manufernandezbur/MoBiPlant · Datasets at Hugging Face

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What is a primary trigger for the induction of the defense gene PIN2 in Solanum lycopersicum upon initial contact by insects like caterpillars or moths?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Secretion of specific salivary elicitors by the insect.", "Physical rupture of glandular trichomes.", "Extensive chewing damage to the leaf lamina." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	2,009	186	1	New phy	false
Which two components are essential for the touch-induced expression of the defense gene PIN2 in Solanum lycopersicum?	HORMONES	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Abscisic acid and stomatal density.", "Jasmonic acid signaling and the presence of glandular trichomes.", "Salicylic acid signaling and the root system integrity." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	HORMONES	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	2,009	186	1	New phy	false
What signaling molecule, released upon the rupture of glandular trichomes, acts as a necessary secondary messenger for the induction of PIN2 expression in Solanum lycopersicum?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).", "Ethylene.", "Nitric oxide (NO)." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	2,009	186	0	New phy	false
Where have key components of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway, including JA itself, been localized in Solanum lycopersicum leaves, suggesting a role in rapid defense initiation?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Within the glandular trichomes.", "Exclusively in the vascular tissue.", "Primarily within the mesophyll cells." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	2,009	186	0	New phy	false
How does pretreating Solanum lycopersicum with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) affect its response to subsequent physical contact (touch)?	HORMONES	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "It decreases trichome density, making the plant less sensitive to touch.", "It increases trichome density and enhances the induction of defense genes like PIN2.", "It completely inhibits any defense response to physical contact." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	HORMONES	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x	2,009	186	1	New phy	false
How are plant ICK/KRP proteins phylogenetically classified based on their conserved motifs?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Into three subgroups based on their interaction with different cyclin types (A, B, D).", "Into two subgroups, where subgroup 1 members generally possess motifs 1-6, and subgroup 2 members possess only motifs 1 and 2.", "Based solely on the C-terminal motif 1 responsible for CDK/CYC binding." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	1	New phy	false
What determines the punctuate subnuclear localization pattern observed for SIKRP1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "The C-terminal region containing the CDK/CYC binding motifs 1 and 2.", "The N-terminal region containing conserved motifs 3 and 5.", "Interaction with chromatin components mediated solely by motif 4." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	1	New phy	false
Besides inhibiting CDK/CYC complexes, what role does the tomato protein SIKRP1 play regarding SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "It targets SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 for degradation in the cytoplasm.", "It exclusively binds SICDKA1 but not SICYCD3;1, sequestering it outside the nucleus.", "It interacts with both SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 and promotes their concentration within the nucleus." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	2	New phy	false
Which conserved motif within the SIKRP1 protein is primarily responsible for its interaction with the COP9 signalosome subunit SICSN5A?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Motif 4 (located in the central region).", "Motif 2.", "Motif 1 (the primary CDK/CYC binding site)." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	1	New phy	false
In addition to the C-terminal domain, where is another interaction site located on SIKRP1 specifically for binding SICYCD3;1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "In the central region of the protein, between residues 45 and 164.", "Within the extreme N-terminal motif 6.", "There is no secondary binding site; interaction occurs solely via the C-terminal motifs 1 and 2." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	0	New phy	false
How many distinct calcium-regulated outward-rectifying anion conductances were identified in the plasma membrane of Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]	[ "Only one major conductance", "Three (Icl1, Icl2, and Icl3)", "Two (Icl1 and Icl2)" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	2,011	17	1	New phy	false
How do the three identified anion conductances (Icl1, Icl2, Icl3) in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts respond differently to varying intracellular calcium concentrations?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]	[ "All three conductances increase linearly with increasing intracellular calcium up to 0.5 mM.", "Icl1 increases up to 0.5 mM [Ca²+]in, while Icl2 and Icl3 reach maximum activity at 8.50 µM [Ca²+]in.", "All three conductances show maximum activity at nM levels of intracellular calcium and are inhibited at higher concentrations." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	2,011	17	1	New phy	false
What characteristic allows the discrimination between the anion currents Icl2 and Icl3 in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts after rundown?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]	[ "Their permeability; Icl2 is permeable to Cl⁻ while Icl3 is permeable to NO₃⁻.", "Their voltage dependence; Icl2 activates at more positive potentials than Icl3.", "Their differential sensitivity to the inhibitor NPPB; Icl3 is inhibited while Icl2 is largely insensitive." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	2,011	17	2	New phy	false
What is the relative permeability of the plasma membrane anion channels in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts to chloride (Cl⁻) versus nitrate (NO₃⁻)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]	[ "The channels exhibit similar permeability to both Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻.", "The channels are significantly more permeable to Cl⁻ than to NO₃⁻.", "The channels are exclusively permeable to Cl⁻ and block NO₃⁻." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	2,011	17	0	New phy	false
How do the anionic channel activities found in germinated Lilium longiflorum pollen tube protoplasts compare to those in ungerminated pollen grain protoplasts?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]	[ "Anion channel activity is completely absent in germinated pollen tubes but high in the grain.", "Germinated pollen tubes exhibit entirely different types of anion channels not found in the grain.", "Similar types of anion channel activities are present in both, although their relative contributions may differ." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x	2,011	17	2	New phy	false
Where are Populus PHYB proteins primarily localized under white light conditions, enabling their role in gene regulation?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Populus sp." ]	[ "Chloroplast membrane", "Nucleus", "Cytoplasm" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	1	New phy	false
Which Populus phytochrome B homolog, when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, functionally rescued the elongated hypocotyl phenotype characteristic of the phyB mutant under white light?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Populus deltoides / Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Populus PHYB2", "Populus PHYA", "Populus PHYB1" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	2	New phy	false
Regarding the regulation of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in Populus, what functional relationship exists between PHYB1 and PHYB2?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Populus sp." ]	[ "PHYB1 and PHYB2 have distinct yet overlapping functions in regulating SAS.", "Only PHYB1 is involved in SAS, while PHYB2 regulates unrelated developmental processes.", "PHYB1 and PHYB2 function redundantly with identical roles in SAS." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	0	New phy	false
In Populus trichocarpa leaves, which biological processes show significant transcriptional up-regulation shortly after the plant perceives shade signals (enriched far-red light)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Populus trichocarpa" ]	[ "Jasmonate biosynthesis and defense signaling", "Photosynthesis and primary carbon metabolism", "Cell wall modification and brassinosteroid signaling" ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	2	New phy	false
How many phytochrome (PHY) genes are encoded in the Populus genome compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Populus sp. / Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Populus encodes only two PHY genes (PHYB1, PHYB2), lacking the PHYA found in Arabidopsis.", "Populus encodes three PHY genes (PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2), whereas Arabidopsis encodes five (PHYA-PHYE).", "Populus encodes five PHY genes, the same number as Arabidopsis." ]	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x	2,010	15	1	New phy	false
What are the two distinct calcium responses induced by rhizobial Nod factors in legume root hairs?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "Intra-nuclear calcium oscillations and a calcium influx at the root hair tip.", "Apoplastic calcium influx and calcium-induced calcium release from vacuoles.", "A sustained increase in cytoplasmic calcium and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum." ]	10.1111/nph.12475	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.12475	2,013	38	0	New phy	false
How does the absence of the O-linked acetyl group (due to nodL mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factors affect calcium signaling in Medicago truncatula root hairs?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "It completely abolishes both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It enhances both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It greatly reduces the induction of calcium influx without significantly affecting calcium spiking." ]	10.1111/nph.12475	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.12475	2,013	38	2	New phy	false
What is the effect of replacing the N-linked C16:2 acyl group with a C18:1 group (nodF mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factor activity in Medicago truncatula?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "It specifically enhances calcium influx but not calcium spiking.", "It has no effect on calcium spiking but eliminates calcium influx completely.", "It significantly reduces the potency for inducing calcium spiking and further reduces calcium influx when combined with a nodL mutation." ]	10.1111/nph.12475	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.12475	2,013	38	2	New phy	false
How does ethylene influence the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx in Medicago truncatula root hairs?	HORMONES	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "Ethylene suppresses the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx.", "Ethylene specifically inhibits calcium spiking but not calcium influx.", "Ethylene enhances the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx." ]	10.1111/nph.12475	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.12475	2,013	38	0	New phy	false
In Medicago truncatula mutants defective in downstream nodulation signaling components like NIN or NSP2, what is the status of the initial Nod-factor-induced calcium influx?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "Calcium influx is completely blocked, similar to the block in nodulation.", "Calcium influx is hyper-activated due to lack of downstream feedback.", "Calcium influx is still induced, indicating it acts upstream or parallel to these transcription factors." ]	10.1111/nph.12475	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12475	2,013	38	2	New phy	false
