manufernandezbur/MoBiPlant · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Which ROP GTPase is identified as a central regulator of pollen tube tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "ROP9", "ROP1", "ROP6" ]	10.1093/jxb/erg035	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erg035	2,003	125	1	JexB	false
What key cellular component's dynamics at the pollen tube tip are primarily regulated by ROP GTPase signalling?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Microtubules", "Longitudinal actin cables", "Tip-localized F-actin" ]	10.1093/jxb/erg035	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erg035	2,003	125	2	JexB	false
What ionic gradient essential for pollen tube tip growth is regulated by tip-localized active ROP1 signalling?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Tip-focused K+ gradients", "Tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients", "Apical plasma membrane potential" ]	10.1093/jxb/erg035	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erg035	2,003	125	1	JexB	false
What establishes the plasma membrane domain for tip growth in pollen tubes according to the ROP signalling model?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The concentration gradient of extracellular sucrose", "The density of endoplasmic reticulum at the apex", "The localization of the active ROP1 signalling complex" ]	10.1093/jxb/erg035	Non-specific	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/erg035	2,003	125	2	JexB	false
How are the oscillations of tip F-actin and tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients related during pollen tube growth?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "They oscillate in the same phase.", "Only Ca2+ oscillates, while F-actin accumulation remains constant at the tip.", "They oscillate in opposite phases, coordinated by ROP1 signalling." ]	10.1093/jxb/erg035	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erg035	2,003	125	2	JexB	false
In which organ of Medicago sativa is the HO1 gene found to be most highly expressed compared to roots and leaves?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Mature root nodules", "Leaves", "Roots" ]	10.1093/jxb/erh020	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erh020	2,003	44	0	JexB	false
During the symbiotic interaction between Medicago sativa and Sinorhizobium meliloti, when does the accumulation of HO1 transcripts significantly increase?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "During the initial infection stages (1-7 days post-inoculation)", "In uninoculated roots", "In mature, functional nodules (5 weeks post-inoculation)" ]	10.1093/jxb/erh020	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erh020	2,003	44	2	JexB	false
How does the expression of the Medicago sativa HO1 gene respond to treatment with pro-oxidant compounds like hydrogen peroxide or paraquat?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Expression is not significantly induced", "Expression is strongly induced", "Expression is significantly repressed" ]	10.1093/jxb/erh020	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erh020	2,003	44	0	JexB	false
What metabolic process is hypothesized to involve HO1 in mature Medicago sativa root nodules, potentially explaining its high expression there?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Leghaemoglobin turnover", "Phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis", "Nitrogen fixation directly" ]	10.1093/jxb/erh020	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erh020	2,003	44	0	JexB	false
What effect does exogenous application of haemin or iron citrate have on HO1 gene expression in Medicago sativa roots?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "It leads to complete repression of the gene", "It causes strong induction similar to animal systems", "It does not cause significant induction" ]	10.1093/jxb/erh020	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erh020	2,003	44	2	JexB	false
To which family of protein kinases does LeCRK1 from Lycopersicon esculentum belong, based on its sequence characteristics like the degenerate C-terminal calmodulin-like domain?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "Conventional Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs)", "CDPK-related kinases (CRKs)", "ETR histidine kinases" ]	10.1093/jxb/eri003	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/eri003	2,004	7	1	JexB	false
What is the calcium requirement for the autophosphorylation activity of the LeCRK1 kinase from Lycopersicon esculentum?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "It strictly requires calcium for activity.", "Its activity is inhibited by calcium.", "It does not require calcium for activity." ]	10.1093/jxb/eri003	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/eri003	2,004	7	2	JexB	false
Where is the LeCRK1 protein primarily localized within the plant cell, and what mechanism targets it there?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "Plasma membrane, targeted by N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation.", "Cytoplasm, due to lack of targeting signals.", "Nucleus, targeted by a specific nuclear localization signal." ]	10.1093/jxb/eri003	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/eri003	2,004	7	0	JexB	false
How does the expression level of LeCRK1 mRNA change during fruit ripening in Lycopersicon esculentum, particularly in ripening-impaired mutants like Nr, Rin, and Nor?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "It decreases during normal ripening and is overexpressed in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants.", "It remains constant throughout ripening, regardless of the genetic background.", "It increases significantly during normal ripening but is undetectable in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants." ]	10.1093/jxb/eri003	Solanaceae & Relatives	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eri003	2,004	7	2	JexB	false
Which abiotic stresses or hormone treatments were shown to induce LeCRK1 mRNA accumulation in Lycopersicon esculentum leaves?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "Heat stress and abscisic acid.", "Methyl jasmonate treatment.", "Mechanical wounding and cold treatment." ]	10.1093/jxb/eri003	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/eri003	2,004	7	2	JexB	false
In which parts of Glycine max seedlings is the GmCuAO1 gene primarily expressed?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "Only in mature leaf tissues involved in photosynthesis.", "Uniformly throughout the seedling, including leaves and cotyledons.", "In roots and hypocotyls, particularly in regions undergoing rapid cell expansion." ]	10.1093/jxb/erj009	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erj009	2,005	29	2	JexB	false
How does the expression pattern of the GmCuAO2 gene compare to GmCuAO1 in Glycine max?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "GmCuAO2 expression is not strongly tissue-specific and is less affected by light compared to GmCuAO1.", "GmCuAO2 is only expressed in response to light stimuli, specifically in the shoot apex.", "GmCuAO2 exhibits strong root-specific expression, identical to GmCuAO1." ]	10.1093/jxb/erj009	Legumes	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erj009	2,005	29	0	JexB	false
What is the observed relationship between the activity of enzymes involved in putrescine catabolism and tissue growth in Glycine max hypocotyls?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "The activity of these enzymes remains constant throughout the hypocotyl, irrespective of the local growth rate.", "Enzyme activity is highest in rapidly growing regions, such as the apical segment, correlating with cell expansion.", "Putrescine catabolism activity is lowest in actively expanding tissues." ]	10.1093/jxb/erj009	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erj009	2,005	29	1	JexB	false
Within the developing roots of Glycine max, where are high levels of GmCuAO1 transcripts localized?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "Mainly restricted to the quiescent center and fully differentiated vascular tissues.", "Exclusively within the epidermal layer and developing root hairs.", "In the root cap, cortex parenchyma, and central cylinder, especially within zones of cell expansion." ]	10.1093/jxb/erj009	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erj009	2,005	29	2	JexB	false
What is the primary subcellular localization of enzymes involved in putrescine degradation in Glycine max root and hypocotyl cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "Mainly found inside the nucleus, associated with chromatin.", "Concentrated within vacuoles for storage.", "Predominantly localized within the cell walls." ]	10.1093/jxb/erj009	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erj009	2,005	29	2	JexB	false
Which two biochemical pathways are proposed to contribute Isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) for rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis latex?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]	[ "The cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidic Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway.", "The Glycolysis pathway and the Pentose Phosphate pathway.", "Only the cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway." ]	10.1093/jxb/erm093	Woody Perennials & Trees	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erm093	2,007	145	0	JexB	false
What are the two most abundantly expressed transcripts related to rubber biosynthesis found in the latex of Hevea brasiliensis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]	[ "HMG CoA reductase and DXPS (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase).", "REF (rubber elongation factor) and SRPP (small rubber particle protein).", "cis-prenyltransferase and IDP isomerase." ]	10.1093/jxb/erm093	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erm093	2,007	145	1	JexB	false
Besides their role in cis-polyisoprene biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis, what other function is suggested for Rubber Particle Membrane Proteins (RPMPs) based on sequence similarity?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]	[ "Cell wall synthesis.", "Photosynthesis regulation.", "Stress-related responses." ]	10.1093/jxb/erm093	Woody Perennials & Trees	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erm093	2,007	145	2	JexB	false
How many distinct full-length Rubber Particle Membrane Protein (RPMP) isoforms, including REF and SRPP, were identified through transcriptome analysis of Hevea brasiliensis latex?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]	[ "Fifteen isoforms.", "Two isoforms (only REF and SRPP).", "Nine isoforms." ]	10.1093/jxb/erm093	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/jxb/erm093	2,007	145	2	JexB	false
What characterizes a large proportion of the unique transcripts identified in the Hevea brasiliensis latex transcriptome?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]	[ "They correspond to genes of unknown function.", "They are primarily related to photosynthesis.", "They exclusively encode enzymes for the MVA pathway." ]	10.1093/jxb/erm093	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/jxb/erm093	2,007	145	0	JexB	false
Where is the protein encoded by the At2g04270 gene (AtRne E/G-like) primarily located in Arabidopsis thaliana cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Plastids (chloroplasts)", "Nucleus", "Mitochondria" ]	10.1093/jxb/ern126	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/ern126	2,008	31	0	JexB	false
What is a major consequence of losing the function of the AtRne E/G-like gene (At2g04270) in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Arrested chloroplast development and inability to grow without sucrose", "Over-accumulation of plastid ribosomes and increased leaf greening", "Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and faster growth" ]	10.1093/jxb/ern126	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/ern126	2,008	31	0	JexB	false
