manufernandezbur/MoBiPlant · Datasets at Hugging Face

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What is the role of the AvrNb effector from Phytophthora sojae in its interaction with Nicotiana benthamiana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]	[ "It suppresses the hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana.", "It triggers incompatibility (resistance) in Nicotiana benthamiana.", "It is required for Phytophthora sojae to successfully infect Nicotiana benthamiana." ]	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	2,025	1	1	Molecular Plant	false
Which protein in Nicotiana benthamiana mediates the recognition of the Phytophthora sojae effector AvrNb?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]	[ "The pattern recognition receptor FLS2.", "The NLR protein NbPrf.", "The helper NLR protein NRC4." ]	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	2,025	1	1	Molecular Plant	false
What is the broader role of the NbPrf protein in Nicotiana benthamiana immunity beyond recognizing AvrNb from Phytophthora sojae?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]	[ "It only recognizes effectors from non-adapted Phytophthora species.", "It mediates immunity against effectors from multiple Phytophthora species, including adapted ones like P. infestans and P. capsici.", "It primarily functions in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) suppression." ]	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	2,025	1	1	Molecular Plant	false
Which helper NLRs are primarily involved in mediating the incompatibility of Nicotiana benthamiana towards Phytophthora sojae upon AvrNb recognition?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]	[ "EDS1 and BAK1.", "NRC2 and NRC3.", "NRC4 only." ]	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	2,025	1	1	Molecular Plant	false
How does the Phytophthora infestans effector AVRcap1b affect the interaction between Phytophthora sojae and Nicotiana benthamiana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]	[ "It directly interacts with AvrNb to block its recognition by NbPrf.", "It suppresses NbPrf-NRC2/3 mediated immunity, allowing Phytophthora sojae to infect Nicotiana benthamiana.", "It enhances the hypersensitive response triggered by AvrNb in Nicotiana benthamiana." ]	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018	2,025	1	1	Molecular Plant	false
What type of protein does the GS2 gene encode in Oryza sativa, and what trait does it primarily influence?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "An E3 ubiquitin ligase influencing grain width only.", "A transmembrane protein influencing grain length only.", "A transcription factor (OsGRF4) influencing grain size and weight." ]	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	2,015	321	2	Nature Plants	false
How is the expression of the rice transcription factor OsGRF4 (encoded by GS2) regulated, and what is the consequence of a specific mutation (GS2AA) in its OsmiR396 target site?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It is positively regulated by OsmiR396 binding; the GS2AA mutation enhances this binding, leading to smaller grains.", "It is regulated by phosphorylation; the GS2AA mutation affects kinase binding, leading to altered plant height.", "It is negatively regulated by OsmiR396-mediated cleavage; the GS2AA mutation impairs this cleavage, leading to larger grains." ]	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	2,015	321	2	Nature Plants	false
Which family of proteins does the rice grain size regulator OsGRF4 interact with?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors.", "OsGIF transcription coactivators (OsGIF1/2/3).", "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins." ]	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	2,015	321	1	Nature Plants	false
What is the effect of overexpressing the transcription coactivator OsGIF1 in Oryza sativa?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "No significant change in grain characteristics but altered flowering time.", "Decreased grain size and increased plant height.", "Increased grain size and weight." ]	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	2,015	321	2	Nature Plants	false
At the cellular level, how does the GS2/OsGRF4 pathway primarily influence grain size in rice?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "By promoting cell expansion in spikelet hulls, embryo, and endosperm.", "Primarily by increasing the rate of cell division throughout the plant.", "By altering starch composition within the endosperm cells." ]	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/nplants.2015.203	2,015	321	0	Nature Plants	false
What are the essential bHLH transcription factors required for stomata formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]	[ "PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF2 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF1 and PpSMF2" ]	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	2,016	129	0	Nature Plants	false
How do the essential bHLH proteins PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 regulate stomatal development in Physcomitrella patens?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]	[ "By independently binding to different DNA promoter regions.", "By forming a heterodimer that activates downstream transcription.", "By PpSMF1 inhibiting the function of PpSCRM1." ]	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	2,016	129	1	Nature Plants	false
What is the role of the bHLH protein PpSMF2 in Physcomitrella patens stomatal development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]	[ "It acts as a repressor, preventing excessive stomata formation.", "It is essential for initiating stomatal development, working with PpSMF1.", "It is not essential for stomata formation, as mutants develop normally." ]	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	2,016	129	2	Nature Plants	false
What functional consequence was observed in stomata-less sporophytes of Physcomitrella patens?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]	[ "Significantly reduced sporophyte size and biomass.", "Enhanced spore viability and germination rate.", "Delayed capsule dehiscence and spore release." ]	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	2,016	129	2	Nature Plants	false
Which Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal development gene is considered the closest ortholog to Physcomitrella patens PpSMF1 based on phylogenetic and functional evidence?	EVOLUTION	[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]	[ "SPCH", "FAMA", "MUTE" ]	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	Model Organisms	EVOLUTION	10.1038/nplants.2016.179	2,016	129	1	Nature Plants	false
What is the core principle behind the INTACT (Isolation of Nuclei Tagged in specific Cell Types) system for isolating specific nuclei?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Utilizes a two-component system where a biotin ligase tags a nuclear-localized protein in target cells for affinity purification.", "Uses fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS) of whole cells expressing a specific marker.", "Relies on laser capture microdissection of specific cells followed by nuclear extraction." ]	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	Model Organisms	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	2,017	70	0	Nature Plants	false
During early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, which factor generally has a more dominant impact on overall transcriptome dynamics?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Environmental temperature fluctuations.", "Specific cell type.", "Developmental stage." ]	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	2,017	70	2	Nature Plants	false
In early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, what is the relative timing of fate specification for vascular versus ground tissue precursors?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Vascular identity is established earlier (by the 16-cell stage), while ground tissue identity acquisition involves later reprogramming.", "Both vascular and ground tissue identities are established simultaneously at the globular stage.", "Ground tissue identity is established first, followed by vascular identity after the globular stage." ]	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	2,017	70	0	Nature Plants	false
Which transcription factor families are highlighted as having highly dynamic expression patterns, suggesting significant roles in transcriptional reprogramming during early Arabidopsis embryo development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "MADS-box, WRKY, and MYB families.", "Zinc finger, NAC, and AP2/ERF families.", "Auxin response factors (ARF), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and Homeobox (HOX)." ]	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	2,017	70	2	Nature Plants	false
What is the differential developmental significance of the suspensor during early Arabidopsis embryogenesis based on transcriptomic shifts?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The post-globular suspensor becomes transcriptionally more active and crucial for embryo proper patterning.", "The pre-globular suspensor shows gene expression patterns critical for development, which diminish post-globular stage.", "The suspensor maintains a constant, critical developmental role with unchanged transcriptional activity throughout early embryogenesis." ]	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3	2,017	70	1	Nature Plants	false
Which receptor kinase primarily mediates the regulation of stomatal lineage development by the CLE9/10 peptide in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "CLV1", "HSL1", "BAM1" ]	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	2,018	118	1	Nature Plants	false
In Arabidopsis thaliana, which class of receptor kinases is principally involved in CLE9/10-mediated regulation of periclinal cell division in xylem precursor cells?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "BAM class receptors", "HSL1 class receptors", "ERECTA family receptors" ]	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	2,018	118	0	Nature Plants	false
What type of kinases function as co-receptors with HSL1 when sensing the CLE9/10 peptide to regulate stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "BAM kinases", "SERK kinases", "MAP kinases" ]	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	2,018	118	1	Nature Plants	false
How does the signaling mechanism involving CLE9/10 differ between HSL1-mediated stomatal regulation and BAM-mediated xylem regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana regarding co-receptor recruitment?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "HSL1 recruits SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, whereas BAM receptors do not.", "BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, whereas HSL1 does not.", "Neither HSL1 nor BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10." ]	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	2,018	118	0	Nature Plants	false
What is the downstream molecular effect of CLE9/10 signaling through HSL1 that leads to a reduction in stomatal lineage stem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Increased transcription of the EPF2 gene.", "Direct binding and inhibition of the TMM receptor.", "Destabilization of the SPCH transcription factor via MAPK phosphorylation." ]	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4	2,018	118	2	Nature Plants	false
