus testing the vestibular component of nose is -
|
Epley's maneuver
|
Cottle's test
|
Schwartz maneuver
|
Helmich maneuver
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cottle's test Cottle's test:* It is used in nasal obstruction due to abnormality of the nasal valve. In this test, cheek is drawn laterally while the patient breathes quietly. If the nasal airway improves on the test side, the test is positive and indicates abnormality of the vestibular component of nasal valve.
|
ENT
|
Nose and PNS
|
a14fb06d-8b86-4c25-b6e5-52db426a04d6
|
All of the following drug inhibit the cell wall synthesis except:
|
Penicillin
|
Fosfomycin
|
Vancomycin
|
Tetracycline
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. D. TetracyclineDrugs inhibiting the cell wall synthesis- beta lactam, bacitracin, vancomycin, cycloserine, Fosfomycin. Tetracycline acts via protein synthesis inhibition.
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti Microbial
|
2cd4fb6d-17b8-40be-bd3f-2ea92b341648
|
who gave the concept of la belle indiffernce
|
seligman
|
lorenz
|
freud
|
bleuler
| 2c
|
single
|
CONTRIBUTIONS OF FREUD o Father of psychoanalysis He founded a type of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis. It is nothing but analyzing the psych(MIND) o Interpretation of dreams According to Freud dreams are royal road to unconscious In dreams several conflicts that are present in the unconscious comes to the consciousness in the form of dreams Thus by analyzing ones dreams we could understand the unconscious conflicts o Psychosexual stages of life o Freud divided development into 5 stages namely psycho sexual development o It is divivded namely oral , anal , phallic, latent, genital phase. o Conversion disorders conversion disorder is conveing a psychological pain to physical symptoms present physical symptoms which has some connection with unconscious conflict is called SYMBOLIZATION present physical symptoms which has some resemblance with illness in family members, which is called MODELLING patient has illness like neurological deficit but they have apparent in concern towards their own illness which is known as LA BELLE INDIFFERENCE main defense mechanism in conversion disorder is REPRESSION o Repression defence mechanism * REPRESSION is called QUEEN of defense mechanisms o COUCH and FREE ASSOSIATION * He introduced a technique called as a couch technique where he makes the patient lie on the couch, he asks the patient to speak from 'cabbages to kings. This method is called FREE ASSOSIATION. By allowing the patient to speak whatever that comes to their mind randomly so that by analyzing their thoughts we could understand the conflict in the unconscious. o Topographical theory of mind Freud gave topographical theory mind It is divided into pre conscious, unconscious, conscious Later he disregarded topographical theory of mind and gave structural theory of mind o Structural theory of mind It is divided into id, ego, super ego Id= instinctual desires like anger, hunger, sexual instinct Ego= function of mind to work based on ego to avoid guilt from super ego Super ego= based on moral principle, obtained from family members and relatives, teachers Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition pg no. 845
|
Anatomy
|
Treatment in psychiatry
|
e3cc06be-baab-496b-9975-8e51f0199a58
|
Cephalo-haemtoma:
|
Is caused by oedema of the subcutaneous layers of the scalp
|
Should be treated by aspiration
|
Most commonly lies over the occipital bone
|
Does not vary in tension with crying
| 3d
|
single
|
Fetal complications with forceps are Transient facial Marks Facial Palsies Fracture of facial and Skull bones. Fetal complications with Vacuum Scalp bruising, abrasion Laceration Sub Galeal hematomas Intracranial Hemorrhage Also neonatal jaundice and retinal hemorrhage is more common with ventouse. Subgaleal Hematomas are due to laceration of the diploic vessels in the loose sub-aponeurotic layer of scalp.The entire scalp may be elevated in this. Tentorial tears are due to mechanical injury to the fetal cranium causing rupture of the deep venous system or laceration of the inferior surface of the cerebellum. Cephalhematoma is generally due to laceration of the blood vessels passing through the periosteal layer and hence the hematoma formed is limited to that paicular bone and does not spread across the cranial suture lines. This may also result due to underlying skull fractures. Usually subsides within a few days. Swelling varying in size with crying has to be a swelling which is communicating with the intracranial space, like an encephalocoele.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Labour - II
|
8a32033c-aa56-46e4-9d00-887354bbcae3
|
The most important morphologic or histological
consideration in cavity preparation in primary teeth is
the:
|
Size of primary molars
|
Thickness of enamel and dentin
|
Direction of the roots below the cemento enamel junction
|
Direction of the enamel rods at the cervical region
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
87af32e9-bfef-41b7-b44f-5b08bd9673f4
|
Sputum microscopy for TB diagnosis has
|
High sensitivity and low specificity
|
Low sensitivity and Low specificity
|
Low sensitivity and High specificity
|
High sensitivity and High specificity
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
12bb6df2-5ce0-4012-a6ab-65b2c330c4da
|
Vaccine against capsulated organism given how many weeks before splenectomy ?