Approximately what fraction of the Aux/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana is directly regulated by the transcription factor ARF5/MP?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Nearly one-half", "The vast majority (over 90%)", "Only a few specific members" ]	10.1111/nph.12994	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12994	2,014	45	0	New phy	false
How are the Aux/IAA genes targeted by ARF5/MP in Arabidopsis thaliana distributed phylogenetically?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They are randomly scattered across the Aux/IAA family tree", "They exclusively belong to the most recently evolved Aux/IAA genes", "They coincide with distinct subclades within the Aux/IAA family" ]	10.1111/nph.12994	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12994	2,014	45	2	New phy	false
What regulatory effect do the protein products of Aux/IAA genes, targeted by ARF5/MP, have on ARF5/MP activity itself in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They enhance ARF5/MP activity through positive feedback", "They have no direct regulatory impact on ARF5/MP activity", "They provide negative feedback, repressing ARF5/MP activity" ]	10.1111/nph.12994	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12994	2,014	45	2	New phy	false
Are the conserved dimerization domains III and IV of the ARF5/MP protein required for its ability to recognize and bind AuxRE sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No, these domains are not essential for DNA binding site recognition", "Yes, both domains III and IV are absolutely required for DNA binding", "Only domain III is required, while domain IV is dispensable" ]	10.1111/nph.12994	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12994	2,014	45	0	New phy	false
Which statement best describes the overall role of ARF5/MP in regulating the Aux/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "ARF5/MP broadly influences Aux/IAA expression, potentially activating specific subsets of redundantly functioning factors", "ARF5/MP primarily acts as a repressor for most Aux/IAA genes", "ARF5/MP regulation is limited to a single, non-redundant Aux/IAA gene critical for root development" ]	10.1111/nph.12994	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.12994	2,014	45	0	New phy	false
How does the microRNA osa-miR1848 regulate the expression of the obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene OsCYP51G3 in Oryza sativa?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "By binding to the OsCYP51G3 protein and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.", "By directing the cleavage of OsCYP51G3 mRNA post-transcriptionally.", "By promoting the transcription of the OsCYP51G3 gene." ]	10.1111/nph.13513	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.13513	2,015	98	1	New phy	false
What is the enzymatic function of the protein encoded by the OsCYP51G3 gene in Oryza sativa?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It functions as an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase in the phytosterol biosynthetic pathway.", "It functions as a squalene epoxidase, catalyzing an early step in sterol synthesis.", "It functions as a brassinosteroid receptor kinase involved in hormone signaling." ]	10.1111/nph.13513	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.13513	2,015	98	0	New phy	false
What are the downstream consequences of OsCYP51G3 regulation by osa-miR1848 in Oryza sativa?	HORMONES	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It primarily regulates gibberellin biosynthesis, affecting plant height.", "It mediates the biosynthesis of both phytosterols and brassinosteroids.", "It controls only membrane fluidity through phytosterol levels, without affecting hormone synthesis." ]	10.1111/nph.13513	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.13513	2,015	98	1	New phy	false
Which phenotypic changes are associated with altered expression of osa-miR1848 and OsCYP51G3, indicating phytosterol and brassinosteroid deficiency in Oryza sativa?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "Increased plant height, drooping leaves, and enhanced seed production.", "Normal growth patterns but increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens.", "Dwarf plants, erect leaves, semi-sterile pollen, and shorter cells." ]	10.1111/nph.13513	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/nph.13513	2,015	98	2	New phy	false
What role does the circadian expression of osa-miR1848 play in regulating OsCYP51G3 in Oryza sativa?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It controls the diurnal abundance of OsCYP51G3 transcript and modulates the response to salt stress.", "It maintains constant OsCYP51G3 levels throughout the day, independent of environmental cues.", "It primarily regulates OsCYP51G3 expression during flowering, not diurnally or under stress." ]	10.1111/nph.13513	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.13513	2,015	98	0	New phy	false
How do the circadian clock properties (period, amplitude) of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots compare under constant light (LL) versus constant darkness (DD)?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They show significant differences in period and amplitude in LL, but these differences are much less pronounced in DD.", "They show significant differences in DD, but their properties become identical in LL.", "They have identical properties in both LL and DD conditions." ]	10.1111/nph.14024	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.14024	2,016	86	0	New phy	false
Can the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock be entrained solely by direct light exposure?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Yes, even very low-intensity light can directly entrain the root clock independently of the shoot.", "Yes, but only high-intensity light, similar to that received by shoots, can directly entrain the root clock.", "No, the root clock relies exclusively on signals, like sucrose, transported from the shoot for entrainment." ]	10.1111/nph.14024	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.14024	2,016	86	0	New phy	false
Under constant light (LL) conditions, how does the free-running period (FRP) of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock typically compare to that of the shoot clock?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The root and shoot clocks have identical FRPs under LL.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a longer FRP compared to the shoot clock.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a shorter FRP compared to the shoot clock." ]	10.1111/nph.14024	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.14024	2,016	86	1	New phy	false
Are evening-expressed clock genes, such as TOC1 and GI, considered functional components of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They are present but non-functional in roots, playing a role only in the shoot clock.", "No, the root clock is a simplified version relying only on morning-expressed genes like CCA1/LHY.", "Yes, they are functional components contributing to root clock rhythmicity, although their oscillations may be less robust than in shoots under some conditions." ]	10.1111/nph.14024	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.14024	2,016	86	2	New phy	false
What is considered the primary factor explaining the differing circadian dynamics (e.g., period length in LL) between Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The presence of fundamentally different core oscillator gene networks in shoots compared to roots.", "Organ-specific differences in how light signals are perceived and integrated as inputs to the respective clocks.", "A strong dependence of the root clock solely on temperature cues, while the shoot clock relies on light." ]	10.1111/nph.14024	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.14024	2,016	86	1	New phy	false
How do plant carbon use efficiency (CUEa) and microbial carbon use efficiency (CUEh) generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT) across ecosystems?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "CUEa generally increases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally decreases with increasing MAT.", "Both CUEa and CUEh generally increase with increasing MAT.", "CUEa generally decreases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally increases with increasing MAT." ]	10.1111/nph.14485	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.14485	2,017	68	2	New phy	false
What is the approximate homeostatic ratio of microbial growth (µ) to gross primary production (GPP) suggested by the interplay of plant, microbial, and ecosystem carbon use efficiencies?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Around 0.27.", "Around 0.52.", "Around 0.13." ]	10.1111/nph.14485	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.14485	2,017	68	2	New phy	false
How does ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUEe), the ratio of Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) to Gross Primary Production (GPP), generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT)?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "CUEe shows no significant relationship with MAT.", "CUEe is directly related to MAT (increases as MAT increases).", "CUEe is inversely related to MAT (decreases as MAT increases)." ]	10.1111/nph.14485	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.14485	2,017	68	2	New phy	false
How does the apparent temperature sensitivity (activation energy, Ea) of microbial growth compare to that of microbial respiration at the ecosystem scale?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is higher than that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is approximately equal to that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is lower than that for microbial respiration." ]	10.1111/nph.14485	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.14485	2,017	68	0	New phy	false
What ecosystem component plays a key role in modulating the relationship between plant and microbial carbon use efficiencies to stabilize microbial growth relative to gross primary production across temperature gradients?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Atmospheric CO2 concentration.", "Soil organic carbon stocks.", "Above-ground plant biomass." ]	10.1111/nph.14485	Non-specific	ENVIRONMENT	10.1111/nph.14485	2,017	68	1	New phy	false
How do different C4 subtypes primarily meet the extra ATP demand required for their CO2-concentrating mechanism?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Exclusively through increased rates of linear electron transport (LET) in both cell types.", "By enhancing mitochondrial respiration equally across all subtypes.", "Through varying levels and locations of cyclic electron transport (CET) adapted to subtype-specific metabolic requirements." ]	10.1111/nph.15051	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.15051	2,018	35	2	New phy	false
In NAD-ME type C4 plants, what is the approximate distribution of cyclic electron transport (CET) activity between bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "CET occurs predominantly in bundle sheath cells relative to mesophyll cells (approx. 6:4 ratio BS:M).", "CET occurs exclusively in bundle sheath cells.", "CET occurs predominantly in mesophyll cells relative to bundle sheath cells (approx. 4:6 ratio BS:M)." ]	10.1111/nph.15051	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.15051	2,018	35	0	New phy	false
What is the main bioenergetic reason that a 'pure' PEP-CK C4 cycle, relying solely on PEP carboxykinase for decarboxylation, is considered unrealistic?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "It leads to an excessive production of NADPH in the mesophyll cells.", "It is impossible to satisfy the ATP:NADPH energy requirements within the bundle sheath cells using only this pathway.", "It generates insufficient CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath cells for efficient Rubisco function." ]	10.1111/nph.15051	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.15051	2,018	35	1	New phy	false
Which classical C4 subtype is characterized by requiring the least amount of cyclic electron transport (CET) and consequently possesses the highest theoretical intrinsic quantum yield?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The standard PEP-CK subtype.", "The NAD-ME subtype.", "The NADP-ME subtype." ]	10.1111/nph.15051	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.15051	2,018	35	0	New phy	false