How does the HISE1 protein regulate the levels of the rate-limiting sterol synthesis enzymes HMGR1 and HMGR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the transcript level.", "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the protein level.", "HISE1 increases the enzymatic activity of HMGR1 and HMGR2." ]	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	2,019	31	1	Nature Plants	false
What is the primary biochemical function of the PSAT1 enzyme in the context of sterol homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PSAT1 converts excess free sterols into sterol esters.", "PSAT1 synthesizes free sterols from isoprenoid precursors.", "PSAT1 degrades sterol esters back into free sterols." ]	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	2,019	31	0	Nature Plants	false
What is the major type of lipid found within the characteristic intracellular structures, known as SE bodies, that accumulate in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana hise1 mutants?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Free sterols", "Sterol esters", "Triacylglycerols" ]	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	2,019	31	1	Nature Plants	false
What phenotypic outcome occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana double mutants lacking both HISE1 and PSAT1 function?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Enhanced growth and increased seed yield compared to wild type.", "Normal growth but an inability to produce any sterol esters.", "Severe growth defects attributed to the toxic accumulation of free sterols." ]	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	2,019	31	2	Nature Plants	false
Regarding their localization within Arabidopsis thaliana cells, where are the HISE1 and PSAT1 proteins primarily found?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Both HISE1 and PSAT1 are located within the nucleus.", "HISE1 is located on the general ER membrane, while PSAT1 is found on specific ER microdomains.", "HISE1 resides in the cytoplasm, whereas PSAT1 is embedded in the plasma membrane." ]	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2	2,019	31	1	Nature Plants	false
How many genes, organized into distinct clusters, are primarily involved in the biosynthesis of zealexin (ZX) antibiotic cocktails in Zea mays?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Six genes in two clusters", "Ten genes in three clusters", "Four genes in one cluster" ]	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	Cereal Grains	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	2,020	64	1	Nature Plants	false
What is the phenotypic consequence in Zea mays when the first four genes (Zx1-Zx4) of the zealexin biosynthetic pathway are simultaneously mutated?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Specific loss of resistance to bacterial pathogens only", "Increased resistance to fungal pathogens", "Broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance" ]	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	2,020	64	2	Nature Plants	false
Which model best describes the overall organization of the zealexin (ZX) biosynthetic pathway in Zea mays, characterized by enzyme promiscuity and genetic redundancy?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "An hourglass pathway model", "A linear sequential pathway model", "A branched divergent pathway model" ]	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	2,020	64	0	Nature Plants	false
What is the primary enzymatic function of the proteins encoded by Zx gene cluster II (Zx5, Zx6, Zx7) in Zea mays zealexin biosynthesis?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Performing final hydroxylation and desaturation steps via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP81A family)", "Catalysing the oxidation of sesquiterpene precursors via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP71Z family)", "Synthesizing the initial sesquiterpene hydrocarbon backbones via terpene synthase activity" ]	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	2,020	64	1	Nature Plants	false
Which enzyme family is primarily responsible for the later-stage modifications (e.g., hydroxylation, desaturation) of zealexins, encoded by Zx gene cluster III (Zx8, Zx9, Zx10) in Zea mays?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP71Z family", "Terpene synthases (TPS)", "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP81A family" ]	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9	2,020	64	2	Nature Plants	false
How is RNA polymerase V (Pol V) initially recruited to new target sites for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Recruitment depends on prior targeting by an siRNA-guided AGO4-clade ARGONAUTE protein.", "Recruitment relies primarily on pre-existing DNA methylation recognized by SUVH2/SUVH9 proteins.", "Recruitment is initiated by RNA Polymerase II transcription acting as a direct scaffold before Pol V arrives." ]	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	2,021	62	0	Nature Plants	false
Which size(s) of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are sufficient to initiate RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Initiation strictly requires 21-nucleotide siRNAs derived from DCL1 activity.", "Only 24-nucleotide siRNAs produced by DCL3 are capable of initiating RdDM.", "21, 22, and 24-nucleotide siRNAs processed by various DCL proteins are all sufficient." ]	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	2,021	62	2	Nature Plants	false
What is a necessary role of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription during the initiation phase of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) at a new target locus?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It directly substitutes for RNA polymerase V (Pol V) activity to deposit the initial methylation marks.", "Its sole function during initiation is to generate the double-stranded RNA precursors for siRNA production.", "It is required to make the locus receptive, likely by producing a transcript for AGO-siRNA interaction." ]	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	2,021	62	2	Nature Plants	false
Regarding the initiation of RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana, what is the recruitment order and dependency between AGO4-clade proteins and RNA Polymerase V (Pol V)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "AGO4-clade proteins and Pol V are recruited simultaneously, and their recruitment is mutually dependent.", "Pol V recruitment occurs first and is essential for guiding AGO4-clade proteins to the chromatin.", "AGO4-clade proteins are recruited first to the target locus independently of Pol V, guiding subsequent Pol V recruitment." ]	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	2,021	62	2	Nature Plants	false
Is the very first recruitment event of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) to a newly targeted, unmethylated DNA locus dependent on the methyl-binding proteins SUVH2/SUVH9 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No, the initial recruitment of Pol V to unmethylated loci is independent of SUVH2/SUVH9.", "Yes, these proteins are required to recognize specific DNA sequences to recruit Pol V initially.", "Yes, SUVH2/SUVH9 binding to nascent methylation is the primary trigger for initial Pol V recruitment." ]	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7	2,021	62	0	Nature Plants	false
Which newly identified subunit in Vigna radiata Complex I, based on an L-shaped density, appears to be plant-specific?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Vigna radiata" ]	[ "NDUFX", "NDUP9", "NDUA11" ]	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	2,022	22	1	Nature Plants	false
What role does the Complex I bridge domain play in Vigna radiata according to structural analysis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Vigna radiata" ]	[ "It sets the angle between the enzyme's arms, limiting large-scale conformational changes.", "It forms the major interface with Complex III₂ in the SC I+III₂ supercomplex.", "It is absent in plant Complex I and only found in mammals." ]	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	2,022	22	0	Nature Plants	false
Which component provides the major interface contact between Complex I and Complex III₂ in the Vigna radiata SC I+III₂ supercomplex?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Vigna radiata" ]	[ "The core transmembrane subunits Nad1-Nad6 of Complex I.", "The bridge domain of Complex I.", "The Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase (MPP) domain of Complex III₂." ]	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	2,022	22	2	Nature Plants	false
How does the Active/Deactive (A/D) transition behavior of Complex I in isolated Vigna radiata mitochondria differ from the 'classic' mammalian response?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Vigna radiata" ]	[ "Its susceptibility to NEM modification does not significantly change after thermal deactivation or substrate pre-activation, suggesting it doesn't adopt distinct A/D states like mammalian CI.", "It undergoes a much faster and complete transition to the deactive state upon incubation without substrate.", "It is completely insensitive to NEM, indicating the absence of the A/D transition mechanism." ]	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	2,022	22	0	Nature Plants	false
Which Complex I accessory subunit, along with C-terminal helices of Nad5 and TMH4 of Nad6, was structurally resolved at the interface in the Vigna radiata SC I+III₂ structure, confirming its presence in plants?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Vigna radiata" ]	[ "NDUP9", "NDUA11 (B14.7)", "MPP-β" ]	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8	2,022	22	1	Nature Plants	false
Which set of proteins is primarily required in Arabidopsis thaliana for maintaining normal chlorophyll levels under blue light, where loss-of-function mutants exhibit a pale green phenotype?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ]	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	2,023	35	0	Nature Plants	false
Which protein acts as a necessary intermediate or chaperone for the light-dependent co-condensation of the m6A writer FIONA1 (FIO1) with the photoreceptor Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) into photobodies in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "FIONA1 (FIO1) itself directly binds photoexcited CRY2", "SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ]	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	2,023	35	1	Nature Plants	false
How do the proteins Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1) influence the enzymatic activity of the m6A RNA methyltransferase FIONA1 (FIO1) in vitro?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "CRY2 activates FIO1 activity, while SPA1 inhibits it.", "Neither CRY2 nor SPA1 has a direct effect on the methyltransferase activity of FIO1.", "CRY2 and SPA1 synergistically or additively activate the methyltransferase activity of FIO1." ]	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	2,023	35	2	Nature Plants	false
What molecular mechanism, induced by blue light, involves the photoreceptor CRY2, the signaling protein SPA1, and the m6A writer FIO1 to regulate mRNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Blue light causes CRY2 to directly phosphorylate FIO1, enhancing its activity.", "Light-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) leading to the formation of CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 trimolecular condensates.", "SPA1 acts as a transcription factor activated by blue light via CRY2 to increase FIO1 expression." ]	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	2,023	35	1	Nature Plants	false
