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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bc6cc514-4494-40a5-a310-46f380e4e9b3
|
In a case of myasthenia gravis, CT Chest shows anterior mediastinal mass. Diagnosis is?
|
Retrosternal goiter
|
Thymic Hyperplasia
|
Hilar Lymphadenopathy
|
Aoic Aneurysm
| 1b
|
single
|
Thymus gland abnormalities are seen in 75% of anti-Ach Receptor positive antibodies patients. CT chest can identify a Thymic hyperplasia or a thymoma which though benign can produce mass effects.
|
Medicine
|
Myasthenia Gravis and Muscular dystrophy
|
7202e229-6acd-4cf0-815b-520b28087bd9
|
Infeility is a common feature in Seoli cell only syndrome, because:
|
Too many Seoli cells inhibit spermatogenesis , inhibin
|
Proper blood testis barrier is not established
|
There is no germ cells in this condition
|
Sufficient numbers of spermatozoa are not produced
| 2c
|
single
|
The absence of germ cell (Seoli Cell-only syndrome) causes infeility. The main characteristic of Seoli Cell, syndrome consists of testicular tubes that show a moderate decrease in diameter and are void of germ cells. Also the testes decrease in size and are azoospermia.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
dc7076ef-0f73-4cb4-bb0c-d810ecf716c7
|
By international agreement, low birth weight has been defined as a birth weight when measured within the first hour of life is
|
Less than 2000 grams
|
Less than 2800 grams
|
Less than 2500 grams
|
Less than 3000 grams
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
0a631a65-b2a8-417e-9fa8-25cbb3cea67f
|
Leukemoid reaction is seen in:
|
Acute infection
|
Erythroleukemia
|
Myelomatosis
|
Hemorrhage
| 0a
|
single
|
Acute infection Persistent neutrophilia of 30,000-50,000 cells/ul, or greater is known as leukemoid reaction. It is a term used to distinguish this degree of neutrophilia from leukemia. In a leukemoid reaction, the circulating neutrophils are mature and not cion ally derived. leukemoid reaction is seen in ACUTE INFECTIONS in children.
|
Surgery
| null |
19bb13e5-9ee5-4a3f-ae0b-175a1394f300
|
8 year old boy has itchy rash all over the body, all family members are affected. What is the drug of choice-
|
Ivermectin
|
Topic permethrin
|
Prednisolone
|
Antibiotics
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Topic permethrin This boy is having scabies. Topical permethrin is the DOC for scabies Treatment of scabies Scabicide Method of use Topical Permethrin (5%) - Drug of choice Single aplication of 12 hour. Gamma benzen hexachloride BHC 1% Single application for a hour Benzyl-Bezoate (25%) Three applications at 12 hourly intervals Crotamiton (10%) Two application daily 14 days o Malathion (0.5%) Oral Ivermectin Single dose 200 mg/kg body-weight, repeat after 2 weeks Note : BHC is not safe in pregnancy and children (< 2 years) as it can cause neurotoxicity
|
Skin
| null |
89271b82-5494-43bc-b829-37532a691e64
|
18 month old child presents with both eyes adducted. What is the first thing for diagnosis?
|
Examination under anaesthesia
|
Refractive error examination
|
Forced duction testing
|
Fundus examination
| 0a
|
multi
|
Given the age of the child in question, any test has to be performed under anesthesia(EUA), since the child will not cooperate for any examination. During EUA: Refractive error examination is done to rule out hypermetropia as a cause of B/L adduction. Force duction test is used for diagnosis of Restrictive strabismus (eg Duane's retraction syndrome).
|
Ophthalmology
|
Optics and Errors of Refraction
|
e3526c05-6d71-481a-9cfa-815970095fe4
|
A screening test applied for colon cancer. Total population taken is 1000. Test is positive in 320 and test is negative in 680. 60 people actually had the disease among 320 and 20 had disease among the 680. Calculate positive predictive value.
|
12%
|
81%
|
75%
|
28%
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c5f1975b-62fe-4abe-b10b-c4a7cb61fc73
|
All of the following are true about para hemophilia except?
|
Due to fracture V deficiency
|
X-link recessive
|
Prolonged PTT and PT
|
All are true
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. B. X-link recessivea. Deficiency of factor V is an autosomal recessive, mild to moderate bleeding disorder that has also been termed parahemophilia. Hemarthroses occur rarely; mucocutaneous bleeding and hematomas are the most common symptoms.b. Severe menorrhagia is a frequent symptom in women. Laboratory evaluation shows prolonged PTT and PT. specific assays for factor V show a reduction in factor V levels.c. FFP is the only currently available therapeutic product that contains factor V. Factor V is lost rapidly from stored FFP.d. Patients with severe factor V deficiency are treated with infusions of FFP at 10mL/kg every 12hr. Rarely, a patient with a negative family history of bleeding has an acquired antibody to factor V. Often, these patients do not bleed because the factor V in platelets prevents excessive bleeding.
|
Medicine
|
Blood
|
d2c700bc-cfcf-409d-aeb5-ae3bea364662
|
Gardner syndrome is associated with all of the following except: March 2010
|
Intestinal polyps
|
Osteomas
|
Dental abnormalities
|
Tumors of the CNS
| 3d
|
multi
|
Tumors of the CNS Gardner syndrome is a variant of the disease 'familial adenomatous polyposis' (FAP), an inherited disease that is characterised by gastrointestinal polyps, multiple osteomas (benign bone tumours), thyroid tumors, dental abnormalities and skin and soft tissue tumours. Polyps tend to form at pubey with the average age of diagnosis around 25 years of age. In almost all patients, polyps will progress to malignancy, resulting in colorectal cancer so that timely detection is essential. Clinical features of Gardner syndrome can be divided into two types, cutaneous and non-cutaneous. The most noticeable cutaneous feature of Gardner syndrome is the appearance of epidermoid cysts. These cysts can be differentiated from ordinary epidermoid cysts by the following factors: - Epidermoid cysts of Gardner syndrome occur at an earlier age (around pubey) than ordinary cysts - Epidermoid cysts occur in less common locations such as the face, scalp and extremities compared to ordinary cysts - Cysts tend to be multiple in over half of the patients with Gardner syndrome As with ordinary epidermoid cysts, cysts in Gardner syndrome are usually asymptomatic (without symptoms), however in some cases they may be pruritic (itchy) and/or inflamed, and they may rupture. Other cutaneous features include fibromas, lipomas, leiomyomas, neurofibromas and pigmented skin lesions. Non-cutaneous features include: - Gastrointestinal polyps that nearly always transform into colonic adenocarcinomas (colon cancer). - Osteomas - these benign bone tumours are essential in making the diagnosis of Gardner syndrome. They occur most commonly in the mandible (jawbone) but may also grow in the skull and long bones. - Dental abnormalities - as well as osteomas in the jaw there may be other dental abnormalities such as unerupted extra teeth and caries - Multifocal pigmented lesions of the fundus in the eye - seen in 80% of patients. These lesions may be present sholy after bih and can be the first marker of the disease.
|
Pathology
| null |
5059e3cf-3d27-4cce-bf00-f2c58509db71
|
Karyotyping is done in which phase of cell cycle?
|
Anaphase
|
Metaphase
|
Telophase
|
S phase
| 1b
|
single
|
Karyotyping The study of chromosomes Procedure to examine chromosomes is to arrest dividing cells in metaphase with mitotic spindle inhibitors (e.g., N-diacetyl-N-methylcolchicine ) and then to stain (Giemsa stain) the chromosomes. In a metaphase spread, the individual chromosomes take the form of two chromatids connected at the centromere.
|
Pathology
|
Introduction
|
0a9f1898-d816-499b-9320-ab8513dd80d7
|
All of the following are pa of the ASEPSIS wound grading except ?
|
serous discharge
|
purulent exudate
|
Induration
|
Erythema
| 2c
|
multi
|
REF : BAILEY AND LOVE 27TH ED.
|
Surgery
|
All India exam
|
31969b46-11cd-41e3-ad79-59aaa20e9eae
|
Muscle stapedius is supplied by which nerve?
|
VII Cranial nerve
|
VIII Cranial nerv
|
IX Cranial nerve
|
X Cranial nerve
| 0a
|
single
|
(A) VII Cranial nerve # Stapedius lies in a bony canal that is related to the posterior wall of the middle ear.> Stapedius is supplied by the facial nerve (VII CN).> It develops from the mesoderm of the second branchial arch.
|
Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
fe4e0427-7824-47b7-baea-c4b3b9a6af21
|
Teeth with a maximum mesiodistal inclination is:
|
Maxillary canines.
|
Mandibular lateral incisor.
|
Mandibular canine.
|
Maxillary central incisor.
| 0a
|
single
|
17 degrees is the maximum mesiodistal inclination of maxillary canines.