To achieve a balanced cellular energy budget, what secondary decarboxylation route is thought to be obligatorily utilized alongside the primary route in NADP-ME species such as Zea mays?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Increased mitochondrial NAD-ME activity.", "The PEP-CK pathway operating facultatively in bundle sheath cytosol.", "The 'aspartate-malate' pathway, where aspartate is transported and contributes to decarboxylation." ]	10.1111/nph.15051	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1111/nph.15051	2,018	35	2	New phy	false
How does the protein TaJAZ1 influence abscisic acid (ABA)-inhibited seed germination in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat)?	HORMONES	[ "Triticum aestivum" ]	[ "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination independently of TaABI5 interaction.", "TaJAZ1 positively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5.", "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5." ]	10.1111/nph.15757	Cereal Grains	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.15757	2,019	162	2	New phy	false
Which group of proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown to physically interact with the transcription factor ABI5?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "A subset of Jasmonate-ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins.", "Allene Oxide Synthase (AOS) proteins.", "PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor proteins." ]	10.1111/nph.15757	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.15757	2,019	162	0	New phy	false
What is the functional consequence of the interaction between JAZ3 and ABI5 in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "JAZ3 triggers the degradation of ABI5.", "JAZ3 represses the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5.", "JAZ3 enhances the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5." ]	10.1111/nph.15757	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.15757	2,019	162	1	New phy	false
What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) application have on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "ABA has no significant effect on JA biosynthesis but degrades existing JA.", "ABA inhibits JA biosynthesis by repressing JA biosynthetic genes, independently of ABI5.", "ABA promotes JA biosynthesis by inducing JA biosynthetic genes, partially dependent on ABI5." ]	10.1111/nph.15757	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.15757	2,019	162	2	New phy	false
How does abscisic acid (ABA) treatment affect the stability of JAZ proteins, such as JAZ3, in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins independently of jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins in a manner dependent on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA stabilizes JAZ proteins by inhibiting JA biosynthesis." ]	10.1111/nph.15757	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.15757	2,019	162	1	New phy	false
Based on genomic analyses, when is the estimated divergence time between the living fossil trees Cercidiphyllum japonicum and its sister species Cercidiphyllum magnificum?	EVOLUTION	[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]	[ "Mid-Miocene", "Early Pliocene", "Late Pleistocene" ]	10.1111/nph.16798	Woody Perennials & Trees	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.16798	2,020	33	0	New phy	false
What was a primary impact of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the population history of Cercidiphyllum japonicum?	EVOLUTION	[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]	[ "Significant reduction in genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks.", "Continuous increase in genetic diversity through range expansion.", "Maintenance of stable population sizes and genetic diversity." ]	10.1111/nph.16798	Woody Perennials & Trees	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.16798	2,020	33	0	New phy	false
Which evolutionary force likely counteracted the loss of genetic diversity caused by bottlenecks in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, maintaining polymorphism at certain genomic regions?	EVOLUTION	[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]	[ "Long-term balancing selection.", "Accelerated mutation rates.", "Complete linkage across all chromosomes." ]	10.1111/nph.16798	Woody Perennials & Trees	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.16798	2,020	33	0	New phy	false
What genomic signature strongly suggests local adaptation in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, particularly distinguishing Chinese and Japanese populations?	EVOLUTION	[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]	[ "An absence of fixed genetic differences between populations.", "Uniformly high genetic diversity across the entire genome.", "Selective sweeps targeting stress-response and growth-related genes, notably on chromosome 14." ]	10.1111/nph.16798	Woody Perennials & Trees	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.16798	2,020	33	2	New phy	false
What significant large-scale evolutionary event is evident in the genome structure of Cercidiphyllum japonicum, dating back to the ancestry of core eudicots?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]	[ "Massive horizontal gene transfer from conifers.", "An ancient whole-genome triplication (gamma event).", "A recent species-specific whole-genome duplication." ]	10.1111/nph.16798	Woody Perennials & Trees	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1111/nph.16798	2,020	33	1	New phy	false
How does the molecular chaperone HSP90 influence root development, specifically gravitropism and lateral root formation, in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "By directly controlling cell division rates in the root meristem.", "By enhancing the synthesis of cytokinins in the root tip.", "By regulating the polar distribution of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier." ]	10.1111/nph.17528	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.17528	2,021	17	2	New phy	false
What is the primary effect of inhibiting HSP90 function on the subcellular localization of the PIN1 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It leads to overexpression of PIN1 uniformly across the plasma membrane.", "It causes mis-localization of PIN1, reducing its presence at the plasma membrane and increasing its accumulation intracellularly.", "It specifically targets PIN1 for degradation via the proteasome pathway." ]	10.1111/nph.17528	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.17528	2,021	17	1	New phy	false
What consequence does the depletion of HSP90 have on the development of cotyledon vasculature in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It disrupts vein pattern formation, resulting in reduced complexity and connectivity of the vascular network.", "It causes a switch from xylem to phloem differentiation in the veins.", "It leads to an overproliferation of vascular strands, creating denser networks." ]	10.1111/nph.17528	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/nph.17528	2,021	17	0	New phy	false
How does compromised HSP90 function impact auxin signaling and transport in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, beyond affecting PIN1 localization?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It leads to an aberrant auxin response pattern and impaired auxin transport, suggesting defects in both signaling perception and polar flow.", "It primarily affects auxin biosynthesis pathways, reducing overall auxin levels.", "It specifically enhances auxin sensitivity, leading to exaggerated growth responses." ]	10.1111/nph.17528	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.17528	2,021	17	0	New phy	false
What is the role of HSP90 during the early stages of embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana concerning auxin dynamics?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "HSP90 primarily controls cell fate determination in the suspensor during early embryogenesis.", "HSP90 is mainly involved in protecting the embryo from stress, with no direct role in auxin patterns.", "HSP90 is essential for the proper polar localization of PIN1 in provascular tissues and establishing correct auxin distribution patterns from the heart stage onwards." ]	10.1111/nph.17528	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/nph.17528	2,021	17	2	New phy	false
What is the primary function identified for the GmSSS1 gene, a SPINDLY homolog, in Glycine max?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "It acts as a regulator of seed size and pod size.", "It is essential for nitrogen fixation in root nodules.", "It primarily controls flowering time determination." ]	10.1111/nph.18461	Legumes	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/nph.18461	2,022	19	0	New phy	false
Which specific nonsynonymous mutation in the Gmsss1 allele of Glycine max was found to confer an enhancing effect on seed weight and was selected during domestication?	EVOLUTION	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "A G (Glycine) to S (Serine) substitution at the 61st amino acid residue.", "An E (Glutamic acid) to Q (Glutamine) substitution at the 182nd amino acid residue.", "An S (Serine) to L (Leucine) substitution at the 947th amino acid residue." ]	10.1111/nph.18461	Legumes	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.18461	2,022	19	1	New phy	false
How does modulation of GmSSS1/Gmsss1 expression affect seed size at the cellular level in soybean cotyledons?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "It influences both cell expansion and cell division.", "It primarily changes the density of starch granules within cells.", "It only affects the rate of cell division." ]	10.1111/nph.18461	Legumes	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.18461	2,022	19	0	New phy	false
The activity of GmSSS1 in regulating soybean seed weight is potentially linked to the modulation of expression levels of genes involved in which two key plant hormone signaling pathways?	HORMONES	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "Auxin signaling (via ARFs) and Cytokinin signaling (via Response Regulators).", "Gibberellin (GA) signaling (via GmGAI1/DELLA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (via GmBZR1).", "Abscisic Acid (ABA) signaling (via SnRK2s) and Jasmonate signaling (via JAZ proteins)." ]	10.1111/nph.18461	Legumes	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.18461	2,022	19	1	New phy	false
Where is the GmSSS1 gene located within the Glycine max genome?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Glycine max" ]	[ "On chromosome 19, within a region rich in quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed weight.", "On chromosome 8, near genes controlling pod shattering resistance.", "On chromosome 17, linked to a phosphatase 2C-1 gene." ]	10.1111/nph.18461	Legumes	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1111/nph.18461	2,022	19	0	New phy	false
What is the primary effect of the small molecule HYSPARIN (HYS) on Arabidopsis thaliana root development?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It inhibits primary root growth and promotes lateral root formation.", "It promotes both lateral root and adventitious root formation equally.", "It specifically induces adventitious root formation in hypocotyls without promoting lateral root formation." ]	10.1111/nph.19292	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1111/nph.19292	2,023	7	2	New phy	false
How does HYSPARIN's activity differ from classical synthetic auxins like NAA in Arabidopsis thaliana?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "HYSPARIN strongly inhibits primary root growth and activates rapid auxin responses.", "HYSPARIN does not inhibit primary root growth or trigger rapid auxin responses like DR5 activation or Ca2+ signaling.", "HYSPARIN primarily induces lateral root formation, unlike classical auxins which induce adventitious roots." ]	10.1111/nph.19292	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1111/nph.19292	2,023	7	1	New phy	false
Which signaling pathways are essential for HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Only the plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathway.", "Signaling pathways independent of canonical auxin receptors like TIR1/AFB or TMK.", "Both nuclear TIR1/AFB-mediated and plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathways." ]	10.1111/nph.19292	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.19292	2,023	7	2	New phy	false
Which gene families were identified as novel regulators specifically involved in HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SAUR19 subfamily, OFP transcription factors, and AGC kinases (specifically AGC2).", "TIR1/AFB receptors and ARF transcription factors.", "LBD transcription factors and GH3 enzymes, common to both LR and AR." ]	10.1111/nph.19292	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.19292	2,023	7	0	New phy	false
