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What is the coordinated role of NKD1, NKD2, and O2 transcription factors during the transition phase of maize endosperm development? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"They promote cellular development while constraining nutrient storage.",
"They constrain cellular development while promoting nutrient storage.",
"They exclusively promote cellular development throughout the phase."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | Cereal Grains | GENE REGULATION | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | 2,023 | 14 | 1 | Plant Cell | false |
How do NKD1/NKD2 and O2 mutually influence chromatin accessibility at their target gene sites in maize endosperm? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"O2 decreases accessibility for NKD1/NKD2 targets, while NKD1/NKD2 increase accessibility for O2 targets.",
"O2 increases accessibility for NKD1/NKD2 targets, while NKD1/NKD2 decrease accessibility for O2 targets.",
"All three factors mutually increase accessibility at each other's target sites."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | Cereal Grains | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | 2,023 | 14 | 0 | Plant Cell | false |
What is the primary function of NKD1 and NKD2 transcription factors concerning aleurone cell layer development in maize endosperm? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"They increase the number of aleurone cell layers and inhibit differentiation.",
"They are primarily involved in nutrient transport within the aleurone layer, not patterning.",
"They limit the number of aleurone cell layers and promote their differentiation."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | Cereal Grains | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | 2,023 | 14 | 2 | Plant Cell | false |
What is a major consequence of mutations in the OPAQUE2 (O2) gene on maize kernel composition? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"Reduced storage protein content leading to increased relative lysine content and an opaque phenotype.",
"Altered starch branching patterns without affecting protein or lysine content.",
"Increased storage protein content leading to decreased relative lysine content and a translucent phenotype."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | 2,023 | 14 | 0 | Plant Cell | false |
What role do NKD1, NKD2, and O2 play in the process of endoreduplication in maize endosperm? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"They function together to promote endoreduplication.",
"Only O2 affects endoreduplication, while NKD1 and NKD2 have no role.",
"They function together to constrain endoreduplication."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/plcell/koad247 | 2,023 | 14 | 2 | Plant Cell | false |
In Arabidopsis thaliana, how does the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 influence stomatal closure? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It interacts with the enzyme LOX1 to promote closure.",
"It prevents stomatal closure independently of LOX1.",
"It interacts with the enzyme LOX1 to promote opening."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | 2,025 | 1 | 0 | Plant Cell | false |
Which tissue-specific signaling of UVR8 is primarily responsible for UV-B-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Epidermal UVR8 signaling.",
"Cortex UVR8 signaling.",
"Phloem UVR8 signaling."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | 2,025 | 1 | 0 | Plant Cell | false |
What is the role of the lipoxygenase LOX1 in UV-B induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It directly senses UV-B light to trigger stomatal closure.",
"It catabolizes linoleic and α-linolenic acid to produce oxylipins that mediate closure.",
"It synthesizes linoleic and α-linolenic acid required for stomatal opening."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | 2,025 | 1 | 1 | Plant Cell | false |
What effect does the direct interaction between photoactivated UVR8 and LOX1 have on LOX1's function in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It enhances the enzymatic activity of LOX1.",
"It changes the subcellular localization of LOX1.",
"It inhibits the enzymatic activity of LOX1."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | 2,025 | 1 | 0 | Plant Cell | false |
Which signaling pathway acts downstream of the LOX1-derived oxylipin pathway to mediate UV-B-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Nitric oxide (NO) pathway, acting upstream of LOX1.",
"Jasmonic acid (JA) pathway.",
"Salicylic acid (SA) pathway."
] | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1093/plcell/koaf060 | 2,025 | 1 | 2 | Plant Cell | false |
What dual regulatory functions do TGA transcription factors exhibit in plant defense responses? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They solely function as positive regulators, activating all known defense genes.",
"They exclusively act as negative regulators, repressing the entire plant defense system.",
"They have both positive roles (e.g., activating specific stress genes) and negative roles (e.g., suppressing PR gene induction)."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | 2,001 | 56 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the functional suppression of TGA transcription factor activity influence the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by salicylic acid (SA) in Nicotiana tabacum? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"It results in the complete blockage of PR gene induction by SA.",
"It leads to an enhanced induction of PR genes in response to SA treatment.",
"It causes a significant delay but not an increase in PR gene induction by SA."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | 2,001 | 56 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What impact does reducing TGA factor activity have on the expression of specific glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes, such as GNT35 and STR246, following hormonal stimuli like auxin or salicylic acid in Nicotiana tabacum? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"The expression of these GST genes becomes constitutive and unresponsive to hormones.",
"The hormone-induced expression of these GST genes is suppressed or reduced.",
"The hormone-induced expression of these GST genes is significantly increased."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | 2,001 | 56 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the consequence of diminishing TGA factor DNA-binding activity on the establishment of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Nicotiana tabacum? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"The timing of Systemic Acquired Resistance induction is delayed.",
"Systemic Acquired Resistance is enhanced.",
"Systemic Acquired Resistance is completely abolished."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | 2,001 | 56 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Which critical protein mediator of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) has been shown to physically interact with TGA transcription factors? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"SA itself",
"NPR1 (also known as NIM1/SAI1)",
"PR1 (Pathogenesis-Related protein 1)"
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x | 2,001 | 56 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the free-running period of PHYB gene expression compare to that of CAB gene expression under constant light conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The PHYB and CAB periods are identical.",
"The PHYB period is approximately 1 hour longer than the CAB period.",
"The CAB period is approximately 1 hour longer than the PHYB period."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | 2,002 | 60 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the regulatory effect of the phytochrome B (phyB) protein on the expression of its own gene (PHYB) in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"phyB protein positively regulates PHYB gene expression.",
"phyB protein has no effect on PHYB gene expression.",
"phyB protein negatively regulates PHYB gene expression."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | 2,002 | 60 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the absence of functional phytochrome B (phyB) affect the circadian period of CAB and PHYB gene expression under constant red light in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It lengthens the period for CAB but shortens it for PHYB expression.",
"It shortens the period for both CAB and PHYB expression.",
"It lengthens the period for both CAB and PHYB expression."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | 2,002 | 60 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the impact of mutations in core circadian clock components like ELF3 or LHY on the rhythmic expression of the PHYB gene in Arabidopsis thaliana under constant light? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Mutations in ELF3 or LHY significantly shorten the period of PHYB expression.",
"Mutations in ELF3 or LHY lead to arrhythmia in PHYB expression.",
"Mutations in ELF3 or LHY only affect the amplitude, not the rhythmicity, of PHYB expression."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | 2,002 | 60 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Although PHYB and CAB gene expression rhythms have different periods in Arabidopsis thaliana, what does the analysis of photoreceptor and clock mutants suggest about the underlying clock mechanisms? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The clocks use entirely different molecular components and regulatory pathways.",
"The clocks share common components and likely represent similar mechanisms operating independently, possibly in different cells.",
"The clocks are tightly coupled and synchronized by a master oscillator located in the shoot apex."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x | 2,002 | 60 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
In which organ is the AtAGP30 arabinogalactan-protein primarily expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Flowers",
"Leaves",
"Roots"
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | 2,003 | 112 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What process requires AtAGP30 function specifically for in vitro initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Somatic embryogenesis",
"Root initiation",
"Shoot initiation"
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | 2,003 | 112 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the absence of AtAGP30 (in the agp30 mutant) affect seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence of abscisic acid (ABA)? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It increases the ABA-induced delay, leading to slower germination.",
"It completely blocks germination regardless of ABA presence.",
"It reduces the ABA-induced delay, leading to faster germination."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | 2,003 | 112 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What role does the AtAGP30 protein play concerning the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in Arabidopsis thaliana? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It modulates the perception of ABA, influencing the plant's response.",
"It degrades ABA, reducing its overall levels.",
"It directly synthesizes ABA in the roots."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | 2,003 | 112 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the observed phenotypic consequence of ectopically expressing AtAGP30 throughout Arabidopsis thaliana? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Severely impaired shoot development.",
"Enhanced root growth and branching.",
"Accelerated flowering time."
] | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x | 2,003 | 112 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
Approximately how many genes were identified as being more highly expressed in *Lotus japonicus* nodules compared to roots in the transcriptome analysis? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Lotus japonicus"
] | [
"Around 2500 genes",
"Around 860 genes",
"Over 5000 genes"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | 2,004 | 253 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What major functional group constitutes about one-third of the genes found to be upregulated in *Lotus japonicus* nodules? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Lotus japonicus"
] | [
"Protein synthesis and cell biogenesis",
"Metabolism and transport",
"Signaling and transcription control"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | 2,004 | 253 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Which group of metabolic pathways appears coordinately upregulated in *Lotus japonicus* nodules based on transcriptome analysis? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Lotus japonicus"
] | [
"Photosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and starch storage",
"Cell wall synthesis, hormone degradation, and lipid breakdown",
"Glycolysis, CO2 fixation, amino acid biosynthesis, and redox metabolism"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | 2,004 | 253 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
In addition to the expected hypoxia, what other physiological stress conditions are indicated by the gene expression patterns within *Lotus japonicus* nodule cells? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Lotus japonicus"
] | [
"P-limitation and osmotic stress",
"Heat shock and drought stress",
"Heavy metal toxicity and light stress"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | 2,004 | 253 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the primary nitrogen-containing compound exported from mature *Lotus japonicus* nodules? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Lotus japonicus"
] | [
"Asparagine",
"Ammonium",
"Glutamine"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x | 2,004 | 253 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the primary function attributed to the product of the MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 4 (MAX4) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It is required for producing a mobile signal that inhibits shoot branching.",
"It promotes the outgrowth of axillary buds.",
"It directly senses auxin levels in the axillary bud."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | 2,005 | 114 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
In which tissues is the expression of the MAX4 gene significantly upregulated by auxin treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"In the nodal tissue of the stem.",
"In the shoot apical meristem.",
"In the root elongation zone and hypocotyl."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | 2,005 | 114 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the transcriptional regulation of MAX4 by auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana nodal tissue compare to its ortholog RMS1 in pea nodal tissue? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Both MAX4 and RMS1 are strongly upregulated by auxin in nodal tissue.",
"MAX4 shows little to no auxin-induced upregulation in nodal tissue, unlike RMS1 which is strongly upregulated.",
"MAX4 is strongly upregulated by auxin in nodal tissue, while RMS1 is not."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | 2,005 | 114 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Regarding the interaction between auxin and the MAX pathway for shoot branching control in Arabidopsis thaliana, where is the functionally significant point of interaction indicated to occur? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"At the level of MAX4 gene transcription in the nodal tissue.",
"Through auxin-mediated stabilization of the MAX4 protein.",
"Post-synthesis of the MAX4-dependent mobile signal."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | 2,005 | 114 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What effect does the simultaneous application of cytokinin have on the auxin-induced upregulation of MAX4 gene expression in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It enhances the level of auxin-induced upregulation.",
"It reduces the level of auxin-induced upregulation.",
"It completely abolishes any MAX4 expression."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x | 2,005 | 114 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How can Plum Pox Virus (PPV) systemic spread be enabled in *Nicotiana tabacum*, a host where its movement is normally restricted? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"By co-infecting the plant with Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV).",
"Only through mechanical inoculation directly into the vascular tissues.",
"By expressing a viral silencing suppressor (like TEV P1/HC-Pro) or by depleting salicylic acid (SA) via NahG expression."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | 2,006 | 139 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the proposed role of salicylic acid (SA) concerning RNA silencing during Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infection in *Nicotiana tabacum*? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"SA directly inhibits PPV replication independent of RNA silencing.",
"SA enhances the RNA-silencing antiviral defense pathway.",
"SA suppresses the RNA-silencing mechanism, thereby promoting viral spread."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | 2,006 | 139 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Which specific host gene, associated with both RNA silencing and salicylic acid response, exhibits increased transcript levels following Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infection in wild-type *Nicotiana tabacum*? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"The Pathogenesis-Related protein PR-1a gene.",
"The putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NtRDR1.",
"The bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) gene."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | 2,006 | 139 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the presence of the TEV P1/HC-Pro silencing suppressor influence the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense system in *Nicotiana tabacum* when challenged with Plum Pox Virus (PPV)? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"It modifies the expression patterns and timing of SA-related defense genes like PR proteins and AOX-1.",