How does the loss of the AtRne E/G-like protein impact RNA levels within Arabidopsis thaliana plastids?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Increased levels of all plastid RNAs", "Reduced levels of plastid ribosomal RNA, psbA, and rbcL mRNA", "Specific degradation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs for plastid proteins" ]	10.1093/jxb/ern126	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ern126	2,008	31	1	JexB	false
What biochemical activity is demonstrated by the recombinant AtRNase E/G-like protein from Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Protein kinase activity, phosphorylating target proteins", "DNA ligase activity, joining DNA fragments", "Ribonuclease activity, capable of cleaving RNA substrates like rbcL mRNA" ]	10.1093/jxb/ern126	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern126	2,008	31	2	JexB	false
The expression of the AtRne E/G-like gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly correlated with genes involved in what process?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Photosynthesis light-harvesting complex assembly", "Plastid RNA metabolism, including polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNA-binding proteins", "Cytosolic protein degradation pathways" ]	10.1093/jxb/ern126	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ern126	2,008	31	1	JexB	false
How are the production levels of the three major curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) related in Curcuma longa rhizomes?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Curcuma longa" ]	[ "Their production levels are completely independent and unregulated relative to each other.", "The level of curcumin increases as the levels of the other two decrease.", "Their production levels are highly correlated, suggesting they form a single co-regulated metabolite module." ]	10.1093/jxb/ern263	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern263	2,008	23	2	JexB	false
Based on the analysis of metabolite modules in Curcuma longa, when are the 3-methoxyl groups on the aromatic rings thought to be added during curcuminoid biosynthesis?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Curcuma longa" ]	[ "Before the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "After the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "Concurrently with the cyclization of the heptanoid structure." ]	10.1093/jxb/ern263	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern263	2,008	23	0	JexB	false
What key biosynthetic implication arises from the observation that different groups of diarylheptanoids in Curcuma longa belong to separate metabolite modules?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Curcuma longa" ]	[ "It implies that diarylheptanoid production is primarily controlled by environmental factors rather than specific enzymes.", "It indicates that all diarylheptanoids are derived from a single precursor modified by various enzymes.", "It suggests the involvement of multiple polyketide synthases (PKS) with distinct substrate selectivities." ]	10.1093/jxb/ern263	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern263	2,008	23	2	JexB	false
What defines a 'metabolite module' in the study of plant specialized metabolism?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "All metabolites physically located within a specific cellular compartment.", "A group of metabolites whose production is co-regulated and biosynthetically linked.", "A set of metabolites that share a common degradation pathway." ]	10.1093/jxb/ern263	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern263	2,008	23	1	JexB	false
In addition to diarylheptanoids, what other significant class of specialized metabolites in Curcuma longa rhizomes demonstrated the formation of distinct co-regulated metabolite modules?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Curcuma longa" ]	[ "Terpenoids (including sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids).", "Phenylpropanoids like lignans.", "Fatty acid derivatives." ]	10.1093/jxb/ern263	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ern263	2,008	23	0	JexB	false
Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) gene shows specific expression in anthers peaking during flowering?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ]	[ "GhADF8", "GhADF6", "GhADF7" ]	10.1093/jxb/erp280	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erp280	2,009	32	2	JexB	false
What phenotypic effect occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the cotton GhADF7 gene?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Delayed flowering time but normal fertility", "Enhanced flower size and seed set", "Reduced pollen viability leading to partial male sterility" ]	10.1093/jxb/erp280	Model Organisms	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1093/jxb/erp280	2,009	32	2	JexB	false
Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) genes are predominantly expressed in petal tissues?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ]	[ "GhADF7 and GhADF1", "GhADF5 and GhADF3", "GhADF6 and GhADF8" ]	10.1093/jxb/erp280	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erp280	2,009	32	2	JexB	false
What consequence does the overexpression of the plant actin-depolymerizing factor GhADF7 have on cell division in fission yeast?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Defective cytokinesis and formation of multinucleate cells", "Arrest in G1 phase", "Accelerated cell cycle progression" ]	10.1093/jxb/erp280	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erp280	2,009	32	0	JexB	false
What specific location pattern of gene expression is directed by the promoter region of the GhADF7 gene when tested in transgenic plants?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Expression occurs throughout all vegetative tissues", "Expression is confined to pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes", "Expression is specific to the root meristem" ]	10.1093/jxb/erp280	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erp280	2,009	32	1	JexB	false
What is a primary metabolic limitation causing photosynthetic inhibition in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Depletion of total chlorophyll content.", "Increased stomatal conductance.", "Inhibition of Rubisco activity and regeneration." ]	10.1093/jxb/erq249	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erq249	2,010	224	2	JexB	false
What is indicated as a primary reason for the decrease in nitrogenase (Nase) activity in the nodules of drought-stressed Medicago sativa?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "A shortage of photosynthates (sugars) supplied to the nodules.", "An increase in nodule oxygen diffusion resistance.", "A direct inhibition of the nitrogenase enzyme by proline." ]	10.1093/jxb/erq249	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erq249	2,010	224	1	JexB	false
How does Medicago sativa respond to nitrogen limitation caused by reduced nitrogenase activity under drought at the leaf level?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "By increasing the synthesis of Rubisco protein.", "By enhancing chlorophyll synthesis to capture more light.", "By degrading Rubisco protein to remobilize nitrogen." ]	10.1093/jxb/erq249	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erq249	2,010	224	2	JexB	false
Which compounds primarily accumulate in Medicago sativa leaves to aid osmotic adjustment during drought stress?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Proline and D-pinitol.", "Asparagine and glucose.", "Sucrose and glutamic acid." ]	10.1093/jxb/erq249	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erq249	2,010	224	0	JexB	false
Which photoprotective mechanism is enhanced in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves to dissipate excess light energy?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "Increased photochemical quenching (qP).", "Reduced electron transport through photorespiration.", "Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)." ]	10.1093/jxb/erq249	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erq249	2,010	224	2	JexB	false
What is the relationship between the genetic control of the leaf/spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the stem elongation phase (SE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) development?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "They are completely linked, controlled by the exact same set of genes.", "They are completely independent, with no shared genetic control mechanisms.", "They are partially independent, with distinct and shared quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing each phase." ]	10.1093/jxb/err230	Cereal Grains	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/jxb/err230	2,011	66	2	JexB	false
How does altering the relative durations of the leaf/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum) potentially affect tillering capacity, assuming total time to anthesis remains constant?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "It consistently results in a significant increase in tillering capacity.", "It might not necessarily reduce tillering capacity, as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tillering traits often do not coincide with QTLs significant only for LS or SE.", "It invariably leads to a significant reduction in tillering capacity." ]	10.1093/jxb/err230	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/err230	2,011	66	1	JexB	false
What relationship exists between the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the rate of leaf appearance (phyllochron) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "There is generally no significant genetic correlation between the duration of the LS phase and the rate of leaf appearance.", "A longer LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance.", "A shorter LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance." ]	10.1093/jxb/err230	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/err230	2,011	66	0	JexB	false
How does the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) correlate with plant dry matter accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "LS duration is strongly negatively correlated with both early vigour and dry weight at TS.", "LS duration is strongly positively correlated with dry weight at terminal spikelet formation (TS), but only slightly negatively correlated with early vigour (dry weight before TS).", "LS duration shows no significant correlation with either early vigour or dry weight at TS." ]	10.1093/jxb/err230	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/err230	2,011	66	1	JexB	false
Which photoperiod response gene significantly influences the duration of both the leaf/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "Rht-B1", "Ppd-D1", "Vrn-A1" ]	10.1093/jxb/err230	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/err230	2,011	66	1	JexB	false
What role does the expansin gene IbEXP1 play in the initial formation of storage roots in Ipomoea batatas?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]	[ "It acts as a positive regulator, promoting the initial thickening growth.", "It acts as a negative regulator, inhibiting the initial thickening growth.", "It specifically promotes fibrous root elongation without affecting thickening." ]	10.1093/jxb/ers236	Solanaceae & Relatives	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/ers236	2,012	79	1	JexB	false
How does the downregulation of IbEXP1 affect cellular activity in the fibrous roots of Ipomoea batatas?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]	[ "It enhances the proliferation of metaxylem and cambium cells.", "It suppresses cell division in the vascular tissues.", "It significantly increases the elongation growth of epidermal cells." ]	10.1093/jxb/ers236	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/ers236	2,012	79	0	JexB	false
