manufernandezbur/MoBiPlant · Datasets at Hugging Face

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In the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana, where do flavonols predominantly accumulate?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Equally distributed between guard cells and pavement cells.", "Primarily in pavement cells, with negligible amounts in guard cells.", "Primarily in guard cells, with negligible amounts in pavement cells." ]	10.1104/pp.113.233528	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.113.233528	2,014	187	2	Plant phys	false
What role do flavonols play in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells regarding Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Flavonols have no interaction with ROS.", "Flavonols promote the production of ROS.", "Flavonols act as antioxidants, suppressing ROS accumulation." ]	10.1104/pp.113.233528	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1104/pp.113.233528	2,014	187	2	Plant phys	false
How does the absence of flavonols, as seen in the Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutant, affect ABA-induced stomatal closure?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It leads to a slower ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type.", "It completely prevents ABA-induced stomatal closure.", "It leads to a more rapid ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type." ]	10.1104/pp.113.233528	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.113.233528	2,014	187	2	Plant phys	false
Which signaling pathway is required for ethylene to induce flavonol accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The EIN2-dependent ethylene signaling pathway.", "The cytokinin signaling pathway.", "The ABA signaling pathway." ]	10.1104/pp.113.233528	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.113.233528	2,014	187	0	Plant phys	false
What is the overall effect of ethylene-induced flavonol accumulation on ROS levels and ABA-mediated stomatal closure rate in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "No significant change in ROS levels or the rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Decreased ROS levels and a slower rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Increased ROS levels and a faster rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure." ]	10.1104/pp.113.233528	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.113.233528	2,014	187	1	Plant phys	false
What is the function of the WRKY42 transcription factor in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates resistance.", "It has no significant role in resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator and positively regulates resistance." ]	10.1104/pp.114.256016	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.114.256016	2,015	130	0	Plant phys	false
How does the WRKY45-2 protein function transcriptionally in Oryza sativa?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "It functions as a transcriptional activator.", "It functions as a transcriptional repressor.", "It functions as both an activator and a repressor depending on the target gene." ]	10.1104/pp.114.256016	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.114.256016	2,015	130	0	Plant phys	false
Which sequence describes the transcriptional regulatory cascade involving WRKY45-2, WRKY13, and WRKY42 in Oryza sativa defense against Magnaporthe oryzae?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "WRKY13 activates WRKY45-2, which represses WRKY42.", "WRKY42 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY45-2.", "WRKY45-2 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY42." ]	10.1104/pp.114.256016	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.114.256016	2,015	130	2	Plant phys	false
The negative regulatory role of WRKY42 in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae is primarily associated with the suppression of which signaling pathway?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "Ethylene (ET) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway." ]	10.1104/pp.114.256016	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.114.256016	2,015	130	1	Plant phys	false
Which rice WRKY transcription factor acts as a repressor and directly suppresses the expression of both WRKY42 and WRKY45-2?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Oryza sativa" ]	[ "WRKY13", "WRKY42", "WRKY45-2" ]	10.1104/pp.114.256016	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.114.256016	2,015	130	0	Plant phys	false
What is the primary consequence of losing AtPAT14 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Delayed leaf senescence and increased plant height.", "Enhanced resistance to all pathogen types.", "Accelerated leaf senescence and smaller plant stature." ]	10.1104/pp.15.00448	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1104/pp.15.00448	2,015	30	2	Plant phys	false
Which signaling pathway is primarily implicated in the early senescence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana atpat14 mutants?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway." ]	10.1104/pp.15.00448	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.15.00448	2,015	30	1	Plant phys	false
What type of enzyme is AtPAT14 and what is its role concerning leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It is a kinase that positively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a Protein S-Acyl Transferase (PAT) that negatively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a phosphatase involved in delaying flowering time." ]	10.1104/pp.15.00448	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.15.00448	2,015	30	1	Plant phys	false
Where is the AtPAT14 protein predominantly located within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Nucleus.", "Golgi apparatus.", "Plasma membrane." ]	10.1104/pp.15.00448	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.15.00448	2,015	30	1	Plant phys	false
How does the early senescence phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana atpat14 mutants relate to autophagy?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The early senescence is caused by hyperactive autophagy.", "The early senescence is directly caused by a blockage in autophagy.", "The early senescence is independent of defects in the autophagy process." ]	10.1104/pp.15.00448	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.15.00448	2,015	30	2	Plant phys	false
What is the effect of the auxin influx inhibitors 1-NOA and 2-NOA on nodulation in Medicago truncatula?	HORMONES	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "They have no effect on nodulation.", "They reduce nodulation.", "They increase nodulation." ]	10.1104/pp.16.01473	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.16.01473	2,017	57	1	Plant phys	false
Which auxin influx transporter gene in Medicago truncatula is induced during early nodule development and functions similarly to Arabidopsis AUX1?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "AtAUX1", "MtLAX2", "MtLAX1" ]	10.1104/pp.16.01473	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.16.01473	2,017	57	1	Plant phys	false
What phenotypes are observed in Medicago truncatula mtlax2 mutants compared to wild-type plants?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "Reduced auxin response, fewer lateral roots, and fewer nodules.", "Increased auxin response, more lateral roots, and more nodules.", "Normal auxin response, but increased root hair length and faster gravitropism." ]	10.1104/pp.16.01473	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1104/pp.16.01473	2,017	57	0	Plant phys	false
What is the role of MtLAX2-mediated auxin accumulation in Medicago truncatula nodule development?	HORMONES	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "It is important for nodule formation.", "It inhibits nodule formation.", "It is only required for lateral root development, not nodulation." ]	10.1104/pp.16.01473	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.16.01473	2,017	57	0	Plant phys	false
How does the mutation of MtLAX2 in Medicago truncatula affect the expression of the early auxin responsive gene ARF16a after rhizobial inoculation?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Medicago truncatula" ]	[ "ARF16a expression is decreased.", "ARF16a expression remains unchanged.", "ARF16a expression is increased." ]	10.1104/pp.16.01473	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.16.01473	2,017	57	0	Plant phys	false
What is the proposed evolutionary origin of the FT-like and TFL1-like clades within the plant PEBP gene family?	EVOLUTION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "They are thought to have arisen from an ancestral MFT-like clade through gene duplication events.", "The MFT-like clade is believed to have originated from the TFL1-like clade.", "They evolved independently from different ancestral genes outside the PEBP family." ]	10.1104/pp.18.00725	Non-specific	EVOLUTION	10.1104/pp.18.00725	2,018	34	0	Plant phys	false
What is the function of the NsCET1 gene, identified in Nicotiana sylvestris, in relation to flowering?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Nicotiana sylvestris" ]	[ "It acts cell-autonomously within the shoot apex to directly activate floral meristem identity genes.", "It functions as a mobile florigen, promoting flowering in response to photoperiod.", "It acts as a mobile, non-cell-autonomous inhibitor of flowering, similar to Arabidopsis ATC." ]	10.1104/pp.18.00725	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.18.00725	2,018	34	2	Plant phys	false
What characteristic regarding mobility was demonstrated for the NsCET1 transcript in grafting experiments involving tobacco and Arabidopsis?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "NsCET1 mRNA was shown to be mobile, capable of moving long distances between grafted plants, including across species.", "NsCET1 mRNA movement was restricted to within the source plant and could not cross the graft union.", "Only the NsCET1 protein, but not its mRNA, was found to be mobile across graft junctions." ]	10.1104/pp.18.00725	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.18.00725	2,018	34	0	Plant phys	false
What did heterografting experiments between tobacco and tomato reveal about the mobility of mRNAs from different PEBP gene family clades?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "mRNA mobility was limited to TFL1-like (antiflorigen) genes, but not observed for FT-like or MFT-like genes.", "Only mRNAs from the FT-like (florigen) clade were mobile, while TFL1-like and MFT-like mRNAs were not.", "mRNAs from multiple members of the FT-like, TFL1-like, and MFT-like clades were found to be mobile between the two species." ]	10.1104/pp.18.00725	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1104/pp.18.00725	2,018	34	2	Plant phys	false
How does the function of some FT-like genes (NtFT1, NtFT2, NtFT3) in Nicotiana tabacum differ from the typical function of FT in Arabidopsis?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "In tobacco, these specific FT-like genes act as floral inhibitors, whereas Arabidopsis FT typically promotes flowering.", "These tobacco FT-like genes have no role in flowering time regulation, unlike Arabidopsis FT.", "In tobacco, these FT-like genes promote flowering more strongly than Arabidopsis FT." ]	10.1104/pp.18.00725	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.18.00725	2,018	34	0	Plant phys	false
What is the primary site of temperature perception required for hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Roots", "Cotyledons", "Hypocotyl" ]	10.1104/pp.18.01377	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1104/pp.18.01377	2,019	107	1	Plant phys	false
Which hormone pathway is locally activated in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl by the mobile auxin signal originating from warm-sensing cotyledons?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Brassinosteroid signaling", "Gibberellin signaling", "Ethylene signaling" ]	10.1104/pp.18.01377	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1104/pp.18.01377	2,019	107	0	Plant phys	false