|
1 week
|
2 week
|
4 week
|
6 week
| 1b
|
single
|
Answer- B. 2 weekPneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV) vaccination; If elective splenectomy is planned, vaccinate at least 2 weeks before surgery.
|
Medicine
| null |
638b9783-7b84-4e3f-92e5-333a20c58fed
|
Pyridoxine is used in treatment of -
|
Galactosemia
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Propionicacidemia
|
Homocystinuria
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., HomocystinuriaInborn error of metabolism and Treatment1] AlkaptonuriaVitamin C, Folic acid2] HomocystinuriaPyridoxine + Folic acid3] CystinuriaAlkalization of urine + d-Penicillamine, Captopril4] Hartnup diseaseNicotinamide5] Multiple carboxylase deficiencyBiotin6] Methyl malonic academiaVitamin B127] HyperoxaluriaPyridoxine8] TyrosinemiaNTBC, Liver Transplantation
|
Pharmacology
|
Vitamin
|
37e38af3-e8aa-44f8-9ab8-8fd429164cd3
|
Which of the following is/are not included in management of intra aicular fracture: Ahrodesis Excision Aspiration K- wire Plaster of paris cast
|
1,2,3
|
2,4,5
|
1,2,3,4
|
None
| 3d
|
multi
|
"All listed methods are used in the management of intra aicular fracture" Intra aicular fracture Intra aicular fracture are those in which the break crosses into the surface of a joint. They always result in some degree of cailage damage. Ideally the joint surface should be restored to their original position and held there strongly enough that movement may be staed in the early postoperative period. some permanent loss of motion is to be expected and joint may develop degenerative ahritis as a result of the injury. Principles of intra aicular fracture Immobilization of intra aicular fracture results in joint stiffness Immobilization of aicular fracture, treated by open reduction and internal fixation, results in much greater stiffness. Depressed aicular fragments, which do not reduce as a result of closed manipulation and traction, are impacted and will not reduced by closed means. Major aicular depression do not fill with fibrocailage and the instability which results from their displacement, is permanent. Anatomical reduction and stable fixation of aicular fragment is necessary to restore joint congruity. Immediate motion is necessary to prevent joint stiffness and to ensure aicular healing and recovery. This require stable internal fixation. Radius fracture treatment ( of distal end i.e. intra aicular pa) K wire fixation may be helpful for smaller fragments. cast immobilization is indicated for nondisplaced fracture, displaced fractures with a stable fracture pattern. The cast should be worn approximately 6 weeks or until radiographic evidence of union has occured. Ahrodesis In this operation, fusion is achieved between the bones forming a joint so as to eliminate any motion at the joint. An ahrodesis is used most often for a painful, stiff joint. It is also performed for grossly unstable joints in polio etc. It is also used for grossly unstable joint due to trauma. Excision and aspiration of hematoma excision of damaged poion of bone and aspiration of intra aicular hematoma, are also included in management of intra aicular fracture. Ref: AO principles of fracture management by Raudi, Page 106-09.
