manufernandezbur/MoBiPlant · Datasets at Hugging Face

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How is the import of the PORA enzyme regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons compared to true leaves?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Import into cotyledon plastids requires protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), but import into true leaf plastids does not show this requirement.", "Import requires Pchlide in both cotyledons and true leaves.", "Import requires Pchlide only in true leaves, not cotyledons." ]	10.1105/tpc.015008	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.015008	2,003	61	0	Plant Cell	false
What distinguishes the expression patterns of the three POR enzymes (PORA, PORB, PORC) during Arabidopsis thaliana development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PORA and PORB are expressed early in seedling development, while PORB and PORC are expressed in older seedlings and adult plants.", "All three POR enzymes are expressed equally throughout all developmental stages.", "PORC is primarily expressed early in seedlings, while PORA and PORB expression increases in adult plants." ]	10.1105/tpc.015008	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.015008	2,003	61	0	Plant Cell	false
Which structural component of the PORA precursor protein is responsible for its substrate-dependent import into Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon plastids?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The catalytic domain within the mature protein sequence.", "The C-terminal region of the protein.", "The N-terminal transit peptide sequence." ]	10.1105/tpc.015008	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.015008	2,003	61	2	Plant Cell	false
What is a proposed physiological advantage for the protochlorophyllide-dependent import mechanism of PORA into plastids in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It potentially ensures the immediate assembly of the stable PORA-NADPH-Pchlide complex and prevents the accumulation of potentially phototoxic free Pchlide.", "It allows the plant to conserve energy by importing PORA only when light is available for photosynthesis.", "It synchronizes PORA import with the import of chlorophyll-binding proteins." ]	10.1105/tpc.015008	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1105/tpc.015008	2,003	61	0	Plant Cell	false
In light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana flu mutants, which overaccumulate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) upon darkness, what change occurs regarding PORA protein localization when shifted to dark conditions?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PORA protein begins to accumulate within plastids, coinciding with the increase in Pchlide levels.", "PORA protein import into plastids remains blocked, similar to wild-type plants in the light.", "PORA protein is rapidly exported from plastids back into the cytoplasm." ]	10.1105/tpc.015008	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.015008	2,003	61	0	Plant Cell	false
What specific intron splicing process requires the maize (Zea mays) CRS1 protein?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Splicing of all chloroplast group II introns.", "Splicing of the mitochondrial cox1 intron.", "Splicing of the chloroplast atpF group II intron." ]	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	2,005	88	2	Plant Cell	false
Which domains of the atpF intron RNA does the CRS1 protein primarily interact with for specific binding in maize (Zea mays)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Domains V and VI.", "Domains II and III.", "Domains I and IV." ]	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	2,005	88	2	Plant Cell	false
How does CRS1 binding affect the conformation of its target atpF intron RNA in maize (Zea mays)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "It destabilizes the intron structure, preventing proper folding.", "It promotes folding into a more compact, catalytically competent structure.", "It linearizes the intron RNA, targeting it for degradation." ]	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	2,005	88	1	Plant Cell	false
What multimeric state does the CRS1 splicing factor likely adopt to function in maize (Zea mays)?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Tetrameric state.", "Dimeric state.", "Monomeric state." ]	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	Cereal Grains	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	2,005	88	1	Plant Cell	false
Why is the CRS1 protein specific for the atpF intron compared to other group II introns in maize (Zea mays)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Its primary binding sites located in domains I and IV are not conserved in sequence or structure in other introns.", "It primarily recognizes specific sequences within the exons flanking the atpF intron.", "It requires a unique cofactor protein that is only expressed alongside atpF transcripts." ]	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.104.027516	2,005	88	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the primary phenotype observed in Oryza sativa upon knockout of the OSMADS3 gene?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "Severe loss of floral meristem determinacy, resulting in reiterated floral organs.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into lodicules and formation of ectopic lodicules in whorl 2.", "Complete transformation of carpels into stamens." ]	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	2,005	258	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the major consequence of silencing the OSMADS58 gene in Oryza sativa?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "Failure to specify lodicules, resulting in flowers lacking these organs.", "A severe defect in floral meristem determinacy, leading to the reiteration of floral organ sets.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into petals and sepals into carpels." ]	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	2,005	258	1	Plant Cell	false
How have the functions of the ancestral C-class gene been partitioned between OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa through subfunctionalization?	EVOLUTION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "OSMADS3 controls floral meristem determinacy, while OSMADS58 controls stamen and carpel identity.", "OSMADS3 predominantly controls stamen identity and lodicule number, while OSMADS58 primarily regulates floral meristem determinacy and carpel morphology.", "Both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 equally control all aspects of stamen, carpel, and meristem development redundantly." ]	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	Model Organisms	EVOLUTION	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	2,005	258	1	Plant Cell	false
What role do OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 play together in determining the arrangement of lodicules in the Oryza sativa flower?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "They repress lodicule development on the palea side, contributing to the flower's asymmetry where lodicules normally only form on the lemma side.", "They promote lodicule development equally on both palea and lemma sides, leading to symmetric flowers with four lodicules.", "They specify the identity of lodicules, differentiating them from sepals and petals." ]	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	2,005	258	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the regulatory relationship between the C-class genes (OSMADS3, OSMADS58) and the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene in Oryza sativa floral development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "DL functions in carpel specification and its expression appears independent of OSMADS3 and OSMADS58; DL does not regulate these C-class genes.", "OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 are required to repress the expression of DL in whorls 3 and 4.", "DL acts upstream to activate the expression of both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 specifically in whorl 4." ]	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.105.037200	2,005	258	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the primary function of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor TELOMERASE ACTIVATOR1 (TAC1) in regulating telomerase activity in vegetative tissues?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "TAC1 induces the expression of the BT2 gene, which subsequently leads to the activation of telomerase.", "TAC1 represses telomerase activity in leaves as part of the normal developmental control.", "TAC1 directly binds to the promoter of the telomerase catalytic subunit (ATTERT) to activate its transcription." ]	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	2,007	62	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the role of the BT2 protein within the telomerase activation pathway mediated by TAC1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "BT2 acts downstream of TAC1, and its constitutive expression is sufficient to induce telomerase activity, while its absence blocks TAC1-mediated induction.", "BT2 directly binds to and stabilizes the telomerase enzyme complex, preventing its degradation.", "BT2 functions upstream of TAC1, activating TAC1 expression in response to specific environmental cues." ]	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	2,007	62	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the transcription factor TAC1 influence the expression of the BT2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "TAC1 prevents the degradation of the BT2 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin ligase activity.", "TAC1 directly binds to a specific cis-regulatory element within the BT2 gene promoter, enhancing its transcription.", "TAC1 increases the translation efficiency of BT2 mRNA without affecting its transcription rate." ]	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	2,007	62	1	Plant Cell	false
Based on the domains present in the BT2 protein, what signaling molecule, in addition to auxin, is implicated in modulating the TAC1-BT2 pathway for telomerase induction in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Abscisic acid (ABA), because BT2 directly interacts with key ABA signaling receptors.", "Calcium ions (Ca2+), because BT2 possesses a calcium-dependent calmodulin binding domain.", "Cytokinins, because BT2 expression levels are primarily controlled by cytokinin concentrations." ]	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	2,007	62	1	Plant Cell	false
What happens to the expression level of the BT2 gene in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana leaves upon short-term treatment with exogenous auxin (IAA)?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The level of BT2 mRNA significantly increases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA rapidly and specifically decreases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA remains unchanged." ]	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1105/tpc.106.044321	2,007	62	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the primary function of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein in the regulation of KNOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor.", "It directly modifies chromatin structure without affecting transcription.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator." ]	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	2,008	266	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein achieve binding to its target DNA sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It forms a complex with the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) protein, which facilitates DNA binding.", "It binds directly to DNA through its MYB domain without requiring other protein partners.", "It requires interaction with the HIRA protein to bind DNA." ]	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	2,008	266	0	Plant Cell	false
To which specific gene promoter regions does the AS1-AS2 repressor complex directly bind to regulate KNOX gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It binds to two distinct sites within the promoters of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and KNAT2.", "It binds only to the promoter of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM).", "It binds to enhancer regions located far downstream of the KNOX genes." ]	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	2,008	266	0	Plant Cell	false
What are the consensus DNA sequence motifs recognized by the AS1-AS2 complex for binding to the BP and KNAT2 promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "CWGTTD and KMKTTGAHW.", "G-box (CACGTG) and MYC-binding site (CANNTG).", "TATA box and CAAT box." ]	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	2,008	266	0	Plant Cell	false