Besides temperature sensing in the cotyledons, what additional component is required within the Arabidopsis hypocotyl for temperature-induced elongation?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Direct light perception via phototropins", "Autonomous auxin synthesis independent of cotyledons", "A permissive temperature sensor that gates the auxin response" ]	10.1104/pp.18.01377	Model Organisms	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1104/pp.18.01377	2,019	107	2	Plant phys	false
How does the temperature response mechanism of Arabidopsis roots differ fundamentally from that of hypocotyls?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Roots are completely insensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations.", "Roots rely entirely on auxin transported downwards from the shoot apex.", "Roots can sense and respond to temperature changes autonomously, without shoot-derived signals." ]	10.1104/pp.18.01377	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1104/pp.18.01377	2,019	107	2	Plant phys	false
What is a primary transcriptional function of the PIF4 factor in the cotyledons of Arabidopsis during the thermomorphogenesis response?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Repressing the transcription of photoreceptor genes like phytochrome B.", "Directly activating genes involved in cell wall modification.", "Inducing the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes like YUC8." ]	10.1104/pp.18.01377	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.18.01377	2,019	107	2	Plant phys	false
How do AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) regulate SOMNUS (SOM) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under high temperature?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They cooperate to epigenetically activate SOM expression by reading H3K4me3 and mediating H4K5 acetylation.", "AGL67 represses EBS, which in turn activates SOM expression via H3K27me3.", "They independently repress SOM expression through DNA methylation." ]	10.1104/pp.20.00056	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.20.00056	2,020	29	0	Plant phys	false
What is the role of the SOMNUS (SOM) protein in regulating its own gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SOM binds to its own promoter and represses its transcription.", "SOM is degraded upon binding to its own promoter, leading to reduced expression.", "SOM binds to its own promoter and activates its transcription." ]	10.1104/pp.20.00056	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.20.00056	2,020	29	2	Plant phys	false
Which specific cis-regulatory elements in the SOMNUS (SOM) promoter does AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) bind to in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "RY motifs in the distal region of the promoter.", "G-box elements scattered throughout the promoter.", "The cis-j and cis-k CArG-box motifs within the proximal P3 region." ]	10.1104/pp.20.00056	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.20.00056	2,020	29	2	Plant phys	false
What is the epigenetic function of EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) at the SOMNUS (SOM) locus in Arabidopsis thaliana during thermoinhibition?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "EBS removes H3K4me3 marks, leading to SOM repression.", "EBS reads H3K4me3 marks and facilitates H4K5 acetylation, activating SOM expression.", "EBS deposits H3K27me3 marks, silencing the SOM locus." ]	10.1104/pp.20.00056	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.20.00056	2,020	29	1	Plant phys	false
What is the genetic relationship between AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and SOMNUS (SOM) in controlling seed germination thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "SOM acts downstream of AGL67; AGL67 targets SOM to control thermotolerance.", "AGL67 and SOM function in parallel, independent pathways.", "AGL67 acts downstream of SOM; SOM targets AGL67 to control thermotolerance." ]	10.1104/pp.20.00056	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1104/pp.20.00056	2,020	29	0	Plant phys	false
At which growth stage is the secretion of α-tomatine by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots generally highest in hydroponic culture?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Green-fruit stage", "Flowering stage", "Early vegetative growth stage" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	2,021	57	2	Plant phys	false
How do α-tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine affect soil bacterial communities?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "They primarily enhance fungal growth while suppressing bacteria", "They modulate the communities in a concentration-dependent manner", "They specifically inhibit all Gram-negative bacteria regardless of concentration" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	Solanaceae & Relatives	ENVIRONMENT	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	2,021	57	1	Plant phys	false
Which bacterial family is consistently observed to be enriched in the rhizosphere of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and also increases in abundance when soil is treated with tomatine or tomatidine?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Enterobacteriaceae", "Rhizobiaceae", "Sphingomonadaceae" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	Solanaceae & Relatives	ENVIRONMENT	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	2,021	57	2	Plant phys	false
What is a key characteristic of the jre4-1 mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) concerning its interaction with rhizosphere bacteria?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Complete sterility of the rhizosphere due to altered root exudates", "Reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae associated with low tomatine production", "Increased secretion of tomatine leading to higher overall bacterial diversity" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	2,021	57	1	Plant phys	false
What metabolic transformation can α-tomatine undergo in the soil environment due to microbial activity?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Polymerization into complex carbohydrate structures", "Conversion into volatile organic compounds", "Degradation to its aglycone, tomatidine" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiab069	2,021	57	2	Plant phys	false
What type of genetic alteration underlies the short fiber phenotype in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) mutant of Gossypium hirsutum L.?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]	[ "Loss of the entire D13 chromosome.", "A single point mutation within a key fiber elongation gene.", "A large structural rearrangement on chromosome D13 involving a deletion and a tandem inverted duplication." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	2,022	7	2	Plant phys	false
Which molecular mechanism is triggered by the structural rearrangement at the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) locus in Gossypium hirsutum L., leading to reduced fiber length?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]	[ "Disruption of a microRNA gene essential for fiber development.", "Formation of a hairpin RNA structure from the Gh_D13G2437 gene, resulting in siRNA production and gene silencing.", "Overexpression of a fiber growth inhibitor due to promoter capture." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	2,022	7	1	Plant phys	false
The gene Gh_D13G2437, affected by the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) mutation in Gossypium hirsutum L., encodes a protein belonging to which family?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]	[ "MYB Transcription Factor", "Cellulose Synthase (CesA)", "Ran-Binding Protein 1 (RanBP1)" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	2,022	7	2	Plant phys	false
What molecules, produced as a consequence of the structural rearrangement in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) cotton mutant, directly inhibit the expression of RanBP1 family genes during fiber elongation?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]	[ "Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)", "Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)", "Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	2,022	7	1	Plant phys	false
What phenotypic effect was observed when the Gh_D13G2437 gene was overexpressed in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) cotton mutant?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]	[ "Exacerbation of the short lint fiber phenotype.", "Partial recovery of the long lint fiber phenotype.", "Complete restoration of the wild-type long lint fiber phenotype." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1093/plphys/kiac384	2,022	7	1	Plant phys	false
What role do the splicing factors SCL33 and its paralog SCL33L play in regulating alternative splicing during the development of Brachypodium distachyon?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]	[ "They play redundant and sometimes antagonistic roles in regulating intron assembly across distinct developmental stages.", "SCL33 is the primary regulator, while SCL33L enhances its activity synergistically.", "They exclusively control the splicing of non-coding RNAs, having no impact on protein-coding gene development." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	2,023	3	0	Plant phys	false
Which type of alternative splicing event was found to be the most predominant across different developmental stages in Brachypodium distachyon?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]	[ "Exon Skipping (SE)", "Intron Retention (IR)", "Mutually Exclusive Exons (MXE)" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	2,023	3	1	Plant phys	false
What is a key function of microRNA156 (miR156) related to developmental transitions in Brachypodium distachyon?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]	[ "It primarily regulates root development independent of shoot developmental stage.", "It acts as an age monitor influencing phase transitions, partly by modulating alternative splicing profiles.", "It accelerates developmental transitions by promoting the degradation of floral repressors." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	2,023	3	1	Plant phys	false
How does miR156 regulate the expression of its target SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes in Brachypodium distachyon, beyond canonical mRNA cleavage or translational repression?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]	[ "miR156 promotes the export of SPL transcripts from the nucleus, increasing their cytoplasmic abundance.", "miR156 guides epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, at SPL gene loci.", "miR156 influences the alternative splicing of SPL transcripts, such as altering intron retention patterns." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	2,023	3	2	Plant phys	false
What is the relationship between the regulatory networks of miR156 and the SCL33/SCL33L splicing factors in controlling age-dependent alternative splicing in Brachypodium distachyon?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]	[ "Age-dependent alternative splicing events can be regulated coincidently or separately by both miR156 and SCL33/SCL33L.", "miR156 acts upstream, solely controlling the expression levels of SCL33 and SCL33L.", "SCL33/SCL33L function is entirely dependent on miR156 levels for regulating any alternative splicing." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiad223	2,023	3	0	Plant phys	false
