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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Unpremedicated patients were given fentanyl 1 microgram / kg followed by etomidate 0 . 3 mg / kg .
### Output Text: | Unpremedicated patients were given <span class="chemical">fentanyl</span> 1 microgram / kg followed by <span class="chemical">etomidate</span> 0 . 3 mg / kg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anaesthesia was maintained with intermittent etomidate in 2 - 4 mg doses .
### Output Text: | Anaesthesia was maintained with intermittent <span class="chemical">etomidate</span> in 2 - 4 mg doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients were interviewed personally later the same day , and by questionnaire three to four weeks later .
### Output Text: | Patients were interviewed personally later the same day , and by questionnaire three to four weeks later . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The trial was discontinued after 20 cases because of an unacceptable incidence of side effects .
### Output Text: | The trial was discontinued after 20 cases because of an unacceptable incidence of side effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Venous pain occurred in 68 % of patients and 50 % had redness , pain or swelling related to the injection site , in some cases lasting up to three weeks after anaesthesia .
### Output Text: | Venous pain occurred in 68 % of patients and 50 % had redness , pain or swelling related to the injection site , in some cases lasting up to three weeks after anaesthesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Skeletal movements occurred in 50 % of patients ; 30 % experienced respiratory upset , one sufficiently severe to necessitate abandoning the technique .
### Output Text: | Skeletal movements occurred in 50 % of patients ; 30 % experienced respiratory upset , one sufficiently severe to necessitate abandoning the technique . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Nausea and vomiting occurred in 40 % and 25 % had disturbing emergence psychoses .
### Output Text: | Nausea and vomiting occurred in 40 % and 25 % had disturbing emergence psychoses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Levodopa - induced dyskinesias are improved by fluoxetine .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Levodopa</span> - induced dyskinesias are improved by <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We evaluated the severity of motor disability and dyskinesias in seven levodopa - responsive patients with Parkinson ' s disease after an acute challenge with the mixed dopamine agonist , apomorphine , before and after the administration of fluoxetine ( 20 mg twice per day ) for 11 + / - 1 days .
### Output Text: | We evaluated the severity of motor disability and dyskinesias in seven <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - responsive patients with Parkinson ' s disease after an acute challenge with the mixed <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> agonist , <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> , before and after the administration of <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> ( 20 mg twice per day ) for 11 + / - 1 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After fluoxetine treatment , there was a significant 47 % improvement ( p < 0 . 05 ) of apomorphine - induced dyskinesias without modification of parkinsonian motor disability .
### Output Text: | After <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> treatment , there was a significant 47 % improvement ( p < 0 . 05 ) of <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced dyskinesias without modification of parkinsonian motor disability . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The dyskinesias were reduced predominantly in the lower limbs during the onset and disappearance of dystonic dyskinesias ( onset - and end - of - dose dyskinesias ) and in the upper limbs during choreic mid - dose dyskinesias .
### Output Text: | The dyskinesias were reduced predominantly in the lower limbs during the onset and disappearance of dystonic dyskinesias ( onset - and end - of - dose dyskinesias ) and in the upper limbs during choreic mid - dose dyskinesias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results suggest that increased brain serotoninergic transmission with fluoxetine may reduce levodopa - or dopamine agonist - induced dyskinesias without aggravating parkinsonian motor disability .
### Output Text: | The results suggest that increased brain serotoninergic transmission with <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> may reduce <span class="chemical">levodopa</span> - or <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> agonist - induced dyskinesias without aggravating parkinsonian motor disability . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A large population - based follow - up study of trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole , trimethoprim , and cephalexin for uncommon serious drug toxicity .
### Output Text: | A large population - based follow - up study of <span class="chemical">trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole</span> , <span class="chemical">trimethoprim</span> , and <span class="chemical">cephalexin</span> for uncommon serious drug toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conducted a population - based 45 - day follow - up study of 232 , 390 people who were prescribed trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ( TMP - SMZ ) , 266 , 951 prescribed trimethoprim alone , and 196 , 397 prescribed cephalexin , to estimate the risk of serious liver , blood , skin , and renal disorders resulting in referral or hospitalization associated with these drugs .