Which specific structural feature of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) protein is essential for both activating FIONA1 (FIO1) methyltransferase activity and mediating the light-induced co-condensation within the CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 complex?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The VP motif located within the C-terminal extension (CCE) domain.", "A nuclear localization signal sequence.", "The FAD chromophore binding pocket within the N-terminal PHR domain." ]	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0	2,023	35	0	Nature Plants	false
What characterises the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in plants in the context of microbiota interactions?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It is a core set of host genes consistently induced by diverse leaf microbiota members and linked to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).", "It is a plant defence mechanism specifically targeting pathogenic bacteria while promoting commensals.", "It is a response mediated solely by bacterial genes upon colonization of the plant." ]	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	2,024	0	0	Nature Plants	false
How does the plant's General Non-Self Response (GNSR) system influence the leaf microbiota?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It selectively enhances the growth of pathogenic bacteria within the leaf.", "It has no discernible effect on the structure or composition of the leaf microbial community.", "It functions as a feedback system that shapes microbiota composition, partly by inhibiting the colonization of certain bacterial strains." ]	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	2,024	0	2	Nature Plants	false
What determines the intensity of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) gene expression in plants?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The expression level is determined solely by the specific bacterial species present, not their abundance.", "The expression level is dose-responsive, influenced by bacterial abundance, molecular composition, and the duration of exposure.", "The expression level is constant once triggered, regardless of bacterial load." ]	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	2,024	0	1	Nature Plants	false
Which specific gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is identified as a central and highly responsive component of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "CYP71A12", "RBOHF", "BAK1" ]	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	2,024	0	0	Nature Plants	false
Which family of transcription factors is predicted to be significantly involved in orchestrating the expression of General Non-Self Response (GNSR) genes during plant immune responses?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "WRKY transcription factors", "MADS-box transcription factors", "bZIP transcription factors" ]	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z	2,024	0	0	Nature Plants	false
Which protein domain is primarily responsible for conferring instability to the MpARF2 protein in Marchantia polymorpha?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]	[ "The Middle Region (MR)", "The Phox and Bem1 domains (PB1)", "The DNA-binding domain (DBD)" ]	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	2,025	0	2	Nature Plants	false
In Marchantia polymorpha MpARF2, which specific single amino acid mutation within the identified instability motif failed to stabilize the protein?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]	[ "S299N", "R300Q", "E297K" ]	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	2,025	0	0	Nature Plants	false
What is a major developmental consequence observed in Marchantia polymorpha expressing a stabilized, non-degradable form of the full-length MpARF2 protein?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]	[ "Formation of ectopic apical notches and developmental defects", "Complete loss of response to applied auxin", "Accelerated thallus growth and increased gemmae production" ]	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	2,025	0	0	Nature Plants	false
Based on comparative analysis, when is the emergence of ARF protein instability thought to have occurred relative to the evolution of the auxin response system?	EVOLUTION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "It evolved independently multiple times only within flowering plants.", "It likely preceded or coincided with the origin of the auxin response system, originating in the common ancestor of A- and B-ARFs.", "It occurred significantly after the establishment of the auxin response system, specifically in B-ARFs." ]	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	Non-specific	EVOLUTION	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	2,025	0	1	Nature Plants	false
Is the instability motif identified in the A-class ARF protein MpARF1 functionally interchangeable with the motif in the B-class MpARF2 in Marchantia polymorpha?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]	[ "Yes, swapping the MpARF1 motif into the MpARF2 DBD confers instability.", "No, the motifs are strictly class-specific and cannot function outside their native protein.", "Yes, but swapping the MpARF1 motif stabilizes the MpARF2 protein." ]	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1	2,025	0	0	Nature Plants	false
How does the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus bovinus interact with the pathogenic fungus uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) affecting Pinus sylvestris?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]	[ "It completely excludes UnR colonization from all parts of the Pinus sylvestris root system.", "It inhibits UnR growth in vitro, but UnR can still colonize root tissues including S. bovinus mycorrhizas in planta.", "It forms a synergistic relationship with UnR, increasing the severity of root disease in Pinus sylvestris." ]	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	2,001	15	1	New phy	false
What is the overall effect of Suillus bovinus mycorrhizal colonization on Pinus sylvestris seedling performance when challenged with the pathogen uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) in nutrient-limited soil?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]	[ "It significantly increases the seedling's susceptibility to UnR, leading to rapid decline and death.", "It promotes vigorous shoot growth and maintains seedling health despite the presence and colonization potential of UnR.", "It offers no significant benefit or detriment to seedling performance under UnR challenge." ]	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	2,001	15	1	New phy	false
How do the ectomycorrhizal fungi Wilcoxina mikolae and Paxillus involutus influence Pinus sylvestris seedlings under conditions of low soil nutrients and exposure to uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR)?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]	[ "They dramatically improve nutrient acquisition, fully compensating for the negative impacts of UnR colonization.", "They provide robust protection against UnR, leading to enhanced seedling growth compared to uninoculated controls.", "They do not effectively protect the seedlings; root biomass is negatively affected by both nutrient limitation and UnR presence." ]	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	2,001	15	2	New phy	false
Can the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) cause damping-off symptoms in Pinus sylvestris germlings if non-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungal (ECMF) mycelia are present in the soil rhizosphere?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]	[ "Yes, the presence of ECMF mycelia alone does not prevent UnR colonization of radicle apices and the onset of damping-off.", "Yes, but damping-off only occurs if the ECMF mycelium belongs to the genus Paxillus.", "No, the mere presence of any ECMF mycelium is sufficient to inhibit UnR colonization and prevent disease." ]	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	2,001	15	0	New phy	false
Is it possible for the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) to colonize the internal tissues of established ectomycorrhizas on Pinus sylvestris roots?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]	[ "Yes, but internal colonization is restricted only to mycorrhizas formed by Wilcoxina mikolae.", "No, the mantle and Hartig net of established mycorrhizas form a complete physical barrier against UnR penetration.", "Yes, UnR can be isolated from surface-sterilized mycorrhizas and long root segments, indicating internal colonization." ]	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x	2,001	15	2	New phy	false
Which fungus is commonly identified as a latent invader within the xylem of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stems and branches?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]	[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme", "Trichoderma sp.", "Coniophora puteana" ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	2,002	51	0	New phy	false
What effect does incubation under a 100% CO2 atmosphere have on the expression of latent endophytic fungi in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood, even if the wood dries?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]	[ "It significantly accelerates the growth of all endophytic fungi.", "It prevents the growth of the endophytic fungi.", "It selectively promotes the growth of Trichoderma sp." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	2,002	51	1	New phy	false
How do abiotic conditions influence the dominance of specific endophytic fungi emerging from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]	[ "Elevated temperatures favor Trichoderma sp., while low oxygen tensions favor Biscogniauxia nummularia.", "Low temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while high oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp.", "Elevated temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while low oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	2,002	51	2	New phy	false
What is a key difference observed in the fungal communities developing from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood when the bark is removed compared to when it is left intact?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]	[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme is largely absent in debarked units, while Coniophora puteana becomes dominant.", "Coniophora puteana is largely absent in debarked units, while Hypoxylon fragiforme is often more frequent.", "Bark removal completely prevents any fungal outgrowth from latent infections." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	2,002	51	1	New phy	false
How does the composition of the latent fungal endophyte community typically change with increasing size (from twigs to stems) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]	[ "The frequency of Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to increase, while Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to decrease.", "The frequency of Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to increase, while Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to decrease.", "The fungal community remains identical regardless of the branch order or size." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x	2,002	51	1	New phy	false
How do different regions of an Avena sativa leaf generally behave regarding transpiration during complex oscillatory periods?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Avena sativa" ]	[ "Distal regions oscillate while the central region remains stable.", "They oscillate synchronously but may exhibit small phase differences.", "They oscillate completely independently and asynchronously." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	2,003	41	1	New phy	false