|
Dental
| null |
60dcb59b-b06f-44e5-af06-bbbd894224c6
|
During incision & drainage of ischiorectal abscess, which nerve is/are affected/injured :
|
Superior rectal nerve
|
Inferior rectal nerve
|
Superior gluteal nerve
|
Inferior gluteal nerve
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans: B (Inferior rectal nerve) Fig: Coronal section through the ischiorectal fossa"Ilioinguinal nerve, supply the skin of external genitalia & upper part of the medial side of the thigh"- BDC4th/Vol. II 196Ischioanal Fossa (formerly called ischiorectal fossa)It is somewhat prismatic in shape, with its base directed to the surface of the perineum, and its apex at the line of meeting of the obturator and anal fasciae.Contents of the Ischiorectal fossaIschiorectal pad of fatInferior rectal nerve and vessels.Posterior scrotal / posterior labial nerve and vessels.Pudendal canal and its contentsfpudendal nerve & internal pudendal vessel)Perineal branch of fourth sacral nerve.Perforating cutaneous branch ofS2, S3 nerve
|
Anatomy
|
Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anal canal
|
529280fe-4f2d-4d71-8f56-82c8b01cff21
|
All are true regarding LH surge except
|
LH surge acts rapidly on both granulosa and theca cells of preovulatory follicle
|
LH surge initiates re - entry of oocyte into meiosis
|
Ovulation occurs 24 hours after LH surge
|
Mean duration of LH surge is 48 hours
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ovulation occurs 36 to 40 hours after the onset of LH surge.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
2d2a801d-9774-4e10-b673-7eb03bc63bae
|
Relative afferent pupillary defect is characteristically seen In damage to
|
Optic nerve
|
Optic tract
|
Lateral geniculate body
|
Occulomotor nerve
| 0a
|
multi
|
For testing relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), a strong, steady light is used.
The light is shined into one eye, and then quickly switched to the other.
This is repeated back and forth, until one of four conclusions is reached (listed below).
Since light in one pupil causes both pupils to constrict, quickly switching from one eye to the other will give a "relative" indication of the functioning of each eye and optic nerve.
If both eyes are equally dysfunctional, no "relative" defect would be found.
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
83de2c7b-d463-4924-9608-39d00af7bef1
|
Argyll Robeson Pupil results from the lesion of:
|
Accessory ganglion
|
Ciliary ganglion
|
Tectum region
|
Lateral geniculate body
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. Tectum region
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
d1234aa5-046c-4c25-b214-e9a6fd761bbd
|
HCV virus is ?
|
Enveloped DNA
|
Enveloped RNA
|
Nonenveloped DNA
|
Nonenveloped RNA
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Hepatitis C virus is a small, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae.
|
Microbiology
| null |
5879c813-efc2-4d05-9f29-0f37583a35e3
|
Late onset endothalmitis after lens implantation is caused by -
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
Pseudomonas
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
Propionibacterium acne
| 0a
|
single
|
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common causes of post-cataractendophthalmitis, and these bacteria and viridans streptococci cause most cases of post-intravitreal anti-VEGF injectionendophthalmitis, Bacillus cereus is a majorcause of post-traumatic endophthalmitis, and Staphylococcus aureus and ... Ref khurana 6/e
|
Ophthalmology
|
Uveal tract
|
6faed742-3b8f-420e-92ff-deada3427da8
|
Emptying of stomach is facilitated by: September 2012
|
Secretin
|
CCK-PZ
|
GIP
|
Gastrin
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. D i.e. GastrinGastrinIt is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HC1) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.It is released by G cells in the antrum of the stomach (the poion of the stomach adjacent the pyloric valve), duodenum, and the pancreas.Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach.
|
Physiology
| null |
ed7874d7-1cec-4e57-b8db-1e66941078de
|
Thiamine deficiency is known to occur in all of the following except -
|
Food Faddist
|
Homocystenemia
|
Chronic alcoholic
|
Chronic heart failure patient of diuretics
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
5861306d-eb22-41c1-bdf2-6e4df46082b5
|
Vitamin K is required for:
|
Hydroxylation
|
Chelation
|
Transamination
|
Carboxylation
| 3d
|
single
|
Vit k Act as coenzyme in Carboxylation of clotting factor 2,7,9,10 Only fat-soluble vitamin with coenzyme function. 3 forms k1-phyloquinone k2-menaquinone k3-manadione (water soluble)-synthetic form Deficiency lead to hemorrhagic disease of new born Prophylactic administration of Vit k for all new born advised
|
Biochemistry
|
FMGE 2018
|
1fdd0993-7879-45a6-832c-9d2c494036d8
|
True about lower motor neuron palsy of Vllth nerve:
|
Other motor cranial nerves also involves
|
Melkersson's syndrome cause recurrent paralysis
|
Eye protection done
|
All
| 3d
|
multi
|
Most common cause of lower motor neuron (LMN) type of facial palsy is Bell's palsy. Melkersson's syndrome consists of a triad of: (i) Facial paralysis, (ii) Swelling of lips, (iii) Fissured tongue, Paralysis may be recurrent. As patient is unable to close the eye, eye protection is required to protect cornea and conjunctiva. The prognosis in acute facial palsy can be accurately determined by serial electrical testing.The response to electrical tests have been found to be most useful in the first 5 days after the onset.
|
ENT
| null |
b8ea087a-9cbf-4ef1-a2ce-82948c4cdc2a
|
A female child presents with developmental delay, nasal obstruction, large head and hearing effect. On examination hepatosplenomegaly was present. ECHO was suggestive of cardiac valve fibrosis. What is the likely diagnosis?
|
Hunter syndrome
|
Hurler syndrome
|
Tay-Sachs disease
|
Gaucher disease
| 1b
|
single
|
The above findings in a female child suggests Hurler syndrome.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
e2218c9c-0102-4953-b3f9-21eb19ac88a9
|
The transitory structures that may be seen during early tooth development are
|
Enamel Knot
|
Enamel Navel
|
Enamel Cord
|
All of the above
| 3d
|
multi
| null |
Dental
| null |
64c4a70e-2841-4bbe-b2ad-a8f6a71fe2aa
|
In Peripaum cardiomyopathy, cardiac failure can develop anytime during
|
Anytime during antenatal period
|
Only during third trimester
|
Only during 6 weeks postpaum
|
Last month of pregnancy or within 5 months after delivery
| 3d
|
single
|
Diagnostic criteria for peripaum cardiomyopathy: Development of cardiac failure in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months after deliveryThe absence of an identifiable cause for the cardiac failure, The absence of recognizable hea disease prior to the last month of pregnancy, and Left ventricular systolic dysfunction demonstrated by classic echocardiographic criteria, such as depressed ejection fraction or fractional shoening along with a dilated left ventricle (Ref: William's Obstetrics; 25th edition)
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
All India exam
|
ad960b34-2996-4c84-8f91-058f709fa786
|
The blood cell most likely to be involved in phagocytosing bacteria at sites of infection is the leukocyte which in blood smears:
|
Is the smallest
|
Is the least frequently observed
|
Has the greatest number of nuclear lobes
|
Has a bilobed nucleus and eosinophilic granules
| 2c
|
multi
|
The white blood cell(leukocyte)with the largest number of lobes in its nucleus is the neutrophil (also called the polymorphonuclear leukocyte). Mature neutrophils have a minimum of 3 lobes to their nucleus. These cells are specialized for phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and hence this is the correct answer for this question. Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 31. Blood as a Circulatory Fluid & the Dynamics of Blood & Lymph Flow. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.
|
Physiology
| null |
6eb92364-6bae-46a7-a40b-7bb6a6168ae0
|
One of the risks of the endometrial biopsy that was performed on this patient is perforation of the uterus. The endometrial biopsy device is placed through the cervix and into the endometrial cavity. If complete perforation occurs, what is the sequence of layers that the biopsy device would penetrate prior to entering the peritoneal cavity?