Which chromatin-remodeling factor is proposed to be recruited by the AS1-AS2 complex to establish stable silencing of KNOX genes during Arabidopsis thaliana organogenesis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "HIRA.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).", "SWI/SNF complex." ]	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.107.056127	2,008	266	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the combined role of the MYB5 and MYB23 transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana trichome development?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "MYB5 activates MYB23, which then controls trichome branching.", "They are solely responsible for trichome initiation.", "They act redundantly to regulate trichome branching and extension." ]	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	2,009	188	2	Plant Cell	false
What are the main defects observed in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana myb5 mutants?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Increased mucilage production and enlarged columellae.", "Dramatically reduced mucilage production and flattened columellae.", "Complete absence of the seed coat epidermis." ]	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	2,009	188	1	Plant Cell	false
Which set of genes involved in Arabidopsis thaliana seed development are directly downregulated by the loss of MYB5 function?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PAP1, PAP2, and MUM4.", "ABE1, ABE4, MYBL2, and GL2.", "TTG1, EGL3, and TT8." ]	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	2,009	188	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the proposed function of the ABE1 and ABE4 genes, which are regulated by MYB5 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They encode enzymes required for secondary cell wall formation in columellae.", "They encode transcription factors that repress mucilage production.", "They encode α/β fold hydrolases likely involved in modifying pectins for mucilage synthesis." ]	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	2,009	188	2	Plant Cell	false
What phenotypic changes occur in Arabidopsis thaliana plants ectopically expressing the MYB5 gene?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Increased trichome branching and elimination of trichomes from leaf margins.", "Formation of more small trichomes, reduced trichome branching, and ectopic trichomes on cotyledons/hypocotyls.", "Formation of fewer, larger trichomes and complete suppression of seed coat mucilage." ]	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.108.063503	2,009	188	1	Plant Cell	false
How does the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis respond to treatment with either DNA methylation inhibitors (like Zebularine) or histone deacetylase inhibitors (like TSA) alone?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It is readily reactivated by histone deacetylase inhibitors alone.", "It remains largely silenced, showing resistance to reactivation by individual inhibitors.", "It is readily reactivated by DNA methylation inhibitors alone." ]	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	2,010	64	1	Plant Cell	false
Which gene mutations were identified in a forward genetic screen as capable of releasing the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Mutations in the chromatin remodeler DDM1 or the SAH hydrolase HOG1.", "Mutations in histone deacetylases HDA6 or HDA19.", "Mutations in DNA methyltransferases MET1 or CMT3." ]	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	2,010	64	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the key requirement for reactivating the extremely stable HPT epiallele silenced by polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Simultaneous reduction of both DNA methylation and repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2).", "Only the removal of repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2) is necessary.", "Only the removal of DNA methylation is necessary." ]	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	2,010	64	0	Plant Cell	false
What are the global epigenetic consequences of mutations in the HOG1 (SAHH) gene in Arabidopsis?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "A specific decrease in DNA methylation only at transposons, with no effect on H3K9me2.", "An increase in overall DNA methylation but a decrease in H3K9me2.", "A reduction in both overall DNA methylation and histone H3 Lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2)." ]	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	2,010	64	2	Plant Cell	false
How does the SAHH inhibitor dihydroxypropyladenine (DHPA) affect the silenced HPT transgene (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It reactivates transcription by reducing both DNA methylation and H3K9 histone methylation, mimicking hog1 mutants.", "It enhances silencing by increasing H3K9 histone methylation.", "It only reduces DNA methylation without affecting histone marks or transcription." ]	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.109.072819	2,010	64	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the proposed evolutionary origin of methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAM) involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis?	EVOLUTION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "MAM is believed to have evolved from isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS), an enzyme involved in leucine biosynthesis.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from deoxyhypusine synthase, an enzyme involved in translation factor activation.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from homomethionine synthase, the final enzyme in the pathway." ]	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	Model Organisms	EVOLUTION	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	2,011	87	0	Plant Cell	false
What major structural difference between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes accounts for the loss of leucine feedback inhibition in MAM?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "MAM enzymes lack the ~120 amino acid C-terminal regulatory domain present in IPMS.", "MAM enzymes have an additional subdomain inserted within the catalytic domain compared to IPMS.", "MAM enzymes lack the N-terminal catalytic domain present in IPMS." ]	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	2,011	87	0	Plant Cell	false
What happens to leucine feedback inhibition when the C-terminal regulatory domain is removed from Arabidopsis IPMS2?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Leucine feedback inhibition becomes stronger.", "The enzyme becomes inhibited by methionine instead of leucine.", "Leucine feedback inhibition is lost." ]	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	2,011	87	2	Plant Cell	false
Which specific amino acid exchanges in the active site of a truncated Arabidopsis IPMS2 significantly shifted its substrate preference towards a MAM substrate (MTOP)?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The single exchange H167L.", "The combined exchanges S216G and P252G.", "The single exchange L143I." ]	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	Model Organisms	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	2,011	87	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the difference in preferred divalent metal cofactors between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mg2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mn2+.", "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mn2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mg2+.", "Both IPMS and MAM enzymes preferentially use Zn2+." ]	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1105/tpc.110.079269	2,011	87	0	Plant Cell	false
How does localized iron supply primarily affect Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root development compared to homogeneous supply?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It equally enhances both lateral root density and elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root density more than lateral root elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root elongation more than lateral root density." ]	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	2,012	154	2	Plant Cell	false
What cellular process is primarily responsible for the increased length of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots observed under optimal localized iron supply?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Increased rate of cell division within the lateral root meristem.", "Enhanced elongation of differentiated cells leaving the meristem.", "A significant increase in the size of the lateral root meristem." ]	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	2,012	154	1	Plant Cell	false
What hormonal change occurs in the apices of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots specifically in response to growth-promoting localized iron supply?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Reduction in auxin levels due to increased degradation.", "Accumulation of cytokinin, inhibiting cell elongation.", "Accumulation of auxin, primarily driven by enhanced rootward transport." ]	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	2,012	154	2	Plant Cell	false
Which auxin transporter protein in Arabidopsis thaliana is essential for the stimulation of lateral root elongation specifically triggered by localized iron availability?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "AUX1 (AUXIN RESISTANT 1).", "ABCB19 (MDR1/PGP19).", "PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2)." ]	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	2,012	154	0	Plant Cell	false
Why is the iron transporter IRT1 crucial for the localized iron-induced elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots when iron is supplied only to the roots?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "IRT1 transports auxin into the lateral root apex in response to iron.", "IRT1 directly senses external iron levels and activates auxin signaling.", "IRT1 mediates the root uptake of iron necessary to increase internal iron levels, which triggers the elongation response." ]	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1105/tpc.111.092973	2,012	154	2	Plant Cell	false
How does phytochrome B (phyB) influence seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light conditions?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It primarily mediates responses to red light and has no significant role under FR light.", "It promotes etiolation responses, such as increased hypocotyl elongation and reduced anthocyanin accumulation.", "It strongly promotes photomorphogenesis, leading to short hypocotyls and high anthocyanin levels." ]	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	2,013	67	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the functional relationship between phytochrome B (phyB) and the SPA1/COP1 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana FR light signaling?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SPA1 acts upstream of phyB, directly phosphorylating it upon FR light perception.", "PhyB acts upstream of the SPA1/COP1 complex and its function in repressing photomorphogenesis under FR light is dependent on SPA1.", "PhyB and the SPA1/COP1 complex act in parallel, independent pathways to control FR light responses." ]	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	2,013	67	1	Plant Cell	false
How is the subcellular localization of phytochrome B (phyB) regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana during the transition from dark to far-red (FR) light?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PhyB is imported into the nucleus upon FR light exposure, and this import facilitates the nuclear accumulation of its interacting partner SPA1.", "PhyB nuclear import under FR light is strictly dependent on phytochrome A (phyA) activity.", "PhyB is exclusively cytoplasmic under FR light, signaling indirectly to nuclear components." ]	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	2,013	67	0	Plant Cell	false
What is a downstream consequence of phytochrome B (phyB) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light regarding the COP1-SPA1 E3 ligase complex?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "PhyB inhibits the COP1-SPA1 complex, causing an accumulation of factors like HY5.", "PhyB promotes the E3 ligase activity of the COP1-SPA1 complex, leading to decreased accumulation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors like HY5.", "PhyB directly targets HY5 for degradation, bypassing the need for the COP1-SPA1 complex under FR light." ]	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	2,013	67	1	Plant Cell	false