What is the consequence of reduced IbEXP1 expression on the lignification process within the fibrous roots of Ipomoea batatas?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]	[ "Lignification in the central stele is markedly reduced.", "Lignification patterns remain identical to those in wild-type roots.", "Lignification throughout the entire root structure is increased." ]	10.1093/jxb/ers236	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ers236	2,012	79	0	JexB	false
Considering the overall development of soil-grown Ipomoea batatas, what is a primary outcome of downregulating IbEXP1?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]	[ "Enhanced shoot growth accompanied by reduced storage root yield.", "A decreased number of storage roots but increased individual root size.", "An increased number and total weight of storage roots per plant." ]	10.1093/jxb/ers236	Solanaceae & Relatives	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/ers236	2,012	79	2	JexB	false
How does the expression level of the IbEXP1 gene in Ipomoea batatas fibrous roots respond to treatment with the plant hormone auxin (IAA)?	HORMONES	[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]	[ "Its expression level shows little to no significant change.", "Its expression level is significantly repressed.", "Its expression level is strongly induced." ]	10.1093/jxb/ers236	Solanaceae & Relatives	HORMONES	10.1093/jxb/ers236	2,012	79	0	JexB	false
What is the primary role of the AtSAG protein, containing an MDN1 domain, in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It negatively regulates gibberellin signalling specifically during flower development.", "It positively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development.", "It negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development." ]	10.1093/jxb/ert343	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1093/jxb/ert343	2,013	26	2	JexB	false
How does a loss-of-function mutation (knockout) in the AtSAG gene affect Arabidopsis thaliana seeds compared to wild-type?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It makes them insensitive to osmotic stress but hypersensitive to ABA.", "It decreases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages.", "It increases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages." ]	10.1093/jxb/ert343	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1093/jxb/ert343	2,013	26	2	JexB	false
In Arabidopsis thaliana AtSAG knockout mutants (sag), how is the expression level of ABA-responsive genes like ABI3 and ABI5 affected upon ABA treatment compared to wild-type?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Their expression is significantly upregulated.", "Their expression is significantly downregulated.", "Their expression remains unchanged." ]	10.1093/jxb/ert343	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ert343	2,013	26	0	JexB	false
Based on genetic interaction studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, where does AtSAG function relative to ABI5 in the ABA signaling pathway?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "AtSAG functions in a parallel pathway independent of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions downstream of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions upstream of ABI5." ]	10.1093/jxb/ert343	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ert343	2,013	26	2	JexB	false
How does altered expression of AtSAG in Arabidopsis thaliana impact the plant's response to osmotic stress, such as high mannitol concentration, during germination?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Both knockout mutants and overexpression lines exhibit sensitivity levels similar to wild-type.", "Knockout mutants (sag) show increased sensitivity, while overexpression lines (OX) show decreased sensitivity.", "Overexpression lines (OX) show increased sensitivity, while knockout mutants (sag) show decreased sensitivity." ]	10.1093/jxb/ert343	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ert343	2,013	26	1	JexB	false
Which type of kinases were identified as interacting partners for the cytosolic domains of Arabidopsis PERK8, -9, and -10?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)", "Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs)", "AGC VIII kinases (specifically AGC1-9 and KIPK)" ]	10.1093/jxb/eru390	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/eru390	2,014	46	2	JexB	false
Besides PERK kinases, what other protein is known to interact with the KIPK protein kinase in Arabidopsis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Calmodulin (CaM) directly", "Nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)", "KCBP (Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein)" ]	10.1093/jxb/eru390	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/eru390	2,014	46	2	JexB	false
What is the role of the PERK-KIPK-KCBP signalling pathway in Arabidopsis root development?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It positively regulates root growth, enhancing elongation under stress.", "It negatively regulates root growth, especially under high sucrose conditions.", "It specifically promotes root hair formation." ]	10.1093/jxb/eru390	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eru390	2,014	46	1	JexB	false
What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis seedlings when PERK10 is overexpressed?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Reduced sensitivity to ABA during germination.", "Increased lateral root formation and enhanced shoot branching.", "Root growth arrest with ectopic lignin and callose deposition." ]	10.1093/jxb/eru390	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eru390	2,014	46	2	JexB	false
Which gene mutation in the PERK-KIPK-KCBP pathway specifically affects trichome morphology in Arabidopsis, leading to reduced branching?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "KCBP", "KIPK1/2 double mutant", "PERK8/9/10 triple mutant" ]	10.1093/jxb/eru390	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eru390	2,014	46	0	JexB	false
Which type of enzymes are primarily responsible for processing the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) precursor peptide to its active form in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Metacaspases", "Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases", "Subtilases (specifically SBT6.1 and SBT6.2)" ]	10.1093/jxb/erw241	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erw241	2,016	59	2	JexB	false
What effect does the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) signaling peptide have on hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation.", "It primarily regulates cell division rather than elongation in the hypocotyl.", "It promotes hypocotyl cell elongation." ]	10.1093/jxb/erw241	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/erw241	2,016	59	2	JexB	false
Which endogenous protein acts as an inhibitor of the SBT6.1 subtilase involved in GLV1 processing in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Phytosulfokine (PSK)", "Serpin1", "RALF23" ]	10.1093/jxb/erw241	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erw241	2,016	59	1	JexB	false
How does the loss of function in either the SBT6.1 or SBT6.2 gene affect hypocotyl length in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It results in longer hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants.", "It causes excessive hypocotyl twisting but does not affect length.", "It results in shorter hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants." ]	10.1093/jxb/erw241	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/erw241	2,016	59	2	JexB	false
What biochemical modification is directly carried out by the SBT6.1 enzyme on the GLV1 precursor protein in Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Phosphorylation of serine residues.", "Proteolytic cleavage at specific recognition sites.", "Sulfation of tyrosine residues." ]	10.1093/jxb/erw241	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erw241	2,016	59	1	JexB	false
How is the activity of the phytosulfokine receptor PSKR1 primarily controlled?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "By heterodimerization with the PSKR2 receptor upon ligand binding.", "Solely through the binding of the phytosulfokine peptide to its extracellular domain.", "Through phosphorylation of multiple sites within its cytoplasmic kinase domain." ]	10.1093/jxb/erx030	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erx030	2,017	21	2	JexB	false
What is a key regulatory role of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain phosphorylation (S696/S698) in Arabidopsis PSKR1 function?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It enhances both shoot and root growth by increasing kinase activity.", "It impairs shoot growth promotion while not affecting root growth promotion, suggesting organ-specific regulation.", "It completely abolishes receptor activity in both shoots and roots." ]	10.1093/jxb/erx030	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/erx030	2,017	21	1	JexB	false
What does the effect of C-terminal phosphorylation (T998) on PSKR1 reveal about its regulation?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Phosphorylation abolishes kinase activity in vitro, but receptor function persists in planta, indicating additional regulatory mechanisms beyond direct kinase activity.", "Phosphorylation enhances kinase activity both in vitro and in planta, acting as a simple activation switch.", "Phosphorylation has no effect on kinase activity in vitro but is essential for receptor function in planta." ]	10.1093/jxb/erx030	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erx030	2,017	21	0	JexB	false
Which statement accurately describes the interaction between calmodulin (CaM) and the PSKR1 kinase domain?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Binding is calcium-independent and occurs only with the phosphorylated kinase, strongly inhibiting its activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and occurs preferentially with the hypophosphorylated kinase, without significantly altering kinase activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and significantly enhances the kinase activity regardless of its phosphorylation state." ]	10.1093/jxb/erx030	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erx030	2,017	21	1	JexB	false
What is the consequence of mutating the conserved tryptophan W831 within the predicted calmodulin-binding helix of PSKR1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It abolishes both calmodulin binding and the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor domain.", "It prevents calmodulin binding but significantly increases the receptor's kinase activity.", "It enhances calmodulin binding affinity without affecting the receptor's kinase function." ]	10.1093/jxb/erx030	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erx030	2,017	21	0	JexB	false
How does nitrogen availability affect the growth response of Brassica rapa seedlings to elevated atmospheric CO2?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Brassica rapa" ]	[ "Elevated CO2 enhances growth equally regardless of nitrogen availability in Brassica rapa.", "Sufficient nitrogen is required for enhanced shoot and root growth under elevated CO2; nitrogen limitation increases the root/shoot ratio.", "Nitrogen availability primarily affects hypocotyl length but not biomass allocation in response to elevated CO2." ]	10.1093/jxb/ery080	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ery080	2,018	18	1	JexB	false
What is the role of Phytochrome B (PhyB) in the response of Brassica rapa seedlings to elevated CO2 levels?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Brassica rapa" ]	[ "PhyB primarily regulates flowering time in response to CO2, with no effect on seedling growth.", "PhyB suppresses growth responses to elevated CO2, leading to larger mutants under high CO2.", "PhyB is necessary for the enhanced growth responses (e.g., hypocotyl elongation, biomass increase) stimulated by elevated CO2." ]	10.1093/jxb/ery080	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ery080	2,018	18	2	JexB	false