What does the activity of HYSPARIN in inducing adventitious/nodal roots in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Oryza sativa (rice) suggest?	EVOLUTION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "HYSPARIN induces lateral roots in tomato and rice, unlike in Arabidopsis.", "HYSPARIN's activity is strictly limited to dicotyledonous plants like Arabidopsis and tomato.", "The molecular mechanism underlying adventitious root formation involving HYSPARIN's bioactivity is evolutionarily conserved across different plant species." ]	10.1111/nph.19292	Non-specific	EVOLUTION	10.1111/nph.19292	2,023	7	2	New phy	false
What is the primary function of the BBX7/8-CCA1/LHY transcription factor cascade in Arabidopsis response to shade?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It promotes shade tolerance by activating HY5 expression.", "It promotes shade avoidance by activating PIF4 expression.", "It inhibits shade avoidance by degrading PIF4." ]	10.1111/nph.20256	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.20256	2,024	0	1	New phy	false
How does shade influence the protein levels of BBX7 and BBX8 in Arabidopsis, and what is the role of phytochrome B in this process?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, but requires active phytochrome B.", "Shade decreases the levels of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, dependent on phytochrome B.", "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, and this process is independent of phytochrome B." ]	10.1111/nph.20256	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.20256	2,024	0	2	New phy	false
What is the molecular mechanism by which BBX7 and BBX8 regulate CCA1 and LHY transcription in Arabidopsis under shade?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "BBX7 and BBX8 associate with the CCA1 and LHY promoters to activate their transcription.", "BBX7 and BBX8 directly bind to PIF4, which then activates CCA1 and LHY.", "BBX7 and BBX8 inhibit a repressor protein, thereby allowing CCA1 and LHY transcription." ]	10.1111/nph.20256	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.20256	2,024	0	0	New phy	false
How does the perception of shade (low Red:Far-Red light ratio) affect the interaction between phytochrome B (phyB) and the proteins BBX7/BBX8 in Arabidopsis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Shade stabilizes the interaction between phyB and BBX7/BBX8.", "Shade interferes with or disrupts the interaction between phyB and BBX7/BBX8.", "Shade converts phyB to its active form, which then strongly binds BBX7/BBX8." ]	10.1111/nph.20256	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.20256	2,024	0	1	New phy	false
What is the role of the circadian clock components CCA1 and LHY in regulating the key shade avoidance factor PIF4 in Arabidopsis under low Red:Far-Red conditions?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "CCA1 and LHY repress PIF4 transcription, limiting its accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY positively regulate PIF4 transcription, leading to increased PIF4 accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY directly promote the degradation of PIF4 protein." ]	10.1111/nph.20256	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.20256	2,024	0	1	New phy	false
What gene silencing technique was demonstrated as suitable for functional gene analysis in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, particularly during asymbiotic and early symbiotic stages?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS)", "Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)", "Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)" ]	10.1111/nph.70091	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1111/nph.70091	2,025	0	0	New phy	false
Which initial developmental process in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis requires the function of G-protein signaling components like RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Lipid biosynthesis", "Endospore formation", "Spore germination" ]	10.1111/nph.70091	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.70091	2,025	0	2	New phy	false
What critical early stage structure formation during plant interaction by Rhizophagus irregularis is dependent on G-protein signaling involving RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Hyphopodium formation", "Vesicle maturation", "Arbuscule development" ]	10.1111/nph.70091	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1111/nph.70091	2,025	0	0	New phy	false
What is the observed phenotypic consequence of silencing the G-protein signaling genes RiRgs3, RiGpa3, or RiGpb1 in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Enhanced spore viability but inhibited hyphal branching", "Normal spore germination but failed root penetration", "Defects in both spore germination and hyphopodium formation" ]	10.1111/nph.70091	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.70091	2,025	0	2	New phy	false
Silencing of the primary G-protein signaling genes (RiRgs3, RiGpa3, RiGpb1) in Rhizophagus irregularis leads to the downregulation of which specific downstream cAMP-PKA pathway components during hyphopodium formation?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "RiCyr1 (adenylate cyclase) and RiBcy1 (PKA regulatory subunit)", "RiMst2 (monosaccharide transporter) and RiEF1a (elongation factor)", "RiSnf1 (protein kinase) and RiTor2 (TOR kinase)" ]	10.1111/nph.70091	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1111/nph.70091	2,025	0	0	New phy	false
What type of enzyme activity is associated with the protein encoded by the rf2 gene in Zea mays?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)", "Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)", "Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)" ]	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	Cereal Grains	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	2,001	200	2	Plant Cell	false
In which subcellular compartment does the RF2 protein primarily localize in Zea mays cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Chloroplast stroma", "Cytosol", "Mitochondrial matrix" ]	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	Cereal Grains	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	2,001	200	2	Plant Cell	false
What is the consequence of the rf2-R213 allele in Zea mays, despite accumulating RF2 protein?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Loss of mitochondrial ALDH activity and failure to restore male fertility", "Enhanced mitochondrial ALDH activity leading to sterility", "Normal ALDH activity but altered protein localization" ]	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	2,001	200	0	Plant Cell	false
How does the fertility restoration mechanism of the rf2 gene differ from rf1 in Texas cytoplasm (cms-T) Zea mays?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "rf2 reduces the accumulation of URF13 more effectively than rf1.", "rf2 restores fertility without reducing the accumulation of the URF13 mitochondrial protein, unlike rf1.", "rf2 encodes a protein that directly binds and degrades URF13, while rf1 modifies URF13 transcription." ]	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	Cereal Grains	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	2,001	200	1	Plant Cell	false
What developmental process is affected by mutations in the rf2 gene in Zea mays plants with normal (N) cytoplasm?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Zea mays" ]	[ "Leaf development and photosynthesis", "Female gamete development", "Normal anther development, leading to partial male sterility" ]	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	Cereal Grains	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063	2,001	200	2	Plant Cell	false
Which domain of the Arabidopsis CAP protein (AtCAP1) is primarily responsible for binding actin in vitro and rescuing cytoskeleton-related defects in yeast?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The C-terminal domain", "The proline-rich middle region", "The N-terminal domain" ]	10.1105/tpc.010301	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.010301	2,002	63	0	Plant Cell	false
What is a primary morphological consequence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the AtCAP1 gene?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Reduction in the size of leaves and petioles due to decreased cell size and number", "Enhanced root growth and branching", "Accelerated flowering time and increased flower number" ]	10.1105/tpc.010301	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.010301	2,002	63	0	Plant Cell	false
What effect does the overexpression of Arabidopsis AtCAP1 have on the actin cytoskeleton and cell cycle in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]	[ "It causes depolymerization of actin filaments and inhibits mitosis", "It promotes the formation of thicker actin bundles and accelerates mitosis", "It stabilizes actin filaments but has no effect on the cell cycle" ]	10.1105/tpc.010301	Solanaceae & Relatives	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.010301	2,002	63	0	Plant Cell	false
What is the proposed overall biological function of the AtCAP1 protein in Arabidopsis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Catalysis of cAMP production in response to hormonal stimuli", "Direct regulation of gene expression in response to light signals", "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, which is crucial for proper cell elongation and division" ]	10.1105/tpc.010301	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.010301	2,002	63	2	Plant Cell	false
Regarding the complementation of yeast CAP mutant defects, which phenotypes can be rescued by expressing Arabidopsis AtCAP1?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Only the defects related to cAMP signaling", "Abnormal cell morphology, random budding pattern, and temperature sensitivity", "Only the temperature sensitivity phenotype" ]	10.1105/tpc.010301	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.010301	2,002	63	1	Plant Cell	false
What are the primary consequences of constitutively overexpressing the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 in Arabidopsis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Arrest of cells in G1-phase, normal proliferation, and accelerated endoreduplication.", "Reduced G1-phase cell population, hyperproliferation, and inhibited differentiation/endoreduplication.", "Increased G1-phase cell population, reduced proliferation, and enhanced differentiation." ]	10.1105/tpc.004838	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.004838	2,002	333	1	Plant Cell	false
In which tissues of Arabidopsis is the expression of the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 typically highest?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Dormant tissues like seeds and quiescent centers.", "Fully differentiated tissues like mature leaves and pith.", "Proliferating tissues like meristems and young leaf primordia." ]	10.1105/tpc.004838	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.004838	2,002	333	2	Plant Cell	false
How does overexpression of CYCD3;1 affect endoreduplication in Arabidopsis leaf cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It significantly promotes endoreduplication.", "It strongly inhibits endoreduplication.", "It has no effect on endoreduplication levels." ]	10.1105/tpc.004838	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1105/tpc.004838	2,002	333	1	Plant Cell	false
What is the regulatory relationship between CYCD3;1 and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) in determining Arabidopsis leaf cell number?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "ANT acts downstream of CYCD3;1.", "CYCD3;1 acts downstream of ANT.", "CYCD3;1 and ANT function in independent parallel pathways." ]	10.1105/tpc.004838	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1105/tpc.004838	2,002	333	1	Plant Cell	false
What role is proposed for the downregulation of CYCD3;1 during Arabidopsis development?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It is required for cell cycle exit in G1-phase and normal cellular differentiation.", "It is required to maintain cells in a proliferative state.", "It is essential for promoting S-phase entry and cell division." ]	10.1105/tpc.004838	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1105/tpc.004838	2,002	333	0	Plant Cell	false