Does phytochrome B (phyB) influence phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated responses under far-red (FR) light in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Yes, phyB strongly enhances phyA signaling under FR light, leading to exaggerated photomorphogenesis.", "No, phyB and phyA functions under FR light are completely separate and do not influence each other.", "Yes, phyB antagonizes phyA signaling, repressing photomorphogenesis even in the absence of phyA." ]	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.112.107086	2,013	67	2	Plant Cell	false
What effect do geminivirus-based replicons have on gene targeting efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum when used for delivering genome engineering reagents?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]	[ "They decrease the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They significantly increase the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They have no significant effect on frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery." ]	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	Solanaceae & Relatives	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	2,014	449	1	Plant Cell	false
What mechanisms contribute to the high efficiency of gene targeting achieved using geminivirus-based replicons?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Only the efficient delivery into the nucleus by Agrobacterium.", "A combination of targeted double-strand breaks, replication of the repair template, and pleiotropic activity of viral replication proteins.", "Solely the high copy number achieved through replication." ]	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	2,014	449	1	Plant Cell	false
Why are deconstructed geminiviruses, lacking movement functions, advantageous for delivering large DNA cargos in plant cells?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "They overcome genome size limitations imposed by the requirements for cell-to-cell movement.", "They integrate more efficiently into the host genome.", "They replicate faster than full viruses." ]	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	2,014	449	0	Plant Cell	false
In geminivirus replicon-mediated gene targeting, which component's replication is the primary driver of enhanced efficiency?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The sequence encoding the sequence-specific nuclease.", "The DNA repair template.", "The viral vector backbone." ]	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	2,014	449	1	Plant Cell	false
Beyond initiating viral replication, what additional role do geminivirus Rep/RepA proteins play in enhancing gene targeting frequencies?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "They suppress non-homologous end joining repair pathways.", "They have pleiotropic activities that promote homologous recombination, possibly by influencing the cell cycle.", "They directly facilitate the integration of the repair template into the genome." ]	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1105/tpc.113.119792	2,014	449	1	Plant Cell	false
What are the primary phenotypic consequences of the dominant Abph2 mutation in Zea mays?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Reduced shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to spiral phyllotaxy.", "Enlarged shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to decussate phyllotaxy.", "Normal shoot apical meristem (SAM) size but development of twin shoots." ]	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	2,015	69	1	Plant Cell	false
What molecular event underlies the Abph2 dominant mutation in Zea mays?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "A missense point mutation in the coding sequence of the original Abph2 gene.", "Transposition of the glutaredoxin gene MSCA1, resulting in its altered embryonic expression pattern.", "Deletion of a regulatory element upstream of the MSCA1 gene." ]	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	Cereal Grains	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	2,015	69	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the effect of loss-of-function mutations in the MSCA1 gene on shoot apical meristem (SAM) size in Zea mays?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "They have no discernible effect on the size of the vegetative SAM.", "They cause a significant reduction in SAM size compared to wild-type siblings.", "They lead to a significant enlargement of the SAM, similar to the Abph2 mutant." ]	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	2,015	69	1	Plant Cell	false
Which type of transcription factor does the maize glutaredoxin MSCA1 interact with, potentially regulating meristem development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "TGA transcription factors, specifically FEA4.", "CLAVATA signaling pathway components.", "KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins." ]	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	2,015	69	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the genetic interaction between msca1 and fea4 mutations impact shoot apical meristem (SAM) size regulation in Zea mays?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "msca1 is epistatic to fea4, suggesting MSCA1 functions downstream of FEA4 in SAM size control.", "msca1 and fea4 mutations have additive effects, suggesting they regulate SAM size through independent pathways.", "fea4 is epistatic to msca1, indicating they likely function in the same regulatory pathway for SAM size control." ]	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.114.130393	2,015	69	2	Plant Cell	false
Which proteins were identified as genetic enhancers of the relatively mild phenotype observed in Arabidopsis thaliana lhp1 mutants, suggesting parallel or redundant repressive functions?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "RING finger proteins AtBMI1A and AtBMI1B involved in H2A ubiquitination.", "TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) and its paralog TRB3.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) core components CURLY LEAF (CLF) and SWINGER (SWN)." ]	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	2,015	66	1	Plant Cell	false
What type of cis-regulatory element does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 predominantly bind to across the genome?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Telobox motifs and related telomere-repeat sequences.", "GAGA motifs, recruiting Polycomb complexes.", "Promoter-proximal TATA-box elements." ]	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	2,015	66	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 function in transcriptional regulation depending on the target gene context?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional activator required for basal expression levels.", "It acts bivalently, helping repress PcG targets (especially when LHP1 is absent) while promoting the expression of many LHP1-independent targets, often related to metabolism.", "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional repressor for all its target genes." ]	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	2,015	66	1	Plant Cell	false
Is the phenotypic enhancement observed in Arabidopsis thaliana trb1 lhp1 double mutants compared to lhp1 single mutants primarily caused by accelerated telomere shortening?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No, the phenotypic enhancement precedes significant changes in telomere length, indicating a role independent of telomere maintenance.", "Yes, the loss of TRB1 leads to rapid telomere loss, mimicking strong PcG mutant phenotypes.", "Yes, but only when combined with mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene." ]	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	2,015	66	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the presence of the LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) influence the binding pattern of TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) at Polycomb Group (PcG) target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "LHP1 recruits TRB1 specifically to the transcription start sites (TSS) of PcG target genes.", "LHP1 generally restricts TRB1 binding at PcG targets; loss of LHP1 results in increased TRB1 binding strength and occupancy, often across gene bodies.", "LHP1 and TRB1 bind independently to PcG target genes without influencing each other's occupancy." ]	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.15.00787	2,015	66	1	Plant Cell	false
How does the WIND1 transcription factor promote shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "By directly activating the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene.", "By repressing the expression of cytokinin response factors.", "By transcriptionally activating the ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION1 (ESR1) gene." ]	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	2,016	171	2	Plant Cell	false
What is the functional relationship between WIND1 and ESR1 in the context of wound-induced regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "WIND1 and ESR1 function independently in parallel pathways to control regeneration.", "ESR1 acts downstream of WIND1, mediating its effects on callus formation and shoot regeneration.", "WIND1 acts downstream of ESR1, activating it in response to wounding." ]	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	2,016	171	1	Plant Cell	false
To which type of cis-regulatory elements does WIND1 directly bind within the ESR1 promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Auxin response elements (AuxREs).", "Dehydration-responsive elements (DREs), exclusively.", "Vascular system-specific and wound-responsive cis-element (VWRE)-like motifs." ]	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	2,016	171	2	Plant Cell	false
What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana explants overexpressing ESR1 when cultured on hormone-free medium?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Complete inhibition of any regeneration at wound sites.", "Enhanced root regeneration specifically at wound sites.", "Enhanced shoot regeneration specifically at wound sites." ]	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	2,016	171	2	Plant Cell	false
Is the WIND1-ESR1 molecular pathway required for all types of de novo organ regeneration from wound sites in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No, it is required for shoot regeneration but not for de novo root regeneration.", "Yes, it is essential for both shoot and root regeneration.", "No, it is required for root regeneration but not for shoot regeneration." ]	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.16.00623	2,016	171	0	Plant Cell	false
How conserved is genomic imprinting during the polyploidization events that led to hexaploid wheat?	EVOLUTION	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "Genomic imprinting patterns were completely reset during each polyploidization event in wheat.", "Almost all imprinted genes lost their parent-of-origin bias after wheat polyploidization.", "A significant portion of imprinted genes maintained their parent-of-origin expression bias throughout hexaploidization." ]	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	Cereal Grains	EVOLUTION	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	2,018	25	2	Plant Cell	false
What functional roles are generally associated with Maternally Expressed Genes (MEGs) versus Paternally Expressed Genes (PEGs) identified in wheat endosperm?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "MEGs primarily regulate transcription, while PEGs are involved in metabolic pathways.", "Both MEGs and PEGs in wheat endosperm are mainly involved in cell wall synthesis.", "MEGs are often linked to metabolic processes, whereas PEGs are frequently involved in transcription regulation." ]	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	2,018	25	2	Plant Cell	false
What characterizes the expression pattern of many imprinted genes during wheat endosperm development?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "Imprinted genes in wheat endosperm are consistently expressed from the maternal or paternal allele throughout development.", "Imprinted genes in wheat are typically silenced completely during later stages of endosperm development.", "Many imprinted genes show dynamic expression, being imprinted only at specific developmental stages." ]	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	2,018	25	2	Plant Cell	false