Compared to wild-type, what physiological characteristics are observed in adult Brassica rapa mutants lacking functional Phytochrome B (phyB)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Brassica rapa" ]	[ "Normal chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic rate, but significantly increased stomatal density.", "Reduced chlorophyll content, lower photosynthetic rate, and decreased seed yield.", "Increased chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthetic rate, and higher seed yield." ]	10.1093/jxb/ery080	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ery080	2,018	18	1	JexB	false
How is the expression of auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes affected in Brassica rapa phyB mutants compared to wild-type under elevated CO2?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Brassica rapa" ]	[ "Expression of these genes is completely independent of PhyB function and CO2 levels in Brassica rapa.", "Both auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes show significantly stronger induction by elevated CO2 in phyB mutants.", "Auxin-responsive genes (like BrIAA19) are misregulated, and chloroplast development genes (like BrGLK1) show altered responses to elevated CO2." ]	10.1093/jxb/ery080	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ery080	2,018	18	2	JexB	false
What essential process is required for the increased hypocotyl elongation and biomass accumulation observed in Brassica rapa seedlings grown under elevated CO2?	HORMONES	[ "Brassica rapa" ]	[ "Polar auxin transport from the shoot to the root.", "Gibberellin signaling initiated in the roots.", "Abscisic acid accumulation in the leaves." ]	10.1093/jxb/ery080	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	HORMONES	10.1093/jxb/ery080	2,018	18	0	JexB	false
What are the primary pigments responsible for the black color of fruit spines in Cucumis sativus?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Cucumis sativus" ]	[ "Chlorophylls and betalains", "Flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs)", "Anthocyanins and carotenoids" ]	10.1093/jxb/ery336	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/ery336	2,018	50	1	JexB	false
Which gene is considered the key regulator determining black versus white spine color in Cucumis sativus, corresponding to the B locus?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Cucumis sativus" ]	[ "CsMYB60 (an R2R3-MYB transcription factor)", "CmWIP1 (a gene from melon involved in sex determination)", "Cs4CL (a structural gene)" ]	10.1093/jxb/ery336	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ery336	2,018	50	0	JexB	false
Besides the key regulator CsMYB60, which structural gene was identified as limiting for pigment synthesis in Cucumis sativus black spines?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Cucumis sativus" ]	[ "CsCHS (Chalcone synthase)", "Cs4CL (4-coumarate:CoA ligase)", "CsF3H (Flavanone 3-hydroxylase)" ]	10.1093/jxb/ery336	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ery336	2,018	50	1	JexB	false
What type of genetic element insertion within the CsMYB60 gene is associated with the white spine phenotype in some Cucumis sativus lines?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Cucumis sativus" ]	[ "A Mutator-like transposable element (CsMULE)", "A simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion", "A SINE element" ]	10.1093/jxb/ery336	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/jxb/ery336	2,018	50	0	JexB	false
How does the insertion of the CsMULE element affect the expression of the CsMYB60 gene in white-spined Cucumis sativus?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Cucumis sativus" ]	[ "It causes a frameshift mutation leading to a non-functional protein", "It increases expression by creating a new enhancer element", "It decreases expression, potentially via increased promoter DNA methylation" ]	10.1093/jxb/ery336	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/ery336	2,018	50	2	JexB	false
What is a primary role of the NBR1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under stress conditions like heat?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "NBR1 is essential for the general autophagy pathway responsible for bulk nutrient recycling.", "NBR1 directly refolds misfolded proteins as a chaperone.", "NBR1 acts as a receptor for selective autophagy of aggregated/defective proteins (aggrephagy)." ]	10.1093/jxb/erz404	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erz404	2,019	87	2	JexB	false
How does prolonged exposure (e.g., >8 hours) to heat stress or protein misfolding agents like AZC affect general autophagic flux in Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Prolonged stress exposure specifically activates mitophagy but not other autophagy types.", "Prolonged stress exposure tends to suppress or inhibit overall autophagic flux.", "Prolonged stress exposure strongly activates overall autophagic flux." ]	10.1093/jxb/erz404	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erz404	2,019	87	1	JexB	false
What occurs with NBR1 protein levels in Arabidopsis thaliana when the proteasome is inhibited?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "NBR1 protein hyper-accumulates, suggesting it can be targeted by pathways sensitive to proteasome function or its expression increases.", "NBR1 protein levels decrease due to compensatory degradation by autophagy.", "NBR1 protein levels remain unchanged as it is not regulated by the proteasome." ]	10.1093/jxb/erz404	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erz404	2,019	87	0	JexB	false
Regarding the clearance of specific organelles, what is the role of NBR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "NBR1 is the primary receptor required for initiating both pexophagy and mitophagy.", "NBR1 is not essential for the selective autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) or mitochondria (mitophagy).", "NBR1 specifically mediates pexophagy but not mitophagy." ]	10.1093/jxb/erz404	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erz404	2,019	87	1	JexB	false
How does Arabidopsis thaliana NBR1 interact with the core autophagy machinery component ATG8?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "NBR1 inhibits ATG8 function, thereby blocking general autophagy.", "NBR1 contains an ATG8-interacting motif (AIM) and co-localizes with ATG8, particularly in cytoplasmic puncta under stress, linking cargo to the autophagy machinery.", "NBR1 and ATG8 function in completely separate pathways and do not physically interact." ]	10.1093/jxb/erz404	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erz404	2,019	87	1	JexB	false
How does the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele influence flowering time plasticity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) after a transient severe drought event?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]	[ "It allows for accelerated development upon rewatering, leading to flowering time similar to control conditions.", "It causes a significant delay in flowering compared to control conditions even after rewatering.", "It completely prevents flowering after drought stress." ]	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	2,020	63	0	JexB	false
What primarily causes the reduction in grain number per spike in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under continuous mild drought?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]	[ "Reduced thousand kernel weight (TKW).", "Abortion of florets or floret sterility.", "A decrease in the number of spikelets initiated." ]	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	2,020	63	1	JexB	false
How does the Ppd-H1 gene influence the drought response of the flowering promoter FT1 transcripts in barley (Hordeum vulgare)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]	[ "Ppd-H1 genotype has no effect on FT1 expression levels under drought.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele leads to less reduction and faster recovery of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a stronger downregulation of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele." ]	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	2,020	63	1	JexB	false
Which developmental aspect in barley (Hordeum vulgare) shows less sensitivity to continuous mild drought in lines carrying the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele compared to lines with the mutant ppd-H1?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]	[ "Reduction in final grain size (Thousand Kernel Weight).", "Delay in floral progression and reduction in spike number.", "Increase in leaf relative water content (RWC)." ]	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	2,020	63	1	JexB	false
What effect does genetic variation at the Ppd-H1 locus have on the diurnal expression patterns of core circadian clock genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under drought conditions?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]	[ "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a complete loss of circadian rhythm for clock genes under drought.", "Variation at Ppd-H1 does not significantly alter the diurnal expression patterns of core clock genes compared between genotypes, although drought itself affects clock gene expression.", "The mutant ppd-H1 allele significantly enhances the amplitude of clock gene expression under drought." ]	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/eraa261	2,020	63	1	JexB	false
What determines the distinct subcellular localization of the two PAP1 isoforms (PAP1.1 and PAP1.2) in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "An alternative transcription start site leads to two transcripts: PAP1.1 (longer, chloroplast-targeted) and PAP1.2 (shorter, cytosolic).", "Alternative splicing creates PAP1.1 (shorter, cytosolic) and PAP1.2 (longer, chloroplast-targeted).", "Post-translational modification directs PAP1.1 to mitochondria and PAP1.2 to the nucleus." ]	10.1093/jxb/erab397	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/jxb/erab397	2,021	15	0	JexB	false
What is the primary enzymatic activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana aminopeptidase PAP1?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Degrading full-length proteins containing proline.", "Cleaving N-terminal proline residues from peptides.", "Cleaving C-terminal proline residues from peptides." ]	10.1093/jxb/erab397	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erab397	2,021	15	1	JexB	false
What is a key consequence of disrupting PAP1 function in Arabidopsis thaliana reproductive tissues?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Enhanced seed production despite unchanged pollen viability.", "Reduced pollen viability and decreased proline levels in flowers.", "Increased pollen viability and higher proline levels in flowers." ]	10.1093/jxb/erab397	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/jxb/erab397	2,021	15	1	JexB	false
How does the expression of the two PAP1 isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana respond to osmotic stress?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Expression of PAP1.1 increases, while PAP1.2 expression decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 remains unchanged or decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 is significantly increased." ]	10.1093/jxb/erab397	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/jxb/erab397	2,021	15	2	JexB	false
What are the proposed physiological roles of the prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Synthesizing proline de novo and regulating stomatal closure.", "Degrading misfolded proteins in the ER and facilitating protein import into mitochondria.", "Maintaining proline homeostasis, contributing to osmotic stress tolerance and pollen development." ]	10.1093/jxb/erab397	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/jxb/erab397	2,021	15	2	JexB	false