What is a primary trigger for the induction of the defense gene *PIN2* in *Solanum lycopersicum* upon initial contact by insects like caterpillars or moths?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Secretion of specific salivary elicitors by the insect.", "Physical rupture of glandular trichomes.", "Extensive chewing damage to the leaf lamina." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

2,009

186

1

New phy

false

Which two components are essential for the touch-induced expression of the defense gene *PIN2* in *Solanum lycopersicum*?

HORMONES

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Abscisic acid and stomatal density.", "Jasmonic acid signaling and the presence of glandular trichomes.", "Salicylic acid signaling and the root system integrity." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

HORMONES

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

2,009

186

1

New phy

false

What signaling molecule, released upon the rupture of glandular trichomes, acts as a necessary secondary messenger for the induction of *PIN2* expression in *Solanum lycopersicum*?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).", "Ethylene.", "Nitric oxide (NO)." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

2,009

186

0

New phy

false

Where have key components of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway, including JA itself, been localized in *Solanum lycopersicum* leaves, suggesting a role in rapid defense initiation?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Within the glandular trichomes.", "Exclusively in the vascular tissue.", "Primarily within the mesophyll cells." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

2,009

186

0

New phy

false

How does pretreating *Solanum lycopersicum* with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) affect its response to subsequent physical contact (touch)?

HORMONES

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "It decreases trichome density, making the plant less sensitive to touch.", "It increases trichome density and enhances the induction of defense genes like *PIN2*.", "It completely inhibits any defense response to physical contact." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

HORMONES

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x

2,009

186

1

New phy

false

How are plant ICK/KRP proteins phylogenetically classified based on their conserved motifs?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Into three subgroups based on their interaction with different cyclin types (A, B, D).", "Into two subgroups, where subgroup 1 members generally possess motifs 1-6, and subgroup 2 members possess only motifs 1 and 2.", "Based solely on the C-terminal motif 1 responsible for CDK/CYC binding." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

1

New phy

false

What determines the punctuate subnuclear localization pattern observed for SIKRP1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "The C-terminal region containing the CDK/CYC binding motifs 1 and 2.", "The N-terminal region containing conserved motifs 3 and 5.", "Interaction with chromatin components mediated solely by motif 4." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

1

New phy

false

Besides inhibiting CDK/CYC complexes, what role does the tomato protein SIKRP1 play regarding SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "It targets SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 for degradation in the cytoplasm.", "It exclusively binds SICDKA1 but not SICYCD3;1, sequestering it outside the nucleus.", "It interacts with both SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 and promotes their concentration within the nucleus." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

2

New phy

false

Which conserved motif within the SIKRP1 protein is primarily responsible for its interaction with the COP9 signalosome subunit SICSN5A?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Motif 4 (located in the central region).", "Motif 2.", "Motif 1 (the primary CDK/CYC binding site)." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

1

New phy

false

In addition to the C-terminal domain, where is another interaction site located on SIKRP1 specifically for binding SICYCD3;1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "In the central region of the protein, between residues 45 and 164.", "Within the extreme N-terminal motif 6.", "There is no secondary binding site; interaction occurs solely via the C-terminal motifs 1 and 2." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

0

New phy

false

How many distinct calcium-regulated outward-rectifying anion conductances were identified in the plasma membrane of Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]

[ "Only one major conductance", "Three (Icl1, Icl2, and Icl3)", "Two (Icl1 and Icl2)" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

2,011

17

1

New phy

false

How do the three identified anion conductances (Icl1, Icl2, Icl3) in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts respond differently to varying intracellular calcium concentrations?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]

[ "All three conductances increase linearly with increasing intracellular calcium up to 0.5 mM.", "Icl1 increases up to 0.5 mM [Ca²+]in, while Icl2 and Icl3 reach maximum activity at 8.50 µM [Ca²+]in.", "All three conductances show maximum activity at nM levels of intracellular calcium and are inhibited at higher concentrations." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

2,011

17

1

New phy

false

What characteristic allows the discrimination between the anion currents Icl2 and Icl3 in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts after rundown?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]

[ "Their permeability; Icl2 is permeable to Cl⁻ while Icl3 is permeable to NO₃⁻.", "Their voltage dependence; Icl2 activates at more positive potentials than Icl3.", "Their differential sensitivity to the inhibitor NPPB; Icl3 is inhibited while Icl2 is largely insensitive." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

2,011

17

2

New phy

false

What is the relative permeability of the plasma membrane anion channels in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts to chloride (Cl⁻) versus nitrate (NO₃⁻)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]

[ "The channels exhibit similar permeability to both Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻.", "The channels are significantly more permeable to Cl⁻ than to NO₃⁻.", "The channels are exclusively permeable to Cl⁻ and block NO₃⁻." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

2,011

17

0

New phy

false

How do the anionic channel activities found in germinated Lilium longiflorum pollen tube protoplasts compare to those in ungerminated pollen grain protoplasts?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Lilium longiflorum" ]

[ "Anion channel activity is completely absent in germinated pollen tubes but high in the grain.", "Germinated pollen tubes exhibit entirely different types of anion channels not found in the grain.", "Similar types of anion channel activities are present in both, although their relative contributions may differ." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x

2,011

17

2

New phy

false

Where are Populus PHYB proteins primarily localized under white light conditions, enabling their role in gene regulation?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Populus sp." ]

[ "Chloroplast membrane", "Nucleus", "Cytoplasm" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

1

New phy

false

Which Populus phytochrome B homolog, when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, functionally rescued the elongated hypocotyl phenotype characteristic of the phyB mutant under white light?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Populus deltoides / Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Populus PHYB2", "Populus PHYA", "Populus PHYB1" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

2

New phy

false

Regarding the regulation of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in Populus, what functional relationship exists between PHYB1 and PHYB2?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Populus sp." ]

[ "PHYB1 and PHYB2 have distinct yet overlapping functions in regulating SAS.", "Only PHYB1 is involved in SAS, while PHYB2 regulates unrelated developmental processes.", "PHYB1 and PHYB2 function redundantly with identical roles in SAS." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

0

New phy

false

In Populus trichocarpa leaves, which biological processes show significant transcriptional up-regulation shortly after the plant perceives shade signals (enriched far-red light)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Populus trichocarpa" ]

[ "Jasmonate biosynthesis and defense signaling", "Photosynthesis and primary carbon metabolism", "Cell wall modification and brassinosteroid signaling" ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

2

New phy

false

How many phytochrome (PHY) genes are encoded in the Populus genome compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Populus sp. / Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Populus encodes only two PHY genes (PHYB1, PHYB2), lacking the PHYA found in Arabidopsis.", "Populus encodes three PHY genes (PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2), whereas Arabidopsis encodes five (PHYA-PHYE).", "Populus encodes five PHY genes, the same number as Arabidopsis." ]

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x

2,010

15

1

New phy

false

What are the two distinct calcium responses induced by rhizobial Nod factors in legume root hairs?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "Intra-nuclear calcium oscillations and a calcium influx at the root hair tip.", "Apoplastic calcium influx and calcium-induced calcium release from vacuoles.", "A sustained increase in cytoplasmic calcium and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum." ]

10.1111/nph.12475

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.12475

2,013

38

0

New phy

false

How does the absence of the O-linked acetyl group (due to nodL mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factors affect calcium signaling in Medicago truncatula root hairs?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "It completely abolishes both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It enhances both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It greatly reduces the induction of calcium influx without significantly affecting calcium spiking." ]

10.1111/nph.12475

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.12475

2,013

38

2

New phy

false

What is the effect of replacing the N-linked C16:2 acyl group with a C18:1 group (nodF mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factor activity in Medicago truncatula?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "It specifically enhances calcium influx but not calcium spiking.", "It has no effect on calcium spiking but eliminates calcium influx completely.", "It significantly reduces the potency for inducing calcium spiking and further reduces calcium influx when combined with a nodL mutation." ]

10.1111/nph.12475

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.12475

2,013

38

2

New phy

false

How does ethylene influence the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx in Medicago truncatula root hairs?