How does the number of identified imprinted genes (MEGs and PEGs combined) compare across different ploidy levels in wheat (diploid Aegilops spp., tetraploid Triticum spp., hexaploid Triticum spp.)?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Triticum spp." ]	[ "Diploid wheat relatives (Aegilops spp.) have significantly more imprinted genes than polyploid wheat.", "The number of imprinted genes remains constant regardless of the ploidy level in wheat and its relatives.", "The number of identified imprinted genes generally increases with ploidy level (diploid < tetraploid ≈ hexaploid)." ]	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	Cereal Grains	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	2,018	25	2	Plant Cell	false
What does imprinting in wheat and its relatives (Aegilops) suggest about the evolutionary conservation of this phenomenon?	EVOLUTION	[ "Triticum spp." ]	[ "Imprinting is a recent evolutionary phenomenon specific only to hexaploid wheat and absent in its relatives.", "Genomic imprinting appears to be evolutionarily conserved between closely related species like Triticum and Aegilops, and persists through polyploidization.", "Genomic imprinting is highly variable even between closely related species and is lost during polyploidization." ]	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	Cereal Grains	EVOLUTION	10.1105/tpc.17.00837	2,018	25	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the primary role of the HOS15 protein in the photoperiodic flowering pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Directly binds to FT mRNA to inhibit its translation.", "Activates GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone acetyltransferase complex.", "Represses GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone deacetylase complex." ]	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	2,019	78	2	Plant Cell	false
What flowering phenotype is observed in hos15 loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana under long-day conditions?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Late flowering due to reduced CONSTANS (CO) expression.", "Early flowering due to elevated GIGANTEA (GI) expression.", "No change in flowering time, but increased sensitivity to cold stress." ]	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	2,019	78	1	Plant Cell	false
Which protein complex does HOS15 interact with to target the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The Evening Complex (EC), including LUX, ELF3, and ELF4.", "The FLC/SVP repression complex.", "The CO/FT activation complex." ]	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	2,019	78	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the HOS15 protein influence the chromatin state at the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Promotes histone deacetylation via interaction with HDA9, leading to reduced GI expression.", "Mediates DNA methylation, leading to silencing of GI expression.", "Promotes histone acetylation via interaction with HATs, leading to increased GI expression." ]	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	2,019	78	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the overall mechanism by which the HOS15-EC-HDA9 complex regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Transcriptional repression of GIGANTEA (GI) through histone deacetylation.", "Post-translational activation of the FT protein.", "Enhancing the stability of CONSTANS (CO) protein." ]	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.18.00721	2,019	78	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the ARF-GEF GNOM protein primarily function during ARF1 activation in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "As a dimer that coordinately activates two ARF1 molecules.", "As a tetramer complex that sequesters inactive ARF1.", "As a monomer that activates a single ARF1 molecule." ]	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	2,020	18	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the spatial consequence of coordinated ARF1 activation by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana membranes?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Insertion of ARF1 GTP molecules in close proximity (<10 nm) to each other.", "Random distribution of ARF1 GTP molecules across the membrane.", "Clustering of ARF1 GTP molecules far apart (>50 nm) on the membrane." ]	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	2,020	18	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the functional significance of the close proximity of membrane-inserted ARF1 GTP proteins mediated by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It inhibits the recruitment of coat proteins to the membrane.", "It primarily regulates the degradation of ARF1 proteins.", "It is essential for efficient ARF1-dependent vesicle trafficking." ]	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	2,020	18	2	Plant Cell	false
How does the GN-loop>J(3A) mutation affect GNOM function in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It prevents GNOM dimerization, rendering the protein inactive.", "It reduces the efficiency of coordinated ARF1 activation and vesicle trafficking by impairing ARF1 binding to one SEC7 domain.", "It enhances ARF1 activation leading to excessive vesicle formation." ]	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	2,020	18	1	Plant Cell	false
The coordinated activation of ARF1 by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana represents a mechanism that likely ensures what crucial step in vesicle formation?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Proper spacing of ARF1 GTP molecules required for efficient membrane trafficking.", "Phosphorylation of ARF1 to regulate its activity cycle.", "Direct binding of GNOM to cargo proteins for selection." ]	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.20.00240	2,020	18	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the primary role of PIF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination in response to light?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Acts as a central repressor whose degradation promotes germination.", "Acts as a positive regulator required for germination initiation.", "Directly activates GA biosynthesis genes." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab060	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plcell/koab060	2,021	44	0	Plant Cell	false
How does PIF1 influence the expression of miR408 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Stabilizes the miR408 transcript post-transcriptionally.", "Directly binds to the miR408 promoter and represses its transcription.", "Induces miR408 expression by activating its promoter." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab060	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plcell/koab060	2,021	44	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the mechanism by which miR408 regulates PLANTACYANIN (PCY) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Binds to the PCY protein, inhibiting its activity.", "Targets the PCY mRNA for cleavage, reducing its abundance.", "Enhances the translation efficiency of PCY mRNA." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab060	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plcell/koab060	2,021	44	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the function of PLANTACYANIN (PCY) in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and where is it primarily localized?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Acts as a positive regulator of germination and is localized in the nucleus.", "Promotes seedling greening and is secreted outside the cell.", "Acts as a negative regulator of germination and is associated with the vacuole." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab060	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koab060	2,021	44	2	Plant Cell	false
How does the PIF1-miR408-PCY pathway influence the hormonal balance critical for Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Modulates the GA/ABA ratio, with the active pathway (low PIF1, high miR408, low PCY) favoring a high GA/low ABA state.", "Primarily regulates auxin levels to control germination timing.", "Increases ABA levels while decreasing GA levels, thus inhibiting germination." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab060	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1093/plcell/koab060	2,021	44	0	Plant Cell	false
How is the PI4Kα1 complex anchored to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Via S-acylation lipid modification of the EFOP subunit.", "Through direct interaction of PI4Kα1's PH domain with PI4P.", "By binding of the NPG subunit to transmembrane proteins." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab135	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koab135	2,021	32	0	Plant Cell	false
What is a consequence of losing HYC2 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Embryo lethality at the globular stage.", "Mild growth defects with normal fertility.", "Complete male sterility due to pollen defects." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab135	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/plcell/koab135	2,021	32	0	Plant Cell	false
How is the PI4Kα1 complex spatially organized at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It is evenly distributed across the entire plasma membrane.", "It dynamically moves between the cytosol and the plasma membrane.", "It concentrates in immobile nanodomains." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab135	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koab135	2,021	32	2	Plant Cell	false
What morphological defect is observed in pollen grains lacking functional PI4Kα1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They fail to develop apertures for germination.", "They exhibit a reduced exine layer but normal intine.", "They are shriveled and possess an abnormally thick intine layer." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab135	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/plcell/koab135	2,021	32	2	Plant Cell	false
What is the proposed role of NPG proteins within the PI4Kα1 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They possess the catalytic activity to produce PI4P.", "They directly anchor the complex to the plasma membrane lipids.", "They act as scaffolds connecting PI4Kα1, HYC, and EFOP proteins." ]	10.1093/plcell/koab135	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koab135	2,021	32	2	Plant Cell	false
What is the role of the protein phosphatases PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 in the SOS pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana under non-salt-stress conditions?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They activate the Na+/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1.", "They phosphorylate the SOS2 kinase to enhance its activity.", "They interact with and inhibit the Na+/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1." ]	10.1093/plcell/koac283	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plcell/koac283	2,022	33	2	Plant Cell	false
How does the calcium sensor SCaBP8 regulate the activity of PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 phosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SCaBP8 interacts with PP2C.D6/D7 and suppresses their phosphatase activity.", "SCaBP8 increases the phosphatase activity of PP2C.D6/D7.", "SCaBP8 prevents PP2C.D6/D7 from interacting with SOS1." ]	10.1093/plcell/koac283	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koac283	2,022	33	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the impact of the calcium sensor SCaBP8 on the subcellular localization of PP2C.D6 in Arabidopsis thaliana roots during salt stress?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SCaBP8 causes PP2C.D6 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane.", "SCaBP8 mediates the release of PP2C.D6 from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm.", "SCaBP8 anchors PP2C.D6 more firmly to the plasma membrane." ]	10.1093/plcell/koac283	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plcell/koac283	2,022	33	1	Plant Cell	false
Is the enzymatic activity of PP2C.D6 essential for its function in regulating SOS1 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Yes, the inhibition of SOS1 by PP2C.D6 depends on its protein phosphatase activity.", "No, PP2C.D6 primarily regulates SOS2, not SOS1.", "No, the interaction alone is sufficient; phosphatase activity is dispensable." ]	10.1093/plcell/koac283	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plcell/koac283	2,022	33	0	Plant Cell	false
What phenotype related to salt stress is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking both PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 (pp2c.d6 pp2c.d7 double mutants)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They show hypersensitivity (reduced tolerance) to salt stress.", "Their salt stress phenotype is identical to that of wild-type plants.", "They exhibit hyposensitivity (increased tolerance) to salt stress, particularly in the initial phase." ]	10.1093/plcell/koac283	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plcell/koac283	2,022	33	2	Plant Cell	false