|
Surgery
| null |
031f5052-1948-4511-a62a-9ef83e1a8d4d
|
In which of the following form of imaging, Harmonic imaging is related-
|
Sonography
|
Digital radiography
|
MRCP
|
Nuclear imaging
| 0a
|
single
|
Harmonic imaging is a newer technique in ultrasonography. Harmonic imaging exploits non-linear propagation of ultrasound through the body tissues. The high-pressure poion of the wave travels faster than low pressure resulting in distoion of the shape of the wave. This change in waveform leads to the generation of harmonics Advantages over conventional ultrasound * decreased aifacts * increased axial and lateral resolution * improved resolution in patients with large body habitus
|
Radiology
|
Fundamentals in Radiology
|
6e728d22-9c79-48fc-a5f8-e79136297489
|
All of the following species of borrelia are associated with Tick Borne Relapsing Fever, EXCEPT:
|
Borrelia Recurrentis
|
Borrelia Hermsii
|
Borrelia Turicatae
|
Borrelia Duttanii
| 0a
|
multi
|
Epidemic relapsing fever or Louse-borne fever is caused by Borrelia Recurrentis and is transmitted from person to person by Pediculus humanus. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition, Pages 1052-53; Clinical Laboratory Medicine By Macclatchey, 2nd Edition, Page 1119
|
Microbiology
| null |
a11eb4f3-28d5-490b-a082-297e3cfb7f4e
|
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex has all enzyme components EXCEPT:
|
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
|
Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase
|
Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase
|
Pyruvate Decarboxylase
| 3d
|
multi
|
PDH complex has 3 enzyme components: 1. E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase 2. E2: Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase 3. E3: Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase REGULATION OF PDH End Product Inhibition Covalent Modification Acetyl CoA (in fasting) NADH Active in dephosphorylated state Done by Insulin
|
Biochemistry
|
Link reaction
|
3bd46768-b1ba-4d3b-b3be-4a164bb26907
|
"Calcinosis universalis" is due to
|
Dystrophic calcification
|
Idiopathic calcification
|
Metastatic calcification
|
Benign calcification
| 1b
|
single
|
Deposition of calcium and phosphates in tissues is called calcification or calcinosis. If it gets organized as in bone formation, it is called ossification. Calcinosis is commonly seen as a consequence of connective tissue disorders or metabolic abnormalities.But it can occur without any tissue injury or metabolic abnormalities. The three main types are:1. Dystrophic-associated with connective tissue disorders due to tissue change. Eg. Dermatomyositis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Ehlers Danlos syndrom 2.ldiopathic-not associated with any tissue change or damage. Eg. Calcinosis universalis, circumscripta oumoral calcinosis. 3. Metastaticassociated with abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism as in hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia. In this type visceral organs are more affected than the skin.eg: hypervitaminosis of vitamin d, milk alkali syndrome iadvl textbook of dermatology page 1099
|
Dental
|
miscellaneous
|
5611fb72-fc8a-4a3e-b1a0-80ad255e6bba
|
Anticancer drug causing SIADH as an adverse effect is :
|
Vincristine
|
Paclitaxel
|
Dacarbazine
|
Cyclophosphamide
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
4b894a67-9ac2-4932-9104-67703e87f00a
|
Maximum recommended number of students in a school class room
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
50
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
3d85f594-58d0-4ba3-9468-8063a8295f76
|
Cystinuria all of the following amino acids are excreted, except:
|
Cystine
|
Ornithine
|
Leucine
|
Arginine
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ref. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students. Page. 283
Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by the abnormal movement (transport) in the intestines and kidneys, of certain organic chemical compounds (amino acids).
These include cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine.
Excessive amounts of undissolved cystine in the urine (cystinuria) cause the formation of stones (calculi) in the kidney
Subtypes of cystinuria
Type I cystinuria, there is a defect in the active transport of cystine and the amino acids (dibasic) lysine, arginine, and ornithine in the kidneys and small intestine.
Type II cystinuria, cystine and lysine transport is severely impaired in the kidneys and only somewhat impaired in the intestines
Type III cystinuria, kidney transport of cystine and lysine is defective; intestinal transport is normal
|
Unknown
| null |
703433d8-4e2b-4d34-9ff9-43d55ffaeb50
|
An 18 year old patient's hemogram shows Hb 12 g%, RBC count of 6 million, decreased MCV (56), decreased MCH (29) and RDW of 14. What is the most probable diagnosis?
|
Iron deficient stores
|
Folate deficiency
|
Beta thalassemia trait
|
Normal lab parameters
| 2c
|
single
|
Microcytic hypochromic anemia cause: S: Sideroblastic anemia I: Iron deficiency anemia T: Thalassemia A: Anemia of chronic disease Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): The red cell distribution width (RDW) test measures variation in red blood cell size. Normal range: 11.5 - 14.5 RDW is normal in patient with beta thalassemia. RDW is increase in patient with iron deficiency anemia. As patient RDW is within normal range, cause of this microcytic hypochromic anemia is most likely Beta Thalassemia.