How does the transcription factor HY5 modulate sugar transport in tomato fruit?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Represses the expression of the SWEET12c promoter, thereby decreasing sugar transport.", "Binds to the promoter of Sucrose Synthase (Susy) to enhance its activity.", "Binds directly to the G-box cis-element in the SWEET12c promoter to activate its expression." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	2,024	20	2	Plant phys	false
What is the role of the APETALA2a (AP2a) transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening regarding ethylene?	HORMONES	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "It acts as a positive regulator, increasing ethylene production.", "It acts as a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis.", "It directly mediates ethylene signal transduction downstream of the receptors." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	Solanaceae & Relatives	HORMONES	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	2,024	20	1	Plant phys	false
What is the role of RIN, TDR4, and MBP7 transcription factors concerning steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) during tomato ripening?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "They inhibit the degradation pathway of all alkaloid compounds.", "They promote the conversion of SGAs to less toxic metabolites.", "They significantly increase the de novo synthesis of SGAs." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	2,024	20	1	Plant phys	false
What are the primary effects on major metabolite classes when the HY5 gene is knocked out in tomato fruit?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "Flavonoid content decreases, while fructose and glucose contents increase.", "Both flavonoid and sugar contents decrease significantly.", "Carotenoid content significantly increases, while sugar content decreases." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	2,024	20	0	Plant phys	false
What is the general function of the RIN transcription factor in the context of tomato fruit ripening?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]	[ "It functions primarily as a repressor, delaying the onset of ripening.", "It specifically controls only carotenoid biosynthesis, independent of other ripening processes.", "It acts as a master positive regulator, critical for ripening by targeting numerous ripening-related genes." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiae195	2,024	20	2	Plant phys	false
What is the primary mechanism by which the enzyme F3'H (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) enhances freezing tolerance in Solanum commersonii?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum commersonii" ]	[ "By directly stabilizing cell membranes.", "By increasing the production of flavonoids with higher ROS scavenging capacity.", "By decreasing sugar accumulation." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	2,025	0	1	Plant phys	false
Which transcription factor directly activates the F3'H gene in Solanum commersonii in response to cold by binding its promoter?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Solanum commersonii" ]	[ "ScWRKY41", "ScMYB113", "ScHAC1" ]	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	2,025	0	0	Plant phys	false
How does the transcription factor ScWRKY41 activate ScF3'H gene expression epigenetically in Solanum commersonii?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Solanum commersonii" ]	[ "By recruiting a histone deacetylase to remove acetylation marks.", "By directly methylating the DNA in the promoter region.", "By recruiting the histone acetyltransferase ScHAC1 to increase H3K27 acetylation at the promoter." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	Solanaceae & Relatives	GENE REGULATION	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	2,025	0	2	Plant phys	false
What is a major metabolic consequence of overexpressing ScF3'H in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) that contributes to enhanced freezing tolerance?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Solanum tuberosum" ]	[ "Increased accumulation of kaempferol derivatives.", "Increased accumulation of quercetin derivatives.", "Decreased levels of all flavonoid types." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	2,025	0	1	Plant phys	false
How do flavonoids, particularly those influenced by F3'H activity, enhance plant tolerance to freezing stress?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "By acting as antifreeze proteins.", "By scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via their hydroxyl groups.", "By directly altering ice crystal formation." ]	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1093/plphys/kiaf070	2,025	0	1	Plant phys	false
What is a key advantage of modifying the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear genome in plants regarding gene flow?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Complete prevention of gene transfer through seeds.", "Enhanced gene expression stability in subsequent generations.", "Reduced risk of transgene escape via pollen due to maternal inheritance of chloroplasts." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	2,001	27	2	TIPS	false
What is a primary environmental concern associated with the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers in transgenic plants?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The potential horizontal transfer of these resistance genes to soil or gut microbes.", "The antibiotic resistance protein being toxic to beneficial insects.", "The marker gene reducing the overall yield of the genetically modified crop." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	Non-specific	ENVIRONMENT	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	2,001	27	0	TIPS	false
Which molecular mechanism allows for the removal of selectable marker genes, like aadA, from the chloroplast genome after transformation, facilitated by flanking direct repeats?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]	[ "Homologous recombination between the direct repeat sequences leading to excision of the flanked gene(s).", "Site-specific cleavage by restriction enzymes naturally present in the chloroplast.", "Epigenetic silencing of the marker gene during plant development." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	Solanaceae & Relatives	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	2,001	27	0	TIPS	false
What principle underlies the use of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene as an antibiotic-free selectable marker for chloroplast transformation?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Spinacia oleracea" ]	[ "The BADH enzyme produces a visible pigment, enabling visual selection of transformed shoots.", "The BADH enzyme detoxifies a toxic compound (betaine aldehyde) applied in the selection medium, allowing only transformed cells to survive.", "The BADH enzyme confers resistance to a common herbicide used for selection." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	2,001	27	1	TIPS	false
How does the efficiency of selecting tobacco chloroplast transformants using betaine aldehyde (BA) compare to selection using the antibiotic spectinomycin?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]	[ "Both BA and spectinomycin selection methods yielded comparable transformation efficiencies and regeneration times.", "Spectinomycin selection was found to be more efficient and rapid than BA selection.", "BA selection demonstrated significantly higher transformation efficiency and faster regeneration of transgenic shoots." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	Solanaceae & Relatives	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5	2,001	27	2	TIPS	false
How does the gene family size encoding GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases differ between Arabidopsis thaliana and mammals?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Mammals possess a significantly larger multigene family compared to Arabidopsis.", "Both Arabidopsis and mammals have only two genes encoding these kinases.", "Arabidopsis possesses a larger multigene family (ten genes) compared to mammals (two genes)." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	2,002	102	2	TIPS	false
What developmental process in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by the GSKs AtSK11 and AtSK12?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "They regulate flower patterning, influencing meristem and perianth organ numbers.", "They are primarily responsible for root hair elongation.", "They control the timing of seed germination." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	2,002	102	0	TIPS	false
What is the established role of the GSK homolog BIN2 (also known as ASKη or UCU1) in the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid signaling pathway?	HORMONES	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "BIN2 acts as a positive regulator, directly activated by brassinosteroid binding.", "BIN2 functions upstream of the BRI1 receptor, controlling its localization.", "BIN2 acts as a negative regulator downstream of the BRI1 receptor kinase." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	Model Organisms	HORMONES	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	2,002	102	2	TIPS	false
Which specific GSK homolog in Medicago sativa is rapidly activated in response to wounding?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Medicago sativa" ]	[ "AtGSK1, the salt-stress related kinase, is activated by wounding.", "WIG (Wound-Induced GSK) kinase activity is induced upon injury.", "MSK1, another Medicago GSK, shows reduced activity upon wounding." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	Legumes	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	2,002	102	1	TIPS	false
Regarding post-translational regulation, what significant difference exists at the N-terminus between plant GSKs and mammalian GSK-3?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Plant GSKs possess an extra N-terminal domain that enhances their activity upon phosphorylation, unlike mammalian GSK-3.", "Plant GSKs lack the conserved N-terminal Serine residue (Ser9 in mammals) that is phosphorylated by PKB/AKT to inhibit activity.", "Mammalian GSK-3 lacks the N-terminal regulatory region found in all plant GSKs." ]	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2	2,002	102	1	TIPS	false
What type of dormancy involves growth inhibition due to signals generated within the bud itself?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Ecodormancy", "Endodormancy", "Paradormancy" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	Non-specific	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	2,003	462	1	TIPS	false
At which phase of the cell cycle do cells in dormant vegetative buds typically arrest?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "S phase", "G1 phase", "G2 phase" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	2,003	462	1	TIPS	false
What protein complex phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) initiates the G1-S phase transition in the plant cell cycle?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "CYCD-CDK complex", "CYCB-CDKB complex", "RB-E2F complex" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	2,003	462	0	TIPS	false
Which plant hormone, primarily transported downwards from the shoot apex, plays a key role in regulating paradormancy (apical dominance)?	HORMONES	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Abscisic acid (ABA)", "Auxin", "Gibberellic acid (GA)" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	Non-specific	HORMONES	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	2,003	462	1	TIPS	false
What environmental cue primarily induces endodormancy and associated developmental changes in the terminal buds of deciduous trees like Betula papyrifera?	ENVIRONMENT	[ "Betula papyrifera" ]	[ "High nutrient availability", "Extended chilling periods", "Shortening day length" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	Woody Perennials & Trees	ENVIRONMENT	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013	2,003	462	2	TIPS	false