How is the import of the PORA enzyme regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons compared to true leaves?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Import into cotyledon plastids requires protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), but import into true leaf plastids does not show this requirement.", "Import requires Pchlide in both cotyledons and true leaves.", "Import requires Pchlide only in true leaves, not cotyledons." ]

10.1105/tpc.015008

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.015008

2,003

61

0

Plant Cell

false

What distinguishes the expression patterns of the three POR enzymes (PORA, PORB, PORC) during Arabidopsis thaliana development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PORA and PORB are expressed early in seedling development, while PORB and PORC are expressed in older seedlings and adult plants.", "All three POR enzymes are expressed equally throughout all developmental stages.", "PORC is primarily expressed early in seedlings, while PORA and PORB expression increases in adult plants." ]

10.1105/tpc.015008

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.015008

2,003

61

0

Plant Cell

false

Which structural component of the PORA precursor protein is responsible for its substrate-dependent import into Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon plastids?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The catalytic domain within the mature protein sequence.", "The C-terminal region of the protein.", "The N-terminal transit peptide sequence." ]

10.1105/tpc.015008

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.015008

2,003

61

2

Plant Cell

false

What is a proposed physiological advantage for the protochlorophyllide-dependent import mechanism of PORA into plastids in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It potentially ensures the immediate assembly of the stable PORA-NADPH-Pchlide complex and prevents the accumulation of potentially phototoxic free Pchlide.", "It allows the plant to conserve energy by importing PORA only when light is available for photosynthesis.", "It synchronizes PORA import with the import of chlorophyll-binding proteins." ]

10.1105/tpc.015008

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1105/tpc.015008

2,003

61

0

Plant Cell

false

In light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana *flu* mutants, which overaccumulate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) upon darkness, what change occurs regarding PORA protein localization when shifted to dark conditions?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PORA protein begins to accumulate within plastids, coinciding with the increase in Pchlide levels.", "PORA protein import into plastids remains blocked, similar to wild-type plants in the light.", "PORA protein is rapidly exported from plastids back into the cytoplasm." ]

10.1105/tpc.015008

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.015008

2,003

61

0

Plant Cell

false

What specific intron splicing process requires the maize (Zea mays) CRS1 protein?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Splicing of all chloroplast group II introns.", "Splicing of the mitochondrial *cox1* intron.", "Splicing of the chloroplast *atpF* group II intron." ]

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

2,005

88

2

Plant Cell

false

Which domains of the *atpF* intron RNA does the CRS1 protein primarily interact with for specific binding in maize (Zea mays)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Domains V and VI.", "Domains II and III.", "Domains I and IV." ]

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

2,005

88

2

Plant Cell

false

How does CRS1 binding affect the conformation of its target *atpF* intron RNA in maize (Zea mays)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "It destabilizes the intron structure, preventing proper folding.", "It promotes folding into a more compact, catalytically competent structure.", "It linearizes the intron RNA, targeting it for degradation." ]

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

2,005

88

1

Plant Cell

false

What multimeric state does the CRS1 splicing factor likely adopt to function in maize (Zea mays)?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Tetrameric state.", "Dimeric state.", "Monomeric state." ]

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

Cereal Grains

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

2,005

88

1

Plant Cell

false

Why is the CRS1 protein specific for the *atpF* intron compared to other group II introns in maize (Zea mays)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Its primary binding sites located in domains I and IV are not conserved in sequence or structure in other introns.", "It primarily recognizes specific sequences within the exons flanking the *atpF* intron.", "It requires a unique cofactor protein that is only expressed alongside *atpF* transcripts." ]

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.104.027516

2,005

88

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the primary phenotype observed in Oryza sativa upon knockout of the OSMADS3 gene?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "Severe loss of floral meristem determinacy, resulting in reiterated floral organs.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into lodicules and formation of ectopic lodicules in whorl 2.", "Complete transformation of carpels into stamens." ]

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

2,005

258

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the major consequence of silencing the OSMADS58 gene in Oryza sativa?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "Failure to specify lodicules, resulting in flowers lacking these organs.", "A severe defect in floral meristem determinacy, leading to the reiteration of floral organ sets.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into petals and sepals into carpels." ]

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

2,005

258

1

Plant Cell

false

How have the functions of the ancestral C-class gene been partitioned between OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa through subfunctionalization?

EVOLUTION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "OSMADS3 controls floral meristem determinacy, while OSMADS58 controls stamen and carpel identity.", "OSMADS3 predominantly controls stamen identity and lodicule number, while OSMADS58 primarily regulates floral meristem determinacy and carpel morphology.", "Both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 equally control all aspects of stamen, carpel, and meristem development redundantly." ]

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

Model Organisms

EVOLUTION

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

2,005

258

1

Plant Cell

false

What role do OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 play together in determining the arrangement of lodicules in the Oryza sativa flower?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "They repress lodicule development on the palea side, contributing to the flower's asymmetry where lodicules normally only form on the lemma side.", "They promote lodicule development equally on both palea and lemma sides, leading to symmetric flowers with four lodicules.", "They specify the identity of lodicules, differentiating them from sepals and petals." ]

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

2,005

258

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the regulatory relationship between the C-class genes (OSMADS3, OSMADS58) and the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene in Oryza sativa floral development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "DL functions in carpel specification and its expression appears independent of OSMADS3 and OSMADS58; DL does not regulate these C-class genes.", "OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 are required to repress the expression of DL in whorls 3 and 4.", "DL acts upstream to activate the expression of both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 specifically in whorl 4." ]

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.105.037200

2,005

258

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the primary function of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor TELOMERASE ACTIVATOR1 (TAC1) in regulating telomerase activity in vegetative tissues?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "TAC1 induces the expression of the BT2 gene, which subsequently leads to the activation of telomerase.", "TAC1 represses telomerase activity in leaves as part of the normal developmental control.", "TAC1 directly binds to the promoter of the telomerase catalytic subunit (ATTERT) to activate its transcription." ]

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

2,007

62

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the role of the BT2 protein within the telomerase activation pathway mediated by TAC1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "BT2 acts downstream of TAC1, and its constitutive expression is sufficient to induce telomerase activity, while its absence blocks TAC1-mediated induction.", "BT2 directly binds to and stabilizes the telomerase enzyme complex, preventing its degradation.", "BT2 functions upstream of TAC1, activating TAC1 expression in response to specific environmental cues." ]

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

2,007

62

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the transcription factor TAC1 influence the expression of the BT2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "TAC1 prevents the degradation of the BT2 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin ligase activity.", "TAC1 directly binds to a specific cis-regulatory element within the BT2 gene promoter, enhancing its transcription.", "TAC1 increases the translation efficiency of BT2 mRNA without affecting its transcription rate." ]

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

2,007

62

1

Plant Cell

false

Based on the domains present in the BT2 protein, what signaling molecule, in addition to auxin, is implicated in modulating the TAC1-BT2 pathway for telomerase induction in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Abscisic acid (ABA), because BT2 directly interacts with key ABA signaling receptors.", "Calcium ions (Ca2+), because BT2 possesses a calcium-dependent calmodulin binding domain.", "Cytokinins, because BT2 expression levels are primarily controlled by cytokinin concentrations." ]

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

2,007

62

1

Plant Cell

false

What happens to the expression level of the BT2 gene in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana leaves upon short-term treatment with exogenous auxin (IAA)?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The level of BT2 mRNA significantly increases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA rapidly and specifically decreases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA remains unchanged." ]

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1105/tpc.106.044321

2,007

62

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the primary function of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein in the regulation of KNOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor.", "It directly modifies chromatin structure without affecting transcription.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator." ]

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

2,008

266

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein achieve binding to its target DNA sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It forms a complex with the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) protein, which facilitates DNA binding.", "It binds directly to DNA through its MYB domain without requiring other protein partners.", "It requires interaction with the HIRA protein to bind DNA." ]

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

2,008

266

0

Plant Cell

false

To which specific gene promoter regions does the AS1-AS2 repressor complex directly bind to regulate KNOX gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It binds to two distinct sites within the promoters of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and KNAT2.", "It binds only to the promoter of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM).", "It binds to enhancer regions located far downstream of the KNOX genes." ]

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

2,008

266

0

Plant Cell

false

What are the consensus DNA sequence motifs recognized by the AS1-AS2 complex for binding to the BP and KNAT2 promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "CWGTTD and KMKTTGAHW.", "G-box (CACGTG) and MYC-binding site (CANNTG).", "TATA box and CAAT box." ]

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

2,008

266

0

Plant Cell

false

Which chromatin-remodeling factor is proposed to be recruited by the AS1-AS2 complex to establish stable silencing of KNOX genes during Arabidopsis thaliana organogenesis?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "HIRA.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).", "SWI/SNF complex." ]