Which ROP GTPase is identified as a central regulator of pollen tube tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "ROP9", "ROP1", "ROP6" ]

10.1093/jxb/erg035

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erg035

2,003

125

1

JexB

false

What key cellular component's dynamics at the pollen tube tip are primarily regulated by ROP GTPase signalling?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Microtubules", "Longitudinal actin cables", "Tip-localized F-actin" ]

10.1093/jxb/erg035

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erg035

2,003

125

2

JexB

false

What ionic gradient essential for pollen tube tip growth is regulated by tip-localized active ROP1 signalling?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Tip-focused K+ gradients", "Tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients", "Apical plasma membrane potential" ]

10.1093/jxb/erg035

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erg035

2,003

125

1

JexB

false

What establishes the plasma membrane domain for tip growth in pollen tubes according to the ROP signalling model?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The concentration gradient of extracellular sucrose", "The density of endoplasmic reticulum at the apex", "The localization of the active ROP1 signalling complex" ]

10.1093/jxb/erg035

Non-specific

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/erg035

2,003

125

2

JexB

false

How are the oscillations of tip F-actin and tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients related during pollen tube growth?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "They oscillate in the same phase.", "Only Ca2+ oscillates, while F-actin accumulation remains constant at the tip.", "They oscillate in opposite phases, coordinated by ROP1 signalling." ]

10.1093/jxb/erg035

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erg035

2,003

125

2

JexB

false

In which organ of Medicago sativa is the HO1 gene found to be most highly expressed compared to roots and leaves?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Mature root nodules", "Leaves", "Roots" ]

10.1093/jxb/erh020

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erh020

2,003

44

0

JexB

false

During the symbiotic interaction between Medicago sativa and Sinorhizobium meliloti, when does the accumulation of HO1 transcripts significantly increase?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "During the initial infection stages (1-7 days post-inoculation)", "In uninoculated roots", "In mature, functional nodules (5 weeks post-inoculation)" ]

10.1093/jxb/erh020

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erh020

2,003

44

2

JexB

false

How does the expression of the Medicago sativa HO1 gene respond to treatment with pro-oxidant compounds like hydrogen peroxide or paraquat?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Expression is not significantly induced", "Expression is strongly induced", "Expression is significantly repressed" ]

10.1093/jxb/erh020

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erh020

2,003

44

0

JexB

false

What metabolic process is hypothesized to involve HO1 in mature Medicago sativa root nodules, potentially explaining its high expression there?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Leghaemoglobin turnover", "Phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis", "Nitrogen fixation directly" ]

10.1093/jxb/erh020

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erh020

2,003

44

0

JexB

false

What effect does exogenous application of haemin or iron citrate have on HO1 gene expression in Medicago sativa roots?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "It leads to complete repression of the gene", "It causes strong induction similar to animal systems", "It does not cause significant induction" ]

10.1093/jxb/erh020

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erh020

2,003

44

2

JexB

false

To which family of protein kinases does LeCRK1 from Lycopersicon esculentum belong, based on its sequence characteristics like the degenerate C-terminal calmodulin-like domain?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "Conventional Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs)", "CDPK-related kinases (CRKs)", "ETR histidine kinases" ]

10.1093/jxb/eri003

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/eri003

2,004

7

1

JexB

false

What is the calcium requirement for the autophosphorylation activity of the LeCRK1 kinase from Lycopersicon esculentum?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "It strictly requires calcium for activity.", "Its activity is inhibited by calcium.", "It does not require calcium for activity." ]

10.1093/jxb/eri003

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/eri003

2,004

7

2

JexB

false

Where is the LeCRK1 protein primarily localized within the plant cell, and what mechanism targets it there?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "Plasma membrane, targeted by N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation.", "Cytoplasm, due to lack of targeting signals.", "Nucleus, targeted by a specific nuclear localization signal." ]

10.1093/jxb/eri003

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/eri003

2,004

7

0

JexB

false

How does the expression level of LeCRK1 mRNA change during fruit ripening in Lycopersicon esculentum, particularly in ripening-impaired mutants like Nr, Rin, and Nor?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "It decreases during normal ripening and is overexpressed in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants.", "It remains constant throughout ripening, regardless of the genetic background.", "It increases significantly during normal ripening but is undetectable in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants." ]

10.1093/jxb/eri003

Solanaceae & Relatives

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eri003

2,004

7

2

JexB

false

Which abiotic stresses or hormone treatments were shown to induce LeCRK1 mRNA accumulation in Lycopersicon esculentum leaves?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "Heat stress and abscisic acid.", "Methyl jasmonate treatment.", "Mechanical wounding and cold treatment." ]

10.1093/jxb/eri003

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/eri003

2,004

7

2

JexB

false

In which parts of *Glycine max* seedlings is the GmCuAO1 gene primarily expressed?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "Only in mature leaf tissues involved in photosynthesis.", "Uniformly throughout the seedling, including leaves and cotyledons.", "In roots and hypocotyls, particularly in regions undergoing rapid cell expansion." ]

10.1093/jxb/erj009

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erj009

2,005

29

2

JexB

false

How does the expression pattern of the GmCuAO2 gene compare to GmCuAO1 in *Glycine max*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "GmCuAO2 expression is not strongly tissue-specific and is less affected by light compared to GmCuAO1.", "GmCuAO2 is only expressed in response to light stimuli, specifically in the shoot apex.", "GmCuAO2 exhibits strong root-specific expression, identical to GmCuAO1." ]

10.1093/jxb/erj009

Legumes

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erj009

2,005

29

0

JexB

false

What is the observed relationship between the activity of enzymes involved in putrescine catabolism and tissue growth in *Glycine max* hypocotyls?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "The activity of these enzymes remains constant throughout the hypocotyl, irrespective of the local growth rate.", "Enzyme activity is highest in rapidly growing regions, such as the apical segment, correlating with cell expansion.", "Putrescine catabolism activity is lowest in actively expanding tissues." ]

10.1093/jxb/erj009

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erj009

2,005

29

1

JexB

false

Within the developing roots of *Glycine max*, where are high levels of GmCuAO1 transcripts localized?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "Mainly restricted to the quiescent center and fully differentiated vascular tissues.", "Exclusively within the epidermal layer and developing root hairs.", "In the root cap, cortex parenchyma, and central cylinder, especially within zones of cell expansion." ]

10.1093/jxb/erj009

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erj009

2,005

29

2

JexB

false

What is the primary subcellular localization of enzymes involved in putrescine degradation in *Glycine max* root and hypocotyl cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "Mainly found inside the nucleus, associated with chromatin.", "Concentrated within vacuoles for storage.", "Predominantly localized within the cell walls." ]

10.1093/jxb/erj009

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erj009

2,005

29

2

JexB

false

Which two biochemical pathways are proposed to contribute Isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) for rubber biosynthesis in *Hevea brasiliensis* latex?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]

[ "The cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidic Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway.", "The Glycolysis pathway and the Pentose Phosphate pathway.", "Only the cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway." ]

10.1093/jxb/erm093

Woody Perennials & Trees

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erm093

2,007

145

0

JexB

false

What are the two most abundantly expressed transcripts related to rubber biosynthesis found in the latex of *Hevea brasiliensis*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]

[ "HMG CoA reductase and DXPS (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase).", "REF (rubber elongation factor) and SRPP (small rubber particle protein).", "cis-prenyltransferase and IDP isomerase." ]

10.1093/jxb/erm093

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erm093

2,007

145

1

JexB

false

Besides their role in *cis*-polyisoprene biosynthesis in *Hevea brasiliensis*, what other function is suggested for Rubber Particle Membrane Proteins (RPMPs) based on sequence similarity?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]

[ "Cell wall synthesis.", "Photosynthesis regulation.", "Stress-related responses." ]

10.1093/jxb/erm093

Woody Perennials & Trees

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erm093

2,007

145

2

JexB

false

How many distinct full-length Rubber Particle Membrane Protein (RPMP) isoforms, including REF and SRPP, were identified through transcriptome analysis of *Hevea brasiliensis* latex?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]

[ "Fifteen isoforms.", "Two isoforms (only REF and SRPP).", "Nine isoforms." ]

10.1093/jxb/erm093

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/jxb/erm093

2,007

145

2

JexB

false

What characterizes a large proportion of the unique transcripts identified in the *Hevea brasiliensis* latex transcriptome?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ]

[ "They correspond to genes of unknown function.", "They are primarily related to photosynthesis.", "They exclusively encode enzymes for the MVA pathway." ]

10.1093/jxb/erm093

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/jxb/erm093

2,007

145

0

JexB

false

Where is the protein encoded by the At2g04270 gene (AtRne E/G-like) primarily located in Arabidopsis thaliana cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Plastids (chloroplasts)", "Nucleus", "Mitochondria" ]

10.1093/jxb/ern126

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/ern126

2,008

31

0

JexB

false

What is a major consequence of losing the function of the AtRne E/G-like gene (At2g04270) in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Arrested chloroplast development and inability to grow without sucrose", "Over-accumulation of plastid ribosomes and increased leaf greening", "Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and faster growth" ]