"It completely inhibits the activation of any SA-mediated defense response.",
"It leads to a significant decrease in basal SA levels within the plant."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | 2,006 | 139 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What does the observation of increased Plum Pox Virus (PPV) systemic spread in double-transgenic *Nicotiana tabacum* expressing both NahG and TEV P1/HC-Pro, compared to plants with single transgenes, imply about host defenses? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"TEV P1/HC-Pro enhances viral spread primarily by degrading salicylic acid.",
"RNA-silencing is the sole effective defense mechanism against PPV in tobacco.",
"Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense and RNA-silencing represent distinct, cooperative defense mechanisms that limit PPV spread."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x | 2,006 | 139 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What are the subunit components of the native, non-proteolysed Class-2 PEPC complex identified in developing Ricinus communis endosperm? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Ricinus communis"
] | [
"Four identical p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC) subunits.",
"The p118 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) and the p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC).",
"The truncated p64 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) and the p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC)."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | 2,007 | 65 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What modification occurs to the p118 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) subunit in Ricinus communis extracts under specific incubation conditions? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Ricinus communis"
] | [
"It dissociates completely from the p107 subunit and becomes inactive.",
"It becomes phosphorylated at its N-terminus, enhancing its activity.",
"It undergoes truncation to a smaller p64 polypeptide by an endogenous cysteine endopeptidase."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | 2,007 | 65 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the subunit structure distinguish Class-1 PEPC from the native Class-2 PEPC in developing castor oil seeds? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Ricinus communis"
] | [
"Both Class-1 and Class-2 PEPC are homotetramers of p107, differing only in their native molecular mass.",
"Class-1 PEPC is a homotetramer of p107 subunits, whereas Class-2 PEPC is a hetero-oligomer containing both p118 and p107 subunits.",
"Class-1 PEPC is a hetero-oligomer of p118 and p107, whereas Class-2 PEPC is a homotetramer of p118."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | 2,007 | 65 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What functional role is suggested for the p118 BTPC subunit in the Class-2 PEPC complex of developing Ricinus communis, given that its truncation to p64 did not alter total PEPC activity? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Ricinus communis"
] | [
"The sole catalytic role, with p107 being regulatory.",
"A structural role only, stabilizing the complex without affecting activity or regulation.",
"A regulatory role rather than a primary catalytic role."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | 2,007 | 65 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the composition of PEPC complexes contrast between developing and germinating castor oil seeds? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Ricinus communis"
] | [
"Developing seeds possess both Class-1 (p107) and Class-2 (p118/p107) PEPCs, whereas germinating seeds mainly have Class-1 PEPC (p107) with no detectable p118 or Class-2 complex.",
"Germinating seeds exclusively contain the Class-2 PEPC complex (p118/p107), while developing seeds only have Class-1 (p107).",
"Both developing and germinating seeds contain identical amounts and types of Class-1 and Class-2 PEPC complexes."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x | 2,007 | 65 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the primary role of the MYBL2 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings regarding flavonoid biosynthesis? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.",
"It promotes the accumulation of anthocyanins.",
"It specifically regulates flavonol biosynthesis, leaving anthocyanins unaffected."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | 2,008 | 480 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
Which types of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana are regulated by MYBL2? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Only early biosynthetic genes (EBGs) like CHS and CHI.",
"Only the WD40-repeat protein TTG1.",
"Both structural genes (like DFR, LDOX) and regulatory genes (like TT8, GL3, PAP1)."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | 2,008 | 480 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does MYBL2 likely exert its inhibitory effect on flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"By directly binding to the promoters of late biosynthetic genes (LBGs) and repressing their transcription.",
"By enhancing the degradation of anthocyanin pigments after synthesis.",
"By interacting with BHLH proteins (like TT8, GL3) within the MBW regulatory complex, thus inhibiting its transcriptional activation function."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | 2,008 | 480 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the effect of overexpressing MYBL2 specifically in the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Specific inhibition of flavonol biosynthesis in the seed coat.",
"Inhibition of proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis.",
"Increased accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs)."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | 2,008 | 480 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does high light stress affect the expression of MYBL2 in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"MYBL2 expression remains unchanged regardless of light intensity.",
"High light significantly increases MYBL2 mRNA levels.",
"High light leads to a decrease in MYBL2 mRNA levels."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | Model Organisms | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x | 2,008 | 480 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What effect does the overexpression of the histone deacetylase OsHDAC1 typically have on seedling root growth in Oryza sativa? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"It decreases root length.",