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.107.056127

2,008

266

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the combined role of the MYB5 and MYB23 transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana trichome development?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "MYB5 activates MYB23, which then controls trichome branching.", "They are solely responsible for trichome initiation.", "They act redundantly to regulate trichome branching and extension." ]

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

2,009

188

2

Plant Cell

false

What are the main defects observed in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana *myb5* mutants?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Increased mucilage production and enlarged columellae.", "Dramatically reduced mucilage production and flattened columellae.", "Complete absence of the seed coat epidermis." ]

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

2,009

188

1

Plant Cell

false

Which set of genes involved in Arabidopsis thaliana seed development are directly downregulated by the loss of MYB5 function?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PAP1, PAP2, and MUM4.", "ABE1, ABE4, MYBL2, and GL2.", "TTG1, EGL3, and TT8." ]

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

2,009

188

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the proposed function of the ABE1 and ABE4 genes, which are regulated by MYB5 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They encode enzymes required for secondary cell wall formation in columellae.", "They encode transcription factors that repress mucilage production.", "They encode α/β fold hydrolases likely involved in modifying pectins for mucilage synthesis." ]

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

2,009

188

2

Plant Cell

false

What phenotypic changes occur in Arabidopsis thaliana plants ectopically expressing the MYB5 gene?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Increased trichome branching and elimination of trichomes from leaf margins.", "Formation of more small trichomes, reduced trichome branching, and ectopic trichomes on cotyledons/hypocotyls.", "Formation of fewer, larger trichomes and complete suppression of seed coat mucilage." ]

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.108.063503

2,009

188

1

Plant Cell

false

How does the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis respond to treatment with either DNA methylation inhibitors (like Zebularine) or histone deacetylase inhibitors (like TSA) alone?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It is readily reactivated by histone deacetylase inhibitors alone.", "It remains largely silenced, showing resistance to reactivation by individual inhibitors.", "It is readily reactivated by DNA methylation inhibitors alone." ]

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

2,010

64

1

Plant Cell

false

Which gene mutations were identified in a forward genetic screen as capable of releasing the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Mutations in the chromatin remodeler DDM1 or the SAH hydrolase HOG1.", "Mutations in histone deacetylases HDA6 or HDA19.", "Mutations in DNA methyltransferases MET1 or CMT3." ]

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

2,010

64

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the key requirement for reactivating the extremely stable HPT epiallele silenced by polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Simultaneous reduction of both DNA methylation and repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2).", "Only the removal of repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2) is necessary.", "Only the removal of DNA methylation is necessary." ]

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

2,010

64

0

Plant Cell

false

What are the global epigenetic consequences of mutations in the HOG1 (SAHH) gene in Arabidopsis?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "A specific decrease in DNA methylation only at transposons, with no effect on H3K9me2.", "An increase in overall DNA methylation but a decrease in H3K9me2.", "A reduction in both overall DNA methylation and histone H3 Lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2)." ]

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

2,010

64

2

Plant Cell

false

How does the SAHH inhibitor dihydroxypropyladenine (DHPA) affect the silenced HPT transgene (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It reactivates transcription by reducing both DNA methylation and H3K9 histone methylation, mimicking hog1 mutants.", "It enhances silencing by increasing H3K9 histone methylation.", "It only reduces DNA methylation without affecting histone marks or transcription." ]

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.109.072819

2,010

64

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the proposed evolutionary origin of methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAM) involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis?

EVOLUTION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "MAM is believed to have evolved from isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS), an enzyme involved in leucine biosynthesis.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from deoxyhypusine synthase, an enzyme involved in translation factor activation.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from homomethionine synthase, the final enzyme in the pathway." ]

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

Model Organisms

EVOLUTION

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

2,011

87

0

Plant Cell

false

What major structural difference between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes accounts for the loss of leucine feedback inhibition in MAM?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "MAM enzymes lack the ~120 amino acid C-terminal regulatory domain present in IPMS.", "MAM enzymes have an additional subdomain inserted within the catalytic domain compared to IPMS.", "MAM enzymes lack the N-terminal catalytic domain present in IPMS." ]

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

2,011

87

0

Plant Cell

false

What happens to leucine feedback inhibition when the C-terminal regulatory domain is removed from Arabidopsis IPMS2?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Leucine feedback inhibition becomes stronger.", "The enzyme becomes inhibited by methionine instead of leucine.", "Leucine feedback inhibition is lost." ]

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

2,011

87

2

Plant Cell

false

Which specific amino acid exchanges in the active site of a truncated Arabidopsis IPMS2 significantly shifted its substrate preference towards a MAM substrate (MTOP)?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The single exchange H167L.", "The combined exchanges S216G and P252G.", "The single exchange L143I." ]

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

Model Organisms

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

2,011

87

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the difference in preferred divalent metal cofactors between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mg2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mn2+.", "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mn2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mg2+.", "Both IPMS and MAM enzymes preferentially use Zn2+." ]

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1105/tpc.110.079269

2,011

87

0

Plant Cell

false

How does localized iron supply primarily affect Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root development compared to homogeneous supply?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It equally enhances both lateral root density and elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root density more than lateral root elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root elongation more than lateral root density." ]

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

2,012

154

2

Plant Cell

false

What cellular process is primarily responsible for the increased length of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots observed under optimal localized iron supply?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Increased rate of cell division within the lateral root meristem.", "Enhanced elongation of differentiated cells leaving the meristem.", "A significant increase in the size of the lateral root meristem." ]

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

2,012

154

1

Plant Cell

false

What hormonal change occurs in the apices of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots specifically in response to growth-promoting localized iron supply?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Reduction in auxin levels due to increased degradation.", "Accumulation of cytokinin, inhibiting cell elongation.", "Accumulation of auxin, primarily driven by enhanced rootward transport." ]

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

2,012

154

2

Plant Cell

false

Which auxin transporter protein in Arabidopsis thaliana is essential for the stimulation of lateral root elongation specifically triggered by localized iron availability?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "AUX1 (AUXIN RESISTANT 1).", "ABCB19 (MDR1/PGP19).", "PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2)." ]

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

2,012

154

0

Plant Cell

false

Why is the iron transporter IRT1 crucial for the localized iron-induced elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots when iron is supplied only to the roots?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "IRT1 transports auxin into the lateral root apex in response to iron.", "IRT1 directly senses external iron levels and activates auxin signaling.", "IRT1 mediates the root uptake of iron necessary to increase internal iron levels, which triggers the elongation response." ]

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1105/tpc.111.092973

2,012

154

2

Plant Cell

false

How does phytochrome B (phyB) influence seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light conditions?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It primarily mediates responses to red light and has no significant role under FR light.", "It promotes etiolation responses, such as increased hypocotyl elongation and reduced anthocyanin accumulation.", "It strongly promotes photomorphogenesis, leading to short hypocotyls and high anthocyanin levels." ]

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

2,013

67

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the functional relationship between phytochrome B (phyB) and the SPA1/COP1 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana FR light signaling?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SPA1 acts upstream of phyB, directly phosphorylating it upon FR light perception.", "PhyB acts upstream of the SPA1/COP1 complex and its function in repressing photomorphogenesis under FR light is dependent on SPA1.", "PhyB and the SPA1/COP1 complex act in parallel, independent pathways to control FR light responses." ]

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

2,013

67

1

Plant Cell

false

How is the subcellular localization of phytochrome B (phyB) regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana during the transition from dark to far-red (FR) light?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PhyB is imported into the nucleus upon FR light exposure, and this import facilitates the nuclear accumulation of its interacting partner SPA1.", "PhyB nuclear import under FR light is strictly dependent on phytochrome A (phyA) activity.", "PhyB is exclusively cytoplasmic under FR light, signaling indirectly to nuclear components." ]

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

2,013

67

0

Plant Cell

false

What is a downstream consequence of phytochrome B (phyB) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light regarding the COP1-SPA1 E3 ligase complex?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "PhyB inhibits the COP1-SPA1 complex, causing an accumulation of factors like HY5.", "PhyB promotes the E3 ligase activity of the COP1-SPA1 complex, leading to decreased accumulation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors like HY5.", "PhyB directly targets HY5 for degradation, bypassing the need for the COP1-SPA1 complex under FR light." ]

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

2,013

67

1

Plant Cell

false

Does phytochrome B (phyB) influence phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated responses under far-red (FR) light in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Yes, phyB strongly enhances phyA signaling under FR light, leading to exaggerated photomorphogenesis.", "No, phyB and phyA functions under FR light are completely separate and do not influence each other.", "Yes, phyB antagonizes phyA signaling, repressing photomorphogenesis even in the absence of phyA." ]