What spatial pattern of stomatal conductance can sometimes be observed in Avena sativa leaves when whole-leaf transpiration is stable and non-oscillatory?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Avena sativa" ]	[ "Synchronous oscillations across the entire leaf.", "Nonhomogeneous, patch-like distributions.", "Completely homogeneous distribution across the entire leaf." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	2,003	41	1	New phy	false
During synchronous oscillatory transpiration in Avena sativa, what is the typical phase relationship between distal (top/bottom) and central leaf regions?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Avena sativa" ]	[ "Distal regions lag behind the central region by 0.5-3 minutes.", "Distal and central regions oscillate exactly in phase with no lag.", "Distal regions lead the central region by 0.5-3 minutes." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	2,003	41	0	New phy	false
What level of coupling between stomata is indicated by the observation of synchronous whole-leaf oscillations during transpiration in Avena sativa?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Avena sativa" ]	[ "Strong coupling.", "Weak coupling.", "Variable coupling that prevents synchronization." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	2,003	41	0	New phy	false
If an Avena sativa leaf exhibits period-doubling in its whole-leaf transpiration, how do individual areas of the leaf behave?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Avena sativa" ]	[ "All areas display the same period-doubling pattern in their temperature oscillations.", "Different areas oscillate at unrelated simple frequencies.", "Only the leaf base shows period-doubling." ]	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x	2,003	41	0	New phy	false
What is the primary physiological process associated with the respiration of newly assimilated carbon (Rnew) in plants like Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus" ]	[ "Growth processes", "Maintenance processes", "Nutrient uptake exclusively" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	2,004	37	0	New phy	false
How does the specific respiration rate of old, mobilized carbon (rold) typically change as the shoot biomass of a plant like Medicago sativa increases?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "It remains relatively constant", "It decreases exponentially", "It increases linearly" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	2,004	37	1	New phy	false
Under favorable growth conditions (e.g., high light, sufficient nutrients), what is the approximate value of the growth coefficient (g), representing the respiratory cost of incorporating newly assimilated carbon (Rnew:An ratio) in species like Medicago sativa?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Less than 0.10", "Around 0.32", "Greater than 0.60" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	2,004	37	1	New phy	false
How does the proportion of newly assimilated carbon contributing to total shoot respiration generally relate to the plant's instantaneous relative growth rate?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "It increases as the relative growth rate increases, up to a certain point", "It is highest when the relative growth rate is near zero", "It decreases as the relative growth rate increases" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	2,004	37	0	New phy	false
Which respiratory component tends to dominate the total carbon cost in subordinate plants experiencing severe shading and very low growth rates?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Respiration of new, currently assimilated carbon (Rnew), associated with growth", "Respiration of old, mobilized carbon (Rold), associated with maintenance", "Photorespiration during the day" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x	2,004	37	1	New phy	false
What is the primary cellular process inhibited by oxaziclomefone (OAC) in maize cell cultures shortly after treatment?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "DNA replication", "Cell expansion", "Cell division" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	Cereal Grains	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	2,005	9	1	New phy	false
How does the herbicide oxaziclomefone (OAC) impact turgor pressure in maize cells?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "It does not significantly affect turgor pressure.", "It significantly increases turgor pressure.", "It causes a rapid decrease in turgor pressure." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	2,005	9	0	New phy	false
What effect does oxaziclomefone (OAC) have on the acidification of the apoplast (medium) by maize cell cultures?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "OAC strongly inhibits apoplast acidification.", "OAC does not prevent apoplast acidification.", "OAC causes excessive apoplast acidification." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	Cereal Grains	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	2,005	9	1	New phy	false
Does oxaziclomefone (OAC) treatment hinder the movement of water across the membranes of maize cells?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "No, it does not impede water transport.", "Yes, it damages membranes, causing uncontrolled water leakage.", "Yes, it blocks aquaporins, significantly reducing water transport." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	2,005	9	0	New phy	false
Since oxaziclomefone (OAC) inhibits maize cell expansion without reducing turgor pressure or blocking wall acidification, what is its proposed mechanism of action?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Altering cell wall extensibility (loosening/tightening).", "Inhibiting the synthesis of osmotic solutes.", "Blocking ATP production required for expansion." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	Cereal Grains	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x	2,005	9	0	New phy	false
How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi typically associate with plant roots compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi primarily colonize the root hairs.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form a sheath around the root surface only.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate into root cortical cells." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	2,006	44	2	New phy	false
In models simulating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which component generally dominates the removal of phosphate from the soil?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Direct root uptake.", "Fungal hyphal uptake.", "Uptake by soil bacteria stimulated by root exudates." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	2,006	44	1	New phy	false
What primary spatial advantage do external fungal hyphae provide to plants regarding nutrient acquisition, particularly for ions like phosphate?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "They primarily increase nutrient concentration near the root surface.", "They facilitate nutrient uptake mainly by solubilizing soil minerals directly at the root tip.", "They vastly increase the soil volume explored for nutrient uptake." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	2,006	44	2	New phy	false
In the transfer of phosphate from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the plant, which step is often considered potentially rate-limiting?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Initial uptake of phosphate from the soil solution by the hyphae.", "Transfer across the fungus-root interface.", "Long-distance transport within the fungal hyphae via cytoplasmic streaming." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	2,006	44	1	New phy	false
What mechanisms are considered for solute transport within the fungal mycelium in models of mycorrhizal nutrient uptake?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Both passive diffusion and convection (cytoplasmic streaming).", "Only passive diffusion.", "Only active transport via specific transporters lining the hyphae." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x	2,006	44	0	New phy	false
Under which abiotic stress conditions does trehalose accumulate significantly in Glomus intraradices hyphae?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Osmotic stress only", "Prolonged heat and chemical stress", "Osmotic and heat stress" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	2,007	88	1	New phy	false
What is the transcriptional response of the neutral trehalase gene (GiNTH1) in Glomus intraradices during heat stress?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Strong transient up-regulation", "No significant change in RNA accumulation", "Constitutive down-regulation" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	2,007	88	1	New phy	false
What role is suggested for neutral trehalase activity in Glomus intraradices following the cessation of heat stress?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Continued accumulation of trehalose for long-term storage", "Inhibition of trehalose synthesis", "Mobilization of accumulated trehalose during recovery" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	2,007	88	2	New phy	false
What function of the Glomus mosseae neutral trehalase (GmNTH1) was confirmed using a yeast complementation assay?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Essential involvement in trehalose synthesis pathway", "A primary role in osmotic stress tolerance", "A role in thermotolerance and recovery from heat shock" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	2,007	88	2	New phy	false
Phylogenetic analysis of neutral trehalase sequences from Glomus species suggests they are most closely related to neutral trehalases from which group?	EVOLUTION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Ascomycete yeasts (e.g., Saccharomyces)", "Bacteria", "Basidiomycetes" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	Non-specific	EVOLUTION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x	2,007	88	2	New phy	false
What phenotype is observed upon overexpression of UBA2 genes (UBA2a, UBA2b, UBA2c) in Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Leaf senescence and hypersensitive-like cell death.", "Enhanced vegetative growth and delayed flowering.", "Increased root development and improved water retention." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	2,008	68	0	New phy	false
What type of stress primarily induces the expression of UBA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Mechanical wounding.", "Cold stress.", "Heat stress." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	2,008	68	0	New phy	false
Overexpression of UBA2 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to an altered expression of which group of genes?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Decreased transcript levels of all senescence-associated genes (SAGs).", "Increased transcript levels of specific senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and defense-related genes.", "Increased transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	2,008	68	1	New phy	false
What is the effect of UBA2 protein overexpression on ethylene levels in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No significant change in ethylene levels.", "Decreased ethylene biosynthesis.", "Increased ethylene biosynthesis." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	2,008	68	2	New phy	false
Where are the UBA2 proteins primarily localized within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Cytoplasm.", "Plasma membrane.", "Nucleus." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x	2,008	68	2	New phy	false