HORMONES

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "Ethylene suppresses the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx.", "Ethylene specifically inhibits calcium spiking but not calcium influx.", "Ethylene enhances the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx." ]

10.1111/nph.12475

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.12475

2,013

38

0

New phy

false

In Medicago truncatula mutants defective in downstream nodulation signaling components like NIN or NSP2, what is the status of the initial Nod-factor-induced calcium influx?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "Calcium influx is completely blocked, similar to the block in nodulation.", "Calcium influx is hyper-activated due to lack of downstream feedback.", "Calcium influx is still induced, indicating it acts upstream or parallel to these transcription factors." ]

10.1111/nph.12475

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12475

2,013

38

2

New phy

false

Approximately what fraction of the Aux/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana is directly regulated by the transcription factor ARF5/MP?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Nearly one-half", "The vast majority (over 90%)", "Only a few specific members" ]

10.1111/nph.12994

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12994

2,014

45

0

New phy

false

How are the Aux/IAA genes targeted by ARF5/MP in Arabidopsis thaliana distributed phylogenetically?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They are randomly scattered across the Aux/IAA family tree", "They exclusively belong to the most recently evolved Aux/IAA genes", "They coincide with distinct subclades within the Aux/IAA family" ]

10.1111/nph.12994

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12994

2,014

45

2

New phy

false

What regulatory effect do the protein products of Aux/IAA genes, targeted by ARF5/MP, have on ARF5/MP activity itself in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They enhance ARF5/MP activity through positive feedback", "They have no direct regulatory impact on ARF5/MP activity", "They provide negative feedback, repressing ARF5/MP activity" ]

10.1111/nph.12994

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12994

2,014

45

2

New phy

false

Are the conserved dimerization domains III and IV of the ARF5/MP protein required for its ability to recognize and bind AuxRE sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No, these domains are not essential for DNA binding site recognition", "Yes, both domains III and IV are absolutely required for DNA binding", "Only domain III is required, while domain IV is dispensable" ]

10.1111/nph.12994

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12994

2,014

45

0

New phy

false

Which statement best describes the overall role of ARF5/MP in regulating the Aux/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "ARF5/MP broadly influences Aux/IAA expression, potentially activating specific subsets of redundantly functioning factors", "ARF5/MP primarily acts as a repressor for most Aux/IAA genes", "ARF5/MP regulation is limited to a single, non-redundant Aux/IAA gene critical for root development" ]

10.1111/nph.12994

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.12994

2,014

45

0

New phy

false

How does the microRNA osa-miR1848 regulate the expression of the obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene OsCYP51G3 in *Oryza sativa*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "By binding to the OsCYP51G3 protein and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.", "By directing the cleavage of OsCYP51G3 mRNA post-transcriptionally.", "By promoting the transcription of the OsCYP51G3 gene." ]

10.1111/nph.13513

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.13513

2,015

98

1

New phy

false

What is the enzymatic function of the protein encoded by the OsCYP51G3 gene in *Oryza sativa*?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It functions as an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase in the phytosterol biosynthetic pathway.", "It functions as a squalene epoxidase, catalyzing an early step in sterol synthesis.", "It functions as a brassinosteroid receptor kinase involved in hormone signaling." ]

10.1111/nph.13513

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.13513

2,015

98

0

New phy

false

What are the downstream consequences of OsCYP51G3 regulation by osa-miR1848 in *Oryza sativa*?

HORMONES

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It primarily regulates gibberellin biosynthesis, affecting plant height.", "It mediates the biosynthesis of both phytosterols and brassinosteroids.", "It controls only membrane fluidity through phytosterol levels, without affecting hormone synthesis." ]

10.1111/nph.13513

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.13513

2,015

98

1

New phy

false

Which phenotypic changes are associated with altered expression of osa-miR1848 and OsCYP51G3, indicating phytosterol and brassinosteroid deficiency in *Oryza sativa*?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "Increased plant height, drooping leaves, and enhanced seed production.", "Normal growth patterns but increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens.", "Dwarf plants, erect leaves, semi-sterile pollen, and shorter cells." ]

10.1111/nph.13513

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/nph.13513

2,015

98

2

New phy

false

What role does the circadian expression of osa-miR1848 play in regulating OsCYP51G3 in *Oryza sativa*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It controls the diurnal abundance of OsCYP51G3 transcript and modulates the response to salt stress.", "It maintains constant OsCYP51G3 levels throughout the day, independent of environmental cues.", "It primarily regulates OsCYP51G3 expression during flowering, not diurnally or under stress." ]

10.1111/nph.13513

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.13513

2,015

98

0

New phy

false

How do the circadian clock properties (period, amplitude) of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots compare under constant light (LL) versus constant darkness (DD)?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They show significant differences in period and amplitude in LL, but these differences are much less pronounced in DD.", "They show significant differences in DD, but their properties become identical in LL.", "They have identical properties in both LL and DD conditions." ]

10.1111/nph.14024

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.14024

2,016

86

0

New phy

false

Can the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock be entrained solely by direct light exposure?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Yes, even very low-intensity light can directly entrain the root clock independently of the shoot.", "Yes, but only high-intensity light, similar to that received by shoots, can directly entrain the root clock.", "No, the root clock relies exclusively on signals, like sucrose, transported from the shoot for entrainment." ]

10.1111/nph.14024

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.14024

2,016

86

0

New phy

false

Under constant light (LL) conditions, how does the free-running period (FRP) of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock typically compare to that of the shoot clock?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The root and shoot clocks have identical FRPs under LL.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a longer FRP compared to the shoot clock.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a shorter FRP compared to the shoot clock." ]

10.1111/nph.14024

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.14024

2,016

86

1

New phy

false

Are evening-expressed clock genes, such as TOC1 and GI, considered functional components of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They are present but non-functional in roots, playing a role only in the shoot clock.", "No, the root clock is a simplified version relying only on morning-expressed genes like CCA1/LHY.", "Yes, they are functional components contributing to root clock rhythmicity, although their oscillations may be less robust than in shoots under some conditions." ]

10.1111/nph.14024

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.14024

2,016

86

2

New phy

false

What is considered the primary factor explaining the differing circadian dynamics (e.g., period length in LL) between Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The presence of fundamentally different core oscillator gene networks in shoots compared to roots.", "Organ-specific differences in how light signals are perceived and integrated as inputs to the respective clocks.", "A strong dependence of the root clock solely on temperature cues, while the shoot clock relies on light." ]

10.1111/nph.14024

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.14024

2,016

86

1

New phy

false

How do plant carbon use efficiency (CUEa) and microbial carbon use efficiency (CUEh) generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT) across ecosystems?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "CUEa generally increases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally decreases with increasing MAT.", "Both CUEa and CUEh generally increase with increasing MAT.", "CUEa generally decreases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally increases with increasing MAT." ]

10.1111/nph.14485

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.14485

2,017

68

2

New phy

false

What is the approximate homeostatic ratio of microbial growth (µ) to gross primary production (GPP) suggested by the interplay of plant, microbial, and ecosystem carbon use efficiencies?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Around 0.27.", "Around 0.52.", "Around 0.13." ]

10.1111/nph.14485

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.14485

2,017

68

2

New phy

false

How does ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUEe), the ratio of Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) to Gross Primary Production (GPP), generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT)?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "CUEe shows no significant relationship with MAT.", "CUEe is directly related to MAT (increases as MAT increases).", "CUEe is inversely related to MAT (decreases as MAT increases)." ]

10.1111/nph.14485

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.14485

2,017

68

2

New phy

false

How does the apparent temperature sensitivity (activation energy, Ea) of microbial growth compare to that of microbial respiration at the ecosystem scale?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is higher than that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is approximately equal to that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is lower than that for microbial respiration." ]

10.1111/nph.14485

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.14485

2,017

68

0

New phy

false

What ecosystem component plays a key role in modulating the relationship between plant and microbial carbon use efficiencies to stabilize microbial growth relative to gross primary production across temperature gradients?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Atmospheric CO2 concentration.", "Soil organic carbon stocks.", "Above-ground plant biomass." ]

10.1111/nph.14485

Non-specific

ENVIRONMENT

10.1111/nph.14485

2,017

68

1

New phy

false

How do different C4 subtypes primarily meet the extra ATP demand required for their CO2-concentrating mechanism?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Exclusively through increased rates of linear electron transport (LET) in both cell types.", "By enhancing mitochondrial respiration equally across all subtypes.", "Through varying levels and locations of cyclic electron transport (CET) adapted to subtype-specific metabolic requirements." ]

10.1111/nph.15051

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.15051

2,018

35

2

New phy

false

In NAD-ME type C4 plants, what is the approximate distribution of cyclic electron transport (CET) activity between bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "CET occurs predominantly in bundle sheath cells relative to mesophyll cells (approx. 6:4 ratio BS:M).", "CET occurs exclusively in bundle sheath cells.", "CET occurs predominantly in mesophyll cells relative to bundle sheath cells (approx. 4:6 ratio BS:M)." ]

10.1111/nph.15051

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.15051

2,018

35

0

New phy

false

What is the main bioenergetic reason that a 'pure' PEP-CK C4 cycle, relying solely on PEP carboxykinase for decarboxylation, is considered unrealistic?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "It leads to an excessive production of NADPH in the mesophyll cells.", "It is impossible to satisfy the ATP:NADPH energy requirements within the bundle sheath cells using only this pathway.", "It generates insufficient CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath cells for efficient Rubisco function." ]

10.1111/nph.15051

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.15051

2,018

35

1

New phy

false

Which classical C4 subtype is characterized by requiring the least amount of cyclic electron transport (CET) and consequently possesses the highest theoretical intrinsic quantum yield?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The standard PEP-CK subtype.", "The NAD-ME subtype.", "The NADP-ME subtype." ]

10.1111/nph.15051

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.15051

2,018

35

0

New phy

false

To achieve a balanced cellular energy budget, what secondary decarboxylation route is thought to be obligatorily utilized alongside the primary route in NADP-ME species such as *Zea mays*?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Increased mitochondrial NAD-ME activity.", "The PEP-CK pathway operating facultatively in bundle sheath cytosol.", "The 'aspartate-malate' pathway, where aspartate is transported and contributes to decarboxylation." ]

10.1111/nph.15051

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1111/nph.15051

2,018

35

2

New phy

false

How does the protein TaJAZ1 influence abscisic acid (ABA)-inhibited seed germination in *Triticum aestivum* (bread wheat)?