What strategy do plant viruses typically employ to counteract the host's antiviral RNA silencing defense?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Mimicking host microRNAs to overload the silencing machinery.", "Integrating viral RNA directly into the host genome to evade detection.", "Expressing specific proteins that suppress the RNA silencing pathway." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	2,004	153	2	TIPS	false
What is the function of the DICER enzyme family in RNA silencing?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Synthesizing complementary RNA strands using short RNAs as primers.", "Processing long double-stranded RNAs or precursor miRNAs into short RNA molecules (siRNAs or miRNAs).", "Binding directly to target mRNA sequences to block translation." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	2,004	153	1	TIPS	false
How does the Tombusvirus p19 protein primarily interfere with RNA silencing?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "By binding to short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, preventing their incorporation into the RISC complex.", "By directly inhibiting the activity of the DICER enzyme.", "By promoting the degradation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	2,004	153	0	TIPS	false
Which key component of the RNA silencing pathway is targeted by the Potyvirus HC-Pro suppressor protein?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).", "The primary viral RNA transcripts before processing.", "The DICER enzyme responsible for siRNA production." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	2,004	153	0	TIPS	false
Besides suppressing antiviral defense, what significant side-effect can viral silencing suppressors have on host plants?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Enhancing the plant's systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway.", "Interfering with endogenous small RNA pathways, such as miRNA regulation, leading to developmental defects.", "Specifically inducing the production of host antiviral proteins." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	Non-specific	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010	2,004	153	1	TIPS	false
What are the primary roles of glycosylation mediated by UGTs in plants?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Synthesis of primary metabolites and structural cell wall components.", "Direct catalysis of photosynthesis and respiration pathways.", "Regulation of hormone levels, detoxification, and modification of secondary metabolites." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	2,005	406	2	TIPS	false
What conserved sequence motif is characteristic of the plant-specific secondary metabolism glycosyltransferase family?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "The P450 heme-binding motif.", "The Walker A ATP-binding motif.", "The PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	2,005	406	2	TIPS	false
Besides inactivation or detoxification, what other functional consequence can glycosylation have on plant molecules, as exemplified by oat saponins or piceid?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "It primarily increases the molecule's volatility for scent production.", "It exclusively leads to the breakdown and catabolism of the molecule.", "It can be essential for the molecule's biological activity, such as antifungal properties." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	2,005	406	2	TIPS	false
How is the substrate specificity of plant UGTs typically described?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Absolutely specific to a single substrate both in vitro and in vivo.", "Completely random and non-selective under all conditions.", "Often broad in vitro but can exhibit significant regio-selectivity in vivo, sometimes conserved within UGT groups." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	Non-specific	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	2,005	406	2	TIPS	false
Which approaches have significantly advanced the functional characterization of plant UGTs, overcoming challenges like broad in vitro specificity?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Combining functional genomics (transcriptomics, metabolomics) with reverse genetics (mutant analysis).", "Focusing exclusively on phylogenetic analysis without experimental validation.", "Relying solely on classical protein purification and in vitro assays." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007	2,005	406	0	TIPS	false
What is the proposed base chromosome number for the ancestral karyotype of the Brassicaceae family used as a reference for comparative genomics?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "n = 12", "n = 5", "n = 8" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	2,006	456	2	TIPS	false
What sequence of events is proposed as a common mechanism for chromosome number reduction in Brassicaceae evolution?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Whole-genome duplication followed by gene loss.", "Chromosome fission followed by neocentromere formation.", "Pericentric inversion followed by reciprocal translocation and mini-chromosome elimination." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	2,006	456	2	TIPS	false
Why is Arabidopsis thaliana sometimes considered less suitable than the proposed ancestral karyotype as a standard for comparative genomics within the Brassicaceae family?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Its genome has undergone significant reduction and rearrangement (n=5) compared to the ancestral state (n=8).", "Its genome size is too large for easy comparison.", "It lacks conserved gene blocks found in other Brassicaceae." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	Model Organisms	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	2,006	456	0	TIPS	false
What major genomic event is hypothesized to have occurred uniquely in the ancestry of the Brassica genus after its divergence from Arabidopsis?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "Brassica" ]	[ "An ancient genome triplication (hexaploidy).", "A significant reduction in chromosome number.", "An ancient genome duplication (tetraploidy)." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	2,006	456	0	TIPS	false
How are the 24 conserved chromosomal blocks (A-X) primarily ordered and named in the proposed unified framework for Brassicaceae comparative genomics?	GENOME AND GENOMICS	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Based on the alphabetical order of the genes they contain.", "Based on their position and orientation in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome (n=5).", "Based on their position and orientation in the proposed ancestral karyotype (n=8)." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	Non-specific	GENOME AND GENOMICS	10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002	2,006	456	2	TIPS	false
What type of proteins are Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors", "Receptor-like kinases involved in cell surface signaling", "Ubiquitin E3 ligases targeting proteins for degradation" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	2,007	384	0	TIPS	false
Which molecular event initiates the light-induced degradation of the PIF3 protein?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Phosphorylation of PIF3 following direct interaction with photoactivated phytochromes", "Direct cleavage of PIF3 by activated phytochrome proteases", "Binding of PIF3 to cytoplasmic chaperone proteins" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	2,007	384	0	TIPS	false
With which form of phytochrome do PIFs, such as PIF3, preferentially interact?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "The biologically inactive, red light-absorbing form (Pr)", "The biologically active, far-red light-absorbing form (Pfr)", "Both Pr and Pfr forms with equal affinity" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	Model Organisms	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	2,007	384	1	TIPS	false
What is a primary role of PIF1 in regulating seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Inhibiting germination in the dark by suppressing gibberellin (GA) signaling and promoting abscisic acid (ABA) pathways", "Promoting germination by activating chlorophyll biosynthesis genes", "Enhancing germination under far-red light by stabilizing phytochrome A" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	2,007	384	0	TIPS	false
What is the function of the conserved Active Phytochrome-Binding (APB) motif located at the N-terminus of PIF proteins?	GENE REGULATION	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "It targets the PIF protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome independently of light", "It is required for the specific binding interaction with the active Pfr form of phytochrome B", "It mediates the binding of PIFs to G-box DNA sequences in target gene promoters" ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	Model Organisms	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001	2,007	384	1	TIPS	false
How does introducing glycinebetaine (GB) biosynthesis capabilities generally affect plants that don't naturally produce it?	BIOTECHNOLOGY	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "It has no significant effect on their stress tolerance but increases vegetative growth.", "It increases their tolerance to various abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and chilling.", "It decreases their tolerance to abiotic stresses." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	Non-specific	BIOTECHNOLOGY	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	2,008	465	1	TIPS	false
Following foliar application to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), where is glycinebetaine primarily translocated?	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]	[ "To actively growing meristematic tissues such as flower buds and shoot apices via the phloem.", "It remains localized within the treated leaf tissues only.", "It is primarily transported to the roots via the xylem." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	Solanaceae & Relatives	PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	2,008	465	0	TIPS	false
In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana accumulating glycinebetaine, what specific benefit is observed for reproductive structures under salt stress?	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]	[ "Enhanced development and reduced abortion of flower buds, leading to more siliques and seeds.", "Increased petal size but reduced seed viability.", "Delayed flowering to avoid the stress period." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	Model Organisms	GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	2,008	465	0	TIPS	false
Regarding subcellular localization, where does glycinebetaine (GB) accumulation often prove more effective for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants?	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "Targeting GB accumulation to the chloroplasts.", "Targeting GB accumulation to the mitochondria.", "Targeting GB accumulation exclusively to the cytosol." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	Non-specific	CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	2,008	465	0	TIPS	false
Besides direct osmoprotection, how else might glycinebetaine (GB) enhance plant stress tolerance at a molecular level?	GENE REGULATION	[ "non-specific" ]	[ "By directly inhibiting photosynthesis to conserve energy.", "By inducing the expression of specific stress-responsive genes, such as those encoding ROS-scavenging enzymes or membrane transporters.", "By breaking down toxic compounds produced under stress." ]	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	Non-specific	GENE REGULATION	10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007	2,008	465	1	TIPS	false