"It increases root length.",
"It causes roots to branch excessively."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | 2,009 | 59 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the histone deacetylase OsHDAC1 influence the expression of the OsNAC6 gene in Oryza sativa roots? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"OsHDAC1 negatively regulates OsNAC6 expression.",
"OsHDAC1 positively regulates OsNAC6 expression.",
"OsHDAC1 has no effect on OsNAC6 expression."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | 2,009 | 59 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
Which gene acts as a primary mediator for the altered root growth phenotype observed in OsHDAC1-overexpressing Oryza sativa seedlings? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"FBP (Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase)",
"OsHDAC1",
"OsNAC6"
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | 2,009 | 59 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What epigenetic mechanism does OsHDAC1 employ to repress OsNAC6 gene expression in Oryza sativa? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"Deacetylation of specific lysine residues (K9, K14, K18 on H3; K5, K12, K16 on H4) at the OsNAC6 promoter.",
"Acetylation of histone H3K56 at the OsNAC6 promoter.",
"Methylation of CpG islands within the OsNAC6 coding sequence."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | 2,009 | 59 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the root growth phenotype of an OsNAC6 knock-out mutant compare to that of an OsHDAC1 overexpressor in Oryza sativa? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"The OsNAC6 knock-out has normal roots, while the OsHDAC1 overexpressor has longer roots.",
"The root phenotypes are similar (longer roots).",
"The OsNAC6 knock-out has shorter roots than the OsHDAC1 overexpressor."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x | 2,009 | 59 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is a key dual function of INDEHISCENT (IND) genes during fruit development in Brassicaceae species? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Brassicaceae"
] | [
"Enhancing replum size and inhibiting valve lignification.",
"Promoting valve margin cell fate and repressing replum formation.",
"Controlling seed size and promoting fruit elongation."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | 2,010 | 65 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How many functional copies of the INDEHISCENT (IND) orthologue are typically present in the diploid Brassica rapa genome? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Brassica rapa"
] | [
"One copy.",
"Two copies, one on chromosome A3 and one on C3.",
"Three copies, consistent with the genome triplication event."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | 2,010 | 65 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the significance of the conserved 400-bp region located upstream of the Arabidopsis thaliana INDEHISCENT (IND) gene? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It acts as a binding site primarily for replum-specific transcription factors.",
"It encodes a small regulatory RNA that controls IND translation.",
"It is sufficient to drive valve margin-specific gene expression and mediate regulation by SHP and FUL."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | 2,010 | 65 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the INDEHISCENT (IND) gene contribute to fruit patterning via hormonal control in Arabidopsis thaliana? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It promotes gibberellin synthesis specifically within the valves for elongation.",
"It establishes an auxin minimum at the valve margin by regulating auxin transport, crucial for separation layer specification.",
"It creates a peak of cytokinin concentration in the replum to define its boundaries."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | 2,010 | 65 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What combination of phenotypes characterises strong loss-of-function *braA.ind.a* mutants in *Brassica rapa*? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Brassica rapa"
] | [
"Complete absence of valves and replum, leading to a fused structure.",
"Increased fruit length and delayed maturation.",
"Defective valve margin formation and the appearance of outer replum tissue."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x | 2,010 | 65 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
How does *Blumeria graminis* infection affect stomatal function in *Hordeum vulgare* approximately 9 hours post-infection? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Hordeum vulgare"
] | [
"It accelerates light-induced opening by activating proton pumps.",
"It inhibits light-induced opening by stimulating S-type anion channels.",
"It forces stomata to remain open by inhibiting K+ channels."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | 2,011 | 61 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the effect of applying the fungal elicitor chitosan to the substomatal cavity of *Hordeum vulgare* leaves? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Hordeum vulgare"
] | [
"It has no significant effect on stomatal aperture but increases photosynthesis.",
"It triggers stomatal closure through the stimulation of S-type anion channels.",
"It induces stomatal opening by enhancing K+ uptake."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | 2,011 | 61 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the primary mechanism by which stimulated S-type anion channels cause stomatal closure in *Hordeum vulgare* guard cells following pathogen or elicitor perception? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Hordeum vulgare"
] | [
"Efflux of anions depolarizes the membrane, leading to K+ efflux and loss of turgor.",
"Influx of anions hyperpolarizes the membrane, promoting K+ uptake and swelling.",
"They directly block water channels, preventing turgor maintenance."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | 2,011 | 61 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What key molecular target in *Hordeum vulgare* guard cells is activated by both *Blumeria graminis* infection and its elicitor chitosan, contributing to stomatal closure? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Hordeum vulgare"
] | [
"S-type anion channels.",
"R-type anion channels.",