HORMONES

[ "Triticum aestivum" ]

[ "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination independently of TaABI5 interaction.", "TaJAZ1 positively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5.", "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5." ]

10.1111/nph.15757

Cereal Grains

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.15757

2,019

162

2

New phy

false

Which group of proteins in *Arabidopsis thaliana* has been shown to physically interact with the transcription factor ABI5?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "A subset of Jasmonate-ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins.", "Allene Oxide Synthase (AOS) proteins.", "PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor proteins." ]

10.1111/nph.15757

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.15757

2,019

162

0

New phy

false

What is the functional consequence of the interaction between JAZ3 and ABI5 in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "JAZ3 triggers the degradation of ABI5.", "JAZ3 represses the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5.", "JAZ3 enhances the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5." ]

10.1111/nph.15757

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.15757

2,019

162

1

New phy

false

What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) application have on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "ABA has no significant effect on JA biosynthesis but degrades existing JA.", "ABA inhibits JA biosynthesis by repressing JA biosynthetic genes, independently of ABI5.", "ABA promotes JA biosynthesis by inducing JA biosynthetic genes, partially dependent on ABI5." ]

10.1111/nph.15757

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.15757

2,019

162

2

New phy

false

How does abscisic acid (ABA) treatment affect the stability of JAZ proteins, such as JAZ3, in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins independently of jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins in a manner dependent on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA stabilizes JAZ proteins by inhibiting JA biosynthesis." ]

10.1111/nph.15757

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.15757

2,019

162

1

New phy

false

Based on genomic analyses, when is the estimated divergence time between the living fossil trees Cercidiphyllum japonicum and its sister species Cercidiphyllum magnificum?

EVOLUTION

[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]

[ "Mid-Miocene", "Early Pliocene", "Late Pleistocene" ]

10.1111/nph.16798

Woody Perennials & Trees

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.16798

2,020

33

0

New phy

false

What was a primary impact of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the population history of Cercidiphyllum japonicum?

EVOLUTION

[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]

[ "Significant reduction in genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks.", "Continuous increase in genetic diversity through range expansion.", "Maintenance of stable population sizes and genetic diversity." ]

10.1111/nph.16798

Woody Perennials & Trees

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.16798

2,020

33

0

New phy

false

Which evolutionary force likely counteracted the loss of genetic diversity caused by bottlenecks in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, maintaining polymorphism at certain genomic regions?

EVOLUTION

[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]

[ "Long-term balancing selection.", "Accelerated mutation rates.", "Complete linkage across all chromosomes." ]

10.1111/nph.16798

Woody Perennials & Trees

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.16798

2,020

33

0

New phy

false

What genomic signature strongly suggests local adaptation in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, particularly distinguishing Chinese and Japanese populations?

EVOLUTION

[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]

[ "An absence of fixed genetic differences between populations.", "Uniformly high genetic diversity across the entire genome.", "Selective sweeps targeting stress-response and growth-related genes, notably on chromosome 14." ]

10.1111/nph.16798

Woody Perennials & Trees

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.16798

2,020

33

2

New phy

false

What significant large-scale evolutionary event is evident in the genome structure of Cercidiphyllum japonicum, dating back to the ancestry of core eudicots?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ]

[ "Massive horizontal gene transfer from conifers.", "An ancient whole-genome triplication (gamma event).", "A recent species-specific whole-genome duplication." ]

10.1111/nph.16798

Woody Perennials & Trees

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1111/nph.16798

2,020

33

1

New phy

false

How does the molecular chaperone HSP90 influence root development, specifically gravitropism and lateral root formation, in Arabidopsis thaliana?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "By directly controlling cell division rates in the root meristem.", "By enhancing the synthesis of cytokinins in the root tip.", "By regulating the polar distribution of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier." ]

10.1111/nph.17528

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.17528

2,021

17

2

New phy

false

What is the primary effect of inhibiting HSP90 function on the subcellular localization of the PIN1 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It leads to overexpression of PIN1 uniformly across the plasma membrane.", "It causes mis-localization of PIN1, reducing its presence at the plasma membrane and increasing its accumulation intracellularly.", "It specifically targets PIN1 for degradation via the proteasome pathway." ]

10.1111/nph.17528

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.17528

2,021

17

1

New phy

false

What consequence does the depletion of HSP90 have on the development of cotyledon vasculature in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It disrupts vein pattern formation, resulting in reduced complexity and connectivity of the vascular network.", "It causes a switch from xylem to phloem differentiation in the veins.", "It leads to an overproliferation of vascular strands, creating denser networks." ]

10.1111/nph.17528

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/nph.17528

2,021

17

0

New phy

false

How does compromised HSP90 function impact auxin signaling and transport in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, beyond affecting PIN1 localization?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It leads to an aberrant auxin response pattern and impaired auxin transport, suggesting defects in both signaling perception and polar flow.", "It primarily affects auxin biosynthesis pathways, reducing overall auxin levels.", "It specifically enhances auxin sensitivity, leading to exaggerated growth responses." ]

10.1111/nph.17528

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.17528

2,021

17

0

New phy

false

What is the role of HSP90 during the early stages of embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana concerning auxin dynamics?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "HSP90 primarily controls cell fate determination in the suspensor during early embryogenesis.", "HSP90 is mainly involved in protecting the embryo from stress, with no direct role in auxin patterns.", "HSP90 is essential for the proper polar localization of PIN1 in provascular tissues and establishing correct auxin distribution patterns from the heart stage onwards." ]

10.1111/nph.17528

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/nph.17528

2,021

17

2

New phy

false

What is the primary function identified for the GmSSS1 gene, a SPINDLY homolog, in Glycine max?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "It acts as a regulator of seed size and pod size.", "It is essential for nitrogen fixation in root nodules.", "It primarily controls flowering time determination." ]

10.1111/nph.18461

Legumes

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/nph.18461

2,022

19

0

New phy

false

Which specific nonsynonymous mutation in the Gmsss1 allele of Glycine max was found to confer an enhancing effect on seed weight and was selected during domestication?

EVOLUTION

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "A G (Glycine) to S (Serine) substitution at the 61st amino acid residue.", "An E (Glutamic acid) to Q (Glutamine) substitution at the 182nd amino acid residue.", "An S (Serine) to L (Leucine) substitution at the 947th amino acid residue." ]

10.1111/nph.18461

Legumes

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.18461

2,022

19

1

New phy

false

How does modulation of GmSSS1/Gmsss1 expression affect seed size at the cellular level in soybean cotyledons?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "It influences both cell expansion and cell division.", "It primarily changes the density of starch granules within cells.", "It only affects the rate of cell division." ]

10.1111/nph.18461

Legumes

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.18461

2,022

19

0

New phy

false

The activity of GmSSS1 in regulating soybean seed weight is potentially linked to the modulation of expression levels of genes involved in which two key plant hormone signaling pathways?

HORMONES

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "Auxin signaling (via ARFs) and Cytokinin signaling (via Response Regulators).", "Gibberellin (GA) signaling (via GmGAI1/DELLA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (via GmBZR1).", "Abscisic Acid (ABA) signaling (via SnRK2s) and Jasmonate signaling (via JAZ proteins)." ]

10.1111/nph.18461

Legumes

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.18461

2,022

19

1

New phy

false

Where is the GmSSS1 gene located within the Glycine max genome?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Glycine max" ]

[ "On chromosome 19, within a region rich in quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed weight.", "On chromosome 8, near genes controlling pod shattering resistance.", "On chromosome 17, linked to a phosphatase 2C-1 gene." ]

10.1111/nph.18461

Legumes

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1111/nph.18461

2,022

19

0

New phy

false

What is the primary effect of the small molecule HYSPARIN (HYS) on Arabidopsis thaliana root development?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It inhibits primary root growth and promotes lateral root formation.", "It promotes both lateral root and adventitious root formation equally.", "It specifically induces adventitious root formation in hypocotyls without promoting lateral root formation." ]

10.1111/nph.19292

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1111/nph.19292

2,023

7

2

New phy

false

How does HYSPARIN's activity differ from classical synthetic auxins like NAA in Arabidopsis thaliana?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "HYSPARIN strongly inhibits primary root growth and activates rapid auxin responses.", "HYSPARIN does not inhibit primary root growth or trigger rapid auxin responses like DR5 activation or Ca2+ signaling.", "HYSPARIN primarily induces lateral root formation, unlike classical auxins which induce adventitious roots." ]

10.1111/nph.19292

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1111/nph.19292

2,023

7

1

New phy

false

Which signaling pathways are essential for HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Only the plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathway.", "Signaling pathways independent of canonical auxin receptors like TIR1/AFB or TMK.", "Both nuclear TIR1/AFB-mediated and plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathways." ]

10.1111/nph.19292

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.19292

2,023

7

2

New phy

false

Which gene families were identified as novel regulators specifically involved in HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SAUR19 subfamily, OFP transcription factors, and AGC kinases (specifically AGC2).", "TIR1/AFB receptors and ARF transcription factors.", "LBD transcription factors and GH3 enzymes, common to both LR and AR." ]

10.1111/nph.19292

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.19292

2,023

7

0

New phy

false

What does the activity of HYSPARIN in inducing adventitious/nodal roots in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Oryza sativa (rice) suggest?