What is the role of the AvrNb effector from *Phytophthora sojae* in its interaction with *Nicotiana benthamiana*?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]

[ "It suppresses the hypersensitive response in *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It triggers incompatibility (resistance) in *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It is required for *Phytophthora sojae* to successfully infect *Nicotiana benthamiana*." ]

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

2,025

1

Molecular Plant

false

Which protein in *Nicotiana benthamiana* mediates the recognition of the *Phytophthora sojae* effector AvrNb?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]

[ "The pattern recognition receptor FLS2.", "The NLR protein NbPrf.", "The helper NLR protein NRC4." ]

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

2,025

1

Molecular Plant

false

What is the broader role of the NbPrf protein in *Nicotiana benthamiana* immunity beyond recognizing AvrNb from *Phytophthora sojae*?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]

[ "It only recognizes effectors from non-adapted *Phytophthora* species.", "It mediates immunity against effectors from multiple *Phytophthora* species, including adapted ones like *P. infestans* and *P. capsici*.", "It primarily functions in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) suppression." ]

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

2,025

1

Molecular Plant

false

Which helper NLRs are primarily involved in mediating the incompatibility of *Nicotiana benthamiana* towards *Phytophthora sojae* upon AvrNb recognition?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]

[ "EDS1 and BAK1.", "NRC2 and NRC3.", "NRC4 only." ]

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

2,025

1

Molecular Plant

false

How does the *Phytophthora infestans* effector AVRcap1b affect the interaction between *Phytophthora sojae* and *Nicotiana benthamiana*?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ]

[ "It directly interacts with AvrNb to block its recognition by NbPrf.", "It suppresses NbPrf-NRC2/3 mediated immunity, allowing *Phytophthora sojae* to infect *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It enhances the hypersensitive response triggered by AvrNb in *Nicotiana benthamiana*." ]

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.molp.2025.01.018

2,025

1

Molecular Plant

false

What type of protein does the GS2 gene encode in *Oryza sativa*, and what trait does it primarily influence?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "An E3 ubiquitin ligase influencing grain width only.", "A transmembrane protein influencing grain length only.", "A transcription factor (OsGRF4) influencing grain size and weight." ]

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

2,015

321

2

Nature Plants

false

How is the expression of the rice transcription factor OsGRF4 (encoded by GS2) regulated, and what is the consequence of a specific mutation (GS2AA) in its OsmiR396 target site?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It is positively regulated by OsmiR396 binding; the GS2AA mutation enhances this binding, leading to smaller grains.", "It is regulated by phosphorylation; the GS2AA mutation affects kinase binding, leading to altered plant height.", "It is negatively regulated by OsmiR396-mediated cleavage; the GS2AA mutation impairs this cleavage, leading to larger grains." ]

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

2,015

321

2

Nature Plants

false

Which family of proteins does the rice grain size regulator OsGRF4 interact with?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors.", "OsGIF transcription coactivators (OsGIF1/2/3).", "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins." ]

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

2,015

321

1

Nature Plants

false

What is the effect of overexpressing the transcription coactivator OsGIF1 in *Oryza sativa*?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "No significant change in grain characteristics but altered flowering time.", "Decreased grain size and increased plant height.", "Increased grain size and weight." ]

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

2,015

321

2

Nature Plants

false

At the cellular level, how does the GS2/OsGRF4 pathway primarily influence grain size in rice?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "By promoting cell expansion in spikelet hulls, embryo, and endosperm.", "Primarily by increasing the rate of cell division throughout the plant.", "By altering starch composition within the endosperm cells." ]

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/nplants.2015.203

2,015

321

0

Nature Plants

false

What are the essential bHLH transcription factors required for stomata formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]

[ "PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF2 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF1 and PpSMF2" ]

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

2,016

129

0

Nature Plants

false

How do the essential bHLH proteins PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 regulate stomatal development in Physcomitrella patens?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]

[ "By independently binding to different DNA promoter regions.", "By forming a heterodimer that activates downstream transcription.", "By PpSMF1 inhibiting the function of PpSCRM1." ]

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

2,016

129

1

Nature Plants

false

What is the role of the bHLH protein PpSMF2 in Physcomitrella patens stomatal development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]

[ "It acts as a repressor, preventing excessive stomata formation.", "It is essential for initiating stomatal development, working with PpSMF1.", "It is not essential for stomata formation, as mutants develop normally." ]

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

2,016

129

2

Nature Plants

false

What functional consequence was observed in stomata-less sporophytes of Physcomitrella patens?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]

[ "Significantly reduced sporophyte size and biomass.", "Enhanced spore viability and germination rate.", "Delayed capsule dehiscence and spore release." ]

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

2,016

129

2

Nature Plants

false

Which Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal development gene is considered the closest ortholog to Physcomitrella patens PpSMF1 based on phylogenetic and functional evidence?

EVOLUTION

[ "Physcomitrella patens" ]

[ "SPCH", "FAMA", "MUTE" ]

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

Model Organisms

EVOLUTION

10.1038/nplants.2016.179

2,016

129

1

Nature Plants

false

What is the core principle behind the INTACT (Isolation of Nuclei Tagged in specific Cell Types) system for isolating specific nuclei?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Utilizes a two-component system where a biotin ligase tags a nuclear-localized protein in target cells for affinity purification.", "Uses fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS) of whole cells expressing a specific marker.", "Relies on laser capture microdissection of specific cells followed by nuclear extraction." ]

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

Model Organisms

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

2,017

70

0

Nature Plants

false

During early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, which factor generally has a more dominant impact on overall transcriptome dynamics?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Environmental temperature fluctuations.", "Specific cell type.", "Developmental stage." ]

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

2,017

70

2

Nature Plants

false

In early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, what is the relative timing of fate specification for vascular versus ground tissue precursors?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Vascular identity is established earlier (by the 16-cell stage), while ground tissue identity acquisition involves later reprogramming.", "Both vascular and ground tissue identities are established simultaneously at the globular stage.", "Ground tissue identity is established first, followed by vascular identity after the globular stage." ]

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

2,017

70

0

Nature Plants

false

Which transcription factor families are highlighted as having highly dynamic expression patterns, suggesting significant roles in transcriptional reprogramming during early Arabidopsis embryo development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "MADS-box, WRKY, and MYB families.", "Zinc finger, NAC, and AP2/ERF families.", "Auxin response factors (ARF), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and Homeobox (HOX)." ]

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

2,017

70

2

Nature Plants

false

What is the differential developmental significance of the suspensor during early Arabidopsis embryogenesis based on transcriptomic shifts?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The post-globular suspensor becomes transcriptionally more active and crucial for embryo proper patterning.", "The pre-globular suspensor shows gene expression patterns critical for development, which diminish post-globular stage.", "The suspensor maintains a constant, critical developmental role with unchanged transcriptional activity throughout early embryogenesis." ]

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/s41477-017-0035-3

2,017

70

1

Nature Plants

false

Which receptor kinase primarily mediates the regulation of stomatal lineage development by the CLE9/10 peptide in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "CLV1", "HSL1", "BAM1" ]

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

2,018

118

1

Nature Plants

false

In Arabidopsis thaliana, which class of receptor kinases is principally involved in CLE9/10-mediated regulation of periclinal cell division in xylem precursor cells?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "BAM class receptors", "HSL1 class receptors", "ERECTA family receptors" ]

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

2,018

118

0

Nature Plants

false

What type of kinases function as co-receptors with HSL1 when sensing the CLE9/10 peptide to regulate stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "BAM kinases", "SERK kinases", "MAP kinases" ]

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

2,018

118

1

Nature Plants

false

How does the signaling mechanism involving CLE9/10 differ between HSL1-mediated stomatal regulation and BAM-mediated xylem regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana regarding co-receptor recruitment?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "HSL1 recruits SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, whereas BAM receptors do not.", "BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, whereas HSL1 does not.", "Neither HSL1 nor BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10." ]

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

2,018

118

0

Nature Plants

false

What is the downstream molecular effect of CLE9/10 signaling through HSL1 that leads to a reduction in stomatal lineage stem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Increased transcription of the EPF2 gene.", "Direct binding and inhibition of the TMM receptor.", "Destabilization of the SPCH transcription factor via MAPK phosphorylation." ]

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4

2,018

118

2

Nature Plants

false

How does the HISE1 protein regulate the levels of the rate-limiting sterol synthesis enzymes HMGR1 and HMGR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the transcript level.", "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the protein level.", "HISE1 increases the enzymatic activity of HMGR1 and HMGR2." ]