### Output Text: | We conducted a population - based 45 - day follow - up study of 232 , 390 people who were prescribed <span class="chemical">trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole</span> ( <span class="chemical">TMP - SMZ</span> ) , 266 , 951 prescribed <span class="chemical">trimethoprim</span> alone , and 196 , 397 prescribed <span class="chemical">cephalexin</span> , to estimate the risk of serious liver , blood , skin , and renal disorders resulting in referral or hospitalization associated with these drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results were based on information recorded on office computers by selected general practitioners in the United Kingdom , together with a review of clinical records .
### Output Text: | The results were based on information recorded on office computers by selected general practitioners in the United Kingdom , together with a review of clinical records . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The risk of clinically important idiopathic liver disease was similar for persons prescribed TMP - SMZ ( 5 . 2 / 100 , 000 ) and those prescribed trimethoprim alone ( 3 . 8 / 100 , 000 ) .
### Output Text: | The risk of clinically important idiopathic liver disease was similar for persons prescribed <span class="chemical">TMP - SMZ</span> ( 5 . 2 / 100 , 000 ) and those prescribed <span class="chemical">trimethoprim</span> alone ( 3 . 8 / 100 , 000 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The risk for those prescribed cephalexin was somewhat lower ( 2 . 0 / 100 , 000 ) .
### Output Text: | The risk for those prescribed <span class="chemical">cephalexin</span> was somewhat lower ( 2 . 0 / 100 , 000 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Only five patients experienced blood disorders , one of whom was exposed to TMP - SMZ ; of seven with erythema multiforme and Stevens - Johnson syndrome , four were exposed to TMP - SMZ .
### Output Text: | Only five patients experienced blood disorders , one of whom was exposed to <span class="chemical">TMP - SMZ</span> ; of seven with erythema multiforme and Stevens - Johnson syndrome , four were exposed to <span class="chemical">TMP - SMZ</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The one case of toxic epidermal necrolysis occurred in a patient who took cephalexin .
### Output Text: | The one case of toxic epidermal necrolysis occurred in a patient who took <span class="chemical">cephalexin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Finally , only five cases of acute parenchymal renal disease occurred , none likely to be caused by a study drug .
### Output Text: | Finally , only five cases of acute parenchymal renal disease occurred , none likely to be caused by a study drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that the risk of the serious diseases studied is small for the three agents , and compares reasonably with the risk for many other antibiotics .
### Output Text: | We conclude that the risk of the serious diseases studied is small for the three agents , and compares reasonably with the risk for many other antibiotics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Clinical safety of lidocaine in patients with cocaine - associated myocardial infarction .
### Output Text: | Clinical safety of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated myocardial infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: STUDY OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the safety of lidocaine in the setting of cocaine - induced myocardial infarction ( MI ) .
### Output Text: | STUDY OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the safety of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in the setting of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - induced myocardial infarction ( MI ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : A retrospective , multicenter study .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : A retrospective , multicenter study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Twenty - nine university , university - affiliated , or community hospitals during a 6 - year period ( total of 117 cumulative hospital - years ) .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Twenty - nine university , university - affiliated , or community hospitals during a 6 - year period ( total of 117 cumulative hospital - years ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PARTICIPANTS : Patients with cocaine - associated MI who received lidocaine in the emergency department .
### Output Text: | PARTICIPANTS : Patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated MI who received <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in the emergency department . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Of 29 patients who received lidocaine in the setting of cocaine - associated MI , no patient died ; exhibited bradydysrhythmias , ventricular tachycardia , or ventricular fibrillation ; or experienced seizures after administration of lidocaine ( 95 % confidence interval , 0 % to 11 % ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Of 29 patients who received <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in the setting of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated MI , no patient died ; exhibited bradydysrhythmias , ventricular tachycardia , or ventricular fibrillation ; or experienced seizures after administration of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> ( 95 % confidence interval , 0 % to 11 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Despite theoretical concerns that lidocaine may enhance cocaine toxicity , the use of lidocaine in patients with cocaine - associated MI was not associated with significant cardiovascular or central nervous system toxicity .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Despite theoretical concerns that <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> may enhance <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> toxicity , the use of <span class="chemical">lidocaine</span> in patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated MI was not associated with significant cardiovascular or central nervous system toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Experimental progressive muscular dystrophy and its treatment with high doses anabolizing agents .