|
Pathology
|
JIPMER 2017
|
cda77ad3-2cc6-4ea6-ada1-487817cc5c69
|
A child presents with diarrhea and peripheral circulatory failure. The aerial pH is 7.0, PCO2 15 mmHg, and PO2 76 mm Hg. What will be the most appropriate therapy?
|
Sodium bicarbonate infusion
|
Bolus of Ringers lactate.
|
Bolus of hydroxyethyl starch
|
5% Dextrose infusion
| 1b
|
single
|
Acidosis cause due to shock by Dehydration should be corrected by RL i/v fluid.
|
Surgery
| null |
0953b17e-9453-4f8c-a78d-c7d2083220d2
|
Raygat's test is used for -
|
Weight of lung
|
Specific gravity of lung
|
Consistency of lung
|
None
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ref:Forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no.379 Raygat's test/hydrostatic test:The hydrostatic test is based on the principle that if the infant has breathed, the lung will float in water. each lung is cut into pieces and tested for floataion in water. A piece of liver is used as control. if the liver bit floats, the test has no meaning, it is clear that putrefaction has set in. If all the pieces of lung float, they are crushed under a weight and tested again. floatation is positive when the baby has respired. But if the piece sink after pressure, no respiration has taken place. if some piece float while otherb sink, it mean feeble respiration taken place.
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Sexual offences and infanticide
|
14b164c6-4bb8-486b-985c-3a1779b21da6
|
Sutural separation seen in
|
Diastatic fracture
|
Penetrating fracture
|
Cut fracture
|
Performing fracture
| 0a
|
single
|
Diastatic fracture or sutural fracture: Suture separation is called a diastatic fracture. Penetrating and performing fracture: They are fractures produced by penetrating objects like a bullet, pointed sharp weapon, sword or dagger. Fracture which is having an entry and an exit is called a performing fracture. Cut fracture Skull may be subjected to cut injuries when a heavy cutting weapon is used. The cut injury may enter the skull cavity and injure the brain. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 164
|
Anatomy
|
Special topics
|
e95a8436-10b7-4e4c-a0b5-bd8c097a8894
|
Which of the following is not a free radical scavenger -
|
Glutathione peroxidase
|
Superoxide dismutase
|
Catalase
|
Xanthine oxidase
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Xanthine oxidase o Glutathione peroxidase is primarily a scavanger of free radicals and catalyzes free radical breakdown (does not generates free radicals).o Superoxide dismutase is also a scavenger of free radical and converts superoxide into H,Ov Howrever, it is indirectly involved in generation of free radicals (see previous explanation). So, you keep in mind that SOD is primarily an antioxidant (free radical scavenger). But for this question, we can consider SOD to be involved in generation of free radicals (indirectly)as we have better option for our answer (glutathione peroxidase).Free radicalsGeneration of free radicalso H.O. - MPO - Halide system#NADPH oxidase#Myeloperoxidaseo Heber- Weiss reactiono Fenton's reactiono Xanthine oxidaseFree radical scavenging enzymeso Catalaseo Superoxide dismutaseo Glutathione peroxidase
|
Pathology
|
Causes of Cell Injury
|
7d4ab29b-6955-4b31-bf9d-b6c328916f3b
|
All of the following are features of Zollinger Ellison syndrome except
|
Intractable peptic ulcers
|
Severe diarrhoea
|
Beta cell tumours of the pancreas
|
Very high acid output
| 2c
|
multi
|
G cell hyperplasia with hypergastrinaemia is the pathology in type 1 and Gastrinomas in type 2 So due to acid there will be ulceration,very high acid output,along with actions of gastrin cause diarrhoea SRB's manual of surgery,5th edition,711
|
Surgery
|
G.I.T
|
bd6bccc8-1257-4eae-867f-63195f73879e
|
Painless burn in hand is seen in:
|
SLE
|
Syringomyelia
|
Mononeuritis multiplex
|
Diabetes mellitus
| 1b
|
multi
|
Syringomyelia is associated with Arnold Chiari malformation type 1 IOC: - MRI spine
|
Medicine
|
FMGE 2017
|
76c5b041-7592-4c11-b810-d66ce9da5a73
|
Renal manifestations are seen in all of the following metabolic disorders EXCEPT?