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

2,019

31

1

Nature Plants

false

What is the primary biochemical function of the PSAT1 enzyme in the context of sterol homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PSAT1 converts excess free sterols into sterol esters.", "PSAT1 synthesizes free sterols from isoprenoid precursors.", "PSAT1 degrades sterol esters back into free sterols." ]

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

2,019

31

0

Nature Plants

false

What is the major type of lipid found within the characteristic intracellular structures, known as SE bodies, that accumulate in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana *hise1* mutants?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Free sterols", "Sterol esters", "Triacylglycerols" ]

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

2,019

31

1

Nature Plants

false

What phenotypic outcome occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana double mutants lacking both HISE1 and PSAT1 function?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Enhanced growth and increased seed yield compared to wild type.", "Normal growth but an inability to produce any sterol esters.", "Severe growth defects attributed to the toxic accumulation of free sterols." ]

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

2,019

31

2

Nature Plants

false

Regarding their localization within Arabidopsis thaliana cells, where are the HISE1 and PSAT1 proteins primarily found?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Both HISE1 and PSAT1 are located within the nucleus.", "HISE1 is located on the general ER membrane, while PSAT1 is found on specific ER microdomains.", "HISE1 resides in the cytoplasm, whereas PSAT1 is embedded in the plasma membrane." ]

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-019-0537-2

2,019

31

1

Nature Plants

false

How many genes, organized into distinct clusters, are primarily involved in the biosynthesis of zealexin (ZX) antibiotic cocktails in Zea mays?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Six genes in two clusters", "Ten genes in three clusters", "Four genes in one cluster" ]

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

Cereal Grains

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

2,020

64

1

Nature Plants

false

What is the phenotypic consequence in Zea mays when the first four genes (Zx1-Zx4) of the zealexin biosynthetic pathway are simultaneously mutated?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Specific loss of resistance to bacterial pathogens only", "Increased resistance to fungal pathogens", "Broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance" ]

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

2,020

64

2

Nature Plants

false

Which model best describes the overall organization of the zealexin (ZX) biosynthetic pathway in Zea mays, characterized by enzyme promiscuity and genetic redundancy?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "An hourglass pathway model", "A linear sequential pathway model", "A branched divergent pathway model" ]

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

2,020

64

0

Nature Plants

false

What is the primary enzymatic function of the proteins encoded by Zx gene cluster II (Zx5, Zx6, Zx7) in Zea mays zealexin biosynthesis?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Performing final hydroxylation and desaturation steps via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP81A family)", "Catalysing the oxidation of sesquiterpene precursors via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP71Z family)", "Synthesizing the initial sesquiterpene hydrocarbon backbones via terpene synthase activity" ]

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

2,020

64

1

Nature Plants

false

Which enzyme family is primarily responsible for the later-stage modifications (e.g., hydroxylation, desaturation) of zealexins, encoded by Zx gene cluster III (Zx8, Zx9, Zx10) in Zea mays?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP71Z family", "Terpene synthases (TPS)", "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP81A family" ]

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-020-00787-9

2,020

64

2

Nature Plants

false

How is RNA polymerase V (Pol V) initially recruited to new target sites for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Recruitment depends on prior targeting by an siRNA-guided AGO4-clade ARGONAUTE protein.", "Recruitment relies primarily on pre-existing DNA methylation recognized by SUVH2/SUVH9 proteins.", "Recruitment is initiated by RNA Polymerase II transcription acting as a direct scaffold before Pol V arrives." ]

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

2,021

62

0

Nature Plants

false

Which size(s) of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are sufficient to initiate RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Initiation strictly requires 21-nucleotide siRNAs derived from DCL1 activity.", "Only 24-nucleotide siRNAs produced by DCL3 are capable of initiating RdDM.", "21, 22, and 24-nucleotide siRNAs processed by various DCL proteins are all sufficient." ]

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

2,021

62

2

Nature Plants

false

What is a necessary role of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription during the initiation phase of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) at a new target locus?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It directly substitutes for RNA polymerase V (Pol V) activity to deposit the initial methylation marks.", "Its sole function during initiation is to generate the double-stranded RNA precursors for siRNA production.", "It is required to make the locus receptive, likely by producing a transcript for AGO-siRNA interaction." ]

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

2,021

62

2

Nature Plants

false

Regarding the initiation of RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana, what is the recruitment order and dependency between AGO4-clade proteins and RNA Polymerase V (Pol V)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "AGO4-clade proteins and Pol V are recruited simultaneously, and their recruitment is mutually dependent.", "Pol V recruitment occurs first and is essential for guiding AGO4-clade proteins to the chromatin.", "AGO4-clade proteins are recruited first to the target locus independently of Pol V, guiding subsequent Pol V recruitment." ]

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

2,021

62

2

Nature Plants

false

Is the very first recruitment event of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) to a newly targeted, unmethylated DNA locus dependent on the methyl-binding proteins SUVH2/SUVH9 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No, the initial recruitment of Pol V to unmethylated loci is independent of SUVH2/SUVH9.", "Yes, these proteins are required to recognize specific DNA sequences to recruit Pol V initially.", "Yes, SUVH2/SUVH9 binding to nascent methylation is the primary trigger for initial Pol V recruitment." ]

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-021-01008-7

2,021

62

0

Nature Plants

false

Which newly identified subunit in *Vigna radiata* Complex I, based on an L-shaped density, appears to be plant-specific?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Vigna radiata" ]

[ "NDUFX", "NDUP9", "NDUA11" ]

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

2,022

22

1

Nature Plants

false

What role does the Complex I bridge domain play in *Vigna radiata* according to structural analysis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Vigna radiata" ]

[ "It sets the angle between the enzyme's arms, limiting large-scale conformational changes.", "It forms the major interface with Complex III₂ in the SC I+III₂ supercomplex.", "It is absent in plant Complex I and only found in mammals." ]

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

2,022

22

0

Nature Plants

false

Which component provides the major interface contact between Complex I and Complex III₂ in the *Vigna radiata* SC I+III₂ supercomplex?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Vigna radiata" ]

[ "The core transmembrane subunits Nad1-Nad6 of Complex I.", "The bridge domain of Complex I.", "The Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase (MPP) domain of Complex III₂." ]

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

2,022

22

2

Nature Plants

false

How does the Active/Deactive (A/D) transition behavior of Complex I in isolated *Vigna radiata* mitochondria differ from the 'classic' mammalian response?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Vigna radiata" ]

[ "Its susceptibility to NEM modification does not significantly change after thermal deactivation or substrate pre-activation, suggesting it doesn't adopt distinct A/D states like mammalian CI.", "It undergoes a much faster and complete transition to the deactive state upon incubation without substrate.", "It is completely insensitive to NEM, indicating the absence of the A/D transition mechanism." ]

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

2,022

22

0

Nature Plants

false

Which Complex I accessory subunit, along with C-terminal helices of Nad5 and TMH4 of Nad6, was structurally resolved at the interface in the *Vigna radiata* SC I+III₂ structure, confirming its presence in plants?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Vigna radiata" ]

[ "NDUP9", "NDUA11 (B14.7)", "MPP-β" ]

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-022-01306-8

2,022

22

1

Nature Plants

false

Which set of proteins is primarily required in Arabidopsis thaliana for maintaining normal chlorophyll levels under blue light, where loss-of-function mutants exhibit a pale green phenotype?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ]

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

2,023

35

0

Nature Plants

false

Which protein acts as a necessary intermediate or chaperone for the light-dependent co-condensation of the m6A writer FIONA1 (FIO1) with the photoreceptor Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) into photobodies in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "FIONA1 (FIO1) itself directly binds photoexcited CRY2", "SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ]

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

2,023

35

1

Nature Plants

false

How do the proteins Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1) influence the enzymatic activity of the m6A RNA methyltransferase FIONA1 (FIO1) in vitro?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "CRY2 activates FIO1 activity, while SPA1 inhibits it.", "Neither CRY2 nor SPA1 has a direct effect on the methyltransferase activity of FIO1.", "CRY2 and SPA1 synergistically or additively activate the methyltransferase activity of FIO1." ]