### Output Text: | Experimental progressive muscular dystrophy and its treatment with high doses anabolizing agents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We are still a long way from discovering an unequivocal pathogenetic interpretation of progressive muscular dystrophy in man .
### Output Text: | We are still a long way from discovering an unequivocal pathogenetic interpretation of progressive muscular dystrophy in man . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Noteworthy efforts have been made in the experimental field ; a recessive autosomic form found in the mouse seems to bear the closest resemblance to the human form from the genetic point of view .
### Output Text: | Noteworthy efforts have been made in the experimental field ; a recessive autosomic form found in the mouse seems to bear the closest resemblance to the human form from the genetic point of view . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myopathy due to lack of vitamin E and myopathy induced by certain viruses have much in common anatomically and pathologically with the human form .
### Output Text: | Myopathy due to lack of <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> and myopathy induced by certain viruses have much in common anatomically and pathologically with the human form . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors induced myodystrophy in the rat by giving it a diet lacking in vitamin E .
### Output Text: | The authors induced myodystrophy in the rat by giving it a diet lacking in <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The pharmacological characteristics of vitamin E and the degenerative changes brought about by its deficiency , especially in the muscles , are illustrated .
### Output Text: | The pharmacological characteristics of <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> and the degenerative changes brought about by its deficiency , especially in the muscles , are illustrated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is thus confirmed that the histological characteristics of myopathic rat muscle induced experimentally are extraordinarily similar to those of human myopathy as confirmed during biopsies performed at the Orthopaedic Traumatological Centre , Florence .
### Output Text: | It is thus confirmed that the histological characteristics of myopathic rat muscle induced experimentally are extraordinarily similar to those of human myopathy as confirmed during biopsies performed at the Orthopaedic Traumatological Centre , Florence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The encouraging results obtained in various authoratative departments in myopathic patients by using anabolizing steroids have encouraged the authors to investigate the beneficial effects of one anabolizing agent ( Dianabol , CIBA ) at high doses in rats rendered myopathic by a diet deficient in vitamin E .
### Output Text: | The encouraging results obtained in various authoratative departments in myopathic patients by using anabolizing <span class="chemical">steroids</span> have encouraged the authors to investigate the beneficial effects of one anabolizing agent ( <span class="chemical">Dianabol</span> , <span class="chemical">CIBA</span> ) at high doses in rats rendered myopathic by a diet deficient in <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In this way they obtained appreciable changes in body weight ( increased from 50 to 70 g after forty days at a dose of 5 mg per day of anabolizing agent ) , but most of all they found histological changes due to " regenerative " changes in the muscle tissue , which however maintained its myopathic characteristics in the control animals that were not treated with the anabolizing agent .
### Output Text: | In this way they obtained appreciable changes in body weight ( increased from 50 to 70 g after forty days at a dose of 5 mg per day of anabolizing agent ) , but most of all they found histological changes due to " regenerative " changes in the muscle tissue , which however maintained its myopathic characteristics in the control animals that were not treated with the anabolizing agent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing steroids in experimental myopathic disease , but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field , where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility ; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis - a - vis the " regeneration " of the muscle tissue ; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of vitamin E but something as yet unknown .