|
Tyrosinemia
|
Galactosemia
|
Hereditary fructose intolerance
|
Phenylketonuria
| 3d
|
multi
|
Renal manifestations are seen in: Tyrosinemia Galactosemia Hereditary fructose intolerance Cystinosis
|
Pediatrics
|
Disorders of Amino acid Metabolism
|
17c5f73e-6b4f-4bc5-8bf0-0065f67784c3
|
Preoperative investigation to be done in down's syndrome posted for surgery
|
CT
|
MRI
|
X-ray of hand
|
Echo
| 3d
|
single
|
Endocardial cushion defect is most commonly present in Down's syndrome patient.
Echo is done prior.
|
Radiology
| null |
cc194b9e-4540-4e44-9a2b-68d10705235a
|
Krait is
|
Myotoxic
|
Neurotoxic
|
Vasculotoxic
|
Cardiotoxic
| 1b
|
single
|
Cobra,Krait - Neurotoxic
Viper - Hemotoxic / Vasculotoxic
Sea snake - Myotoxic
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
8bcc6af2-1f68-4987-a3d0-7fb4707fd15e
|
False about gallstone ileus
|
90% patients give history of biliary disease
|
Causes 1% of all SBO ; around 25% cases in >70 years
|
Tumbling obstruction
|
Fistula is mostly formed between duodenum and gallbladder
| 0a
|
multi
|
Option B: Rigler's triad - Classic plain abdominal film of triad of small bowel obstruction, pneumobilia & ectopic gallstone Option C: pain may be episodic and recurrent as the impacted stone temporarily obstructs the bowel lumen and then dislodges and moves distally, known as tumbling obstruction Option D: most common site of biliary enteric fistula is gallbladder and duodenum So opting for option A. Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno : 1506-1507
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
a9477d94-73e1-49aa-a300-dff680857b3e
|
Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended to prevent infective endocarditis in all dental procedures in patients having
|
Previous coronory bypass surgery
|
Congestive cardiac failure
|
Prosthetic heart valves
|
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome
| 2c
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
feadcb86-96be-4866-b90c-88553f49a4fa
|
For every 10-degree Celsius raise in the temperature, the rate of most of the enzymatic reactions:
|
Halves
|
Doubles
|
Quadruples
|
Increases 10-fold
| 1b
|
single
|
The temperature coefficient (Q10) is the factor by which the rate of a biologic process increases for a 10degC increase in temperature. For enzymes, temperature coefficient is 2, i.e. for every 10 degrees raise in temperature, the rate of enzyme activity doubles. But, after ceain temperature, the enzyme protein gets denaturate and the rate of enzyme activity falls down.
|
Biochemistry
|
Enzyme kinetics
|
ff04eefe-9ec4-4150-b73c-9062446455f5
|
Which of the following would be the most appropriate treatment for rehabilitation of a patient who has bilateral profound deafness following surgery for bilateral acoustic schwannoma:
|
Bilateral powered digital hearing aid
|
Bilateral cochlear implants
|
Unilateral cochlear implant
|
Brain stem implant
| 3d
|
single
|
Since it is a retrocochlear pathology hearing aid and cochlear implant will not help. Rehabilitation of hearing is by auditory brainstem implant (ABI), which is placed in the lateral recess of 4th ventricle where it directly stimulates the cochlear nuclei.
|
ENT
|
ENT Q Bank
|
2dd2c8f7-2744-4b5a-a875-c91b0645d7cf
|
A 62-year-old woman with diagnosed type 2 diabetes lived alone and did essentially nothing to manage her illness, including disregarding her physician's instructions. She was taken to her local emergency room (ER) with severe, multiple infected foot lesions, which yielded a variety of opportunistic microbes with a mixture of antibiotic susceptibilities. The physician decided to treat with systemic and topical antimicrobials. Which of the following antimicrobial agents must only be used topically?
|
Bacitracin
|
Gentamicin
|
Itraconazole
|
Penicillin
| 0a
|
multi
|
Penicillin (d) is well-tolerated as is itraconazole (c). Vancomycin (e) is irritating and can result in phlebitis at the site of injection; nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides is exacerbated by concomitant use of vancomycin but can be controlled by careful dosage. Gentamicin (b) and other aminoglycosides are ototoxic and nephrotoxic, but these adverse effects can usually be controlled by monitoring of serum concentration and careful dosage. Bacitracin (a) is highly nephrotoxic, so much so that it cannot be administered systemically. Because bacitracin is poorly absorbed, it can be used topically, providing local antibacterial activity but no systemic toxicity.