EVOLUTION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "HYSPARIN induces lateral roots in tomato and rice, unlike in Arabidopsis.", "HYSPARIN's activity is strictly limited to dicotyledonous plants like Arabidopsis and tomato.", "The molecular mechanism underlying adventitious root formation involving HYSPARIN's bioactivity is evolutionarily conserved across different plant species." ]

10.1111/nph.19292

Non-specific

EVOLUTION

10.1111/nph.19292

2,023

7

2

New phy

false

What is the primary function of the BBX7/8-CCA1/LHY transcription factor cascade in Arabidopsis response to shade?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It promotes shade tolerance by activating HY5 expression.", "It promotes shade avoidance by activating PIF4 expression.", "It inhibits shade avoidance by degrading PIF4." ]

10.1111/nph.20256

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.20256

2,024

0

1

New phy

false

How does shade influence the protein levels of BBX7 and BBX8 in Arabidopsis, and what is the role of phytochrome B in this process?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, but requires active phytochrome B.", "Shade decreases the levels of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, dependent on phytochrome B.", "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, and this process is independent of phytochrome B." ]

10.1111/nph.20256

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.20256

2,024

0

2

New phy

false

What is the molecular mechanism by which BBX7 and BBX8 regulate CCA1 and LHY transcription in Arabidopsis under shade?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "BBX7 and BBX8 associate with the CCA1 and LHY promoters to activate their transcription.", "BBX7 and BBX8 directly bind to PIF4, which then activates CCA1 and LHY.", "BBX7 and BBX8 inhibit a repressor protein, thereby allowing CCA1 and LHY transcription." ]

10.1111/nph.20256

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.20256

2,024

0

New phy

false

How does the perception of shade (low Red:Far-Red light ratio) affect the interaction between phytochrome B (phyB) and the proteins BBX7/BBX8 in Arabidopsis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Shade stabilizes the interaction between phyB and BBX7/BBX8.", "Shade interferes with or disrupts the interaction between phyB and BBX7/BBX8.", "Shade converts phyB to its active form, which then strongly binds BBX7/BBX8." ]

10.1111/nph.20256

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.20256

2,024

0

1

New phy

false

What is the role of the circadian clock components CCA1 and LHY in regulating the key shade avoidance factor PIF4 in Arabidopsis under low Red:Far-Red conditions?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "CCA1 and LHY repress PIF4 transcription, limiting its accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY positively regulate PIF4 transcription, leading to increased PIF4 accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY directly promote the degradation of PIF4 protein." ]

10.1111/nph.20256

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.20256

2,024

0

1

New phy

false

What gene silencing technique was demonstrated as suitable for functional gene analysis in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis*, particularly during asymbiotic and early symbiotic stages?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS)", "Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)", "Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)" ]

10.1111/nph.70091

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1111/nph.70091

2,025

0

New phy

false

Which initial developmental process in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis* requires the function of G-protein signaling components like RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Lipid biosynthesis", "Endospore formation", "Spore germination" ]

10.1111/nph.70091

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.70091

2,025

0

2

New phy

false

What critical early stage structure formation during plant interaction by *Rhizophagus irregularis* is dependent on G-protein signaling involving RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Hyphopodium formation", "Vesicle maturation", "Arbuscule development" ]

10.1111/nph.70091

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1111/nph.70091

2,025

0

New phy

false

What is the observed phenotypic consequence of silencing the G-protein signaling genes RiRgs3, RiGpa3, or RiGpb1 in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Enhanced spore viability but inhibited hyphal branching", "Normal spore germination but failed root penetration", "Defects in both spore germination and hyphopodium formation" ]

10.1111/nph.70091

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.70091

2,025

0

2

New phy

false

Silencing of the primary G-protein signaling genes (RiRgs3, RiGpa3, RiGpb1) in *Rhizophagus irregularis* leads to the downregulation of which specific downstream cAMP-PKA pathway components during hyphopodium formation?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "RiCyr1 (adenylate cyclase) and RiBcy1 (PKA regulatory subunit)", "RiMst2 (monosaccharide transporter) and RiEF1a (elongation factor)", "RiSnf1 (protein kinase) and RiTor2 (TOR kinase)" ]

10.1111/nph.70091

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1111/nph.70091

2,025

0

New phy

false

What type of enzyme activity is associated with the protein encoded by the rf2 gene in Zea mays?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)", "Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)", "Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)" ]

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

Cereal Grains

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

2,001

200

2

Plant Cell

false

In which subcellular compartment does the RF2 protein primarily localize in Zea mays cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Chloroplast stroma", "Cytosol", "Mitochondrial matrix" ]

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

Cereal Grains

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

2,001

200

2

Plant Cell

false

What is the consequence of the rf2-R213 allele in Zea mays, despite accumulating RF2 protein?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Loss of mitochondrial ALDH activity and failure to restore male fertility", "Enhanced mitochondrial ALDH activity leading to sterility", "Normal ALDH activity but altered protein localization" ]

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

2,001

200

0

Plant Cell

false

How does the fertility restoration mechanism of the rf2 gene differ from rf1 in Texas cytoplasm (cms-T) Zea mays?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "rf2 reduces the accumulation of URF13 more effectively than rf1.", "rf2 restores fertility without reducing the accumulation of the URF13 mitochondrial protein, unlike rf1.", "rf2 encodes a protein that directly binds and degrades URF13, while rf1 modifies URF13 transcription." ]

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

Cereal Grains

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

2,001

200

1

Plant Cell

false

What developmental process is affected by mutations in the rf2 gene in Zea mays plants with normal (N) cytoplasm?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Zea mays" ]

[ "Leaf development and photosynthesis", "Female gamete development", "Normal anther development, leading to partial male sterility" ]

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

Cereal Grains

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.13.5.1063

2,001

200

2

Plant Cell

false

Which domain of the Arabidopsis CAP protein (AtCAP1) is primarily responsible for binding actin in vitro and rescuing cytoskeleton-related defects in yeast?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The C-terminal domain", "The proline-rich middle region", "The N-terminal domain" ]

10.1105/tpc.010301

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.010301

2,002

63

0

Plant Cell

false

What is a primary morphological consequence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the AtCAP1 gene?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Reduction in the size of leaves and petioles due to decreased cell size and number", "Enhanced root growth and branching", "Accelerated flowering time and increased flower number" ]

10.1105/tpc.010301

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.010301

2,002

63

0

Plant Cell

false

What effect does the overexpression of Arabidopsis AtCAP1 have on the actin cytoskeleton and cell cycle in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]

[ "It causes depolymerization of actin filaments and inhibits mitosis", "It promotes the formation of thicker actin bundles and accelerates mitosis", "It stabilizes actin filaments but has no effect on the cell cycle" ]

10.1105/tpc.010301

Solanaceae & Relatives

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.010301

2,002

63

0

Plant Cell

false

What is the proposed overall biological function of the AtCAP1 protein in Arabidopsis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Catalysis of cAMP production in response to hormonal stimuli", "Direct regulation of gene expression in response to light signals", "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, which is crucial for proper cell elongation and division" ]

10.1105/tpc.010301

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.010301

2,002

63

2

Plant Cell

false

Regarding the complementation of yeast CAP mutant defects, which phenotypes can be rescued by expressing Arabidopsis AtCAP1?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Only the defects related to cAMP signaling", "Abnormal cell morphology, random budding pattern, and temperature sensitivity", "Only the temperature sensitivity phenotype" ]

10.1105/tpc.010301

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.010301

2,002

63

1

Plant Cell

false

What are the primary consequences of constitutively overexpressing the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 in Arabidopsis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Arrest of cells in G1-phase, normal proliferation, and accelerated endoreduplication.", "Reduced G1-phase cell population, hyperproliferation, and inhibited differentiation/endoreduplication.", "Increased G1-phase cell population, reduced proliferation, and enhanced differentiation." ]

10.1105/tpc.004838

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.004838

2,002

333

1

Plant Cell

false

In which tissues of Arabidopsis is the expression of the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 typically highest?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Dormant tissues like seeds and quiescent centers.", "Fully differentiated tissues like mature leaves and pith.", "Proliferating tissues like meristems and young leaf primordia." ]

10.1105/tpc.004838

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.004838

2,002

333

2

Plant Cell

false

How does overexpression of CYCD3;1 affect endoreduplication in Arabidopsis leaf cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It significantly promotes endoreduplication.", "It strongly inhibits endoreduplication.", "It has no effect on endoreduplication levels." ]

10.1105/tpc.004838

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1105/tpc.004838

2,002

333

1

Plant Cell

false

What is the regulatory relationship between CYCD3;1 and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) in determining Arabidopsis leaf cell number?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "ANT acts downstream of CYCD3;1.", "CYCD3;1 acts downstream of ANT.", "CYCD3;1 and ANT function in independent parallel pathways." ]

10.1105/tpc.004838

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1105/tpc.004838

2,002

333

1

Plant Cell

false

What role is proposed for the downregulation of CYCD3;1 during Arabidopsis development?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It is required for cell cycle exit in G1-phase and normal cellular differentiation.", "It is required to maintain cells in a proliferative state.", "It is essential for promoting S-phase entry and cell division." ]

10.1105/tpc.004838

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1105/tpc.004838

2,002

333

0

Plant Cell

false