### Output Text: | The authors conclude by affirming the undoubted efficacy of the anabolizing <span class="chemical">steroids</span> in experimental myopathic disease , but they have reservations as to the transfer of the results into the human field , where high dosage cannot be carried out continuously because of the effects of the drug on virility ; because the tissue injury too often occurs at an irreversible stage vis - a - vis the " regeneration " of the muscle tissue ; and finally because the dystrophic injurious agent is certainly not the lack of <span class="chemical">vitamin E</span> but something as yet unknown . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Paclitaxel 3 - hour infusion given alone and combined with carboplatin : preliminary results of dose - escalation trials .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Paclitaxel</span> 3 - hour infusion given alone and combined with <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> : preliminary results of dose - escalation trials . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Paclitaxel ( Taxol ; Bristol - Myers Squibb Company , Princeton , NJ ) by 3 - hour infusion was combined with carboplatin in a phase I / II study directed to patients with non - small cell lung cancer .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Paclitaxel</span> ( <span class="chemical">Taxol</span> ; Bristol - Myers Squibb Company , Princeton , NJ ) by 3 - hour infusion was combined with <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> in a phase I / II study directed to patients with non - small cell lung cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carboplatin was given at a fixed target area under the concentration - time curve of 6 . 0 by the Calvert formula , whereas paclitaxel was escalated in patient cohorts from 150 mg / m2 ( dose level I ) to 175 , 200 , 225 , and 250 mg / m2 .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carboplatin</span> was given at a fixed target area under the concentration - time curve of 6 . 0 by the Calvert formula , whereas <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> was escalated in patient cohorts from 150 mg / m2 ( dose level I ) to 175 , 200 , 225 , and 250 mg / m2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The 225 mg / m2 level was expanded for the phase II study since the highest level achieved ( 250 mg / m2 ) required modification because of nonhematologic toxicities ( arthralgia and sensory neuropathy ) .
### Output Text: | The 225 mg / m2 level was expanded for the phase II study since the highest level achieved ( 250 mg / m2 ) required modification because of nonhematologic toxicities ( arthralgia and sensory neuropathy ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therapeutic effects were noted at all dose levels , with objective responses in 17 ( two complete and 15 partial regressions ) of 41 previously untreated patients .
### Output Text: | Therapeutic effects were noted at all dose levels , with objective responses in 17 ( two complete and 15 partial regressions ) of 41 previously untreated patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Toxicities were compared with a cohort of patients in a phase I trial of paclitaxel alone at identical dose levels .
### Output Text: | Toxicities were compared with a cohort of patients in a phase I trial of <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> alone at identical dose levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carboplatin did not appear to add to the hematologic toxicities observed , and the paclitaxel / carboplatin combination could be dosed every 3 weeks .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carboplatin</span> did not appear to add to the hematologic toxicities observed , and the <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> / <span class="chemical">carboplatin</span> combination could be dosed every 3 weeks . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The dose - dependent effect of misoprostol on indomethacin - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhosis .
### Output Text: | The dose - dependent effect of <span class="chemical">misoprostol</span> on <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Misoprostol ( 200 micrograms ) has been shown to acutely counteract the indomethacin - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhotic patients .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Misoprostol</span> ( 200 micrograms ) has been shown to acutely counteract the <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> - induced renal dysfunction in well compensated cirrhotic patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of this study was to determine if the prophylactic value of misoprostol was dose - dependent .
### Output Text: | The aim of this study was to determine if the prophylactic value of <span class="chemical">misoprostol</span> was dose - dependent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Parameters of renal hemodynamics and tubular sodium and water handling were assessed by clearance techniques in 26 well compensated cirrhotic patients before and after an oral combination of 50 mg of indomethacin and various doses of misoprostol .
### Output Text: | Parameters of renal hemodynamics and tubular <span class="chemical">sodium</span> and water handling were assessed by clearance techniques in 26 well compensated cirrhotic patients before and after an oral combination of 50 mg of <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> and various doses of <span class="chemical">misoprostol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The 200 - micrograms dose was able to totally abolish the deleterious renal effects of indomethacin , whereas the 800 - micrograms dose resulted in significant worsening of renal hemodynamics and sodium retention .
### Output Text: | The 200 - micrograms dose was able to totally abolish the deleterious renal effects of <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> , whereas the 800 - micrograms dose resulted in significant worsening of renal hemodynamics and <span class="chemical">sodium</span> retention . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These changes were maximal in the hour immediately after medications and slowly returned toward base - line levels thereafter .
### Output Text: | These changes were maximal in the hour immediately after medications and slowly returned toward base - line levels thereafter . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results suggest that the renal protective effects of misoprostol is dose - dependent .
### Output Text: | These results suggest that the renal protective effects of <span class="chemical">misoprostol</span> is dose - dependent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , until this apparent ability of 200 micrograms of misoprostol to prevent the adverse effects of indomethacin on renal function is confirmed with chronic frequent dosing , it would be prudent to avoid nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory therapy in patients with cirrhosis .