10.1093/jxb/ern126

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/ern126

2,008

31

0

JexB

false

How does the loss of the AtRne E/G-like protein impact RNA levels within Arabidopsis thaliana plastids?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Increased levels of all plastid RNAs", "Reduced levels of plastid ribosomal RNA, psbA, and rbcL mRNA", "Specific degradation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs for plastid proteins" ]

10.1093/jxb/ern126

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ern126

2,008

31

1

JexB

false

What biochemical activity is demonstrated by the recombinant AtRNase E/G-like protein from Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Protein kinase activity, phosphorylating target proteins", "DNA ligase activity, joining DNA fragments", "Ribonuclease activity, capable of cleaving RNA substrates like rbcL mRNA" ]

10.1093/jxb/ern126

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern126

2,008

31

2

JexB

false

The expression of the AtRne E/G-like gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly correlated with genes involved in what process?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Photosynthesis light-harvesting complex assembly", "Plastid RNA metabolism, including polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNA-binding proteins", "Cytosolic protein degradation pathways" ]

10.1093/jxb/ern126

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ern126

2,008

31

1

JexB

false

How are the production levels of the three major curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) related in Curcuma longa rhizomes?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Curcuma longa" ]

[ "Their production levels are completely independent and unregulated relative to each other.", "The level of curcumin increases as the levels of the other two decrease.", "Their production levels are highly correlated, suggesting they form a single co-regulated metabolite module." ]

10.1093/jxb/ern263

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern263

2,008

23

2

JexB

false

Based on the analysis of metabolite modules in Curcuma longa, when are the 3-methoxyl groups on the aromatic rings thought to be added during curcuminoid biosynthesis?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Curcuma longa" ]

[ "Before the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "After the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "Concurrently with the cyclization of the heptanoid structure." ]

10.1093/jxb/ern263

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern263

2,008

23

0

JexB

false

What key biosynthetic implication arises from the observation that different groups of diarylheptanoids in Curcuma longa belong to separate metabolite modules?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Curcuma longa" ]

[ "It implies that diarylheptanoid production is primarily controlled by environmental factors rather than specific enzymes.", "It indicates that all diarylheptanoids are derived from a single precursor modified by various enzymes.", "It suggests the involvement of multiple polyketide synthases (PKS) with distinct substrate selectivities." ]

10.1093/jxb/ern263

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern263

2,008

23

2

JexB

false

What defines a 'metabolite module' in the study of plant specialized metabolism?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "All metabolites physically located within a specific cellular compartment.", "A group of metabolites whose production is co-regulated and biosynthetically linked.", "A set of metabolites that share a common degradation pathway." ]

10.1093/jxb/ern263

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern263

2,008

23

1

JexB

false

In addition to diarylheptanoids, what other significant class of specialized metabolites in Curcuma longa rhizomes demonstrated the formation of distinct co-regulated metabolite modules?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Curcuma longa" ]

[ "Terpenoids (including sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids).", "Phenylpropanoids like lignans.", "Fatty acid derivatives." ]

10.1093/jxb/ern263

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ern263

2,008

23

0

JexB

false

Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) gene shows specific expression in anthers peaking during flowering?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ]

[ "GhADF8", "GhADF6", "GhADF7" ]

10.1093/jxb/erp280

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erp280

2,009

32

2

JexB

false

What phenotypic effect occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the cotton GhADF7 gene?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Delayed flowering time but normal fertility", "Enhanced flower size and seed set", "Reduced pollen viability leading to partial male sterility" ]

10.1093/jxb/erp280

Model Organisms

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1093/jxb/erp280

2,009

32

2

JexB

false

Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) genes are predominantly expressed in petal tissues?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ]

[ "GhADF7 and GhADF1", "GhADF5 and GhADF3", "GhADF6 and GhADF8" ]

10.1093/jxb/erp280

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erp280

2,009

32

2

JexB

false

What consequence does the overexpression of the plant actin-depolymerizing factor GhADF7 have on cell division in fission yeast?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Defective cytokinesis and formation of multinucleate cells", "Arrest in G1 phase", "Accelerated cell cycle progression" ]

10.1093/jxb/erp280

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erp280

2,009

32

0

JexB

false

What specific location pattern of gene expression is directed by the promoter region of the GhADF7 gene when tested in transgenic plants?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Expression occurs throughout all vegetative tissues", "Expression is confined to pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes", "Expression is specific to the root meristem" ]

10.1093/jxb/erp280

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erp280

2,009

32

1

JexB

false

What is a primary metabolic limitation causing photosynthetic inhibition in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Depletion of total chlorophyll content.", "Increased stomatal conductance.", "Inhibition of Rubisco activity and regeneration." ]

10.1093/jxb/erq249

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erq249

2,010

224

2

JexB

false

What is indicated as a primary reason for the decrease in nitrogenase (Nase) activity in the nodules of drought-stressed Medicago sativa?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "A shortage of photosynthates (sugars) supplied to the nodules.", "An increase in nodule oxygen diffusion resistance.", "A direct inhibition of the nitrogenase enzyme by proline." ]

10.1093/jxb/erq249

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erq249

2,010

224

1

JexB

false

How does Medicago sativa respond to nitrogen limitation caused by reduced nitrogenase activity under drought at the leaf level?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "By increasing the synthesis of Rubisco protein.", "By enhancing chlorophyll synthesis to capture more light.", "By degrading Rubisco protein to remobilize nitrogen." ]

10.1093/jxb/erq249

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erq249

2,010

224

2

JexB

false

Which compounds primarily accumulate in Medicago sativa leaves to aid osmotic adjustment during drought stress?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Proline and D-pinitol.", "Asparagine and glucose.", "Sucrose and glutamic acid." ]

10.1093/jxb/erq249

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erq249

2,010

224

0

JexB

false

Which photoprotective mechanism is enhanced in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves to dissipate excess light energy?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "Increased photochemical quenching (qP).", "Reduced electron transport through photorespiration.", "Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)." ]

10.1093/jxb/erq249

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erq249

2,010

224

2

JexB

false

What is the relationship between the genetic control of the leaf/spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the stem elongation phase (SE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) development?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "They are completely linked, controlled by the exact same set of genes.", "They are completely independent, with no shared genetic control mechanisms.", "They are partially independent, with distinct and shared quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing each phase." ]

10.1093/jxb/err230

Cereal Grains

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/jxb/err230

2,011

66

2

JexB

false

How does altering the relative durations of the leaf/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum) potentially affect tillering capacity, assuming total time to anthesis remains constant?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "It consistently results in a significant increase in tillering capacity.", "It might not necessarily reduce tillering capacity, as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tillering traits often do not coincide with QTLs significant only for LS or SE.", "It invariably leads to a significant reduction in tillering capacity." ]

10.1093/jxb/err230

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/err230

2,011

66

1

JexB

false

What relationship exists between the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the rate of leaf appearance (phyllochron) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "There is generally no significant genetic correlation between the duration of the LS phase and the rate of leaf appearance.", "A longer LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance.", "A shorter LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance." ]

10.1093/jxb/err230

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/err230

2,011

66

0

JexB

false

How does the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) correlate with plant dry matter accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "LS duration is strongly negatively correlated with both early vigour and dry weight at TS.", "LS duration is strongly positively correlated with dry weight at terminal spikelet formation (TS), but only slightly negatively correlated with early vigour (dry weight before TS).", "LS duration shows no significant correlation with either early vigour or dry weight at TS." ]

10.1093/jxb/err230

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/err230

2,011

66

1

JexB

false

Which photoperiod response gene significantly influences the duration of both the leaf/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "Rht-B1", "Ppd-D1", "Vrn-A1" ]

10.1093/jxb/err230

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/err230

2,011

66

1

JexB

false

What role does the expansin gene *IbEXP1* play in the initial formation of storage roots in *Ipomoea batatas*?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]

[ "It acts as a positive regulator, promoting the initial thickening growth.", "It acts as a negative regulator, inhibiting the initial thickening growth.", "It specifically promotes fibrous root elongation without affecting thickening." ]

10.1093/jxb/ers236

Solanaceae & Relatives

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/ers236

2,012

79

1

JexB

false

How does the downregulation of *IbEXP1* affect cellular activity in the fibrous roots of *Ipomoea batatas*?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]

[ "It enhances the proliferation of metaxylem and cambium cells.", "It suppresses cell division in the vascular tissues.", "It significantly increases the elongation growth of epidermal cells." ]

10.1093/jxb/ers236

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/ers236

2,012

79

0

JexB

false

What is the consequence of reduced *IbEXP1* expression on the lignification process within the fibrous roots of *Ipomoea batatas*?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]

[ "Lignification in the central stele is markedly reduced.", "Lignification patterns remain identical to those in wild-type roots.", "Lignification throughout the entire root structure is increased." ]

10.1093/jxb/ers236

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ers236

2,012

79

0

JexB

false

Considering the overall development of soil-grown *Ipomoea batatas*, what is a primary outcome of downregulating *IbEXP1*?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]

[ "Enhanced shoot growth accompanied by reduced storage root yield.", "A decreased number of storage roots but increased individual root size.", "An increased number and total weight of storage roots per plant." ]

10.1093/jxb/ers236

Solanaceae & Relatives

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/ers236

2,012

79

2

JexB

false

How does the expression level of the *IbEXP1* gene in *Ipomoea batatas* fibrous roots respond to treatment with the plant hormone auxin (IAA)?