"K+ uptake channels."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | 2,011 | 61 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What characterizes the spatial range of the stomatal closure response induced by a single *Blumeria graminis* appressorium on a *Hordeum vulgare* leaf? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Hordeum vulgare"
] | [
"It is systemic, causing all stomata across the entire leaf surface to close.",
"It is localized, affecting stomata primarily within approximately 200 µm of the appressorium.",
"It only affects the single stoma directly positioned beneath the appressorium."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x | 2,011 | 61 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How are the rapid physiological responses during Arabidopsis pollen hydration and germination primarily thought to be regulated, given that mature pollen contains necessary transcripts and proteins? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Through immediate synthesis of new proteins via translation.",
"Through post-translational modifications like phosphorylation.",
"By initiating de novo transcription of essential genes."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | 2,012 | 69 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Approximately how many unique phosphoproteins are in mature Arabidopsis pollen? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"More than 1000.",
"Less than 100.",
"Around 600 (specifically 598)."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | 2,012 | 69 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What key characteristic was observed for the subset of 240 phosphoproteins identified in Arabidopsis pollen that were previously absent from the general Arabidopsis phosphoproteome database (PhosPhAt)? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They were exclusively membrane-bound proteins.",
"They exhibited highly enriched gene expression specifically in pollen.",
"They lacked conserved phosphorylation sites."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | 2,012 | 69 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Functional analysis (GO enrichment) of pollen-enriched phosphoproteins in Arabidopsis indicated their involvement in processes crucial for which specific stage of pollen development? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Early microspore formation within the anther.",
"Pollen tube growth and associated cellular activities (e.g., actin dynamics, vesicle transport).",
"Formation of the pollen outer wall (exine)."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | 2,012 | 69 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What specific type of phosphorylation was confirmed for the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK8/MPK15 within their conserved TDY motif in mature Arabidopsis pollen? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Phosphorylation on adjacent Serine residues instead of the TDY motif.",
"Phosphorylation only on the Threonine (T) residue.",
"Dual phosphorylation on both the Threonine (T) and Tyrosine (Y) residues."
] | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x | 2,012 | 69 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What is a primary proposed role of the FaBG3 gene in *Fragaria x ananassa* fruit? | HORMONES | [
"Fragaria x ananassa"
] | [
"Directly controlling cell wall structure independently of hormone levels.",
"Primarily involved in ethylene synthesis and response during ripening.",
"Modulating abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis and regulating ripening-related genes, affecting ripening, dehydration stress, and fungal infection resistance."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | Woody Perennials & Trees | HORMONES | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | 2,013 | 58 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What phenotypes are observed in *Fragaria x ananassa* fruits when FaBG3 expression is suppressed via RNAi? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Fragaria x ananassa"
] | [
"Incomplete ripening, reduced ABA levels, increased resistance to *Botrytis cinerea*, and increased sensitivity to dehydration.",
"Accelerated ripening, increased ABA levels, increased susceptibility to *Botrytis cinerea*, and decreased sensitivity to dehydration.",
"Normal ripening, unchanged ABA levels, but significantly altered fruit shape and size."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | Woody Perennials & Trees | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | 2,013 | 58 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
During which stage of *Fragaria x ananassa* fruit development does the expression of the FaBG3 gene typically peak? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Fragaria x ananassa"
] | [
"During the early green stages (Small Green/Large Green).",
"Expression remains constant throughout all developmental stages.",
"At the mature/ripening stages (Pink Ripening/Red Ripening), coinciding with abscisic acid (ABA) content changes."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | Woody Perennials & Trees | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | 2,013 | 58 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What biochemical function is proposed for β-glucosidases like FaBG3 in regulating active abscisic acid (ABA) levels in *Fragaria x ananassa*? | HORMONES | [
"Fragaria x ananassa"
] | [
"Hydrolysis of ABA glucose ester to release active ABA.",
"De novo synthesis of ABA from carotenoid precursors.",
"Conjugation of active ABA to glucose to form ABA glucose ester."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | Woody Perennials & Trees | HORMONES | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | 2,013 | 58 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What molecular changes are associated with the increased resistance of FaBG3-RNAi *Fragaria x ananassa* fruits to *Botrytis cinerea* infection? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Fragaria x ananassa"
] | [
"Up-regulation of cell-wall hydrolase genes and decreased PAL activity.",
"Increased ethylene production and activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins.",
"Down-regulation of cell-wall hydrolase genes and increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity leading to altered phenolic compound levels."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | Woody Perennials & Trees | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/tpj.12272 | 2,013 | 58 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the sequence of protein binding to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) produced by Pol V during RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"IDN2 binds first, followed by AGO4, and then DRM2 association depends only on IDN2.",