|
Endometrium, myometrium, serosa
|
Ovary, fallopian tube, broad ligament
|
Round ligament, cardinal ligament, uterosacral ligament
|
Serosa, myometrium, endometrium
| 0a
|
multi
|
The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ that lies between the bladder and the rectum in the true pelvis. The uterus can be divided into three major segments: the uterine fundus, the uterine corpus (or body), and the cervix. The fallopian tubes enter the uterine fundus laterally in the region called the cornua. Moving from the inside (or hollow) poion of the uterus to the peritoneal cavity, the layers that would be penetrated are the endometrium, the myometrium, and the serosa. The endometrium is the poion of the uterus that proliferates during the menstrual cycle and sheds (the menses) if pregnancy does not occur, or suppos the pregnancy if conception and implantation take place. The myometrium is comprised of three layers: an inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle, a middle layer of circular smooth muscle (the stratum vasculare), and an outer layer of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle (the stratum supervascularae). The final layer is the uterine serosa. The ovary, fallopian tube, and broad ligament are found posterolateral to the uterus. A biopsy device that perforated the uterus could also injure these structures, but the direct path of perforation is through the endometrium, myometrium, and serosa. Note: The round ligament, cardinal ligament, and uterosacral ligament are suppoing structures attached to the uterus. Again, while a perforating biopsy instrument could possibly involve these structures, this would not be the direct path of perforation. The serosa, myometrium, and endometrium are the correct structures that would be perforated, but they are in the wrong order. Staing within the uterus, the first layer is the endometrium, next is the myometrium and finally the serosa. Ref: Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 13th Ed Page 7-10
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
8d83d5f8-93a4-4692-83e4-deee80a9d068
|
Increased intercondylar distance is seen in fracture of all, EXCEPT:
|
Olecranon
|
Medial epicondyle
|
Lateral epicondyle
|
Lateral condyle
| 0a
|
multi
|
Intercondylar distance is increased in Fractures of medial epicondyle/condyle Fracture lateral epicondyle/condyle Fracture intercondylar humerus. Ref: Apley's 8/e, Page 596-609.
|
Surgery
| null |
a31a9376-3dad-4b02-9e91-4b5c261a2e8d
|
A 50-year-old male presented to the ER with acute onset of chest pain which was retrosternal and radiated to the back along with dysphagia, regurgitation and heaburn. Patient gave history of similar episodes of chest pain in the past as well. Barium swallow and esophageal manometric studies were performed. ECG of the patient was normal. Manometry study revealed, 1. Aperistalsis in greater than 30% of the wet swallows with 20% of contractions being simultaneous 2. Amplitudes greater than 30 mm Hg in the distal three fifths of the esophagus Which of the following drugs can be used in the above condition to relieve the symptoms: -
|
Sildenafil
|
Botulinum
|
Octreotide
|
Terlipressin
| 0a
|
multi
|
This is a case of DES (Diffuse esophageal spasm). Normal ECG rules out MI. Diffuse esophageal spasm has a characteristic appearance of multiple simultaneous contractions causing a corkscrew appearance with segmentation. Multiple uncoordinated contractions in the third tracing from the distal esophagus is seen in manometry. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is a smooth muscle relaxant that can lower the LES pressure and spastic contractions of the esophagus. Definitive treatment is myotomy guided by a manometric evidence.n
|
Unknown
|
Integrated QBank
|
7e3d608a-fd80-4ca9-bc55-873d961d55c6
|
All are actions of coisol on the skin and connective tissue except
|
Antiproliferative for fibroblasts
|
Antiproliferative for keratinocytes
|
Loss of collagen
|
Hyperpigmentation
| 3d
|
multi
|
It is antiproliferative for fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Glucocoicoids in excess inhibit fibroblasts, lead to loss of collagen and connective tissue, and thus result in thinning of the skin, easy bruising, stria formation, and poor wound healing. Hyperpigmentation is a direct effect of ACTH on melanocoin 1 receptors.
|
Physiology
|
Endocrinology
|
cad616d6-39c0-4542-bd06-9090c99b728b
|
An elderly patient presents with itchy tense blisters on normal looking skin as well as on urticarial plaques as shown below. The most probable diagnosis is:
|
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
Linear IgA disease
|
Bullous pemphigoid
|
Dermatitis herpetiformis
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. (c) Bullous pemphigoid.
|
Skin
|
Pemphigoid Group
|
5db064ce-0101-4b93-91d4-f21702b43430
|
New born is fed in the following way at what gestational age
|
30 weeks
|
33 weeks
|
27 weeks
|
34 weeks
| 0a
|
single
|
The given image shows Nasogastric tube feeding which is done during 28 - 31 weeks
Gestational age
Preferred feeding method
< 28 weeks
iv fluids + Total parenteral nutrition
28 -31 weeks
Orogastric/ nasogastric tube feeding
32 -34 weeks
Paladai / Katori spoon feed
> 34 weeks
Direct breast feeding
|
Pediatrics
| null |
a75e65ac-c4c3-4cd7-84d3-421270f59c0d
|
Atalanto axial joint is -
|
Pivot joint
|
Bicondylar
|
Ball & Socket
|
Ellipsoid joint
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pivot joint o There are two important synovial joints involving atlas -i) Atlantoaxial joint - Pivot jointii) Atlantooccipital joint - BicondylarjointClassification of JointsA. Fibrous jointso Lack intervening cartilage and hence have restricted mobility.1. Gomphosis2. Syndesmosis: Dento-alveolar peg: Inferior tibiofibular joint Posterior part of sacroiliac joint Interosseous membrane of forearm3. Schindylesis: Vomer - sphenoidal rostrum junction4. Sutures of the skullB. Cartilagenous jointso These are of 2 types depending on intervening cartilage.I. Primary cartilaginous joints (Synchondrosis/Hyaline cartilage joints)1. Spheno-occipitaljoint2. Growth plate3. Costochondral joint4. 1st chondrostemal jointII. Secondary cartilaginous joints (Symphyses / fibrocartilagenous joints)Fibrocartilage is interposed between bone ends covered with articular hyaline cartilage.All of them occur in midline.1. Symphysis menti2. Pubic symphysis3. Sacrococcygeal joint4. Intervertebral joint5. Manubriostemal joint6. Xiphisternal jointC Synovial jointsI. Uniaxial1. Plane/Flatjoint2 Hinge joints3. Pivotjoint- Acromioclavicular joint Intermetatarsal joints- Elbow joint- Atlantoaxial joint Superior radioulnar jointII. Biaxial1. Bicondylar (condyloid joint)- Knee joint Temporomandibular joint Atlanto occipital joint2. Ellipsoid joint- Wrist joint Metacarpophalangeal joint3. Saddle joint- 1st carpo-metacarpal j oint Sternoclavicular joint Calcaneocuboid joint Anklejoint Incudomalleolar jointIII. MultiaxialBall and socket joint- Shoulder Hip Incudostapedial joint Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint
|
Anatomy
|
Osteology of Head and Neck
|
a38a457c-ccf3-41f8-8f91-453da431cbf2
|
Not a feature of CBD stone:
|
Pain
|
Fever
|
Jaundice
|
Septic shock
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. (d) Septic shock* Septic Shock happens only when Charcot's triad of Cholangitis is not properly managed* Charcot's triad + Septic Shock + Altered mental Status = Reynauld's Pentad
|
Surgery
|
Gall Bladder & Bile Ducts
|
e5743f05-57fe-4319-aa80-6611df79a52c
|
The common cause of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia is:
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
Lead toxicity
|
Diphtheria
|
Diabetes mellitus
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. Multiple sclerosis
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
90275790-d503-470e-8d6e-636692bab90d
|
DNA onchogenic viruses are all EXCEPT:
|
HTLV
|
Adenovirus
|
EBV
|
HPV
| 0a
|
multi
|
ANSWER: (A) HTLVREF: Robbins 7th ed p.324Oncogenic DNA VirusesVirusDiseaseCancerPapova viridae Papilloma virus (some)Warts, including STD genital wartsUterine (cervical) cancerHerpes viridaeLymphocryptovirus (Epstein-Barr virus)Infectious mononucleosisBurkitt's lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Hodgkin's diseaseHepadna virus Hepatitis B virus(HBV)Hepatitis B (infectious hepatitis)Liver cancerAdenoviridaeAcute respiratory disease; Common coldAdenocarcinomas (cancer of glandular epithelial tissues)PoxviridaeSmallpox; cowpoxMiscellaneous Oncogenic RNA Viruses of the Family RetroviridaeVirusCancerHuman T-celt leukemia virus (HTLV-1; HTLV-2)Adult T-cell leukemiaLymphomaSarcoma viruses of cats, chickens, rodentsSarcomas (cancer of connective tissues)Mammary tumor virus of miceMammary gland tumorsFeline leukemia virus (FeLV)Feline leukemia
|
Pathology
|
Etiology: Carcinogenic Agents
|
1201e6c5-5070-45c8-b141-3c3f0c2754d1
|
A newborn with respiratory distress was noted to have marked nasal flaring, audible grunting, minimal intercostal chest retarction. The respiratory rate was 30/min. The Silverman score of this child would be? NOT RELATED- MEDICINE
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
6
| 3d
|
single
|
.
|
Pharmacology
|
All India exam
|
05f481ee-eef2-4280-ab44-a8bdd9f37293
|
Artery palpable at the anterior border of masseter
is _________ artery
|
Maxillary
|
Facial
|
Lingual
|
Superficial temporal
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Anatomy
| null |
0a0188c7-f186-4c2d-86da-bde3f0872faf
|
In lesion of the right hypoglossal nucleus, the tip of the tonge on protrusion turns to ?