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

2,023

35

2

Nature Plants

false

What molecular mechanism, induced by blue light, involves the photoreceptor CRY2, the signaling protein SPA1, and the m6A writer FIO1 to regulate mRNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Blue light causes CRY2 to directly phosphorylate FIO1, enhancing its activity.", "Light-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) leading to the formation of CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 trimolecular condensates.", "SPA1 acts as a transcription factor activated by blue light via CRY2 to increase FIO1 expression." ]

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

2,023

35

1

Nature Plants

false

Which specific structural feature of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) protein is essential for both activating FIONA1 (FIO1) methyltransferase activity and mediating the light-induced co-condensation within the CRY2/SPA1/FIO1 complex?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The VP motif located within the C-terminal extension (CCE) domain.", "A nuclear localization signal sequence.", "The FAD chromophore binding pocket within the N-terminal PHR domain." ]

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-023-01580-0

2,023

35

0

Nature Plants

false

What characterises the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in plants in the context of microbiota interactions?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It is a core set of host genes consistently induced by diverse leaf microbiota members and linked to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).", "It is a plant defence mechanism specifically targeting pathogenic bacteria while promoting commensals.", "It is a response mediated solely by bacterial genes upon colonization of the plant." ]

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

2,024

0

Nature Plants

false

How does the plant's General Non-Self Response (GNSR) system influence the leaf microbiota?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It selectively enhances the growth of pathogenic bacteria within the leaf.", "It has no discernible effect on the structure or composition of the leaf microbial community.", "It functions as a feedback system that shapes microbiota composition, partly by inhibiting the colonization of certain bacterial strains." ]

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

2,024

0

2

Nature Plants

false

What determines the intensity of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) gene expression in plants?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The expression level is determined solely by the specific bacterial species present, not their abundance.", "The expression level is dose-responsive, influenced by bacterial abundance, molecular composition, and the duration of exposure.", "The expression level is constant once triggered, regardless of bacterial load." ]

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

2,024

0

1

Nature Plants

false

Which specific gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is identified as a central and highly responsive component of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "CYP71A12", "RBOHF", "BAK1" ]

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

2,024

0

Nature Plants

false

Which family of transcription factors is predicted to be significantly involved in orchestrating the expression of General Non-Self Response (GNSR) genes during plant immune responses?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "WRKY transcription factors", "MADS-box transcription factors", "bZIP transcription factors" ]

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-024-01856-z

2,024

0

Nature Plants

false

Which protein domain is primarily responsible for conferring instability to the MpARF2 protein in Marchantia polymorpha?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]

[ "The Middle Region (MR)", "The Phox and Bem1 domains (PB1)", "The DNA-binding domain (DBD)" ]

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

2,025

0

2

Nature Plants

false

In Marchantia polymorpha MpARF2, which specific single amino acid mutation within the identified instability motif failed to stabilize the protein?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]

[ "S299N", "R300Q", "E297K" ]

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

2,025

0

Nature Plants

false

What is a major developmental consequence observed in Marchantia polymorpha expressing a stabilized, non-degradable form of the full-length MpARF2 protein?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]

[ "Formation of ectopic apical notches and developmental defects", "Complete loss of response to applied auxin", "Accelerated thallus growth and increased gemmae production" ]

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

2,025

0

Nature Plants

false

Based on comparative analysis, when is the emergence of ARF protein instability thought to have occurred relative to the evolution of the auxin response system?

EVOLUTION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "It evolved independently multiple times only within flowering plants.", "It likely preceded or coincided with the origin of the auxin response system, originating in the common ancestor of A- and B-ARFs.", "It occurred significantly after the establishment of the auxin response system, specifically in B-ARFs." ]

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

Non-specific

EVOLUTION

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

2,025

0

1

Nature Plants

false

Is the instability motif identified in the A-class ARF protein MpARF1 functionally interchangeable with the motif in the B-class MpARF2 in Marchantia polymorpha?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ]

[ "Yes, swapping the MpARF1 motif into the MpARF2 DBD confers instability.", "No, the motifs are strictly class-specific and cannot function outside their native protein.", "Yes, but swapping the MpARF1 motif stabilizes the MpARF2 protein." ]

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1038/s41477-025-01975-1

2,025

0

Nature Plants

false

How does the ectomycorrhizal fungus *Suillus bovinus* interact with the pathogenic fungus uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) affecting *Pinus sylvestris*?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]

[ "It completely excludes UnR colonization from all parts of the *Pinus sylvestris* root system.", "It inhibits UnR growth in vitro, but UnR can still colonize root tissues including *S. bovinus* mycorrhizas in planta.", "It forms a synergistic relationship with UnR, increasing the severity of root disease in *Pinus sylvestris*." ]

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

2,001

15

1

New phy

false

What is the overall effect of *Suillus bovinus* mycorrhizal colonization on *Pinus sylvestris* seedling performance when challenged with the pathogen uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) in nutrient-limited soil?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]

[ "It significantly increases the seedling's susceptibility to UnR, leading to rapid decline and death.", "It promotes vigorous shoot growth and maintains seedling health despite the presence and colonization potential of UnR.", "It offers no significant benefit or detriment to seedling performance under UnR challenge." ]

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

2,001

15

1

New phy

false

How do the ectomycorrhizal fungi *Wilcoxina mikolae* and *Paxillus involutus* influence *Pinus sylvestris* seedlings under conditions of low soil nutrients and exposure to uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR)?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]

[ "They dramatically improve nutrient acquisition, fully compensating for the negative impacts of UnR colonization.", "They provide robust protection against UnR, leading to enhanced seedling growth compared to uninoculated controls.", "They do not effectively protect the seedlings; root biomass is negatively affected by both nutrient limitation and UnR presence." ]

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

2,001

15

2

New phy

false

Can the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) cause damping-off symptoms in *Pinus sylvestris* germlings if non-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungal (ECMF) mycelia are present in the soil rhizosphere?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]

[ "Yes, the presence of ECMF mycelia alone does not prevent UnR colonization of radicle apices and the onset of damping-off.", "Yes, but damping-off only occurs if the ECMF mycelium belongs to the genus *Paxillus*.", "No, the mere presence of any ECMF mycelium is sufficient to inhibit UnR colonization and prevent disease." ]

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

2,001

15

0

New phy

false

Is it possible for the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) to colonize the internal tissues of established ectomycorrhizas on *Pinus sylvestris* roots?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Pinus sylvestris" ]

[ "Yes, but internal colonization is restricted only to mycorrhizas formed by *Wilcoxina mikolae*.", "No, the mantle and Hartig net of established mycorrhizas form a complete physical barrier against UnR penetration.", "Yes, UnR can be isolated from surface-sterilized mycorrhizas and long root segments, indicating internal colonization." ]

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x

2,001

15

2

New phy

false

Which fungus is commonly identified as a latent invader within the xylem of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stems and branches?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]

[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme", "Trichoderma sp.", "Coniophora puteana" ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

2,002

51

0

New phy

false

What effect does incubation under a 100% CO2 atmosphere have on the expression of latent endophytic fungi in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood, even if the wood dries?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]

[ "It significantly accelerates the growth of all endophytic fungi.", "It prevents the growth of the endophytic fungi.", "It selectively promotes the growth of Trichoderma sp." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

2,002

51

1

New phy

false

How do abiotic conditions influence the dominance of specific endophytic fungi emerging from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]

[ "Elevated temperatures favor Trichoderma sp., while low oxygen tensions favor Biscogniauxia nummularia.", "Low temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while high oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp.", "Elevated temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while low oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

2,002

51

2

New phy

false

What is a key difference observed in the fungal communities developing from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood when the bark is removed compared to when it is left intact?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]

[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme is largely absent in debarked units, while Coniophora puteana becomes dominant.", "Coniophora puteana is largely absent in debarked units, while Hypoxylon fragiforme is often more frequent.", "Bark removal completely prevents any fungal outgrowth from latent infections." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

2,002

51

1

New phy

false

How does the composition of the latent fungal endophyte community typically change with increasing size (from twigs to stems) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Fagus sylvatica" ]

[ "The frequency of Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to increase, while Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to decrease.", "The frequency of Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to increase, while Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to decrease.", "The fungal community remains identical regardless of the branch order or size." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x

2,002

51

1

New phy

false

How do different regions of an *Avena sativa* leaf generally behave regarding transpiration during complex oscillatory periods?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Avena sativa" ]