|
Microbiology
|
General
|
f1ee4783-a645-4f87-9da0-b7dda129c4e5
|
All of the following take pa in male gential tract development except
|
SRY
|
SOX-9
|
FGF-9
|
WNT-4
| 3d
|
multi
|
The Y chromosome has a gene, SRY, present on the shoarm which is responsible for the development of testis. Apa from the direct action on the gonad, this factor influences other genes like SOX-9, FGF-9.Under the influence of these genes seoli cells are formed from cells of sex cords and leydig cells from mesenchymal cells of gonadal ridge. The ovary is formed under the influence of WTN-4 gene.The estrogens influence the formation of internal and external genital organs. HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY,INDERBIR SINGH,PG NO:277,9th edition
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Congenital malformations
|
e950f219-9481-4278-9599-877db0d1544e
|
All are true about epidemiological features of cholera except ?
|
Epidemic is self limiting
|
Poor sanitation is a cause of epidemic
|
El Tor biotype has decreased endemicity
|
Onset of epidemic is abrupt
| 2c
|
multi
|
The El Tor biotypes have greater endemic tendency than its classical counterpa in that it causes a higher infection-to-case ratio (i.e. more inapparent infections and mild cases). About other options Cholera epidemic has an abrupt onset. It stas as common source epidemic and often treat an acute health problem. Then it continues as a propagated epidemics as cases become the source for the other persons. Cholera epidemic in a community is self-limiting. This is attributed to the acquisition of temporary immunity, as well as due to the occurrence of a large number of subclinical cases. Poor environmental sanitation is the most impoant predisposing factor for epidemic
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
ec4ae0ba-795b-49a2-a5cc-72419fd1f0bd
|
All of the following drugs are used in prophylaxis of migraine except
|
Propanolol
|
Flunarizine
|
Tapiramate
|
Levetiracetam
| 3d
|
multi
|
K.DTripathy essentials of medical pharmacology 7th edition . Drugs for prophylaxis of migraine include beta blockers,TCA(amitriptyline),calcium channel blockers(flunarizine),anticonvulsants(topiramate),5HT antagonist. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S
|
663e2089-fb49-4cea-b962-8abd5de2e607
|
Earliest clinical feature of Senile cataract
|
Glare
|
Frequent change of glasses
|
Coloured halos
|
Uniocular polyopia
| 0a
|
single
|
Earliest clinical feature of Senile cataract is Glare
Most common symptom at presentation is Frequent change of glasses
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
39120db7-64d2-4cc9-b149-9360cd5f6941
|
Occular basement membrane is stained by -
|
Alcian blue
|
PAS
|
Methylene blue
|
Geimsa stain
| 1b
|
single
|
Basement membranes are periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive amorphous structures that lie underneath epithelia of differenent organs
|
Pathology
| null |
b110283f-46da-4c81-bce6-446ac5e0e049
|
Marked endocapillary proliferation is seen in renal biopsy from -
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans-D
|
Unknown
| null |
db1f2feb-b431-4db6-82ba-37ad6bbf731a
|
All of the following cell types contain the enzyme telemerase which protects the length of telomeres at the end of chromosomes, except:
|
Germinal
|
Somatic
|
Hemopoietic
|
Tumor
| 1b
|
multi
|
B i.e. SomaticTelomerase is a multisubunit RNA containing complex related to viral RNA- dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase), the enzyme which is responsible for telomere synthesis & thus for maintaining the length of telomereQ.Telomerase, a RNA dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase), is the enzyme responsible for telomere synthesis and thus for maintaining the length of telomereQ. Germinal (germ line), cancer and hemopoetic stem cellsQ with telomerase activity do not under go cellular aging and apoptosis (death). Whereas, somatic cells without telomerase activity undergo cellular aging and death after 40-60 replication cycles d/t critical shoening of telomere.
|
Biochemistry
| null |
f428d95b-f3a5-4e0e-a626-dfe039c30ae0
|
Which of the following is seen in Ulcerative colitis?