|
Left side because of paralysis of left side tongue mscles
|
Right side because of paralysis of right side tongue mscles
|
Right side because of the unopposed action of left geniglossus muscle
|
Left side because of the unopposed action of left geniglossus muscle
| 2c
|
single
|
Lesion of hypoglossal nucleus: Lesion of the hypoglossal nucleus, there is ATROPHY of the muscles of the IPSILATERAL one-half of the tongue. This is a lower motor neuron lesion. Upon closer examination, FASCICULATIONS (tiny, spontaneous contractions) can be seen. Both fasciculations and atrophy result from the loss of the normal innervation of the muscle by the lower motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus. Upon protrusion, the tongue will dete TOWARD the side of the lesion (i.e., same side). This is due to the unopposed action of the genioglossus muscle on the normally innervated side of the tongue (the genioglossus pulls the tongue forward). Ref: Snells Clinical anatomy, 6th Edition, Page 736, 737.
|
Anatomy
| null |
483d3b98-c1f8-4c6b-bfad-2b24a05a663e
|
Increased level of which of the following indicates contamination of water
|
Nitrates
|
Nitrites
|
Ammonia
|
Chloride
| 2c
|
single
|
Ammonia in water is an indicator of bacterial, sewage and animal pollution. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th edition, Page No. 779
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Environment and health
|
5ca038f8-ceb4-42e3-9781-56a67e2d9bd7
|
The (EEG) curves are called:
|
Delta curves
|
Berger's Rhythm
|
Berger's Rhythm
|
REM Rhythm
| 1b
|
multi
|
B i.e. Berger's rhythm
|
Physiology
| null |
c328ee6d-ee55-491e-9e06-681613c1c8ea
|
True about hemochromatosis
|
Mutation of C282Y
|
More common in women than in men
|
Cannot be treated with phlebotomy
|
Fully penetrant
| 0a
|
multi
|
Heridetary hemochromatosis The disease is caused by increased absorption of dietary iron and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Approximately 90% of patients are homozygous for a single point mutation resulting in a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at position 282 (C282Y) in the HFE protein, which has structural and functional similarity to the HLA proteins. The mechanisms by which HFE regulates iron absorption are unclear. It is believed, however, that HFE normally interacts with the transferrin receptor in the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. In HHC, it is thought that the lack of functional HFE causes a defect in uptake of transferrin-associated iron, leading to up-regulation of enterocyte iron-specific divalent metal transpoers and excessive iron absorption. A histidine-to-aspaic acid mutation at position 63 (H63D) in HFE causes a less severe form of haemochromatosis that is most commonly found in patients who are compound heterozygotes also carrying a C282Y mutated allele. Fewer than 50% of C282Y homozygotes will develop clinical features of haemochromatosis; therefore other factors must also be impoant. HHC may promote accelerated liver disease in patients with alcohol excess or hepatitis C infection. Iron loss in menstruation and pregnancy can delay the onset of HHC in females. Ref Davidspns 23e p895
|
Medicine
|
Immune system
|
ddef2031-f2d6-402a-962c-ffd37393a70c
|
A woman has had history of off and on repeated 1st trimester bleeding episodes. She is now 28 weeks of gestation, while prognosticating her about further pregnancy outcome, she is told to have increased risk of?
|
Preterm labor
|
IUGR
|
Abruption
|
All of the above
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. D. All of the aboveAdverse Outcomes That Are Increased in Women with Threatened AbortionMaternalPerinatalPlacenta previaPlacental abruptionManual removal of placentaCesarean deliveryPreterm ruptured membranesPreterm birthLow-birthweight infantFetal-growth restrictionFetal and neonatal death
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Medical & Surgical Illness Complication Pregnancy
|
9963b914-b52e-4679-bbed-fd3efa2c2b1c
|
Which of the following tumours is associated with defect during gastrulation?
|
Wilm's tumour
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
|
Astrocytoma
|
None of the above
| 1b
|
multi
|
Sometimes, remnants of the primitive streak persist in the sacrococcygeal region. These clusters of pluripotent cells proliferate and form tumors, known as sacrococcygeal teratomas that commonly contain tissues derived from all three germ layers. This is the most common tumor in newborns, occurring with a frequency of one in 37,000. These tumors may also arise from primordial germ cells that fail to migrate to the gonadal ridge Ref: Langman's embryology 11th edition Chapter 5.
|
Anatomy
| null |
76f140ed-4cbd-422e-8b51-786391323748
|
In the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, the activation of RAS is counteracted by-
|
Protein kinase C
|
GTPase activating protein
|
Phosphatidylinositol
|
Inositol triphosphate
| 1b
|
single
|
RAS protein is a signal transducing protein.
Signal transducing proteins receive growth signals from outside the cell and transmit it to the nucleus.
Normally RAS proteins are attached to the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasma membrane where they keep on converting between an active signal transmitting state and an inactive quiescent state.
In the inactive state, the RAS proteins bind Guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
When the cells are stimulated by growth factors or other receptor - ligand interactions, RAS becomes activated by exchanging GDP for GTP.
This activates RAS then recruits raf - 1 and activates MAP-kinase pathway.
The MAP kinases so activated target nuclear transcription factors and then they promote mitogenesis.
The net result of this pathway is activation of protein phosphorylation cascade which amplifies the signal and stimulates quiescent cells to enter the growth cycle.
In the normal cells the activated state of this RAS protein is transient because the normal RAS proteins have intrinsic GTPase activity.
This GTPase activity hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and thus returns the RAS protein to its normal quiescent stage.
Now, what is the role of GTPase activating proteins, (GAPS) in this pathway.
The GTPase activating protien (GAPS) significantly accelarates the intrinsic GTPase activity of the active RAS protein.
The (GAPs) bind to the active RAS and augment its GTPase activity by more than 1000 fold leading to rapid hydrolysis of GTP back to GDP.
Thus GAPs function as brakes that prevents uncontrolled RAS activity.
Mutation of the RAS protein causes cancer.
Mutation in the RAS protein causes permanent activation of the RAS protein. The mutant RAS protein can bind to GAP but their GTPase activity fails to be augumented. Therefore the mutant RAS proteins are trapped in their excited GTP bound form. This causes pathological activation of mitogenic signalling pathway leading to continuous stimulation of cells without any external trigger.
Cancers associated with RAS protein -
Ca lung
Ca pancreas
Ca colon
Leukemias
Point mutation of RAS family genes is the single most common abnormality of oncogenes in human tumor.
|
Pathology
| null |
85da3e21-49ec-46bc-9e5d-ed1f2f522dcf
|
Which of the following is common side effect of cisplatin
|
Diarrhea
|
Vomiting
|
Pulmonary fibrosis
|
Alopecia
| 1b
|
single
|
Ref-KDT 6/e p827,828 Drug of choice for cisplatin induced vomiting is 5HT3 antagonist like ondansetron
|
Anatomy
|
Other topics and Adverse effects
|
b50933d7-f376-4f35-9abb-89fb41a2d650
|
Which of the following disorders is associated with pterygium of nails?
|
Psoriasis
|
Lichen planus
|
Tinea unguium
|
Alopecia areata
| 1b
|
single
|
When Lichen planus affects the nails, it causes scarring of the nail bed with early nail ridging and splitting later leading to pterygium formation. Pterygium of nail is scarring from the base of the nail outward in a V formation, which leads to loss of nail. Nail changes in psoriasis includes presence of irregular pits, oil spots, separation of nail plate from its bed, thickening and crumbling of nail plate. People with alopecia areata people have regular nail pits that form a pattern. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Chapter 52; The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook By Merck; The Landscape Makeover Book By Sara Jane Von Trapp, Page 122.
|
Skin
| null |
942bfce5-0dbb-46a8-8940-5294720b434c
|
A newborn has dribbling after feeds. He has respiratory distress and froths at the mouth. Diagnosis is –
|
Tracheoesophageal fistula
|
Tetralogy of fallot
|
Respiratory distress syndrome
|
None of the above
| 0a
|
multi
|
Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia
Esophageal atresia is the most common congenital anomaly of the esophagus.
More than 90% are associated with tracheoesophageal fistula.
The most common variety is the one where the upper part of esophagus ends blindly and the lower part is connected to trachea by a fistula.
TEF should be suspected in all cases of hydramnios.
There may be associated anomalies → VACTERL (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheal, esophageal, renal, radial, limb) syndrome.
Presentations
Frothing and bubbling at the mouth and nose.
Coughing, cyanosis and respiratory distress.
Feeding exacerbates these symptoms, cause regurgitation, and may precipitate aspiration.