In the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana, where do flavonols predominantly accumulate?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Equally distributed between guard cells and pavement cells.", "Primarily in pavement cells, with negligible amounts in guard cells.", "Primarily in guard cells, with negligible amounts in pavement cells." ]

10.1104/pp.113.233528

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.113.233528

2,014

187

2

Plant phys

false

What role do flavonols play in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells regarding Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Flavonols have no interaction with ROS.", "Flavonols promote the production of ROS.", "Flavonols act as antioxidants, suppressing ROS accumulation." ]

10.1104/pp.113.233528

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1104/pp.113.233528

2,014

187

2

Plant phys

false

How does the absence of flavonols, as seen in the Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutant, affect ABA-induced stomatal closure?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It leads to a slower ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type.", "It completely prevents ABA-induced stomatal closure.", "It leads to a more rapid ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type." ]

10.1104/pp.113.233528

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.113.233528

2,014

187

2

Plant phys

false

Which signaling pathway is required for ethylene to induce flavonol accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The EIN2-dependent ethylene signaling pathway.", "The cytokinin signaling pathway.", "The ABA signaling pathway." ]

10.1104/pp.113.233528

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.113.233528

2,014

187

0

Plant phys

false

What is the overall effect of ethylene-induced flavonol accumulation on ROS levels and ABA-mediated stomatal closure rate in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "No significant change in ROS levels or the rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Decreased ROS levels and a slower rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Increased ROS levels and a faster rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure." ]

10.1104/pp.113.233528

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.113.233528

2,014

187

1

Plant phys

false

What is the function of the WRKY42 transcription factor in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates resistance.", "It has no significant role in resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator and positively regulates resistance." ]

10.1104/pp.114.256016

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.114.256016

2,015

130

0

Plant phys

false

How does the WRKY45-2 protein function transcriptionally in Oryza sativa?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "It functions as a transcriptional activator.", "It functions as a transcriptional repressor.", "It functions as both an activator and a repressor depending on the target gene." ]

10.1104/pp.114.256016

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.114.256016

2,015

130

0

Plant phys

false

Which sequence describes the transcriptional regulatory cascade involving WRKY45-2, WRKY13, and WRKY42 in Oryza sativa defense against Magnaporthe oryzae?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "WRKY13 activates WRKY45-2, which represses WRKY42.", "WRKY42 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY45-2.", "WRKY45-2 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY42." ]

10.1104/pp.114.256016

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.114.256016

2,015

130

2

Plant phys

false

The negative regulatory role of WRKY42 in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae is primarily associated with the suppression of which signaling pathway?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "Ethylene (ET) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway." ]

10.1104/pp.114.256016

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.114.256016

2,015

130

1

Plant phys

false

Which rice WRKY transcription factor acts as a repressor and directly suppresses the expression of both WRKY42 and WRKY45-2?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Oryza sativa" ]

[ "WRKY13", "WRKY42", "WRKY45-2" ]

10.1104/pp.114.256016

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.114.256016

2,015

130

0

Plant phys

false

What is the primary consequence of losing AtPAT14 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Delayed leaf senescence and increased plant height.", "Enhanced resistance to all pathogen types.", "Accelerated leaf senescence and smaller plant stature." ]

10.1104/pp.15.00448

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1104/pp.15.00448

2,015

30

2

Plant phys

false

Which signaling pathway is primarily implicated in the early senescence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *atpat14* mutants?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway." ]

10.1104/pp.15.00448

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.15.00448

2,015

30

1

Plant phys

false

What type of enzyme is AtPAT14 and what is its role concerning leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It is a kinase that positively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a Protein S-Acyl Transferase (PAT) that negatively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a phosphatase involved in delaying flowering time." ]

10.1104/pp.15.00448

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.15.00448

2,015

30

1

Plant phys

false

Where is the AtPAT14 protein predominantly located within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Nucleus.", "Golgi apparatus.", "Plasma membrane." ]

10.1104/pp.15.00448

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.15.00448

2,015

30

1

Plant phys

false

How does the early senescence phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana *atpat14* mutants relate to autophagy?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The early senescence is caused by hyperactive autophagy.", "The early senescence is directly caused by a blockage in autophagy.", "The early senescence is independent of defects in the autophagy process." ]

10.1104/pp.15.00448

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.15.00448

2,015

30

2

Plant phys

false

What is the effect of the auxin influx inhibitors 1-NOA and 2-NOA on nodulation in Medicago truncatula?

HORMONES

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "They have no effect on nodulation.", "They reduce nodulation.", "They increase nodulation." ]

10.1104/pp.16.01473

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.16.01473

2,017

57

1

Plant phys

false

Which auxin influx transporter gene in Medicago truncatula is induced during early nodule development and functions similarly to Arabidopsis AUX1?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "AtAUX1", "MtLAX2", "MtLAX1" ]

10.1104/pp.16.01473

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.16.01473

2,017

57

1

Plant phys

false

What phenotypes are observed in Medicago truncatula mtlax2 mutants compared to wild-type plants?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "Reduced auxin response, fewer lateral roots, and fewer nodules.", "Increased auxin response, more lateral roots, and more nodules.", "Normal auxin response, but increased root hair length and faster gravitropism." ]

10.1104/pp.16.01473

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1104/pp.16.01473

2,017

57

0

Plant phys

false

What is the role of MtLAX2-mediated auxin accumulation in Medicago truncatula nodule development?

HORMONES

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "It is important for nodule formation.", "It inhibits nodule formation.", "It is only required for lateral root development, not nodulation." ]

10.1104/pp.16.01473

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.16.01473

2,017

57

0

Plant phys

false

How does the mutation of MtLAX2 in Medicago truncatula affect the expression of the early auxin responsive gene ARF16a after rhizobial inoculation?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Medicago truncatula" ]

[ "ARF16a expression is decreased.", "ARF16a expression remains unchanged.", "ARF16a expression is increased." ]

10.1104/pp.16.01473

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.16.01473

2,017

57

0

Plant phys

false

What is the proposed evolutionary origin of the FT-like and TFL1-like clades within the plant PEBP gene family?

EVOLUTION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "They are thought to have arisen from an ancestral MFT-like clade through gene duplication events.", "The MFT-like clade is believed to have originated from the TFL1-like clade.", "They evolved independently from different ancestral genes outside the PEBP family." ]

10.1104/pp.18.00725

Non-specific

EVOLUTION

10.1104/pp.18.00725

2,018

34

0

Plant phys

false

What is the function of the NsCET1 gene, identified in Nicotiana sylvestris, in relation to flowering?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Nicotiana sylvestris" ]

[ "It acts cell-autonomously within the shoot apex to directly activate floral meristem identity genes.", "It functions as a mobile florigen, promoting flowering in response to photoperiod.", "It acts as a mobile, non-cell-autonomous inhibitor of flowering, similar to Arabidopsis ATC." ]

10.1104/pp.18.00725

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.18.00725

2,018

34

2

Plant phys

false

What characteristic regarding mobility was demonstrated for the NsCET1 transcript in grafting experiments involving tobacco and Arabidopsis?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "NsCET1 mRNA was shown to be mobile, capable of moving long distances between grafted plants, including across species.", "NsCET1 mRNA movement was restricted to within the source plant and could not cross the graft union.", "Only the NsCET1 protein, but not its mRNA, was found to be mobile across graft junctions." ]

10.1104/pp.18.00725

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.18.00725

2,018

34

0

Plant phys

false

What did heterografting experiments between tobacco and tomato reveal about the mobility of mRNAs from different PEBP gene family clades?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "mRNA mobility was limited to TFL1-like (antiflorigen) genes, but not observed for FT-like or MFT-like genes.", "Only mRNAs from the FT-like (florigen) clade were mobile, while TFL1-like and MFT-like mRNAs were not.", "mRNAs from multiple members of the FT-like, TFL1-like, and MFT-like clades were found to be mobile between the two species." ]

10.1104/pp.18.00725

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1104/pp.18.00725

2,018

34

2

Plant phys

false

How does the function of some FT-like genes (NtFT1, NtFT2, NtFT3) in Nicotiana tabacum differ from the typical function of FT in Arabidopsis?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "In tobacco, these specific FT-like genes act as floral inhibitors, whereas Arabidopsis FT typically promotes flowering.", "These tobacco FT-like genes have no role in flowering time regulation, unlike Arabidopsis FT.", "In tobacco, these FT-like genes promote flowering more strongly than Arabidopsis FT." ]