### Output Text: | However , until this apparent ability of 200 micrograms of <span class="chemical">misoprostol</span> to prevent the adverse effects of <span class="chemical">indomethacin</span> on renal function is confirmed with chronic frequent dosing , it would be prudent to avoid nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory therapy in patients with cirrhosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Increased frequency and severity of angio - oedema related to long - term therapy with angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor in two patients .
### Output Text: | Increased frequency and severity of angio - oedema related to long - term therapy with <span class="chemical">angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor</span> in two patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adverse reactions to drugs are well recognized as a cause of acute or chronic urticaria , and angio - oedema .
### Output Text: | Adverse reactions to drugs are well recognized as a cause of acute or chronic urticaria , and angio - oedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors , used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure , were introduced in Europe in the middle of the eighties , and the use of these drugs has increased progressively .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors</span> , used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure , were introduced in Europe in the middle of the eighties , and the use of these drugs has increased progressively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Soon after the introduction of ACE inhibitors , acute bouts of angio - oedema were reported in association with the use of these drugs .
### Output Text: | Soon after the introduction of <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitors</span> , acute bouts of angio - oedema were reported in association with the use of these drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We wish to draw attention to the possibility of adverse reactions to ACE inhibitors after long - term use and in patients with pre - existing angio - oedema .
### Output Text: | We wish to draw attention to the possibility of adverse reactions to <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitors</span> after long - term use and in patients with pre - existing angio - oedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Myoclonus associated with lorazepam therapy in very - low - birth - weight infants .
### Output Text: | Myoclonus associated with <span class="chemical">lorazepam</span> therapy in very - low - birth - weight infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Lorazepam is being used with increasing frequency as a sedative in the newborn and the young infant .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Lorazepam</span> is being used with increasing frequency as a sedative in the newborn and the young infant . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Concern has been raised with regard to the safety of lorazepam in this age group , especially in very - low - birth - weight ( VLBW ; < 1 , 500 g ) infants .
### Output Text: | Concern has been raised with regard to the safety of <span class="chemical">lorazepam</span> in this age group , especially in very - low - birth - weight ( VLBW ; < 1 , 500 g ) infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three young infants , all of birth weight < 1 , 500 g , experienced myoclonus following the intravenous administration of lorazepam .
### Output Text: | Three young infants , all of birth weight < 1 , 500 g , experienced myoclonus following the intravenous administration of <span class="chemical">lorazepam</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The potential neurotoxic effects of the drug ( and its vehicle ) in this population are discussed .
### Output Text: | The potential neurotoxic effects of the drug ( and its vehicle ) in this population are discussed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Injectable lorazepam should be used with caution in VLBW infants .
### Output Text: | Injectable <span class="chemical">lorazepam</span> should be used with caution in VLBW infants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Transvenous right ventricular pacing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of pediatric patients with acute cardiomyopathy .
### Output Text: | Transvenous right ventricular pacing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of pediatric patients with acute cardiomyopathy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe the cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts on five patients who presented in acute circulatory failure from myocardial dysfunction .
### Output Text: | We describe the cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts on five patients who presented in acute circulatory failure from myocardial dysfunction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three patients had acute viral myocarditis , one had a carbamazepine - induced acute eosinophilic myocarditis , and one had cardiac hemosiderosis resulting in acute cardiogenic shock .
### Output Text: | Three patients had acute viral myocarditis , one had a <span class="chemical">carbamazepine</span> - induced acute eosinophilic myocarditis , and one had cardiac hemosiderosis resulting in acute cardiogenic shock . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients were continuously monitored with central venous and arterial catheters in addition to routine noninvasive monitoring .
### Output Text: | All patients were continuously monitored with central venous and arterial catheters in addition to routine noninvasive monitoring . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An introducer sheath , a pacemaker , and sterile pacing wires were made readily available for the patients , should the need arise to terminate resistant cardiac dysrhythmias .
### Output Text: | An introducer sheath , a pacemaker , and sterile pacing wires were made readily available for the patients , should the need arise to terminate resistant cardiac dysrhythmias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients developed cardiocirculatory arrest associated with extreme hypotension and dysrhythmias within the first 48 hours of their admission to the pediatric intensive care unit ( PICU ) .