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.112.107086

2,013

67

2

Plant Cell

false

What effect do geminivirus-based replicons have on gene targeting efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum when used for delivering genome engineering reagents?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]

[ "They decrease the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They significantly increase the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They have no significant effect on frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery." ]

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

Solanaceae & Relatives

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

2,014

449

1

Plant Cell

false

What mechanisms contribute to the high efficiency of gene targeting achieved using geminivirus-based replicons?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Only the efficient delivery into the nucleus by Agrobacterium.", "A combination of targeted double-strand breaks, replication of the repair template, and pleiotropic activity of viral replication proteins.", "Solely the high copy number achieved through replication." ]

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

2,014

449

1

Plant Cell

false

Why are deconstructed geminiviruses, lacking movement functions, advantageous for delivering large DNA cargos in plant cells?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "They overcome genome size limitations imposed by the requirements for cell-to-cell movement.", "They integrate more efficiently into the host genome.", "They replicate faster than full viruses." ]

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

2,014

449

0

Plant Cell

false

In geminivirus replicon-mediated gene targeting, which component's replication is the primary driver of enhanced efficiency?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The sequence encoding the sequence-specific nuclease.", "The DNA repair template.", "The viral vector backbone." ]

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

2,014

449

1

Plant Cell

false

Beyond initiating viral replication, what additional role do geminivirus Rep/RepA proteins play in enhancing gene targeting frequencies?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "They suppress non-homologous end joining repair pathways.", "They have pleiotropic activities that promote homologous recombination, possibly by influencing the cell cycle.", "They directly facilitate the integration of the repair template into the genome." ]

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1105/tpc.113.119792

2,014

449

1

Plant Cell

false

What are the primary phenotypic consequences of the dominant Abph2 mutation in Zea mays?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Reduced shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to spiral phyllotaxy.", "Enlarged shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to decussate phyllotaxy.", "Normal shoot apical meristem (SAM) size but development of twin shoots." ]

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

2,015

69

1

Plant Cell

false

What molecular event underlies the Abph2 dominant mutation in Zea mays?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "A missense point mutation in the coding sequence of the original Abph2 gene.", "Transposition of the glutaredoxin gene MSCA1, resulting in its altered embryonic expression pattern.", "Deletion of a regulatory element upstream of the MSCA1 gene." ]

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

Cereal Grains

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

2,015

69

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the effect of loss-of-function mutations in the MSCA1 gene on shoot apical meristem (SAM) size in Zea mays?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "They have no discernible effect on the size of the vegetative SAM.", "They cause a significant reduction in SAM size compared to wild-type siblings.", "They lead to a significant enlargement of the SAM, similar to the Abph2 mutant." ]

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

2,015

69

1

Plant Cell

false

Which type of transcription factor does the maize glutaredoxin MSCA1 interact with, potentially regulating meristem development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "TGA transcription factors, specifically FEA4.", "CLAVATA signaling pathway components.", "KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins." ]

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

2,015

69

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the genetic interaction between msca1 and fea4 mutations impact shoot apical meristem (SAM) size regulation in Zea mays?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "msca1 is epistatic to fea4, suggesting MSCA1 functions downstream of FEA4 in SAM size control.", "msca1 and fea4 mutations have additive effects, suggesting they regulate SAM size through independent pathways.", "fea4 is epistatic to msca1, indicating they likely function in the same regulatory pathway for SAM size control." ]

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.114.130393

2,015

69

2

Plant Cell

false

Which proteins were identified as genetic enhancers of the relatively mild phenotype observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *lhp1* mutants, suggesting parallel or redundant repressive functions?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "RING finger proteins AtBMI1A and AtBMI1B involved in H2A ubiquitination.", "TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) and its paralog TRB3.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) core components CURLY LEAF (CLF) and SWINGER (SWN)." ]

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

2,015

66

1

Plant Cell

false

What type of cis-regulatory element does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 predominantly bind to across the genome?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Telobox motifs and related telomere-repeat sequences.", "GAGA motifs, recruiting Polycomb complexes.", "Promoter-proximal TATA-box elements." ]

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

2,015

66

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 function in transcriptional regulation depending on the target gene context?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional activator required for basal expression levels.", "It acts bivalently, helping repress PcG targets (especially when LHP1 is absent) while promoting the expression of many LHP1-independent targets, often related to metabolism.", "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional repressor for all its target genes." ]

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

2,015

66

1

Plant Cell

false

Is the phenotypic enhancement observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *trb1 lhp1* double mutants compared to *lhp1* single mutants primarily caused by accelerated telomere shortening?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No, the phenotypic enhancement precedes significant changes in telomere length, indicating a role independent of telomere maintenance.", "Yes, the loss of TRB1 leads to rapid telomere loss, mimicking strong PcG mutant phenotypes.", "Yes, but only when combined with mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene." ]

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

2,015

66

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the presence of the LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) influence the binding pattern of TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) at Polycomb Group (PcG) target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "LHP1 recruits TRB1 specifically to the transcription start sites (TSS) of PcG target genes.", "LHP1 generally restricts TRB1 binding at PcG targets; loss of LHP1 results in increased TRB1 binding strength and occupancy, often across gene bodies.", "LHP1 and TRB1 bind independently to PcG target genes without influencing each other's occupancy." ]

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.15.00787

2,015

66

1

Plant Cell

false

How does the WIND1 transcription factor promote shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "By directly activating the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene.", "By repressing the expression of cytokinin response factors.", "By transcriptionally activating the ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION1 (ESR1) gene." ]

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

2,016

171

2

Plant Cell

false

What is the functional relationship between WIND1 and ESR1 in the context of wound-induced regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "WIND1 and ESR1 function independently in parallel pathways to control regeneration.", "ESR1 acts downstream of WIND1, mediating its effects on callus formation and shoot regeneration.", "WIND1 acts downstream of ESR1, activating it in response to wounding." ]

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

2,016

171

1

Plant Cell

false

To which type of cis-regulatory elements does WIND1 directly bind within the ESR1 promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Auxin response elements (AuxREs).", "Dehydration-responsive elements (DREs), exclusively.", "Vascular system-specific and wound-responsive cis-element (VWRE)-like motifs." ]

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

2,016

171

2

Plant Cell

false

What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana explants overexpressing ESR1 when cultured on hormone-free medium?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Complete inhibition of any regeneration at wound sites.", "Enhanced root regeneration specifically at wound sites.", "Enhanced shoot regeneration specifically at wound sites." ]

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

2,016

171

2

Plant Cell

false

Is the WIND1-ESR1 molecular pathway required for all types of de novo organ regeneration from wound sites in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No, it is required for shoot regeneration but not for de novo root regeneration.", "Yes, it is essential for both shoot and root regeneration.", "No, it is required for root regeneration but not for shoot regeneration." ]

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.16.00623

2,016

171

0

Plant Cell

false

How conserved is genomic imprinting during the polyploidization events that led to hexaploid wheat?

EVOLUTION

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "Genomic imprinting patterns were completely reset during each polyploidization event in wheat.", "Almost all imprinted genes lost their parent-of-origin bias after wheat polyploidization.", "A significant portion of imprinted genes maintained their parent-of-origin expression bias throughout hexaploidization." ]

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

Cereal Grains

EVOLUTION

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

2,018

25

2

Plant Cell

false

What functional roles are generally associated with Maternally Expressed Genes (MEGs) versus Paternally Expressed Genes (PEGs) identified in wheat endosperm?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "MEGs primarily regulate transcription, while PEGs are involved in metabolic pathways.", "Both MEGs and PEGs in wheat endosperm are mainly involved in cell wall synthesis.", "MEGs are often linked to metabolic processes, whereas PEGs are frequently involved in transcription regulation." ]

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

2,018

25

2

Plant Cell

false

What characterizes the expression pattern of many imprinted genes during wheat endosperm development?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "Imprinted genes in wheat endosperm are consistently expressed from the maternal or paternal allele throughout development.", "Imprinted genes in wheat are typically silenced completely during later stages of endosperm development.", "Many imprinted genes show dynamic expression, being imprinted only at specific developmental stages." ]

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

2,018

25

2

Plant Cell

false

How does the number of identified imprinted genes (MEGs and PEGs combined) compare across different ploidy levels in wheat (diploid Aegilops spp., tetraploid Triticum spp., hexaploid Triticum spp.)?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Triticum spp." ]

[ "Diploid wheat relatives (Aegilops spp.) have significantly more imprinted genes than polyploid wheat.", "The number of imprinted genes remains constant regardless of the ploidy level in wheat and its relatives.", "The number of identified imprinted genes generally increases with ploidy level (diploid < tetraploid ≈ hexaploid)." ]

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

Cereal Grains

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

2,018

25

2

Plant Cell

false

What does imprinting in wheat and its relatives (Aegilops) suggest about the evolutionary conservation of this phenomenon?