[ "Distal regions oscillate while the central region remains stable.", "They oscillate synchronously but may exhibit small phase differences.", "They oscillate completely independently and asynchronously." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

2,003

41

1

New phy

false

What spatial pattern of stomatal conductance can sometimes be observed in *Avena sativa* leaves when whole-leaf transpiration is stable and non-oscillatory?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Avena sativa" ]

[ "Synchronous oscillations across the entire leaf.", "Nonhomogeneous, patch-like distributions.", "Completely homogeneous distribution across the entire leaf." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

2,003

41

1

New phy

false

During synchronous oscillatory transpiration in *Avena sativa*, what is the typical phase relationship between distal (top/bottom) and central leaf regions?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Avena sativa" ]

[ "Distal regions lag behind the central region by 0.5-3 minutes.", "Distal and central regions oscillate exactly in phase with no lag.", "Distal regions lead the central region by 0.5-3 minutes." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

2,003

41

0

New phy

false

What level of coupling between stomata is indicated by the observation of synchronous whole-leaf oscillations during transpiration in *Avena sativa*?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Avena sativa" ]

[ "Strong coupling.", "Weak coupling.", "Variable coupling that prevents synchronization." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

2,003

41

0

New phy

false

If an *Avena sativa* leaf exhibits period-doubling in its whole-leaf transpiration, how do individual areas of the leaf behave?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Avena sativa" ]

[ "All areas display the same period-doubling pattern in their temperature oscillations.", "Different areas oscillate at unrelated simple frequencies.", "Only the leaf base shows period-doubling." ]

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x

2,003

41

0

New phy

false

What is the primary physiological process associated with the respiration of newly assimilated carbon (Rnew) in plants like Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus" ]

[ "Growth processes", "Maintenance processes", "Nutrient uptake exclusively" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

2,004

37

0

New phy

false

How does the specific respiration rate of old, mobilized carbon (rold) typically change as the shoot biomass of a plant like Medicago sativa increases?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "It remains relatively constant", "It decreases exponentially", "It increases linearly" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

2,004

37

1

New phy

false

Under favorable growth conditions (e.g., high light, sufficient nutrients), what is the approximate value of the growth coefficient (g), representing the respiratory cost of incorporating newly assimilated carbon (Rnew:An ratio) in species like Medicago sativa?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Less than 0.10", "Around 0.32", "Greater than 0.60" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

2,004

37

1

New phy

false

How does the proportion of newly assimilated carbon contributing to total shoot respiration generally relate to the plant's instantaneous relative growth rate?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "It increases as the relative growth rate increases, up to a certain point", "It is highest when the relative growth rate is near zero", "It decreases as the relative growth rate increases" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

2,004

37

0

New phy

false

Which respiratory component tends to dominate the total carbon cost in subordinate plants experiencing severe shading and very low growth rates?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Respiration of new, currently assimilated carbon (Rnew), associated with growth", "Respiration of old, mobilized carbon (Rold), associated with maintenance", "Photorespiration during the day" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x

2,004

37

1

New phy

false

What is the primary cellular process inhibited by oxaziclomefone (OAC) in maize cell cultures shortly after treatment?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "DNA replication", "Cell expansion", "Cell division" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

Cereal Grains

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

2,005

9

1

New phy

false

How does the herbicide oxaziclomefone (OAC) impact turgor pressure in maize cells?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "It does not significantly affect turgor pressure.", "It significantly increases turgor pressure.", "It causes a rapid decrease in turgor pressure." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

2,005

9

0

New phy

false

What effect does oxaziclomefone (OAC) have on the acidification of the apoplast (medium) by maize cell cultures?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "OAC strongly inhibits apoplast acidification.", "OAC does not prevent apoplast acidification.", "OAC causes excessive apoplast acidification." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

Cereal Grains

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

2,005

9

1

New phy

false

Does oxaziclomefone (OAC) treatment hinder the movement of water across the membranes of maize cells?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "No, it does not impede water transport.", "Yes, it damages membranes, causing uncontrolled water leakage.", "Yes, it blocks aquaporins, significantly reducing water transport." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

2,005

9

0

New phy

false

Since oxaziclomefone (OAC) inhibits maize cell expansion without reducing turgor pressure or blocking wall acidification, what is its proposed mechanism of action?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Altering cell wall extensibility (loosening/tightening).", "Inhibiting the synthesis of osmotic solutes.", "Blocking ATP production required for expansion." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

Cereal Grains

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x

2,005

9

0

New phy

false

How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi typically associate with plant roots compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi primarily colonize the root hairs.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form a sheath around the root surface only.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate into root cortical cells." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

2,006

44

2

New phy

false

In models simulating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which component generally dominates the removal of phosphate from the soil?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Direct root uptake.", "Fungal hyphal uptake.", "Uptake by soil bacteria stimulated by root exudates." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

2,006

44

1

New phy

false

What primary spatial advantage do external fungal hyphae provide to plants regarding nutrient acquisition, particularly for ions like phosphate?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "They primarily increase nutrient concentration near the root surface.", "They facilitate nutrient uptake mainly by solubilizing soil minerals directly at the root tip.", "They vastly increase the soil volume explored for nutrient uptake." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

2,006

44

2

New phy

false

In the transfer of phosphate from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the plant, which step is often considered potentially rate-limiting?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Initial uptake of phosphate from the soil solution by the hyphae.", "Transfer across the fungus-root interface.", "Long-distance transport within the fungal hyphae via cytoplasmic streaming." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

2,006

44

1

New phy

false

What mechanisms are considered for solute transport within the fungal mycelium in models of mycorrhizal nutrient uptake?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Both passive diffusion and convection (cytoplasmic streaming).", "Only passive diffusion.", "Only active transport via specific transporters lining the hyphae." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x

2,006

44

0

New phy

false

Under which abiotic stress conditions does trehalose accumulate significantly in Glomus intraradices hyphae?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Osmotic stress only", "Prolonged heat and chemical stress", "Osmotic and heat stress" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

2,007

88

1

New phy

false

What is the transcriptional response of the neutral trehalase gene (GiNTH1) in Glomus intraradices during heat stress?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Strong transient up-regulation", "No significant change in RNA accumulation", "Constitutive down-regulation" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

2,007

88

1

New phy

false

What role is suggested for neutral trehalase activity in Glomus intraradices following the cessation of heat stress?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Continued accumulation of trehalose for long-term storage", "Inhibition of trehalose synthesis", "Mobilization of accumulated trehalose during recovery" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

2,007

88

2

New phy

false

What function of the Glomus mosseae neutral trehalase (GmNTH1) was confirmed using a yeast complementation assay?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Essential involvement in trehalose synthesis pathway", "A primary role in osmotic stress tolerance", "A role in thermotolerance and recovery from heat shock" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

2,007

88

2

New phy

false

Phylogenetic analysis of neutral trehalase sequences from Glomus species suggests they are most closely related to neutral trehalases from which group?

EVOLUTION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Ascomycete yeasts (e.g., Saccharomyces)", "Bacteria", "Basidiomycetes" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

Non-specific

EVOLUTION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x

2,007

88

2

New phy

false

What phenotype is observed upon overexpression of UBA2 genes (UBA2a, UBA2b, UBA2c) in Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Leaf senescence and hypersensitive-like cell death.", "Enhanced vegetative growth and delayed flowering.", "Increased root development and improved water retention." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

2,008

68

0

New phy

false

What type of stress primarily induces the expression of UBA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Mechanical wounding.", "Cold stress.", "Heat stress." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

2,008

68

0

New phy

false

Overexpression of UBA2 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to an altered expression of which group of genes?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Decreased transcript levels of all senescence-associated genes (SAGs).", "Increased transcript levels of specific senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and defense-related genes.", "Increased transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

2,008

68

1

New phy

false

What is the effect of UBA2 protein overexpression on ethylene levels in Arabidopsis thaliana?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No significant change in ethylene levels.", "Decreased ethylene biosynthesis.", "Increased ethylene biosynthesis." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

2,008

68

2

New phy

false

Where are the UBA2 proteins primarily localized within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Cytoplasm.", "Plasma membrane.", "Nucleus." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x

2,008

68

2

New phy

false