|
Cryptitis
|
Crypt loss
|
Crypt branching
|
Proliferating mucosa
| 0a
|
single
|
. Cryptitis
|
Pathology
| null |
b5aa9c45-051b-467e-835a-b2fb6fea9005
|
With chronic use in seizure state, the adverse effects of this drug include coarsening of facial features,hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia and osteomalacia:
|
Carbomazepine
|
Ethosuximide
|
Gabapentin
|
Phenytoin
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
a237a349-cd32-465f-af8a-3bb33a040b44
|
In Marfan&;s syndrome which of the following is affected
|
Collagen
|
Fibrillin
|
Actin
|
Fibronectin
| 1b
|
single
|
It is a connective tissue disorder. Affects fibrillin 1 gene. Clinical features include; Visual difficulties long limbs hea problems etc Refer robbins 145
|
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
ca9bb0a1-7b5a-4741-a653-a9fa6637b3ef
|
All of the following bony structures forms the floor of the anatomic snuff box, EXCEPT:
|
Scaphoid
|
Lunate
|
Trapezium
|
Base of first metacarpal bone
| 1b
|
multi
|
The floor of anatomic snuff box is formed by the following bones in the proximal to distal order, styloid process of radius, scaphoid, trapezium and base of first metacarpal. Anatomical snuff box is a hollow space which appears on the lateral side of the posterolateral side of the wrist in the fully extended position of the thumb. Radial aery passes through the anatomic snuff box to the dorsum of the hand. Boundaries are formed by:Ulnar side by the extensor pollicis longus tendonRadial side by the tendon of abductor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis.Fascial roof contains the cephalic vein and superficial branch of radial nerve.Ref: Clinical Anatomy: (a Problem Solving Approach) By Kulkarni page 157.
|
Anatomy
| null |
adbdfff0-31b6-4d82-b94b-eb2c7e6de49b
|
Blood supply of prelaminar optic nerve is
|
Short posterior ciliary arteries
|
Branch retinal artery
|
Ophthalmic artery
|
Meningeal arteries
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Ophthalmology
| null |
34584f79-ee5a-4a36-9d42-f22c9e5ab791
|
Necrotising arterioritis with fibrinoid necrosis is characteristic of
|
Immediate hypersensitivity
|
Ag-Ab complex mediated
|
Cell mediated immunity
|
Cytotoxic mediated
| 1b
|
single
|
Fibrinoid necrosis is a special form of necrosis, visible by light microscopy , usually in immune reaction in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries. The deposited immune complexes together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels produce a bright pink and amorphous appearance on H & E preparation called fibrinoid.
|
Pathology
| null |
a3b20ac9-c9de-47f3-bd93-91fbe34499da
|
Teardrop sign is seen in: Kerala 08; JIPMER 08; Maharashtra 09
|
Fracture medial wall of orbit
|
Fracture lateral wall of orbit
|
Fracture floor of orbit
|
Fracture roof of orbit
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. Fracture floor of orbit
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
2eb3e0db-f551-47e2-8455-542984c41712
|
Dimorphic fungus is
|
Histoplasma
|
Crytococcus
|
Mucor
|
Aspergillus
| 0a
|
single
|
Cryptococcus - yeast Aspergillus and mucor are moulds
|
Microbiology
|
mycology
|
cfaa1a21-86d8-42fe-b365-be9059afc96c
|
a 30 year old male, a chronic alcoholic presents with sudden onset of epigastric pain that radiates to the back. All are seen EXCEPT -
|
Low serum lipase
|
Increased LDH
|
Hypocalcemia
|
Increased serum amylase
| 0a
|
multi
|
This pt. is suffering from acute pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, serum lipase level is elevated. In fact the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is usually confirmed by an elevated level of serum amylase and/or lipase. Another lab test used to diagnose acute pancreatitis is - serum trypsin level (it has theoretical advantage over amylase and lipase determinations in that the pancreas is the only organ that contains this enzyme). In acute pancreatitis Serum amylase level is increased many fold Serum LDH level are elevated and markedly elevated levels suggest a poor prognosis. Hypocalcemia is seen in about 25% of pts. and is thought to be due to intraperitoneal saponification of calcium by fatty acids in areas of fat necrosis. Ref : Harrison, 17/e p2002
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
44f58d4d-56da-490a-8fd2-47704808302b
|
Thoracotomy is indicated in all the following except
|
Penetrating chest injuries
|
Rapidly accumulating haemothorax
|
Massive air leak
|
Pulmonary contusion