"AGO4 binds first, independently of IDN2, followed by IDN2 binding which depends on AGO4, and finally DRM2 association which depends on both AGO4 and IDN2.",
"DRM2 binds first, recruiting AGO4 and IDN2 simultaneously."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | 2,014 | 74 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is required for the association of the ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4) protein with Pol V-produced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Arabidopsis thaliana's RdDM pathway? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The presence of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and functional Pol V.",
"Only the presence of the IDN2 protein is required.",
"It occurs independently of both siRNAs and Pol V activity."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | 2,014 | 74 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
The association of the DNA methyltransferase DRM2 with Pol V-produced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana is dependent on which factors? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It is independent of AGO4, IDN2, and siRNAs, binding directly to the lncRNA structure.",
"It requires the prior association of AGO4 and IDN2, as well as the presence of siRNAs.",
"It only depends on the presence of AGO4."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | 2,014 | 74 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
In Arabidopsis thaliana, how do RdDM target loci dependent on IDN2/IDNL1/IDNL2 differ from those that are independent? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"IDN2-dependent loci are more frequently found in gene promoters and intergenic regions, whereas independent loci often overlap with transposons and centromeres.",
"IDN2-dependent loci primarily overlap transposons, while independent loci are mainly in promoters.",
"There is no significant difference in the genomic location between IDN2-dependent and independent RdDM loci."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | 2,014 | 74 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
Which RNA polymerases are crucial for generating the non-coding RNAs involved in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV) generates precursors for siRNAs, and RNA Polymerase V (Pol V) produces scaffold lncRNAs targeted by the silencing machinery.",
"Only RNA Polymerase II is involved in producing all necessary non-coding RNAs for RdDM.",
"RNA Polymerase I produces the siRNAs, and RNA Polymerase III produces the lncRNAs."
] | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.12563 | 2,014 | 74 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
How quickly can significant changes in mRNA accumulation be detected in Arabidopsis thaliana following the application of light stress? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Within 20-60 seconds",
"After 10-15 minutes",
"Only after 1 hour"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | 2,015 | 73 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What proportion of transcripts accumulating within the first 20-60 seconds of light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana are known to be responsive to H2O2 and ABA signaling? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Approximately 50%",
"More than 20%",
"Less than 5%"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | 2,015 | 73 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What effect did the transcriptional inhibitors α-amanitin and actinomycin D have on the accumulation of selected ultra-fast response transcripts in Arabidopsis thaliana under light stress? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Had no significant effect",
"Suppressed their accumulation",
"Enhanced their accumulation"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | 2,015 | 73 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Which Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, impaired in hormone signaling, showed enhanced tolerance to light stress? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"apx1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1)",
"rbohD (respiratory burst oxidase homolog D)",
"abi-1 (ABA insensitive 1)"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | 2,015 | 73 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
Does the ultra-fast transcriptional response (within 60 seconds) to light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana involve genes previously unknown to be related to light stress? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"No, only well-characterized stress response genes are involved.",
"No, the response is too fast for unknown gene activation.",
"Yes, it includes both known and previously unknown proteins and pathways."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13039 | 2,015 | 73 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
Which transcription factor is considered a ubiquitous and primary regulator of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) genes, including in the oil palm mesocarp? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Elaeis guineensis"
] | [
"ZFP-1",
"WRI1-1",
"NF-YB-1"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | Woody Perennials & Trees | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | 2,016 | 50 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the primary factor influencing the variation in palmitic acid (16:0) content in oil palm mesocarp oil, according to transcriptomic analysis? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Elaeis guineensis"
] | [
"The transcript level of FATB thioesterases",
"The transcript level of KASII (β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II)",
"The overall rate of TAG assembly"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | Woody Perennials & Trees | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | 2,016 | 50 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Which metabolic processes within the plastid are tightly transcriptionally coordinated with fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in the oil palm mesocarp? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Elaeis guineensis"
] | [
"Cytosolic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway",
"Photorespiration and amino acid synthesis",
"Plastidial glycolysis, transient starch storage, and carbon recapture pathways"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | Woody Perennials & Trees | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | 2,016 | 50 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