### Output Text: | All patients developed cardiocirculatory arrest associated with extreme hypotension and dysrhythmias within the first 48 hours of their admission to the pediatric intensive care unit ( PICU ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Right ventricular pacemaker wires were inserted in all of them during cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) .
### Output Text: | Right ventricular pacemaker wires were inserted in all of them during cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In four patients , cardiac pacing was used , resulting in a temporary captured rhythm and restoration of their cardiac output .
### Output Text: | In four patients , cardiac pacing was used , resulting in a temporary captured rhythm and restoration of their cardiac output . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These patients had a second event of cardiac arrest , resulting in death , within 10 to 60 minutes .
### Output Text: | These patients had a second event of cardiac arrest , resulting in death , within 10 to 60 minutes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In one patient , cardiac pacing was not used , because he converted to normal sinus rhythm by electrical defibrillation within three minutes of initiating CPR .
### Output Text: | In one patient , cardiac pacing was not used , because he converted to normal sinus rhythm by electrical defibrillation within three minutes of initiating CPR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that cardiac pacing during resuscitative efforts in pediatric patients suffering from acute myocardial dysfunction may not have long - term value in and of itself ; however , if temporary hemodynamic stability is achieved by this procedure , it may provide additional time needed to institute other therapeutic modalities .
### Output Text: | We conclude that cardiac pacing during resuscitative efforts in pediatric patients suffering from acute myocardial dysfunction may not have long - term value in and of itself ; however , if temporary hemodynamic stability is achieved by this procedure , it may provide additional time needed to institute other therapeutic modalities . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Efficacy and safety of granisetron , a selective 5 - hydroxytryptamine - 3 receptor antagonist , in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by high - dose cisplatin .
### Output Text: | Efficacy and safety of <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> , a selective <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxytryptamine</span> - 3 receptor antagonist , in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by high - dose <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : To assess the antiemetic effects and safety profile of four different doses of granisetron ( Kytril ; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals , Philadelphia , PA ) when administered as a single intravenous ( IV ) dose for prophylaxis of cisplatin - induced nausea and vomiting .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : To assess the antiemetic effects and safety profile of four different doses of <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> ( <span class="chemical">Kytril</span> ; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals , Philadelphia , PA ) when administered as a single intravenous ( IV ) dose for prophylaxis of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> - induced nausea and vomiting . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS AND METHODS : One hundred eighty - four chemotherapy - naive patients receiving high - dose cisplatin ( 81 to 120 mg / m2 ) were randomized to receive one of four granisetron doses ( 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 micrograms / kg ) administered before chemotherapy .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS AND METHODS : One hundred eighty - four chemotherapy - naive patients receiving high - dose <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> ( 81 to 120 mg / m2 ) were randomized to receive one of four <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> doses ( 5 , 10 , 20 , or 40 micrograms / kg ) administered before chemotherapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients were observed on an inpatient basis for 18 to 24 hours , and vital signs , nausea , vomiting , retching , and appetite were assessed .
### Output Text: | Patients were observed on an inpatient basis for 18 to 24 hours , and vital signs , nausea , vomiting , retching , and appetite were assessed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Safety analyses included incidence of adverse experiences and laboratory parameter changes .
### Output Text: | Safety analyses included incidence of adverse experiences and laboratory parameter changes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : After granisetron doses of 5 , 10 , 20 , and 40 micrograms / kg , a major response ( < or = two vomiting or retching episodes , and no antiemetic rescue ) was recorded in 23 % , 57 % , 58 % , and 60 % of patients , respectively , and a complete response ( no vomiting or retching , and no antiemetic rescue ) in 18 % , 41 % , 40 % , and 47 % of patients , respectively .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : After <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> doses of 5 , 10 , 20 , and 40 micrograms / kg , a major response ( < or = two vomiting or retching episodes , and no antiemetic rescue ) was recorded in 23 % , 57 % , 58 % , and 60 % of patients , respectively , and a complete response ( no vomiting or retching , and no antiemetic rescue ) in 18 % , 41 % , 40 % , and 47 % of patients , respectively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was a statistically longer time to first episode of nausea ( P = . 0015 ) and vomiting ( P = . 0001 ) , and fewer patients were administered additional antiemetic medication in the 10 - micrograms / kg dosing groups than in the 5 - micrograms / kg dosing group .