Aspiration of gastric contents via distal fistula can cause aspiration pneumonitis.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
1db2b26e-e339-4ecd-ba92-eb4029f50fe2
|
False about risk factor for stroke is
|
Diabetes
|
Anaemia
|
Heart failure
|
Alcohol
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
f5ed1391-eea3-4acd-9b5d-a8d4d8a5254b
|
Nlicroaneu 'lestation ofdiabetic retii6;patily. Which uf Ling layer isinvolved in diabetic etinopathv?
|
Outer plexiform layer
|
Inner nuclear layer
|
Layer of rods and cones
|
Retinal pigment epithelium
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. b. Inner nuclear layer
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
940903c6-6c33-4cd5-b6fa-148c4899d75c
|
All of the following dietary goals are recommended for patients with high risk of coronary hea disease, Except:
|
LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dl
|
Saturated fat < 7 % of total calories
|
Salt restriction < 6 gm/day
|
Avoid Alcohol
| 1b
|
multi
|
Answer is B (<200) According to the ATP III Classification the desirable levels of total cholesterol are < 200mg/dI and optimal levels of LDL Cholesterol are < 100 mg/d1.
|
Medicine
| null |
481550d5-14b4-412f-83ac-8bb85c8398bf
|
Kuppuswamy Scale - include A/E
|
Education
|
Occupation
|
Housing
|
Monthly income
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Housing Kuppuswamy's socio-economic scale? impoant tool for assessing socio-economic status of family Include 3 parameters? Education of head of family Occupation of head of family Family income per month Family is divided into? Upper class Upper middle Lower middle Upper lower Lower
|
Pediatrics
| null |
58b2ceb8-00a6-4656-8407-053afd605efc
|
Sulphur granules in actinomycosis consist of ?
|
Monophils + neutrophils
|
Monophils + lymphocytes
|
Eosinophils
|
Bacterial particles
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Microbiology
| null |
5ecaa0ed-8d29-40b5-b01f-df7e1339e66e
|
Iodine RDA is -
|
300 microgram
|
500 microgram
|
150 microgram
|
50microgram
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 150 microgram o The RDA of iodine for adults is 150 microgram.GroupRecommended daily intakePreschool children (0-59 months)School children (6 - 12 years)Adults (>12 years)Pregnancy and lactation90 meg120 meg150 meg250 meg
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and Health
|
e75fcbf1-8509-4b3c-8023-ed32f4bee40b
|
Duration of isolation for bacterial meningitis?
|
Until culture is negative
|
24 hrs of antibiotic treatment
|
7 days of subside of fever
|
3 days of neck rigidity
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. (b) 24 hrs of antibiotic treatment Ref. Park 22/e 112 Patient of meningitis to be isolated until six hours of effective antibiotic therapy Disease Duration of isolation Chickenpox Until all lesion crusted (usually about 6 days after rash) Measles From the onset of catarrhal stage through third day of rash Hepatitis A 3 weeks Influenza Till 3 days of onset Polio 2 weeks adult; 6 weeks paediatrics Tuberculosis Until 3 weeks of effective chemotherapy Herpes zoster 6 days after onset of rash Mumps Until swelling subsides Peussis 4 weeks or until paroxysms ceases Pharyngitis 6 hours of effective antibiotic therapy
|
Microbiology
| null |
71cb997b-1121-487a-9da2-ff024e3e0470
|
A physician monitoring a newborn infant's hea sounds using a stethoscope hears the characteristic murmur of a patent ductus aeriosus. How soon after bih should this murmur normally disappear?
|
1-2 months
|
1-2 weeks
|
1-2 days
|
Immediate closure
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ductus aeriosus closure- Functionally-immediately after bih Structurally-1-3 months after bih The ductus aeriosus functionally closes immediatly (1-2 hours) after bih smooth muscle contraction of the tunica media. Before bih, the patency of the ductus aeriosus is controlled by the low oxygen content of the blood flowing through it, which in turn stimulates production of prostaglandins, which cause smooth muscle to relax. After bih, the high oxygen content of the blood due to lung ventilation inhibits production of prostaglandins, causing smooth muscle contraction. Premature infants can be treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (such as indomethacin) to promote closure of the ductus aeriosus.
|
Anatomy
|
CVS Embryology
|
a91c9961-f3ae-497c-b8e1-8296bd9f99de
|
Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with allergy to sulphonamides -
|
Levobunolol
|
Bimatoprost
|
Brinzolamide
|
Brimonidine
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Brinzolamide Acetazolamide, Dorzolamide and Brinzolamide are sulfonamide derivatives which act by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor). Being sulphonamide derivatives they are contraindicated in patients with allergy to sulphonamides.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1bd770c2-c9da-4ee9-a612-5c55b47f6c3c
|
Which of the following is a sonographic finding of a fetus with Down's syndrome?
|
'Sandal gap'
|
Mild renal pelvis dilation
|
Nasal bone absence
|
All of the above
| 3d
|
multi
|
Second-trimester sonographic markers or "soft signs" associated with Down syndrome fetuses: Nuchal fold thickening Nasal bone absence or hypoplasia Shoened frontal lobe or brachycephaly Sho ear length Echogenic intracardiac focus Echogenic bowel Mild renal pelvis dilation Widened iliac angle Widened gap between first and second toes--"sandal gap" Clinodactyly, hypoplastic mid-phalanx of fifth digit Sho femur Sho humerus Ref: Cunningham F.G., Leveno K.J., Bloom S.L., Hauth J.C., Rouse D.J., Spong C.Y. (2010). Chapter 13. Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy. In F.G. Cunningham, K.J. Leveno, S.L. Bloom, J.C. Hauth, D.J. Rouse, C.Y. Spong (Eds), Williams Obstetrics, 23e
|
Pediatrics
| null |
7c1dccf0-09ee-4d7e-8c46-1b0ce0dad837
|
According to Horning and Cohen staging of oral
necrotizing diseases stage one represents
|
NUG
|
NUP
|
Necrotizing stomatitis
|
Noma
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
fda15bbb-9b31-48c3-8d4d-451de98df022
|
All are the complications of hydatid cyst in the liver except
|
Jaundice
|
Suppuration
|
Cirrhosis
|
Rupture
| 2c
|
multi
|
Complications-- Rupture of the cyst into biliary tree ( most common) or bronchial tree Free rupture into peritoneal, pleural or pericardial cavities
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
4eb063a8-a3ec-4d7b-9c8b-a405fb8601a4
|
The masseter originates from the _______.
|
Condyle of the mandible
|
Infratemporal crest of the sphenoid bone
|
Inferior border of the zygomatic arch
|
Pyramidal process of the palatine bone
| 2c
|
single
|
The masseter originates from the inferior border of the zygomatic arch; specifically, its superficial head and deep head originate from the anterior two thirds or posterior one third of the inferior border, respectively. Its superficial head inserts into the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible; its deep head inserts into the ramus and body of the mandible.
|
Anatomy
| null |
2b8aa334-584c-407a-b442-5526f1a1ccb2
|
Cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI lesions are associated with
|
Sphenoparietal sinus
|
Occipital sinus
|
Occipital sinus
|
Cavernous sinus
| 3d
|
single
|
(D) Cavernous sinus# Each Cavernous Sinus (one for each hemisphere of the brain) contains the following:> Vertically, from superior to inferior (within the lateral wall of the sinus).> Oculomotor nerve (CN III)> Trochlear nerve (CN IV)> Ophthalmic nerve, the V1 branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).> Maxillary nerve, the V2 branch of CN V> Unlike the nerves listed above, the abducens nerve (CN VI) does not run within the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus; rather it runs through the middle of the sinus alongside the internal carotid artery.> Horizontally, from medial to lateral> Internal carotid artery and sympathetic plexus.
|
Anatomy
|
Neuroanatomy
|
98f21f49-6c68-4824-b82e-873e2c1df627
|
Parofollicular cells develops from
|
Ultimo - bractial body
|
Pharyngeal pouch 4
|
Pharyngeal pouch 3
|
Neural crest cells
| 3d
|
single
|
Parafolliculor cells derived from neural crest and ultino - brachail body.