In addition to WRI1-1, what two novel transcription factors were identified as coregulators within the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) coexpression module in oil palm mesocarp? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Elaeis guineensis"
] | [
"NF-YB-1 and ZFP-1",
"LACS9 and GPDHc1",
"SAD-1 and FATA"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | Woody Perennials & Trees | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | 2,016 | 50 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
Which two enzymes, encoded by genes found coexpressed with FAS genes but in a different module, provide a key link between plastidial fatty acid synthesis and TAG assembly in the ER in oil palm? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Elaeis guineensis"
] | [
"LACS9 (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase) and GPDHc1 (cytosolic glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase)",
"FATA (Acyl-ACP thioesterase) and DGAT (Diacylglycerol acyltransferase)",
"KASIII (Ketoacyl-ACP synthase III) and LPAAT (Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase)"
] | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | Woody Perennials & Trees | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13208 | 2,016 | 50 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the MAPK kinase MPKK10.2 regulate stress responses in *Oryza sativa*? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"It activates MPK6 to promote bacterial streak resistance and MPK3 to promote drought tolerance.",
"It activates MPK3 to promote bacterial streak resistance and MPK6 to promote drought tolerance.",
"It inhibits both MPK6 and MPK3, decreasing resistance to both bacterial streak and drought."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | 2,017 | 111 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the relationship between MPKK10.2 and the MAPKs MPK6 and MPK3 in *Oryza sativa*? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"MPKK10.2 physically interacts with and phosphorylates both MPK6 and MPK3.",
"MPKK10.2 physically interacts only with MPK3 but phosphorylates both MAPKs.",
"MPKK10.2 only phosphorylates MPK6 but physically interacts with both MPK6 and MPK3."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | 2,017 | 111 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What are the distinct roles of the MAPK MPK6 in *Oryza sativa* stress responses? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"MPK6 promotes both bacterial streak (Xoc) resistance and drought tolerance.",
"MPK6 promotes resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) but negatively regulates drought tolerance.",
"MPK6 negatively regulates bacterial streak (Xoc) resistance but promotes drought tolerance."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | 2,017 | 111 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What specific role does the MAPK MPK3 play in *Oryza sativa*'s response to different stresses? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"MPK3 negatively regulates both drought tolerance and resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection.",
"MPK3 promotes drought tolerance but is not involved in the response to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection.",
"MPK3 promotes resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection but not drought tolerance."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | 2,017 | 111 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How does the association between MPKK10.2 and its target MAPKs change under different stress conditions in *Oryza sativa*? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"MPKK10.2 associates primarily with MPK3 after bacterial streak infection and with MPK6 after drought stress.",
"MPKK10.2 associates primarily with MPK6 after bacterial streak infection and with MPK3 after drought stress.",
"MPKK10.2 associates equally with both MPK6 and MPK3 under both bacterial streak infection and drought stress."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1111/tpj.13674 | 2,017 | 111 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
What type of transcription factors are HECATE (HEC) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, and what general role do they play? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They are MADS-box factors primarily regulating flowering time.",
"They are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors involved in diverse developmental processes like photomorphogenesis and meristem control.",
"They are zinc-finger factors mainly involved in root development."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | 2,018 | 22 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
How do HEC factors influence photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They interact with PIF proteins, preventing PIF binding to DNA and thus promoting photomorphogenesis.",
"They directly activate light-responsive genes, bypassing PIF factors.",
"They repress PIF protein expression, leading to skotomorphogenesis."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | 2,018 | 22 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is a key role of HEC factors in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They directly activate WUSCHEL expression to maintain the organizing center.",
"They regulate stem cell differentiation timing by interacting with factors like SPATULA and modulating hormone balance.",
"They primarily control leaf polarity and phyllotaxis independent of hormone signaling."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | 2,018 | 22 | 1 | Plant Journal | false |
Besides meristem and gynoecium development, what additional developmental process do HEC genes modulate in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Flowering time transition.",
"Seed dormancy duration.",
"Root hair formation."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | 2,018 | 22 | 0 | Plant Journal | false |
What is the relationship between HEC1 and NGATHA (NGA) transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristem (SAM) regulation? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"NGA factors directly repress HEC1 transcription to control SAM homeostasis.",
"HEC1 and NGA form an obligatory complex essential for all aspects of SAM development.",
"HEC1 activates NGA transcription, but they can function independently and have opposing effects on SAM size."
] | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1111/tpj.13930 | 2,018 | 22 | 2 | Plant Journal | false |
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