10.1104/pp.18.00725

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.18.00725

2,018

34

0

Plant phys

false

What is the primary site of temperature perception required for hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Roots", "Cotyledons", "Hypocotyl" ]

10.1104/pp.18.01377

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1104/pp.18.01377

2,019

107

1

Plant phys

false

Which hormone pathway is locally activated in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl by the mobile auxin signal originating from warm-sensing cotyledons?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Brassinosteroid signaling", "Gibberellin signaling", "Ethylene signaling" ]

10.1104/pp.18.01377

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1104/pp.18.01377

2,019

107

0

Plant phys

false

Besides temperature sensing in the cotyledons, what additional component is required within the Arabidopsis hypocotyl for temperature-induced elongation?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Direct light perception via phototropins", "Autonomous auxin synthesis independent of cotyledons", "A permissive temperature sensor that gates the auxin response" ]

10.1104/pp.18.01377

Model Organisms

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1104/pp.18.01377

2,019

107

2

Plant phys

false

How does the temperature response mechanism of Arabidopsis roots differ fundamentally from that of hypocotyls?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Roots are completely insensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations.", "Roots rely entirely on auxin transported downwards from the shoot apex.", "Roots can sense and respond to temperature changes autonomously, without shoot-derived signals." ]

10.1104/pp.18.01377

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1104/pp.18.01377

2,019

107

2

Plant phys

false

What is a primary transcriptional function of the PIF4 factor in the cotyledons of Arabidopsis during the thermomorphogenesis response?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Repressing the transcription of photoreceptor genes like phytochrome B.", "Directly activating genes involved in cell wall modification.", "Inducing the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes like YUC8." ]

10.1104/pp.18.01377

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.18.01377

2,019

107

2

Plant phys

false

How do AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) regulate SOMNUS (SOM) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under high temperature?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They cooperate to epigenetically activate SOM expression by reading H3K4me3 and mediating H4K5 acetylation.", "AGL67 represses EBS, which in turn activates SOM expression via H3K27me3.", "They independently repress SOM expression through DNA methylation." ]

10.1104/pp.20.00056

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.20.00056

2,020

29

0

Plant phys

false

What is the role of the SOMNUS (SOM) protein in regulating its own gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SOM binds to its own promoter and represses its transcription.", "SOM is degraded upon binding to its own promoter, leading to reduced expression.", "SOM binds to its own promoter and activates its transcription." ]

10.1104/pp.20.00056

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.20.00056

2,020

29

2

Plant phys

false

Which specific cis-regulatory elements in the SOMNUS (SOM) promoter does AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) bind to in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "RY motifs in the distal region of the promoter.", "G-box elements scattered throughout the promoter.", "The cis-j and cis-k CArG-box motifs within the proximal P3 region." ]

10.1104/pp.20.00056

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.20.00056

2,020

29

2

Plant phys

false

What is the epigenetic function of EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) at the SOMNUS (SOM) locus in Arabidopsis thaliana during thermoinhibition?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "EBS removes H3K4me3 marks, leading to SOM repression.", "EBS reads H3K4me3 marks and facilitates H4K5 acetylation, activating SOM expression.", "EBS deposits H3K27me3 marks, silencing the SOM locus." ]

10.1104/pp.20.00056

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.20.00056

2,020

29

1

Plant phys

false

What is the genetic relationship between AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and SOMNUS (SOM) in controlling seed germination thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "SOM acts downstream of AGL67; AGL67 targets SOM to control thermotolerance.", "AGL67 and SOM function in parallel, independent pathways.", "AGL67 acts downstream of SOM; SOM targets AGL67 to control thermotolerance." ]

10.1104/pp.20.00056

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1104/pp.20.00056

2,020

29

0

Plant phys

false

At which growth stage is the secretion of α-tomatine by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots generally highest in hydroponic culture?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Green-fruit stage", "Flowering stage", "Early vegetative growth stage" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

2,021

57

2

Plant phys

false

How do α-tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine affect soil bacterial communities?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "They primarily enhance fungal growth while suppressing bacteria", "They modulate the communities in a concentration-dependent manner", "They specifically inhibit all Gram-negative bacteria regardless of concentration" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

Solanaceae & Relatives

ENVIRONMENT

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

2,021

57

1

Plant phys

false

Which bacterial family is consistently observed to be enriched in the rhizosphere of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and also increases in abundance when soil is treated with tomatine or tomatidine?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Enterobacteriaceae", "Rhizobiaceae", "Sphingomonadaceae" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

Solanaceae & Relatives

ENVIRONMENT

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

2,021

57

2

Plant phys

false

What is a key characteristic of the jre4-1 mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) concerning its interaction with rhizosphere bacteria?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Complete sterility of the rhizosphere due to altered root exudates", "Reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae associated with low tomatine production", "Increased secretion of tomatine leading to higher overall bacterial diversity" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

2,021

57

1

Plant phys

false

What metabolic transformation can α-tomatine undergo in the soil environment due to microbial activity?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Polymerization into complex carbohydrate structures", "Conversion into volatile organic compounds", "Degradation to its aglycone, tomatidine" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiab069

2,021

57

2

Plant phys

false

What type of genetic alteration underlies the short fiber phenotype in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) mutant of Gossypium hirsutum L.?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]

[ "Loss of the entire D13 chromosome.", "A single point mutation within a key fiber elongation gene.", "A large structural rearrangement on chromosome D13 involving a deletion and a tandem inverted duplication." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

2,022

7

2

Plant phys

false

Which molecular mechanism is triggered by the structural rearrangement at the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) locus in Gossypium hirsutum L., leading to reduced fiber length?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]

[ "Disruption of a microRNA gene essential for fiber development.", "Formation of a hairpin RNA structure from the Gh_D13G2437 gene, resulting in siRNA production and gene silencing.", "Overexpression of a fiber growth inhibitor due to promoter capture." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

2,022

7

1

Plant phys

false

The gene Gh_D13G2437, affected by the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) mutation in Gossypium hirsutum L., encodes a protein belonging to which family?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]

[ "MYB Transcription Factor", "Cellulose Synthase (CesA)", "Ran-Binding Protein 1 (RanBP1)" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

2,022

7

2

Plant phys

false

What molecules, produced as a consequence of the structural rearrangement in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) cotton mutant, directly inhibit the expression of RanBP1 family genes during fiber elongation?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]

[ "Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)", "Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)", "Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

2,022

7

1

Plant phys

false

What phenotypic effect was observed when the Gh_D13G2437 gene was overexpressed in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li₂) cotton mutant?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ]

[ "Exacerbation of the short lint fiber phenotype.", "Partial recovery of the long lint fiber phenotype.", "Complete restoration of the wild-type long lint fiber phenotype." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1093/plphys/kiac384

2,022

7

1

Plant phys

false

What role do the splicing factors SCL33 and its paralog SCL33L play in regulating alternative splicing during the development of *Brachypodium distachyon*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]

[ "They play redundant and sometimes antagonistic roles in regulating intron assembly across distinct developmental stages.", "SCL33 is the primary regulator, while SCL33L enhances its activity synergistically.", "They exclusively control the splicing of non-coding RNAs, having no impact on protein-coding gene development." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

2,023

3

0

Plant phys

false

Which type of alternative splicing event was found to be the most predominant across different developmental stages in *Brachypodium distachyon*?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]

[ "Exon Skipping (SE)", "Intron Retention (IR)", "Mutually Exclusive Exons (MXE)" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

2,023

3

1

Plant phys

false

What is a key function of microRNA156 (miR156) related to developmental transitions in *Brachypodium distachyon*?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]

[ "It primarily regulates root development independent of shoot developmental stage.", "It acts as an age monitor influencing phase transitions, partly by modulating alternative splicing profiles.", "It accelerates developmental transitions by promoting the degradation of floral repressors." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

2,023

3

1

Plant phys

false

How does miR156 regulate the expression of its target SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes in *Brachypodium distachyon*, beyond canonical mRNA cleavage or translational repression?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]

[ "miR156 promotes the export of SPL transcripts from the nucleus, increasing their cytoplasmic abundance.", "miR156 guides epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, at SPL gene loci.", "miR156 influences the alternative splicing of SPL transcripts, such as altering intron retention patterns." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

2,023

3

2

Plant phys

false

What is the relationship between the regulatory networks of miR156 and the SCL33/SCL33L splicing factors in controlling age-dependent alternative splicing in *Brachypodium distachyon*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ]

[ "Age-dependent alternative splicing events can be regulated coincidently or separately by both miR156 and SCL33/SCL33L.", "miR156 acts upstream, solely controlling the expression levels of SCL33 and SCL33L.", "SCL33/SCL33L function is entirely dependent on miR156 levels for regulating any alternative splicing." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiad223

2,023

3

0

Plant phys

false

How does the transcription factor HY5 modulate sugar transport in tomato fruit?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Represses the expression of the SWEET12c promoter, thereby decreasing sugar transport.", "Binds to the promoter of Sucrose Synthase (Susy) to enhance its activity.", "Binds directly to the G-box cis-element in the SWEET12c promoter to activate its expression." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

2,024

20

2

Plant phys

false

What is the role of the APETALA2a (AP2a) transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening regarding ethylene?