Neural crest is the best option.
|
Anatomy
| null |
ac7cd69b-ed58-43af-9505-0598bea3ed09
|
B/L hilar lymphadenopathy, along with non caseating granulomas is a characteristic feature of-
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Scleroderma
|
SLE
|
Stein-leventhal syndrome
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Medicine
| null |
76c132d1-2b23-4bbc-81f8-a8d3ce9176a6
|
All are liver glycogenosis except?
|
Von Girke disease
|
Hers disease
|
Type IIi glycogenosis
|
Pompes disease
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pompes disease
|
Pediatrics
| null |
2941e1be-6072-4e04-a888-3ef3488e4869
|
Which of the following organism shows satellitism in cultures?
|
Haemophilus
|
Streptococcus
|
Klebsiella
|
Proteus
| 0a
|
single
|
When Staphylococcus aureus is streaked across a plate of blood agar on which a specimen containing H. influenzae has been inoculated, after overnight incubation, the colonies of H. influenzae will be large and well developed alongside the streak of staphylococcus, and smaller faher away. This phenomenon is called satellitism and demonstrates the dependence of H. influenzae on the V factor, which is available in high concentrations near the staphylococcal growth and only in smaller quantities away from it. This is a routine test in clinical bacteriology for the identification of H. influenzae. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology By Ananthanarayan And Paniker, 6th edition, Page 306-307.
|
Microbiology
| null |
efb2ed45-868f-4263-af39-b5f59e7137cf
|
True about umbilical aery Doppler is
|
Changes in the flow velocity waveforms of umbilical aery may be impoant in the management of high-risk pregnancies
|
Absence of end-diastolic flow is normal at term
|
Maternal smoking decreases SID ratio
|
Increased diastolic flow indicates worse prognosis
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. Absence of end-diastolic flow is normal at term
|
Radiology
| null |
252e2c38-1f19-4425-bfc0-a6e11ab4a0d8
|
Gastric emptying is mainly regulated by
|
neural reflexes
|
Enteric reflexes
|
Local hormones in stomach
|
Local hormones in duodenum
| 1b
|
single
|
Gastric emptying is mainly regulated by enteric reflexes. Regulation of gastric emptying is mainly by the inhibitory feedback signals from the duodenum that includes enterogastric reflex and hormonal feedback by cholecystokinin. Enterogastric reflex: When food enters the duodenum , multiple nervous reflexes are inititiated from the duodenal wall. They strongly inhibit the pyloric pump propulsive contractions and increase the tone of the pyloric sphincter. These reflexes are mediated by three routes: Directly from the duodenum to the stomach through the enteric nervous system in the gut wall(major role) Through inhibitory sympathetic nerve fibers to the stomach (minor role) Vagus nerves to the brainstem where they inhibit the normal excitatory signals transmitted to the stomach (minor role) Cholecystokinin is released from the mucosa of the jejunum in response to fatty substances in the chyme. This hormone acts as an inhibitor to block increased stomach motility caused by gastrin. Ref: Guyton and Hall 13th edition Pgno: 812
|
Physiology
|
G.I.T
|
db89ffac-74e0-48f2-974f-b69f40bc5957
|
Route of choice for analgesics in cancer patients
|
Oral
|
IV
|
Topical
|
Sublingual
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
cec453d8-7fa6-45d2-a606-1c6c240a99e7
|
Drug of choice in MDP is:
|
Lithium
|
Amphetamine
|
Diazepam
|
Alprazolam
| 0a
|
single
|
Lithium
|
Psychiatry
| null |
32d2a9f6-d4f3-4d9b-bfe5-f271477839f4
|
Symptoms of opioid withdrawal are all, EXCEPT:
|
Polyuria
|
Yawning
|
Fever
|
Insomnia
| 0a
|
multi
|
Opioid withdrawal syndrome may resemble a severe flu-like illness. The syndrome is characterized by rhinorrhea, sneezing, yawning, lacrimation, abdominal cramping, leg cramping, piloerection (gooseflesh), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated pupils, fever, and insomnia. Heroin and methadone withdrawal symptoms peak in 36-72 hours and 72-96 hours, respectively, and may last for 7-10 days and at least 14 days, respectively.
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
bb891bba-58b2-4403-bce0-a8d0eb0876f0
|
Indications of FESS -a) Inverted papilloma b) Nasal Allergic polyposisc) Mucoceled) Ca maxilla
|
ab
|
bc
|
acd
|
abc
| 3d
|
multi
|
Indications of FESS
Chronic bacterial sinusitis unresponsive to adequate medical treatment.
Recurrent acute bacterial sinusitis.
Polypoid rhinosinusitis (diffuse nasal polyposis).
Fungal sinusitis with fungal ball or nasal polypi.
Antrochoanal polyp and Ethmoid polyp
Mucocele of frontoethmoid or sphenoid sinus.
Control of epistaxis by endoscopic cautery.
Removal of foreign body from the nose or sinus.
Endoscopic septoplasty.
Removal of benign tumours, e.g. inverted papillomas or angiofibromas.
Orbital abscess or cellulitis management.
Dacryocystorhinostomy.
Repair of CSF leak.
Pituitary surgery
Optic nerve decompression.
Orbital decompression for Graves disease.
Control of posterior epistaxis (endoscopic clipping of sphenopalatine artery).
Choanal atresia.
|
ENT
| null |
382994cb-2ec5-4441-8859-0472bc8c538d
|
True about inverted papilloma is -
|
It is also known as Schnedrian papilloma
|
Anatomically It has an inverted appearance
|
It may cause basal cell carcinoma
|
It is commonly seen in young girls
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., It is also known as Schnedrian papilloma "Inverted papilloma of nose" -o It is also called Schneiderian papilloma, squamous papilloma or papillomatosiso It is a polypoid mass occuring on the lateral nasal wall typically in middle aged men.o The name is derived from its histologic appearance of on inverted proliferative growth patterno The significance of this lesion lies in its association with concurrent (8%) and subsequent (4%) invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
|
Surgery
|
E.N.T.
|
14f43d13-93fc-4be1-846b-55c373d8e129
|
What is the most likely diagnosis in a patient with generalized weakness and this finding?
|
Lichen planus pigmentosus
|
Smoker's melanosis
|
Cushing's disease
|
Diffuse melanosis cutis
| 3d
|
single
|
Answer D. Diffuse melanosis cutisDiffuse melanosis cutis is the correct answer. It is a rare presentation of malignant melanoma with progressive discoloration of the skin. Diffuse melanosis cutis is typically associated with poor prognosis.
|
Medicine
|
Disorder of Metabolism & Connective Tissue
|
a8239255-e46f-4087-9b33-73819cf92bff
|
An army recruit, smoker and 6 months into training staed complaining of pain at postero medial aspect of both legs. There was acute point tenderness and the pain was aggravated on physical activity. The most likely diagnosis is:
|
Gout
|
Stress fracture
|
Insufficiency stress fracture
|
Lumbar canal stenosis
| 1b
|
multi
|
The army man is most likely suffering from stress fracture. Stress Fracture or fatigue fracture is caused by repeated stress at one point. Bones are constantly trying to repair and remodel themselves in people like athletes and army recruit. Over a period if sufficient stress is applied on a bone which has reached the limit of remodeling, a fracture may occur. Most common fracture sites are tibia (soldiers, runners), metatarsals (dancers) and calcaneus. Ref: Monitoring Metabolic Status: Predicting Decrements in Physiological and Cognitive Performance By Institute of Medicine (U.S.) 2004 ; Textbook of Ohopedics By John Ebneza, 4th Edition, Page 695 ; Radiology Review Manual By Wolfgang Dahner, 7th Edition, Pages 85-6
|
Surgery
| null |
82539e2c-ed8d-4e2a-bfe9-be9da8df44e2
|
The professional antigen presenting cells ?
|
B cells
|
Dendritic cells
|
T cells
|
NK cells
| 1b
|
single
|
o Dendritic cells are the most potent and effective antigen presenting cells in the body - Harrison 2024
|
Pathology
| null |
45d6bfce-c21b-429b-bd6a-d641eafd1152
|
Auspitz sign is feature of:
|
Psoriasis
|
Lichen planus
|
Pityriasis alba
|
All of the above
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. A Psoriasis. (Ref. IDVL textbook of Dermatology 2nd / 817)When psoriatic scales are completely scraped off, the basement membrane is exposed and is seen as moist red surface (membrane of Bulkeley) through which dilated capillaries can be seen as red spots. On further scraping, these capillaries at the tip of elongated papillae are torn leading to multiple bleeding points. This is known as Auspitz sign, it is attributed to parakeratosis, intracellular edema of epidermal cells, suprapapillary thinning of stratum malphigii, elongation of dermal papillae and dilatation and tortuosity of papillary capillaries.PSORIASIS:# Pink Papules/ Plaques/ Pinpoint bleeding (Auspitz sign)/ Physical injury (Koebner phenomenon)# Silver Scale/ Sharp margins# Onycholysis/ Oil spots# Rete Ridges with Regular elongation# Itching# Arthritis/ Abscess (Munro)# Stratum comeum with nuclei, neutrophils# Immunologic disease# Stratum granulosum absent/ Stratum Spinosum thickening.Plaque Psoriasis# This is the most common and well-recognized form of psoriasis.2# It is characterized by well-defined raised erythematous papules and plaques with silvery coarse scale.# The distribution is typically symmetric, and sites of predilection include: Q- the extensor surfaces of the extremities, particularly the elbows and knees, sacrum, scalp, nape of the neck, and to a lesser extent trunk, genitalia, face, and ears.# Individuals may present with hyperkeratotic scaling disease localized to the scalp only, making it difficult to discriminate from severe seborrheic dermatitis or tinea capitis. This presentation has been called tinea amiantacea, and requires evaluation to distinguish between these 3 entities.# Additional features of psoriatic plaques include:- Auspitz sign,- Woronoff 's ring and- Kobner phenomenon.Auspitz signPresence of pinpoint bleeding at the base of a plaque after scale is forcibly removed.Can also be seen in other disorders.Woronoff's ringPresence of a white ring around erythematous plaques undergoing topical Rx or phototherapy.Isomorphic or Kobner phenomenonDevelopment of lesions at sites of trauma, including those from sunburn.