HORMONES

[ "Ipomoea batatas" ]

[ "Its expression level shows little to no significant change.", "Its expression level is significantly repressed.", "Its expression level is strongly induced." ]

10.1093/jxb/ers236

Solanaceae & Relatives

HORMONES

10.1093/jxb/ers236

2,012

79

0

JexB

false

What is the primary role of the AtSAG protein, containing an MDN1 domain, in Arabidopsis thaliana?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It negatively regulates gibberellin signalling specifically during flower development.", "It positively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development.", "It negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development." ]

10.1093/jxb/ert343

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1093/jxb/ert343

2,013

26

2

JexB

false

How does a loss-of-function mutation (knockout) in the AtSAG gene affect Arabidopsis thaliana seeds compared to wild-type?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It makes them insensitive to osmotic stress but hypersensitive to ABA.", "It decreases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages.", "It increases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages." ]

10.1093/jxb/ert343

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1093/jxb/ert343

2,013

26

2

JexB

false

In Arabidopsis thaliana AtSAG knockout mutants (sag), how is the expression level of ABA-responsive genes like ABI3 and ABI5 affected upon ABA treatment compared to wild-type?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Their expression is significantly upregulated.", "Their expression is significantly downregulated.", "Their expression remains unchanged." ]

10.1093/jxb/ert343

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ert343

2,013

26

0

JexB

false

Based on genetic interaction studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, where does AtSAG function relative to ABI5 in the ABA signaling pathway?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "AtSAG functions in a parallel pathway independent of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions downstream of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions upstream of ABI5." ]

10.1093/jxb/ert343

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ert343

2,013

26

2

JexB

false

How does altered expression of AtSAG in Arabidopsis thaliana impact the plant's response to osmotic stress, such as high mannitol concentration, during germination?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Both knockout mutants and overexpression lines exhibit sensitivity levels similar to wild-type.", "Knockout mutants (sag) show increased sensitivity, while overexpression lines (OX) show decreased sensitivity.", "Overexpression lines (OX) show increased sensitivity, while knockout mutants (sag) show decreased sensitivity." ]

10.1093/jxb/ert343

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ert343

2,013

26

1

JexB

false

Which type of kinases were identified as interacting partners for the cytosolic domains of Arabidopsis PERK8, -9, and -10?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)", "Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs)", "AGC VIII kinases (specifically AGC1-9 and KIPK)" ]

10.1093/jxb/eru390

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/eru390

2,014

46

2

JexB

false

Besides PERK kinases, what other protein is known to interact with the KIPK protein kinase in Arabidopsis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Calmodulin (CaM) directly", "Nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)", "KCBP (Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein)" ]

10.1093/jxb/eru390

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/eru390

2,014

46

2

JexB

false

What is the role of the PERK-KIPK-KCBP signalling pathway in Arabidopsis root development?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It positively regulates root growth, enhancing elongation under stress.", "It negatively regulates root growth, especially under high sucrose conditions.", "It specifically promotes root hair formation." ]

10.1093/jxb/eru390

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eru390

2,014

46

1

JexB

false

What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis seedlings when PERK10 is overexpressed?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Reduced sensitivity to ABA during germination.", "Increased lateral root formation and enhanced shoot branching.", "Root growth arrest with ectopic lignin and callose deposition." ]

10.1093/jxb/eru390

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eru390

2,014

46

2

JexB

false

Which gene mutation in the PERK-KIPK-KCBP pathway specifically affects trichome morphology in Arabidopsis, leading to reduced branching?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "KCBP", "KIPK1/2 double mutant", "PERK8/9/10 triple mutant" ]

10.1093/jxb/eru390

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eru390

2,014

46

0

JexB

false

Which type of enzymes are primarily responsible for processing the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) precursor peptide to its active form in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Metacaspases", "Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases", "Subtilases (specifically SBT6.1 and SBT6.2)" ]

10.1093/jxb/erw241

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erw241

2,016

59

2

JexB

false

What effect does the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) signaling peptide have on hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation.", "It primarily regulates cell division rather than elongation in the hypocotyl.", "It promotes hypocotyl cell elongation." ]

10.1093/jxb/erw241

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/erw241

2,016

59

2

JexB

false

Which endogenous protein acts as an inhibitor of the SBT6.1 subtilase involved in GLV1 processing in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Phytosulfokine (PSK)", "Serpin1", "RALF23" ]

10.1093/jxb/erw241

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erw241

2,016

59

1

JexB

false

How does the loss of function in either the SBT6.1 or SBT6.2 gene affect hypocotyl length in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It results in longer hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants.", "It causes excessive hypocotyl twisting but does not affect length.", "It results in shorter hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants." ]

10.1093/jxb/erw241

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/erw241

2,016

59

2

JexB

false

What biochemical modification is directly carried out by the SBT6.1 enzyme on the GLV1 precursor protein in Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Phosphorylation of serine residues.", "Proteolytic cleavage at specific recognition sites.", "Sulfation of tyrosine residues." ]

10.1093/jxb/erw241

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erw241

2,016

59

1

JexB

false

How is the activity of the phytosulfokine receptor PSKR1 primarily controlled?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "By heterodimerization with the PSKR2 receptor upon ligand binding.", "Solely through the binding of the phytosulfokine peptide to its extracellular domain.", "Through phosphorylation of multiple sites within its cytoplasmic kinase domain." ]

10.1093/jxb/erx030

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erx030

2,017

21

2

JexB

false

What is a key regulatory role of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain phosphorylation (S696/S698) in Arabidopsis PSKR1 function?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It enhances both shoot and root growth by increasing kinase activity.", "It impairs shoot growth promotion while not affecting root growth promotion, suggesting organ-specific regulation.", "It completely abolishes receptor activity in both shoots and roots." ]

10.1093/jxb/erx030

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/erx030

2,017

21

1

JexB

false

What does the effect of C-terminal phosphorylation (T998) on PSKR1 reveal about its regulation?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Phosphorylation abolishes kinase activity *in vitro*, but receptor function persists *in planta*, indicating additional regulatory mechanisms beyond direct kinase activity.", "Phosphorylation enhances kinase activity both *in vitro* and *in planta*, acting as a simple activation switch.", "Phosphorylation has no effect on kinase activity *in vitro* but is essential for receptor function *in planta*." ]

10.1093/jxb/erx030

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erx030

2,017

21

0

JexB

false

Which statement accurately describes the interaction between calmodulin (CaM) and the PSKR1 kinase domain?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Binding is calcium-independent and occurs only with the phosphorylated kinase, strongly inhibiting its activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and occurs preferentially with the hypophosphorylated kinase, without significantly altering kinase activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and significantly enhances the kinase activity regardless of its phosphorylation state." ]

10.1093/jxb/erx030

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erx030

2,017

21

1

JexB

false

What is the consequence of mutating the conserved tryptophan W831 within the predicted calmodulin-binding helix of PSKR1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It abolishes both calmodulin binding and the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor domain.", "It prevents calmodulin binding but significantly increases the receptor's kinase activity.", "It enhances calmodulin binding affinity without affecting the receptor's kinase function." ]

10.1093/jxb/erx030

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erx030

2,017

21

0

JexB

false

How does nitrogen availability affect the growth response of *Brassica rapa* seedlings to elevated atmospheric CO2?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Brassica rapa" ]

[ "Elevated CO2 enhances growth equally regardless of nitrogen availability in *Brassica rapa*.", "Sufficient nitrogen is required for enhanced shoot and root growth under elevated CO2; nitrogen limitation increases the root/shoot ratio.", "Nitrogen availability primarily affects hypocotyl length but not biomass allocation in response to elevated CO2." ]

10.1093/jxb/ery080

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ery080

2,018

18

1

JexB

false

What is the role of Phytochrome B (PhyB) in the response of *Brassica rapa* seedlings to elevated CO2 levels?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Brassica rapa" ]

[ "PhyB primarily regulates flowering time in response to CO2, with no effect on seedling growth.", "PhyB suppresses growth responses to elevated CO2, leading to larger mutants under high CO2.", "PhyB is necessary for the enhanced growth responses (e.g., hypocotyl elongation, biomass increase) stimulated by elevated CO2." ]

10.1093/jxb/ery080

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ery080

2,018

18

2

JexB

false

Compared to wild-type, what physiological characteristics are observed in adult *Brassica rapa* mutants lacking functional Phytochrome B (phyB)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Brassica rapa" ]

[ "Normal chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic rate, but significantly increased stomatal density.", "Reduced chlorophyll content, lower photosynthetic rate, and decreased seed yield.", "Increased chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthetic rate, and higher seed yield." ]

10.1093/jxb/ery080

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ery080

2,018

18

1

JexB

false

How is the expression of auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes affected in *Brassica rapa phyB* mutants compared to wild-type under elevated CO2?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Brassica rapa" ]

[ "Expression of these genes is completely independent of PhyB function and CO2 levels in *Brassica rapa*.", "Both auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes show significantly stronger induction by elevated CO2 in *phyB* mutants.", "Auxin-responsive genes (like *BrIAA19*) are misregulated, and chloroplast development genes (like *BrGLK1*) show altered responses to elevated CO2." ]

10.1093/jxb/ery080

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ery080

2,018

18

2

JexB

false

What essential process is required for the increased hypocotyl elongation and biomass accumulation observed in *Brassica rapa* seedlings grown under elevated CO2?