HORMONES

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "It acts as a positive regulator, increasing ethylene production.", "It acts as a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis.", "It directly mediates ethylene signal transduction downstream of the receptors." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

Solanaceae & Relatives

HORMONES

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

2,024

20

1

Plant phys

false

What is the role of RIN, TDR4, and MBP7 transcription factors concerning steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) during tomato ripening?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "They inhibit the degradation pathway of all alkaloid compounds.", "They promote the conversion of SGAs to less toxic metabolites.", "They significantly increase the de novo synthesis of SGAs." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

2,024

20

1

Plant phys

false

What are the primary effects on major metabolite classes when the HY5 gene is knocked out in tomato fruit?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "Flavonoid content decreases, while fructose and glucose contents increase.", "Both flavonoid and sugar contents decrease significantly.", "Carotenoid content significantly increases, while sugar content decreases." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

2,024

20

0

Plant phys

false

What is the general function of the RIN transcription factor in the context of tomato fruit ripening?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ]

[ "It functions primarily as a repressor, delaying the onset of ripening.", "It specifically controls only carotenoid biosynthesis, independent of other ripening processes.", "It acts as a master positive regulator, critical for ripening by targeting numerous ripening-related genes." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiae195

2,024

20

2

Plant phys

false

What is the primary mechanism by which the enzyme F3'H (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) enhances freezing tolerance in *Solanum commersonii*?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum commersonii" ]

[ "By directly stabilizing cell membranes.", "By increasing the production of flavonoids with higher ROS scavenging capacity.", "By decreasing sugar accumulation." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

2,025

0

1

Plant phys

false

Which transcription factor directly activates the *F3'H* gene in *Solanum commersonii* in response to cold by binding its promoter?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Solanum commersonii" ]

[ "ScWRKY41", "ScMYB113", "ScHAC1" ]

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

2,025

0

Plant phys

false

How does the transcription factor ScWRKY41 activate *ScF3'H* gene expression epigenetically in *Solanum commersonii*?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Solanum commersonii" ]

[ "By recruiting a histone deacetylase to remove acetylation marks.", "By directly methylating the DNA in the promoter region.", "By recruiting the histone acetyltransferase ScHAC1 to increase H3K27 acetylation at the promoter." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

Solanaceae & Relatives

GENE REGULATION

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

2,025

0

2

Plant phys

false

What is a major metabolic consequence of overexpressing *ScF3'H* in cultivated potato (*Solanum tuberosum*) that contributes to enhanced freezing tolerance?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Solanum tuberosum" ]

[ "Increased accumulation of kaempferol derivatives.", "Increased accumulation of quercetin derivatives.", "Decreased levels of all flavonoid types." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

2,025

0

1

Plant phys

false

How do flavonoids, particularly those influenced by F3'H activity, enhance plant tolerance to freezing stress?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "By acting as antifreeze proteins.", "By scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via their hydroxyl groups.", "By directly altering ice crystal formation." ]

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1093/plphys/kiaf070

2,025

0

1

Plant phys

false

What is a key advantage of modifying the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear genome in plants regarding gene flow?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Complete prevention of gene transfer through seeds.", "Enhanced gene expression stability in subsequent generations.", "Reduced risk of transgene escape via pollen due to maternal inheritance of chloroplasts." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

2,001

27

2

TIPS

false

What is a primary environmental concern associated with the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers in transgenic plants?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The potential horizontal transfer of these resistance genes to soil or gut microbes.", "The antibiotic resistance protein being toxic to beneficial insects.", "The marker gene reducing the overall yield of the genetically modified crop." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

Non-specific

ENVIRONMENT

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

2,001

27

0

TIPS

false

Which molecular mechanism allows for the removal of selectable marker genes, like aadA, from the chloroplast genome after transformation, facilitated by flanking direct repeats?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]

[ "Homologous recombination between the direct repeat sequences leading to excision of the flanked gene(s).", "Site-specific cleavage by restriction enzymes naturally present in the chloroplast.", "Epigenetic silencing of the marker gene during plant development." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

Solanaceae & Relatives

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

2,001

27

0

TIPS

false

What principle underlies the use of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene as an antibiotic-free selectable marker for chloroplast transformation?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Spinacia oleracea" ]

[ "The BADH enzyme produces a visible pigment, enabling visual selection of transformed shoots.", "The BADH enzyme detoxifies a toxic compound (betaine aldehyde) applied in the selection medium, allowing only transformed cells to survive.", "The BADH enzyme confers resistance to a common herbicide used for selection." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

2,001

27

1

TIPS

false

How does the efficiency of selecting tobacco chloroplast transformants using betaine aldehyde (BA) compare to selection using the antibiotic spectinomycin?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ]

[ "Both BA and spectinomycin selection methods yielded comparable transformation efficiencies and regeneration times.", "Spectinomycin selection was found to be more efficient and rapid than BA selection.", "BA selection demonstrated significantly higher transformation efficiency and faster regeneration of transgenic shoots." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

Solanaceae & Relatives

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01949-5

2,001

27

2

TIPS

false

How does the gene family size encoding GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases differ between Arabidopsis thaliana and mammals?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Mammals possess a significantly larger multigene family compared to Arabidopsis.", "Both Arabidopsis and mammals have only two genes encoding these kinases.", "Arabidopsis possesses a larger multigene family (ten genes) compared to mammals (two genes)." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

2,002

102

2

TIPS

false

What developmental process in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by the GSKs AtSK11 and AtSK12?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "They regulate flower patterning, influencing meristem and perianth organ numbers.", "They are primarily responsible for root hair elongation.", "They control the timing of seed germination." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

2,002

102

0

TIPS

false

What is the established role of the GSK homolog BIN2 (also known as ASKη or UCU1) in the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid signaling pathway?

HORMONES

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "BIN2 acts as a positive regulator, directly activated by brassinosteroid binding.", "BIN2 functions upstream of the BRI1 receptor, controlling its localization.", "BIN2 acts as a negative regulator downstream of the BRI1 receptor kinase." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

Model Organisms

HORMONES

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

2,002

102

2

TIPS

false

Which specific GSK homolog in Medicago sativa is rapidly activated in response to wounding?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Medicago sativa" ]

[ "AtGSK1, the salt-stress related kinase, is activated by wounding.", "WIG (Wound-Induced GSK) kinase activity is induced upon injury.", "MSK1, another Medicago GSK, shows reduced activity upon wounding." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

Legumes

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

2,002

102

1

TIPS

false

Regarding post-translational regulation, what significant difference exists at the N-terminus between plant GSKs and mammalian GSK-3?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Plant GSKs possess an extra N-terminal domain that enhances their activity upon phosphorylation, unlike mammalian GSK-3.", "Plant GSKs lack the conserved N-terminal Serine residue (Ser9 in mammals) that is phosphorylated by PKB/AKT to inhibit activity.", "Mammalian GSK-3 lacks the N-terminal regulatory region found in all plant GSKs." ]

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2

2,002

102

1

TIPS

false

What type of dormancy involves growth inhibition due to signals generated within the bud itself?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Ecodormancy", "Endodormancy", "Paradormancy" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

Non-specific

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

2,003

462

1

TIPS

false

At which phase of the cell cycle do cells in dormant vegetative buds typically arrest?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "S phase", "G1 phase", "G2 phase" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

2,003

462

1

TIPS

false

What protein complex phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) initiates the G1-S phase transition in the plant cell cycle?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "CYCD-CDK complex", "CYCB-CDKB complex", "RB-E2F complex" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

2,003

462

0

TIPS

false

Which plant hormone, primarily transported downwards from the shoot apex, plays a key role in regulating paradormancy (apical dominance)?

HORMONES

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Abscisic acid (ABA)", "Auxin", "Gibberellic acid (GA)" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

Non-specific

HORMONES

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

2,003

462

1

TIPS

false

What environmental cue primarily induces endodormancy and associated developmental changes in the terminal buds of deciduous trees like *Betula papyrifera*?