EVOLUTION

[ "Triticum spp." ]

[ "Imprinting is a recent evolutionary phenomenon specific only to hexaploid wheat and absent in its relatives.", "Genomic imprinting appears to be evolutionarily conserved between closely related species like Triticum and Aegilops, and persists through polyploidization.", "Genomic imprinting is highly variable even between closely related species and is lost during polyploidization." ]

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

Cereal Grains

EVOLUTION

10.1105/tpc.17.00837

2,018

25

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the primary role of the HOS15 protein in the photoperiodic flowering pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Directly binds to FT mRNA to inhibit its translation.", "Activates GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone acetyltransferase complex.", "Represses GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone deacetylase complex." ]

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

2,019

78

2

Plant Cell

false

What flowering phenotype is observed in hos15 loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana under long-day conditions?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Late flowering due to reduced CONSTANS (CO) expression.", "Early flowering due to elevated GIGANTEA (GI) expression.", "No change in flowering time, but increased sensitivity to cold stress." ]

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

2,019

78

1

Plant Cell

false

Which protein complex does HOS15 interact with to target the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The Evening Complex (EC), including LUX, ELF3, and ELF4.", "The FLC/SVP repression complex.", "The CO/FT activation complex." ]

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

2,019

78

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the HOS15 protein influence the chromatin state at the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Promotes histone deacetylation via interaction with HDA9, leading to reduced GI expression.", "Mediates DNA methylation, leading to silencing of GI expression.", "Promotes histone acetylation via interaction with HATs, leading to increased GI expression." ]

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

2,019

78

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the overall mechanism by which the HOS15-EC-HDA9 complex regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Transcriptional repression of GIGANTEA (GI) through histone deacetylation.", "Post-translational activation of the FT protein.", "Enhancing the stability of CONSTANS (CO) protein." ]

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.18.00721

2,019

78

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the ARF-GEF GNOM protein primarily function during ARF1 activation in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "As a dimer that coordinately activates two ARF1 molecules.", "As a tetramer complex that sequesters inactive ARF1.", "As a monomer that activates a single ARF1 molecule." ]

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

2,020

18

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the spatial consequence of coordinated ARF1 activation by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana membranes?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Insertion of ARF1 GTP molecules in close proximity (<10 nm) to each other.", "Random distribution of ARF1 GTP molecules across the membrane.", "Clustering of ARF1 GTP molecules far apart (>50 nm) on the membrane." ]

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

2,020

18

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the functional significance of the close proximity of membrane-inserted ARF1 GTP proteins mediated by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It inhibits the recruitment of coat proteins to the membrane.", "It primarily regulates the degradation of ARF1 proteins.", "It is essential for efficient ARF1-dependent vesicle trafficking." ]

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

2,020

18

2

Plant Cell

false

How does the GN-loop>J(3A) mutation affect GNOM function in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It prevents GNOM dimerization, rendering the protein inactive.", "It reduces the efficiency of coordinated ARF1 activation and vesicle trafficking by impairing ARF1 binding to one SEC7 domain.", "It enhances ARF1 activation leading to excessive vesicle formation." ]

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

2,020

18

1

Plant Cell

false

The coordinated activation of ARF1 by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana represents a mechanism that likely ensures what crucial step in vesicle formation?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Proper spacing of ARF1 GTP molecules required for efficient membrane trafficking.", "Phosphorylation of ARF1 to regulate its activity cycle.", "Direct binding of GNOM to cargo proteins for selection." ]

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.20.00240

2,020

18

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the primary role of PIF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination in response to light?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Acts as a central repressor whose degradation promotes germination.", "Acts as a positive regulator required for germination initiation.", "Directly activates GA biosynthesis genes." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab060

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plcell/koab060

2,021

44

0

Plant Cell

false

How does PIF1 influence the expression of miR408 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Stabilizes the miR408 transcript post-transcriptionally.", "Directly binds to the miR408 promoter and represses its transcription.", "Induces miR408 expression by activating its promoter." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab060

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plcell/koab060

2,021

44

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the mechanism by which miR408 regulates PLANTACYANIN (PCY) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Binds to the PCY protein, inhibiting its activity.", "Targets the PCY mRNA for cleavage, reducing its abundance.", "Enhances the translation efficiency of PCY mRNA." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab060

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plcell/koab060

2,021

44

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the function of PLANTACYANIN (PCY) in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and where is it primarily localized?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Acts as a positive regulator of germination and is localized in the nucleus.", "Promotes seedling greening and is secreted outside the cell.", "Acts as a negative regulator of germination and is associated with the vacuole." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab060

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koab060

2,021

44

2

Plant Cell

false

How does the PIF1-miR408-PCY pathway influence the hormonal balance critical for Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Modulates the GA/ABA ratio, with the active pathway (low PIF1, high miR408, low PCY) favoring a high GA/low ABA state.", "Primarily regulates auxin levels to control germination timing.", "Increases ABA levels while decreasing GA levels, thus inhibiting germination." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab060

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1093/plcell/koab060

2,021

44

0

Plant Cell

false

How is the PI4Kα1 complex anchored to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Via S-acylation lipid modification of the EFOP subunit.", "Through direct interaction of PI4Kα1's PH domain with PI4P.", "By binding of the NPG subunit to transmembrane proteins." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab135

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koab135

2,021

32

0

Plant Cell

false

What is a consequence of losing HYC2 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Embryo lethality at the globular stage.", "Mild growth defects with normal fertility.", "Complete male sterility due to pollen defects." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab135

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/plcell/koab135

2,021

32

0

Plant Cell

false

How is the PI4Kα1 complex spatially organized at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It is evenly distributed across the entire plasma membrane.", "It dynamically moves between the cytosol and the plasma membrane.", "It concentrates in immobile nanodomains." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab135

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koab135

2,021

32

2

Plant Cell

false

What morphological defect is observed in pollen grains lacking functional PI4Kα1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They fail to develop apertures for germination.", "They exhibit a reduced exine layer but normal intine.", "They are shriveled and possess an abnormally thick intine layer." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab135

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/plcell/koab135

2,021

32

2

Plant Cell

false

What is the proposed role of NPG proteins within the PI4Kα1 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They possess the catalytic activity to produce PI4P.", "They directly anchor the complex to the plasma membrane lipids.", "They act as scaffolds connecting PI4Kα1, HYC, and EFOP proteins." ]

10.1093/plcell/koab135

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koab135

2,021

32

2

Plant Cell

false

What is the role of the protein phosphatases PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 in the SOS pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana under non-salt-stress conditions?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They activate the Na+/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1.", "They phosphorylate the SOS2 kinase to enhance its activity.", "They interact with and inhibit the Na+/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1." ]

10.1093/plcell/koac283

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plcell/koac283

2,022

33

2

Plant Cell

false

How does the calcium sensor SCaBP8 regulate the activity of PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 phosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SCaBP8 interacts with PP2C.D6/D7 and suppresses their phosphatase activity.", "SCaBP8 increases the phosphatase activity of PP2C.D6/D7.", "SCaBP8 prevents PP2C.D6/D7 from interacting with SOS1." ]

10.1093/plcell/koac283

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koac283

2,022

33

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the impact of the calcium sensor SCaBP8 on the subcellular localization of PP2C.D6 in Arabidopsis thaliana roots during salt stress?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SCaBP8 causes PP2C.D6 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane.", "SCaBP8 mediates the release of PP2C.D6 from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm.", "SCaBP8 anchors PP2C.D6 more firmly to the plasma membrane." ]

10.1093/plcell/koac283

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plcell/koac283

2,022

33

1

Plant Cell

false

Is the enzymatic activity of PP2C.D6 essential for its function in regulating SOS1 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Yes, the inhibition of SOS1 by PP2C.D6 depends on its protein phosphatase activity.", "No, PP2C.D6 primarily regulates SOS2, not SOS1.", "No, the interaction alone is sufficient; phosphatase activity is dispensable." ]

10.1093/plcell/koac283

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plcell/koac283

2,022

33

0

Plant Cell

false

What phenotype related to salt stress is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking both PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 (pp2c.d6 pp2c.d7 double mutants)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They show hypersensitivity (reduced tolerance) to salt stress.", "Their salt stress phenotype is identical to that of wild-type plants.", "They exhibit hyposensitivity (increased tolerance) to salt stress, particularly in the initial phase." ]

10.1093/plcell/koac283

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plcell/koac283

2,022

33

2

Plant Cell

false