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. d (Pulmonary contusion). (Ref. Bailey & Love, Short Practice of Surgery, 25th/pg. 341)CHEST INJURIES# Directly or indirectly involved in 50% of trauma deaths in the USA# About 80% of chest injuries can be managed closed# A chest radiograph is the investigation of first choice# A spiral CT scan provides rapid diagnosis in the chest and abdomen# A chest drain can be diagnostic as well as therapeutic# If there is an open wound insert a chest drain# Do not close a sucking chest wound until a drain is in place# If bleeding persists, the chest will need to be opened.# One of the most vital parts of management of patient with chest trauma is to identify any threat to life mentioned below. These are surgical emergencies & operative treatment required.Immediately life threatening injuriesPotentially life threatening injuries# Airway obstruction# Aortic injuries# Tension pneumothorax# Tracheobronchial injuries# Pericardial tamponade# Myocardial contusion# Open pneumothorax# Rupture of diaphragm# Massive haemothorax# Oesophageal injuries# Flail chest# Pulmonary contusion
|
Surgery
|
Thorax
|
16d494cd-1fed-44a6-a6a1-3ed0ea298bad
|
Carbamazepine is a type of:
|
Antidepressant
|
Anti-inflammatory
|
Antibiotic
|
Antiemetic
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
38ef0f84-bf52-46ca-81d0-82fe9208fc95
|
Most efficient ani-larval measure to prevent urban malaria is
|
Clean drainage and sewage system
|
Cover overhead tank
|
Filling cesspools and ditches
|
Cover pits
| 1b
|
single
|
Anti-larval measures of plasmodium (i) Larvicides : During the first half of the 20th century, anti-larval measures such as oiling the collections of standing water or dusting them with paris green effectively controlled malaria (but the measures were eclipsed at the end of World War II). With the increase in insecticide resistance, the older methods of mosquito control have now become promising. Some modern larvicides such as temephos which confer long effect with low toxicity are more widely used. However larviciding must be repeated at frequent intervals and for this reason it is a comparatively costly operation. (ii) Source reduction : Techniques to reduce mosquito breeding sites (often called source reduction) which include drainage or filling, deepening or flushing, management of water level, changing the salt content of water and intermittent irrigation are among the classical methods of malaria control to which attention is being paid again. Whenever practicable, measures for the improvement of the environment by the permanent reduction of sources should be instituted. {iii) Integrated control : In order to reduce too much dependance on residual insecticides, increasing emphasis is being put on "integrated" vector control methodology which includes bioenvironmental and personal protection measure .This approach is impoant because there is no single and simple method that would ensure control of transmission. By mid 1995 all malaria endemic countries in the region had adopted the revised malaria control strategy to reduce morbidity and moality and to reduce its area of distribution, paicularly of multidrug resistant malaria. The use of stratification approach by the majority of anti-malaria programmes in the Region has led to more cost-effective interventions. Vector resistance to insecticides has necessitated the use of more expensive pyrethroid, thereby limiting the coverage. Malaria control added impetus as Roll Back Malaria initiative was launched by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP and the World Bank in 1998.
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
fc565195-f7eb-4f75-8434-ec5b701efbd6
|
Complications of acute sinusitis -a) Orbital cellulitisb) Pott's puffy tumour c) Conjunctival chemosis d) Subdural abscess
|
abc
|
bcd
|
abd
|
All of the above
| 3d
|
multi
|
Complications of Sinusitis—Acute Sinusitis
|
ENT
| null |
422bebe2-cccb-411a-b932-396778a40016
|
MHC class 1 proteins are not present on
|
Platelets
|
RBC
|
T-cells
|
Macrophage
| 1b
|
single
|
MHC class 1 proteins are present on all nucleated cells and platelets.
|
Microbiology
| null |
740b6a1a-69ae-4fdc-bbf1-e0be5915d03f
|
Which survey has the purpose of examining fractures of the condylar neck of the mandible:
|
Lateral jaw projection
|
Lateral skull projection
|
Waters projection
|
Reverse-Townes view
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Radiology
| null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.