ENVIRONMENT

[ "Betula papyrifera" ]

[ "High nutrient availability", "Extended chilling periods", "Shortening day length" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

Woody Perennials & Trees

ENVIRONMENT

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013

2,003

462

2

TIPS

false

What strategy do plant viruses typically employ to counteract the host's antiviral RNA silencing defense?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Mimicking host microRNAs to overload the silencing machinery.", "Integrating viral RNA directly into the host genome to evade detection.", "Expressing specific proteins that suppress the RNA silencing pathway." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

2,004

153

2

TIPS

false

What is the function of the DICER enzyme family in RNA silencing?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Synthesizing complementary RNA strands using short RNAs as primers.", "Processing long double-stranded RNAs or precursor miRNAs into short RNA molecules (siRNAs or miRNAs).", "Binding directly to target mRNA sequences to block translation." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

2,004

153

1

TIPS

false

How does the Tombusvirus p19 protein primarily interfere with RNA silencing?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "By binding to short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, preventing their incorporation into the RISC complex.", "By directly inhibiting the activity of the DICER enzyme.", "By promoting the degradation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

2,004

153

0

TIPS

false

Which key component of the RNA silencing pathway is targeted by the Potyvirus HC-Pro suppressor protein?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).", "The primary viral RNA transcripts before processing.", "The DICER enzyme responsible for siRNA production." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

2,004

153

0

TIPS

false

Besides suppressing antiviral defense, what significant side-effect can viral silencing suppressors have on host plants?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Enhancing the plant's systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway.", "Interfering with endogenous small RNA pathways, such as miRNA regulation, leading to developmental defects.", "Specifically inducing the production of host antiviral proteins." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

Non-specific

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.010

2,004

153

1

TIPS

false

What are the primary roles of glycosylation mediated by UGTs in plants?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Synthesis of primary metabolites and structural cell wall components.", "Direct catalysis of photosynthesis and respiration pathways.", "Regulation of hormone levels, detoxification, and modification of secondary metabolites." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

2,005

406

2

TIPS

false

What conserved sequence motif is characteristic of the plant-specific secondary metabolism glycosyltransferase family?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "The P450 heme-binding motif.", "The Walker A ATP-binding motif.", "The PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

2,005

406

2

TIPS

false

Besides inactivation or detoxification, what other functional consequence can glycosylation have on plant molecules, as exemplified by oat saponins or piceid?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "It primarily increases the molecule's volatility for scent production.", "It exclusively leads to the breakdown and catabolism of the molecule.", "It can be essential for the molecule's biological activity, such as antifungal properties." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

2,005

406

2

TIPS

false

How is the substrate specificity of plant UGTs typically described?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Absolutely specific to a single substrate both in vitro and in vivo.", "Completely random and non-selective under all conditions.", "Often broad in vitro but can exhibit significant regio-selectivity in vivo, sometimes conserved within UGT groups." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

Non-specific

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

2,005

406

2

TIPS

false

Which approaches have significantly advanced the functional characterization of plant UGTs, overcoming challenges like broad in vitro specificity?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Combining functional genomics (transcriptomics, metabolomics) with reverse genetics (mutant analysis).", "Focusing exclusively on phylogenetic analysis without experimental validation.", "Relying solely on classical protein purification and in vitro assays." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.007

2,005

406

0

TIPS

false

What is the proposed base chromosome number for the ancestral karyotype of the Brassicaceae family used as a reference for comparative genomics?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "n = 12", "n = 5", "n = 8" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

2,006

456

2

TIPS

false

What sequence of events is proposed as a common mechanism for chromosome number reduction in Brassicaceae evolution?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Whole-genome duplication followed by gene loss.", "Chromosome fission followed by neocentromere formation.", "Pericentric inversion followed by reciprocal translocation and mini-chromosome elimination." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

2,006

456

2

TIPS

false

Why is Arabidopsis thaliana sometimes considered less suitable than the proposed ancestral karyotype as a standard for comparative genomics within the Brassicaceae family?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Its genome has undergone significant reduction and rearrangement (n=5) compared to the ancestral state (n=8).", "Its genome size is too large for easy comparison.", "It lacks conserved gene blocks found in other Brassicaceae." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

Model Organisms

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

2,006

456

0

TIPS

false

What major genomic event is hypothesized to have occurred uniquely in the ancestry of the Brassica genus after its divergence from Arabidopsis?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "Brassica" ]

[ "An ancient genome triplication (hexaploidy).", "A significant reduction in chromosome number.", "An ancient genome duplication (tetraploidy)." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

2,006

456

0

TIPS

false

How are the 24 conserved chromosomal blocks (A-X) primarily ordered and named in the proposed unified framework for Brassicaceae comparative genomics?

GENOME AND GENOMICS

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Based on the alphabetical order of the genes they contain.", "Based on their position and orientation in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome (n=5).", "Based on their position and orientation in the proposed ancestral karyotype (n=8)." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

Non-specific

GENOME AND GENOMICS

10.1016/j.tplants.2006.09.002

2,006

456

2

TIPS

false

What type of proteins are Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors", "Receptor-like kinases involved in cell surface signaling", "Ubiquitin E3 ligases targeting proteins for degradation" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

2,007

384

0

TIPS

false

Which molecular event initiates the light-induced degradation of the PIF3 protein?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Phosphorylation of PIF3 following direct interaction with photoactivated phytochromes", "Direct cleavage of PIF3 by activated phytochrome proteases", "Binding of PIF3 to cytoplasmic chaperone proteins" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

2,007

384

0

TIPS

false

With which form of phytochrome do PIFs, such as PIF3, preferentially interact?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "The biologically inactive, red light-absorbing form (Pr)", "The biologically active, far-red light-absorbing form (Pfr)", "Both Pr and Pfr forms with equal affinity" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

Model Organisms

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

2,007

384

1

TIPS

false

What is a primary role of PIF1 in regulating seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Inhibiting germination in the dark by suppressing gibberellin (GA) signaling and promoting abscisic acid (ABA) pathways", "Promoting germination by activating chlorophyll biosynthesis genes", "Enhancing germination under far-red light by stabilizing phytochrome A" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

2,007

384

0

TIPS

false

What is the function of the conserved Active Phytochrome-Binding (APB) motif located at the N-terminus of PIF proteins?

GENE REGULATION

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "It targets the PIF protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome independently of light", "It is required for the specific binding interaction with the active Pfr form of phytochrome B", "It mediates the binding of PIFs to G-box DNA sequences in target gene promoters" ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

Model Organisms

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.001

2,007

384

1

TIPS

false

How does introducing glycinebetaine (GB) biosynthesis capabilities generally affect plants that don't naturally produce it?

BIOTECHNOLOGY

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "It has no significant effect on their stress tolerance but increases vegetative growth.", "It increases their tolerance to various abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and chilling.", "It decreases their tolerance to abiotic stresses." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

Non-specific

BIOTECHNOLOGY

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

2,008

465

1

TIPS

false

Following foliar application to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), where is glycinebetaine primarily translocated?

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ]

[ "To actively growing meristematic tissues such as flower buds and shoot apices via the phloem.", "It remains localized within the treated leaf tissues only.", "It is primarily transported to the roots via the xylem." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

Solanaceae & Relatives

PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

2,008

465

0

TIPS

false

In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana accumulating glycinebetaine, what specific benefit is observed for reproductive structures under salt stress?

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ]

[ "Enhanced development and reduced abortion of flower buds, leading to more siliques and seeds.", "Increased petal size but reduced seed viability.", "Delayed flowering to avoid the stress period." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

Model Organisms

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

2,008

465

0

TIPS

false

Regarding subcellular localization, where does glycinebetaine (GB) accumulation often prove more effective for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants?

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "Targeting GB accumulation to the chloroplasts.", "Targeting GB accumulation to the mitochondria.", "Targeting GB accumulation exclusively to the cytosol." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

Non-specific

CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

2,008

465

0

TIPS

false

Besides direct osmoprotection, how else might glycinebetaine (GB) enhance plant stress tolerance at a molecular level?

GENE REGULATION

[ "non-specific" ]

[ "By directly inhibiting photosynthesis to conserve energy.", "By inducing the expression of specific stress-responsive genes, such as those encoding ROS-scavenging enzymes or membrane transporters.", "By breaking down toxic compounds produced under stress." ]

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

Non-specific

GENE REGULATION

10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.007

2,008

465

1

TIPS

false