|
Skin
|
Erythmato-Squamous and Lichenoid Eruption
|
fce59ebf-c07e-4ffc-9c94-c93da3164977
|
Vasanti, a 25-year-old-girl, presents with complaints of fever and weakness. On examination there is splenomegaly of 3 cm below the costal margin.Hb is 8 gm/dL, TLC is 3,000/mm3 , platelet count is 80,000 mm3. Which of the following is the least likely diagnosis -
|
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
|
Anemia of chronic disease
|
Aplastic anemia
|
Megaloblastic anemia
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Medicine
| null |
831a98b1-a723-48f2-b748-60407d4e7b1a
|
Which of the following is false regarding laminaria tent as a contraceptive?
|
It is made from seaweed
|
It is placed in the posterior fornix
|
It is used for the dilatation of the cervix
|
It has got a thread to facilitate removal
| 1b
|
multi
|
Laminaria tent is made from seaweed and is intensely hygroscopic. It when placed in the cervix expands due to the hygroscopic action resulting in dilation of the cervix. Ref: Mudaliar and Menon's Clinical Obstetrics, 9th Edition, Page 517.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
ad57fc51-e5e0-4b68-986c-0b2d12b09ff7
|
In which type of poisonings is gastric lavage contraindicated?
|
Organophosphorus poisoning
|
Sedative drug poisoning
|
Corrosive acid poisoning
|
Barium carbonate poisoning
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C. Corrosive acid poisoningGastric Lavage is contraindicated when patients havea. Corrosive substance poisoningb. Convulsion (strychnine, tetanus)c. Comad. Volatile poisons (kerosene)e. Hypothermiaf. patients at risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage or perforation.g. aluminum phosphide poisoning
|
Pharmacology
|
Miscellaneous (Pharmacology)
|
21d8da89-be97-4e24-a750-36310c803a96
|
Tributary of the cavernous sinus includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
|
Superior petrosal sinus
|
Inferior petrosal sinus
|
Superficial middle cerebral vein
|
Deep middle cerebral vein
| 3d
|
multi
|
Deep Middle cerebral veins drain into the basal veins which drain into the Great cerebral veins that terminate in the straight sinus. Deep Middle cerebral veins neither form direct incoming channels nor direct draining channels for the cavernous sinuses. Ref: Clinical Anatomy By Regions By Richard S. Snell, 6th Edition, Page 808 ; Dural Cavernous Sinus Fistulas: Diagnosis and Endovascular Therapy By Goetz Benndorf, Page 36 ; Atlas of Neuroradiologic Embryology, Anatomy and Variants By J. Randy Jinkins, Page 369
|
Anatomy
| null |
45f307a5-38c8-40dc-a8fb-a45d42f4c039
|
Limulus amoebocyte lysate test is used to detect ?
|
Endotoxin
|
Verocytotoxin
|
Pyroexotoxin-A
|
Alpha-toxin of Cl. perfringens
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Endotoxin Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL), an aqueous extract of amoebocytes from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, reacts with endotoxin to form a gel or a clot.Under standardized conditions, this reaction detects picogram quantities of endotoxin.The clotting reaction is triggered when the LAL reagent comes in contact with the lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) fraction of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.The endotoxin activates an enzyme in the LAL reagent which then reacts with a low-molecular-weight clottable protein to form a gel.
|
Microbiology
| null |
c4fd7d4f-55f0-4a22-ba57-be8c6f90f875
|
Structure crossing dorsal surface of ischial spine are all except
|
Internal pudendal vessel
|
Pudendal nerve
|
Obturator nerve
|
Nerve to obturator internus
| 2c
|
multi
|
Pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels, and nerve to obturator internus after leaving the pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, cross the dorsal aspect of the ischial spine and then re-enter the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen.
|
Anatomy
| null |
98e3c2e4-a523-4c60-8056-00957ec80fe8
|
Endoscopic sinus surgery prerequisite-
|
MRI of paraanasal sinus
|
CT of PNS
|
Mucocilliary clearing testing
|
Acoustic tests
| 1b
|
single
|
(Refer: PL Dhingra, Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat, 7th edition, pg no. 220 – 221)
Endoscopic surgery of inflammatory diseases of paransal sinuses (sinusitis or polyp) requires a very detailed preoperative knowledge of the individual anatomical conditions and pathological changes
CT scan are used best to visualize sinus areas
CT scan provides excellent definition of paranasal sinuses and is a prerequisite for endoscopic surgery
“CT scan limited study coronal cuts in bone window is prerequisite for endscopic sinus surgery”-----Mohan Bansal
|
Unknown
| null |
39211333-6c4a-4608-a121-b2e8e0fb5ebd
|
Which of the following is specific for albinism among the following?
|
Red reflex
|
Decreased visual activity
|
Photophobia
|
Nystagmus
| 0a
|
single
|
(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 467 - 474) *All the given options are seen in albinism. But, a red reflex is specific *Ocular features in albinism: Red reflex Pink or blue iris Dazzling glare Photophobia Decreased vision Nystagmus Clear retinal and choroidal vessels, separated by glistening white space Strabismus (mild to moderate) Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) There is usually nystagmus - OA can otherwise be difficult to detect in women, although it tends to be more obvious in men. There is also a red pupillary reflex (pupils appear greenish to bluish-red) with depigmented fundus and prominent choroidal vessels and photophobia.
|
Ophthalmology
|
Miscellaneous
|
a9d1d4a2-9682-42e5-bf85-0deb61353628
|
What is use of Bristow elevator
|
To elevate fractured zygomatic bone
|
To reduce tooth bearing position of upper jaw
|
To reduce nasal complex fracture
|
To split nasal bone
| 0a
|
single
|
To reduce tooth bearing position of upper jaw
... Rowes disimpaction forceps is used
To reduce nasal fracture bone, asches or William forceps is used
To elevate fractured zygomatic bone Bristow elevator is used.
|
Surgery
| null |
05308ed7-4040-4f16-a5a2-8a4bfccd989f
|
A 35-year-old male with bilateral asymmetrical ptosis and diplopia on watching TV or working on a laptop.Which test will be useful for diagnosis?
|
Nerve conduction velocity
|
Ice pack test
|
Muscle biopsy
|
CPK- MM Levels
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. (b) Ice pack test.The image shows presence of asymmetrical droopy eyelids with history of development of this finding on repeated working of eye muscles. The possible diagnosis is myasthenia gravis which can be identified by Ice pack test.Image source - style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif">
|
Medicine
|
Cranial Nerve Disorders
|
d8a929df-f4c6-4115-9d06-c358130f83a5
|
Opponens Pollicis is supplied by -
|
Median nerve
|
Radial nerve
|
Ulnar nerve
|
Anterior Interosseus nerve
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Median nerve SUMMARY OF NERVE SUPPLY OF MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMBDorsal scapular nerve (C5)Rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, levator scapulae musclesLong thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)Serratus anterior muscleSuprascapular nerve (C5,6)Supraspinatus and infraspinatus musclesNerve to subclavius (C5,6)SubclaviusLateral pectoral nerve (C5,6,7)Pectoralis major muscleMusculocutaneous nerve (C5,6,7)Coracobrachialis biceps brachii, brachialis muscles, supplies skin along lateral border of forearm when it becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm.Upper subscapular nerve (C5,6)Subscapularis muscleThoracodorsal nerve (C6,7,8)Latissimus dorsi muscleLower subscapular nerve (C5,6)Subscapularis and teres major musclesAxillary nerve (C5,6)Deltoid and teres minor muscles; upper lateral cutaneous nerve of arm supplies skin over lower half of deltoid muscle.Radial nerve (C5,6,7,8; T1)Triceps, anconeus, part of brachialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, via deep radial nerve branch supplies extensor muscles of forearm; supinator, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis; skin, lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of arm, and posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm, skin on lateral side of dorsum of hand and dorsal sufrace of lateral three and a half fingers, articular branches to elbow, wrist and hand.Medial pectoral nerve (C8; Tl)Pectoralis major and minor musclesMedial cutaneous nerve of arm joined by intercostal brachial nerve from second intercostal nerve (C8; T1, 2)Skin of medial side of armMedial cutaneous nerve of forearm (C8;T1)Skin of medial side of forearmUlnar nerve (C8; Tl)Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus, flexor dig-iti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, adductor pollicis, third and fourth lumbricals, interossei, palmaris brevis, skin of medial half of dorsum of hand and palm, skin of palmar and dorsal surfaces of medial one and a half fingers.Median nerve (C5,6,7,8; Tl)Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorium superficialis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, first two lumbricals (by way of anterior interosseous branch), flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half), pronator quadratus, palmar cutaneous branch to lateral half of palm and digital branches to palmar surface of lateral three and a half fingers, articular branches to elbow, wrist, and carpal joints.