HORMONES

[ "Brassica rapa" ]

[ "Polar auxin transport from the shoot to the root.", "Gibberellin signaling initiated in the roots.", "Abscisic acid accumulation in the leaves." ]

10.1093/jxb/ery080

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

HORMONES

10.1093/jxb/ery080

2,018

18

0

JexB

false

What are the primary pigments responsible for the black color of fruit spines in Cucumis sativus?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Cucumis sativus" ]

[ "Chlorophylls and betalains", "Flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs)", "Anthocyanins and carotenoids" ]

10.1093/jxb/ery336

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/ery336

2,018

50

1

JexB

false

Which gene is considered the key regulator determining black versus white spine color in Cucumis sativus, corresponding to the B locus?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Cucumis sativus" ]

[ "CsMYB60 (an R2R3-MYB transcription factor)", "CmWIP1 (a gene from melon involved in sex determination)", "Cs4CL (a structural gene)" ]

10.1093/jxb/ery336

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ery336

2,018

50

0

JexB

false

Besides the key regulator CsMYB60, which structural gene was identified as limiting for pigment synthesis in Cucumis sativus black spines?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Cucumis sativus" ]

[ "CsCHS (Chalcone synthase)", "Cs4CL (4-coumarate:CoA ligase)", "CsF3H (Flavanone 3-hydroxylase)" ]

10.1093/jxb/ery336

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ery336

2,018

50

1

JexB

false

What type of genetic element insertion within the CsMYB60 gene is associated with the white spine phenotype in some Cucumis sativus lines?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Cucumis sativus" ]

[ "A Mutator-like transposable element (CsMULE)", "A simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion", "A SINE element" ]

10.1093/jxb/ery336

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/jxb/ery336

2,018

50

0

JexB

false

How does the insertion of the CsMULE element affect the expression of the CsMYB60 gene in white-spined Cucumis sativus?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Cucumis sativus" ]

[ "It causes a frameshift mutation leading to a non-functional protein", "It increases expression by creating a new enhancer element", "It decreases expression, potentially via increased promoter DNA methylation" ]

10.1093/jxb/ery336

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/ery336

2,018

50

2

JexB

false

What is a primary role of the NBR1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under stress conditions like heat?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "NBR1 is essential for the general autophagy pathway responsible for bulk nutrient recycling.", "NBR1 directly refolds misfolded proteins as a chaperone.", "NBR1 acts as a receptor for selective autophagy of aggregated/defective proteins (aggrephagy)." ]

10.1093/jxb/erz404

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erz404

2,019

87

2

JexB

false

How does prolonged exposure (e.g., >8 hours) to heat stress or protein misfolding agents like AZC affect general autophagic flux in Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Prolonged stress exposure specifically activates mitophagy but not other autophagy types.", "Prolonged stress exposure tends to suppress or inhibit overall autophagic flux.", "Prolonged stress exposure strongly activates overall autophagic flux." ]

10.1093/jxb/erz404

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erz404

2,019

87

1

JexB

false

What occurs with NBR1 protein levels in Arabidopsis thaliana when the proteasome is inhibited?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "NBR1 protein hyper-accumulates, suggesting it can be targeted by pathways sensitive to proteasome function or its expression increases.", "NBR1 protein levels decrease due to compensatory degradation by autophagy.", "NBR1 protein levels remain unchanged as it is not regulated by the proteasome." ]

10.1093/jxb/erz404

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erz404

2,019

87

0

JexB

false

Regarding the clearance of specific organelles, what is the role of NBR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "NBR1 is the primary receptor required for initiating both pexophagy and mitophagy.", "NBR1 is not essential for the selective autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) or mitochondria (mitophagy).", "NBR1 specifically mediates pexophagy but not mitophagy." ]

10.1093/jxb/erz404

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erz404

2,019

87

1

JexB

false

How does Arabidopsis thaliana NBR1 interact with the core autophagy machinery component ATG8?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "NBR1 inhibits ATG8 function, thereby blocking general autophagy.", "NBR1 contains an ATG8-interacting motif (AIM) and co-localizes with ATG8, particularly in cytoplasmic puncta under stress, linking cargo to the autophagy machinery.", "NBR1 and ATG8 function in completely separate pathways and do not physically interact." ]

10.1093/jxb/erz404

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erz404

2,019

87

1

JexB

false

How does the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele influence flowering time plasticity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) after a transient severe drought event?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]

[ "It allows for accelerated development upon rewatering, leading to flowering time similar to control conditions.", "It causes a significant delay in flowering compared to control conditions even after rewatering.", "It completely prevents flowering after drought stress." ]

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

2,020

63

0

JexB

false

What primarily causes the reduction in grain number per spike in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under continuous mild drought?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]

[ "Reduced thousand kernel weight (TKW).", "Abortion of florets or floret sterility.", "A decrease in the number of spikelets initiated." ]

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

2,020

63

1

JexB

false

How does the Ppd-H1 gene influence the drought response of the flowering promoter FT1 transcripts in barley (Hordeum vulgare)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]

[ "Ppd-H1 genotype has no effect on FT1 expression levels under drought.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele leads to less reduction and faster recovery of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a stronger downregulation of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele." ]

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

2,020

63

1

JexB

false

Which developmental aspect in barley (Hordeum vulgare) shows less sensitivity to continuous mild drought in lines carrying the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele compared to lines with the mutant ppd-H1?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]

[ "Reduction in final grain size (Thousand Kernel Weight).", "Delay in floral progression and reduction in spike number.", "Increase in leaf relative water content (RWC)." ]

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

2,020

63

1

JexB

false

What effect does genetic variation at the Ppd-H1 locus have on the diurnal expression patterns of core circadian clock genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under drought conditions?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Hordeum vulgare" ]

[ "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a complete loss of circadian rhythm for clock genes under drought.", "Variation at Ppd-H1 does not significantly alter the diurnal expression patterns of core clock genes compared between genotypes, although drought itself affects clock gene expression.", "The mutant ppd-H1 allele significantly enhances the amplitude of clock gene expression under drought." ]

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/eraa261

2,020

63

1

JexB

false

What determines the distinct subcellular localization of the two PAP1 isoforms (PAP1.1 and PAP1.2) in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "An alternative transcription start site leads to two transcripts: PAP1.1 (longer, chloroplast-targeted) and PAP1.2 (shorter, cytosolic).", "Alternative splicing creates PAP1.1 (shorter, cytosolic) and PAP1.2 (longer, chloroplast-targeted).", "Post-translational modification directs PAP1.1 to mitochondria and PAP1.2 to the nucleus." ]

10.1093/jxb/erab397

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/jxb/erab397

2,021

15

0

JexB

false

What is the primary enzymatic activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana aminopeptidase PAP1?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Degrading full-length proteins containing proline.", "Cleaving N-terminal proline residues from peptides.", "Cleaving C-terminal proline residues from peptides." ]

10.1093/jxb/erab397

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erab397

2,021

15

1

JexB

false

What is a key consequence of disrupting PAP1 function in Arabidopsis thaliana reproductive tissues?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Enhanced seed production despite unchanged pollen viability.", "Reduced pollen viability and decreased proline levels in flowers.", "Increased pollen viability and higher proline levels in flowers." ]

10.1093/jxb/erab397

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/jxb/erab397

2,021

15

1

JexB

false

How does the expression of the two PAP1 isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana respond to osmotic stress?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Expression of PAP1.1 increases, while PAP1.2 expression decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 remains unchanged or decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 is significantly increased." ]

10.1093/jxb/erab397

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/jxb/erab397

2,021

15

2

JexB

false

What are the proposed physiological roles of the prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Synthesizing proline de novo and regulating stomatal closure.", "Degrading misfolded proteins in the ER and facilitating protein import into mitochondria.", "Maintaining proline homeostasis, contributing to osmotic stress tolerance and pollen development." ]

10.1093/jxb/erab397

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/jxb/erab397

2,021

15

2

JexB

false