### Output Text: | There was a statistically longer time to first episode of nausea ( P = . 0015 ) and vomiting ( P = . 0001 ) , and fewer patients were administered additional antiemetic medication in the 10 - micrograms / kg dosing groups than in the 5 - micrograms / kg dosing group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: As granisetron dose increased , appetite return increased ( P = . 040 ) .
### Output Text: | As <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> dose increased , appetite return increased ( P = . 040 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event ( 20 % ) .
### Output Text: | Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event ( 20 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : A single 10 - , 20 - , or 40 - micrograms / kg dose of granisetron was effective in controlling vomiting in 57 % to 60 % of patients who received cisplatin at doses greater than 81 mg / m2 and totally prevented vomiting in 40 % to 47 % of patients .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : A single 10 - , 20 - , or 40 - micrograms / kg dose of <span class="chemical">granisetron</span> was effective in controlling vomiting in 57 % to 60 % of patients who received <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> at doses greater than 81 mg / m2 and totally prevented vomiting in 40 % to 47 % of patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between the 10 - micrograms / kg dose and the 20 - and 40 - micrograms / kg doses .
### Output Text: | There were no statistically significant differences in efficacy between the 10 - micrograms / kg dose and the 20 - and 40 - micrograms / kg doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Granisetron was well tolerated at all doses .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Granisetron</span> was well tolerated at all doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil .
### Output Text: | Adverse interaction between <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> and <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To report two cases of a possible adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil resulting in atrioventricular ( AV ) block in both patients and severe hypotension in one patient .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To report two cases of a possible adverse interaction between <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> and <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> resulting in atrioventricular ( AV ) block in both patients and severe hypotension in one patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CASE SUMMARIES : A 54 - year - old woman with hyperaldosteronism was treated with verapamil 480 mg / d and spironolactone 100 mg / d .
### Output Text: | CASE SUMMARIES : A 54 - year - old woman with hyperaldosteronism was treated with <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> 480 mg / d and <span class="chemical">spironolactone</span> 100 mg / d . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After the addition of a minimal dose of clonidine ( 0 . 15 mg bid ) , she developed complete AV block and severe hypotension , which resolved upon cessation of all medications .
### Output Text: | After the addition of a minimal dose of <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> ( 0 . 15 mg bid ) , she developed complete AV block and severe hypotension , which resolved upon cessation of all medications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 65 - year - old woman was treated with extended - release verapamil 240 mg / d .
### Output Text: | A 65 - year - old woman was treated with extended - release <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> 240 mg / d . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After the addition of clonidine 0 . 15 mg bid she developed complete AV block , which resolved after all therapy was stopped .
### Output Text: | After the addition of <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> 0 . 15 mg bid she developed complete AV block , which resolved after all therapy was stopped . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DISCUSSION : An adverse interaction between clonidine and verapamil has not been reported previously .
### Output Text: | DISCUSSION : An adverse interaction between <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> and <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> has not been reported previously . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe two such cases and discuss the various mechanisms that might cause such an interaction .
### Output Text: | We describe two such cases and discuss the various mechanisms that might cause such an interaction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Clinicians should be acquainted with this possibly fatal interaction between two commonly used antihypertensive drugs .
### Output Text: | Clinicians should be acquainted with this possibly fatal interaction between two commonly used antihypertensive drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Caution is recommended in combining clonidine and verapamil therapy , even in patients who do not have sinus or AV node dysfunction .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Caution is recommended in combining <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> and <span class="chemical">verapamil</span> therapy , even in patients who do not have sinus or AV node dysfunction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The two drugs may act synergistically on both the AV node and the peripheral circulation .
### Output Text: | The two drugs may act synergistically on both the AV node and the peripheral circulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pharmacological studies on a new dihydrothienopyridine calcium antagonist , S - 312 - d .
### Output Text: | Pharmacological studies on a new <span class="chemical">dihydrothienopyridine calcium</span> antagonist , <span class="chemical">S - 312 - d</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: 5th communication : anticonvulsant effects in mice .
### Output Text: | 5th communication : anticonvulsant effects in mice . |
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