|
Anatomy
|
Upper Extremity
|
f75ea203-8188-4156-b55e-0fc310407114
|
Hypersplenism is characterized by all EXCEPT:
|
Leukamoid reaction
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
Splenomegaly
|
Responds to splenectomy
| 0a
|
multi
|
(Leukamoid reaction): Ref: 704-R, 466-HM (476- Basic pathology 8th)HYPERSPLENISM - characterized by triad of1. Splenomegaly2. Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or any combination of these, in association with hyperplasia of marrow precursors of the deficient cell type3. Correction of the blood cytopenia (s) by splenectomy* The term hypersplenism is usedfor conditions which causes excessive removal of erythrocytes, granulocytes or platelets from the circulation* Leukamoid reaction - defined as a reactive leukocytosis in the peripheral blood resembling that of leukaemia (413-HM)
|
Pathology
|
Blood
|
a9125597-be5e-4b0b-8d4a-1e3119bae808
|
Marker for biliary tract obstruction -
|
Alkaline phosphatase
|
Aspaate transaminase
|
Alanine transaminase
|
Creatinine kinase
| 0a
|
single
|
Answer-A. Alkaline phosphataseEnzymes that reflect cholestasisAlkaline phosphatase5'- nucleotidaseGamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)Lipoprotein-X is an abnormal lipoprotein that appears in the sera of patients with obstructive jaundice and thus is a sensitive indicator of cholestasis.
|
Medicine
| null |
256c76e7-f0c9-4e20-ae5b-db6dcfacd848
|
The most common cyst of the oral region is -
|
Dentigerous cyst
|
Keratosis cyst
|
Dermoid cyst
|
Periapical cyst
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. (d) Periapical cystRef: Scott-Browns Otorhinolaryngology 7/e p 1924-1925Periapical Cyst (Radicular Cyst)* MC type of Jaw cyst* Inflammatory origin* Found at the apex of teeth.* Result in long standing Pulpitis.* Removal of irritant material and tooth extraction.
|
Surgery
|
Oral Cavity
|
94bfbe82-a572-4037-b228-1f6146037cf6
|
A 37-year-old man repos that after a sudden financial loss, he had a bout of illness in which he felt sad and nervous and fearful, could not sleep or eat properly. He also began to hear voices telling him that he was useless and should kill himself. His symptoms stopped after approximately one week. He has had no similar episodes. Medical history includes no psychiatric conditions. Physical examination shows no abnormalities, and results of laboratory studies are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
|
Schizophreniform disorder
|
Brief psychotic disorder
|
Schizo-affective disorder
|
Schizophrenia
| 1b
|
single
|
History is suggestive of abrupt onset illness with psychotic symptoms which resolved within 1 week so it would be diagnosed as Brief Psychotic disorder as per DSM or Acute and transient psychotic disorder(ATPD) as per ICD. Disorder Characteristics Brief psychotic disorder Psychotic symptoms lasting >1 d but <1 mo; often precipitating psychosocial factors Schizophreniform disorder Psychotic and residual symptoms lasting 1-6 mo Schizophrenia Psychotic and residual symptoms lasting at least 6 mo Schizo-affective disorder Symptoms of depression or mania as well as schizophrenia; presence ofpsychotic symptoms for at least 2 weeks without mood symptoms
|
Psychiatry
|
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
|
e15ddf9f-2cf1-4fc7-8f1d-0d39b40f1e46
|
Oliguric phase of renal failure, all are TRUE, EXCEPT:
|
Hypercalcemia
|
Hyponatremia
|
Anaemia
|
Hyperkalemia
| 0a
|
multi
|
Answer is A (Hypercalcemia): The oliguric phase of acute renal failure is associated with hypocalcemia and not hypercalcemia The oliguric phase (maintenance phase) of acute renal failure is associated with uretnic and electrolyte complications. Metastatic deposition of calcium phosphate leads to hypocalcemia. Other factors that lead to hypocalcemia include tissue resistance to the actions of parathyroid hormone and reduced levels of vitamin D.
|
Medicine
| null |
d9339321-fa74-47df-ac54-74534194171e
|
A patient presents to emergency with pinpoint pupil, salivation, lacrimation, tremors and red tears. Plasma cholinesterase level was 30% of normal. Most probable Diagnosis is:
|
Organophosphate poisoning
|
Datura poisoning
|
Opioid poisoning
|
Pontine hemorrhage
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. (A) Organophosphate poisoning(Ref: Katzung 12/e p110)These are characteristic features of anti-cholinestearse (organophosphate and carbamate) poisoning.Features of Organophosphate poisoning:* Muscarinic symptoms: Pin point pupil, salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, bronchospasm, bradycardia* Nicotinic symptoms: Fasciculations and fibrillations of muscle, tachycardia, tachypnea* CNS symptoms: Temors, giddiness, ataxia, coma* Red tears: Due to accumulation of porphyrin in the lacrimal glands
|
Pharmacology
|
A.N.S.
|
6f49754d-b459-4860-836b-2c9c646d9f7a
|
Mizuo-phenomenon is seen in -
|
Fundus albipathicus
|
Fundus flavimaculatus
|
Oguchis disease
|
Choroideremia
| 2c
|
single
|
Oguchi disease is characterized by a golden-brown fundus with a yellow-gray 'metallic' sheen in the light-adapted state. After complete dark adaptation (3 to 12 hours), the fundus appears normal, and this disappearance of the shiny, yellow, fundus reflex is called the Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon.
|
Ophthalmology
|
Vitreous and retina
|
3c494767-2e87-4648-a77e-f8386c5c2746
|
Which statement is not true about Perthes disease?
|
It is characterized by avascular necrosis
|
More common in males
|
The bone age is same as that of the chronological age
|
All are true
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. C. The bone age is same as that of the chronological ageThe bone age is typically lower than the chronological age by 1-3 years.Since the blood supply of the femoral capital epiphysis is affected, it is characterized by avascular necrosis and disordered enchondral ossification of the primary and secondary centers of ossification.Salient clinical features of Perthes disease:* Typically affects boys aged 4-8 years* Proximal thigh atrophy* Muscle spasm* Short Stature (Altered longitudinal growth of proximal femur)* Limitation of abduction and internal rotation* Antalgic gait* When the hip is flexed it may go into obligatory external rotation called Catterall sign.
|
Orthopaedics
|
Miscellaneous
|
137492ba-1a0e-4513-9ca7-11e244a877cb
|
In TCA cycle, citrate is conveed into cis-aconitate by which mechanism?
|
Loss of H+
|
Loss of phosphate
|
Loss of H2O molecule
|
Loss of carbon dioxide molecule
| 2c
|
single
|
2nd Step: Formation of Isocitrate, Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by aconitase (Step 2, Fig.18.2). This reaction is a two-step process. At first, one water molecule is removed from citrate forming cis aconitate; a transient compound with a very sho half-life. Immediately, one water molecule is added to aconitate to form isocitrate. Thus the position of the hydroxyl group is shifted.Ref: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of carbohydrate
|
c44e0a5f-1110-4009-a594-aa6378414d87
|
Limey bile is
|
Present in the CBD
|
Thin and clear
|
Like toothpaste emulsion in the gallbladder
|
Bacteria rich
| 2c
|
multi
|
Limey Bile Calcium salts in the lumen of the GB in sufficient concentration may produce calcium precipitation and diffuse, hazy opacification of bile or a layering effect on plain abdominal X-Ray Filled with a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate usually, the consistency of tooth paste Caused by gradual obstruction of the cystic duct or CBD by chronic pancreatitis or carcinoma pancreas Organisms are rarely grown from emulsion Diagnosis Best revealed on plain radiograph Treatment Limey bile, or milk of calcium bile, is usually clinically innocuous Cholecystectomy is recommended when it occurs in a hydropic gallbladder Ref: Harrison's 19th edition Pgno : 2082
|
Surgery
|
G.I.T
|
8ee35e7c-ea2b-474d-b489-e7519a3ea010
|
Smoking predisposes to all of the following cancers except -
|
Carcinoma larynx
|
Carcinoma bladder
|
Carcinoma stomach
|
Lymphoma
| 3d
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
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